1

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I

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i

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tep after step the ladder Is ascended.”— George Herbert, Jacula Prudentum.

A MONTHLY RECORD OF INFORMATION FOR PLANTERS

TEA, CACAO, COFFEE, PALMS, RUBBER, CINCHONA, SL OAR,
COTTON, TOBACCO, SPICES, CAMPHOR, RICE,

AND OTHER PRODUCTS SUITED FOR CULTIVATION IN THE TROPICS.

EDITED BY

or.

of the “ Ceylon Observer,’^ “ Ceylon Handbook and Directory," &c.

“It is both the duty and interest of every owner and cultivator of the soil to study the
best means of rendering that soil subservient to his own and the general wants of tlie com-
munity ; and he who introduces, beneficially, a new and useful Seed, Plant or Shrub into his
district, is a blessing and an honour to his country.” — Sir J. Sinclair.

YOL XYI.

[Containing Numbers I to XII.: July 1896 to June 189*7.]

Calombo, Cejrlotii :

A. M. & J. KKRGUJSON.

LONDON :

John Haddon & Co. ; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. ; Luzac & Co. ; &c.

Madras : Higginbotham & Co. — Calcutt a : Thacker, Spink & Co. ;

Bombay : Thacker & Co., Ltd.— Australian Colonies : CtOrdon A Gotch,

West Indies and Central America : C. H. Calderon, St. Thomas.
Straits Settlements and Eastern Archipelago : John Little & Co., Singapore.
Java : Messrs. John Pryce & Co.; G. Kolff & Co., Batavia.

MDCCCXCVIl.

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,H V 1/ I'f IMW .

TO OU R READERS.

In closing the Sixteenth Volume of the ‘‘ Tropical AgTiculturist,” we
would as usual direct attention to the large amount of useful information afforded and
to the great variety of topics treated in the several numbers. From month to month, we
have endeavoured to embody in these pages the latest results of practical experience and
.scientific teaching in all that concerns tropical agriculture ; and our ambition has been
to make our periodical not only indispensable to the planter, but of service to business
men and capitalists, never forgetting that agriculture trenches upon every department
of human knowledge, besides being the basis of personal and communal wealth.

While directing our attention chiefly to the products prominently mentioned on
our title-page, we have always taken care to notice minor industries likely to fit in with
sub-tropical conditions ; and our readers have an ample guarantee in the index pages before
them, that, in the future, no pains will be spared to bring together all available informa-
tion both from the West and East, the same being examined in the light of the
teachings of common sense as well as of pi'olonged tropical experience in this, the
leading Crown and Planting Colony of the British Empire.

Special attention has, during the past year, been given to the extension of the
fibre industry (rhea, sisal, &c.); rubber; cacao in Guiana and the West Indies as in Ceylon ;
coffee and other prodiicts in IN yassaland, British Central Africa ; Liberian coffee and other
products in Sumatra, Java, the Straits Settlements ; and to other new developments in
coffee, coconuts and tobacco planting, &c,, in the Malayan Peninsula and North Borneo.

The Tea-planting Industry has sprung into so much importance in India (South
as well as North) and Ceylon, as also in Java, that a considerable amount of space
is naturally given to this great staple ; and we think it will be admitted by impartial
judges that the Tropical Agriculturist should be filed, for the convenience of planters,
in every Tea Factory in this Island, in India and in Java.

A full and accurate Index affords the means of ready I'eference to every subject
treated in this, the sixteenth volume, which we now place in our subscribers’ hand.s,
iu the full confidence that it will be received with an amount of approval, at least
equal to that which has been so kindly extended to its predecessors.

To show how fully other Products besides Tea are treated in this volume we may
mention the number of entries under several headings as follows : — Coffee (including Liberian)
86; Cacao 16; Indiarubber 26 ; Coconuts and other Palms 20 ; and Miscellaneous Products
nearly 1,000. In the 16 Volumes, the references to Coffee, Rubber, and Cacao number
many thousands, as also to Coconuts and other Palms.

We are convinced that no more suitable or useful gift can be made to the tropical
planter or agriculturist, whether he be about to enter on his career, or with many years
of experience behind him, than the sixteen volumes of our periodical which we havs
now made available. They are full of information bearing oti every department and
relating to nearly every product Avithin the scope of sub-tropical industries.

In conclusion, we have to tender our thanks to readers and contributors, and
our wish that all friends may continue to write instructively and to read with approval;
for then, indeed, must the “ Tropical AgTicilltlll’ist ” continue to do web.

Colombo, Ceylon; Lst July 1897.

J. FERGUSON.

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'c?d ,;

•a'^‘ Jfw

.;*t^i t.tjif •f'*) ; >vtui>.K'5 ;>

Acme Package Co., Ld.
Tea Clie.sts

Adulteration of Produce
“ Advances” to Coolies and “ Tundu”

Page.
. 192, 19d
[See Tea.]
4:17, 716

System in Ceylon ...[See Labour Siijiply.]
Africa, British Central, Coconut Planting in 329

. , Coliee Cultivation in 133,

191, 348, 419, 423, 452, 481,
530, 610, 611, 741. -42

, , Planting and Progress in 29,

271, 309, 318, 394, 414, 524,
526, 612, 618, 753, 761, 829,

850

East, Planting in ... 346

, Centi'al, Dinner of the Planters of 466

, Coffee in ... [SeeCoflee.]

, German East, Coliee in ... 412

, , Produce in ... 759

, Kola in ... ... [Sec Kola.]

— , Middle, Climate of ... ... 88

, Hoads and Hallways in 451

— , South, A Ceylon Planter on 433

• , , Earming in ‘248

, , Tea Cultivation in [See Tea.]

— , West, Coffee in 423, 448

, , India rubber in 531

, Planting in 447, 518

Agra Oavali Estates Co., ^.id. 177, 409.. 624

Agriculture in Western Tnilia 140

and .Modern Science

^ in Australia

in the Alpes Maritimes

, A Department of, for Ceylon

in Zanzibar

in Ceylon

Agricultural College, Madras

— College, (iueen-iland

Department of Queensland

of United States

Education in Ceylon

— in India

730
414
593
869
627, 793
749
617
831
889
379
888

81:8, 889
360

[See Literature.]

Implements

Literature

Notes, 71, 139, 14.3, 210, 586,294, 360^

368, 498, 578, 586, 652, 726, 734, 808,

815

Pests... 404, 441, 515, 591, 664, 739,821

Returns of Great Britain

School, Colombo

Ameiica, Ad\ertising Tea in

, B.itianas in

, Cacao in

, Ceylon Tea in

, Coc(ra Imports into

, Coffee in

■, Indian Tea in * .

, Vegetable Ih'oducis of

...[^cc Tea.]
236

[6'ce C.ac,ao.]
.. [See Tea.]
850

[See Coffee.]
..[See Tea.]
351

— , AVIiat the People Drink in.., 830

American Grocer and Tea and Coffee... 20

Tea Campaign ... ...[SceTea.]

Amsterdam Market .. ... 22

Cinchona Auctions [See Cinchona.]

Drug IM irket 104, 344, 384, 393, 470

Ankanda Estate Co., of Ceylon, Ld. 691

Ants and Orchids... ... ... 134

on d’ea Estates .. ... 144

, White, to Protect Plants from ... 586

• AVhitc, Di-. AVatt’s Report on 29

Anuradhaj)ura Botanic Gardens [iS'ee Botanic

Gaiden.s, Ce3don.]
Apiculture ... ... [See Bee Culture.]

A))ple-tainted Tea ... ... 79

A rabic i-Lii)erian Gralts, Seed from ... 155

Arbitration and Brokers ... .. 28

Arboriculture, Roadside, Protection of Trees in 585
Arecanut Cultivation in Ceylon ... 660

in India ... 659, 729

Arecanuts. Market for ... ... 18,355

Arnotto Market ... ... 18, 111

Arntully Estate, Jamaica ... ... 751

Asia, Central Russian, Trade of ... 320

Assam Tea Cultivation in ... 203, 269, 752

Gardens, Sale of ... ... 470

A-ssociated Tea Estates of Ceylon, Ld. 169, 180, 454

Augusta Tea Estate Co., Ld. ... 477

Australia, Agriculture in ... ... 414

, Mr. E. M. Haj^’s Wsit to .. 66

Tea in .. ... [See Tea.]

Australian New Hebrides Co., Ld. .., 717

15.

Bahamas, Sisal Industry of the
Balata Concessions in Guiana
Bainber, Mr. Kelway
Bamboo Dogcarts
Baniina Culivation in Madeira
in t;,e AVest

Indies

[See Sisal.]
200
792
201
538
20

the

Agri-Horticultural SocieQ^ Nilgiiis

Alagalla, Planting in
Albizzia Moluccan.a
Alliance Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld.
Alpes Maritimes, Agriculture in lire
Amalgamated Tea Estates Co., Ld.

273

Flour

46

. 292, 367

Meal

368

taken at

Trade of Fiji

280

Rainf.all.]

Bananaland, A Winter Trip to

406

395

Banairas in England

199

, 749, 754,

in Me.xico...

236

809

, the Emit of Paradise

245

11

Bandarairol.a Ce.ylon Co., Ld.

310, 343, 825, 859

765

Basic Slag as Alanure

539

865

Batoum, Tea Cultivation near

[5ec Tea Culci-

593

vation in Russia. 1

255

B.ittagalla Estate Co., 'l.id.

852

in 648

Beaumount Tea Co, of Cejdon,

Ld. ... 0

PAf:E.

Jieclmanalainl and its IManting FosbibiUiies 44
Bee-cnlture in Ceylon ... ... 210, 218

Bee-liives ... ... ... 289

Beling, Mr. H. P., amUhe Ceylon Importing

Comiiany, Iowa
Bengal, Collee in ...

Betel Blight

Bhang as a Febrifuge

Bibiliography of Cacao

of Cotiee

of Tea

17
219
2(57
878

[8't’c Cacao.]
[.SVc Collee.]
... [.yrcTea.]
470
524

Blackstone Estate Co., Ed,

Blackwood Collee Company, Ld.

Blechynden, Mr., Tea AiU ertising by, in

America ... [.'>ce Tea, Indiaji.]

Board of Trade lletmns and Produce ... 812,745
Bogawantalawa iJistrict 'Fea ("o , Ld. 070

Bohmeria iSivea
Borer in Cacao ...

Borneo Collee Co., Ld.

, in

. , North British

-, , Planting in

Borholla A.ssam Tea Co.,
Botanic Cardens, Calcutta

, Capa

j Ceylon

, C ran ad a

, Kew

, N'ilgiris

Saharanpu
'J'riniihul

[Ser lllica.]
802
401

[-SV’c Collee.]
18(5, 844, 849
580, (590, 040, 74(5
12

155, 197, 200
108
4(5
121
384
237

and .Miissooree 887
48
8s7
261, 520
878
809 538
284
5o7

Botanical Survey of Indiii

Stall’, Ceylon

Brazil, Agriculture and Planting in

as"ix Tea-growing Country

^ Forest Wealth of

Breeders’ Table ...

British Deuemlencies, Collee Production in

[Xce Coll’ee.]
— . Tea Production in [<8'cc Tea.]

2
308
809
10
015
1(54
182
820
785
188
101

Capital, Openings for
Ceylon Tea Estates Co., Ld.

Colonies, Cooly iaibonr in
Empire Exposition, Canada
Honduras, Agriculture in
North Borneo Co.

Trade, Early

_ with Central liussian Asia

Brown, The Late .Mr. John (I’ionoer) ...
Buchlandia, Planting of, among Tea...

Bu<>s and Tlieir Economic Destruction ..

Burnside Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 187, 188, 251

- ' 587

28
87 ,
764
71

Byrde, Lieut. Col. Henry C. (Pioneer)
Brokers and Arbitration

Cocoa

Burma Kice Crops

Butter, How to Make ....

j A Pound of. Quantity of Milk re-

tpiired to Make

140

€.

Cacao, Bibliography of ...

, Cultivation in Mexico

in Venezuela

Disease in Ceylon 719, 764, 795, 801, 8.5(5
Enemies of 748, 793, 802, 873

rroiluction and Prices ... 200

[See also under Cocoa.]
Call’eine, Market ... ... 56

Calcutta Botanic Cardens [.S'ce Botan.c Car<lens.]
C.aledonia, New, Coll’ec in ... [See Coffee.]

California, Notes from .... 15

Oranges in [See Oranges.]

Pa c.e

483
815
1-48
107
268
79
172
202
56

[See Tea in
America.]
16

.. 443, 517
124
221

Caledonian (Ceylon) Tea Plantations, I..td
Calves, Scour on

, T.iiteworm in. How to Expel ...

Camphor

Cultivation in India

, Morida

i.eaf Oil

Market ..

.Seeds

Canada, Advertising Ceylon Tea in

Britisl) Empire Ex])osition

Ca)>e Botanic Caidens [sVe Botanic Cardens.]

Fruit ... .•■ ... _ 668

Capsiuim in India ... ... 373, 444

Ciirhido of Calcium a-^ an Insecticide 176

Carbolic Cure tor Leaf Disease ... 28

Ciirdaniom Cultivation in (toorg ... 800

Exports from Ceylon (53, 135, 2(»7, 283,

357, 489, -495, 575, 6-19, 728, 8U5, 879
Cardamoms ... ... 469

, Market, for ... .. 855, 494

Cai'olina, Soutli, Tea Cultivation in ... 388

Carrot Seed ... .. .. 547

Ca^hmere.s, Black, To Clean... . . (59

Cassa\a, I’reparations from ... ... 888

C’assia, Farnesian ... .. SO

Castilioa Hubber ... ... ... 42(5

Casilereagh I'ca Company of Ceylon, Ld. 171, 675
Cateipillars and Tea ... ... 754

(.^aitle, Aijortion in ... ... 734

, Dips for ... ... 71

, Diseases, Salt .as a Prevent.ative of 144

in the Uniteil Kingdom 368

Murrain . . .. [6>c Kinderpest.]

Notes on ... ... ... 580

, Poisoning of, by Jowiiri Plant .. 144

, Behicdy for Sore Eyes in ... 368

, Wart.s in ... 368

, Slaughter of ... ... 882

, Tides in ... ... ... 51

, To Ascertain tlie 5Veight of ... 6(50

C^aucasns, Tea Cultivation in the [8't'C Tea Culti-
vation in Russia.]
Cawnpore Experimental Farm < ... 743

Cedars, Destruction of ... ... 782

Cement I'loors . . .. .. 766

Central Province of Ceylon Tea Company Ld. 641,

646

Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. ... 405, 427

Ceylon, A Flower and Fruit Experiment in 56

Association in London 1, 408

and Oriental Estates Co., Ld. ... 9, 42, 168

at the Imperial Institute ... 2

Botanic Cardens [-S'cc Botanic Carden.s.]

, Cacao Cultivation in .. [-S'cc Cacao.]

Cinchona A.ssociation, Ld. ... 488

) Cinnamon in ... [See Cinnamon.]

, (^occidicof ... 165,647

j Coconut Cultivation in [Ace Coconut.]

> Coll'ee Cultiiation in... [See Coffee.]

E^tate.s Investment Association, Ld. 112

> bibres in ... .. [Ace Fibre.]

> Flora of ... .. .. (;,S8

, Forest Laws of ... .. ]gi)

, C.ardening in ... 415,670

Hills Tea Estates Co., Ld. 455,616

Ini))ort Tea Duly ... [.8ce Tea Duty,]

> Lidiarubber Cultivation in [Ace Indiaruli-

T 1- , .

, Imliarnbber in ... [Ace 1 ndinrublicr. J
b;''>'d and Pruduee Co., l^d. 163, 5Jii, 5;sp

> Liniited Companies in ... 40t

> Minor I’lodncis in ... ... 75s

• New Industries for ... faiy

INDEX.

Page.

Ce.ylou Patoiits ... ... [See, Patents’]

Planter, A on lii.s Jonrneyings in Europe

.and Hontli Ahiea ... ... 433

— Planters’ Association ... 633

Plantations and Labonr Supply [Sec Labour

Supply.]

Sold in 1896 ... 489

Planting Enterprize ... 1, 53 633, 693

, Pioneers of

the 51.3, 587, 735, 817

, in ... 305, .399

Produce, Ex|iorts of 63,135,207,283,357,

439, 495, 575, 649, 723, 805, 879

, Local Market Rates for 63, 135

Proprietary Tea Estates Co., Ld. 641 679,

687

Provincial Estates Co., Ld. ... 252, 669

Royal Botanic Gardens [See Botanic

Gardens.]

Season Reports 65, 137, 2tl9, 285, 359, 497,

577, 651, 7’2,5. 807, 881

, Silk in ... ... [-yecSilk.]

Staple Exports ... . 5.35

Tea ... ... [See Tea.]

anil Coconut E.statesCo., Ld. 404

■ Co., Ld. ... ... 61, 3.34

— Cultivation in ... [See Tea.]

Plantations Co., Ld. ... HM)

Planting Companies [Sec Ten]

535
872
756

306
460

Trade of, in 1896

Charcoal Thread for Incandescent Lamps
Chestnuts

Chicago Exposition Medals and Cerlilic-
ntes ...

Chiyory in Coffee, IRnv to Detect
China as a Possible Competitor with Ma-
chine-made Te-as

, Grass

, Tea Expoits from

, Transit Pass System in

Chochoin India

473
603

..[.yec Tea.]
4-22
536

Cigar Trade and t'eylon Tobacco ... 378, 534
Cinchona Alkaloids, Test Solution for ... 868

Auctions, Amsterdam 18, 22, 12U, 386, 866

Cultivation in India .. 275, 5’27

Exiiorts from Cevlon 63, 1.35, ’207, 283,

357, 439, 495, 575, 649, 72.3, 805, 879

Market .. .. 80,111,716,763

Plantations, Indian Government 47, 55,

104, 263, 321

Prospects ... ... 750

Statistics ... ... 390

Cinchonidia ... ... ... 43

Cinnamon Exports from Ceylon 63, 135, -207, 283,

357, 439, 495 575, 649,

Gardens in Ceylon

Market

, Prices for

, Sales in London ..

Citronella Grass Cultivation ..

Oil (.'ases in Court

Traile

Page.

Cocoa ami Cocaine ... 845

• and Coffee ... ... ... 48

, Consumption in America ... 850

during 1896 ... ... 596

Exports from Ceylon 63. 135, 207,283, 357,

439. 495, 575, 649, 723, 805, 879

*■ Shells or Husks ” ... ... 457

Trade ... ... ... 256, 753

[See also under Cacao.]

Coconut Butter

-, Duty on

- Cultivation

829

171, 190, 202
50, 66, 10-2 654. 8’27
- in Africa ... 3’29

in Ceylon -201, 275, 751, 827
in India 360, 361, 507, 580, 874
in Samoa ... 866

in the Straits Settlements 765

211
745
693
627
484
595
112
846

■ Estates, Ploughs for

, Living on

Mills at Kurnnegala

■ Pcalni and the Sensitive Plant ...

, Enemies of, in ilalabar

Products, E.x])orts from Ceylon of

Oil

t — — , ('e.ylo)i Prices for

Exports from Ceylon 63. 135, 207, 283.

357 439, 495, 575, 649, 72.’!, 805, 879

in America ... ... 751, 756

Coconuts in Perak . . ... ... 666

-, Yield of ... ... 143

Coffea Steiiophylla ... ... 470, 548

Coffee, A Good Cup of. How to Prepare. . 157

, Adulteration of ... ... 376, 552

and American Grocer... ... 20

and Cocoa ..

and Tea ...

and Trading in “ Options and Eutures”

in America

in Australia

in French Colonies

in Porto Rico

in 1896

Beans, Spurious

, Bibiliography of

^ , Brazilian ...

Bug and Ladybird Beetles

, Clucory in. How to J.’etect

— Cleaning Patent

Consumption

— — in America

Cultivation

48
482
27
756
851
8

738

596

... 376, '552
74, 148, 223, 298, 372
596

[6^6 Ladybirds.]
460
51
312

... 830, 849
199

7-23. 805, 879
132
46
132

86, .303, 524. 744
... 189,269
IS, 33, 46, 53, 57
102

Citrous Fruits, Disease of ., ... 131

Citrus Tribe in Sicily, Products of the ... 823

Cloves, Zanzibar ... .. ... 353,457

Chines Estates Co., Ld. ... 172, 177, 605

Clyde Tea Estate Co., Ld. ^ ... ... 614

Coca Leaves, Market for ... ... 30

Cocaine Habit .. ... ... 640

Coccida? of Ceylon ... .. 165, 647

Cocoa, Adulteration of ... ... 510

, Advertizing of ... ... 829

• and Brokers ... ... 877

— in

Africa 40, 77,

1.33,

191,

225,

348, 412, 415,

419,

423,

42^

48 1 , 492. 5’25,

5.3U,

610,

61 i.

764

— - in

Australia

# • •

704,

872

— in

Borneo

41,

533,

629

— in

Brazil 256, 400

', 550

) 751,

831

— in

Ceylon

40,

167,

314

— in

tlolombi.a

165,

598

— in

Costa Rica

189,

403

— i n

Guatemala

716

— in

Hawaii

386,

397,

401

in

H onduras

699

— in

India -244,249,

275,

276,.

425,

574,

7.52

— in

Lagos...

. ,,

.389

— in

M thiya. Father of

471

— in

iMexico 53, 108,

14.5,

274, .

538,

629

— in

New Caledonia ...

170

— • in

Netherlands Ir

idia

.514,

877

— in

New Hebrides

640

— in

Peru ...

1 . •

295

INDEX.

Page.

Coffee CuUivaLion in Straits Settleincnts 83, 174,

3.34, 387. 600, 068, 803

in Venezuela

jn the We.st Tmlies

Coffee, Pecline of...

Drinking, Effects of

2-Ji
,330
230
256
167
488
DS

283, 3.37,

— Drunkenness
— , Duty on ...

— , Enemies of

— Exports from tleylon 03, 13.3, 20

430, 403, 575, 610, 723,
805, 870

— , Highland, of Sierra Leone ... 470

— Husks ... ... ... 457

— , Hybrid ... ... ... 270

— Imjiorts into America... ... 832

— , tJ a\'a ... ... ... / ,3 /

— , Jeddah ... .. ... 460

— Leaf Disease .and Tea Seed ... 134

— in Mexico ... 549, 029

— , T.iberian ... Liberian Coffee.]

— , Mariigugi])o ... ... 242

— Market ... ... ... 355, 862

Mercliants, Litigation among ... 832

— Overproduction ot, and Mr. Thus. Christy 128

— Planter, 'I'he ... ... 226

— Plants raised from Guatemala Seed 705

]’()t. The ... ... ... 238

— Prices ... ... ... 493

— Proiluction in Pritish Dependencies 85, 128,

133

and Con.sumption ... 274

— Prospects ... ... 355, 459, 400

— Pulp as Manure ... ... 697

— , Pure ... ... ... 77

— Ivoiisting ... ... ... 28,33

Firms in America, A (^luarrel

between ... ... 644

, San Domingo ... ... 13

Seed from Arabica-Liberian Grafts 157

.Standard Quality of... ... 243

Statistics ... ... ... 82

Page.

Cream, How to Keep Sweet ... ... 71

Crete and Its I’rodncts ... .. 742

Crole, Mr. David, on Chemistry of Tea 678, 679,

680, 686

Croton Seed Market ... IS, 111, 763, 855

Clown Colonies of the Empire ... 31

Cro'v.s PullingupNevvly-sown Corn, To Jh'event294
Cuban Planters and 'I'heir Troubles ... 423

Cnhebs, Market for ... ... 134, .356

Curios, Economic ... ... ... 844

Catch Company and Mangroves in Ceylon 170

Forests of I'pptr Jlnrma ' ... 265

Cattlelish, Market for ... ... 30, 134

Dakota, Xortli, Tea Growing in
Dalukola Tea Co., Ld.

Darjiling, Tea Cultivation in 20, 37, 39, 89, 113

Poli»» f 1 Li f i i\r»

• I '

Date Pahn Cultivation

in Ceylon

199

778

766

436

113

830

603

683

70

3'J8

862

— — Strains, The Only Way to Improve oni 555

Trade ... ... ... 3S7

of America ... ... 610

■ , lhazilian ... ... 313

■ — , Wild Orange as a Substitute for 47

Colombo Omimercial (^n. , Ld. ... 714

■■ Harbour and the Proposed Indo-Cey-

lon Pailway ... 783-92

Price Current [S'cc Price Current.]

Commercial F'ederation of the Empiire ... 228

Companies, Ld., Ceylon

— ■ — , , and J.anil ...

Companies’ Address, Change of
Complexion and Diet
Congo, Coffee in ...
Consolidated Tea and Lands Co

Estates Co., Ld.

401
334
8.55
70

415, 423, 492
Ld. 116, 129, 180,
199

54, 83, 381
69

[Scf Labour Snpidy.]
■ 795
300
244

... 62, 1.34

Coral, Italian ... ... ... gyg

Corn, Kervl.y sown, 'Fo Prevent Crows pulling ii]>

294

Cotton Cultivation in F]gy])t ... 46

— — in Ce.ylon ... 705

Goods, To Pemovc I’aint Stains from 70

'Seed Gil, Export of, from Cnited States 8'.0

Cottons, Cla.^silication of ... ... 5 (j

Cows, How to '1 real Inllarntd Udders in 143

Crawford Cuich Co., Ld. ... ... J7y

Consumption, I’canuts for
Coolies...

Cooly Sanitation ...
Coorg, Cardamoms in
, Coffee in

Planting in

Debra Dun, Tea Cultivation in
Delgolla Estate (’o., Ld.

Demarara, Population of
Denmark, Tea Duty in
Diet and Complexion
Digalla Ceylon 3'ea Estates Co., Ld.

Diu'bula, I'lanting in

, Upper: Its Vegetation and Scenic

Peauty... ... 747

Valley Estates and Sir John Muir 41

(Ceylon) Tea Co., Ld. 21, 51, 53,

Dock Dues on Produce ... ,320, 347, 387

Dogs and Jackals... .. ... '750

Dominica, I’lanting in [6’ec Leeward Islands]

Doo.'irs, lio.ads in ... ... ... 30

Doomoo Tea Estates Co., Ld. .. 19,3

Drayton (Ce.ylon) Estates Co., Ld. 691

Drug Industry in India ... ... 242

Market Peports 18, 30, 43, 56, 111, 1.34, 202^

T, T r T 1-

Diugs, Indian Indigenous ... ... j7o

, Native, in Veterinary Praciice ... 810

Duekwari (Ceylon) Tea Plantation Co,, Ld. 380
Duff, George Smyttan (Pioneer) ... 661

Dumont Coffee Co., Ld. 310, 403, 408, 420, 492,
T. , 493,541,743

Dunkeld Estate Co. , Ld. ... ... 177,602

Dnnsin.ane Tea Co., Ld. ... ... ’ ;^Q8

Dutiable Goods, Import of, in Packages of Tea 684

E.

Eadella Estates Co., Ld. ... ... ,-,4

Earl’s Court Fixhibition ... ... 419

East India and Ceylon Tea Co., Ld. 9, 22, 25, 38,

163

— Company and Early Pritish Trade 182

Edarapolla Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 344, 825, 858

Eggs, Method for Preserving ... 734, 889

Egypti Clotton Cultivation in ... 46

Flila Tea Co., Ld. ... ... 240 677

Empire and leapot : in an Indian Tea Garden 855

, Crown Colonies ot the ... 30

of India and Ce.ylon Tea Co., Ld. 463

Entomological Work in Ceylon ... 211

Erythroxylon Coca ... .. [Nee Coca]

Estate Co. of Uva, Jai. ... ... 74;^

Sunday Schools ... ...

Estates, Sanitation on ... 79-,

Essential Oils ... ;^4

. Market for 18, 30, 43, 56, 134, 202,

Encal.\)its ... ...

Europe, A Cc.ylon Planter on His Journey-

133

INDEX.

PACiK.

41(5

Exhibition, India and Ceylon
Exports anti Distribution of Ceylon ProtUiets G4,
135, 207, 283, 357, 439, 495, 575, 049, 723,

Eyes, Sore, in Cattle, llemedy for

K'5, 879, iSiip.

3'jS

Famine and the habonr (,)nestion

and the Tea Industry of India .

Farnesian Cassia ...

Fernlands Tea
Fertilizers
Fibre, Jadoo

Co., Ltl.

•>7o.

— Machinery ...

, Rhea

Sanseviera...

605
548, 005
80
455

[See Manures.]
501, 578, 628, 638,
653, 671, 800
[‘See Rhea.]
[Sec Rhea.]
437
476
855
863
350

...[See Tea.]

‘‘Flora of Ceylon,” Dr. Trimen’s ... 683

Florida, Coltl ^Vave in ... ... 86

Flower and Fruit Ex'iieriment in Ceylon, A 56
Flowers, Cut, How to Kee|) Fresh ... 69

Flowering Plants and Ferns ... 603

Flush- worm in Ceylon ... ... 328

Foilder Grass
Plants

Fibres, Commercial
Natal

Fi

i and its Future
— , Planting in ...

— , Tea Cullivation in

... 143, 574
878
852

[See Fodder. ]
76i

‘286, 498, 578
243
510
310

242,

Fodders, Artilieial
Forage

Forest Denmlation in Trinidad

JiUws of Ceylon ... 139,

Forests in Rrazil ...

in India ...

and Soils ...

Forestry Students at the School of Agriculture,

Ceylon .. ... ... 361

Frencli Colonial Coll’ee . ■ 8

(donies, Stigar In<lustrics in ... 100

Fruit Rottling and Canning ... 656

Culture ... ... ... 887

in India ... ... 217, 377

from the Cape ... ... 668, 824

from (^neensland ... ... 856

■■ .Jamaica, in London ...

Packing

, Preserving of

, Thinning of

Trees ... ... ... 287,

Fruits and Ve<fetables and Longevity

in Ceylon

— — — , Remedial Values of

, S|)litting of the Skins of

, Tropical, in Madeira

“Futures” in Produce

3‘20,

ooo

132

67

210

501

69

717

733

294

485

347

Gallaha Ceylon Tea Estates and Agency

117, 1-26, ‘l

Gall-bladder of Horses
Gall-nuts

Gambier, Depression in
Gammie, Mr. Janies A
Gangwarily Estates Co. of Ceylon, Lc
Gardening (Vegetable) in Ceylon
Gartniore Tea Plantations '..

Germ Life of the Soil
Germans as a Nation of Tea-drinker
Ginger

Glasgow Tea Chests Industry

Estate Co., Ld. .. 177,

Glas.s, To Remove Paint from ••

o.. L<1
L 167,

415,

409,

616,

427

71

752

354

877

174

670

415

475

1.58

73

853

716

69

Pack.

Godsal, Mr. F. W. (A h'oimer Ceylon Coll'ee

Planter) .. .. 30

Gold Coast Colony, Produce from the ... 746,766
Goomera Tea Estates Co., Ld. .. 4‘25

Gr.ifis, Arabica-Liberian, Seed from ... 157

Grain, Seed, Selection of . . .. 219

Grajie, Black and White, to Grow on the

same Vine ... ... 756

Cultivation in Ceylon 66, 257, 292, 578

Graiie Fruit . .•■ •• 168, 371

Grapes, Thinning of .. ... 215

Glass, Fodder .. .. •. lJ-3

Great Western Tea Co. of Ceylon, Lil. 13

Gren.ada Botanic Gardens [5ce Bot.anic Gardens.]
Guatemala, Planting in .. .. 402

Guiana, Balata Concessions in ... ‘200

Guttapercha .. .. [*e Indiarubber.]

Haldummulla, Tea Clearings in ... 1_0

Hankow T(?a Season (Poetry) ... 155

Hantane, Old and New .. ... 87

Hapntale West, Planting in ... 305 ,399

Hassan Jak Fruit ... ... 667

Hatton, Planting in ... ... 22

Hay, Mr. E. IM., Visit of, to Australia 56
Hemp, Indian, A New Constituent of... 746

, Bowstring ... ... 721

Hepatitis in Cattle .. [.S'ce Liver Disease.]

Hill Tramways for Ceylon ... 796-99, 848

High Forests Estate Co., Ld. 714

Highlands Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. ... 861

Hogg, Dr. Robert ... ... 781

Homco jMauure .. ... 142, 210, 360

Horninian’s Tea Comjiany ... ., P28

Hornsey Tea Estates Co., Jal. ... 192, ‘2.52

Honduras, Coffee Cultivation in ... 699

Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow ... 231

Horse Shoes, Nail-less ... ... 586

Horses, Gall Bladder of ... ... 71

, Shoeing of ... ... 889

Hot re kelly Estate Co., Ld. ... 607

Househohi Hints ... ... 69

Hunasgerij'a Tea (Jo., Ld. 21, ‘22, 84

Hughes, iMr. John, on Burnt Lime ... 144

, , on “ High-class Teas” 189

Hunniiitiya Mills, Negoiiibo, Sale of ... 853

I.

Imperial Ceylon Tea Estates Co.,

Ld. 42, 865

Institute, Ceylon at the

2

Im])lements, Agricultural

360

Incubators

143

Incandescent Lamps, Charcoal Thread for 872

India, Agriculture in

... 815

atid Ceylon Tea Co., Ld.

... 180, 188

and its Produce

.346

— - as a Field for Investment

175

, Botanical Survey of

387

, Cai)sicum Potatoes and Some other

Economic Solanacea' of

... 3/3, 444

, Fruit Culture in

... 217, 377

, North Planting in ....

... 556

--, Rhea Fibre and Drug Industry for 242

--, Southern, Tea Planting in

845

-, Steam Ploughing in

762

, Tea in

...[.S'ce Tea.]

--, Tobacco in

[See Tobacco.[

Indian and Ceylon Exhibition

‘22

Drugs, Indigenous ...

172

— Forest Department

199

Forests and their Revenue

242

Patents

[Aec Patents.]

Tea Association

...[8'cc Tea.]

Association in London

...[■S'cc Tea-1

INDEX.

Pack.

Indian Tea (.'onii>anies ... ...[-S«Tca.]

, Duty on ... ...[A'et Tea.]

Trade with Central Uus-sian A^ia 320

India-rnbljer ... ... •••

and Guttai)e’'clia, Substitutes for 110

and West India Islands.. 531

as a Shade for Liberian Coffee 41)

Castilloa .. ... 426,704

Cultivation in Brazil
Cultivation in Ceylon 48,

, Deterioration of
Porests in Hukong Valley
of Upper Burma.

314,

from Leaves
Industry
at

... 246, 60.3,
Laf'cs 312,

782,

605,

in

in

ill

in

in

in

in

400
639
182
844
753
8

814
751
688
698
700
88

236, 426
760
531
792
,332
102
344
314
749

liido-Ceyloii Kailway (Proposed) and Colombo

Harbour ... ... 783-92

Insect Pests ... ... _ 315, 732, 885

, Useful Plants ap;ainst .. 573, 628

and riieir Kiiemies ... 607

Police ... ... ... 824

Insects, Indian, of Economic Importance 55
Insecticides ... ... 57, 69, 71, 176

Inventions and Paten's ... ['S'cc Patents.]

Ipecacuanha as a Remedy tor Plague... 642

Assam

Dutch Guiana
German Africa
Madagascar
Mexico
Sierra Leone
West Africa

— (Mexico) Limited

— Plants and Cycle Trade...
— , Prices for

— Regulations in Nicarag;ua

— , Su|)ply of
■vertuis Guttapercha

.1

.Jackals and Dogs ... ... 759

daffiia. Coconut IMauting in ... ... 751

, New Products for ... ... 761

, Tobacco Cultivation in ... 870

dak Fruit, Hassan ... ... 6(i7

■ Trees, M.anure for ... ... 132

.lakwood. Dyeing Properties of ... 31.3

Jamaica Arntully Estate ... ... 751

, Itananas in .. ... 20

Fruit in Loudon ... .35(i

, Planting in ... ... 781

“ .Japan, A Gentleman of ” ... .. 856

Japan, Tea Drinking Ceremony in ... 3t)l

, Tea Trade ... ... 20

Japanese Enferprize ... ... 792

Planting Enterprize in Mexico 13

-, Tea Visitor, A ... ... 521

Java, Planting in ... ... ... 615

, Private Estates in ... ... 856

, 'I'rade of ... ... ... 7

.Joint Stock Enterprize ... ... 716

.lowari Plant ... [A'ce Sorghum Vulgare.]

li.

KallirCorn ... ... 807,882

Kmlug.annawa, Planting in .. ... n

Kaluiara Company, Ld. ... ... 70^

Kanapediwattc Tea Co., Ld. ... 457,603

Kanda|iola Ti*a Co., Tab ... ... (J04

Kandyan Hills Co., Lu. ... ... ,349 71,8

... ... ’ 761

Kelani Tea Gardens Co., Ld. ... 696

Valley, Coffee in the ... 167

Kelani Valley 'Pea xlssociation, Ld. 758,761
Kickzia Africana ...

Kino, Alarket for ...

Kintyre 'J'ea Estates Co., Ld
Kirklees Estate Co., Ld.

Klang Planting and Estate Syndicate, L
Knax’esmire Estates Co.. Ld
Kola Cultivation ...

, in Africa ...

Kola Nut

— - Nuts, Market for
Kotmale Valley Estates Co., of Ceylon, Ld
Kurunegala District, Coconut Industry in

Paoj;.
,804,861
826
111, 356
188
692
267
692
389
48

111, .356, 763
168
693

L.

Labour Districts in Northern Madras ... 782

from Northern India ... 780, 795

in Briti.sh Colonies ... ... 309

in Natal .. ... ... 1132

in the Tropics ... ... 528

in the West Indies ... ... 745

Saving Machines ... ... 368

Supply and Tamil Coolies ... 74(5

856, 876

in .Java ... 109

in Straits Settlements ... 666

in the West Indies ... 423

Question ... ... 249, 405, 686

and Indian Famine ... 605

Lac ... ... ... . . 655

Lactometer, Use of ... ... 652

Lailybirds ... 46, 266, 317, 377, 404, 449, 607

liUgos, A New Rubber Imlustry at ... 312

, Coffee Cultivation in ... 448

, Planting in ... 447, 518

Land Mortgage Bank ... ... 179

Lands, Native ... ... ... 504

Lanka Plantations Co., Ld ... ... 404,453

Lantana .. ... ... 336, 350

Larch, Longevity of the .. ... 824

Lawson, W. R., on “ Empire and 'Peapot —

in an Indian 'Pea Garden ” .. 854

Leaf Disease, Carbolic Cure for ... 28

Lebnng 'Pea Co.’s Instates, Rainfall on ... 100

Ledger, Mr. Charles, and Dutch Government 17
Leguminous Crops, “Nitragin” for 212, 257, 29],

3(52, 502, 581, 638, 658
Plants as Manure ... 554

— , Nitro-Collecting Habit of 72

Leeward Island, Planting in ... 5

Li Hung Chung and the China Tea Trade 243

Liberian Coffee, A New Pulper for ... 493

Liberia, Coffee Crop of ... ... 878

Liberian Coffee Culti\ation ... ... 6

in Sumatra... 49,51,493,749

— , Prices of ... ... 718

, Rubber .as a Shade for ... 49

, Swam)) Lands for . . 46

Lightning and Trees ... ... 46

Lime as a Manure ... ... 144

Linen, 'Po 'Pake Mildew from ... 70

Li))ton. Mr. 'P. J., ami His Business ... 431

Liver Di.sease in Cattle .. ... 653

Literature, Agiicultural : —

^\gric.ultural Ledger ... 154

— Magazine, t’olombo ... 65

Indian I'orcster .. ... 618

Bulletin of the Botanic Dci)artment of
Jamaica ... ... ... 618

Kew Bulletin ... 610, 618, 642

“'Pimehri” ... ... ... 862, 8(i4

LomJiardy Po))lar ... ... 80

Lucknow Horticultural Gardens 231

INDEX.

.^1.

Maeliinery, Fibn^

— , Tea ...

Madeira, IJanatia in

- , Tropical Fruits in ...

Madras, Agri-Horticultural Society
(Tovernnient Cincliona Plantations

Pauk.

[S'(;e Fibre.]
[Sec Tea.]
538

Madagascar

Mackenzie, Mr. AVilliam
Malia Uva Estate Co , Ld. ...
Malaria, LTseful Plants against
iMalaya, Fatlier of Collee Planting in
Mango, Indian, for the British Market

as a Medicine

Mangoes in England
Manioc

Manna

M.anure

[S&

485
778
•2(3.3
.31(.)

...‘25, 35, 54
... 177, (390
... .573, G‘2S
471

... 4136, 472
494
865
Cassav.a.]
826

Lime as a ... ... 144

, Homco ... ... ... 142

, J.egurninous Plants .as ... 554

, Products of Trees as ... 697

, Seaweed as .a ... ... 72

Manures, Adulterated ... ... 449

, (iJheniical ... ... 809

for Special Crops . . ... 152

, Potash ... ... 886

, Mixed ... ... ... 511

Manuring and the Need of a Fertilisers
Act for Ceylon ..

Green, and Mi.xed Cropping...

of Crops

Tea

Turnips and Coffee

Mariawatte Tea Plantation
Matrimony and Tea Planting
Maturata District
I^Iauritius Grass ...

Market Rates tor Old and New

533, 632
725
586
[Sec Ten.]
492

. 536, 537
686

Products 64,
208, 284, 358.
496, 576, 650,
806,

Matale, Tea in

IMaylield (Dimbula) Companj-

Mauritius, Tea in ...

, Planting in

“ -Maza'.vattee Tea ■’

Mazawattee Tea Co., Ld.

Jd eat. Inspection of
iMethylated Spirit in India ...

Mildew, To Remove from Linen
Merinos, To Clean

Mexico, Japanese Planting Enterjirise in

• — , Bananas in

, Cacao Cultivation in...

, Coffee Cultivation in

, Indiarubber in

, Oil I’roduction in

, Vanilla Cultivation ...

Mica Manufacturing Co., Ld.

Midlands Tea Plantation Co., Ld.

Milk, Adulterated, A Case of
and Milk Products 142, 290.,

780
574
136,
440,
724,
880
574

of Ceylon,

... 825, 855
. . . [Sec Tea]
793
35

52, 54, 261, 641
138, 211, 288
778
70
69
13
236

[Sec Cacao]
[6'cc Coffee.]
... 236, 4-26
...[See Oil.]
[Sec Vanilla.]

. Aeration of...

Mlanji, Planting in
Mocha Tea Co. nf Ceylon, Ld.

Morris, Dr. D., C.M.G., on Crown Colonies
of the Empire
Muir, Sir John
Mulch

Mushrooms, Cultivation of ...

INIusiard, White, hs Forage for Cattle
Mysore, Planting in

764
4' 8
139
362, 505,
583, 656
734
525
4ul

177, 39(1

31
10, 41
368
808
826
757

P.UiK.

Nahalma Tea Estate Co., Ld. ... 8,59

Nahavilla Estates Co., Ld. ... ... 477, 527

Natal Timber, Dutj' on ... ... 866

Growers’ Views on Sugar and Tea 452

, Tea in ... ... ...[Nee Tea.]

Nawalapitiya to Yatiyantota, Impressions

of a Ramble from, and on Tea... 831

Negombo Hunupitiya Mills, Sale ot ... 853

Netherlands India, Coffee Cultivation in [6'cc Coffee]

, Planting in ... 49, 850

New Diinliula Co.. Ld. ... 163, 383, 398, 408

London Tea Market, Ld. ... ;tl6

Sylhet Tea Estates (Jo., Ld. ... 602

Nilgiri Agri-Horticultural Society ... 395

Planters and Lady Bird Beetles 46

Nilgiris Botanic Gardens [6ec Botanic Gardens.]
(Jinchona Plantations [8cc Cinchona Plan-
tations, Indian Government.]

, Tea on the ... ... 23 J

Nilu . ... ... [6'ec Strobilanthes. ]

“Nitragin” 212, 257, 291, 36'2, 502, .581, 638, 658
Nitrilication, My.stery of ... ... 72

Nutmeg Cultivation in the Vest Indies 492

X Trees, Disease of ... ... 763

Nuwara Eliya Agri-Horticultural Show 749, 754,

809

Tea Estates Co., Ld. ... 872

Nux Vomica, Market for .. ... 3,56

Nyassaland, A (Joffec Planter on ... 225

Coffee Co., I.d. .. ... 182

, Coffee in ... ... 4'28, 481

, Climate of ... ... ;526

j Planting in 332, 610, 611, 7'22, 753

Oahu Islands, Coffee Cultivation in .. 3S6

Oat See<l. Treatment of, by Immersion in

Hot W'ater .. ... 600

Oil Production in Mexico ... ... Jig

— , Tea Seed ... ... ... 414

Oils, E.ssential ... ...[Sec Essential Oils,]

Oodmarie Tea Co., Ld. (Assam) ... 167

Oodoowere Estates Co. of Cejdon, Ld.... 763, 765

Opium Tra'le in China ... ... 255

Orange Beetle 'Pea Pest .. ... 199

— Cultivation from Seed ... 1.51

Oranges in Jamaica ... .. 30

, Bitter .. ... ... 47

in (Jalifornia ... ... 29

, Wild, as a Substitute for Coffee 47

Orchid, Poi.sonous ... ... 112

Orchids and Ants ... ... 1.34

Oriental Bank Lbstates Co., Ld. ... 457

■ Estates Co., Ld. ... 117, 127, 194, 546

Oryctes Rhinoceros ... ... 543

Ostrich Farm in South California, Famous 16
Ottery Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. ... 45s

On vail Coffee Co., Ld. ... 46, 62, 82, 84, 3U9

P.

Paddy, Experiments with ...

Paint, To Remove from Cotton Goods...

, — Ghess

Pallakelle Estate...

Pallegama Grant Association of Ceylon, Ld.
Pallekelle Ceylon Estates, Ld.

Pam, A Valuable
Cultivation

Palmerston 'Pea C'o. of Ceylon, Ld, ...
Palmyra, Sap of the
Panaw 1 Tea Co., Ld.

Papaine, Preparation of
Paste. How to Make

510

70

69
404

262

477

47

1-23

713

8-26

847

400

70

INDEX,

Page.

Patents .. 27, 40, 85, 112, 155, 158, 173, 184,

206, 267, 273, 347, 610, 612, 614,

647, 608, 7-20

Patiaguna Plantation Co., L«l. ... 852

Peanuts for Cou-siuiiption ... ... 69

Pearls, Supply ot... .. ... 267

I’enrhos Estate t o., Ed. ... ... o5

Perak, Climate of ... ... t-27

, Coconuts in ... ... 666

, Labour in ... ... 666

, Ijiberian rt)rt‘ee in ... ... 666

, Planting in 23, 38. 334, 665, 763

Prices of Cotlee and (iutta in... 678

Page,

, llailway.s in

, Koads in ...

Persian “ White Tea’
Pests Agricultural

, Insect

, lea

Pianos and Packet 'I ea

665

665

465

[<S'ce Agricultural Pests.]
... [A'ce Insect ests.]
[See Tea, Enemies of.]
400

Pine Hill Estates Co., Ld.... 196, 307, .335

Pioneers of the Planting Enterprize in Ceylon : —

513

661

735

817

587

642

285

Alex. Campbell White
George Smyttan Dull' ...

John Brown
John 'ryndall

Lieut. -Col. Henry C. llyrde
Plague, Ipecacuanha as a Kemcdy f''r
Plants and Seeds for Native Cultivators

, Leguminous, Nitro Collectitig Habib of 72

, Nutritive Process in 70,218, 365, 5c9

, Potash in ... ... 813

, Protection of, from White Ants ,586

— , Boots of ... 583

, I'seful, against Malaria ami Insect

i>ests ... ... ... 573, 628

“ Planter, The Cultured” ... ... 863

Planter’s Note Book, Leaves from a 385

Planters, Original Be.search amongst .303

Planters’ Association of Ceylon ... 633

, Pussellawa ... 478

Selangor ... 353, 4.57

Wynaad .389, 438, 477, 721

riouf^hs for Coconut Estates ... 211

1-, Iron ... ... ... 815

Ploughing in India by Steam ... 762

I’lugge, Hr. P. ... ... 855

Plumbago Exports from Ceylon 6.3, 135, 2 7, 283,
357, 439, 495, 575, 649, 723, 805, 879, A’lip.
Poisoning of Cattle by Jowari Plant ... 144

Poonagalla Valley Ceylon Co., Ld. .. 869

Poplar. Lombardy . . . . . . 80

Portmore Tea Company of Ceylon, Ld. .. ,522

Potash in Plants .. .. .. 813

Manures . . . . . . 886

Potatoes in Ceylon . . . . 808

in India . . . . . . 373, -144

Poultry Notes .. .. .. 660

Precious Stones .. ... .. 277

Piice Current, Colombo 63, 135, 207,283, .357, 439,

495, 575, 649, 72.3, 805, 878
Produce, Adulteration of .. .. 437, 716

and Boaril of 'I'l.aile Beturns .. 312, 745

Clearingllon.se, London .. 617

, l)o(di Dues on .. 320, 347, 387

, “ Futures” in .. .. 320, .347

Products, Old and New, Market Ilat(!s for 64, 136,
208, 284, 358, 440, 496, 576. 6.50, 721,

8 6, 88 I

Pruning •• • .. 6S, 2L3

I’umelo ••• 168, .171

Pundaluoy.a J'o.i Co. of Ceylon, Ld. .. 478

Pussellawa Planter.s’ Association .. 478

Putupaula Tea Esiates I.O., d. .. 382

(]ueensland Agricultural College .. 831

, A Trip to . . . 406

Depariment of Agriculture .. 889

<i>uinine Market .. .. 80,356

.Prospects of .. 319, 342, *345

, of . . . . . , ;i9o

e^

Bagalia Tea Estates, Ld. .. 117,537,556

Bail w'iy,s in Brazil . . . . . . 407

Bainfall at the School of Agriculture, Ceylon 66,
137, 209, 359, 498, 577, 651, 725, 807, 881
■' 100

on tlie LebongTea Co.’s’Estates

Ramie

Kangala Tea Co, of Ceylon, Ld.

Rape Cultivation ...

Seed

Ratwatta Cocoa Co , Ld.

Rayigam Company, Ld.

Red Spider, .Snlpliur as a Cure for
Research, Ui-iginal, among Planters
Rhea ;uid Silkworms

Cultivation ... 262, 364, 672

in Ceylon...

-■ in China

F'actory for Lancashire

Fibre, Industry in India ...

^ Machinery for 166, 170, 369, 573, 599

[See Rhe.a]
860
366, 510
269
527, 677
674
553
.303
201

754, 826, 864
843
877
166
242, 548

Plant

Syndicate, Ceylon

Treatment Co., Ld.

Industry

Profits

Seed, Raising Plants from

Syndicate

Rhodes, Ml'., as ,a Coffee Planter
Rice Crops, Indian, for 1896

, Burma

, Java

, Wild

Rinderpest, Alleged Cure for

Cau.ses of

, Dr. Koch’s Cure for

— in Ceylon

Preventi\e. Measures for

202
426, 843
877
14, 87
198

571, 628

413
871
.397
764

757

398
584
889

, ... 888

Investigations into 726,81 1

585, 657

-- ... 5go

Roarbi le Arlioricnlture, Protection of Trees in 585
Roebeny Tea Com[)any ot Ceylon, Ld. 713

Bogivne, M., and His Work in Russia 84 P?5
Rondnra V.illey 'I'oa Co., Ld. ... 041’ eTo

Roots of Plants.. ... ’

Roses, Cultivation of ... ..

Royal Horticultural Society and Tea PLantiii''- 50
Ru.anwelia Tea Estates Co , Ld. ... “678

Rubber... ., Indiarubber.]

luissm and the Chinese Tea Trade ...[A’ce 'Pea ]

, Ceylon Tea for ... .. [Sec Tea!]

> lett Cultivation in... .. [Sec Tea.]

.s.

St. Heliers Tea Co., Ld
Salt and Teeth ...

as a Preventive of Di.seases in Men

Cattle

Samoa, Coconut Cultivation in

, Woods of

Sandalwood Oil, (Jerinan
San Domingo ( 'olf'ee
Sami Dill',.. Eorination of

Tarts

San.seviera Fibre ...

Sarapi(pii Estates t.'o., Ld. ...

Science, Modern, ami Agriculture

308,

184

70

and

M4

866

666

265

13

611

69

437

104, 618

739

INDEX.

Pagk.

Science and Tea Planting ... ... 553

Scientific Expert for Tea Industry 250, .311, 313
Scottisli Ceylon Tea Co., Ld. 12, 22, .35, 36, .37, 344

Trust and Loan Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 398,403

Scour on Calves ... ... ... 815

Scrubs Estate, Nuw.ira Eliya, Yield of Tea in 594

Season Reports, Ceylon . . [See Ceylon]

......

294
287
460
202

Seaweed as a Manure
Seed, Cereal, To Clean
Seeds

43,

and Plants for Native Cultivat®rs

, Latent Life in

, Market for

Passing through the Digestive Canal of

Birds .. ... .. 890

, Selection of ... ... 660

Selangor, Coffee Planting in . . 174, 387, 668

Planters’ A.ssociation ... 353, 457

Senna Market . . . . . . 356

Sensitive Plant and the Coconut Palm .. 627

Serendib Tea Estates Co., Ld. .. 61

Sericulture .. .. [See Silk.]

Shade for Liberian Coffee [See Liberian Coffee.]
for Tea ... .. [Sec Tea.]

— Trees in Ceylon . . . . 230

Shand. Mr. J. L. on Ceylon and its Resources 1
Shan Tea Seed ... . . Tea.]

Sheep in the United Kingdom . . 368

Shire Highlands, Map of Hup.

Sicily, Life in . . . . . . 862

, Products of the Citrus Tribe in ... 823

Sierra Leone, Highland Coffee of . . 470, 548

Silk Culture ... ... 141, 216, 288

Fibre, Artificial, Manufacture of . . 48

from Timber . . . . 302

in Ceylon ... ... 49, 51, 201, 344, 572

■ ■ ■■ 626

627
201
415
53
245
475
310
417
373, 444
144, 520
685
210
757
56

Spider, Red, Remedy Against .. 71

Spring Valley Coffee Co., Ld. 45, 62, 81, 84, 4.36
Standard Tea Co. of Ceylon, Lil. 9, 804, 857

Stinsford Tea Co., Ld. .. .. 616

Straits Settlements Ramie Fibre Co., Ld. 244

, Lands for Europeans in 617

, Coffee Cultivation in [<9eeCoffee]

, Liberian Coffee [See Liberian

' Coffee]

— - — , Planting in 23, 38, 716, 829,

843, 862

Strobilanthes, Flowering of ... 182

Sugar and Tea, Views of Natal Growers on 452

, Duty on .. ... 488

Indus* l ies in French Colonies .. 100

Industry of Britisli Guiana .. 460

, West Indian 422, 532, 538, 688, 693

, Mauritius '. . .. 606

, Medicinal Value of .. .. 192

Sumatra Coffee Cultivation ... 544, 877

, Planting in ... ... 49,850

, Tobacco in [See Tobacco].

Sunnygama (Ceylon) Tea Estates Co., Ld. 782

Sylhet, South, Coffee in ... ... 425

T.

Page.

Talgaswela Tea Co., Ld. ... 670

Tamarind Plant, Wild, A New Use for... .347

Tamarinds, Market for ... ... 855

Tannin Extracts and Indian Forests .. 104

Tapeworm in Calves, How to Expel ... 143

“ Tea, A Cup of ”( Lecture) ... 387

Tea Advertising in Russia ... 84,480

in America ...23, 48, 57

, American Standard of ... 766

, An Amusing Paper concerning ... 558

, An Auxiliary to .. ... 458

and American Grocer . . ... 20

and Brokers ... ., 436

and Caterpillars ... ... .547

and Coffee ... ... 482

and Sugar, Views of Natal Growers on 452

.Apple-tainted .. . 79,154

Association, Indian .. 21, 57, 109, 250, 329

in London, Indian

in India

, Tusser, Cultivation of ...

Worms and Rhea or Ramie

Sinclair, Mr. Arthur, “ In Tropical Lands” by
Sisal Industry of Bahamas ..

Soil Inoculation . .

, Germ Life of the

Soils and Forests

, Fertility of

Solonacea; of India
Sorghum Plant

Softth Wanarajah Tea Estates, Ld.

Sowing Macliines
Spices, Java
, Market for

715
108

183
... 54

863

33

3

. . 745, 826
[See Tea Pests].
79, 108 269
Q9

. . 846, 847
629

154, 320, 408, 523

184
421
755

Tea,

Boxes, Ceylon’s Sources of Supply of
Bucklandia among
Black
Broken
Brewing
B’bliography of
Blending
Blights
Breaks of

Britf'.h-grown, Area of
Bulking of
Caucasian
Ceylon

Ceylon and Indian versus Japan
Ceylon and Natal
Ceylon High-grown

.Advertising .. .. 686,875

and Indian .. 106,187,827

, and the “Thirty Committee” [See

“ Thirty Committee.”]

, Breaks of . . . . 53

, in Africa ... ... 404

, in America 10, 16, 42, 49, 54, 119,

226, 309, 328, 343, 387, 403, 424,
468, 527, 543, 544, 545, 572, 613,
644, 717, 756

— — , in Canada .. .. 1.32,614

, in London . . . . 765

, in New Zealand .. 793

, in Russia . . 84, 125, 229, 253,

267, 270, 34.3, 424,

468, 571, 600,
693, 796

, in 1896 ... ... 597

•, Keeping Qualities of ... 275

, Prices of .. .. 397

, Pure ... .. 133

, Quality of .. .. 129

Cliemistry of . . 678, 679, 680, 686

— Chests . . . . 132, 720, 847

— .Acme ... ... 1,58

— Industry in Gla.sgow ... 853

, Supply of ... ... .3.35

Venesta ... ... 631

255, 312, 523, 826, 870, 872
A Ceylon Tea Proprietor on 624

, , and Indian Methods ... 481, 538

, , and Likin Duties ... 243

, , Gradual Displacement of. Table

Showing 99

, , Machine-made ... ... 282

, , Preparation of ... ... 131

, Tax on .. .. 551

Commissioner of Ceylon in America 25,.351

Companies .. 173,188, 398

, China

LNDEX.

Pace.
1-25, 12

20

613

Tea Companies and Shares

, Average of..

, Ceylon, Shares of

, Ceylon 0, 13,21, 22, l.>9, 171,

403, 417, 469, o37,
SOS, S47

, Indian 12,22, 130, 16/, 130,

253, 400,611, S 3, 847, 84S,

, Meetings of, Exclnsiun of

Reporters from . . 20,33

, Reserve Funds of . . 606

Company, Horniman’s ••• _ 128

Consumption .. .. _ 02,99

, ill America •.• 830, 849

Crop, Ceylon, for 1897 . . 484, 488, 493, 533,

543, 547. 629, 639,
764, 851, 867

Estimates ... 'ISO

.Indian .. 241,629,639,076,862

Cultivation and Science ^ •• 5'53

and Troublesome Weeds 626

, E.xperimental .. 827

in America.. 181, 199, 383

, Increase of.. 624

in Central Africa ... 525

— in Ceylon 181, 341, 487, 521,

547, 574, 764

in China ... ... 487

in India 20, 37, 39, 62, 89, 103,

11.3, 175, 181, 203, 230,
260, 275, 487, 519, 574,
752, 845

— in Mauritius . . 778, 793

ill iSatal .. 129, 1.32,267, 481

in Java . . . ■ 109

in .1 apan . . . . 209

in Russia 110, 179, 273, 459, 480,

5.30, 60.3

in South Africa ... 268

, band in Ceylon Suitable for 543

Thirty-live Years Ago 445

Drinkers, Germans as a Nation of 158

Drinking . . . . . . 613

Ceremony in Japan ... .391

, Crusade against .. 715

.Duty on 35, 43, 52, 166, 183, 268,488,

685, 752, 766

in Denmark ... ... 68.3

, , and Warehouse Abuses . . 641

’ Enemies of, and Remedies 48, 262, 343, 719,

794

Estates, While-ants on .. .. 144

E.xports from Ceylon 37, 42, 63, 135, 207, 283,

.357, 439, 495, 575, 649,

723, 751, 806, 879, tip.

trom China .. .. 355,549

from Japan ... .. 405,549

Factories, Destruction of, by Fire 384

Freight in China .. ... 422

Gardens, Assam, Sale of . . 470

, Green ... . ... 24, 54

, and India . . . . 233

, Humour in .. ... 551

Industry and TeaSliai es, Financial Press

on the . . 597

in America 13, .54, 171, 328, 397, 410, 438, 468,

477, .532, 545, 596, 610, 867

in Australia ... 13, 23, 259, 313, 401, 469

in Carolina South, C.S..\. 471,478,492

in China ... ... . • 47, 52

48

in Java ... ... 408

in Mauritius. . .. ... 53

in Natal .. 84,178,428,48.3

in New England ... ... 173

in England

Tea in Norway

in Portugal

in Russia

, Indian

Tea,

, Advertising of

and Ceylon
in America

in Persia
in Russia
Outlook for

Paoe.

309

400

486

320

... 312, 687
106, 187, 32 I, 328
57, 119, 309, 328,
527, 6441
58
765
304

Overproduction of, and Mr. Tl'os.

Cliristy 128

, Prospects of ... ... 530

Industry, ... ... ... 613

, Ceylon .. ... 644

, Indian ... 307, 548, 605, 778

, Scientific Expert for 250, 311, 313

Japan ... ... 460, 793, 872

Java .. ... ... 757,793

“ Letpet ” .. ... ... 260

Lo", -country Unprofitable .. 719

Ma -Idae-made ... .., 185, 781

, China as a Possible Compe-

titor with 473, 474

Machinery .. ... 4(34

: Davidson’s Patent Sirocco 479

, Exemption of, from Duty 57

for China ... 387, 408, 523

Making and Water, Facts about 234

Manuring of 487, 533, 553, 561-70, 619-24,

643, 673, 720, 777, 873
Market ... ... 12, 22, 478

, Colombo ... ... 473

, London 437, 438, 481, 526, 608

44

826, 843, 868
635
463

• • ... 533, 534

553
462
691
613

196, 689, 792
199, 553
525
686

684, 086, 745

, Mr. Otani on

, Natal

, New Markets for

, Notes on

Output of Ceylon

, Overcropping of

— — , Oxidation of

“ Oxidiser ”

, Packet

Packing

Pests

Planters and their Work

Planting and Matiiniony

as a Profes.sion

and Cooly Labour in Ceylon 875

, Popularising_of ... ... ]2

Prospects ... 316,523,690

in London ... ... 092

in India ... ... 310

, Pure Ceylon, How to Secure it being sold

in England

15

400
437
336
719
110
494
/01-711,

385,

, Packages, Import of Dutiable Goods in 684

, Packet, and Pianos

, Paraguayan

Plant in India, Discovery of

Plucking

Machines

and Teamaking

, Pruning and Preparation

718, 767-76, 782, 833-42’

„ 855, 867, 873, 878

Jrreparation in China ... ... 425

— — ,, Hivalry in ... OQj

, Price of, and the Chancellor of the

Exchequer ... ... 273

, Production in Rritish Dependencies 85, 128,

, t^ueries about ... ... 710

-- Reports ... 'm,m, Sup.

Roll-breaker, A New Patent 62

INDEX.

Tea

Pagk.

Routes from China and India to Russia 605

— Sales in Australia ... .. 396

— in Calcutta 134, 206, 282, 356, 438, 494,

574, 648

— in London ... ... 14, 540

— Season, Hankow (Poetry) ... 155

— , Indian ... ... 606

— Seed carrying Coffee Leaf-disease 134

— , Shan .. ... ... 40

— , Wild ... ... ... 244

— , Shade for ... ... ... 42

— Shares, Indian ... ... 240, 557

_ , Market for 12, 22, 178, 192, 380, 382,

390, 395, 404, 417, 436, 460,
477, 523, 526, 551, 557
— , — Report, Gow, Wilson »& Stanton’s 722

— Shooks ... ... ... 251

— Sorting Machine and Self-acting Mesh

Cleaner, Collora’s Patent "Acme ” 715

— , Supply of ... ... ... 436

— Trade ... ... 259,354,409

— in Russia ... ... 468,524

— , China 13, 243, 320, .330, *.346, 354, 411

459, 465, 757

... 20, 551

,382
383

... 465, 644
131
574

— , Japan

of Central Asia

with Chinese Turkistan

— , White,” Persian
-, Wynaad
-, Yield of

189
70
57

193, 474 695
51, 60, 219, 294, 734
866
552
378, 534
2.36
268
697, 888
5.3

Teapot and Empire: in an Indian Tea Garden ” 854
Teas, High-class ...

Teeth and Salt
Theine, Manufacture of
“Thirty Committee”

Ticks on Cattle
Timber, Natal, Duty on
Tobacco, Adulteration of ...

, Ceylon, and Cigar Trade

, Confected

, Consumption of

Cultivation

, Duty on

in Ceylon 26, 521, 645, 717, 853, 870

in India . . . . 19

= in Sumatra . . . . 13

— Leaf Sales of the Ceylon Tobacco Co.

716, 718

, Russian... .. ... 273

, Varieties of .. ... 80

Tomato ... ... ... 282

Tonacombe Estates Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 647

Trade and Produce Returns ... 312

Tramways fortlieHill Countryof Ceylon 796-99,848
Transit Pa.ss System in China ... 422

Travancore, Planting in . . . . 259

, South, Tea Co., Ld. .. 194

Tea E.state Co., Ld. 670

Tree Planting, A New Method of ... 889

Trees and Lightning .. .... 46

, Dimensions of ... ... 610

in Roadside Arboriculture, Protection of 585

, Judging the Age of ... ... 66

, Shade, in Cejlon ... ... 230

Trimen, Dr. H. 105, 362, 396, 398, 404, 410
" Tropical Lands, In ” (Mr. Sinclair’s llook) 415
Turnips, Finger-and-Toe in..^ .. 492

Turnips, Manuring of ..

Tyndall, Mi\ John (Pioneer) ..

u.

LTdabage Company, Ld. ..

Udugama Tea and Timber Co., Ld.
Uganda, Planting in
Union Estates Co. of Ceylon, Ld. ...
United Panters’ Co. of Ceylon, Ld ..

States Agricultural Department

Teas in : Report by a Com-
mission of Experts

Page.

492

817

696

673

766

722

111

379

867

Upper Maskeliya Estates Co., Ld. 177, 342, 677
Uvakellie Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. ... 675

Vanilla, Ceylon, Record Price for

Cultivation in Mexico

in West Indies

Curing of

30
179
400
400

18, 56, 111, 202, .356
759

, Market for

Pods, New Method of Treating

Trade .., ... ... 6

Vegetable Gardening in Ceylon ... 415

Products of America ... 351

Vegetables and Fruits in Ceylon ... 717

Remedial Values of 733

as a means of Prolonging Life 69

Veirezuela, Planting in ... ... 221

Veterinary Dispensaries in Bombay ... 144

Notes.. _ ... ... 503

Practice, Merits of Native Drugs in 810

Victoria Regia, Strength of ... 890

Vine-growing in Ceylon .. [^cc Grape]

Vogan Tea Company of Ceylon, Ld. 457, 488, 669
Von Mueller, Baron Ferclinand ... 547

w.

Wanarajah Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld.
Warts in Cattle, Remedy for . .

Water and Teamaking

— Lifts

Weeds...

Weoya Tea Co., Ld. 154, 177,

West India Islands and Indiarubber...

— ; — , Sugar Industry of

Wheat in India and America
V hite, Alexander Campbell (Pioneer). .
Woods of Samoa..

Wynaad Planters’ Association 389, 438,

-, Planting in .. 11,

, Tea Cultivation in...

235, 265
368
234
210
626
410, 457

531

532
529
513
666

477, 721
749, 764
318

Y.

Yataderia Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 184, 486, 676
Yatawatta Cocoa Plantation . . 765

Yatiyantota, Tea Company, Ld. 154, 177, 412,

457, 552

to Nawalapitiya, Impression of

a Ramble from ; and on Tea 831
Veast from Banana Flour ... ... 46

z.

Zanzibar, Agriculture in
Zanzibar Cloves ...

627, 793
353

ERFtATUIVI AND CORK IGEN DUIYI.

Un page 12U of this volume is a stupid paragraph which u'e inadvertently took over from the
Fruit Groiucr entitled " The Pumeloe in England : the Ignorance of Kew Gardens.” This was shortly
after corrected, justifying the Kew Gardens authoritie.s, in an article which is given on page 371,

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THE

WHAT IS

“TROPICAL

THOUGHT OF

AGRICULTURIST.”

A gentleman resident in the Central Province, who has as good opportunities of knowing what is
of ^benefit to Planters as anyone we know, sent us the following explicit testimony to the value of the

“Since its commencement, I have regularly seen and perused the Tropical Apricullurist. There can be
but one opinion that its scope and object are highly important, and that it supplies a distinct desideratum, which
it is to the interest of every estate proprietor to have available in the bungalow for the use of his locum tenens,
or superintendent. As a magazine it provides varied and instructive fresh literature at intervals ; deprived,
as most in Ceylon are, of easy access to libraries ; and as years go by it will growiugly become ‘ The Ceylon
Encyclopoedia ’ with reference to agricultural operations. Viewing estate property as practically a permanent
investment to any proprietor, the trifiing charge of 1112 per annum — a rupee a month — is certainly of no account,
provided the separate numbers are kept, and bound together yearly as a book of reference, for the benefit of the
manager and his successors. In that light, as the property of an estate to be handed over j ust as much as its office
furniture, few proprietors would probably refuse to authorise its being taken and filed regularly (if the periodical
was brought under their notice ), more especially as on looking over the most recent volume one cannot fail to fee-
how much valuable information on ‘Tea’ has been collated. In the belief that ‘Tea’ has restored prosperity to
Ceylon, and that plantation property is a good investment for capitalists, such should not omit the office and
connects equipment so a,dvisable on all ‘pucka’ estates, a part of which should be the Tropical Ai/riculfnrial.
I find I have gone on writing, but, as I am getting the numbers for the past year ready to be bound, the volume
IS before me.

Mr. W. T. Thistleton Dyer, F.n.s., c.m.o., of Kew Gardens: — “Sir Joseph Hooker and myself
always look out tor the successive numbers of the 7\A. with engerness, and I keep a file in my office
for referenee. it is impossible to speak too highly of the utility of such a publication and of the way
It is managed. j i j

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carefully secured every number since the beginning. You have succeeded in making it a wonderfully
useful magazine of information for planters.’’ n j

Surgeon-Major Bidio, F.L.s. of the Government Central Museum, Madras I find the Tropical
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Ceylon Estaie Owneiis.— A planting correspondent wrote tome time
tea estate with the T.A. The information in it with regard to

^ t ioa not Ipfivc it to L**" f ‘uvaluable : it would pay its value over and over again. Owners of

estates should not leave it to hard-up superintendents to take it in.”

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Kirs vvil nrorablv if tlov^ value as time rolls, on, and

the benefit of iiL.g the infoLation ffiXEne^antime r ‘’'^ndsome profit, besides having had

your woSmful''p^bHclumv)^ notS co.r '''"'Yt ‘ s;ffis®''ibing to

nil fhnf ic i n fnvnwf I 1 iiotnin*? compaiea to tho convonicnco of having in a

H'hon.S‘ .*",1“ price ““r

,„d . hundred olhef IhiuK. nccc.r,-' tor fh.m l„ .“''j:;,, r“,‘i 'r'';’'’,’.'*

file of useful mformatiou daily arising and permanently presened.” ' ^ ‘ ^°“venient

<A MONTHLY. I>

Vol. XVI.] COLOMBO, July ist, 1896. [No. 1.

CEYLON AND ITS RESOURCES.

THE COLONY’S CENTENARY.
INTERVIEW WITH MR. J. L. SHAND.

[By Our Special Commis.sionee.]

HO that has read up the history
of the British Empire or has
travelled round the world has
not fallen in love with Ceylon
— the “ pendent jewel of India ”
— the “gem of the Indian
Ocean,” with its varied cli-
mate, its luxurious vegetation,
its tropical products, its grand
scenery, and its interesting native populaiion 1 Its
wry antiquity makes it exceptionally interesting to
the student of liter itire. The g-eat Indian epic,
“ The Rdmiyaua,” has a chapter describing Ceylon
at least ten centuries before the Christan era, but
the authentic history of the island begins at the
fifth century b.c., when an Aryan invasion from
the valley of the Ganges established the Sinhaleie
dynasty. Visited in the early days by the Greeks,
Romans, and Venetians, the Portuguese formed
settlements on the west and south of the island in
1505, but i ) the next century they were dispossessed
by the Dutch. A hundred ye.ars ago last Monday
— February 17— C ylon passed under the authority
and protection of the B -itish Crown, and no doubt
the centenary of this interesting colony was suitably
celebrated in Colombo under the asgis of its new
Governor, S r West Ridgeway, K. C. B., K. C. S. I.,
who left Loudon last month to take up his guber-
notorial duties. Prior to his departure he was en-
tertained at a banquet by the Ceylon Association
in London, an! but for this recent dinner the
planting, mercantile, and shipping interest connected
with the colony would have celebrated the centenary
in the customary manner by meeting together round
the festive board.

HOW STANDS CEYLON T().D.\Y ?

This was the question that occurred to me on
Monday, and I felt that I could not do better than
call upon Mr. John Loudoun Shand, late Member

of the Legislative Council, who has lived in the
colony for twenty years. He has been a tea-planter,
has had the management of large estates, and was
the chairman of the local Planters’ Association.
On his return to England to take up his residence
here he helped to found the Ceylon Association in
Lomio ), and is juw the senior partner of the firm
of Shand, Haldane A Cj., of Rood-lane.

I was fortunate in finding both partners in.

Having explained the object of my visit, Mr. Hal-
d.iue said, ”Ali, lea j.* uosv our great staple in
Ceylon. Twenty-one years ago 1 exported 20 lb.,
whicli was a tenth of tlie wliole production of the
colony. Last year the total exports amounted to
97,000,000 lb.”

“ Yes, I know tea has made wonderful strides.
But first let me know something about

THE CEYLON ASSOCIATION IN LONDON.”

“ Well,” replied Mr. Shand, “ that is an asso-
ciation without a constitution. We felt that some
organisation was needed on this side to watch
over the interests of the colony, and to advance
the same in this country. The association has for
its president Lord Stanmove, better known, perhaps,
as Sir Arthur Gordon, a former Governor of Ceylon,
and is composed of merchants and shippers who
are interested in the colony, exofficials of the Colo-
nial Government, and planters. The members of
the Chamber of Commerce in Colombo and of the
Planters’ Association are also members of an asso-
ciation while at home.”

“ And you watch over the interests of the colony
generally ?”

“ Yes, the general body has interested itself lately
in the question of the military expenditure, and
then we have a special tea committee, which comes
together pretty often. Before we started we had
no separate days of sale for Ceylon teas; they
were sold as Indian teas, and we had to break
down several trade barriers. Everything is
now overshadowed by tea, as it formerly was by
coffee.”

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [July i, 1896.

OPENINGS FOR RRITISH CAPITAL.

“The one great object of these interviewp, Mr.
Shand — and I should explain that this is only
one of a series — is to make City people acquainted
with the vast resources of our colonies, and the
opportunities they offer for the introduction and
profitable employment of Jiritish capital.”

“There has been a great deal of capital sent into
Ceylon during the last ten years, and up to the
present it has all been most advantageously invested.
But the area of land suitable for tea-planting — and
bear in mind that this is now our chief industry—
is limited. We have over 300,000 acres planted
now, giving employment to nearly 2,000 British
managers and superintendents, and about half a
million British subjects from India and Ceylon,
and the probabilities are, that this acreage will not
be very much increased. Of course, the tendency
of things in Ceylon, as it was in India, has been
very much to turn estates into companies. When
coffee cultivation was at its height there were only
two or three Loudon companies, but in the case
of tea it has been found desirable to join two or
three estates together and foim them into public
companies.” . . ,

“ And I see by an article in the Financial Fews
of to-day, quoted from the Times of Ceijlon, that they
are all doing well, and that the price of the shares
has risen in value during the past year from 18
per cent, up to 86 per cent.”

“ Yes they are all doing well, as you say ; in
fact, there has been an all-round rise. And yet,
when we started to grow tea, every conceivable
difficulty was raised. “The .soil is not good enough.’

‘ You may grow tea, but you will never make it
in sufficient quantity to make it pay.’ ‘You m^
get quantity but you will never get quality.’ ‘ It
may go on for years, but it won’t last.’ Those
were but a few of the expressions of doubt hurled
freely and without foundation at tea-jdanting in
Ceylon, but it has lived them down. The yie!d
from many of the older gardens has far exceeded
the most sanguine expectations, the average price
obtained has exceeded that of other tea-producing
countries ; the older tea fields — and it must be
remembered that they were formed on land not
selected for its suitability for lea bui for its un-
suitability for coffee, some of which are now thirty-
years old — are giving a steadily increasing yield,
maintaining quality and showing no, signs of ex-
haustion. But wait, while I just copy down for
you a few figm-es showing the

TOTAL EXPORTS OF CEYLON TF.A

during the past twelve years

Year ending December, ’85, 4,100,000 lb.

„ „ ’86 , 8,100.000 „

„ „ ’87, 13,800,000 „

„ „ ’88, 24,300,000 „

Year ending December, ’89, 34,000,000 ,,

„ „ ’90, 46,900,000 „

„ „ ’91, 68,‘200,000 „

„ „ ’92, 71,100,000 „

„ „ ’93, 84,400,000 „

„ ,, ’94, 84,500,000 „

„ „ ’95, 97,800,000 „

Estimate ’96, 101,000,000 ,,

“ Certainly a most remarkable and wonderful pro-
gress, Mr. Shand ? ”

“ I think so, too. In a paper I read before the
Royal Colonial Institute in 1888 I stated that the
probable export of tea in 1890 would be 40,000,000
lb. It exceeded that by over 6,000, 0(X) lb., and the
late Sir John Coode, in the course of the discussion
that followed, ventured to predict that it would
reach 100,000,000 lb. by the end of the century.
It has topped that already.”

“And as regards the price ?”

“ Well, here is a table which my partner, Mr.
Haldane, has drawn up, showing the average value
of Ceylon tea sold in London from 1889 to 1895.
In the first place there has been a steady increase
in the quantity sold from 440,161 packages in 1889
to 970,269 lb. last year. In 1889, you will observe,
the average price per lb. was lid ; in 1890, lO^d.;
in 1891, lOd.; in 1892, 9Ad.; in 1893, ‘Jd., in 1894,

8Ad.- and in 1895, 8fd.; so that there has been a
steady decline until last yeai, when theie was a
sli'dit rise. Hut you must remember that whereas
the average value of the rupee in 1889 was Is.
lid.; last year it was only Is. l^d. ; so that the
planters are quite as well off with the lower price
as with the higher, so long as they and theirs re-
main in the land of rupees, and do not require to
convert rupee into sovereigns.

“But there must be a price, of course, at which
it would not pay t^ grow tea ?”

“ Undoubtedly. But we have two good things in
our favour, g jod labour and good transport, and
most of the Indian tea-growing districts would have
to give way first. Our labour on the estates is al-
most entirely imported from Southern India. We
give them a small advance, which we recover from
t^hem.”

‘‘ Over and beyond tea there are

OTHER PRODUCTS.

■\Vhat can I say about these

“ When coffee failed us we ransacked the world
of tropical agriculture for substitutes, and among
other things w'e grew cinchona so successfully as
to bring the price of quinine down to about a tenth
of what it had been. Ceylon is capable of produc-
ing an almost unlimited quantity of cinchona bark,
but at present prices it connot be grown profitably.
All the same, it was the sheet anchor which enabled
us to ride out the financial storm, and to regain
prosperity.”

“ And what about coffee ?”

“ I think we may see a good deal of Liberian
coffee coming from Ceylon in tbe near futur<-. As
you know, our coffee failed through a fungus.
Then we introduced Liberian coffee, and culiivated
it on a considerable scale. Since those days ti e
trade has come to appreciate this Liberian coffee,
an i if we had known as iiv ch about it in the old
days as we know now we should have seen a much
larger area under cultivation.”

And as to cocoa ?”

“ We have been exporting a great deal of cocoa,
and have got for many years an excellent price
for it, but there has been a heavy fall in values
during the past two years, on account of the en-
ormous supplies coming forward from South America,
and as the area of cocoa land is limited — it re-
quires a very good soil and exemption from wind,
two things which do not go well together in Ceylon
— I do not expect to see a very great increase
in the production.”

‘‘What about sugar?”

“ Sugar cultivation was tried many years ago, but
our rainfall is the great drawback to the growth of
the cane. There is never .a certainty of dry weather,
and as sugar-growing was not a success when it
had not Continental bounties to compete against,
it is not likely to be a success now.”

“ Then there are your coconuts ?”

“ Yes, a very large^ area is under coconut cultiva-
tion. Hitherto the industry has been almost en-
tirely in the hands of the natives, but recently
European planters have taken it up’ Mew markets
are opening up coustanily, an t the demand increases.
In addition to coconuts we have spices of various
kinds — cinnamon, pepper, cardamons, and such like,
but they are all minor industries.”

“ And how stands

THE FINANCIAL POSITION OF THE COI.OVY

to-day ?”

“ The financial position is very strong indeed.
The only debt we have are s.ims that have been
borrowed for public works, which will prove remu-
nerative, and that debt is very s nail — only 2J millions
in fact. Our revenue is bounding up tremendously.
It IS now about 20 million rupees, and the expen-
diture, including interest on debt and sinking fund,
IS about the same. The Oovenuneut is pursuing
a spirited public works polic}’, and we have a net-
work of railways all over t'lm isbind.”

CEYLON AT Tin; I.MPEUIAL lN;'ri’IUTE.

“ By tho way, Ceylon has
luhtnule, has it not T'

a court at the Imperial

July r, 1896.J

THE TROPICAL AGRlCULTURISt.

3

“ Yos ; but I do not know that it is of any use
The building is out of the way, and it seems diffi-
cult to combine business with pleasure. Then all
the information one wants about the colony can
be obtained without going to South Kensington
for it. 1 have only been in the Institute twice in
my life, and as far as serving any useful purpose
it is, I fear, a failure.”

Then, generally, I may say that Ceylon is in
a nourishing condition.”

“ It has never been so flourishing as it is today,
and its prosperity — thanks to the tea industry —
was never based on » firmer footing. Even in the
good old days there was never the same division
of prosperity as now — everybody, from the public
bodies downwards, being distinctly better off.”

“And there are still openings for the introduc-
tion of capital ? ”

“I am not quite sure Ceylon is the place I
should invest money in. You must remember that
the island is not like Australia or Canada, with a
large territory to fall back upon. It is quite possible
to attempt too much in Cey'on. We have had an
enormous number of young men go out, younger
sons of well-to do people with a little capital. Some
have done Well, but the present is rather a time
for big companies than small estate proprietors.”

“What about the climate?”

“ Of course we have got variable climates. You
have it uncomfortably hot in the lowlands, but we
have nothing like the African fevers, being on the
high road to India and Australia. Ceylon is of
•ourse largely resorted to by visitors, who are very
often so enchanted with the colony as to break
their journey at Colombo and stay in the island
until the arrival of the next steamevi There is a
sort of open hospitality. Anyone taking out a letter
of introduction to a well-known colonist or official
is franked on and on, and in this way be makes
a number of good acquaintances. There are some-
thing like 2,000 planters, largely recruited from
England, Scotland, and Ireland, and their friends
are often visiting them. Then it must be remembered
that the conveniences of life on the island are
vastly different to what they were thirty years ago.
Yes, sir, Ceylon is flourishing, and long may it flourish.”
— Citinen.

ElBLlOUliAPHY OF TEA

(Conchuled front, Vol. XV., pacfo H12.)

Tatmaije, Thos. tie Wilt. Around the Tea Table.
Wakefield. 1 1875.] 8o. [Also London. 1875. 8o. and
London, Guildford, 1879. 8o.]

'Tasckenbuch. TaschenbuchfiirTheetriuker.. .heraus-
gegeben von b. Jlaiquu and fiir den deutschen
Geschmack zuzeriebtet, Ac. Weimar. 1836. 8o.

Tate, Nahum. Panacea : A Poem upon Tea : in
two Cantos. London. 1700. 8o. [12o. also 1702. 8o.]

Taylor, E. Medical Remarks on Tea, Coffee, To-
bacco and Snuff, Ac. Huddersfield. 1799. 8o.

Taylor, IFia. Fred. Pussy’s Tea Party. Song
[begins: “ One evening. ”] Written by .J. S. Lyons.
[Music.] London. [1876.] fob

Tea. When first I went to Tea, Ac. [Songs.]
[London. 1850? ] s. sh. 4o.

Tea. Tea and Sugar, Accounts relating to the
condition of, in the United Kingdom. 1857. fob

Tea. Tea and Coffee., .why their use is unhealthfub
[Health tract. No. 0.] Battle Creek, Michigan. 18 — .
12o.

Tea. Tea. A Poem, in three Cantos. London.
1743. 4o.

Tea. Take Tea in the Arbor, Ac. [Songs.] [Lon-
don. 1840?] s. sh. lo.

Tea. Tea and Tea Blending. Eden Fisher A Co.
London. 1886. 8o.

Tea. Tea and . other planting industries in Ceylon
in 1885. Colombo. 1885.

Tea. Tea, Cardamoms and Areca Cultivation and
Preparation in Ceylon. Colombo. 1885.

Tea Cidtivation. T. C. [in India.] j|Calcutta,
1865.] So.

Tea Cidtivation. Tea Cultivation and Preparation
in Ceylon. [Reprinted from the Cettlon OUen•ler^
A. M. A J. Ferguson. Colombo. 1890. 8o. ^^

Tea Cidtivation. Tea grown at high elevation in
Ceylon. [Pamphlet ou Naseby Tea.] Colombo
18 — . 12o.

Tea Cultivation. Tea Cultivation in India. Copy
of Papers received from India... for introducing the
Cultivation of the Tea Plant into India. Blue Book
1839. fob

Tea Cyelopcedia. The Tea Cyclopaedia.. ..a volume
of selections... concerning Tea., .collated from the
Indian Tea Gazette, Ac. Calcutta. 1881 8o. [also
1882. 1

Tea Dealer. Tsiology : a discourse on Tea. Being
an account of that exotic. . .By a Tea Dealer [— Smith^
London. 1826. 12o.

Tea Drinldng. Tea: a fragment [in verse]. Dublin.
1752. So.

Tea Garden. The Tea Garden Manager's Memo-
randum Book. London. 1890.

Tea Plant. The Tea Plant : its History and Uses
London. 1860. 16o.

Tea Plant. The Tea Plant of Assam. 1839.

Tea 1 lanter. The Tea Planter’s Vade Mecum. 1886
Tea Pluehing. Tea Plucking Illustrated.

Tea-Pot. A Silver Tea Pot, by C. E M See
M., C. E. 1890. 8o. > > • oee

Tea Pot pseud. A Tale of Tea, by a Teapot,
[Illustrated, with descriptive verses.l [London.
1881.] obb 16o.

Tea Purchaser. The T. P.’s Guide. . .in the., .choice
of Teas. To which is added, the art of mixing one
quality of tea with another. By a friend to the
public. London. 1785. 8o.

Tea Table. Evenings at the Tea Table. London.
1871. 12o.

1 eci 1 ) cule, J.hG Tea Trade: a full account and
report of the extraordinary proceedings at the East
India House on the Commencement of the March
Sale. London. 1831. 8o.

l^ohin Theoph. Vier Gesundheitsmittel, Thee,
Coffee, Chocolate uud Taback, Augsburg, 1699.

_ Alexr. J. A Mistress and her Servant

iDialogues on trade in tea and sugar, Ac.l London'
[1870.] 8o. •

Thacher, Jas., M. D. Traits of the Tea Party : a
memoir of G. K. T. Hewes. By a Bostonian, New
York. 183o. 16o.

Elegia. [By Bp. Z).P. Huet.] [Paris?

1674 ?J 8o.

Novissiina. [Der Thee Bagrabnisz
und Glucklicher wieder Auferstehung.] Latin S Ger-
man. 1680. 4o.

Thea. Wett Streit der Chinesischen Thea mit dem
w^unen asser Calida, Ac. [In verse.] Berlin,

Then. The true qualities and effects of Thaa [con-
tra Masoneui]. Loudon. 1746. 8o.

Amalie, Immergriiu. Bine Auswahl
Marchen und Erziihlungea fiir Kinder in Alten voil
7-10 Jahren. Hannover. 1877-82. 8o.

Thee-Bezoek. Her Hedendaagse T. B. der Me”Jea
en Knegts, Ac. [Amsterdam. 1780 ?] 8o.

Thee-KuUuur. Theekultuur en Theercchteu met
Betrekking totNederlandsch-Indie. Batawa. 1876. 8o.

Ther-Pjlanze. Die Theepflanze, Eine Abhandlung
liber die Cultur und Fabrikation des Thees, Ac.
Bremen. 1841-6. 8o. ’

Thee-Praatje. Theepraatje over het placet. Am-
sterdam. 1817. 8o.

1 hee-Praatje. Theepraatje over het Amst. cougres.
Ben vlugtige schets ter waardeering van den geest
destijds. Amsterdam. 1864, 8o.

Thee-Tafel. Die Kleine medicinische Thee-tafel
bencht von dem siebenfachenbewahrtiu Krauter-Thee.
Hamburg. 1732. 8o.

T/iesent^rJf, Carol. Theod, Disputatio circularis Me-
dica, de Trinus Impositoribus, Potu Theae et Coffe,

Ac. Press. Geo. Detharding, 1731.

Thevart, Abr. [et Cresse, P.] Ergo confert curandae
arthntidi 'The Sinensium. Parisiis. 1657. 4o.

Thezieke. De Thezieke Jutfers. Amsterdam. 1701.
'Tkde, Joannes. See Eirchmaier, C. C. Theelogia
medjca, &c. 1687. 4o. [Also Wittenbergae. 1690. 4o.]

6

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[July i,

THE TRADE IN VANILLA.

Ill the luimber of the Jonnud for ilarch 27th,
see ante p. 453, sonie fads were given on the coii-
ditiou of the quiaine market and ou iucideiital
reference made to vanilla. In this connection it will
probably be in the memory of many readers that
the history and botany of the plants furnishing this
useful product have recently been fully dealt witli in
the Ken; Hidlelin, and to the matter to be found
therein the following extracts from the same number
of the Cheniiet ajul Jh-iuj/jist, which contains the fore-
going remarks on quinine, will be supplemental, and
of value as completing the commercial side of the
question. In consequence of the high price that
vanilla always commands in the market, the cry's-
talline principle has been imitated by a substance
generally known as vanillin.

“ When this substance was first introduced as a
commercial article, now a good many years ago,
the planters and others interested in the vanilla
trade were much sacred at the new competition,
but events have shown that their fears were unfoiuided,
for although the use of vanillin may have prevented
the consumxrtion of vanilla from assuming such large
proportions as it would otherwise have done, it has
not in the least proved an obstacle to the profita-
ble culture of the vanilla plant, and it is notorious
that the employ .nent of vanilla has greatly increased
of late years. It is also noteworthy that vanillin
is now lower in price than it has ever been, while
tine vanilla realises higher figures than it has done
for years. It seems, in fact, that in many instances
the commercial preparation of a synthetic product,
after creating a temporary depres.-ion in the market
of the natural drug which it is intended to replace,
finds a place side by side with the sale of that
product, and remain thereafter comparatively power-
less to atfcct the commercial position of the natural
article. Cumarin and artificial musk sre cases in
point, in addition to vaniliin.

“The future course of the vanilla market will be
largely inllueuced by the receipts of Ucunioii (Bour-
bon) and Seychelles vanilla in the course of the
next three months. When the tu'st arrivals of the
new vanilla crop came to hand in October, the stocks
had fallen to a very low point everywhere; since
then there has been but little chance of accumula-
tion, owing to the strong demand, but at present the
bulk of the crop is coming in, and it remains to
be seen whether buyers will be able to absorb it
with a rapidity approaching that with which it arrives.
The principal stock of vanilla in Europe is usuo.lly
kept in France, especially at Baris and Bordeaux,
where the bulk of the Bourbon crop is received in
consignment, and whence considerable quantities are
habitually sent to lioudon for sale. In September,
just before the arrival of the new crop, a stock of
from 15,000 to 20,000 kilos, in Bordeaux, and as big
a one in Baris and Marseilles combined, used to be
a fair average, but during the year the supplies in
France did not by any means reach the lowest of
^hese figures, while the London stock was below
rather than above its usual scanty figure of about
2,000 lb. The crops of vanilla in Kounion, Mauritius,
and the Seychelles have been unusually small, and
it is said that the crop w'hich is now beginning to
arrive will again be a very poor one, while reports
of total faihu-e have come from Mexico for many
weeks. As the United States require from 130,000
to 150,000 lb. of vanilla every year, they have been
obliged for some time to purchase vanilla in Europe,
and their orders have helped not a little to increase
the competition and advance the market price of the
drug. The American requirements are probably
larger than those of the rest of the world together,
and we do not estimate the total consumption of
vanilla at much over 250,000 lb. a year, setting aside
the Mexican production, and that from the smaller
sources of supply. We canuot count upon an average
output of about 100,000 lb. a year in licunion, and
of a^bout 00,0u0 lb. a year in Mauritius and Seychelles.
With an average crop, therefore, the present pro-
duction of vanilla is ample, and if the exceptionally
high prices of this yoar should lead to an extension
pf cultivation, we may be confronted with a large

1896.

over-production within a very few years. For, al-
though vanilla is very sensitive of climatic influences,
the plant is easy of propagation, and yields a rapid
return, as the vines begin to boar in fheir fifth year,
and may continue to yield fruit until their fortieth.

“ B'oitunately for those who sell the article, it
seems that comparatively few planters can grow it
successfully. In Java, whei-e vanilla was introduced
ill 18111, the culture was at one time of great import-
ance, but at present the island scarcely counts as a
producer. In Mauritius also, vanilla-growing seems
to be dying out. The exports from that island fell
from 37,1)00 lb. in 1892 to 15,400 lb. in 1893, and
9,100 lb. in 1894. Reunion exported her first vanilla
to Europe in 1849. That shipment was only 7 lb.
but iu 1870 the exports had grovvn to over 20,000 lb.
Since then the largest Reunion crops have been
190,000 lb, in 1891, 207,0001b. in 1892, and 175,000 1b.
in 1893, but last year there was a great decrease.
The production of Seychelles has been exceedingly
erratic lately. These islands first sent their produce
to Europe in 1885. In the succeeding years they
quickly rose to an output of about 80,000 lb., but
equally thickly dropped off again to about 17,500 lb.
a year. According to the latest reports, bowever,
the output next year is likely to show a great in-
crease. The SeychcBe.s and Mauritius vanilla is
generally shorter, paler, and fainter iu odour than
that from Reunion, and realises lower prices.” —
Jonnial of the Society of Arts.

----- yv- • -

LIBERIAN COFFPE.

In the Selanyor Journal of Gth March there ap-
pears, reprinted from the Journal of the .American Vo-
hiiii\al!oH Society, a very interesting article by a Mr.
•lohnsoii on Ijibcrian Coffee. The information it
gives is extremely valuable and will be found well
worth studying by all interested iu this product ;
but it is not so much what Mr. .Johnson says that
I wish to comment upon here, as tlie notes ou the
papor written by a Selangor planter.

To jndgo from these notes it would seem that
coffee planters in Selangor have arrived — not without
good reason no doubt— at conclusions directly op-
posite to those wc have reached iu North Borneo,
we are quite with the writer when ho states
“ notliing suits coffee over here better than a strong
moisturo-retainiiig soil,” but when he goes on “ For
“this reason amongst others fiat land is most sought

after aud I imagine few planters would care to
“p ant up hills from choice,” he makes it clear that
the conditions in Selangor must be quite different
from those in North Borneo, where we never plant
ou the fiat and always ask for undulating land, not
so hilly that mucli wash of soil is entailed but
sufficiently so to let the rain run off with little or
no cost for drainage. This is the lay of laud we
like best, but it cannot ot course always be got in
perfection.

The next statement of the writer’s i.s, to say the
least of it, i-ather appalling. “ There are few estates
“ here on which cannot be found sturdy well-grown
“ trees florishing aud cropping freely in places where
“water may be found afoot or 18 inches down.”
And this on the flat loo ? All I can say is that
in North Borneo ninety per cent ot the trees would
go out from root rot in a couple of years under
similar conditions. Are our Selangor friends quite
sure they are right ?

A good deal of discussion has been proceeding in
the Singapore papers as to some of the coffee lauds
in the Straits, not necessarily of course any of
those referred to in the Selanyor Journal’s notes ;
during this discussion reference is made to the
heavy percentago of “slruck” plants (what is a
“struck ’ plant?) while as lo soil weave cheerliilly
given 0 e choice of all peat, half peat, land with
water 18 inches below, liluo clay, or sand. For
myself I should decline to have anything to do
with experiments as to whetlier coffee died boones
0 1 “blue clay” or “ poat.”

0.1 the (luestioii of topping, the Selanyor Journ
writer has a fairly open mind, 1 give his remarks
in full. °

July i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

7

“ The process of topping is restored to in Jii-
'•beria tnongh wo are not told at what height, tlie
objects being cheap gathering (the crop being
“ hrongVit within the coolies' reach) and additional
“spread, which of course means a larger plucking
“ surface, whilst the other advantage claimed for
“ wide-spreading trees is that they keep the grass
“ down more than those which are allowed to run up.

‘ We, how'ever, weed our estates so regularly over
“ here that though the greater the spread the coffee
“ acquires the less is the cost of weeding, this fact
“ even combined with cheap harvesting would not be
“ considered a sufficient reason for topping our coffee.
“ There are many of us, however, who believe that
“ by cutting the heads off our trees, we not only
“drive the strength of the treet outwards into the
“ primary and secondary crop-bearing branches in-
“ stead of letting it run off into “top,” but by this
“ process also secure a sturdier, healthier and equ-
“ ally heavily cropping tree. As nevertheless opi-
“ nions are divided on this subject, some planters
“claiming that trees allowed to run up give larger
“ returns, it is important to note that nowhere does
“ Mr. Johnson, who would scarcely be likely to lose
“ sight of such a material point, make any allusion
“ to this whatever. By inference therefore the Li-
“berian coffee tree in the habitat to which it is
“ indigenons yields no less when its growth is arti-
‘ ficially cut short and directed in an unnatural
‘ direction. It appears to me perfectly clear, then,
“ that we can gain nothing in the way of increased
‘ returns by letting our cofce run up, whilst the dis-
“ advantages of this system, some of which have
“ been already noticed, are innumerable. The ques-
“ tion we now have to solve, is at what height to top.”

This question of topping is a most important one,
I have lately seen a lot of trees on two estates in
North Borneo which were undoubtedly much dam.iged
by being topped too low, but there was still one
point not clear : whether they had not been allowed
too great a growth before being topped ; however
this may have been in a great many cases the trees
almost died, and had not fully recovered their crop-
ping power at the end of two years, while others,
i»n topped growing close by were clothed with a 1 luxu-
riant foliage and were heavy with fruit. Speaking
for myself 7 feet is (nowj the lowest height at which
I would fop while I am sure that trees should not
be topped too far down when they have once grown
up, always keeping in mind on the other hand that
to top green wood stems is to kill the tree bark
for a foot or 18 inches lower than the cut top.

In Mr. Lyall’s half-yearly report on coffee in the
Straits' we read “ coffee to 3’ears has parted
hands at from “fSOO to jjiGOO per acre, and it is
reported that $700 has been refused for some ,5.^
years old coffee.” These figures are worthy of the
w-tmost consideration by all interested in North Bor-
neo. Mynah.

— British North Borneo Herald.

♦

THE TRADE OF JAVA.

BY M. QUILLET ST. .\NGK.

Java’s commercial situation did not improve ap*
preciably during the last nine months of IS'H. But
the crisis became a little less acute on account of
the gradual diminishing by sale of the stocks of
sugar which had been lying in warehouse for over
six months. The planters at last resigned themselves
to selling part of their stock at cost price — about
7 fl. !)0c. the picul in warehouse— as some of the
banks were refusing further credit, and others were
asking exorbitant rates of interest. On the oQier
hand, the rainy season, which usually comes to an
end in May, lasted in 1894 till July. The planta-
tions suffered severely in consequence. On large

areas of land, situated at some distance from the
factories, the crops had to be totally abandoned,
as the buffalo waggons could not be used, owing
to the softness of the water-soaked earth. As the
net result, the embarrassment caused by the plethora
of 1893 will be succeeded by trouble due to the failure
of the 1894 harvest. “Java” coffee production has

rapidly decreased, having fallen, in a few years, from
1,100,1100 to 370,000 piculs, and the situation is becoming
woi se and worse owing to the ravages caused by the
heinilcia vastalri.r. The Government, which has been
deeply affected thereby, is energetically pushino- the
cultivation of “ Liberia ” coffee, which has hitherto
appeared proof against the disease, but it takes not
less than five years for a plantation to produce a
satisfactory crop

Among the smaller traders, the recoil of the mis-
fortunes of the two great industries is necessarily
felt, baukruptcies being pretty numerous. But the
importance of these must not be exaggerated. The
bankrupts are mo.stly Chinese and other Ariatics;
whose commercial methods — due to excessive toler-
ation— are so well-known to European merchants
that not even the most confiiing of them allows
himself to be dragged into the smash which is the
frequent epilogue of the Asiatics’ adventurous spe-
culations. Europeans are chiefly affected by tUe
stagnation of trade which causes them material
losses. Certain articles — and they are fairly nu-
merous— must be sold quickly in this warm, damp
climate. Such are provisions, preserves, silk staffs,
&c. ; if kept in stock too long they are injured and
have to be sold by auction. To make up for losses
of this description, the retailer tries to make a profit
of 70 to 100 per cent, on what he sells. French
merchants, I am glad to say, have suffered less
comparatively than those of any other nationality
through the crisis which has now lasted for over
a year.

Perhaps their business would, however, be more
prosperous, their orders placed in France better
understood and e<ecuted, it there existed among them
that union which assures everywhere the success of
the Gormans. French merchants, • lacking infor-
mation themselves, send incomplete instructions to
their agents at home, cousequoutly the orders are
often badly executed, and the result is disputes
refusals of paymeni, etc., things which are all hurt-
ful to credit, and to the progress of business It
is to be regretted that the French Colony is’ not
large enough to study the possibility of creating a
Chainber of Commerce. I think, however, that such
an institution would be a precious guarantee of
success for the increase of French trade in the
Netherlands Indies, if it included in its member-
ship a few men capable of properly directincr its
efforts. I took the initiative some time baffit in
bringing together the French merchants on the first
and third Sunday of each month. My object was
to place before them the commercial publications
which I received, to show them correspondence
w'hich had arrived, and to submit to them ofers from
French producers. The merchants came regularly
at first, then came more seldom, and finally, either
through indifference, or because they did not like
to lose their Sundays, they ceased coming altogether
I see, in reading tue reports of my colleagues of
the French Consular service, that the same errors
are repeated by French merchants in nearly the
same form in all exotic countries.

As regards everyday articles of domestic consumn
tion, cheapness is the first quality looked for and
to this, French exporters do not seem to be’ able
to resign themselves. Apart from alimentary produee
the inhabitants of the colonies are inapt to dis
tuiguish good manufacture from bad, and if by ev
perience, they discover the distinction, their im'
providence prevents them from taking advantage of
the knowledge. Fully understanding this appears
to me to be the true cause of the success of
German industries in many centres where French
industries fail. But if colonial consumers accord
itt e favour to French produce on account of its
high price, they know how to appreciate French
workmanship, executed under their eyes It is «
Frenchman, M. Roupel, boot and shoe manufac-
turer at Batavia, who has secured the contract
over the heads of five Dutch competitors, to supply
footgear to ^e army for ten years, tfie minimum
supply being 2,000 pairs a mouth. The native soldiera
of the colonial army formerly went barefooted, but
during the Lombok expedition a great number died

10

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

iJUI.Y T, 1896.

pany’s option at par. The above conversation will, on

the amount issued, effect an annual saving oI tOi.) in

interest, a result which cannot be regauled as other
than highly satisfactory.

The paid-up Capital of the Company now stands as

9,000 Preference Shares of i:5, fully paid . •

1 non . £5, paid . . 1,000

800 Ordinary ^5, fully paid . . 4,000

17,088 „ £5, £3 paid .. 51,204

Calls paid in adva nee on Preference Shares
4J percent, First Mortagage Deheiiture Stock

320
65,000

0 0

649 18 6

F16G,.584

The amount at credit of profit and loss account
after paying Debenture Interest and all charges, and
providing for depreciation of buildings and machi-
nery is £9,342 2s. 5d„ and after deducting the Interim
Dividend paid upon the Preference Shai^s in
ber last, there remains a balance of i8,8UU lbs ea.
which the Directors recommend be apportioned as

follows ^ _

To reduction of Debenture Issue Expenses

Account --^.oOO

„ payment of the Preference Dividend
for the 6 months ending 31st Decern
ber last (making C per cent, for the
year), less tax .. t '2

payment of an Ordinary Dividend at
the rate of 8 per cent, per annum
(free of tax)

,, carry forward to next account.. ..

The Directors have much pleasure in again record
ing their satisfaction with Mr. Denison’s manage-
ment in Ceylon, and the work done by the Super-
intendents. The retiring Directors are Mr. T. ,J.
Lawrence and Mr. Thomas Meares, who being eligi-
ble, offer themselves for re-election. The 6 per cent.
Debentures having been paid off, the appointment
of Auditor rests with the Shareholders, and Mr. A. N.
Fiewer, Chartered Accountant, offers himself for

election. .

Huon C. Smith, Chairman.

J. Huntley Thrino, Managing Director.
Hugh Chapman, Secretary. London, April 27, 189fi.
SCHEDULK OE ESTATES.

4.421

229

2

15

Names of Estate.

O 0)

o ^

^ o
o ^

ce ^

® c

«

c3

O

o .

o d

Q

• ® Fh

^ 2

U CS

o

c3 ^
c3 fl

a c

® p

Q p.

(D .

d
O
u
o ,

X

o

u

P-

d

Bogahawattee
Le Vallon and Raja-

541

talawa*

1,216

Dcnegama (one-half) . .

155

Peacock Hill
Keenakelle (including
Serendib and Keena-

300

gashena)!

500

Peradenia

424

Oodewelle

417

Ooragalla

Wiltshire and Hamp-

320

shire^

269

Wangle Oya

445

Moralioya and Wilton

188

Pathragalla

100

77

618

.. 2,.358

3,579

69

224

. . 1!)2

492

40 810

1,570

. . 747

1,171

. . 978

1,395

. . 129

419

. . 517

844

. . 12-2

567

.. 267

456

30 319

725

4,875 ^ 270 70 6,585 12,080

The above may be considered an exceedingly
satisfactory repoi t, and 1 may <leal editorially
with one or tw > npecicd features.

CEYLON' TEA IN AMEIUCA.

Everybody in C'cylon knows how cautious is
the IManters’ American rommissioner. One is
always safe in addiici; something to Mr. Wm.

* Also 5 acres cardamons,

I Also 120 acres coffee, and 100 acres cocoa.

J Also 55 acres cocoa and 3 acres cardamons.

Mfick'pnzie’s anticiiiafions, bpcanse they are nearly
alw.ay.s sine to orr on the safe side, jii.sf as in
flic ca.se of some other ant liori ties, one is inclined
to allow' for over-saiigiiineiiess. Well, from iMr.
Mackenzie I have bad a very iiitercsliiig and
satisfactory account of the contiiuied jirogress
made by his own and Mr. Jllecliyiiden’.s mis-
sion, on behalf of onr and Indian teas. That
tlie.se are graduallj' getting a linn liold of the
American market is the great fact, the large
dealers being forced by the hadnes.s of the Chinese
“black ” teas, to take onrs instead. The cainjiaign
agaimst the adulterated “green” teas has not de-
veloped yet, hut will come later. Lipton has
now' commenced tea dealing in America on a very
large scale and so has the Mazawattie Co., as well
as the Messrs. Tetley. Mr. Mackenzie does not
expect a great increase in the consumption of
Ceylon-Indian teas this year over 1895 — the great
rise has been in 1894— for it is every alternate
year that indicates special progress, it re(]uiring
at pre.sent a second year to work off the teas
poured in, say in 1895. But I cannot see why
an accelerated rate of progress should not shortly
be expected ; for the trade now' being built cn a
sound basis is bound to develop widely. Indeed,
one firm of dealers in our teas already sjiends
in advertising in its own way as big a sum
annually as the “ Thirty Committee of
Ceylon’* allot to America ! Mr. Mackenzie has
certainly surprised me as to the cost of adver-
tising in tlie leading jmpers and jieriodicals of
the States, and I iiuestion if in England, so large
a price was ever paid, as .t‘750 for one page on
the hack cover of a leading monthly — jiist for
the one insertion, but tliat I am assured is the
rate demanded !

Mr. Mackenzie, w'ho looks very well, would
like Mr. Melville Wliite (now on his way home)
to take Ills place for tlie summer or autumn
tour of two montiis across the Atlantic ; but
the ex-cliairman indicates he is coming home
for a holiday rather tlian to attend to hnsiness.
— The dis]Hite between

.SIR JOHN MUIR AND MR. JAMES .SINCLAIR
over Belgravia and Elgin estates is, of course,
much talked of in Ceylon circles in the City.
There is a general feeling tliat there is bound
to be a settlement, if not a compromise, satisfactory
to the shareholders. Mr. Sinclair, I hear, is
))ersonally in exceedingly strong legal hands who
have been very careful about liis jiosition ; w hile
the opinion of the Solicitor-General for Scotland
has been taken on the dispute and is very clearly
against Sir John Muir. Still, for aught I know,
tlierff may he strong legal ojunions the other
way. Tlie question has been asked why the
statutory meeting is delayed : w'cll, the due datt
is not yet fully nj), 1 hear ; and it would obviously
he unwise to make a statement wliile negotia-
tions are pending, w'hich it is generally hoped
will obviate a case in the courts.

NEW TEA LAND CLEARINGS IN
IIALDUMULLA.

There are. several new clearings and extensions for
tea cultivation in progress. Mr. Anderson, of Tionpo
estate, Talavvakella, proprietor of Ohiva estate, in
the Kaliipahana ^'.aliey, adjoining Meriatcmio e.state
is clearing nearly 2()() acres for tea land. Ol.iya
estate adjoins Ildaveria on one side, and at the last
sale in the T;ondoii Market Udaveria tea fet 'hod a
very good price. 'I’bo tea bushes in the latter es-
tates are woitli looking at. they are a lino sainplo
of the best tea grown in the island.

Mr. W. llorinon, the Snporinteudeut of Golcouda
no bo half of tho proprietors, Capt. Farquhftrson

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

It

July £, 1896.]

and Mr. Backworth, is busily engaged in felling
and clearing an old estate called Talapotenne, close
to Nikapotn, and expects to open and plant nearly
100 acres of tea this year.

Mr. B. J. Wyllie, Superintendent of Kalupahana
estate, on behalf of Messrs. Hope and Bailey, is
opening a new estate called Horagoune, close to
g aldummulla, and intends planting 200 acres of tea

hortly.

Mr. A. Orchard, who bought some plots of land
betw een Beauvais estate and Blackwood at the recent
Government sale, has made a bargain by selling
them to Mr. Hudson, who will open the land for
tea aird reside on it.

The estate called Bandara Eliya is a new one ad-
joining Dambatemre, and opened only three years
ago. The property belongs to Mr. Liptou, and is
under the managemeirt of Mr. Maitland. It was the
tea from this estate which was purchased for Her
Majesty the Queen at the recent sale reported in
your paper of the 13th inst.— Coj- , local “Times.”

mittmm ■ ■ I ‘ ^

KADUCANNAWA AND ALAGALLA.

Taking a leisurely stroll through Kadugannawa
aud Alagalla last week, I was struck with the slow
progress much of the tea is making in this very
fair soil and not unkindly climate.

Tea is not a particularly fastidious plant but where
the surface soil has been scraped and washed away,
it is apt to sulk for a few years till at length the
roots make a desperate plunge into the subsoil and
the tree becomes established, not quite so firmly or
vigorously as in the clays of some of the upper
regions but flushes more in j)roportion to its size
and appearance. There are splendid exceptions even
in this locality and these exceptions chiefly lie at
the opposite ends of the district where the plants
..come away in a manner so magical as to astonish
.nobody so much as the lucky proprietors who some-
.tlmes remark that when they tried tea they knew
as much about it as they did of the apple which
.Eve ate.

So much for sheer luck — or call it by any other
name that pleases you, and I am equally satisfied;
but it rather amuses an onlooker to see London
correspondents falling down to worship the “ far-
seeing intellects” who created those estates and
knew to a dead certainty, before planting them the
number of lb. leaf each acre would produce — the
men who can now by a wave of their magic hand
decide the fate of investors.

Kadugannawa has quite a unique history. Its plant-
ing 'record dates back for fully 70 years — even to the
Ih'st initiation of practical planting in the island.
Alas ! how much has been lost and won, learned and
forgotten, during these three-score-and-ten years !
Some have accidentally as it w(re, stumbled upon
fortune and had honours thrust upon them, while
many capable, careful, plodding men have died in
the vain attempt to acquire a competence. Some
there are who never touch a thing but it turns into
gold, while others.

“ Never loved a tree or plant but ’twas the first to
fade away.”

To ascribe all success to one’s own superior in-
telligence is to mock an inscrutable Providence.

Take first the extreme South end of this dis-
trict. Everybody knows Manawafta but every-
body does not know the history of }\~ellan-

i/aii-altc. We can imagine with what eager hopes
poor George Bird began his experiment there; now
72 years ago, how he loved to look upon the beau-
tiful young coffee plants ; with what delight ho
gathered the bumper maiden crops ; and then as
years rolled on with what anxiety he watched the
gradual decay of the once premising plants. Then
came the wise-acres who said “ coffee growing is all
a fraud lot us turn to Dairy farming,” and now
see the plough at work, followed by the grass plant-
ing the luxuriant meadows, the browsing cattle.
All in turn to be abandoned, and then there is a lull.

Again arose the wise-acro saying “the old fogeys
didn’t know how to plant coffee, let us plaut it
properly aud no fears.” Again history repeated
itself, agaiu there was rejoicing over the bumper

maiden crop but again— sooner than before, — came
the day when all was leafless Shillelahs

And novv came the strangest epoch in the history
of this wonderful Watte. Despised and abandoned
once more, hope seemed to fly and sigh farewell,
In the midst rf the desolation stood the empty bun-
galow, now gladly lent to shelter a sub-contractor
on the railway extension.

This sub-contractor by the way was once on a
time a leading V.A. an M.L.C. and a planter of
long and varied experience. His dictum with regard
to poor Weyangawatte was that he had never seen
a more hopeless subject ; the roots of the coffee tree
as he pointed out would take no hold of the soil
but running along the surface soon exhausted all the
suitable food and died of what R.B.T. called 'insidious
defunction.’ Ultimately the place was sold for a few
hundred pounds to the Railway Contractors who
though giants in railway engineering were as yet in-
ants -in agriculture, and as such were chosen to
teach the proud V.A. and conservative planter that
there were other paying products beside coffees.

“ A tree of deeper root was found

Less willingly to quit the ground.”

Of the present condition of Mariawatte aud Sin-
napittiya it is needless to say more than that the
appearance could scarcely be improved upon. Yet
some of the adjoining places are backward to a
degree, while over the ridge the comparatively
rich Valleys of Godadessa still hang fire, but
it can only be a question of time. On the op-
posite side of the Oya lies Franklands

where in the fifties we found Forest Har-
per busy taking in a first rate crop, shortly after
which he went home for some years and when
he came back the Watte was gone ! Coffee
did well here for many years, but when it made up
its mind to die it didn’t hesitate about it or wait
for leaf disease. Forest Harper was a favourite spouter
at the P. A. meetings and immediately on his return
we saw him at the big yearly gathering listening
eagerly to the appointment of district members, but
Kadugannawa was never mentioned. Indignantly the
old member rose and demanded to know who struck
out Kadugannawa. “ It locnt out ” was the laconic
reply. All along the eight miles leading to Bellon-
galla the district is still in a semi-abandoned state,
but the land after 30 years rest ought to do very
well in tea if it gots a fair chance. Bellongalla it-
self is now looking very promising, but has taken a
somewhat unconscionably lon^ time about it. On
the other side of the line “ The Farm ” has made
a good start and will in time become an excellent
estate. Further north, on the Nanuoya there are
some scattered patches of fairish tea, but at the
extreme end of the district near to Bollagalla. There
is an estate 400 acres, than which there is no better
tea in the island.

There is plenty of room for extension, both in
North and South Kadugannawa and the marvel is, —
considering its proxmity to road and rail that it has
been left so long uncultivated. The longer rest the
better perhaps, but better still would it have been
for this district had the tine old shade trees never
been cut down. A writer in the Oftscrycr 40 years ago
remarked “ In 1840 we found Mr. Northway busy
girding and taking down the trees which had origin,
ally been left for shade, the idea of the benefit
being about thaftime finally exploded.’ But alas!
to this idea we were indebted more than to anything
else for the rapid ruin of Kadugannawa as a coffee
producing district, — Cor.

The Wyna.ad. — A correspondent of the Madras
RIail writes Tea planting, in the opinion of
many, is superseding coffee in the Wynaad and
is fast attaining the po.sition of tlie staple in-
dustry. Mr. W. B. Liddle, Managing Proprietor
of the Liddlesdale Tea and Cinchona Company,
has just brought out from England a 40 liorse
power engine to drive tire machinery in the tea
houses on the Pilly-Mullay estate. This line
property is 7 miles from Gudalur in the Nada-
uahgny direction.”

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[July i, 1896

£ s. d.
9,471 0 5

SCOTTISH CEYLON TEA COMPANY,
LIMITED.

HALF-YEARLY REPORT.

The Directors have now the pleasure to subnul
to the shareholders the accounts and balance-sheet
for the year ending 3Ist December loJo.

The net prolits for the year
amount to £8,801 9s 8d,
which, with £609 lOs 9d
brought forward from pre-
vious year, gives a total
sum available for distribu-
tion of

An interim dividend on
the ordinary shares of 5 per
cent (free of Income Tax)
was paid in September 1895,
absorbing

Dividends on the 7 per cent
preference shares have also
been paid, amounting to . .

It is now proposed to pay
a final dividend on the
ordinary shares of 10 per
cent (free of Income Tax),
making 15 per cent for the
year, absorbing

To add to Reserve Fund
(raising it to £6,000

And to write oil for depre-
ciation on buildings and
machinery

2,050 0 0

630 0 0

4,100 0 0

1,000 0 0

838 6 8

8,618 6 g

Leaving a balance to carry forward to
next accont of .4

£852 13 9

THE TEA MARKET

has furtlier developed in buoyant lone. China
Tea is in better tlemand ; and no wonder, seeing
the heavy drop in prices for tlie first crot» leaf
still lield by importers. Indian growtii sliows the
most marked advance, the lower grades as mncli
as Id. per lb. from the lowest i)oint. Sni)plies
are becoming much reduced as deliveries are on
a large scale.— L. and C. Express, May 1.

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Tliunsday Evening, April .30, 1896.

There has been further strong buying, at advanc-
ing pi'ices, of jnost of the better known tea shares,
and again the “Official List’’ (juoted advances in
no less than five of the leading shares — Jorehaut
shares having been twice advanced within the week.
Even unquoted shares show in many cases advances
in price since a few weeks ago.

Mincing Lane is again firmer, with an all round
advance in prices, consequent on the shortness of
the supply of Indian still left out of the 1895 crop to
come to the hammer.

Quoted Shares. — East India and Ceylon, both
Ordinary and Preference are asking for a price.

Unquoted Shares.— Ceylon Shares. — C. T. P. Co.
Ordinary have again been taken at 30.f, but some
shares are now offering ex div. The Prefs. are
wanted, but ask £18 or so.

Eastern Produce and Estates Co. — A large busi-
ness has been done in the shares of this company
at prices rising to .5? x.d., and also in the new 4|^ per
cent debentures at 105. We now quote the compaun
in our table, as it is the largest single tea company
in existence, having over 11,000 acres under cultiva-
tion (tea, coffee, &c.). — U. ami C. Mail.

Although all the buildings and machinery on the
Company’s estates continue to bo in efficient order,
i", has been thought advisable to continue writing
down their cost, and the amount which it is now pro-
posed to write off represents 10 per cent on their
value as it stands in the Company’s books at 31st
December.

The estimate of made tea from the Company’s
estates for the year was 6(! 1,000 lb., and the actual
out-turn was 668,049 lb., shewing an excess over
estimate of 7,049 lb., which the Directors consider
vary satisfactory.

In addition to the foregoing, a total of 220,743 lb.
Tea WAS manufacUirod for others, the tea actually
turned out by the Company’s factories during the
year thus amounting lo 888,7921b.

The average yield per acre was 433 lb., which
shews a steady advance on the figures given in last
report.

The average price realized in the London market
was a fraction lower than previous year, being
8’904d against 9'233d in 1891, and 9.190d per lb.
n 1893.

The Ceylon Manager, Mr. Kerr, who is now on
his way home on short furlough, reports that all
the Company’s estates are in good condition, and
his estimates for the current year, which have been
framed with his usual care, foreshadow another
aitisfactory year’s working of the properties.

The acreage of the Company’s estate remains un-
altered at 1,963 acres, and no extensions have been
made to the area under tea cultivation, which
stands at 1,707 acres, of which 1,544 acres are in
full bearing.

The Directors again take the opportunity of ex-
pressing their appreciation of the services of both
tho Ceylon and London staffs.

In accordance with the articles of Association Mr.
Donald Andre.w retires from the Hoard, and, being
eligible, offers himself for re-election.

]\1r. -L !'>• Laurie, C.A., also offers himself for
re-election as Auditor

11. L. lORREH, Chairman.

London, 1st May 1896.

PLANTING AND PRODUCE

A New Indian Tea Company. — The Rorholla Ass; a u
Tea Company, Limited, has been formed, with a
capital of £50,000, to purchase as from January 1,
1896, the well-known Borholla ’Tea Estate, situate in
the Golaghat district of Assam. '.L’lie estate comprises
an area of about 2.932 acres, 1,538 of which are held
in fee simple, and 1,394 are held under leases, all of
which are direct from the Government of India, and
the greater part renewable in perpetuity under the
Government regulations. There is therefore ample
room for large extensions, which will be made as
circumstances permit. The cultivated ai'ea is 520
acres, ten of which are in their first year, leaving 510
in full bearing. The directors of the company are
Lord Kingsale, managing director of the .Mor.an 'I’ea
Company, Limited, East India Avenue, E.C., late of
Assam, and Charles Lionel Prescott White, Esq
Kniphill, Cobham, Surrey, proprietor of Lungsoong
'Tea Estate, late of Assam. Frederick William
Jamieson, Esq. (Messrs. F. W. Jamieson and Co.),
9, Mincing Lane, E.C., merchant, late of Assam, will
join the board after allotment. Tho offices of the
company are at 9, Mincing Lane, E.C.

PoPULARisiNu Tea,— If the British public does not
increase its knowledge of tea and learn the reason
why Indian and Ceylon teas have displaced China it
will bo due to indifference on the subject. In va-
rious towns lectures on tea arc given, and in some
instances representatives of tho tea trade ai'o tho
lecturers. Mr. Allen Cooper, the Southampton re-
presentative of Messrs. Appleton, Machin, and Smiles,
recently entertained about fifty ladies and gentlemen
at that firm’s sample and tasting rooms, 126, High
Street, Southampton. Mr. Cooper gave a short ad-
dress on the different growths of tea, and in the
course of his remarks said the displacement of China
teas by the growths of India and Ceylon was due not
only to the superiority of the Assam (riant itself, but
also to the better mode of ()re])aration eni))loyed.

iho use of niachinery, introduced by British skill and

energy , had reached such a (ritch that in some gar-
dens tea was fully manufactured within eight hou.’s

July i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

13

from plucking the leaves. In China the gi'owcr had
sometimes to transport the plucked leaves many days'
journey ^g|pre they could be manufactured into pro-
perly prepircd tea, and this preparation was done
by the slower and less wholesome process of hand
labour. The public should, as far as possible,
buy small young leaf tea of high (xuality. Such
tea always fetched a higher price on the mar-
ket, and he impressed upon his hearers the
desirability of procuring high-priced teas from their
grocers.

The Decline of the China Tea Trade. — The
Customs returns for 1894 show that in 1890 our im-
ports from China were £4,830,850, but that in 1894
they had fallen to £3,543,362. This decrease of
£1,287,488 is entirely due to our having imported
less tea, the difference in value between that im-
ported in the above years being £1,285,802.

Jai’anese Planting Enterprise in Mexico. — It is
stated that a Japanese Company has purchased a
large tract of fertile land in the State of Chiapas,
Mexico, and that tea, coffee, tobacco, and any tro-
pical cultivation likely to prove profitable will be
grown there. Japanese labour is to be employed.

San Domingo Coffee. — The cultivation of coffee as
well as sugar is making rapid progress in San
Domingo, and the next crop promises well.

The Sum.\tra Tobacco Industry. — A monograph
upon this profitable industry, prepared for his Govern-
ment by Mr. E. Spencer Pratt, the United States Con-
sul at Singapore, gives the profits for each year of its
existence of the Deli Maatschappy, a Dutch company
formed at the close of 1869 for the purpose of intro-
ducing the growth of tobacco on the east coast of Su-
matra. In the first year, 1870, the profits of the com-
pany were at the rate of 20 per cent, on the capital
invested. In each succeeding year there was a steady
and important increase, until in 1876 the earnings
reached 113 per cent. The company then enlarged its
capital, and in 1877 only about 22 per cent, was realis-
ed. The previous high degree of prosperity soon re-
turned, however, and in 1882 the profits slightly
exceeded 100 per cent. Down to 1886 the average re-
turns continued for four years at very nearly the same
rate, falling in 1887 to 45 per cent. In 1888 the capi-
tal was doubled, amounting then to £335,000, but
even upon this increased sum the earnings exceeded
25 per cent. In 1889 they were nearly 80 per cent.,
but 1890 was a disastrous season, showing a loss of
about 9 per cent. This was soon recovered, however,
and in 1891 profits were realised of 30 per cent., in
1892 of 50 per cent., and in 1893 of 100 per cent.
The -great success of this enterterprise is due pri-
ma rily to the excellent quality of the leaf produced
by it, which is extensively used, particularly in the
United States, for the outer “wrappers” of cigars.
There are now twenty-six companies and about
twenty-five private planters engaged in this industry
in Eastern Sumatra. The total production of the
district in 1893 was 160,000 bales, of which the Deli
Maatschappy grew nearly 53,000 bales. With much
difficulty Mr. Pratt has obtained a supply of seed of
this tobacco, which he has forwarded to a Florida
planter and to the Department of Agriculture at
VVashington, with a view to its cultivation in the
United States. — II. and C. Mail, May 1.

TEA IN AMERICA.

New York, April 16.

Not a ray of light to brighten the .situation, unchanged
from a week ago. When brokcr.s issue cireular.s for
China once every three or four niontbs, there is little to
be said by newspaper reports from week to week. Eow-
grade Japan tirni ; high grades steady ; line Formosa
wanted at full figure.'; low grades' weak. Greens dull and
easy. Ceylon and India well supported and in fair de-
mand.

Last week the Montgomery Auction and Commission
Company sold 11 '0S4 packages teas as follows : Moyune—
400 Hyson, 5 to O^c; 1,327 Young Hyson, 6 to 24 e.: 582
Imperial .5/ to 17 e.; G13 Gunpowder, 6 to .30'c. I'ingsuey
— 1,821 Gunpowder, lif to 21j c. .)a.))an 117 pan-lired, 15
to 10 e; 185 b.isket-fired, Oj to Sje 120 sun-dried capers,
15c: 917 Congou 7j to234 c; 121 India and orange pekoe,
101 to 2Uj c. Oolong — 890 Foochow, 8j to 17c; 302|.Vmoy,
8 "to 9J c; 3,746 Formosa 12.ito31c.

Today at noon tlie Alontgomcry Auction and Commis-
sion Company will sell 6,.503 pack, ages, viz : 1.506 half-chests
Moyune, including attractive chops; 1,419 half-chests and
boxes Pingsuey, new se.a.son’s ; 1091 half-chests and boxes
Congou, comprising all grades ; 20 boxes Foochow pekoe;
97 package.' India Java iuid Ceylon pekoe ; 100 half-cliost.s
Foochow ; 2,270 lialf-chest.s and boxes Formosa, all new
season’s and comprising a large offering of high grades. —
American Grocer, April 15.

TEA IN AUSTRALIA.

Friday Evening, May 1.

Tea.— A model', itc business lias been done in Chin.a
tea, sales he ng reported of 120 hilf-che.sts common
congou ,at 4,jd, 459 lialf-che.sts panyong at 5d to 5L1,
170 half chests p.inyong : t up to 6j-d, 5:0 half-chests
kooloo at 44d to 7.jd, 350 quarter-chesls buds <at 5d,
and 100 linlf-chests buds at 4:}d. Of Cey'on teas, 300
p.ackages have been sold at 7d to Sd, and 20 chesis
at lid. At the auction sale on Tnesd.iy 184 chests and
106 h.alf-chcsts Ceylon were offered. The prices realised
and bid showed no chance in the m irket, late rates
being maintained, but the sales mule amounted only
to 42 chests and 78 half-chests at Sd to 9^d for broken
.and orange pekoe, 7d per pekoe, 6jd for pekoe souchong,
and 4,d for souchong.— AMsG'afasfan.

GREAT WLSTERN TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LTD.

A general meeting of the Great We.8tern Tea
Company of Ceylon, Ltd., wa.s held at noon
today in the ollice of Messrs. J. M. Roberlson
e'fc Co., the Agents and Secretaries. Mr. John
Tilly presided and present were Mes.srs. F. W,
Bois (also representing Mr. H. Bois and Messrs.
J. M. Robertson Co.), Charles Cantlay (also
repre.senting Mis. Tliomas Mackie), Thomas
Mackie, E. Vaiidersp.-ir (representing Mr. Ceorue
Yanderspar), W. Moir, and C. Ryan (also repre-
senting Mrs. Margaret Ryan.)

Notice calling the meeting having been read
and minutes of previous nieetiug read and con-
firmed the Chairman submitted
THE REPORT.

It is in the following terms : —

The Directors submit their annual Report aiid
accounts for the season ending 31st March, 1896
which may be considered satisfactory : — ’

The yield of tea during this period has been 438 425
lb, which is 66,192 lb. over the amount secured for
the previous season ; and 38,425 lb. in excess of the
estimate. The cost f. o. b. in Colombo is 29'78 cents
per lb. including 3 27 cents per lb. on manuring.
There has also been unusually large expenditure for
additional line accommodation as foreshadowed in the
original prospectus of the Company.

After estimating the unsold tea at a safe valuation
the amount realized for this iiroduct is R246 664-13'
which is equal to 56'26 cents per lb., shewing a nett
.profit on the cultivation of about 26 j cents per lb.

An interim dividend of 8 per cent for the half-year
ending .30th September, was paid in November 1895 -
and after providing for this, and writing off the
usual amount for depreciation, the sum still available
is R6S, 517.89. Y^our Directors propose to place RlOOOO
to Reserve Fund, to pay a final dividend of 10 ’ per
cent, making 18 per cent for . the year, and carry for-
ward R117'89 to next account •'

The prospects for the season 1896-97, are favoiirabln
and the crop is estimated at 4 10,0001b.

Mr. Dunbar and Mr. Henry Bois having left the
island and resigned their seat.s on the Boai-rl nf
Directors, Mr. .lohn Tilly and Mr. F. W. Bois were
appointed to fill the vacancies.

In terms of the articles of Association, Mr. Thomas
Mackie retires by rotation : but, being eligible offers
himself for re-election. ’

It will also be necessary to appoint an Auditor for
the new year.

The Chaikm.VN said The rejiort.s and the ac-
counts have been in your hands since 1st May
so tliat you have had time to peruse them, and
I suppose we will follow the rule of taking’ them

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July i, 1896.

as read. Since the accounts were issued we
have liad tele"rai>hic advices ol several

other sales, and there is only one sale of

whicli we have not had a report from home.
This gives us a satisfactory addition to tlie
amount received during last season— I .should
scarcely during the season — and it will give us
an extra 114, UUO wliich has not appeared in this
Year’s .account, but it will he added to the
Lmunt carried f orward-R 1 1 7 '89. The Directors
propose as you will see by the account to allow
for depreciation, the payment of an interim
dividend of 8 per cent, the transfer to the Re-
serve of 1110,900 and a final dividend of 10
per cent. The crop has been very satisfactory —
450 lbs. to the acre. I don’t think there is any
other information 1 can give beyond what is
given in the report unless any shareholders
wish to ask any question.

Mr. Ryan I understand that the R4,000 is
over and above what you estimated as the crop.

The Chairman Over and above R117 89 car-
ried to next account. If you look the profit
and loss account for 1895-6 you will see the
Klim of R4,047T6 which was the surplus pro-
ceeds of the previous year. This R4,000 will be
carried forward in a similar way this year.

After a pause.

Tiie Chairman said At the request of one
of the shareholde' s we have w'lrked out the
nross average price of the tea in London from
all the sales of our knowledge— theie is only one
which we had had to estimate. The gro's aver-
age in London has been 9’ 31d, tlie cliarges
cmning to a little over Id leaving a net aver-
age of 8‘ 30d.

Mr. Yandersraar:— Is that the London charge.

Mr. BolS -.-The London ch.arge is D Old.

The Chairman Exchange lias been against
us this year a little making a dillerence of nearly

four cents.

Mr. Rois Mention the rate.

The Chairman ; — Tlie average rate has been 1 s Id
15-16. I propose that tlie report he now adofited.

Mr Ryan -.—There is one question regarding
an item 1 do not understand “ Directors Travel-
iin" Expenses R350.”

Mr. Rois •.—Tlie expenses .are tliose of upcoun-
trv Directors coming down to meetings.

'Mr. Vandkrsrar They .are in excess of
the Directors’ fees ’

Mr. Rois Yes. You will find the item in

the previous accounts.

Mr. Ryan : — I think it (piitc right and a
proper thing. I have not noticed it in tlie ac-
counts before.

Mr. Rois ;— Last year they were RSU4.

Mr. Moir :— I sup|iose the Director.s’ fees re-
main at R‘2,000.

Mr. Rois replieil in tlie affirmative.

Mr. Vandersi’AR Is there .any limit to the
travelling expenses?

Mr. Rois replied that the expenses were kept
within reasonable limits.

M r. Van UERSI’ a r : — Last year you say it was R8U4.

Mr. Rois: — It depends on the meetings that
are held. The Directors are not called for meet-
ings unlc.ss it is necessary.

Mr. Mack IE -. — T’hey do not come for .amusement.

Mr. Moir: — I have ])leasurc in seconding the
ailoption of the rciiort and accounts.

Mr. Ryan said T'here is one ((uestion 1 should
like to .ask. Dn what ininciple is the rate for
deprecial ion lixed ?

Mr. Rois:— It is lixed at 15 per cent outlie
machinery and other movable pro))crty, and at
10 per cent on immovable property.

The report and accounts were then unani-
mously carried.

THE dividend.

(4n the motion of Mr. Ryan, seconded by Mr.
V'ANDERSPAR, a dividend of 10 per cent m.aking 18
per cent for the year was declared, to be paid
forthwith.

ELECTION OF A DIRECTOR.

The Chairman :— In terms of the Articles of
Association, Mr. Maclcie now retires from the
Directorate, but is eligible for re-election and
ofl’ers his services.

Mr. Moir moved the re-election of Mr. Mackie
as a Director.

Mr. VANDER.SPAR seconded, and the motion
was carried unanimously.

THE AUDITOR.

Mr. Ryan propo.sed, Mr. Moir seconded,, and
it was unanimously agreed to appoint Mr. John
Guthrie, Auditor for the current year.

This was all the business, ami the meeting
termin.ated with a vote of thanks to the Chairman.

“GUP” FROM MINCING LANE.

May. 1.

There w.as active bidding at Tuesday’s (Y^ylon
sale which comprised the heavy total of 26.000
packages. Prices in most instances were j:d to
;^d higher, quality going for something. The
deliveries for April wore large and the orders
for Russia go on increasing. According to
common report the Russians have sent greatly
diminished orders for the new season’s tea to
Hankow intending to buy in this market, as it
has for some years been much cheaper than buy-
ing direct. We may therefore perhaps look for
higher jirices for China tea at the opening of
the market in July than has been the case for
some years, and this cannot fail to divert some
of the Russian orders to Ceylon Tea.

THE RHEA INDUSTRY.

Sometime ago an effort xvas made in Ceylon
by a well known resident to secure a conces-
sion from Government for the purpose of jilant-
ing rhea, and although His Excellency Sir
Arthur Havelock did all in his power to pro-
mote the scheme the negotiations unfortunately
fell through. Since then, however, we hear that
one or two planters have been experimenting in the
rearing of the plant, and hopes are entertained
cf a successful issue From London we hear
that the operations of the Rlica b'ibre Treatment
Coni))any are being attended with a large mca.sure
of success, orders having been received from lead-
ing bouses in Manchester and Nottingham,
and the Drury Lane and Empire Theatres
for silk garments which require to be of
special strength and take on the dye well. Wo
have seen a sanijile of the lace curtains manu-
factured at the Castleton mills belonging
to the Company and it is ol very line
quality and strength. Further we hear that
Mr. Lane Fox, who has taken a very great
interest in the matter is now in America es-
taVilishing the industry and his efforts are be-
ing attended with much success. The patent has
already been jmrcliased in India and other coun-
tries are negotiating for il. The Rhea Fibre
'I'reatnient Company, as its name indicat/es, deals
entirely with the Irealment of the bark and all
the planters have to do is to decorticate and
dry and bale the bark.

July i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

now TO SECURE “PURE 01 Y LON TEA”
BEING SOLD IN ENG LAND.

It has struck a geiitleinan largely interested
in the home tea trade, as well as in the pros-
perity of Ceylon as an old planter, to suggest
a novel check on the sale of our tea in the big
towns of the old country. It seems that jmekets
labelled “ Pure Ceylon Tea” are now very com-
mon and very popular ; but our friend maintains
that the said packets contain a good deal other
than “Ceylon” tea. It is to check, expose,
and stop this blending system that the pro-
posal is offered and this is how it has been laid
before us : —

“Messrs Cadbury Bros., the chocolate and cocoa
manufacturers, have a system of annually sampling
the whole of Glasgow and other large towns in
Scotland and England. This is done in the interests
of their cocoa trade and to let people see what like
their pure cocoa essence is. I am under the impres-
sion that a similar procedure with small packets of
pure Ceylon tea would do a lot of good. Even now
there are thousands upon thousands of our people
who do not know what it is to have a cup of pure
Ceylon tea. The packets must be put up in lead —
and j oz. packets would be large enough, or even
less. Something after the following style printed on
the packet might be adopted; — '■Pure Ceylon tea— ash
your yrocer for ii and see that yoii yet it.’

“ If the Planters’ Association will take it up, I
will supervise it in Glasgow only. I can’t do it
outside of Glasgow. The system of sampling is done
as follows : A map of Gla.sgow is purchased and a
given number of strong young men with samples
600 each, proceeds to sample a given street, which
at end of every day’s work is marked in red. And
so on, day by day and street by street, until the
whole of the city has been gone over. This system
has been going on now for years and Messrs. Cad-
bury find that their sales increase year by year. It
will take six strong active young men four months
to go over Glasgow. It is undoubtedly hard w'ork
as the stairs are very trying and six hours a day is
ait that a man can stand. The probable cost W'onld
run as follows: —

6 men for 16 weeks at ±l per week
Cost of 5,400 lb. of tea landed in

±96

0

0

Glasgow at Is per lb. . .

Prime cost say 8d per lb. packing in

2T0

0

0

lead and printing in Colombo,
say 2Jd per lb. duty on 5,400 lb.

at 4d per lb.

90

0

0

Clerk for 5 mouths ±2-1; stamps and

stationery, storage &c. ±19 say

44

0

0

±'500 0 0

If you think the above plan or sketch would be
worth submitting to the Planters’ Association, please
do so. I believe myself that a great deal of good
can be done by such sampling. As you are c„wa e,
our trade does not lie in this direction, so th.t
directly we shall drive no benefit although indirectly
we may do a little. My experience is that there is
still a fairly large quantity of cheap Indian tea
mixed with Ceylon, and the whole sold as puie Ceylon.
The population of Glasgow is 800,000.

We doubt if the s.ame system of sampling can
be apjdied to tea— as fo cocoa— and tills seems
borne out by the information gathered in “the
Lane” as to the difficulty experienced even by
“experts” sometimes, in identifying dillerciit
teas. Buying to blend, being also so great a
p.art of tlie business done in Mincing Lane, it
is doubtful if earnest supi»ort could be looked
for from experts in that quarter. At the same
time, if “Eure Ceylon Tea” is advertised, only
Ceylon tea in common honesty shouKl be sup-
jdied and it ought not to be impo.ssible to ensure
this; for there is some point in the further
remarks of the writer quoted above wdien he
says : —

“ It all the tea sold as pure Ceylon was really

15

Ceylon tea. the price in the London market would be
pence per lb. more than what it is. The sooner
steps are taken to ensure this the better. Why do
we see advertised freely pure Ceylon tea and very
seldom pure Indian tea'} Why was it India was not
able to oust China tea. Because Ceylon and China
teas are sclf-dnnking teas and Ceylon by far the best
ot the throe— Ceylon tea improves many of Indian
teas, but it is doubtful if India improves Ceylon,
in fact they don’t. The consequence is that heaps

pure Ceylon. In most cases
the difierence is as great as margarine is from puie
butter. Nothing ought to be left undone to let the
public know what is pure Ceylon and what is Indian
and I venture to predict that the Ceylon planter
. proprietor well largely benefit thereby. Now
that t/hina is out of the running this is really a
serious matter for Ceylon, and the sooner it is
tackled the better/’

We leave the Planters’ Association and Chamber
of Conimerce to .say if any — and w'hat — steps
should be taken on the above suggestion.

INTERESTING NOTES FROM CALIFORNIA.

San Francisco, California, U.S.A.,

^ is96.

Mv DEAR Observer.’’— Your lately received issues
have continued many

COMPANY REPORTS

the perusal of which must have been most gratifying
to the lucky shareholders, and some of my friends
who have requested the loan of your “Overland’’’
from me, think that “ Ceylon Tea ’’ must be a veri-
table gold mine, and certainly the number of con
cerns paying from 12 per cent up to 50 per cent
justifies them la forming such an opinion. I notice
a healthy sign in many Companies, is the desire to
build up gradually a good reserve fund and

this 13 but right after their big crops’ and
low exchanige. I wrote privately, many months
ago, that silver was going to increase greatly in
value, and you must all bo prepared for this I re
gret to see however, that in conjunction with the rise
in silver, there is no improvement in the price of tea
in London. I hope this will come about ere lon^

I was much interested in reading the nan»r on
‘ National Defence,’’ by Lieut. -Colonel Sir George
S. Clarke r.b., k.c.m.g. read by him at Ibo Doval
Colonial Institute on 11th February, the “Journal’’
of whmh Society was sent me by our good friend
John Ferguson. In the discussion which followed
fee reading of this interesting paper. Admiral the
Hon. Sir Edmund k remantle, k.c.r., c.m g. referred to
Colombo, Kandy, Trincomalee and Ceylon generally and

term the ‘'local or narrow’’ way in
which the so called •'

“military contribution”
is looked at in the Colony. The security enioved hv
every British vessel on every sea in any part of the
woi Id, the safety of our immense commerce, as alsn
that of our outlying and scattered possessions is en
tircly due to the size and the high state of efidcienev
of the British Navy. In tiiiifs of trouble it is th^
Navy that will be called upon to defend oi.r scattered
possessions, and there can be no strong and pffee
tive Navy without naval harljours, where snn
plies, coal, and refits are maintaiiud and can he
had in time of uar. Our “endless chain,” Wed
by the masterly minds of former times, to eiiahlp
us to hold our supremacy at sea, and, begimW
at Gibralter tncircJes this globe by wav Tf
Malta Cyprus, Egypt, Perim, Aden, Triiicoinalee
Hongkong, Esqmmalt, Halifax, Bermudas, with
branches to the Capo, and Australia, via St. Heleiia
Ac.-this grand lino mn.t be f u- ever defended od
else we will cease to lie ilie “ Mistrcs.s of the Seac ”
our commerce dwindle to nothing, and starvnH^’,,
stare the “bright little, tight littld Island ’’iif he
face. The time will come when closer federation of
the Great Empire will necessitate the “ nooliuff ” of
the immen.se sum required annually for defence
and when, with a larger and juster nnderstandiiig of
the matter, each colony and community will oheerfully

i6

THE TROPICAI. AGRICULTURIST.

[July i, 1896.

and willingly contribute its share towards the safety of
the magnificent Empire of which it is privileged to
form a part. With great pleasure I read yesterday the
letter from our worthy me n'ler in Council, the
Hon’ble Giles E. W'alkei, .ui the subject of the
“ Military Coiilribution,” and he takes a fairmmded
and statesman-liko view as opposed to a narrow
and selfish one, of the question. Ceylon’s responsi-
bility does not end with the “3 mile radius” out-
side Colombo, Galle and Trincomalce : our produce
has to reach London, Australia, and now Amenca
and Canada are to be large consumcis also, and we
must contribute some share of the cost of the pro-
tection afforded our produce by the British Fleet,
on this long journey.

The extracts given from time to time from Major
Wilson’s report on

THE CEVLON GOVERNMENT R.UEW.iY

are most interesting reading, but what will be
the result ? Will there be any improvement ?
Will the report be pigeon-holed with so many
others ? Kates ai’e high, consequently working
expenses must be high, if they absorb about the
same proportion of revenue as in other lines, where
rates are very much lower. This is a point that is

often lost sight of. m •

My meeting and c mversatioii with Mr. 1. J^air-
hurst of China and Ceylon, the well-known pro-
prietor of Ferham and St. Andrews estates, gave

me great p'easure. t ^ ^ i. u- •

It is about 19 years since I first met him m
Bogawantalawa, I think it was his first visit to
Ceylon, when he was on the lookout for an in-
vestment. lie accompanied Mr. G. Kollo (of whose
death I was sorry to hear), and I recalled this fact
to him. I was told at the hotel office, Mr. Fair-
hurst was in his room, and was going towards the
Elevator. When he came down by it, (this may sound
rather strange), I stepped forward, and knew him
at once. Tliis is most flattering to his youthful ap-
pearance, and as luck would have it, the day was
his birthday, which fact he had forgotten. We had
a Ion" reminiscent chat, and interesting facts were
given me about.

• THE “AMERICAN CAMPAIGN”

for Mr. Fairhurst had been all over the States and
Canada, where he had met your worthy delegate and
Mr. Blechj nden, Mr. Fairhurst spoke of the difficulty
he experienced in repeating orders for Ceylons to
come up to standards, and the hr -ken and dusty
character of many grades of Ceylons that should not
have these characteristics at all, and compared themt
very disadvantageously with the fine bold clean teas
from India. I lay stress on this point, so that it may
he remedied by Ceylon men. 1 saw Mr. Fairhurst
off on the China stiamer on the 8th, meeting a
number cf the leading tea importers and brokers.
He was glad to have the loan of your latest Onedand
issue, which I had received on the 7th iust.

1 have heard some rather distressing rumours abou

MR. JOS. H. STILES,

Director-General of the British Empire Exposition,
Montreal, Canada. I have heard that the proposed
Exposition has been abandoned, and that there is some
difficulty in Mr. Stiles meeting the heavy obligations
he is under as Director-General, for a large sum al-
ready expended in furtherance of the now abandoned
undertaking. 1 hope he will eventually succeed
in making satisfactory arrangements and meeting all
his obligations, as he was well-liked here and most
honourable in all his dealings.

I am sorry my approaching departure for South-
ern California, (during the 1st week of May) will
deprive me of the pleasure of meeting once more

MU. R. V. WERSTER,

as ho is not expected to reach here until about the
15th prox. I hope he will have a more than ever
successful and pleasant trip this time. Several bro-
kers and business houses wish to meet him, and I
will lovve the njoessary “ introductions,” and hope
some beneficial trade will result.

Another

EASTER SUNHAY

has come and gone, Hero we had a very wet

day, much to the disappointment of the ladies
no doubt. I braved the cleinont.s in the even-
ing ami went to Grace Church, Episcopal. The

music was of a very high order. It was a "festival”
service, no sermon, )irayors and singing, male voices,
colo and qnurteUe.s. I have assisted at many chinch
decorations, both in the old country and Ceylon,
but I have never seen anything so pure, chaste
refined, and artistic, as were the decorations on this
occasion. Nothing but white flowers was used, with
maiden hairs firms, and smilax ; the effect was very
beautiful and elevating. I found myself in the

Stanford pew ; the late Senator and Millionarie

Stanford having built and endowed the magni-
ficent University in memory of his lamented
young son Stanford junr. after whom the famous seat
of learning is named. Nothing but white lilies of all
kinds were used, from the beautiful and fragrant lily
of the valley to the largs Calla lily, some white
pinks or carnations, and camelias were also used,
and the perfume was almost overpowering.

I notice many cf the papers, with circulation of
from 10,000 to 90,000 persist in calling them Eucharist
lilies; and in talking of the Erench prince who has
been somewhat prominent lately, they write of his
relationship to the “Due De Chartreuse” (presum-
ably Due De Chartres.) Probably a large number
of Americans will imagine he makes the liqueur of
that name, as the Benedictine monks make the li-
queur named after them 1 In writing of the advance of
the Egyption forces up the Nile mention was made of
the arrival of the British Expedition at Wadi-Alfalfa.
Wadi Haifa was meant I suppose, but where ig-
norance is bliss, “ tis folly to be blistered,” I un-
derstand Alfalfa is the clover food stuff, I think
called in Ceylon, Luceru.

I was the means of securing from my friend Mr.
Cawston, the proprietor of

THE I'AMOUS OSTRICH FARM IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

a fine donation of Ostrich feathers, eggs, and pho-
tographs, for the Park Museum here. 'The curator,
a Mr. Wilcomb, a most intelligent gentlemen in-
formed me they would soon be in a position to
effect “exchanges,” and when talkingof our tine Museum
at Colombo, he asked me if I thought anything could
be procured from there. Now I am sure Mr Haly must
have many things ho could exchange profitably. He
must have dozens of duplicates of such things as the
famous cobia de capello (skins) also tic polonga
and other deadly snakes, cheetah, bear, jackal, Ac,
&c., also some of the prettier birds and insects. I
will be very glad if you can inform me as to the like-
lihood of obtaining any of these as exchanges. It will
do Ceylon no harm, as. during the first year of its ex-
istence, tliisMuseum was visited by over 500,000 people,
a much larger number than attended the world-famous
Smithsonian Institute ! From the Planters’ Associa-
tion samples of all the different grades of teas,
both fancy and commercial, would be acceptable, and
of benefit to Ceylon I am convinced. I would respect-
fully direct the attention of A. W. Stopford Sackville,
Esq., to this, and the expense to the “ Thirty Com-
mittee” would be very little.

The annual meeting of

“ THE association”

was most successful, and the hearty vote of
thanks to Mr. A. Melville White, tho re-

tiring Chairman, thoroughly wcll-deseived. I con-
sider that, during the last decade, with Walker,
Kelly, White, and now with Sackville, the

Association has been most fortunate and its
usefulness and prestige well maintained.

SIR WEST RIDGEWAY

appears to have made very favourable impression
on his arrival amongst you, and I sincere!}’ trust
there will be more common sense and less red tspe
and obstruction evinced in the matter of roads and
other requirements for tho good of the countrv, than
has lately been the case. You have a goot\ man,
and although ho is already famous in many ways,
his appointment to Ceylon maybe considered " the tide
in his affairs.” which will I hope “ lead on to for-
tune.” May ho “ take it at the Hood,” and so carry
Ceylon along with himsolf to fortune.

Jm.Y I, 1896). THE TROPICA!.

Tlio sliort accounts published in reference to tho
burning of

KINAGODDIO TEA FACTOllY

near Lunugalla, lead one to think there has been
some foul play in the matter, and I h >pe the
rascals may be punished severely. The difficulty
will be in getting good reliable evidence. It must
be very annoying to the proprietor and Sup'^rinten-
dent, ju.st as the busy flushing months ai’e coming on.

My attention has been called to a communication
in your “ Overland ” some time ago, from a

MR, BELING

in reference to his brother here. I have not time to
look it up now, but he, I believe, stated I had for-
warded to you some information that was wrong,
or too previous was it ? Nothing of the kind,
everything was correct. Mr. Beling of America had
nothing to do loith the Ceylon Importing Coy. of
Davenport, Iowa, and New York at the time I wrote
By the way this Coy. has now nothing to do with
New York. — They have closed up there some con-
siderable time ago, and I believe W. Beling of
America, is at work with aW. Bottomby of “ Assam,”
selling Indian tea.

I corresponded with the Ceylon Importing Company
of Davenports Iowa, and furuished all the information
I could for them as requested. I have written to
Ceylon praising them for their efforts in introducing
our teas, and cannot understand what promp’.ed your
correspondent’s somewhat unfriendly remarks. I am
surely not to blame that Mr. Beling, of America,
neglected to inform his friends as promptly as he
might have done, of his movements, or change of
address. I merely mentioned the matter casually, as
an item of new.s, or gossip. I have

never belittled Mr. Beling or his company or

their efforts to push “ Ceylous ” here, and
my criticisms of our worthy Delegate have been fair
and open. I take it he holds a public position,
drawing his salary from the Planting Community,
and is therefore open to criticism, and where that
is honest, and based upon three years’ experience
in close touch with the trade here, it can do no
harm. Our Delegate is all right, and not so thin-
skinned as is “Mr. Beling of Ceylon.” However I
will endeavour to make my letters more interesting
in future, by leaving out all mention of Mr. Beling
or his movements.

TIMES MUST BE IMPROVING

in the old country, for the figures published by the
Board of Trade for the 1st quarter of the year,
to 31st March last, show a tremendous increase both
in imports and exports, compared with 1895. I
trust 'this improvement will continue throughout
the year.

I was glad to learn

THE IMPORTS OF “ CEYLONS ” TO CANADA AND
AMERICA

were increasing so largely, and I hope America
will soon take 10,000,000 lb. I forgot to mention
the strong point Mr, T. Fairhurst made by the
Bussian Campaign. He ss.ys our teas are well
know’n and are being pushed in Canada hg the trade;
less money must he spent here, and eveiy i ff’ort put
forth in Ru -'ia. Here I may note that the Hon.
Giles F. '.valker has never lost sight of this point,
and has ever been a strong advoente of Russia re-
ceiving a share of available funds, this is as it
should be.

THE “bellicose” SENATE

are still making a laughing-stock of themselves to
the world in general, and the better class of the
people and press here. They want to “ lick ” some-
body, not much matter who, but as the good papers
point out (those not written for the rabble) the
Senate had better give them something wherewith
to tight, as they have no guns, few ships and fewer
sailors and marines. This is the fact, and after all
the bullying bluster of the last few months, the great
Naval appropriations, which were to enable America to
wipe everything off the face of the earth except America,
have dwindled down to a paltry sum for three
battleships and 12 torpedo boats ; the former tak-
ing from three to five years to finish I I will

arrange to send you regularly the leading “weekly”

•>

AGRICULTURIST. 17

which I am sure will prove very interesting to
Ceylon readers. The opinions of the “ Argonaut ”
are alwaj's quoted respectfully in L m I'm and
elsewhere. This publication is intensely American
ill the best sense of the word, and tho’ougbly
patriotic, not written for 'he rabble and the
1 wer classes of peculating politicians. It is
strong for decency in all things, the Press in
particular .and is “ down ” on the national trails,
vulgarity and display, which culminate in appraising
everything at its dollar cost, irrespective of artistic
merit or true value. A case in point was the recent
Vanderbilt-Marlborough wedding, with its rehearsals
in church, like some theatrical or circus performance!

My next will bo written from the Sunny South,
probably describing some of the beautiful “ Floral
Fiestas” that take place in tho early summer all
over the state. The elections of beautiful young
ladies as queens, to preside in state, with court
ladies and attendants, Ac. Ac., are now going on.

And now Mr. Editor, with Salaams to yourself and
your readers, I am, yours truly. T.A.C.

MU. CHAS. LEDGER AND THE DUTCH
GOVERNMENT.

In our issue of March illst we printed the letter
in which the Dutch Minister of the Colonie.s re-
fused to entertain .Mr. f.edger’s application for
additional reniuneriition in re.spect of .services
rendered by him thirty years ago in .sniiplying
tlie Dutcli Government with South American
cincliona-seeil, Mr. Ledger lias addres.sed to the
Dutch Government a s[)irited re]>ly to their
refusal of assistance. He says : —

When in 186,5 I sent the cinchona-sced (the origin
of the now famed “ Lodgeriaua ” variety to my brother
ill Loudon, the then Consul for Holland, was introduced
to him by the late Mr. ,J. E. Howard, who, among
other statements, said: “In Java they are scienti-
fically cultivating and propagating the cinchona
more successfully than our own Government are
doing in India. We are w’orking, too, in the greatest
harmony.” With the understanding that, after con-
sultation with his Government, a fair price would be
paid for it, half of tho seed (about 201b.) was handed
over to the Consul. No price was demanded. Some
twenty days after 400 florins (about 36/.) was sent to
my brother. Now, I would respectfully ask tho Hon.
Minister who were the experts that, without trial of
assay, took upon themselves the responsibility of
valuing what was more than standard gold at the
price of copper ? That the valuation was not fair
was admitted when, sixteen years later, a further
and quite inadequate 100/ was paid to me by your
Hon. Government.

In all my appeals for justice or return of moneys ac-
tually expended by me in adding so materially to the
wealth of your country and people I have only once
asked for a “reward,” and to that I was impelled by
despair on finding myself destitute tinough uufore-
s.:en misfortune in my old age.

For eyevv pouud p-.id to me your lion. Govorii-
ment has g.fiueo hundreds — iiay, tiims .uid ^ — of pounds,
wiihout t.iking into account future liches. I re-
spectfully apologise lor trespassing ou your time and
attention. I am desirous that in due time the public
may be informed as to the true “ character of the
commercial transaction” the Hon. Minister quotes
as reason for refusing the respectful appeal for
reimbursement of moneys expended by me, and so
enormously adding to the wealth of your hou. country
and people. — Your humble servant,

(Signed) C. Ledger)

Mr. Ledger has a good case, and he cannot be
blamed for stating it with vigour. But we
fear that Ministerial skin is too thick to be
penetrated by any representations on Mr. Ledger’s
part or on oiir own. It umnld have been a
o-racious and, we think, a u’ise act of the Dutch
Government to have given a small pension to an
old gentleman whose efforts have admittedly been
a source of great wealth to Holland and her

THH TROPICAT. AGRICUT/FURIST.

t8

Cnlniiiof; and wlio novov awlcod fnv <j;onPrnsily
long as lie was able to work for his living. Mr.
Ledger is now 75, but even at tlie eleventii hour
there is time for reiientance for His E-vcellency
at the Hague. Does Holland really wish to be
just as mean to the oinehona iiioneors that have
added to its wealth as Hritain has been to hors!
— thcmist and JJrni/gist, May 2.

UllUG KEPOKT.

(From Che, nisi and Drmjijist.)

JiOiulon, April yu.

Aueca-.m ts.— SniiUl sales liave been in.ule jirivately
lately at 12s (id per cwt. At auction 12s per cwl. was
accepted for 10 bags of fair (piality.

t’llOTON-SEEl).— Slightly ea.sier. Five 1-cwt. bags of
good bright uuality sold today at 05s per cwt., the .same
price at wliich a imich darker lot found a buyer at
the last auctions.

on. (I'lssential).-Citroiiella oil (•..ntinnos to decline, .a
few days ago, 15 tons in drums, wore sold at Is 21d
per lb., c. i. f. term-, for steamer shipment to bondon
until end of .lune, and is 2d, e. i. f. for ditto unlil
end of August. Both sales were for oil standing .Si him-
mel’s test. . . ,

V.uMLi.A. — In fair .sup])ly .and good demand, an ad-
vance of 2s per lb. being paid for Mauritius and ,s!ey-
chelle.s beans, which r- aiiseil the following prices
Good to fine chocolate, partly crystallised, 5i inches to S
inche.s, 22s Gd to 3is (>d : medium to good, ;g- juches to
,5 inches, 21s to 21s; browni.sh, .Vi inches to inches,
23s Cd to 2fls Od ; common, Gs to IGs Gd per lb. A
parcel of line dried < 'eylon beans realised the idghest prici*
ever paid for this variety, viz., 19s Od per lb.

SEEDS (various).- /Vnnatto .seed rather lirmly lield for
good cjuality. Kifty si.v p.ickages Madras uere bouglit
fn today, 4fd per lb. being relused for a fine bright lot.
Nine packages low West Ind an sohl, without rose ve, at
;d to Ijd per lb.

THE AMSTEUUAM CINCHONA AL'CTIONS.

Our Arastenhun corresiiondent telegraphs on Thursday
evening: -At today's public auctions of Java cinchona-
bark 5,55S packages were offered. Nearly the wfiole of
this— viz, 5,237 package.s— sold, with fair cempeti ion, at
firm prices, the average unit Iroing 2’S.')C per ykilo, an
advance of O’Oac on tlie Marcli sales. TTie princip.il Imyers
wete the Knglisli and American manufacturi'rs, who
bought 0,373 kilos sulphate of (piinine ; the .Auorb.icli
factory 5,402 kilos; Brunswick faelory, 3,2sl kilos;
Mannheim and Amsteidam factorie.s, 5,342 kilos; Brank-
fort-on-Maine and Stuttg.irt factories, 3,417 kilos ; and
various buyers, 3,082 kilos. The range of jn-ices was as
follows : -Manufacturing barks, from 7.1c to 4U,^c (ecjual
to Ijd to 7jd per 11).); Druggist.s’ bark, from Hie to
155c (equal to 2d to 2s Id p,r \h.).— Chemist and Dniffpist,
May 2nd,

« L

THE CITHONELLA-OIL CASE IN COURT.

Few persona ni the drug-trade knew that the ci-
tronella-oil case was to be brought before ’Haron
Pollock and Mr. .Justice Day in the Court of (Queen’s
Dench on Wednesday, and that circumstance, no
doubt, accounts for the absence from the court, with
one or two exceptions, of the Mincing .Lauo produce
brokers and merchants, whose interests are touched
so closely by the general features and the broad prin-
ciple of the case. It would have done good to some
of the gentlemen who appear so much attached to
the principle (said to have been held by the late Mr.
.John Bright) that adulteration is only a form of com-
petition had they been present to hear what the
.Judges thought about that view. The case, of which
a report appears in our Legal section, was decided in
the manner which from the beginning hus been
urgued in this journal as the only reasonable one:
it was remitted to the arbitrators for reconsider-
ation, with a judicial order tliat they must take
into account Iho question of description as well as
that of equality to sample; aud Mr. Justice Gay,
while c.xpresaing his general concurrence with Baron
Pollock’s judgment of that effect, signilicantly added
tli.at, personally, he would have felt inclined to set
the award aside altogether. Mr. Treatt, the defen-
dant, has to pay the costs of the pm ■.eedings.

[JmA I, 1896.

T'ho parcel which was the Ruhjpct of judicial in-
quiry on Wednesday was the third one purchased by
Messrs. Uomeier & Co. from Mr. Treatt. It had
been treated in a ra.anner resembling the first, only
more so, and a touch of artistic blending ha t been
added to the mixture by the addition of 10 per
cent of oil of lemon to the 55 per cent of kerosene
and i!3 per cent of cetronella oil composing the
remainder. Mr. Chitty, who appeared on Mr.
Treatt’s side, tried hard to bring in the question of
the first parcel, on which the arbitrator’s award,
given against Messrs. Domeier ife Co., had been ac-
cepted by that firm but it was rightly held that that
lot was to be considered as a “ dead-and-gone” transac-
tion. Borne pleasantries, not unnatural under the circum-
stances, were made at the expense of Mr. Domeier's
‘‘ thirty-five-year-old nose,” for that gentleman, in
an affidavit read in court, deposed that ho had been
identified with the trade for thirty-five years, was
considered one of the best judges of essential oils
in the world, so far as his sense of smell was con-
cerned, and had failed to detect, by olfactory exami-
nation, any impurity in the citronella oil new tn dis-
pute. This only shows the necessity of applying tests
more scientilio than those w'hich the nasal organ
affords to the examination of essential oils. A little
cloud of dust was also raised by Mr. Treatt’s counsel
on the question of price. Pure citronella oil, that
gentleman contended, was selling in the market at
from Is. 8.1. to 5s. per lb. at the time when Mr.
Domeier paid Is, JOd. per lb. for the parcel in dis-
pute. The higher price quoted could have only re-
ferred to a special brand, and was certainly not an
indication of the market price of oil such as that
contracted for. The question of price will not con-
fuse the arbitrators.

When we first commented upon the citronella-oil case,
in our issue of February 29 last, we called attention to
the applicability to the dispute of a clause in the
Sale of Goods Act of 1893, providing that if a sale
be by description as well as by sample the buUc of
the goods must correspond with the description as
well as with the sample. We commended this section
to the consideration of the arbitrators, and were
laughed at for our pains by those luminaries. Now
that the Judge'- have remitted the case, partly upon
the strength of that very same clause, the arbitra-
tor.s, may po.ssibly begin to grasp the fact that the
customs and prejudices of Mincing Lane are not tlie
alpha and omega of commercial law. They are now
ordered among other things to say whether a mixture
comp jsed accordiug to the formula — take of citroueila
oil 3.1 parts by weight, add 5.) parts of kei'O-
seiie, mix {secundum arte.m), and flavour with 1 part of
oil of lemon — constitutes fair merchantable oil of
citronella. If they answer in the affirmative, the
case may again Ijc carried into court by Mr, Do-
mcier; in fact, the law seems to put no limit up-
on the process of remission. A mistake in accept-
ing or rejecting evidonco, however, is a mistake of
law, and may Ering about the settiim aside of the
award ; and it has also been decided that, when
arbitrators obstinately or recklessly reject evidence
which tliey are bound to consi.Ior according to the
contract adjudicated upon, the award may he set
a '.ide.

Wc have commont-jd rope.a'.edly upon this c.ise for
the past two mouths, simply because the Mincing
Lane brokers award appeareil to ns to stiiko at the
root of honest trading. After the practical admis-
sion that the pai’col of citrouJIa oil now in dis-
pute contained oil of lemon as well as kerosiue it
cannot be seriously maintained that the oil was
imported in an adulterated state from the produc-
ing country, for the natives of (leylon or India
would hardly have had resort to oil of lemon. Hi-
therto, in the face of vigorous and abiy-conductea
competition from abroad, English essoutial-oil mer-
chants aud distillers have liol.i their own mainly
on account of the, reputation of th.'ir oils for ex-
cellence of quality, aud wo think it of vital im-
portance that anything wiiich might diminsh the
reputation of thi.s country in that resp-'ct
should be guarded against.— (’Arwi.v/ and
April 25. • . .

July i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

19

TOBACCO IN INDIA.

Notwithstanding all that has been written against
the use of tobacco, from the day that King James
the First of England penned his famous “couuter-
blasto ” down to these times of later day saints, the
solaceful herb has so recommended itself to the human
race that it uow ranks as the most widely distribu-
ted luxury on the fice of the globe. When first
introduced into Europe, the virtues of the plant were
extolled with the wildest exaggeration, and it was
supposed to cure almost every imaginable malady.
Practical experience, however, smii proved the fallacy
of this opinion, and when the inevitable reaction
set in, every effort was made by king.s, popes and
emperors to stamp out a habit that was uow denounced
as morally and physically degrading. Laws were
promulgated forbidding the consumption of tobacco in
any shape or form under the penalty of severe and
sometimes cruel punishments. In Turkey, in ignor-
ance of the value of this gift of nature whicli so
well suits the contemplative and some what taciturn
character of its people, persons convicted of smoking
were made a terrible example of by having their
lips cut off, while otheis found addicted to snuff-taking
were deprived of their nose. Even drastic measures
such as these, however, proved as ineffectual as the
remedy tried by King James of raising the tax on
tobacco at once from 2d per lb. (the duty primarily
levied on imports of the article from Virginia) to (is
lOd per lb. The fashion introduced by Sir Walter
Raleigh spread from country to country with the
rapidity and irresistibility of a prairie fire. The
world's consumption of tobacco must be uow some-
thing enormous ; a French statistician about ten
years ago estimated it at 4,48() million lb. annually.

Tobacco was introduced into India about 1605, the
last year of xVkbar’s reign, by the Portuguese, w'hose
influence in the East was then in its zenith. Hero as
in Europe its use was interdicted by those in power,
and it is related that in Lahore, during Jehangir’s
rule, smokers had their lips cut off as in Turkey,
although a milder penalty was sometimes imposed, vh.,
that of being forced to ride through the town on a
donkey with face blackened and turned tailwards.
Even to the present day the luxury of tobacco is
denied to Sikhs, Wahabis and certain Hindu sects
by their religious guides, although indulgence in
hemp and opium is permitted ait lib. Measures of
repression, however, were no more successful in the
East than in the West, and long ago the xrse of
the fragrant weed became practically universal all
over India. In 1888-89 the annual value of the
sales and of the local consumption was estimated
by Dr. George Watt at not far short of 25 mil-
lions sterling. The most important producing dis-
tricts are Coimbatore, Godaver and Kistna in the
Madras Presidency Rangpur and Tirhoot in Bengal,
and Kaira in Bombay, but there is hardly an out-
of-the-way village where the familiar patch of to-
bacco, grown as a garden crop, is not to be seen.
In fact it is looked upon really as more among
the necessities of life than a luxury, and there
is a Behar proverb which may be taken as ap
plying with equal force to the greater portion
of India: Khaine khac, na tmuaka pie, Se nu’

halaica kaise jie, i. e., “ show me the man

who can live without either chewing or smoking
tobacco.” In Madras the area under cultivation,
125,000 acres according to the latest statistics has
extended by about 50 per cent within the last ten
years, owing doubtless chiefly to the growth of the
cigar industry. The Kistna and Madura districts
produce the famous Lanka leaf, used for making
Trichinopoly cheroots. In Bengal, the crop which in
1893-91 covered an area of 730, 500, acres, is grown
more or less extensive in evei’y district, but some-
what restrictodly for trade and export. From Rangpur
it is despatched in some quantity to Chittagong for
transport to Burma. In Behar, whore cultivators
have been said to derive the handsome profit, of from
R60, to as much as R80 per bigha for the cro).),
the produce is partly exported in carts to Neiial,
to Hajeepur and other river ports in the district;
partly bought up by travelling merchants who trans-
port it by rail and river to the Upper Provinces
9,nd Bengal, and partly :,old to purchasers from

Gorakhpur — sometimes before the crop has been
cut. Cultivation in Bombay fluctuates much ; in 1887-
88 about 87,000 acres were under the crop ; in the
following year a contraction of about 30,000 acres
took place ; while in 1893-91 the area had expanded
again to 98,198 acres. In the Punjab the crop also
fluctuates considerably, in 1883-81, 1886-87 and 1893-
91, the acreage was respectively 85,100, 46,137 and
68,153. In the Jhang district, however, at all events
tobacco is regarded as most profitable of all crops.
Neither the soil nor the climate of the North-Wes-
tern Provinces and Oudh are favourable for the pro-
duction of good leaf — at least above Ghazipur — still
cultivation has been steadily increasing, and in 1893-
91 the area was recorded as close on 86,000 acres.
Ill Lower Burma, where all the inhabitants, men,
women and children, smoke, nearly the whole of the
tobacco produced is consumed locally, in addition to large
quantities imported from Bengal and Madras. Very fine
leaf has been grown in Northern Arrakan — pronounced
by many people equal to the best imported from
Turkey and Per.sia — whence derived it i.s not known,
but the suggestion has been made that it was raised
originally from Manilla and other foreign seed. By
certain manufacturers at home, it has been supposed
to have been iiroduced from the seed of Havannah
or St. Domingo tobacco ; and according to their ver-
dict both as regards colour' and leaf it possesses
excellent qualification for cigar-making.

But, generally speaking, English opinion on In-
dian tobacco has all along been unfavourable. The
truth of the matter is that the great bulk grown
in the country is consumed by the native popula-
tion, whose taste and mode of using it require a
leaf possessing strength rather than delicacy of
flavour and aroma, while in order to produce what
Europeans look upon as good standard, the crop de-
mands more .attention than the ryot, as a rule,
can spare, and especially as regards the trouble-
some operation of curing. This accounts for
the fact of our export trade in unmanufactured
tobacco, valued in 1891-95 at about lOJ lakhs
showing instead of progression a considerable de-
cline. It is unquestionable that the quality of
Indian tobacco is capable of much improvement
and within the past 12 years the limited efforts
made in this direction have been fairly successful,
especially in Madras, both in respect of the raw
product and the manufacture ; but unfortunately
cultivators cling to the theory that it pays them
better to produce a large growth of inferior leaf,
which suits the native consumer, rather than a
smaller quantity of superior leaf, for which in time
they might expect to realise what woirld be to
them a fancy price. Probably in order to extend
appreciably the production of tobacco suitable for
the consumption of Europeans and the classes of
well-to-do natives who have learned to prefer it to the
compound used in the hookah, the leaf would require
to be cured and prepared European agency, the mere

cultivation being left in native hands. Following this
principle and with due attention paid to the processes
of curing, sorting, and packing; all points of great
importance in striving for commercial success
India might bo expected, in time, to take up the
supply of a far huger share of the world’s demand
for tobacco than falls to her at present. Undoubtedly
there are powerful rivals iu the field who have al-
ready secured the markets best worth having, but
what has been done elsewhere may be done, here,
and India is said to bo situated more favourably for
tobacco-growing than those European States where
foreign varieties of seed' have been successfully ac-
climatised. With this advantage, perfect freedom
from excise duties and regulations and capabilities
of improvement in market value, it seems to say
little for enterprise in India that not only has our
export trade iu the raw article fallen away, but
also that the trade in the manufactured article
remains practically what it was 20 years ago, he.,
confined to insignificant dealings with the Maldives,
the Straits Settlements, Ceylon and Arabia, Ac ,
the total value of which in 1891-95 was 1131,382. On
(he other hand, imports of manufactured tobacco
(other than cigars), valued in 1893-91 and 1891-9.'j
at 177 and IU lakhs respectively, have about
trebled in value during the abo\e men-

20

THE

TROPIC A.L AGRICULTURIST. ijuLY i, 1896.

The only satisfactory

And yet it is notable that
the Indian export

tidned 'ev.^ nniv sn.r.isTacLoiv feature

is the
ciji
from

val ,

being the chief market.

in spite of thi-. great increase in i

of cigars, of vvhict. '.ve hear so ninch ^

wiih Earl’s Court Exhibiiions and ^he hke r- 1

ports of foreign cigais ^e neverthe.ess lucreas .d

value during tlie past decade from al oiu
to 4 lakhs. The Indian cigar is not ®

kin'i' in liis own coimti'v ; and if we were to ti i 1
and cigarette tobacco into the reckoning aEo we
should find that the value of the tob <cco /c’’
into India is far greater tiian that ot the tobacco
that goes out. Altogether then our trade in tobaccO
cannot be said to be in a satisfactory

aid has been suggested, but Goveniinent has de.idecl

against it, and probably with wisdom. assist

atice has not been found necessaiy with >’td ^
coffee, and it was withdrawn in the case of tea a
a stage when that industry had niade much less
progress than tobacco has done. I'loneo, xfay >•

ITANTINC AND rUDELTCE.

An Old Comppaint. — We publish eisewliero a letter
from “Shareholder” complaining of the exclusion of
reporters from certain meetings ot tea companies.
Attention has been called to this matter several times
ill these columns, but, witli few exceptions, those
companies which sinned in this respect at the time
w'e wrote, continue to follow the same course. The
shareholders in these concerns for the most part ac-
cept the siuiation. The directors therefore having
become so accustomed to ihcse private gatlierings
resent the idea of publicity, feeling perliaps that
the public have no concern witli their Inisiiiess,
and liiat in graciously dcclnring a dividend when
there is one to declare, and saving as little about
it, as possible when there is not, they are doing
all that is required of them. Shareholders, we
know, ought to receive dividends with all humility,
and they should behave with due decorum when there
ai'e none, but for all that a domestic and family read-
ing of the Companies Acts is not in harmony with
the spirit of the age. Moreover, ills in the interests
of investors and the tea industry geuenilly tliat pub-
licity should be given to the proceedings at these
meetings. If a company or garden has not liad a
good year the fact is sure to Icalc out if adverse com-
ments are made, and it is better that tec reason why
should be known and explained at the proper time and
place. If, on the other hand, there is good news to
give the shareholders, why suppress tlie account of the
proceedings when they receive it ?

Goon Advick. — Tlie Anieric.au drocrr is impartial
in its advice. It encourages the drinking of Indian
aoh Ceylon tea, and it also tondeis useful informa-
tion on the subject of coffee. In a note which is
“ most sarcastic,” it informs its readers tliat the
true way to kill a coffee trade is “ Keep package
substitutes! Keep stale roasted coffee! Keep low
grade coffee! Work everybody clse's brand oi blend
but your own, and you will soon do very little busi-
ness in coffee. On the other hand, make drinking
quality the lirst consideration; style, the second, llave
coffee fresh roasted at least every day, and, if the
trade will warrant, ‘ frcsli every hour.’ Urge
your trade to buy the highest grade. Grind coffee to
order, but, better yet, induce customers to buy tl e
whole bean, and Lj grind coffee as royuired. The
coffee department ought to be o.je of the most pre-
litable in the store, it attracts trade and serves to
hold customers. There is more of pleasure for tlie
palate in a cup of fragrant, good-bodied, well-made
coffee than in anything which goes on the American
breukf.iit-table. Good coffee covers a muitiiude of
sins; exhilarates, gives tone to the sys.ein; fits one
to enjoy life, for Jiaeon said ; “ It coinfoi telli the

heart and aidotli digestion. ’

Japan anj> ns Tka Tkade — Jaiaiii will probably
(jpou Biibsidibo a lino to the Australian ports, chicHy

with a view to the greater development of her tea
trade. The first steamer of the new monthly service
to Europe by the Jap.anese Company, Nippon Yuseu
Kaisha, is the “ Tosa Maru, ” of 5,789 tons gross. The
vessel was due to leave Bombay about the middle of
April.

Lectuiie .vr the Society or Arts on Tea Plant-
iNO i.x ilARjEEEiNG. — Mr. Christisou will read his
paper on “ Tea Planting in D u-jeeling ” before the
Society of Arts on Thursday, the 14th instant. The
chair will be taken at half-past four o’clock by the
Eight Hon. Sir Richard Temple, Bart, g.c.s.i., c.i.e.

“PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL.”

To the Editor of The Ho/iie and Colonial Mail.

Sir, — As a shareholder in several tea companies
I protest against the policy pursued by some of
these companies in endeavouring to keep their affairs
dark.

I know that you have commented on this strongly,
and I quite agree with your comments. Unfortu-
nately the shareholders on some tea concerns are
so weak in the knees that they submit without
protest to a custom which is not only out of date
in these days, but is distinctly detrimental to their
interest. — I am, sir, yours, &c., Shareholder.

ACREAGE OP TEA COMPANIES.

To the Editor of The. Home and Colonial Jfnil.

Sir, — Under the heading of “Market for Tea
S'l.u-es” in your valuable paper of yesterday, I notice
a paragraph stating that the Eastern Produce and
Estates Tea Company is the largest single tea com-
pany in existence. Now', I beg to point out that this
is incorrect,, as both the North Sylhet Tea Company,
Limited, and the South Sylhet Tea Company
Limited have much more than 11,000 acres each
under cultivation. I should feel obliged by your
liiudly giving this fact publicity in your next issue
f jr the information of all interested. — I enclose my
card, and remain, yours faithfully,

London, May ‘2, 1896. J. Hutchinson.

ABOUT BANANAS.

The following account of Captain Raker, the
Banana King, will be interesting to many people
in the colonies : —

About twenty years ago a Yankee skipper knock-
ing about with his schooner, called at some of
the ports on the easterly side of the island.
Bananas were plentifully offered him, and knowing
the taste Americans were fast acquiring for the
fruit, which was then scarce in their market, he
began to study out a plan to convey the fruit
in a sound condition to the United States. As soon
as his arrangements were completed the shipment
of bananas lo America became one of the leading
industries of the island, and is Yearly growing in
magnitude

The name of this skipper is Captain Lorenzo D.
Baker, of Boston, the president and tropical manager
of tho Boston Fruit Company. He is known as the
Banana Ring, and resides at Bowden, a grand plan-
tation on the south side of the island. Tne steamer
’* Bowden ” was named after tho captain’s home. The
Bucknian Fruit Company, of Baltimore, is largely
connected with the Boston firm.

Captain Baker’s company owns the largest banana
plantations in Jamaica, and controls the Wentworth
coconut plantation at Port Maria. Tlie company
owns and charters twolvo stoamers, which run on
schedule time betw'eeu Jamaica and Boston, Balti-
more and Philadelphia, carrying passengers and mails.
In 1877 this great enterprise rolled up its sleeves
and went to work to make, a new Jamaica. It
owns 30,000 acres of land and has about 16,000 acres
leased. Nearly 1,000,000 bunches of bananas are the
annual shipments, besides 5, OtK), 000 coconuts and vast
quantities of allsjiico, oranges, coffee, cocoa and valua-
ble woods.

Ihe labour performed on the Coinpanv’s plantations
1^' a' •coolies and as maiiy iuoro negroes,
bix luiiuircd mules are always iu service carrying

July i, i8g6,j

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

21

the fruit from the plantations to the shipping points
along the coast. Eight hundred head of oxen have
been employed at one time preparing ground for
planting bananas cultivating the fruit already in
the ground.

The company has 32 plantations under cultivation.
Each has an overseer, and a superintendent is over
all. P)esident Baker's office and all the administra-
tive departments are at Port Antonio. Telephone
connection is had from the main office to every
plantation, by which orders are sent to what point
on the coast to deliver fruit and in what quantity.
An electric plant light the wharves, offices and stables
of the company at Port Antonio. Another enterprise
which hasbeen a blessing in an artificial ice factoiy.
"West Indian and Commercial Advertiser.— /V/i Times,
April 4.

— -

HUNASCERTA TEA COMPAI^Y, LIMITED.

DIRECTORS REPORT.

The follow'ing accounts are now presented to share-
holders, viz : — Balance Sheet shewing the financial
position of the Company on 31st December, 1893. —
Profits and Loss Account, for crop 1895.

It will be seen from the Profits and Loss Account
that the weight of Tea sold in London during the
year amounted to 316,808 lb. ; this included about
2,000 lb. of tea made from bought leaf. The average
selling price was 6.57d per lb., and the proceeds
amounted to i‘8,720 19s. 8d., including that sold in
Ce>lon.

The crop of Cardamoms and sundry produce rea-
lized £48 15s 9d.

The total receipts from sales of produce thus
amounted to £8,769 15s 5d.

The total expenditure for the year in Ceylon and
London was £7,118 3s 5d., so that a profit is shewn
on crop 1895 of £1,621 12s Od.

It is proposed to deal with the above Profit as
follows ; —

To the payment of a Dividend
of 4% for the year . . . . ,£909 2 5

To the reduction of Suspense Account 650 18 0
To be carried forward . . . . 61 11 7

£1,621 12 0

By the above appropriatiorr the Suspense Account
will be extinguished, and profits will not therefore
be agaiir subject to reduction on this account.

The crop of Tea secured is satisfactory, the yield
having been 400 pounds per acre agairrst .347 pounds
irr 1894.

The season was favourable, but the increased crop
is in most part due to more liberal cultivation, and
it is believed that a continuance of the same system
wnll still further improve the jdeld.

The Tea Market during 1895 ruled low, more es-
pecially for the class of Tea grown on Huirasgeria. The
average selling price of 6'57d. compares with 7'36d.
obtained for the crop of the previous year.

The larger crops now being dealt with necessitate
increased factory accommodation ; this is now being
provided, and half the cost is iircluded irr the ex-
penditure ah given above.

A small Tea nursery has also beeir laid down,
and the cost debited to the past year’s expenditure ;
this is to provide plants for any extension of the
Tea area that may be decided upon.

The crrltivated area remains as under : —

Tea 789 acres
Cocoa 30 „

819 acres

The Directors regret to announce the retirement
of Mr. H. H. Potts -from the Board owing to ill-
health. Mr. 1’. C. Oswald has been selected to fill
the vacancy.

Mr. Norman Stewart, a member of the Board,
r’etires from office on this occasion, and, being eli-
gible, offers himself for re-election.

Mr. .John Sawyer, the Company’s Auditor, also
offers himself for rc-clectiou. — By order,

J. Alec Koeeeis, Secretary.

29th April 1896.

THE DIMBULA VALLEY (CEYLON)

TEA CO., LIMITED.

THE TKANSEEK OF ELGIN AND
BELGEAVIA ESTATES.

In view- _ of the confirmed and detailed infor-
mation whidi the pre.smit mail brings of Sir John
Muir’s willidrawal from an untenable position
in reference to the contract for the sale of the
Elgin and Lelgravia estates, the question may
wGil l>c ciSKetl fi-s to whotlier s?oiiig chan^G in
our Island legislation is not recpiired to pievent
any such misunderstanding in the future. It is
of the utmost im|)ortance that London and British
canitali-sts generally should have no uncomfort-
able feeling that a bargain, and even contract,
for the purchase of property, entered into in
good faith in London, Manchester, or Glas-
gow, niay be liable to re))udiation in Ceylon.
We think that all men of business will a‘>Tee
that what is good enough in respect of a sale
contract for landed jiroperty in the city of London
is good enough for the first of Crown Colonies •
and the sooner, therefore, our local law is made
to lecognise the full force ol .such home contracts
as_ u e refer to, the better for every local enter-
prise iviiich is dependent on British capital or
the London market. If the law advisers of the
Government me not prepared to go so far as
to make Englisli or Scotch Agreenient.s, under the
circumstances we speak of, binding legally in
Ceylon, at any rate we may well ask that the
the value of stanijis required on preliminary
Agreements (according to the existing Ceylon law)
should l)e credited when the actual transfer-
takes i>lace. As our law- now stands, a irre-
hminary Agreement for the .sale of landed pro-
perty has to cai-ry the same value in .stamps
a.s the Conveyance itself--so that payment has
to be made twice over for stamjr.s to ensure
the contract being carried out. Now we under-
stand that in tlie Sti-aits Settlement.s— and
Chief Justice Sir Mh Bonser, who was Attorney-
General and lawmaker there, will be able to
advi.se the Government as to this— the stamps on
preliminary Agreements are credited in after-
wards stamping tlie Gonreyanco. There can be
no (|iiestion that had certain precautions (beyond
the meie Agieement) not heen taken in the recent
Diinbala-Sylhet case, there would haveheen a.seriou.s
and prolonged controvei sy, and, no doubt, an ex-
pensive “case in (.Yurt” to the great detriment
of the credit ol Ceylon (among other things) in
the estimation of business-men in the Aletro-
polis and other large British cities ; and surely
it is to the exnress interest of planters and
merchants (European and native) as of the
Colony and its Government, that any cause
for miscouception of this kind in the future
should be remo\ed, as we trust it may he, by
order of H. E. Eir West Ridgeway at an early
date. p.

The Indian Tea A.ssociation.— The annual
general meeting of the Indian Tea As.sociation
was held on the 27th ultimo at the Bengal
Chamber of Commerce, Dir. G. A. Ormiston,
Chairman, pre.siding. There was a large attend-
ance of members, and Mr. H. C. Williaims and
Ihofessor Ilaffkine were ))resent I)y invitation.
Speeches of considerable interest to' the tea in-
dustry were made by the Chaiimaii, the Hon. Mr.
P. Playfair, 0. i. IL, Mr. H. C. Begg, Mi-. A.
Toclier, Mr. H.Cb illiams. and otliers. the labour
ilue.stioii being one of the principal subjects touched
upon. 1 'rotc.ssor Halfkiiic also gar'c an interesting
account of the resulto ol his iuoculaliono against
cholera.

22

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[July i, 1896,

><OTES FROM OUR LONDON LETTER.

London, ]\Iay h.

CKYLON TKA CO.MPANIKS.

With this letter there is posted to you the reports
of the Scotti.sh Ceylon Tea (.'ouipany [sec page
1‘2], ami of the llunasgeria Tea Company [see
pa<'e 21]. The lirst ot tliese two bodies pro-
po.ses a linal dividend of H) per ceiiL making
witli the interim one paid, a total of L> per cent
for the year, free of income tax. In addition to
this division 7 per cent has been jtaul on the
preference shares, but £838 is set aside lor <le-
preciation on the Buildings and .Machinery item,
and £852 13s' 9d remains to be carrietl lorward.
'riie tea crop of last year was 067,0-19 lb. being
7,U49 lb. in excess of the estimate. The llunas-
"’eriya report proposes a diviileml of only 4 per
cent tor the year, but a sum equal to ai)out
anotber 2^ per cent is devoted to the extin-
<niishmcnt ot the Suspense Account. The average
selling price of this Comi)any’s tea had been
6-57d'iier lb., and the yield per acre 400 pounds
as against 347 pounds in the year previous. 789
acres are reported as under tea, and 30 only
under cacao.

In the report of the recent meeting of
the Eastern Rroduce and Estates Company
you will note the .satisfactory statement
contained in the speech of the Chairman
that since this Company was formed to
take over the business of the defunct Ceylon
Company it has paid oil £73,0i.'0 of the £195,0U0
of tlebentures. Perhaps few of the lea com-
panies connected with your Island have had to
struggle against similar conditions of dilliculty
as this one has had to surmount. The division
of prolits was hemmed in by restrictions of a
most stringent character, and there were those
who at its inception deemed that it would prove
impossible to succeed against these. However,
this has been achieved already to a very large
extent, ami ere long, thanks both to good
management and to some degree of imod luck, the
sharelioldcrs may expect to rea[> the full benelit
of their long waiting

INDIAN 'I'KA COMDANIE.S.

Re])orts of several of the Indian tea
conqianies have appeared this week, and may
be contrasted with those of the Ceylon companies
already sent you as to the results narrate<l. The
Mungledye Company can only pay its dividend
on its jucference shares, carrying forward the
small balance of £380. 'I'lie Chaidwar (.'ompaiiy
will pay lU per cent dividend for the year. The
Tinigri Conqiany pays a diviileml of ’ a similar
amount and carries forward £101. The Borelli
Company cannot go beyond a4 percent dividend,
hut carries forw.ard £3,0i 3. The Southern India
Estates Company is more lucky, being able to
pay a dividend of 10 percent.

Tomorrow will M'itness the o])enlng of

PLANTING NOTES FROM HATTON.

Dkai! “ OiJSKnvKU,”— Monsoon come down here
on Sunday pretty well— rain 2-00, and yesterday
1 2D. This brings our rain up to last year’s
quantity.

Those were rather interesting notes in your
paper a few days ago from some old “fo.ssil”
on old Kadugannawa ; but he might have given
us his opinion why the old district went out .so
suddenly. Mamoty weeding and want of brains,
I fear, was the cause. Your correspondent seems
to think there is still a kick in the old “oss”:
if so, I would not mind having a shy at some-
thing with him if he is not “ kelaveno potchi,”
whicli, I fear, he is when he can go back to
Mariawatte being in coll'ee and a “nundi”
■\-.Ji.C. being a contractor on the railway to
Nawalapitiya. That must have been about the
time Adam was a boy, and the writer of this
in “swaddling clothes.”

This has been a good year for leaf, but the auld
cry “No labour” lias been in every planter’s
mouth. Now the tune will change to “No work
for those poor coolies.” — Gor.

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Thursday evening, May 7.

Though the oliicial list does not, this week, show
qnite so many advances in quotations, the buying
of nearly all the shares named in the list, as well as
those not so quoted, continues on an increasing scale.

Mincino L.vne continues very firm, and both
Indians (of which the supply continues rapidly to
diminish) and Ceylons have hardened in value.

Cevi.on Sii.vkes ; C. T. P. Go. — There is nothing
fresh to report excepting a small transaction in the
7 per cent. Prefs. at £18.

Eastekn Pkoduce and Estates. — Business in the
Ordinary £5 shares of this company is a particular
feature in the Ceylon share market, and a large
number of shares have changed hands at .'i.J ex div.;
they now ask ,5:[. — li. iC 0. Mail, May 8.

THE AMSTERDAM MARKET.

Oiir Am teidam coiTo.spomlent writes on May 5th
that GO tons of Van llonten’s host coco.a-butter were sold
that day by auction with good competition at extremely
firm rates, pric- s avei aging 70 58c per halt-kilo. Details
concerning last week’s Amsterdam cinchona-auctions show
tliat the ricliest parcel of bark offered in .sale was one of
U bales crushed Ledgei iana, analysing 10'83 per cent of
suli)h:ite of quinine. It realised 40]c j>er half-kilo. The
princj))al fe ture of the .sales was tlie excellent ilemiiid
for fine druggists’ ((uills, fur which liiglier rates were
readily bi.l tuan have been known for a long time, (iooil
bioken quills and root were also well completed for
ord narv and medium quality, on the other hand, was
quite neglected. ’J'he .Java cinchona-sliipnients duriTig Ai)ril
have been as follows :

ISOG 1805 ijiQ.i iggo

Amsterdam Hi. D). p,. p,

April -IIAOKO 015,000 515,000 Oltt’soo

.la.iuary 1 to April ;J0

. ”,.l 2,000 2.477,000 ’2,088,000 2,530,000

— Chciiust and hvugnid, May 9.

THE INDIA AND CEVI.ON EXlIIlimoN
al Earr.s Court. Before next writing it will ))rob-
ahly he possible to record the impression of a
personal visit to this. From all we oiitsider.s
hear, Ceylon is not likely to make a show ade-
quate to her jiroper representation by the side
of India. If this should prove to be tlie case,
we must regret that any iittempt was made to
inelude the name of ( 'eylon in tluit given to the
Show. Invitations to attend tomorrow’s eeremony
have l)een freely distributed among jiress reju’e-
sontatives, and the Cnjfon Obscrccr will not he
unreiu'e.'sentetl ut it.

THE TEA MARKET

continues to rule very firm, imports (chiefly Coylon)
being on a small scale. The Clearing House trans-
actions, backed by cheap money, point to present
prices being maintained well into the summer moiDhs.
The remnants of lirst crop China passing out of
importers’ hands sell at disastrous rates, but it is a
misnonior to describe these teas as lino, whereas
standard quality of strength, quality, and aroma
woul 1 yet command remunerative prices. Dcliyeries
continue on the most satisfactory scale for Indian
ami C'cylon, hut not of China. 5 ava Tea now comes
m for a fair share of attention, especially wlierc
quality IS conspicuous.— A, ,t- c'. L'rprcuis, May 8.

TFIE TROPICAT

AGRICUT/rURIST.

23

July i, 1896.

I’fjANTlNCf IN I'KUAK'.

Froiii l!ie Matang iiioMbiily rftport for Mardi,
printed in the Perak Goueriiiiiant Gazctle of May
Stli we take tlie following: — •

On the Gveniug of the 2 1st I went to Kanipong
Dew and went alt round the Yim Seng coffee estate
with Ifi'. Boyd, the Minager. It h^.s been very well
drained. Nothing is ])lauied as yet, but there are
some very fine nurseries of coffee plants wiiirh Mr,
Boyd hopes to commence to plant out within the
next fortnight.

On the 23rd, Mr. Boyd, who had come back with
me on the 22ud, left for Sungei Tinggi to select a
block of filO acres of land for coffee cultivation for
himself and Mr. Aylesbury.

On the 27th the Assistant Magistrate and Mr.
Hamilton returned from Sungei Tinggi in the lauiich,
bringing Mr. Boyd with them. The latter gentle-
man came to see me about the land which he has
selected, and with which be seemed to be well pleased.

The opening of tliese estates at Sungei Tinggi will
be a very good thing for the place and will, no doubt,
give employment to many of the natives there, who
arc very poor.

TEA IN AIISTHALTA.

A moderate business has been done in China tea,
sales beiTig reported of .350 half-chr.sts common at
4}d to 4§-|, a small line of fine p niyong at 8yd, 150
half-chests common kooloo, 100 half-chests kooloo at
7id, .350 quarter-chests buds at .5d to 5}d (beside.s a
large parcel of buds) and 850 quarter-chests S.O.
pekoe at .5i|d to G|d Ceylon teas liave been moder-
ately active, sales covering over 700 packages at
prices ranging from Gid to Ild. At auction on
Tuesday a catalogue of 282 haif-chests and 8 29
quarter-chests China tea was offered, and sales were
made of 282 half-chests common congou at 311 to
Id, and 655 quarter-chests common buds at 4|d to
7Jd. At the auction sale on Thursday Indian* teas
met with keen co.mpetition. Some of the better
grades realised an advance, while other grades rea-
lised full late rates. The quantity offered was 2,576
chest.s.and 571 half-cliests, all of which were sold as
follows Orange iJekoo. 591 chests and 173 half-chests
at G:F1 to 9.U1 ; pekoe, 1,638 chests and 229 half-
chests, at .5|-d to lO.lid; pekoe souchong, 347 chests
and 169 half-chest.s, at 5.td to 7ld. Of C-y'on tors,
590 chests :md 101 half-ciiests were offered, but the
bidding for thes-c was .i ail, an.l pcices Wore slightly
easier, especially on common grades and dnstly broken
pekoes'. Sales amounted to 308 chests and 101
quarter-chests as follows : — Broken orange pekoe, 11
chests and 42. lialf-chests, at 9d to 14.td’; broken
pekoe, 183 chests and 62 half-chests, at“G l to 94d ;
pekoe, at 6Jd ; and pekoe souchong, at 5?d to 6]iT. —
AuAirakisian, May 9.

THE AMERICAN TEA CAMPAIGN.

The London con-espoadent of the local “ Time.s ”
writing hy the last mail says : —

'riii'' week I iiavm had the opportunity in several
directions of learning something about' the clianoes
of successfully pusliing Ceylon and Indian teas in
the American m.arket. My coavor.satio is have in-
cluded tho.se in the Indian as well astlie Ceyloji tea
interest. More tlian one gentiem.iri who has dis-
cussed the position of onr staj)le w'itli Mr. ,\I icken-
/,ie lias given me .all that could he roiaeiu!>.-n'ed,
and I liave myself met your delegate more than
oiieein Nortimmi)orlind .Avenue just as iie w.is
going into the ,Metro])o!o aml^ eise'-vliere. The
dwellers in the States <lo nob seem, unfortunately,
to be the teadrinker.s we Bricishers are. Toe lirst-
rate coffee to be uro.nu'cd generally i/i tlie Scares is
.as palatable as ever it w'.as, fi'om rheir infancy up,
to a large portion of the cosmoi>o!itan mixture th.at
makes u|) the full total of the population of the
United States. There are 10,(X)i>,0()'J (deriiiaus,
5,000,000 Scandinaviaii.s, Danes, and Roles,

••i.OOO.ffXI Cub, an, s. and 7,0 0,000 Negroe.s who don’t
*1 ' Indians and you <-ot about

halt ot the population nou-tea-(lrinke'r.s "Next wp
come to the green tea drinker.s. There is a con
sumption of fifty million pounds of green tea in
t )c States, and uj)on that con.su mj)tion -we
are- making no imip.-ession wiiatcver. It stands
hcroreus a huge iinpeuetrahle wall, ma.ssive and
nnsurmountal.le. Me h.ave been- more successful
in t!,e attack upon the litteen or twenty million
pounds ol black tea consumed, and also upon the
partly tenuenbed teas. Bub it seems from what
[ tl»r Mr. Mackenzie leans ,„„re d7a,.,ls 2;
endeavour to supply the American dealers and
the American public with what they do want
than by .advertisements, expenditure and strong
e lorb to make them take what they do not ivant
One of the grievances of the Uitlanders in the
iransvaa is the quality of the dynamite thev
are forced to use. Ih'esident ICriiger has Mven “a
monopoly of the article to Dutchmen and Gel nian.s
and he grimly tells those complaining, and
others whom it m.iy concern, “Your dynamite
requirements must he bent to the sort of (I'vnamite
iny friends supply.” Ceylon tea manufacture to
obtain on outlet m America must be bent to
blie sort of tea tbe Americans require. Donbtle.ss
whilst .such excellent jirofits are beinc secured
trum a certain manufacture, f.e., of lilack tea, the
p.aiitors of Ceylon will require .some leverao'e
1)0. ore they will give tune to opening up a ore?n
tc;i tnnle witii America. The stinuilu,* of neces-
sity IS nob hearing he.avily upon (hem at
lu-asent. .Smiicient to the day, perhap.s. is the
e\il theieot. Bat if it rs good enough for the
Ceylon lea llanbations Co., Limited, to look
w'ell anead to a day that, perchance, may conic
when tea is down in the depths and coconut pro-
iierby jogs placidly along at a slow hut steady
pa'^e, It ought to he good enough for the planting
hotly to look ahe.ad during the years of plenty
and perfect itselt in tea mannfacture in every
iorm tnab the m:u'kets of the world demancl
xiiere are a good many men iiere who can re -
member so'iie few years spent in tiie endeavour

to get C

•ylou

tea p’ure drunk by' the

masse, s.

Examine toe packed teas oii die shelves and the
hyise te.a in die canisters of the grocers of the
United King.lom today, and see how much of
iL IS not “blended” tea. That endeavour was
swimming against tlie tide, ft was slow. Swim-
ming with the tide is easier and quicker I am
told the difliculty of introducing Ceylon ^reen
lea wouM be far less than the task of gettiim our
black teas into consiimjition.

TIIR UNCKKTAIN QUALITY OF ilUITLSH-OROWN TFA
The next difficulty is the olijection the bia
buyer.s have to the breaks and uiicert.aiii quality
ol Bntish-grown te.as. You can qiii(.e understand
that dealers who have been accustomed to place
an order for next year’s requirements, even nn
to .3,000 aalf-chests at an order, to closely fol
low what diey are supplying to their connec-
tion, ami to z(, vGw with dismay the idea
of embarking in a Ceylon and Indian trade and
will imt, unless forced to do so by the stromi-est
pre.ssiire, raise a haml to taste the numbeides*
•s.imples of tea requisite to produce a reo-ular and
even blend. ”

GRTTING TOO MUCH FOR THEIR jMONE\L

One more trouble is the dealer’s objection to
pay something apiuoaching 3d per lb. all round
extra by adopting British-grown tea and yet o-eb
no better profit, for the retail price must Sob
be alteieil. Unless forced by tlie strongest pres-
.sure he will not forsake the tea he gets the

24

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

best prolit on. Natuvally. Ami lliero is no
blinking tbe fact tliafc the ohl diHicnlty the
pioneers here had to contend witli, viz., the
strength of the tea, at present militates consi-
derably against the popularizing of Ihitish-grown
teas. It was not until one of our Chancellors
ot the E.xchequer, Mr. G.ischen, 1 think it was,
nientioiieil in his lludget speech the greater
strengcli of British-grown tea and the loss to the
Revenue by less being required for the tea-pot
than China tea that i)eople really comprehended
extensively that less India or Ceylon tea wouhl
produce the same result in strength of liquor
as the full quantity of China. The Americans
liave not got as far as this in their tea educa-
tion, and there are still complaining of getting too
nmcli tor money,

W'K M.VKK (JIMCKN TK.\ ?

If oreen tea were taken energetical Ij- in hand
in Ceylon and India it is possil)le we jointly might
displace ten millions out of the lifty millions at ,
present consumed in the United btates. That
would help. Then the trade would not stop at
America; there aie other places that still require
this class of tea, although it is dead in the
British Isles. It may be said there are ton chiefs
wlio control a large' proportion of Ceylon tea
estates— Messrs. Whittall, Rutherford, Starey and
others. It is to them we must look to initiate
a commencement in green tea manufacture. In
the fiehl of green tea in the States there is a
chance, but there seems no hope of displacing the
article otherwise than as I have indicated,

SM.VI.h nUKAKS A\l) UNi-:VK\ .SAMl’Mi.S.

Regarding small breaks and uneven sam| les
the Americans simply will not now buy Ceylon
teas on sample, because the bulk, tliey have
decided, is never the same as sample. Small
breaks they will not touch if they can help it.
Messr.s. B. R. Buchanan A Co., who are sliip-
))ing increased quantities, are doing what the
Americans require, viz., seliing from bulk. Mr.
Larkin their Canadian representative, is now
staying at the Metropole, London, and 1 hope
to see him. He, I hear, will say that in Canada
it is always Ceylon tea that is asked for ; but
what is supplied is three-fourths Indian. Why ?
Because there is no linn like Mr. Larkin’s linn
devoting itself to Ceylon tea interests. Larkin’s
hold mostly .stocks of Indian tea, and there is
no chance of buying Ceylon teas from bulk
there. I have heard that a dealer in Canada
stated lately he could liave sold ;-),000 chests more
Ceylon had he had it. M'hy hadn’t he got it.
Well, “small breaks and uneve/i Fam])les”
stand in the way. The possible cure for this will be
contained in some remarks on Indian tea below.

MR. m.KCHY>^DKN’S .SUGGIvSTroX.

Touching on over-production after discussing
the above points, I was told that Mr. .Maekein
zie’s conviction is that it is Inrlia, with its im-
mense forest reserve, towards which we shouM
turn our eyes in this connection. Unless the
Ceylon Government throws open (he reserve of
forest in SafiVagam there is, he thinks, no great
surpbis over onr ju’esent figures to be dreaded.
He thinks this will not be a year of much in-
crease in our shipments outside the United King-
dom. In 1S9I there was a jump in the ligures,
1892 almost stationary, 1893 jump, 189-f ,‘ilmost
stationary 189-") jump, 189(i, he thinks, will prove
like 1892 and 1894. Hi.s idea is that 10o,000,0U0
pounds will be reached for ]S9(i.

I learn that the Indian Tea delegate is thoroughly
alive to the disadvantages under which Inilian
and Ceylon teas labor, and is anxious that the
obstacles which at present stand in the way of

[Jur.Y r, 1896,

a, better state of things shall be removed. The
same facilities which American traders handling
long lines of China and Japan teas enjoy, he is
anxuous shall be iirovided, at any rate in the
teas he represents. lie also has to complain of
small breaks and of the impossibility of matching,
without delay, any sample that may be .sold out.
It is the want of these facilities that is the
greatest obstacle to large linns touching British
India teas. Mr. Blechynden firmly believes
that the enterjirise and energy which have built
up this great tea industry, will in time handle
these obstacles and sweep them away. These
large linns are accustomed to give orders on
last year’s samples. Each mark has its re-
cognised standard and varies very little each
season. Orders are booked upon prices quoted
subject to market tiuctuations, the importer
taking the risk of the goods dittering widely from
standard. One traveller can thus book orders
for hundreds of thousands of pounds. The trade
thus in a great degree is in the hands of a few
large linns. Disputes as to quality are by no
means unknown, and many firms have retired
from the business, out of heart with the wdles of
the Chinaman and the Jap. But still the busi-
ness is a great one and is conducted on large
lines. This is impossible in Ceylon and India
teas, “small breaks and uneven .sanqdes ” keeji-
ing the business on a petty basts. To get over
this obstacle to Indian tea being handled on
great lines, I understand Mr. Blechynden is most
anxious that an agency be organised in India
to take the place of the packing houses of China
aiul .lapan, buying teas in Calcutta, blending and
liacking them to certain fixed standards, and
thus opening out business u])on the lines de-
manded. Factory blending on a small scale is
useless. The conlidenee of the big dealers cau
only be secured by reliable standards and large
supplies. Mr. Blechynden recommends a guarantee
being provided that the teas ordered tooidd be
fortheonunf! , and is anxious that the Association
should guarantee a certain sum, jilaced in the
hands of a firm in Kew York to increase con-
lidence which would be close at hand should the
agency fail to carry out what it had undertaken
and become liable to forfeit of the guarantee.
Brands, as in Japan and China, M’ouhl thus be-
come well known, and the owners of the brands
would only have to thank their own failure in
matching teas to keep their brands level, if their
reimtation went down and claims were made. It
is proposeil that the I. T. Association should give
a grant for meeting the first cost of the requisite
jilaut and outfit.

A GIGAXTIC nr.KND.

Mr. M ickenzic, I understand think.s that the
limiled quantity of tea put up to auction in the
Colombo market would not allow of such a plan
being worked in Colombo. But it is very certain
tiiat what India does Ceylon will not long be
behind in doing, and if India, by imitating the
pa dcing houses of Cliina and Japan, begins to get
long lilies taken and re[ieat orders sent, Ceylon will
find a means to do the same, even if it uecessit.ated
the throwing-open of Colombo free to the world
t.o blend and pack in. “ Keej) up the quality”
is a jilirase that has become a too well-known cry
here. I question whether it is fifteen years old
and whether in the old days the grocer ever had
to bother himself much upon such a matter at
all. It may be that the millenium is at hand,
that the lion and the lamb, the stronsr and flavourv,
the poor and wishy-washy teas will lie jicacefiilly
side by side leavened up by the art of tfie se-
lecting broker, and the discerning blender, into
one regular and satisfactory pvhole in the mix-

July j, 1896. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

25

ing machines and packing roans of Calcirtta and
Colombo.

MU. W. MACKIiNZIL AS 'lUE SUNliURNT MAN.

The Brooklyn CUizeii, in tliroe columns, gives
a capital account of sport and life in Ceylon
and India, witli ilinstrations, the ohject being
all the wliile to deftly draw the attention of
readers to the merits of onr teas. Tlie article is
jointly the work of Messrs. Mackenzie and I31c-
chynden. ft is headed “ Oriental Sport ; the
8nnhnrnt Man gives some Incidents of Elephant
limits ; Thrilling Charge of the Enormons Leasts.”
This is the sort of thing to catch the ejm and
make [leople read, especially with an enormous
“ King of the Jungles” taking up a good portion
of the secoml and third columns. The Sunhurnt
Man” tells a lot of his experiences in shikar in
Ceylon, but the main object is well held in view,
and every reader having been beguiled by the
heading and the illustrations into reading has
absorbeil a lot about llritish-grown tea before he
has linished. — London Cor., local “ Times.”

E.-VSTERN PUODUCE AND ESTATES
COMPANY, LIMITED.

Tho ninth ordinary general meeting of the share-
hoidors of this company was held at Winchostor-
honse. Old liroad-sireet, E.O., on Wednesday, April
l‘J, Mr 0. J. Lindsay Nicholson (tho chairman) pre-
siding.

The Secretary (Mr. Douglas K. Smith) having road
the notice convening tlic meeting,

The Chairman said ; Gentlemen, assuming that yon
will take the report, which has been in your hand.s
for some time, as read, I will now proceed to make
a few remarks upon the position of the company. I
think I may say with confidenco that tho directors
feel to-day that they como before yon with a report
which shows continuously improving features. We
have had Pj year of some anxiety. Of cour.se, natur.
ally with all agricultural pursuits, we have had the
anxiety iir Ceylon of weather, and on thi.s side we
have liad the anxiety which a large crop necessarily
gives as to market ; cut I am glad to say we had had
a bumper harvest in Ceylon, and at tlie same time,
thanks to the intelligence of our superintendents, to
whom you and we invariably, I am glad to say, are
ab.c to give a word of tha^k.s, v/e have found a
good crop, accompanied in Mincing-lane by a favour-
able appreciation of our marks. With a price of
tea a tiaotiou luidor 8d. it requires good marks. As
I have often said to yon from this chair, onr in-
strnctious to our superi jtoudonts are, let u.s have
(Xuality and quantity if you like, but above all things
give us quaiiiy. You, genllomeu, vvho take an in-
terest, perhaps, in what the Chancellor of tlie Ex-
chequer says may have been interested iu the debate
on tire Jiudget by seeing what Sir Michael liicks-
Deach said as to Ceylon tea, that it appears to the
Exchequer a matter of some anxiety whether Ceylon
tea is not put rather on the more favoured nation
clause, seeing that it is stronger than Cliina tc.a,
and therefore a cup of tea made out of it pays less
duty than a cup of tea made out of China tea.
That is an interesting compliment to our product.
While oil tliat subject, you may also have observed
that lie drew attention to tlio fact that tho groat
speculation in gold mines during last year liad caused
a consumption of soiiiethiug like ono miliion bottles
of champagne, lie added to tiiat another etuioiis
statistic that tho consumption of lea had iiicruasod
by 10,000,000 lb., so it is evidently tiio caso that for
every excess bottle 6f champagne we may congiatubite
ourselves that ten pounds extra tea are emsumed.
AVell, gentlemen, those are little matters which are
somewhat interesting. Wo believe you arc served in
Ceylon by a contented and happy staff, and our ex-
perience is tliat we liavo always application from
men of good position and in every way eligible for
appointments in the service. I attribute a groat
dual of tho coutentmout of our staff abroad to tliy

i

caro and assiduity in tho framing of the furlough
rules, by my friend, Mr. Cameron, the managing
director, and to Mr. Starcy for his exertions iu Ceylon.
The progress of this company, as you will notice,
has been almost unprecedented in the few years we
have been connected with it. It has increased ten-
fold, and at tlio present moment I am happy to say
our shares aro at a premium. (Applause.) I saw
in a paper tho other day that this is the centenary
of the occupation of Ceylon. Lombay and Madras
wero well known and inhabited by settlers some
years before ITOG. I think that in the past century
Ceylon has well developed herself, and we may be
very proud of the little island both iu a commercial
and pilanling sense. You will see, if you refer to
tlio report, that the acreage of our tea is 10,.S-17
all iu good cultivation. The estimated yield for
1S3G is 3,458,000 lb., against 3,270,000 lb. last year.
There is no doubt that the secret of success lies in
the fact that we must not go to sleep. With tho
increase iu tho production of tea there is tho neces-
sity to look out for markets, such as_ Russia, the
colonics, and America. (Herr, hear.) India is not
a competitor; she should be with Ceylon a sister,
and together they should endeavour by friendly
rivalry to let tho established value of Eastern tea be
well known. WTierever it is known we may be sure
it will make a successful home. Our accounts aro
so clear that anyone who runs may read. On our
cipifcal wc have earned £16,000; wo have paid in-
terest, £7,500; we have paid debentures £7,000; wo
have put to reserve £5,000 ; we pay in dividends
£15,000 ; and we carry over £10,000 in round figures.
Since the commencement wo have paid off £73,000
of tho £195,000 debentures, and we have reduced the
rate of interest on tho remainder from 6 to 4.| per
cent., and to-day, after paying you gradually increas-
ing dividends, we pay you 5 per cent. At the same
time the board are convinced of the propriety of
continuing the prudent course of speedily paying off
tho debentures. (Applause.) Wo commenced with
that determination, und we have continued it. While
continuing to discharge the debentures freely as
circumstances will allow, we look forward with con-
fidence, unless something unforeseen happens, to be-
ing able ti give you increasing dividends. (Hear,
hear.) There may be many matters on which I
have not spoken and on which you may desire to
ask questions. These 1 shall be happy to answer
to tho best of my ability. I beg now formally to
move — “ That the report of tho directors, dated April
16, 1806, bo received and adopted, and that a final
dividend at tho rate of 2J per cent, on the caijital
paid up on tho preferred shares, and at tho rate of
3i per cent, on the ordinary snares, for tho year
ending Decoinbet 31, 1895, be declared and made
payable on the 4th klay, 1896. ” (Applause.)

Mr. Ralph A. Cauieion (managing director) ; In
the remarks 1 pLvposo to make in seconded tho
resolution I sliall necessarily bo going over moro
less familiar ground, but there are a few niaUcr.s
which I always like to bring before you in compar-
ing one year with another. The increase of crop
in 1895 was about 590,000 lbs., or nearly 20 percent,
ovxr that for 1894. Tne yield per acre on tea ia
bearing wa.s 356 fbs., as against 303 lbs. the year
brfore ; although ISO I was somewhat short, still
ap.art iron tint the increase is very satisfactory.
Tiro not price per lb. was rather over Jd, less
than in 1891, but this is moro than compensated
for by tho increased yield and the lower cost per
lb. for production cousequont on that increase. So
f.u' as we can judge, we have no reason to foar
or expect any further cousidorablo fall this year.

rcgard.s extensions, you will observe that we
continue to add about 2.50 to 300 acres a year to
o'lr eultivatel area. No doubt there is moro laud
that could bo planted, but we aro obliged to regn-
Jate it to a considerable extent so as not to inlcr-
furo with the labour force on our estates. 1 still
t link, iiowcver, tiuvt we might do more in this
direction, and when we see our way to do it wo
shall no doubt take it in hand. We have about
2,000 acres of available land which 1 think is more
or less fit for tea cultivation. Taking into accoijut

26

THE TROriCAE AGKICULTURIS F.

lJuLY I, t8g6.

a part of llic 0,OV-2 acics now in be’ lin^, bnt liO"
at nialuvity, and ibo eontin ior..; yearly aduilions lo
which 1 have referred. I thinlc wj inay luck lorwara
lo steadily incicasir.g yie'dr, formally years to conic.
The general l. iiUues of the inido are dcciaecliy
satisfaciory. Th.c; c has been a farther con.siderame
increase in 1B')5 in rhe (’UMi.tily of-ttui. Ovyylen

cxpuilfcd f‘iiecl or ic-exi;oit'.ct hero to oihc) cuun-
trier, the amennt being 2u,0Cti,t)Ut) H'-p., ts egiuus
14,700, QUO lbs. th.o year bt fore, and there is every
indication that this dcvcisicn to new maikels wit
go on and increase. The workTiops winch we tolc.
yon last r ear we were abont to csiab ish have neon
started, and wo have rea'Oii to believe that tliey
will develop siUisfacLorily. Tl;e increase m llio
agency business has coniiiiued to answer cur ex-
imctations tl is year, no less than 12,0U0,000 lbs’ ox
tea having been shipped by the mmpany, lucluding
that fi cm our own properties. I do not think
thcic is aiy other point of detail tiiat I needtouch
upon, but with regard to oiir gencn;ai position 1
can only say that tlic large rediulion of the dcben.ti ...
debt, and the iavourahle avraiigeinent made in re-
gard to the haianco remaining, coupled with Ho
increased piclit earned, have fully jiistiiicm the
removal of some of the re. trictiomi as tx tlie
disposal of the profits, which in the larlier stages
cf the company's existence were both desirable and
necessary. It must not, liowevor, ho ovci looked
that our prc.sent sciuul position is largt.y mio lo
the observance of those restrictions, and whust it is now
ri'dit that there should be more freedom in oealing
wUh the {I’ofits, it is equally, as herctohu'C, for Inn
interests of the sharelioidcrs, that liberal prousioa
should be made for extiuguishiiig the d.beuiuie
debt, and providing for all contuigencus by subs-
tantial additions to the reserve fund, in conc.u-
sion, I will ask you to joiu the board m expressing
our thanks to the managers of ihc estates and the
staff in Colombo and Ijoiulon lor their zealous and
efliciout services during the past year.

(Applause.)

The resolution was when put and catried un-
animously, , , , f -vr„

iJr. David Reid proposed the vc-elcctiou of x\xt.
C. J. Idndsay Nicholson and air. Ralph A. Cameron
as dirocLors. ilo sail tl'.c rcmt'.rkabio progress oi
the company was more eloquont lli.iu luiytliiug lie
could say in sup.oit cf the resolution.

Mr. CliiibtcpV.cr R. KmiLh tecendea the motion,
\\hich was unanimously Rgveed to. • , .

Mr Rioad said tl.cic was cun resolution he wiciecl
lo move which he iliougl.t would commend it-cll
lo all the sharclioldcrs picscnt. It was, “ihar U.e
rcnumcralion of the directers, other li.an that ol
the managing diiector, bo increased by the sum ot
T‘2r»0, dating from I t Jan. last.” 'These who had
been in the company as he had been from the
commcr.ccment world endorse everything tliat had
fallen from previous speakers as to the management
of the company. The successful condtict oi the
company’s affairs vvas due to the managers auioaci
and the directors hero, and it gave linu very groat
pleasure to come ami move tliis resohition. ^ ^
Mr. Win. Gavilicr, in scconuing tiio resolution,
romaiTed that the directors not only deserved
great credit, but somctliing more substantial for-
having put the company on a sound and prosperous

fooling. . , . ,

The resolution was carried uuaiiiinously.

The Chairimm returned thanks, and stated that
W’hat the directors appiecia'ed most was that the
proposer of the rcsoliUion was one who huxl done
more for the company than pcrliapi the hoard
themselves. The advice he lo-.d given them had
much to do with tlie present succcxs of the company.

(Applause.) i^arnshaw, seconded by

Mr Rich, Messrs. Welton, Jones, and Co. were
reappointed auditors of tiic company tor tho cu-

buiiig year.

yir. i''( rgusoii p.roi'oscii
chairman, directoia, and
at home and abroad. Ho

Rom

a vote of thanks to the
staff of the company hoUi
said lie had lately returned
deal of interest was

taken in tho conrfany and in its steady prosperity.
No companv couhl have a bettor manager than
Mr. Staicy, nor a better staff than those who
worked imder him. Ho fully endorsed the policy
announced by tho chairman and ihc managing
director of paying oil the debentures.

Mr. Welton seconded the motion, v.diich was
cordially adc-pled.

'The 'Ch:iirm-J.n briefly acknowledged the com-
pliment, and the proceedings then terminated. —
Jlonei/ Market l!e.riew.

TORxVCC'O IN CEYLON.

A coiTCspomlont who lias had a long jirac-
tical e.xpcricnee ol Llie cultivation ami imumlactui-e
of tobacco in India, and who was recently in
Ceylon on one of several visits he lias paid to
our island, sends us the following remarks on the
cnllivatioii of the tobacco plant in Ceylon : —

Much has in recent years been said for and against
tobacco cultivation in Ceylon. In 1887 and 1888 to-
bacco was the great totiic. It was then deinonsti ated
that tlie plant, could he cultivated profitably, .and
sulliciently so, to induce a number of local men to
join in a venture for this purpose. Ixand was pur-
chased, Luildings were erected; and everything Icekod
brigdit and well for the future. Unfortunaicly, huw-
c.u-, the liquidator ccmplctcd tho managxuicnt of
the Company.

It is dilhcnlt, without sufficient data to go upon,
to venture an opinion as to the reason of the Com-
pany’s failure lo become a prolitable concern, hut
it seems that the main cause w'as excessive expendi-
ture brouglit about by excessive expectations that
unfortunately were not realized.

jMau must walk before he can run; and the fact
of the Ceylon 'Tobacco Company’s not being tlie suc-
cess its promoters anticipated does not in any way
prove tliat Ceylon cannot produce good load. On the
contrary, the history of the (fompauy and previous
ventures clearly show's that good and excellent leaf
has been and can be produced, and that large profits
can ho derived.

Some of the leaf from Ceylon has fetched as much
as 3s lOd per ib. ; and it Uio Island could do tin's
in 1888 it c.ui do it again in 18!K5. 8s lOel per lb.
would give tho Ceylon planter a larger profit than
Is lOd per lb. to the Simiati a planter : the expenses
of the latter arc quite cut of comparison with simi-
lar outlays in Ceylon. It costs tho Sumatra planter
somewhere abont Is (Id per lb. to produce his leaf;
it should not cost the Ceylon planter more than 3 as.

iff 3. per lb. It therefore follows that the Oe^ Ion
man can afford to bo satisfied with a much smaller
proi'it for his outturn and still make a very satir-
tactory return upon his money, though he may not
be able to produce Sumatra leaf.

'Tho esscnlial.s to successful planting aro suitable
land, climate and labour. Ceylon certainly has the
first two, if not all three essentials; the question of
labour in any cirse a,s far as Ceylon is concernod,
is no groat factor : if local labour is not obtainable,
imported Indian agricultural labour is, and the dil-
fereiico of cooly cannot be very much more than
p.iid in India.

'The soil required is a good friable volcanic loam,
the climate a moist warm temperature with reli-
able aud regular seasons of rain and sunshine.
Gentle undulating laud capable of perfect drainage
to enable rapid filtration through the roots is tho
most suitable.

Given all this, and Ceylon does give it. intelli-
gence, commonsensc and practical knowledge do the
rest to make tobacco one of, if not the most prolit-
ablo product in the Island.

It may take a season or two to determine the best
jat of seed suitable for tho country; but in any case
a fair croj) of whatever seed should cover its own
expenses, alw'ays provided, that sucli are within rca-
sonahle limits ami tlie acreage opened sulliciently largo,
coupled with judicious ami practical mana.gomeiil. ^

In a |iri\ a,f(> lei lor onr eoi respuiident say.s : —
“ I’cr.soiially I have the greatest faith in Ceylon
us u tuhaeeo-inodiieing country ; and it weie U

July i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRlCUi/rURIST.

27

pity if an industry of sncli great possil)ilities of
toLaceo were allowed to drop out «i sight and
mind for the want of enterprise (and Ceylon
men do not lack this as a role) and practical
knowledge.” In the Planting Review prelixed toour
tiandhook we have summarized the information
available to the eml of l8!io on the subject of
tobacco in Ceylon. In his latest report on the
Ceylon Rotanical Canlens Dr. Trimen does not
lefer to tobacco ; and the IJlue Rook for 1895
has not yet reached us : so that we are unable
to say whether the cultivation of the i)lant is
still advancing in Ceylon. Pei haps some corre-
spondent can inform us on this point. There is
no question that tobacco is a paying product ;
but it is also terribly e.xhaustive of the .soil,
which needs to be a rich one to stand the strainon it.

— . -

INDIAN PATENTS.

Applications in respoct of the undermentioned in-
vemions have been liled, during the week ending
9tli May IS'JG, under the provisions of Act V of
1888.

Extract from Rhea bark. — No. 150 of 189o. — Harry
Stafford Beyts, merciiant and commission agent, re-
siding at 97, Elphimstone Circle, Bombay, for an
extract from Ithea bark.

The fees prescribed have been paid for the con-
tinuance of exclusive privilege in respect of the
undermentioned inventions for the periods sliovvu
against each : —

Eor improvements in machinery for obtaining fibrous
macorial from ramie and other jilants. — No. 193>of
1891. — Mr. E. C. Marc’s inveiuion for improvementa
in mac’ninery for obtaining fibrous material from
ramie and other plant.s. (Specification liled 8i,h
February 1892.)— /in/iait J<]ast.crn IiJujiuccr, May 29.

•<>

COFFEE AND TRADING IN “ OPTIONS
AND FUTURES.”

Lokd Stanuev of Aldekley rose to call the atten-
tion of the House to the aJleged depreciation in the
prices of wheat, cotton, wool, silver, coffee, and other
agricultural products, owing to an international system
of trading in “ options and futures,” representing
fictitious or iiou-existing produce. Ho said that some
25 condemnatory resolutions had been passed in the
last two years by our leading agricultural and other
societies. Further, owing to the reports of the special
commissions held in the United States, Germany, and
Belgium, a Bill for suppressing these systems was
twice read in the United States House of Represen-
tatives last December, and a similar Bill passed the
same House in 1S94, while a committee of the German
Keichstag reported last month in favour of total
prohibition of them; also in Bolgimn a Bill to deal
with this subject had been framed. He asked her
Majesty’s Government why Mr. Charles \Y. Smith’s
evidence, prepared in 1899 and 1891 at the reiiuest
of the Royal Commission on Agriculture on this
subject, had been suppressed alter having been
printed, and w'hether it would be l.iid upon the
table of the House ; also a translation of the articles
published on the same subject in the Journal de
I’Afjriciillure, by M. Alfred Paisant, President of
the Civil 'Tribunal of Versailles; and ho further
5'0 asked her Majesty’s Government how it was that,
after hundreds of failures due to these systems
hardly one had been brought before the Bankruptcy
Court for fear of exposing the system ; and whether
her Majesty’s Government would appoint a Select
Committee to take evidonco on the subject. 5'90
The noble lord formally moved for papers on the
subject.

The Earl of Dudley. — I do not think t’nat the
matter which has been brought forward by the noble
lord is one which calls for any action by Parlia-
ment at the present time. It has boon discussed
pretty freely by many commercial bodies throughout
the country, and, altbough it is perfectly true, as
the noble lord says, that some of those com-
inproiftl bodies have passed resolutions in favour

of legislative action, still, on iho other hand, the
Associated Chambers of Commerce, at botli their
last two conferences, lutve refused to bind them-
selves in any W'ay to .such an expression of opinion.
Moreover, the matter has been brought forward by Air.
Smith, a gentleman wdio has taken a leading part
in this question, before tlio Central Ciiamber of
Agriculture on more than one occasion, but that
ciiamber has not seen ht to make any represen-
tation to tho Board of Agriculture. Tne Agrioul-
tur.ii Commissioii have had before them evidence
bearing on this question, and they will no doubt
deal with it in tiieir report. Under these circum-
stances I feel sure that your lordships will not feel
inclined to adopt tlie suggestion of the noble lord and
appoint a Select Committee to inquire into this .subject.
T'ue noble lord has drawn the atcentiuu of the House
to tho alleged depreciation in the price of certain
products owing to the system of what is called deal-
ing in ” futures ” or “opticni.” Of course, the.e can
be no doubt that there lias been a very large fall in the
price of some of the products to which the noble lord
lias referred, bat I venture to think that it is by no
means, proved, even after the speech of the noble lord,
that tiiac fall in price is in .any w-ay due to the system of
w'hich he complains. To say tliat price is governed by
the laws M supply and demand is merely to use a
truism, but it is, 1 believe, a fact tiiat that law holds
good even in liie speculative market, and that the un-
aiiimaus opinion ot tho best exports is that the price in
those luarket.s follows and docs not lead the price
dictated by the laws of supply and demand, in fact,
they are of opinion that this system of dealing in
“ futures,” instead of deteriorating prices, rather
tends to equalize them and to counteract the iiuctua-
tious that always must exist. The noble lord refers,
in his question, to coffee as one of the products the
price of w’nich Iras been depreciated by this parti-
cular system. Aly information, liowever, is totally
at variance on tbat point witii that of the noble
lord. Although I understand that it is perfectly
true that tins system enters very largely into the
coffee trade, and that, in fact, the coffee trade is to
a great extent carried on in that Vyfay, yet coffee
happens to be a product tho price of which does
not ductiiate and wiiicli has not depreciated of I'ecent
years. The eircumstanoes of coi'fee in particular,
therefore, point to a totally different conclusion from
that drawn by the noble lord. But, oven if the argu-
ments of the noble lord were sound, and even if one had
reason to believe that t'nis system of gambling had de-
preciated prices, 1 very much doubt whether it would
be possible to check it by legislative action. The noble
lord has referred to the many attempts that have been
made chiefly by Air. Smith and others, to distinguish
between purely legitimate speculation and gambling
enterprise, but all those attempts to differentiate have
failed, and I doubt very mucli wiiether it would be
possible to draw any distinguishing line of that kind in
an Act of Parliament, witlioui running very grave risk
of hampering trade and checking legitimate enterprise.
Tne noble lord also referred to several attempts which
had been made by foreign Governments in this direc-
tion, bat ill no single instance have those attempts been
sueoossfal and no Bill drawn witli this object has as yet
passed into law, and I understand that only last mouth
an aiiti-optiouai Bill wa.s thrown out ot the Agricultural
Committee ill the House of Representatives at Wash-
ington. With regard to Air. Smitli’s printed evidence,
which Ihe noble lord seems to think has been suppressed,
1 believe what really took place was that Air. Smith
prepared a i>rcuia of the evidence which he intended
to give before the Agricultural Commission, and he
was cross-examined upon tliat pivois, and that it was
not published for the very good reason that it is not
usual to publish a precin of intended evidence.

With regard to the last point referred toby the noble

lord, the Government have no information that the
proceedings in bankruptcy do not include as large a
liroportion of failures by gambling in “ futures” as
by any other cause, and the reason that they are not
more frequently heard of is probably because few of
such failures in proportion take place. The transla-
tion which the noble lord asks for docs not seem to
tho Government to bo one which can rightly be putOU
the table of this House.

2S

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

[July i, 1896.

Lor.ri Stanley of ALPr.ia.EY said be did not wish
to bo understood as showing any want of courtesy or
respect to the noble earl who bad just replied, but
he di-^ objeet to have an answer on a matter of agri-
culture by the Board of Trade.

The Bl.uujuts of Sai.isuuky. — On the quesUon of
the distribution of duties, I would like to (>oint out
to my noble friend that undoubtedly a question of
buying and selling is a matter for the Board of Trade
and not a matter of agriculture. The buying and sell-
ing of corn is not an agricultural act.

The motion was by leave withdrawn. — Liondou lintcs,
May 2,

e —

THE ROASTING OF COFFEE.

TO THE EDITOir OF THE “ STANDARD.”

Six', — With reference to the statement made by tne
Chancellor of the Exchequer in his recent Budget,
to the effect that the annual decrease in the con-
sumption of coffee, audits increasing disfavour w'lth
the public, arises more or less from the inability of
an ordinary Englishwoman to make a decent cup
thereof, it maybe well to note that p'rofessional ob-
servation (and' bitter personal experience), extending
over half a century, has led ms to the conclusion
that tile true cause of the relatively increased pre-
ference for tea, with its deleterious constituent, tannin,
will ultimately be found to depend, not on the in-
competence of the English houc.ewife to properly
make coffee, but on the over-roasting of the berry by
the trade coffee roasters, with a view to impart a
deep colour, and apparent, but factitious, strength to
the infusion when made.

During the process an ompyreumatic product is gene-
rated, which causes such highly-roasted coffee to dis-
agreeewith the stomach, and renders dyspeptic persons
unable to indulge in it, in consoqucnco of the heart-
burn and flatulence it produces. If the public were
candidly given to understand that highly-roasted
coffees, though imparting a deeper colour to the de-
coction or infusion, arc dc facto less strong, with a
corresponding loss of the true aroma, than tho lightly-
roated berry, coffeo would ere long resume its place
as one of the national beverages, and tho public and
tho Exchequer bo alike benefited.

I am, sir, yo’ur obedient servant.

May 1. PnvsiciAK.

THE CARBOLIC CURE FOR LEAF DISEASE.

Sir, — I notice in your issue of ilth May, in a letter
from a Queensland correspondent, an account of the
carbolic cure for loaf disease. This so-called remedy
was started as long ago as ISSl by a Mr. Storch of
Fiji and attracted some at'.cntion in Ceylon, but did
not meet with all the success that was claimed for
it. That there is something in it, I am inclined to
believe It would be interesting to know to what
extent it has been tried in India. In theory the
vapour arising from tho acid is supposed to kill the
spores, and prevent their germinating. I will give
you my experience of it in 1893-91. The first year
i experimented with an acre of coffee, lightly shaded,
that had in previous years come in for a strong dose
of the disease yearly. I started the process in July
and charged 30 tins placed C trees apart, with a
solution containing 10 per cent, of Calvert's No. 5
Carbolic Acid, charging them about every 10 days
with a 5 per cent, solution. The tins holding about A
a ihnt each were protected from the rain by an
nmbrella-liko cover soldered on about 2 inches above
the tin. I kept this up till February and conducted
this first experiment personally. During this time
most other parts of the estate had leaf disease during
some months of tho year badly, tho experimcsital
acre alone keening remarkably clear though not
entirely so from it, but tho very alight attack it did
have (puclfly disappeared with tho result that th.at
acre gave about ]"> ewt of crop tho follovviiif' year.
I was so ]ileascd with the re.snlt of the oxperimont
that tho following year I tried it over 23 aon s, but
whether from tho trues hoaring heavily tin's yo.ir
(averaging 8 ewt. per acre.) or ; o--' ■ ;i->r ri'aron tho

result was disappointing and certainly did not keep
off the disease except from trees under shade. I
then gave up the treatment. The cost for about 8
months including the outlay on tins was under RIO
per acre.

.As I stated in my letter of the 8th January, if a
c'.iliiii cure could be obtained for leaf disease, it
wauld make coffee cullivaliou eomparativcly easy,
and ensure crops without such a lavish expenditure
in manure as is now necessary, and I undcstand it
has been combated succes-sfully in certain instances by
other methods.— Planter of 20 Years' Exi’erience.
— riantiny Opinion, May 23.

BROKERS AND ARBITRATION.

The recent judicial decision in the case of Domier
V- Treatt has caused much searching of heart among
tho members of the General Produce Brokers’ Asso-
ciation of Louden. At present all drugs changing
hands in Mincing Lane are bought and sold subject to
certain stringent conditions framed by the Brokers’
Association in the interest of its members. Theo-
retically, it is, of course, open to a buyer and seller
to make a contract subject to any conditions upon
which they may be able to agree, but in practice there
is no esca^ja from the one official contract-form. It
is fair to say that, upon the whole, the system works
well, except for a single, but most important clause,
which refers to tho settlement of disputes. Under
that clause all disputes must be referred to arbitra-
tion in accordance with the rules of the Association,
each party appointing an arbitrator, who must be a
broker and a member of the Association. If the ar-
bitrators disagree, they select another broker as
umpire. There is an appeal fi'om this fir.st set of
arbitrators to tho committee of tho Association ; but
in no case is it possible, under the rules to appoint
as an arbitrator a non-broker, however impartial and
experienced. It has hitherto been quietly a.ssumed
that this Miucing Lane Court of Arbitrators coustitutes
a kind of legal Impcrium in Inipcrio, equal to any re-
gular court of justice. Baron Pollock and Mr. Justice
Day have somewhat rudely dispelled this delusion, and
tho brokers now desire to re-cast their contract-rules
so as to prevent future reversals at law of their deci-
sio.is. With that object in view tlie Association has
issued tho following circular- letter to its members : —
Oener.u. ProDi'CE Brokers’ Associ.vno.\ of London.

Established 1876.

B Staircase,

Commercial Sale Booms,
Monday, 27th .April 1896.

Dear Sirs,

It having become nece.ssary to alter Buie VII. (the rule
governing tiie arbitration-clause in tac contracts) on tlie
back ot tlie Contract Eornis i.s.sueil liy Uii.s As.sociation,
so as to conform witli present requirements, on beh.ilf
of the Committee I beg to liand yon proof copy, show-
ing the alterations whicli are proposed, and I shall be
glad if you will give the same your cavoiul attention
and perusal.

Should you have any suggestion to make, plo.v.so let
me h ive it within seven days as tlie ConiniilLee propose
to call a General Meeting to coniiriii tlic new fovni.

(Signed) B. J. lld.sstcK,
tSi'civtari/.

So far as we can make, out the only important alter-
ation whicli it is proposed to make in tlic uiles is
to substitute words to the effect that the decision
of the arbitrators ‘‘shall bo irrevocable, and it, and
the award to be made in pursuance tliercof, shall be
ciiforcible under the provisions of tho Arbitration Act
1889,” for the present wording, ‘‘Any aw.ird . . .’
shall bo absolutely final and binding on b . tb parties,
and this submission and sncli reference shall he subject
to the provisions of the Arbitration Act, 1S,S9.” What
the produce- brokers can hope to gain by substitut-
ing a declaration of irrevocability for one of absolute
finality we fail to luidciBland. 'Tlie law leiiiains, no
matter what solemnity of a ■-icveralioii tlio brokers
Jiiay resort to, and the law, as was shown in tin'
citronclla oil c.iso, is by no iiie.uia favoiiralile to the
occult inlliiciicos that notoriously pervade the air
of Mincing Lane arbitration room.s. Tlie pro/io.-ied

July i, 1896.]

TilK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

29

substitution of twocillcdum for tvvceiUccIcc is only
another instance of tho reactioiuivy tendencies of
the Brokers' Association. For years it has been a
grievance with ihc vast majority of the Mincing Laac
drug mci chants that only brokers are cligiblo as arbi-
trator;-. It is lu'toiious tliat disinUes consU.ntly arise
in which the presence of a lueivhaut, a luanufactiirei ,
a lawyer, or an rnialyst upon Die Arbitration Board
would be of great advantage; and wo hope wc shail
not be thought w-anting in respect for an eminent
fraternity if we h ut that brokers are not always
possessed of a reasonable clcaierits.ry knowledge of
the articles upon which they are called to arbitrate.
Furthermore, the Mincing Lane organism is complex.
Thereare wheels within wheels, and it is whispered that
there have been cases in which di.s])utants \»'ere merely
“ men of straw ” the b!oker.s whom they appoiiited to
attribute on their behalf, ovrice versa. For those and
many other reasons tliere is a widespread distrust
of tiro present arbitration system, and the sooner
the oligarchy that controls it open-s its doors to some
of tho Mincing Lane “Uitlandcrs” w'ho do the hulk
of the business, but are now without voice in the
settlement of their “undoubted grievances,” the better.
We are, therefore, glad to hc.u' that the Loiidon
Chamber of Commerce propose to call a meeting of
members connected with the drug-trade to discuss tho
arbitration question, and we urge all those who desire
a fairer way of settling disputes to bo present at that
meeting. — Vhanist and Drwjijist.lslvby II.

♦ ^

OllA^^GES IN CALIFORNIA.

The Los Angeles Salwdaij fJcpras of California
had in a recent issue a report of a visit to, an
interview with, a well-known Caiiforniaii orange
grower, at his orchard in Duarte. Mr. Thomson is
the originator of the ‘improved, or Thomson, navel
orange —a fruit that is fast supplanting the old navel.
It lias all the good qualities of the Washington
navel, the Mediterranean sweet, the St. Michael and
the Malta blood. It has a delicious flavour, a thin
skin, a delicate colour and the best shipping qiialiiy.
Tlic question of how this new variety was produced
brought out an illustration by Mr. Thomson. VvMiip-
ping out a pruning knife, he cut two buds and a
branch from a tree. lie cut tho buds in half, united
the tw'o halves and iilaced them under a slit in the
bark.

‘ There you have it,’ said he. ‘ I took the buds
from two varieties and made them grow ; did the
same thing with two other varieties, and tliey grew.
Then' I took the buds from those now products and
did the same thing with I hem. The result was a
combination of all the four varieties of oranges.’

■ Orange trees are as peculiar as people,’ said Thom-
son ; ‘ they have habits and inoods and dispositions
the same as individuals.”

As an illustration he pointed out one tree that al-
ways bore fruit more abundantly than those right
around it, though it did not dilfer from tho others in
appearance and the soil was the same. Anotiior thiee
b-jre fruit of a richer coljiir tlian its neiglibours, yet
the conditions seemed no different. Tho orchadist
told how fast the trees developed, and he pointed out
trees loaded with fruit tliat had been budded less than
two years. Tlio branches wore weighed down with
the golden spheres, and the oranges wore bright and
clean as though polished at a dago fruit siaud.

‘ Will there bo much development in tho orange in
tiie future '/ ’ was asked.

‘ Just as much in the next twenty years as in the
past twenty” was Thomson’s reply. While ho con-
fessed lie had gained some experience in his work, he
freely admitted that others who came after liini
would add to the quality and character of the citrus
fruit.

All this time Thomson picked specimens and loaded
up his visitors. Everybody was weighed down with
the best in the orchard. ’The Ohio girl, who just a
month ago beggeu for tho privilege of picking just one
orange from a Lioo, tliat she might bring hack Jiast of
the exploit, was asking to be relieved of her load —
that is, :dio expressed herself as well as she could be-
tween mouthfuls of the delicious fruit.

‘nowmiicli did you malio last year’?’ the Monrovia
editor asked Thomson.

• I'T-om seven acres I sold -1,000 dols. worth of fruit
and prices were just half what they were anv previous
yc.ir.’

liast year Thomson sold grafts of Ids new navel at
‘2'bU dols. each, and the previous year they were in d-;-
mand at 5 dols.

‘ Some people say my new variety' is no better than
the old ; but why Uo they pay me ten times as much
for the grafts if that is the case V’

Nobo'.iy' tried to answer, for it was not necessary.

B. C. AFRICA: CURRENT CHAT.

It is calculated that there are 1,750,003 plants
in the Cholo District alone.

Mr. Bradshaw’s crop is estimated at about 20
tons p.i-rehnient.

iMr. White (Cholo) has planted out 100 acres this
season.

Mr. Livingstone .at Ma-gomero has planted out
about 70,000 plants this season Pride of India has
been planted thiity by thirty as a shade tree.

Mr. Mitchell at Namiwavva has planted up about
00 acres. Now that his assistant — Mr. Greenshields,
— has arrived, Mr. IMitchell will proceed with tlie
opening up of his Pahn Stream Estate.

Mr. Israel has about 150 acres planted out at
Chipande, Chiradzlo. lie has pa,rtly removed his
maiden crop.

We hear tiiat Mr. Keillor lias also partly stripped
off his maiden crop as he was afraid of his bushes
ovorboaring. — Central African Planter, April.

DR. WATT’S REPORT ON WHITE. ANTS.

(COMMUNlC.VTUn.)

If the remainder of Dr. Watt’s notes on pests
that infest the tea bush are of as little value as those
on white ants, the tea planting community will have
derived very little benefit from his visit to tho lea
districts, and it is high time that an expert should
he appointed to bo controlled by tho tea industry
itself alone. Y^our Hare Street contemporary', no
doubt, holds a brief from Dr. Watt to echo his trum-
pet on subjects, regarding which its portly propri-
etor can know hut little, if anything, beyond the
uestrutcion of a few office almirahs ! I doubt ex-
ceedingly if he ever saw a tea bush growing, except,
perhaps, in the glass case in the Crystal Palace. Some
time ago I ventured to say, that all those supposed
scientiMc reports amounted to very little in tho long
run, beyond affixing an unpronounceable name to the
Ijarticular post enquired about, and this chapter on
white ants bears out all I wrote. There are veiyfew
planters, one would think, who could not have answered
the question he puts. Whether they will attack “living
as well as dead wood” ? At any' rate, there is sel-
dom a day but evidence is put before them, and
it is their own fault if they don’t grasp what tho
eye secs. With regard to remedies, one of them,
that the bushes should be pruned up the stem for
a space of three or four inches, carries absurdity on
its face, as every planter aims at getting a large
number of stems instead of one, so that the sap may
flow freely. The tendency of the indigenous tea is to
run up into a tree, and in order to stop this as much
as possible a bash has to be pruned in its infancy,
and if the bush still persists in attempting to become a
tree, the recourse is to what is known as “collor”
pruning, of which a great deal more is done in Assam
piopcr than in Cachar, Sylhet or the Doors. The
reason of this is, most probably, that the indigenous
variety was first favourite in planting out new gardens
in Assam, many years before it become the rage in tho
other districts. Here then, we have a remedy recoin-
mended against all laws of nature, and without any'
consideration as to after results to the plantation.
Many practical planters will, no dmibt, have observed
that if an indigenous bush has been nursed in
coll.ir pruning and has only the single stem re-
cc mnu i.dc'l in the report, that if allowed to go on for
a year or so with ordinary light pruning, strong

30

THE 1'ROPICAL AGRICUI/rURIST.

[July i, 1896.

young shoots will of their own accord spring up
from the present single stem an incli or two beyond
ground level, nature clearly pointing out that the
natural flow of sap was stopped in some way and
the old stump or stem, unable to perform its func-
tions, had thrown out below the surface, when the
bark was soft, a young generation, strong and vigo-
rous and able to do the appointed work. With re-
gard to using the red print, wliich he says is so
effective in the Gondul State, how is this to be ap-
plied when white ants will eat their way right up
the stem of bush, and there is no outward sign
that any damage is done at all, the first indica-
tion being the drooping of the leaves, and a very
few days after this appears, the bush will topple
over and disclose the stem as nothing but a shell '!
I have known many experiments made to pre-
vent this, and hitherto without doing any
good. Kerosine oil has been suggested and tried,
but without efficacy, though the soil all round the
roots stank of the oil months afterwards. With re-
gard to the different kinds, there is little doubt but
that two distinct Juts (to use a Hindustani word)
work, and there is no doubt that one of these is
much more destructive than the other, but this is
no new discovery and we are not much “forrar-
der” than we were. The largo tuuiu/i, ixrounds
which one jut raises, makes excellent material for
top-dressing, when judiciously mixed with lime. As
regards the question, how far stakes in a young plan-
tation attract white ants, there was never any ques-
tion in the mind of a careful planter as to this, and
one of the hookums of such an one, always is to keep
the stakes some distance away from the young plant,
so that if the white ant attacked the stake it would
leave the plant alone, and no careful Manager leaves
the stakes in longer than can be helped, but to remo-. o
the stakes at so early a period as Dr. Watt suggests
would be suicidal, for the coolie looks as keenly for the
stakes to direct his hoeing or weeding, as a
Babu does after his garden dustoonj, and it
would be as difficult to prevent the hoe-

ing out of plant.s without stakes as to pre-
vent the Hooghly ruuning past Calcutta, always
provided they are of course not grown to a
height of a footer eighteen inches. In planting oiit
a garden with 6 mouths seedlings, it is usual to re-
move the stakes during the following cold weather
say in November and December, and as tho stakes
are made of all sorts and conditions of jungle pro-
duce, according to what predominates in the e.stato,
no opinion could possibly be given as to its being an
attraction or not ; on many estates bamboos are largely
used and the skin of this is quite impervious to white
ants for a much longer period than the stake is used
in planting out. In hked gardens, where there is
water between the bliecls and consequently Ihe white
ant cannot expend its peregrinations beyond one
bhed, its ravages are simply appalling and there seems
no remedy, as it attacks everything living or dead
within that bed. and the planter can simply stand and
fold his hands and watch in grief and dismay the des-
truction of whole rows of strong, vigorous plant.
— Indian rianlin^ (Sazette, May 10.

DRUG REPORT.

(From the Chemist and Drni^gisi.)

May 7th.

CocA-i.u\vi;s h.ive been oiCtuiim; Hoiucwli.ut more froolv ;
fine green Truxillo may bo had at is 2d iier If), bn’
tlie spot.

(JUTi'l.n-Klsil Bo.xk is quoted at Idgliar rates, .Sevm'.ii
of the parcels recently olfering have "been t.ikeu out of
tho niarket, ami tlie demand has been fairly g»od.

On. (Kssential).— Oitronella oil easier at Is f.d per li).
on tlie spot, perhaps less.

Ceylon V.\nii,l.v : A Recoud J’uice. It will
be seen from the extract given in our comnioicial
column th.at at the late,st drug sales in Imndmi
19s (Id per 11). was paid fur a paline roflecodi id
Ceylon vanilla, lieing the hio-hest price ever paid
for this variety. We .slionUI like to know where it
was grown.

A FORMER CEYLON PLANTER IN
CANAD.V.

Mr. h'. W. Codsal writes to us, from Sontli
Ford lianclie, I’inclier Creek, All)erta, Canada,
respecting book.s on collec cultivation, and adds : —
“.Some Id t>r lb years ago, I was coH'ce planting
in Ceylon. I lately paid a visit to tho Hawaiian
islands, and was nmeli struck by the prospect.s
of the coli’ee there. Tlianks to tiie introduction
of tlic ladybiial bug, it has quite recovered from
the blight, whicli covered coilee, oranges, guavas
etc. I lound a few' old Ceylon planters there.
I hope the Observer is nourishing : I lio])e much,
some day, to visit Ceylon again.”

X c., ivi:. vxv

Despite the gloomy forebodings of those who croak
and cry that Jamaica has passed from the land of
the present to the land of the past there are those
who consider that her prosperity is just begiuning,
arguing tliat the prosperity of tho past was au in-
sipid and uncertain thing as compared with the pro-
spects of the future. No doubt the failure of the
sugar plantatious to compete successfully with their
rivals in northeiii regions has to a great extent in-
duced Inis view; but Jamaica, as we have alw'ays
maiUtiiiueJ, is uot a country of one achievement of
one attainment or of one purpose ; the resources, the
possibilities of Jamaica ai'o boundless; the fertility
of the soil has never been thoroughly tested — indeed
It may well be said, .Jamaica is the land of the future *
And were impelled to this statement by the event
w'iuch IS chronicled in another column— The immi-
gration of orange planters from Florida to Jamaica.
Florida has long claimed the proud distinction of
providing the American market with that fruit, but
a succession of adverse seasons has been suflicient
to humble* tho vain-glorious vannters, who scoffed at
Jamaica and put their trust in Florida. As our
readois are aware planters in Florida have for some
considerable time been considering tho advisability
ot emigrating to Jamaica and when it was mooted
some time ago that the project was on the laiiix
the wire-pullers of Florida indignantly denied tlie
ruinour, asserting that so long as a single orange
could bo exported from Florida, so long would Ja-
maica remain ill tho background. But it must now
be apparent that these assertions w'ero not the re-
suit of convicUoii but 7'athor an expression of tlio
paroxysm of rage which possessed the defenders ol
Fioiida au the bare thought that Jamaica might vet
supplant “ the garden of AmericLa ” in the produc-
tion ot oranges. A change has come over these
spouters. Planters, not to bo hood-winked by the
statements made regarding the impossibility of Ja-
maica as an orange producing country, have lefc
Florida, and at present a large number of planters
who were succe.ssful in F’iorida so long as a measure
ox success was attainable, are in .Jamaica, on tlio
outlook for plantations to rai.se oranges. Comment
on tiis significance of this immigration is iicedioss.
File Jamaica orange has never been properly tested •
its^ qualities are practically unknown to the outside
pnolic, and therefore it has been allowed to remain in
ilio background. But now that men of experience
and inteJligeuce have ariiveil with tho purpose of
giving the orange a fair trial it may be couttdentlv
cxpociod that the result, instead of jusliLing tlio
r..ucaslic remarks of Florida’s favoiuitos, W'ill sali-fv
even tlie anticipations of .Tamiican grower.s, and
prove diicn more that monopolies were never rocot^-
niscd by Nature. It is argue I that the Jamaica oraime
IS too sweet for the northern palate; but it must
he roinemnorcd that the average Florida orange coii-
tamed uoo much acidity until by the use of chemic.ils
a gicauor degree of sweetness and a more higlilv

-Snnm ^ produced. The same moans fo^

ucing the excessive sw'eetness is within reach of

oia in the history of Jamaica has not begun ?- fZ/rminv

THE TROPICAL AGRICUl/l'URIST.

31

July i, 1896.]

THE CLOWN COLONIES OE THE EMPIRE.
A CHAT WITH DR. D. MORRIS, C.M.G.

BY OUR SPLCIAL COJIMISSIONKU.

Hiiving iiiterviewei.I most of the official represen-
tatives of the self-governing Colonies, I have been
on the look-out for some ono who could give mo
authoritative information with regard to tlie Crown
Colonies of the Empire. I met my man at the
anniversary banquet of the Loyal Colonial Institute
on Eriday evening. After an introduction to the
Marquis of Lome, who presided over the brilliant
gathering, and a brief chat with Sir Frederick
Young, another of the Vice-Presidents, whoso name
will ever be associated with this reniukibly suc-
cessful institution, I found myself rubbing shoulnors
with Uc. Morris, tho Sui)-Direetor of Kew Gardens,
Congratulating him upon his heaitliy appearance on
his return from the ii-aliamas, I remarked, “ You
are just tho man I have been looking for. I know
of no one who has a more intimate acquaintanc-c
with the Crown Colonies of the Empire tluitr yourself,
and I sliouM like to have a chat with yon for publica-
tion in “riie Citizen.” Tho doctor smiled at tho
compliment, said ho would bo delighted to do any-
thing ill his power to liriug tlio Crown Colonics, m
whoso material welfare ho had ever taken the deepest
interest, to tho front, and fixed Monday evening, at
the Savile Club in Piccadilly, •^or the interview.

The Savile — delightlully situated, overlooking the
Green Park — is a sociid club patronised by leading
men in the literary and sciciititic world. Wo chatted
over the soup, the lisii, the entrees, and the joint,
and continued the conversation in the smoking room,
for Dr. Morris is a veritable enoyclopiedia, upon all
that concerns the Crown Colonies, and he gave mo
snfficienc inlormatiou about their industries, their
progress and development to till a sraail volume.

But I faucy I hear some of your City
readers say, “And who is Dr. Morris?” And as one
of the main objects of these interviews is to in,-
liuence the introduction of capital into tho Queen’s
possessions beyond the seas for the benefit of the
Empire at large, it will bo of interest and import-
ance to brieiiy sketch tho career oi this gonial Govern-
ment otuoial, who has done so much to promote the
prosperity and foster the best interests of our tro-
pical colonies.

A native of the Principality, Dr. Morris graduated
in lionoiu's at Trinity College, Dublin, where ha took
his B. A. in ld7ii, and subsequently M. A. and D.Sc. A
pupil of* the late Professor Huxley, he m-ado botany
his special study, and was successful in obtaining
early in life tiro Assistant Directorship of the
Botanic Gardens in Geylon. During his two years’
residence at Colombo he made investigations
into the coffee leaf disease, and in 1870, when it
was decided to establish a botanical department
in Jamaica, he w'as offered and accepted, tho
post of director, During ins seven .years’
residence in that island iio did much to-
wards making known the resources and capabilities
of tho West Indies. At that time sugar vvas tho
great staple of Jamaica, the crop amounting to o.),000,
and even 33,000, hogsheads a year of tho value of
something like T-100,000; but ho foresaw the effect
of the Continental bounties on the same industry,
and warned the planters not to continue “ to put
all their eggs in one basket.,’ He recommended the
cultivation of fruit and other “ minor industries,” as
they were theu called, with tho p'esult that of late
years fruit has really been the salvation of tho
colony in which he spent some of the happiest years of
his life. In the famous year of the “ Colindories ”
Dr. Mortis was appoiiucd AssisLaut-Direclor of
the Loyal Gardens, Hew. Since lie has occupied his
present position lie has ever taken tho warmest in-
terest in the fortunes of our tropical colonies, aud
in 1891, at the request of the several local Govern-
ments, he revisited tho West Indies with tlic object
of reporting upon tho botanic federation wiiicli he
was successful iu bringing into existonco. Tiast De-
cember he paid a visit to Uie Bahamas to report upon
the sisal industry. For scieutilic services rendered

to Her Majesty's possessions Dr. Morris in 1803 re-
ceived the distinction of C.M.G. In addition to being
a fellow of tho Loyal Colonial Institute, he is a Fel-
low of the Liiinean Society, aud a Fellow aud late
Treasurer of tho Loyal Horticultural Society. He
is married to a daiigliter of the late Captain Aitken,
J. P., President of tho Manchester Geological Society,
and lives in Cumberland Load, Kew.

Said Mr. Morris : “ I quite agree with yon that
the resources and capabilities of the Crown Colo-
nies ought to bo more widely known and appreciated
than they arc. These Colonies constitute a most im-
portant part of the British Empire, Look at their
vast area.”

“ V/hat is it ? ”

“ Oh, only about four million square miles, equal
to the total area of tho continent of Europe — half-
a-million square miles more than the whole of the
United States of America, and more than the whole
of Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Fiji, and New
Guinea put together. They are scattered all over
tho world’s surface. Of course, they are chiefly tropi-
cal, and that accounts for the large native element.
The total population is about ten millions.”

“ xVnd wliicii is the largest of tiie Crown Colonies ?”
.“British Guiana, which is half the size of France.
Tho smallest is Hong Kong — onc-lifth of the Isle of
Wight. Size alone, however, docs not give tho
relative value of those colonies, for tho trade of
Hong Kong is of the annual value of about £3,000,000,
while that of British Guiana is only about £4,000,000.
By the way, the present Governor of Hong Kong,
Sir William Kobinson, was one of the most enter-
prising governors the West Indies ever had. He was
at Barbados, the Windward Islands, aud Trinidad,
and was deservedly popular.”

“ And what about tho trade of these Crown
Colonies ?”

“ Well, according to Sir Montagu Ommanney,
who as you know is chief of the Crown Agents here,
the trade is gradrrally but steadily improving. The
total trade in 1894 was over £112,000,000, as compared
with £104,000,000 in 1884, showing an increase of ever
£8,000,000 in ten years. The trade of the self-govern-
ing colonies in 1891 w'as £190,000,000, so that it is
evident that tho trade of the Crown Colonies is not
unimportant.”

“ An increase of £8,000,000 in ten years is very
good, I should say.’’

“ Ties ; but at the same time the great competition
in regard to the staple industries renders the fimhcr
development of the Grown Colonies a matter of tho
most serious concern. Take sugar, for instance. See
how the cauc-growing industry is handicapped by
beet. The Crown Colonies produce over 7,000,000 tons
of sugar a year, of which only 2,000,000 tons
come into the United Kingdom.”

“ Why ?”

“ Because of the iucrePxsed production of beet sugar.
Owing to the over-production of wheat in America
and Australia it does not pay to grow wheat either
in this country or on the Continent of Europe. Both
Germany and Franco have gone more extensively iu
for the cultivation of beet because it gives a better
return than wheat, and tlio consequence is that tho
market is over-stocked with sugar. About 1,800,000
tons were produced last year in Germany. Of this
only 600,000 tons were required for home consump-
tion, leaving 1,200,000 tons for export. The result
is tliat there is little room for om- cane sugar in the
English market ; in point of fact, the failure of wheat
in Europe is causing indirectly the failure of sugar
in the Crown Colonics. Then again, in addition to
sugar, France aud Germany are extending their
colonial industries. Look at Madagascar. The French
.will develop that country and its various products
will, of course, come into competition with those of
our own colonies. Coco.a is already apparently going
like sug-vr. Tlie consumiition, it is true, is increasing,
but so also is tho production, and at a far greater
ratio. Tlie stocks iu hand arc enormous, with the
I'OBult tliat prices continue to lie depressed. At tho
end of 1893 tlio amount in bond was roughly
12,000,090 lb., in 1894 21,000,000 lb., while at the end
of last year it was no less than 23,000,000 Ibj

32

[July i, iJ^96.

THE TROPICAI. AGRICLJI/rURlST.

Wluit is the result ? Prices are only two-thinls of
what they were six years a"o.'’

Aii'l you think itho pressure is likely to be severer
than ever ?"

“ Yes, and that there is urgent ueed for systematic
action.”

“ And what do you suggo.st ?”

“Well, in view of the gradual shifting of the posi-
tion of the old staples, attention must be directed to
the development of new ones. Tea has completely
taken the plane of coffee in Ceylon, and the export
tills year is expected to reach 100,000,000 lbs. Fruit
iu the West Indies is worth £1,000,000 annually. In
Lagos, Sir Gilbert Carter, the Governor, lias h ad the
pi’oud privilege of developing a trade in rubber,
which is the most remarkable of any now existing.
It is only about fifteen months old, and yet the ship-
ments in 1S05 were of the total value of £'270,000.
Take mahogany, again ; a few years ago only about
200,000 ft. of this timber came from West Africa.
In 180, d the total receipts in Liverpool alone were
3,-2 00,000 ft. It is true that this trade has injured
the old mahogany trade of British Honduras, which has
fallen a,way from 5,000,000 ft. to 200,000 ft. ; but that
colony has other resources which can be developed.”

“ Then your argument is ”

“ That it is the duty of England to prepare the Crown
Colonics for keen competition in the future by laying
the foundation of sound and flourishing industries.
Wiiat I woulvl suggest is the immediate extension of
the system of botanical .and experimental gardens
under skilled parsons throughout the whole of tho
Crown Colonics ; the organisation of efforts to pro-
mote new industries and revive old. Scicutific aid
practical orgamisation should go hand-in-hand, with
duo regard to tlie requirements of the nearest mar-
kets. Then there should be a change of educational
effort. Instead of fitting tho natives for clerkships
in stores or offices, wc shoul.l seek rather to make
them skilful cultivators. At present tho sj'stcm of
education is such as to give them a distaste for
mauiial labour and a dislike for taking up the culti-
vation of tho soil. During my last visit to the West
Indies an oil native cam,o to mo and said ho had
einoated his son in an English school, whore he had
developed very expensive tastes. lie lived upon tlio
money supplied him by bis father, and when liis father
got old and infirm would not dream of taking to tho land;
in fact, such sons get positively ashamed of th ir
fathers. Th it has been, unfortunately, tho case in
tho West Indie.j ; but I would moution that Sir
Henry Blake has taken steps to appreiiUce a num-
ber of boys to tho Botanical Girdeiis of .I.rur iioa for
tbo purpose of having them trained iu tho cultiva-
tion of economic plants, so tint they might become
aftcr-\ard.s agricultural iiintruotora anioug.-d tho pua-
s.int proprietors ill tho i.ilaud. That is a step iu tiie
right direction, and one wbicli might with advant, age
be followed in the olluu- islan.l.i. In many of our
Crown Colonie.s people are entirely without knowledge
witli regard to tbo cuitiv.ition of in.lustrial plants.
They are anxious to learn, but there are in some of
tho Colonies no Agencies, and that is why I recom-
mend the establishment of experimental gardens.
Wo are, however, improving in this rospegt. In 1830
there wci'o only three botanical gardens iu tho West
Indies; now there are eleven lutanioal institutions —
experimental and trial stations for new industries.”

•‘Well, it is to bo hoped, Dr. Horri.s, tint your
suggestions will have weigiit in tho right ([uartor.s.”

“It is cleu’ that something will have to bo done.
Strange as it may seem, probably tho mod il lurishing
cilony in any part of the world today is .Java. Tlioro
they have extensive botanical g.ardons aad experi-
mental or p'roof stations, of great value and utility,
under tho charge of a largo staff of highiy-skillod
scientific men m lintained by tho Government of
Holland. Tlion Germany is followijig tho example
of llollaml, and doing all it can to develop tropical
iiidii.strio.i in Africa. Similarly, France is aiding
also by means of dillcroiitia! duties and grauts-in-aid.”

“ But Mr. Cbamborlaiii seems to bo fully alive to
the uitiiatioii. I lis circular to the Colonial Govenior.i
eliciting tlicir views on tbo development and c.\ton-
sion of British trade wiUi tho colonies ought to bo
^noduotivo of yood.”

“ Mr. Chambeidaiu's sympathy with tho colonies is
well known, and his desire to develop colonial trade is
rog.ardcd .as nnst encouraging. His inlluenoe is
already felt in the various colonies. lie has infused
new life into many of them, an.t what is more has
induce I a greater interest to be taken in tho colonies
in this country.”

“ Spe.aking of Mr. Chamberlain, ha is, I understand,
largely intero.sted in the sisal industry of the Baha-
mas. from which you recently returned.”

“ Yes. By the way, tho history of this industry
is interesting. Tho sisal islaiit had been in the
colony for tin last 50 years, and had really become
a hindrance to agriculture. People did noj know
what to do with it. Several Governors took tho
matter up. The first of these was Mr. B.ailov, iu
1.357 ; then Sir aVilliain Robinson, then Sir Henry
Blake, who, just a's ho was on tho point of develop-
ing tho industry, was transferred to Newfoundi and.
It was then taken up with great energy and enter-
prise by Sir Ambrose Shea, avho really deserves the
credit of having placed it on a comiuer.cial ba.sis.
Well there are about 12,000 acres already plantc.l.
It is estimated that this j'ear t.hey will c.xport
about 0,000 tons of prepared fibre, 'rhoro were fears
that tho market liad f.allen so low as to render tho
industry unromunerativo. Tire price of tho fibre last
year w-as £lf’> per ton, but today it is worth £17 10s.,
and as the fibre c an bi niirlvoted for about £10, there
is at the present moment a good margin of ))rofit.’

“The tnarket, of c nirse, is the United States?"’

“Yes; which is really the natur.il market of tho
\Ve5t In lies, 'i.'lao or.ange cultivation in tho United
States having bean practically destroyed, there is
now ai opporuinity f.ir the Bahamas, Jamaica, and
otlior island-s in tho West Indies to supply the States
\v;th tropical fruit on a larger scale than ever.
Owing to tho failure of the Florida crops it is ex-
pected that tho trade iu oranges between Jamaica
and the Unite 1 States alone this season will bo
worth £120,U'.D, When I w.as in Jamaic.a in 1.883
the fruit trade of that island only amounted to
£10,000 a year, iu 1885 it had grown to £100,000,
and today, as I have said, it is worth probably over
a million sterling. Where originally there was one
steamer empli)ye,i under a subsidy, there now seven
steamers regularly engaged in th.t fruit trade, and
running without any subsidy at all.”

•‘But is it n.st possible to develop a trade in fruit
between .Jamaica and this country?”

“ I think so. At any r.ate, the Govcrnm.ent of
.Tatnaica seem determined to find out whether
there is or is not an opening hero for tropical
fruits. They intend to specially charter a steamer
fitted with cool chambers to run direct from Kings-
ton to the doclcs here. She will bring orauge.s, bana-
nas, m.ingo.es, an 1 indeed all kinds of tro[)ical fruits.
Tbo experiment, f need hardly say, will bo watched
with gre.at interest.”

■‘Well, Dr. Morris, I am very pleased to have had
this chat with you. Evidently, there is money to be
made out of our Grown Colonies today.”

“ Yes, I certainly think so. Look at Dominica.
There is no other West India i.sland so rich iu n atnral
resource.s. It is capable of producing all tho ricliost
treasures of tho tropics, and yet it is lauguishiu.g for

w. aiit of the necessary caxtital and energy to work thosn.
As showing what small industries ca-n do, Bermuda is
almost entirely ptospsrous because it grows onions

an. l new potatoes. St. Helena sends now potatoes to
the Gap,;. Grenada is noted fo'r its cocoa, nutmegs,
and clove.s, while Montserrat is known all over the
world for its lime-juice. Yes, tho ‘ minor industrios'
are not to bo despised. There is money iu them, and,
indecil, for small capitalists, the Grown Golouies offer
perhaps just now better opportnuitios than any other
part of the Empire.” — Citizen, May 2.

'i'ac Guvi.niNsiKNr or Bkxci.u, has iiifnrmod tlio
Indian Tea Association that tho question of inqn'oved
I'oad oaiuiuuuioatioii in the Duar.s is rociaiving the
iittnntion of (ioveviimnnt, and tbit a scheme for the
consti iioLion of no.vro.ads, anil the cfiieieut mainten-
auco of exi.sting ones, is being proparod.— >/, Mail,
May 2-1, ’

THE TROPICAL A(iRICULTURIST.

33

July i,

PLANTIXli AND PIV »DUCE.

Tiir 15i!F.\viN<i OF Tka.— Wc liavo ficiiui iilly called
aUoiition to thn if4iioniiico displayed in brewing tea
and the indill'ereuce shown by the public on the subject.
Judging by the concoction.s served at the average
resturant and railway station bar it is surprising that
tea is so popular, lor it is no rash assertion to state
that a large number of people who drink so-called
tea have not the smallest idea what a really good
cup of tea properly made is like. Owing to the rapid-
ity with which the tea is made and served in refresh-
ment rooms all the ordinary rules for brewing tea
are set at defiance, and as a result some liquid
resembling diluted snuff is taken into the system under
the name of tea. It is therefore remarkable that the
demand for tea has increased so muen under such un-
favourable conditions. An honest endeavour has been
made by some refreshment room proprietors to improve
the methods of tea brewing, but owing to the indiffer-
ence of the public and the trouble entailed they soon fall
back on the old system. The tea trade does not
appear to suffer much in consequence, although who
can say what the demand would be like if the deli-
cate flavour of the tea were preserved in making the
tea ? Perhaps, following the example of the old lady
who liked her gin when it tasted like turpentine, the
palate used to stewed tea would despise anything less
pungent.

With Coffee it is Different.— It is not so with
coffee. The demand for coffee has no doubt fallen
during the past, owing to the difficulty of making it
on this side of the Channel. On this subject the Grocer
points out that the serious decline in the demand for
coffee has been realised by all members of the trade,
and in a severe degree by those gentlemen whose
dealings are mainly in this commodity. But up to
the present the efforts of the deputation of mer-
chants and others interested to iiuluce the Chancellor
of the Exchequer to remove or reduce the duty and
to facilitate operations in bond have not been re-
warded by any marked degree of success. On the
contrary, the pessimistic dealer persists in taking
an even gloomier view of the situation. It is worth
while, periiaps, to ask if there be not some reason
for the change in the public taste. The Chancellor
cf the Exchequer put it down to the inability of
the ordinary Englishwoman to make a decent cup
of coffee. There may also be something in the theory
of a professional gentleman who writes to a daily
contemporary. This gentleman’s observations and
“ bitter personal experience,” extending over half a
century, have led him to the conclusion that the
true cause of the relatively increased preference for
tea with its deleterious constituent tannin, will
uUimately be found to depend, not on the incom-
petence ’of the English housewife in making cofl'ee,
but on the over-roasting of the berry by the
trade coffee roasters, wiih a view to impart a
deep colour and apparent, but factitious,
stiTiigth to the infusion when made. During
his process, he says, an empyreumatic product is
generated, which causes such highly roasted coffee
to disagree with the stomach, and renders dyspeptic
persons unable to indulge in it, in consequence of
the heartburn and flatulence it produces. He argues
that if public were candidly given to understand
that highly roasted coffees, though imparting a deeper
colour to the decoction or infusion, are de facto less
strong with a corresponding loss of the true aroma,
than the lightly roasted berry, coffee would ere long
resume its place as one of the national beverages.
The consummation is one devoutly to be wished.
But the Chancellor of the Exchequer was near the
just apportionment of blame when he saddled it
upon tne shoulders of the consumers— the people who
try to “ make a cup of coffee,” and only succeed in
spoiling one. If the public would but exercise the
cLe and skill which are essential in making a cup
of really good, fragrant coffee, the results achieved
would amply repay them, and we should probably
soon see a revived demand. The best way to achieve
this end is to educate the public in the right method
of preparing coffee for the table. //. and C> Jlail,
May 15,

PUBLIC MEETINGS HELD IN PRIVATE,

To the Editor of the Ifomr and (.'uloniaf Mail.

Sir, — The tea investing public is greatly indebted
to you for calling attention to the e-xclusiou of re-
porters from the meetings of some companies. It is
to be hoped that the new measure now before Parlia-
ment dealiug with joint stock companies provides
for the admission of reporters to all shareholders’
meetings.

I can instance my contention that the accounts of
shareholders’ meetings are inadequate from your
own columns. In the report of one of the tea com-
panies ymu published last week, a company which
does not admit reporters, there was so much of the
proceedings omitted that you might as well have
contented yourself with reprinting the report of the
directors.

While your rexiort, Avhich I presume was contributed,
gives the chairman’s platitudes in extenuation of poor
results, and a eulogy of colleagues, some trenciiant
critical remarks of one or two shareholders do not
appear. The observations of one speaker, as reported,
convey a wrong impression, moreover, for when the
speaker ciiticisod the management on the subject of
the salary and commission paid, and intimated that
the holding of appointments by the managing direc-
tor of a similar kind in otlu-r concerns might bo
detrimental to the x)arttcular company to which the
speaker referred, your report left the pith and gist
of the speaker's remark m doubt. Another speaker
also mentioned that if ho attempted any review of
the direction, the difficulty would be where to begin
and where to stop. He also said if he were to at-
tempt such a task he would not comp.are the results
with those of agricultural holdings at home, but would
ask how it was that neighbouring gardens with in-
ferior natural advantages gave a iirofit of £8 per
acre, while the company under criticism only showed
half as much. A neighboiuing concern gave a profit
of 5d to 6d per lb., while the other company gave
but ,3d to 3 id. All this seems to me fair and use-
ful comment, and should, wdth other kindred ob-
servations of a critical nature, be duly rexiorted.

If shareholders took more real interest in the wel-
fare of the concern in which their money is invested,
they would agitato for mord" publicity. — 1 am, sir.

Another Shaueholdek.

[Our correspondent, we fear, expects too much.
When our own reporters are refused admission to
meetings w'e have to rely upon accounts of the pro-
ceedings kindly supplied by friends who, like our
correspondent, believe that publicity is beneficial to
all concerned. We cannot under the circumstances
complain if these reports are not as full and com-
plete as they otherwise would be. They do not eman-
ate from official sources, and they are intended to bo
impartial, and to convey a correct account of tlm
Xiroccedings. Even if our own reporters w’ere ad-
mitted in each case it does not follow that we could
give a rexiort of every word said. Life is short, our
space is limited, and some shareholders are very
inquisitive and sometimes long-winded. Wo agree
with our correspondent that pnblicity on all vital
points is desirable. Were we permitted to report the
Xiroceedings of all tea companies we trust that “Another
Shareholder” would have no cause for comxilaint
that justifiable criticism is not duly chronicled. — Er>.
n. (C a cb C. Mail, May 15.

THE CmiONELLA-OIL A\YAKD.

Messrs. Green and French, the two brokers to
whom the citronella-oil dispute was referred back
by the judges, in order that they might take the
question of quality into consideration, have given their
award to the effect that the oil (which, it will be
remembered, consisted of 55 per cent, of kerosene,
35 per cent, of citronella oil, and 10 per cent, of
oil of lemon) is citronella oil, and that the buyer is
bound to accept and pay for it according to con-
tract. They tendered their award to Mr. Domeier,
together with a claim for 34 guineas for fees. We
understand that Mr. Domeier has refused to aceexit
the award or to pay the fees, and also declined to

THK TROPICAL

agriculturist.

31

take up or to pay for tho oil. Uo clccl-.ircs that he will
wait until he is sued hy Mr. Treatt, and then hijn^
the case into court. — Chtmisl (unl Dnuirjisi , May 1*>.

KSSKNTIAI. OILS.

From the Semi-Annual Report of Sehimmc_l &
(Fritzsche Brothers), Leipzig & New-\ork, lor April
189G, we extract the folloiving

Cinnamon Oil, Ckylon.— The demand for this oil
almost suriiassed the supplj. Offers of on of fane
quality were scarce last fall ; to all appearances con-
siderable quantities were retained in Ceylon m order
to cause a rise in prices; this reached -,d per lb.,
last September. Quotations have never been so high
since years, but have remained unchanged.

In glaring contrast to these prices stand the ex
nort L^ures for both bark (tubular) and chips ; the
total amount aliippad fi'Oin Ceylon (G )loiubo and
Gallc) has been ;

Barit ; Chips :

lS<r, . . 2,109,527 111. 920,190 lb.

189-1 .. .. 1,909,905 „ 057,720 „

1893 .. .. 1,995,257 „ 067,113 „

1892 .. .. 1,917,538 „ 015,155 „

In London, the principal market for both grades,
the stock of cinnamon was not larger than when
prices are normal. IJnder sucji circumstances it is
difficult to foretell tho changes for the rates of cin-
namon oil in the near future. The fact is that the
demand during I'cceut years has been unusually large,
and that the quantity of cinnamon chips consmued
in our distilleries amounted to about tho ninth part
of the total shipments during the year 1895. These
figures, however, when oompared with the export
hgures of former years, do not justify a conclusion
as to tho rise of values, but other factors must have
exorcised an iuilnonce upon the cinnamon market.
From an economic stand-point the rise of prices
B'.ionld not cause surprise, since those of the raw
material and of the oil were abnormal ones.

CiTuoNULLA On..— The xjrices of this oil, one of the
mo.st important ones in' the soap-making industry,
have increased within the last six montlis from Is 3d
per lb., or marks 3.20 per kilo, to 2s, or marks -100 per
kilo. As there has been no failure in or decrease
of tho crotw a real cause for tho rise of prices c.aii-
not bo well ascertained.

The only explanation can bo found in the in-
creased use of the oil, since the American and
English custom of x>crfianing not only toilet, but
also common giade.s of domestic and even of .soft
soaps witli flavors containing citronella oil seems to
find general favor. If this inference is a correct one,
as indici'.ied by the following figures, the present
market condition of this commodity may be consi-
dered a normal and, it may be hoped, a perina-
iient one.

Recent shipments show a considerable increase ;
they amounted to ; —

1895.. .. 1,182,760 pounds Engl,

a quantity never before attained

1894 .. 938,471

1893 • • 008,550 ,, „

These figures arc copied from the official report of
the German Consulate at Colombo (Deutsches llau-
dels-Archiv, March 1890, Heft 108). Wo notice wiih
gratiricolion that the figures in the statistical com-
plications of these reports are now stated by the
pound and not any more by the ounce.

With so brisk a demand for, and so large trans-
actions in, citronella oil sophistication has to be
looked for and constant care has to be exercised in
the control of this subtile oil.

The coarse sophistication of citronella oil by the
admixture of petroleum or fatty oils, so common in
former years,* lias been much lessened since the
public.ation of our “ solubility tost." Tlicro can
nevertheless, be no doubt that tho quality of the
commeicial citronella oils lias recently exiierienccd
a retrograde tendency, as is evident from their bc-

[JULY I, 1896.

haviour with 80 per cent alcohol. According to our
statement published in our Report of 1889, citro-
uella oil should give a clear mixture with 2 to 3
parts of alcohol containing 80 per cent by vo-
lume of anhydrous alcehol ; and this mixture

should remain clear upon the addition of 7 to 8
jiarts of alcohol of tho same stiength. A turbidity
would uiiicate a sophistication; upon allowing the
mixture to stand in* a closed vial for some time,
fatty oil will settle at the bottom, while kerosene
will separate at the top of the alcoholic fiiiid.

Noc all commercial citronelia oils seem to stand
this simple test at present ; they may reader a per-
fectly clear solution during the lirst part of the test,
but upon the further addition of alcohol an opale-
eences or a turbidity occurs without, however, giving
rise to the formation of any deposit, either at tire
bottom or at the top of the liquid, even when
left standing for 24 hours. We could not but
allow on several occasions such oils to pass, because
a sophistication could not be proved and better oils
coaid not bo obtained in the market.

.1. G. Umiioy in a recently published paper (Ghem.
and Drugg. 48 [1890 ! 356) also calls attention to
this discrepancy between different commercial citro-
uella oils in their deportment with alcohol. He is
inclined to believe that a kind of gnrjnnbalsam oil
may be used as an adulterant. For this purpose,
however, the common commercial gurjun oil cau
hardly be used, nor can the amount of any such
addiciou be considerable, since an experimental ad-
mixture of but 10 per cent of gurjun balsam oil not
only much imp)aired the solubility of the oil iu alco-
hol, but also gave rise to the separation of drops of
the balsam oil at the bottom of the liquid, after it
had siood for 24 hours. Umiiey suggests the acety-
lisatiou process for the estimation of the amount of
geraniol, and that a minimum amount of 00 per cent
of geraniol be required.

^^"e have also been about since some time to apply
this test to citronella oil, have, however, not yet
succeeded in obtaining snllicient material to form a
definite conclusion, in all such examinations and
filial statements too much discrimination and care
cannot be exercised so as not W'antoiily to disturb
the confidence of the market.

Just before closing this report we were called uiion
to certify to the quality of a suspicious citronella
oil in the London market ; on examination it proved
to be largely adultered with petroleum hydrocarbons
(kerosene, paraffine oil). I be quantity of this adul-
teration amounted to about 00 per cent and the so-
X)histicatioii seems to have been committed after tlie
arrival of the oil in England.

IjEMONtat.vss Oil. — Sp. gr. 0.895. OpL rot.— 0*^ 8’
at 16° ( . The general characteristics of the Brazilian
oil are identical with those of the Uoylon oil, with
the exception of its solubility iu alcohol ; while the
latter oil forms a clear solution with 2 to 3 parts of
70 per cent, alcohol, the Brazilian oil does not, even
with 98 per cent, alcohol. The oil was distilled from
cultivated xjlants. In years with a rainy summer
season as much as four crops can be cut, in a dry
summer only three cuts of the grass can be harves-
ted. The oil iu the jilaiits seems to undergo con-
siderable changes ; the quicker the grass grows, the
lighter is the color of the oil obtained ; dried grass
yields a more or less dark oil; tlie same is the case
when the grass is exposed to cold nights during the
winter. The yield from fresh grass ranges, accord-
ing to the season, between 0.24 and 0.4 per cent.

Geuaniol ekom Citronella Oil. — Tho introduction
of this tine substance into perfumery advances slowly.
We have applied for a patent in Germany on pure
geraniol as main-body for the odor of roses and of
mignonette.

The remarks in our last Re^joit on an inferior
geraniol, made from oil of citronella, whicli was ot-
tered in tlie American market have caused tlic dis-
apX>earanco of this ailicle from the x>rice lists of the
firm in question, but ‘‘geraniol cliomiially xuire,
.‘iolublo in 12-15 xiarts of 50 [ler cent alcohol ” has
been imt into its place. \S'e, liowcvcr, have doubts
about Uie^ w sdom of quoting immediately below this
article “ Geraniol with Rosea, sec Rose Rcuuiol.’

July i, 1896,]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

35,

A PROSPEROUS CEYLON TEA COMPANY.

Wc need add very little to tlie full repoit,
which the Financki.l News of May 14th alibrds,
of the proceedings at the annual meeting of the
Scottish Ceylon Tea Company’s sliarehohlers.
This is one of the older as well as of the most
prosperous of Ceylon Comi)anies, rising one year
in dividends to 18 per cent, hut latterly wisely
resolving to adhere to the 15 per cent which dis-
tinguishes our premier Company, while gradually
forming a satisfactory reserve fund, and allowing
fully for depreciation ot buildings, machinery,
I've. No one, we think, can read the remarks of
tlie Chairman and of the Ceylon Manager, Mr.
Kerr, without feeling that judicious management
in respect of cultivation and preparation as well
as in the conduct of all business detail, account
for the marked success of this Company. The
steady increase in the average yield of the es-
tates is noteworthy, as a'so the fact that the
Directors are not ambitious that this average
yield should rise above 450 lb. an acre — a fact
which ought to enlighten many Indian tea critics
who argue that Ceylon gardens are being over-
cropped, and must, within a limited time, collapse!
The remarks of Mr. David Kerr in this case —
and of Mr. Talbot in respect of his Company—
as to the policy which guides the management
of these Cejdon tea estates, should go far to dis-
pose of such criticism. Most careful are such
Managers not to force their tea-bushes, — not to
over-pluck them, nor to stimulate them by arti-
ficial manures ; birt rather to help them to main-
tain their usual vigour and to do justice to the
fields in every possible way indicated by sound
wise .systems of cultivation. The only thing we
need add to the report of proceedings is an e.x-
tract from the letter of a well-known Ceylon
planter, read by the Chairman at the meeting,
but apparently not given in the Financial News.
It ran as follows: — “I regret I will be unable
to attend the meeting of the Scottish Ceylon Tea
Co., Ld., to be held tomorrow, but as a share-
holder and knowing the estates and the Ceylon
Manager, Mr. David Kerr, 1 have much pleasure
in expressing my satisfaction with the Ceylon
management. In Mr. Kerr the Company has a
Manager keenly alive to their interests, and I
hope he may long continue to act as their Manager
theie. I visited Stratlulon, Abergeldie and Lonach
with Mr. Kerr in February last, and I can testify
to their being in first-rate order, and the bushes
remarkably healthy in appearance.” — \Ve heartily
congratulate all connected with the Scottish
Ceylon Tea Company. j.F.

NOTES FROM OUR LONDON LETTER.

lONDON, May 15.

Among other matters that engaged the atten-
tion of the Tea Committee of your Association
on Wednesday last was consideration of a latter
addressed to it by your

TEA COMMTSSIONRR FOR AMERICA.
Nothing certain as to this letter has transpired,
but it is believed that it contains some novel
remarks upon the course of the tea trade in the
United States. It is also rum'ourcd that Mr.
Mackenzie states one great obstacle to progress
to be the distinct preference of the Yankees for
green teas. We remember the late Mr. Whittall
remarking that he did not think any amount of
ex])enditure in America would have asucce.ssful
result for you until this preference could either
he succe.ssfully comliattcd or [)iovided for by
a change in preparation by your planters.

He remarked to the writer that he was himself
devoting much attention to making such a change
on his own estates, but we have never heard
whether he did this siicccs-sfull^x It would seem,
if what is said about Mr. Mackcnzie’.s letter may
be relied upon as correct, that that gentleman
has come to acknowledge the difliculty i)restate(l
to exist by the late Mr. Mdiittall. ‘ It is not
known what the views of the Tea Committee of
the London Ceylon A.ssociation may be uith
reference to this particular of Mr. Mackenzie’s
letter. At all events it is said that that body has
decided to have the letter printed and circulated
among the members of the Association. It has
been suggested that Ceylon must umlertake a
mis.sionary tea enterprise in the States to convert
the popular taste Horn green to black tea. As
yet, wliat has been done does not seem to have
gone far in the direction of accomplishing this
change.

It seems probable that the rejiort of the
abovenamed Tea Committee that was to have
consideration at last M'ednesday’s meeting may
have to be somewhat deferred in order to
the dealing with tiie two .subjects men-
tioned a.bo're being iuciuded. It is hardly
likely, however, that progress could be mado
betore the Annual CenerarMeeting of the Asso-
ciation snlKcient to warrant any delay to in-
sure inclu.sion in the report. ^Ve have not y'et
heard if Lord Stanmore has fixed a day ‘for
that meeting.

All admit that

“ MAZ/VWATTEE TEA”

has been a great success, inasmuch as it has
obtained an enormous ])opularit3' Rud coii’esuond-
ing consumption. I ho more educated palates
do not relish the article, and it is not much
met with in the better circles of society'. Rut
the fact lemains that there must be millions who
do appreciate and who use it exclusively. Its
sale is said to have procured large fortunes for
its present proprietors, and it creates no sur-
jirise therefore that the concern is soon to be
convei ted into a limited liability company.
'With the enormous amount of capital new
.seeking investment, a perfect rusli for the
shares in this may be preilicted. Mazawattee
tea IS a fresh and striking instance of what
can be achieved by persisteut aiul boUlj if souie-
what rinscnipulous,- advertisciueiit. Without this
it may safely be said that Mazawattee tea would
have remained unknown to fame.

THE TEA DUTV.

T somewhat cool iwopo-sition was made by Mr.
Lloyd George, the well-known Radical member for
Carnarvon, in the House of Commons this Aveek.
During the Committee on the Finance Bill this
gentleman rose to move an amendment, Avhich
was, to insert after 1 he Avords j)roviding that the
tea duties should be continued the words “ ex-
cept Avith respect to tea groAvn in any iiart of
Her Majesty’s dominions.” Mr. J. H. J.eAvks,
another Welsh member, seconded this motion and
urged the desirability of encouraging Indian tea.
He advocated the abolition, he said, not only in
the interest of the poorer consuming clas.ses but of
an industry in the island of Ceylon, Avhich de-
served eiicouiMgement. The present condition of
India, he Avent on to say, did not justify
the House i i retaining any iluty' AA'hich might
be pi ejuiliuiul to our liuliuu Kiiipire.

I hat such a measure of iirotection such as
this .should be advocated by profe.ssed Radi-
cals has mibuially gi\cii rise to astonishment,
they having boeii always looked 141011 in the light
of liigoted jiee trailers, fjir Howaul Viiicyn^

THE TROPIC A I

AGRICULTURIST.

[July i, 1896.

inUfiL have ))ecu delighted to note such a de-
fection from among tlie ranks of the strongest
opjioneiUs of his persistent advocacy. Jhit
the (Jliancellor of tiie iixciieijuer soon (iisposed
of tlie matter. His cliief argument wiis one it
IV as iiiijiossibie to ciiniu>\ert. lie pointed out
that the adoption of the amendment wonlil
destroy the duty on tea in a year ulicji ve
could not aliord so large a loss to tlie revenue.
He also alludeii to the eli'ect ilie abolition would
have in putting an end to the payment of in-
direct ta.xaiion by a very largo number of the
)JO[iulation. He followeci up these remarks by
the very natural observation that “ this was a
jroposai which, coming from the other side of
the House, was of a very remarkable character,
because it indicated the ailoption by bon. gentle-
men o])i)osite of what they had hitherto denounced
as a jiolicy of protection, or at any late, of
a I'eactionary character.” Ev idently the minister
was so taken by surpri.se that, as he said,
had he known what was intended he would
not have attempted to [iroceed with the Hill,
or rather he would have )iosti)oned the con-
sideration of the clause and taken u]i the
succeeding clauses which were non-conteniious.
As the suiiject had now been raised, he said he
would not ask the Committee to proceed with
the discussion that night, but would move to
report progress, which was then done. What tlm
Cobilen Club must think of this matter is not
known to us. Hut since it has so complacently
accepted the iirotcclionist principle in Ceylon
in regard to grain taxation, it may perhajis be able
to swallow this new move. Hut undoulitedly the
Covernment is taken aback by the circumstance.
that6'«fi ro6n, many of its members entertain protec-
tionist views, to which they would gladly give
expression but for the fear of losing freetraders’
snp))ort. Mow they find the tal)les being turned
upon them in a most unexpected manner. If
this .sort of thing extends, it is impossible to say
what limit, if any, may be assigned to future
voile face movemcnls. Tlie all'air may be found
to possibly colour the proposals of future Hiulgets.

SCOTTISH CEYLON TE.\ CO., LTD.

A SATTSEACTOHY YEAKS WOllK— STATE-
MENT i'.Y THE CEYLON MANAGEK.

The seveiUh aimuaf ordinary meeting of the Scot-
tish Coylon Tea Company, Limited, was liold yes-
terday, at ttio oi'iices, 16, Pliilpot-lane, E.C., under
the presidency of Mr, H. L. Eorbes (the chairman
of the company.)

Mr. J. F. Anderson (Lyall, Anderson and Co.,
secretaries) fiaving read the notice convening the
me'eting.

The Chairman said ; On this occasion, on behalf
of the board of diroctoir-, I think I have very little

indeed to say to yon, and as we are about to declare

a good dividend, I daresa.y you will have very little
10 say to us. I think we have embodied in our
report all that we have to say with reference to
the working of the company during last year, and I
am sure you will agree with ns that tlie report we
present to you is satisfactory. It varies but little
iroin those of former years, and I think

that is a matter for coiigr.i,tulation. The net piofits

for the year amountcil to 68,61)1, and, with the
balance brought forward from the i)rcvious year (TGGt)),
w'o !ire left with a sum available for distribution of
£9,171. An interim dividend at the rate of 5 per
cent, free of income-tax, was paid in September
last, absorbing £2, 0.10, and dividends on the seven
por cent, prelcroncc shares have also been paid,
amonnting to CGOO. It i.s now proposed to jiay a
final dividend on tlio ordinary shares of 10 ))cr cent,

ree of income-tax, making l.G per cent for tho year,
wiiich will absorl) 6l,10n. AVo Ihoii ))roposo to add
£1,000 to the resorvu land, raising it to .£G,000, and

to writeoff for depreciation on buildings and machinery
T'838, which is about 10 per cent of the valuation
of the buildings and machinery belonging to the
company, as valued by our Ceylon manager, Mr. Kerr.
The total tea realised during last year exceeds
the estimate by 7,019 lb., which is very sa isfac-
tory. Tlien, in audition to our owm teas, you w'ill
note that wo have mauo a largo amount of teas for
oihcr pcopde, which is a very paying business
We have inanuiactured 220,7-ld lb. for others.
Then, as regards iho result oi the yield per acre,
during last 3 ear tho average was 43.9 lb., which
shows a steady advance over ihe previous year. In
1892 the average yield jrer acre was 33G ib. ; in 1893,
381 lb.; in 1891 107 !b.; and now, as 1 told you, it is
433 lb. I told yon on a previous occasion ihat the
average would probably go up to 4.50 lb. per acre, and
I think very likely it will; but we do net think it
would be desirable to look to exceeding that, for I
think that is quite as much as the bush can carry.
The average price realised in Loudon was a fraction
lower than in 1894; but, still, taking the prices of Cey-
lon tea generally, I think our company stands as well
as any oti’.er in this respect On this occasion wc have
again to welcome our Ceylon manager, Mr. Kerr, who
will be very hapiiy to give you any information you may
caro to ask ol him. The acreage of the company’s
estates remains the same. Y’ou will bo asked by and
by to record your appreciation of the services of both
the Loudon and Ceylon staffs, re-elect a director,
and also our auditor. Tho resolution I have to pro-
pose is : That tlie report and accounts, as now.

submitted, be adopted, and that a dividend ot 10 per
cent, (lice ol income-tax) bo paid on and after tuis
date.” (Applause.)

Mr. Donald Andrew seconded the motion, and con-
gratulated the shareholders on the contiuned good
position of the company.

Keptying to Captain Grant, tho Chairnuui said all
the buildings and machinery had been revalued and
reinsured Whenever any additions were made the
board was careful to have them insured. The in-
come from the reserve fund was included in the
item for interest in the protit and loss account. There
was still some labour trouble in Geyloii, but tilings
were no rvorso in that respect than they w'ere last
year. Ho thought they ought to ihank tho Cevlou
press for the manner in winch they directed attention
to the question of labour supply. The seciuiiics
winch were purchased with the reserve fund cost tlic
company £4,992, and they were to-day valued at
rather over .£5,277.

Ti e motion was then unanimously rcarried.

Mr. ii. W. Eorbos proposed the re-election of Mr.
Donald Andrew to his seat on the board, which w as
seconded by the Chairman, arrd carried, and, on the
motion of Mr. Sanderson, seconded by Mr. Menirell,
Mr. James 13. Laurie was re-elected tire auditor.

The Cliairman mor ed avote of thanks to the Ceylon
and London staffs, and poke in liigh terms cf Mr.
Kerr’s management. H read a letter from a share-
holder of the company residing at Ceylon, and who, he
said, was well-known out there, referring in warm
terms of priiise to tho management of the estates
under Mr. Kerr, and their general conditioir. The
Chaimnan also alluded to the excellent management
at the London office.

Mr. li. W. Forbes seconded the motion, which was
carried uanimously

Mr. David Kerr, in acknowledging the compliment
on his own behalf and iliat of the snperiutenUents in
Ceylon, said he could coirlidently say that all who were
working for the coinpairy in Ceylon had tho interests
of the company very much at heart, and were very
lirond to see it well to tlie front. The}' all did every-
thing they possibly could to get the best results out
of tho estates, and it was very gratifying to them
to find that their efforts met with approbation on this
side. \Vbile in this thankful frame of mind lie felt he
should lilvo to rolerto two debts of gratitude which ho
entertained. Tho lirst was to tlieir directors for tho
very kindly and tlioughtfnl imumorin wliich they had
treated them all in Ceylon, and also for tho strong
support and encouragement whicli thoj' had given him
porsomuly , as manager, in all the years tlioy had bocu
working. The eccond ilcbt of graliliido was to their

July i, iSgO.j

THE TROEICAL AGRICULTURIST.

37

worthy secretaries for the courteous way in which
they conducced all the corrcspondeuee. He was
proud to say that duriiij^ the whole existence of
the company, there had never been one hitch
between the Loudon office and the company’s
representatives in Ceylon, and he hoped such
a state of things might long continue. (Ap-
plause). He attributed this very much to the fact
that they had as their managing director a gentleman
who had a thorough knowledge of planting and of
planters themselves, which was a very great point
indeed. Sho.reholders would wish to hear a few re-
marks from him about the estates. All he could say
was in corroboration of what the managing director
had already state 1, and they had a tangible proof
today of the high value of those estates. As regarded
order and condition, they were certainly second
to none in Ceylon, and he thought there were
very few esta'es which, on the whole, came up to
them. The bushes w'ere in perfect health, the
estates were free from weeds, and the general culti-
vation was well up to dale. They had machinery
which was (luite up to the present time, and capable
of manutacturing not only their own leaf, but also of
taking in a considerable quantity of leaf beyond what
they were likely to produce on their own estate.
Another point of satisfaction in connection with the
machinery, was the splendid motive power they had
As a rule, in tlioir factories they were fortunate in
having powerful motors— turbines mostly— driven by
water, and anyone who knew anything about such
machinery would understand wliat a boon this
was in keeping down expenditure. No money
had been spared in putting the estates into
a condition of thorough efficiency. With regard to
cultivation by manuring, their object all along had
been to help the trees, and not overdrive them by
putting more manure into the ground than they
thought sufficient for the health of tlie trees. Had
they put more no doubt they could have given a
larf^er return of leaf than they had ; but they
had thought it unadvisable to do so. lloferring
to the progress that the company had made
in acreage since it started seven years ago, he
stated that although they had increased somewhat,
he regretted they had not done so to a larger extent.
He found that in 1880 they had a total acreage of
1,531 acres, which at the present moment had been
ncreased by over 400 acres, bringing the total up to
1,9.3 acres. When they “ top^red ” that and came well
into thousands ho should be better pleased. As re-
garded tea, they started with an accrage of 1,401
acres,' which he was glad to say had been brought
up to 1,722 acres, including the new clearing which
was now being planted. Of the tea planted in the
last few years, one of the clearings, anuounting
to 83 acres, had conic into bearing this year, ami
the remaining young tea would come into partial
bearing next year. As to the crops in 1839 they
started with an average per acre of about 228 lb. They
had gone on increasing until at the close of last
year they had a crop of 668,000 lb. of made tea, or
4331b. per acre, being about 7,000 lb. over the esti-
mate. That increase, he felt sure, was not only due to
manuring, but also to the new clearings coming into
be.aring. The average would be increased during the
year on which they had now entered, and would go
on improving for the next lew years. (Applause.)

Mr. J. Ferguson moved ; — “ That a cordial vote of
thanks be given to Mr. H. L. Forbes, Chairman and
managing director, and to his co-directors, for their
able conduct of the Company’s business.” He had
known their Chairman from his first day in Ceylon,
and his career as a hard-working, intelligent,
straightforward planter — first as superintendent, and
afterwards as managing proprietor, of his family’s
plantations — afforded an example which it would be
well to keep before succeeding generations of young
planters. Mr. Forbes was well-known as an ardent
cricketer and golfer ; but he never allowed recreation
to interfere with estate duties. Then, in the dark
days of coffee depression in Ceylon Mr. l'’orbes never
lost heart ; but even invested fresh capital at a time
when most men were clearing out of the island. On
the plantations thus formed, after being turned into
tea, rose the Scottish Ceylon Company, and ho need

not tell the shareholders how well its affairs had been
looked after by their managing director and his
colleagues, and how well they deserved this cordial
vote of thanks. (Applause.)

Mr. George Todd seconded the motion, which was
carried unanimously, and the xn'oceediugs then closed.
— Financial A^eir.«, May 14.

NOTES FhOM THlf MEIKOPOLIS.

oUTii Kensington, May 15.

I need say little liere about the Society of Arts
meeting on

“TEA IN DAKJEELING”—
having so fully dealt with the paper, separately.
But i may say that amongst 7U or 80 presents,
1 only saw one Ceylon man, Mr. J. Macintosh-
Smith of Caledonia, Dimbula (he left early, if
1 am right): but there was a number of Dar-
jiling and North India planters besides Mr.
Hancock, Mr. Ernest Tye and other “tea” men.
Sir Richard Temple— looking uglier than ever !
— proved a genial Chairman ; the paper deserved
all the credit given to it. but was badly de-
livered, Mr. Christian being nervous and hurried.
The slide illustrations weie, however, very good —
of the scenery, tea gardens, buildings, machinery,
coolies, bazaar, raihvay line, Ac, The full
discussion will follow' in the Society’s journal ;
but 1 may mention that Sir Stuart Bayley —
tall and grey— and Sir Chas. Elliott — shorter,
broader and almost white-haired, but very alert
— both spoke well and appreciatively. Mr.' Chris-
tian had one Ceylon slide of tea wuthering and
an old Darjiling planter made some fun by
calling on the lecturer to disavow the starved-
looking creature shown on the floor being a
Darjiling cooly— be could only belong to

Ceylon. (He w'as in reality, as I told the scep-
tic, only a Tamil boy and not a man ; for
be ought to come and see what sleek, well-
formed coolies Ceylon had to show' !)

THE SCOTTISH CEYLON TEA COMPANY’S
annual meeting is fully reported in the financial
papers, and both the Alanaging Director (Air. H,
L. Forbes) and Ceylon Manager (Mr. David
Kerr) met with a cordial welcome from the
shareholders present, who included Messrs. Jas.
Grant, Dod, yanderson, Keith, Arbuthnot, An-
derson, Geo. Todd, formerly of the Royal College,
Colombo. Air. Todtl retains his position in con-
nection with the ycottisli Educational Depart-
ment at Whitehall, and though older-looking like
all of us, is still hale and hearty, with a warm
corner for Ceylon.

I w'as glad to learn during a visit to the office
of Alessrs. Gow', AVilson A Stanton that they
are not at all afraid of the increased
I'EA SHIPMENTS

from Ceylon, in.'’smuch as there is no Indian tea
to compote at this time of year. They are only
selling on two days in the week now. They
show'ed me evidence of the tea making season
so far being unfavourable in Northern India, e.g.,
a card circulated in the City as follow' ; —

Tun Bkitish Assam Tea Companv, Limited.

Summary of Telegram received today from Messrs.

AIcLeod & Co., Calcutta.

Tea Alanufactured to 30th ult. (1896) . . 82 Maunds.

., ,, to same period of last

year (1895) . , 252 „

Dcere.ase (in 1895) .. 170 ,.

Decrease on 1894 . . 209 „

D. AI. SxEw.viiT, Secretary, 3, East ludia Avenue.
E.C. Loudon 6th Alav 1896.

38

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[July j, 1896,

If tills contiuues, and the Indian tea estimate
lias to be cut down, Ceylon mast have another
jirosperous year ; bub it is too early yet to
say much.

An ex-Ceylon colonist interested in tea at home,
remarking on a statement in your columns about
the need of iiromotiug the demand in Ilritain as
well as in new markets, writes

“ The enclosed cutting, and the last part of it,
from Oeerland Obso'oer of April 17th, page 392, hits
off exactly what I have held for years, and the best
way that I can think of to do this is to make a
fresh crusade against our teas being sold with Indian.
Little use trying to stop the sale of tea ‘ Indian
and Ceylon.’ The thing to do is to let the public
know what is a pure Ceylon. All very well to peg away
at new fields, but the U.K. must be our great outlet
for years to come. And even in the U.K. you can have
no idea how few people still know what a pure Cey-
lon tea is. Grocers and others won’t give it them.”

Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton mentioned
among other flourishing Ceylon Companies, tlie
strong position taken up by the

EASTERN PRODUCE AND E.STATES CO.
whose £5 shares were now sold for £5 15s, and
which was tlie subject of commendatory notice
in The Statist the otlier day for its good man-
agement ; —

A PuoMisiNO Inpustuiai,. — An industrial company
that we consider has an excellent position, and
which investors content with a comparatively low
yield, in the reliance on better limes in the not far
off future, should give attention to the Eastern
Produce and Estates Company, Limited, a tea com-
pany with estates in Ceylon. In respect of its area
under cultivation it is first on the list of tea com-
panies cither in India or Ceylon. The issued share
capital is £299,888, consequently it is of respectable
size, and commands a free market, and there are
Debentures in issue for £122,500. Only recently the
Company, owing to its steady progress, was able to
replace old Six per Cent Debentures, of which there
were about £150 000 a few months ago, with Pour-
and-a-Ualf per Cents. The estates owned by the
Company cover an area of 16,630 acres ; 10,337 acres
arc under tea cultivation, and on 9,000 acres the
plants are four years old. The yield of tea in 1895
was 3,276,000 lb., and the estimated yield for 1896 is
3,458,000 lb. 'Then, there is not far short of 1,000
acres under cocoa, coffee, and cardamoms, and the
balance of land is uncultivated or forest grass at
present.

For 1895, after covering Debeirture interest, re-
tiring £7,500 nominal of new issue of Debentures by
drawings, and setting aside £5,000 addition to the
reserve fund, already existent, the dividend on the
Ordinary was at the rate of 5 per cent for the year,
leaving the substantial balance of £10,182 to be car-
ried forward, equal to 3.t per cent upon the Ordinary
capital. The shares are quoted about 5J — J, giving
a yield of nearly 4J per cent on the dividend actually
paid for 1895 ; and now the area of land under tea
is thoroughly established the outlook is for larger
results year by year.

I was wrong, too, by tlie way, the other day
in supposing that “ the Ceylon and Oriental” was
the only one with debentures at 4^ per cent.
The Eastern Produce and Estates Co" is in the
same happy position of having 4^ per cent de-
oentures.

— ^

PLANTING IN PEKAK.

From the annual re])ort on the Ivuala Kangsar
District for 1895, ])ublished \n i\\Q rerak Govern-
ment Gazette of May 22, we quote the follow-
ing e.xtracts : —

'There arc now 13,107 acres in the district loBsed
out for coffee and iiopper planting. Of this area
about 1,200 acres have been already opened in coffee
and 00 acres in pepper,

To really open up this district as it should be
both in the direction of the Eruas, on the south,
Lasah, on the north and east, and Piah Lintah, on
the west, at least two more European Assistants are
necessary. I have every hope in seeing, in the next
year or so, several more estates opened in coffee.
Sir Graeme Elphiustone is desirous of selecting four
more estates of 500 acres each, and I have little
doubt that several more blocks will be applied for.
An experiment that has been tried on Waterloo
estates has answered very well. Here you will find
150 Chinese working at weeding the soil, handling
the trees and picking the berries better, according
to Sir Graeme, than any Tamil. These men are a
very poor stamp of coolie, being those that cannot
work in the mines, and are as a rule old gaol birds
and pauper patients from the State hospitals. If
really good men, of whom I am informed there are
plenty ready and willing to come, were got dovui
from China, it would certainly pay planters to give
them equal pay with the ragamuffin set now doing
such excellent work on Waterloo. Kuala Kangsar is
not in a tin district ; although there is tin in it, it
is very pockety. I would earnestly beg the Govern-
ment by everything in its power to push on plant-
ing in every form. There are acres and acres of
padi land that only want levels to be taken for the
natives to make the requisite tali ayees and anipavys,
with slight help, in most cases, from Government ;
the enhanced quit-rent for wEich would repay the
Govcruinent within three years. There are thousands
of acres of land, the soil of which is quite equal to
Kamuning or Waterloo estates, from the road level
up to 1,200 feet, covered with splendid timber, easy
01 access, only waiting to be taken up. 'The roads
are first class and with the raihvay at Chumor by
the middle of 1896 Ihc cartage from Kuala Kangsar
itself by road will only be 22 miles, and from
Kamuning and the land in its vicinity, only 10 miles.
Putting Down $200 per acre as the cost of opening
up the first 150, and $80 per acre for every sub-
sequent 100 acres, per annum, until 500 is planted
up with coffee coming into full bearing w'ithin four
years and yielding only five pikuls per acre at $40
per pikul, it does not take much calculating to prove
that, with average luck, after the sixth year the owner
of an estate of 500 acres would be drawing a very
fine income, on an outlay of £6,000.

From the Batang Padang animal report for
1895, printed in the same paper, we extract a.s
follows : —

One hundred and seventy-eight applications for new
land in small areas, chiefly tor coffee planting, were
dealt with during the year.

Applications were also registered for 1,435 acres in
large blocks for coffee and coconut planting.

The coffee in the district is generally looking and
bearing well and I am certain that if we could only
get a few jplanters to begin here there would be a
great future before the district. Even in the short
time that I have been here I have seen some magni-
ficent land. Of course it is out of the way at present
and wants opening up and if Government would under-
take to make a cart-road, or even a bridle-path to
begin with, provided a certain number of acres in any
particular locality were taken uf), I feel sure that
planters would come in. If a bridle-path were made
in the first instance and it was found necessary after-
wards to turn it into a cart-road to deal with the
traffic I see no reason why the Ceylon system of
grant-in-aid roads should not be instituted. This, as
far as I understand it, means that Government and
the planters benefited pay half the cost of the up-
keep each.

I cannot say that I am altogether in favour of
giving out small areas to Malays for coffee, they will
not work it properly, they allow weeds to grow up
all over the land to the detriment of any ncighbour-
ing estate and if any disease appears the weakened
coffee is a nursciy for it,, whence it spreads all over
the State. Land has been given out near the railway
station, which will, I hojic, have the effect, when it
is p anted, of lessening the fever which is so prevalent
in that part of the district.

July i, 1896.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

TEA IN DAR.) [LING— AND THE SCOPE EOE
PRODUCING THE FINEST TEAS IN
INDIA AND CEYLON.

The .special object witli which we uiade it our
business to be pre.seut at a meeting of tlie In-
dian Section ot the Society of Arts on May
14th, to hear Mr. S. Christison’s paper on
“ Tea Planting in Darjiling,’’ was to learn
how far an increased production of line teas
might be anticipated in tliat quarter. The re-
sult was, we think, eminently satisfactory.
The paper itself was a very full, instructive one,
ami exceedingly well-illustrated by lime-light
views. But there was a great deal, of course,
with no special bearing on the important (jues-
tion of future development. Mr. Christison,
however, showed a map of the Darjiling dis-
trict, with the tea gardens dotted over it ; also
of the adjacent district of Daling, in which
only three plantations had been o])ened, and
which he (the lecturer) — a plain, practical Scot
of very long exi>erience — pronounced unlit for
tea ; and thirdly of “ the Dooars ” at the foot
of the hills, which are now being freely en-
tered on and largely opened u)), but which
cannot be deemed a “ line tea district.” In the
com- e of his paper--an early copy of which is
sent you for republication — Mr. Christison men-
tionecl that the Government returns show- 329
square miles in Darjiling as “grants for tea
cultivation,” or one-fourth of the whole district ;
but one-thirteenth, or 7^ per cent, is actually
bearing tea so far. In the Daling hill ^ district
(which properly may be coupled wiMi the
Dooars) only 1,200 acres have been opened in
tea, so unsuitable are the soil and countiy
generally. In Darjiling proper, there arc now
TsO gardens with about 55,000 acres planted

and giving employment to 70,000 native.s,^
eluding children and other non-workeis. ^ihe
1895 crop from this acreage equalled 10,771,117 lb.
Among other novel experiences mentioned by
the lecturer were the fact that often the steeper

extremely steep— ground grows the better ten,

due to natives having frequently used the gentle
slopes ; and also that theii sturdy hillmen

capable of carrying a box of tea over 120 lb.
weight up 2,000 and sometimes 3,500 feet of
then- climbing from garden to railway, ga\e in,
fatigued after half-a-mile of Jlcd walking ! From
childhood in that steep broken country, the muscles
for climbing ui> and down alone are developed.
Mr. Christison iloes not consider the question of
m.anuring a pressing one in Darjiling ; for,
tliere, not more than 12 cwt. of gieen leaf per
acre is taken from the soil annually on an

average (or 33(5 lb. made tea per acie) lathei

dillerent from nearly 40 cwt. oi leaf sometimes
gathered on Mariawatte for instance. But the
lecturer said very truly that the Darjiling tea
crop is neither heavy nor exhausting, ami nitrogen
is freely returned to the soil in the rain in
tropical and sub-tropical lands. All this is equally
true as to crop (and rains, &c.) in the higher
districts of Ceylon with their line tea ])roduction.

Mr. Christison had a good deal to say about
transport, and also on buildings and machinery

several allusions being made to Ceylon and

ao-ain on tea preparation, especially the ler-
nmntation or “ oxid.aiion ” in which he evidently
thinks, as in regard to prei)aratiqn generally,
there is room for experiments and improvement.
The line quality of Darjiling teas, he con-
sidered to depend on the soil, vigour of the
bushes, variety of plant, elevation, and season
or weather ; but also on unremitting care in pre-

paration. He considers “the chemistry of te.a,”
— notwithstanding the valuable eH'orts of Mr.
Kelway Bamber and others — to be “ j)ractically an
unexplored field of investigation.” He considers
imrc As.sam or a high-class Hybrid as not suite<l
to give the true Darjiliiii.^ lia\'our in the tea —
a blend from China and Hybrid plants has
lU'oved best at that high elevation. Mr. Chris-
tison h.ad much to .say about “labour” — a grow-
ing dilliculty in Darjiling as elsewhere. He
spoke in the highest way of the Nepaulese as
workmen ; but the supply of men is falling off,
owing to recruiting for Felice and Government
transjjort purposes. The wages are oh to (3i
rupees a month for men, 4.^ to 5 for women, and
3 rupees for boys, and on this — particularly with
helps from extra tasks— money is saved and the
coolies li\e with great comfort.

In the discussion that followed — three past
Lieut. -Governors of Bengal — .Sir K. Temple
(Chairman), Sir .Stuart Baylej'^ and Sir Charles
Elliott — all bore testimony to the great importance
of the Darjiling Tea Industry in developing the
country, beneliting the natives and aiding the
Government; and in respect of “labour,” it was
shown that, ollicially, great pains were taken not
to interfere with the planters. But the Nepaulese
immigrants were naturally growing moi e enter-
prising, and found that even better wages could
be got by going further into India. Above all,
the officials congratulated tlie Darjiling em-
])loyers on not being hampered by a Labour Law,
ami warned them not to ask for it ! The curse
of the Assam Labour system were “ the middle-
men” Avho took care that each cooly sent there
cost RlOO a head, wliereas the Emigration
Agents for the Colonies got the same coolies to
Calcutta, ready to ship at an outlay of about
15 rupees a head ! The dill'erence dicl not bene-
lit the cooly or the Assam planter ; but went
into the pockets ot the middlemen. In resi)ect
of pea extemsion, (Sir Charles Elliott gave it as
his opinion that not much could be added to
the area under tea in Darjiling, although
individual planters might add 50 to 100
acres now and then. It Avas on this point we
specially Avanted to get information ; and so, on
being called on by the Chairman during the dis-
cussion, Ave ventured to point out that the 55,('00
acres uoav cultivated (giving 10 million odd lb. per
.annum) only represented a small proportion of
the land actually in privaie liands ; lor, Mr.
Chi istison load said the gi ants to gardens equalled
329 square miles or say 210,000 acre.S. True, Sir
Charles Elliott had indicated that |danters might
add 50 to 100 acres to their tea gardens; but
if this Avere done at an aver.age by 100 (out of
180) gardens and averaging 50 acres each, Ave
should get 5,000 acres a year. There Avas also
the question as to whether among large forest
reserves mentioned by Mr. Christison, there Avas
not good land suiteil for tea Avhioh might yet
be granted for gardens. In reply, Mr. Christison
gave it as his opinion that tlie pre.seut output
of Darjiling tea — 10 millions — Avas not likely, at
any rate for some ye.ars, to be materially in-
creased. And in private conversation Avitli him
after the lecture, we gathered that “labour”
Avas really one great dilliculty in the Avay of
extension, Avhile, also, as a matter of f.act, all the
best land in the grants had already been utilised.
But, Mr. Christison Avas equally frank in saying
that there Avas some very line land in the
Government reserves and neighbourhood of
Darjiling, Avhich, with a little official trouble,
might readily be made av.ailable for tea ;
and, if so, Avould be quickly taken up
and openeil. For the present, however, we

40

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

ijatliereil that tlierc is no prospect of Darjiliiif'
increasing its line supply of line teas to the houilon

market. .

Talking after the Scottisli Ceylon meeting witli
Mr. Donald Andrew— who has had a prolonged
experience in Southern India — ^ye touiul he (iiiite
a‘oeed that the area in the Nilgiris district for
tine teas could not well be largely extended
nor could much be looked for in the higher poi-
tions of the Wynaad, Ouchtcrlony Valley, etc.,
although in the rest of these districts, no doubt,
there is .scope for a very considerable develop-
ment of tea cultivation. Contrary, therefore, to
the opinion recenily expressed by Sir John Dnn-
linton, we have arrived at the conclusion that
there is not much fear of any special increase
in India of the luoduction oi fine calculated
to compete with the hue high-grown teas in
Cevlon, which distinguish a great part ot
Dimbula, Dikoya, Maskeliya, Maturata,
Rambotla, Udapussellawa, Isew tlalway, Uaputale
West, and the region still higher up. 1 .us is
an important matter; but at the same time
planters, in the region specified, quite understand
that if they are to keep up the reputation and
prices of their teas, special care and attention
must be given to cultivation, plucking and pre-
paration, and they must aim at ‘’quality lathei
than “quantity,” as Mr Hancock (of the well-
known Mincing Lane Broking House) well re-
minded us at the Society of Arts meeting. J.K.

CoFt^Eii IN Ceylon and Africa.— In (he
BmnlMU, Gazette we read ;-However well

cot U planters in Ceylon may have succeeded
Hie last year or two in overcoming the leaf-
1 «ease that so completely changed the economic
enmUtious prevailing in the Island twenty years
there is no likelihood wl.atcver of collee
its old place as the chief economic product.
&vlon tea has^o well established itselt in the
European markets, and its cultivation is .so free

hand

now

and

than

will

D-om the uncertainties attending collee planting,
tliat the colonists are not likely to return to the
old love that played them so falsely in the past.
Tim fragrant berry seems to have a much better
chance before it in British Central Africa, where
production is increasing by leaps and bounds.
The simde plant which was taken out to A yassa-
a few years ago by a Scottish gardener is
"the parent of many millions of trees,
it is estimated that this year no less
three hundred and twenty tons of coliee
be available for e.xiiort. This estimate is
contained in a report addressed to Sir 11. II.
inhnstoii by Mr. M. Master, the sub-commis-
si^ erin dirge of the Blantyre _ district. It
vmnains to be seen whether tiie industry wil
move as prolitable to those who have invested
ionev and labour thereon, as was the case with
the pincers of collee planting in Ceylon. At
nresent great ditliculties staml in the way of
Le planters, foremost amongst them being the
decrease in the available supply ot local labour
iid the consequent rise in wages. the planter
hns to pay no less than live shillings a
"inthior its' equivalent— to his native “ boy,”
r tl.o t«-o .himnp a

1 a vear ago was tiie local rate ot wages
U’ee Plantations in Central Africa. Land,
To^" n the township of Blantyre has doubled
’trebled in value during the past

months, ami
place which,
IS concerned

ter?

twelve
takini

other economic changes are taking
so far as the immediate future
do not augur well for the plan-

[JULV I, 1896.
INDIAN I’vVTENTS.

Applications in ri'spect of the undermentioned
inventions have been filed, dining the week i nding
Kith May Ib'.Ki, under the provisions of Act V of 1.S88.

An iMPllOVKMIiNT IN Tllli MlCTUOJ) OF PACKING TEA.
— No. 10'.) ol IHDli. — Henry fcjabow, engineer, of Kur-
seong, ill the district of Darjeeling, Bengal, for an
iinpiovcineut in the method of packing t-u, to be
called “ II. Sabow’s patent violating tea packer.,’

ImPKOVEMENTS in tea EEAI’-IIOLLING -VIACIIINES. — No.
17‘2 of 1890. — Haimiel Cleland Davidson, merchant’
of Sirocco Engineering Works, Belfast, Ireland,
for inqirovements in tea leaf-roliing machines.

Spocihcatioiia of the undermentioued inventions
have been filed under the provisions of Act V of 1888.

I.lllTIOVEMENTS IN OK CONNECTED WITH MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS rOR DRYING TEA LEAF OR THE LIKE. — No.

1U8 of 18'JO. — William Jakson, engineer, of Thorn
Grove, Mannofield, Aberdeen, North Britain, for
improvements in or connected with machinery or
apparatus for drying tea leaf or the like. (Filed
11th May 189(5). — Indian and Eastern Enyineer, May 80.

SHAN TEA SEED.

Whether the promising outlook that Indian tea
has assumed since Easter will be sustained or not
remains to be seen, but certainly there appears
every prospect that for this year, at any rate, tea
wall maintain the profitabie position it has occupied
for the past two seasons. This will doubtless beget
a fresli insistence on further extensions and conse-
quently a corresponding demand for seed, and as no
one in a position to plant will look at other than
the best kind, there is likely to be a dearth of the
favourite (so-called) Munipuri seed. True, many of
the new gardens planted during the past decade have
been put down with this, but, as we pointed out
three years since, it by no means follows that the
seed from these will produce seedlings of the same
standard, lor wherever thrown up xilantations of the
old kind of hybrids exist in the neighbourhood, hy-
bridising must to a greater or less extent, take place,
tiiough, perhaps, for the next two or three years the
deterioration may not be very apparent ; still it is
going on and in the natural order of things, will in-
crease each successive season. It would be as well
therefore if i rrangemenis weie made to ensure
future supplies ot seed as uncontaminated as
possible.

Munipuri, itself, the llukong Valley and the eastern
ravines of the Naga Hills, in and around Swemi
abutting on the valley of the Maglung, are capable
of furnishing a large amount of pure seed, but can-
not be expected to meet the wnole demand, hence
it would be as well if measures were taken during
the lains to ascertain what quantity may be pro-
curable from the Sban States, of which we heard so
much a few weeks back. The Nagas of north-
western Burma, unacquainted with the value of the
tea plant, have destroyed whole tracts by tlieir per-
nicious method of dealing by jhumimi, or there
would have been an unlimited supply derivable from
the Hukong and its neighbourhood. But the Shans,
though I ot actuall3- cultivating tea, conserve it,
though pruning pretty severely should still have no
inconsiderable slocks in their valleys, and as the
country is not an unhealthy one to travel in (even
during the rains), there should be little difficulty in
sccuiiug the wliole crop. We could certainly depend
upon the puritj of this supply, and plantations estab-
lished in 'Travancore, or, still better, the Anda-
mans and Tenasserim, would furnish sufficiently iso-
lated spots, to guard against coniamination.

Much, of course, could bo done to preserve from
hybridisation, the recent additions to the Assam gar-
dens if suliicicnt labour were available to pick off
the blossom from the thrown up plantations in the
autumn, or severely cut back the plants below the
llowering point; but, on the whole, we incline to
the opinion that the better plan would be the adop-
tion of the isolated seed gardens we recommend. —
Indian 1‘tantcra' Gazette, May 28.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

41

jULV" I, 1896.

COFFEE IN NORTH EORNEO.

Mr. Henry Walker writes to us; — I visited Mr-
Edward Walker’s estate in Moiudu Bay on the
•1th May. I was staying at Toritipan coffee
estate lelonging to the Borneo Coffee Company, when
Mr. Walker came over to visit the managej’, Mr.
Schuck, and I was glad to have the opportunity of
visiting a coffee estate opened by a Ceylon planter.
We left Toritipan early in the morning and were ac-
companied to the estate landing place hy the Messrs.
Schuck who had supplied us with a good sailing boat
(and four coolies) in which we dropped down the small
creek which runs about a mile and a half to the sea,
at the entrance into which stands the Toritipan vil-
lage. We had a fair wind, and putting up the nipa-leaf
sail wc soon passed the police station at Taujong
Batu, where the contract steamer “ Norniauhupt ”
calls four times a month on her coasting trips, and hy
twelve o’clock we arrived at the mouth of the Menpa-
kad river, v\hich runs through Mr. Walker’s estate.
We landed at the Campoug of Bajows, who are the
fishermen of Borneo, and proceeded along a bridle
track, and up the rising land on which the estate
stands, and reached the bungalow in twenty minutes. I
w'ent down to the stream at once and found a pool in
the shade of the jungle where I got a lovely bath, and
then came back to breakfast. In the evening Mr.
Walker took me through a part of the clearing to see
the country at the back, low' rolling liills with easy
slopes, mostly covered with second growth, but within
about a mile of the sea there is big jungle. The soil
appeared to be similar to Toritipan, but not so rocky:
indeed, I saw rro rock except in the river. The soil is
of a rich dark red or chocolate colour with a greasy
feel w'hen wet, but when dry it pulverizes and granu-
lates in a most curious way, and, when a heavy rain
comes on, it sinks into the ground at once, and there
i.s little or no wash. A most suitable soil for coffee,
as is now proved by the splendid trees at Toriti-
pan. Mr. Walker has felled about 50 acres of
small jungle and the ground is very clean, although the
weeding has not yet been fairly taken in hand. A little
clearing up and burning remains to bo done. Holing has
been commenced, ten feet apart, and the coffee nur-
series are coming on nicely. Planting will probably
be finished in July: indeed, a few plants are already
out and look healthy. Mr. Walker finds it best to
use small shingles for shade as done at Toritipan, and
as the coolies can cut them at 70 cents a thousand
the expense of shading is not great, especially as
the shingles can be used again. So far Mr. Walker
has had no trouble about getting labour. The
Dusun villagers near tlie estate number about 500,
and at Pingan Pingan, tw'O and a half miles distant,
the village contains 1,000 Dusuns who are willing to
work at prices which give them about 1(> cents a
day. Mr. Walker tries to do everything by con-
tract, which does away with the necessity of keeping
hours to which the ordinary native objects. They
work well but like to go to work and knock off at
their own time. Mr. Walker tells me he expects to
bring the coffee into bearing for 10 pounds sterling per
acre. He pays j(i2'‘25 per acre for felling, and for
the clearing up, burning, holing and one weeding he
i^avG out f\i Ktiiiill coutruct a»t the hcig. ClGtiiiiig
up and burning depends on the kind of jungle; for
holing the price is one cent for four holes and
the weeding will be done for under one dollar per
acre per month. At Toritipan the bungalow field is
now weeded for 80 cents and there appears to be no
reason to pay more after the weeding is well in
hand Mr. Walker’s bungalow is 28' x 32’, plank floor,
kadjau walls and atap roof ; it is well raised from the
ground and later on a dining-room will be niade
below the present floor. The cost, so far, lias been,
including kitchens, under jjslaO- As regards food Mr.
Walker tells me the chief. Serif Huya, kills cattle several
times a mouth and always sends some meat for which
Mr Walker invariably pays, b'owls and ducks can
always be bought, besides which there is already a
capital poultry yard at the bungalow. I saw a good
many villagers passing the bungalow on the path to
the fishing village laden with vegetables, which include
melons, sweet potatoes, yams, and beans, i'lsh is
plentiful at three cents a pound. We called in a(,

b

one house and asked for water, which was pre-
sented in a glass and the woman who filled
it wore a dirty jacket trimmed with a sort of
lace. The house W'as little b, tter than a birdcage,
but as it was only intended to last for ono padi
crop, or at moft two years, little trouble was ex-
pended on it, and the numl.ci- of people living in it
was astonishingly large for the space available. The
people seemed well nourished and the children I saw
were fat. The padi in the house was particularly
good, and judging by the length of the straw I should
say the crop must have been large, which one would
expect from the richness of the soil.

Mr. Walker says he finds the place healthy. He
has had fever, but ho is looking very fit and has put
on weight since last Bepdember when he came from
Ceylon. Medicines are obtainable at the hospital in
Kudat but at very high prices, and it is better to
import supplies. Dr. lloaro of the London Borneo
Tobacco Estates prroposcs to establish a convalescent
hospital at Taujong Batu which would serve for the
estates generally, and such a scheme would doubtless
be supjported by ihis estate and by Toritipan as well
as by the Lang Horn Tobacco estate.

Kudat is about fifteen miies distant across Morudu
Bay, and the pjath to Pitas Tobacco Estate, where
there is a doctor and four planters, is some ten
miles (unmeasured) distant. I suppose, in Morudu
Bay, and at Pitas, the number of Europeans is now
about forty. Tobacco planting i.s, however, a close
and engrossing pnnsuit, and except on pay days,
which occur on the 1st and Ifith of the month,
the tobacco pilaut;r knows little cessation from work.

I should mention, however, that they get a good
deal of sport, as I know tw 0 who have killed over
eighty deer in Moduru Bay, and one who
killed many rhinoceros on the Kinabatangan.
Of course, on the coffee estates Sunday is ob-
served as a day of rest. Since he began to open
here, Mr. Walker has killed eleven sambur deer
and two kijangs, and along the coast there are
lots of curlew. On the estate itself, and in the padi
clearings round about, pigeons of several kinds are
plcuitful, and the Bay affords variety in boating.
The piath from Menpakad to Toritipan is fourtem
miles long. Mr. Schuck has ridden it, but it was
difficult work. As it passes through good soil for coffee.

I expect to see more estates along the sides of the
Bay, and the opiprortunities for social intercourse
will then increase.

Having suffered severely from the strong winds which
mark the monsoon in Ceylon, in days now long gone
by, I should like to say that so far I have
never seen any damage done to coCee by wind
in North Borneo, nor do I think there is any part
of the territory wind-blown, as is the case in
Ceylon.

«.

NOTES FBOM THE IMETKOPOLIS.

South Kknsinoton, May 8.
,sii; JOHN aiuii: and uiMbUfi.v vallky estatks.

Tlic groat iiow.s lidoro tlio little (.'eylon plant-
ing world ill liondon duiiiig the past lew days
is that Sir -lolni Muir, Bart. — in the matter of
the Elgin and Belgravia estates transfer— has
given way, as Mr, dames (Sinclair and his co-
directors always said he would, sujiported by
everybody on this side, who were at all cognisant
with the facts of the case. No doubt, Sir John
was not aware in Ceylon of all that had tran-
spired here, and he was also, perhapvs, the I'e-
cipient of bad advice — at any rate, our conteni-
jiorary was in stating so prominently and per-
sistently that the sale was broken — that the
transfer could nut take pilace, ami so on. You
have had the answer to this before you ere now,
for on Wednesday, May 6th, the Secretaries of
the Sylhet Company wired to their attorney
in Colombo to transfer Elgin and Belgravia on
the terms agreed upon originally — so now every-
thing must be smooth sailing. There can be no

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [July i, 1896.

question tlie Dinibula Valley Tea Company acquiied
those properties at a bargain, but that that
shoukl be a reason for repudiating the sale was a
ridiculous idea, to say tlie very least. There is
not an ficre of poor soil on the wiiulc group of
this company — the properties aie all liigh class
and as one old Ceylon planter who owns
shares jmt it, — “when the Dimbula ^ alley
Company ceases to yivo handsome dividends,
Gotl lic'lp the 'I’ca Enterprise in Ceylon ! ’ In
any case, the Company’s iirst sale of tea a few
clays ago at over Is average is a good augury ;
and clearly

MK. JAMES SINC'LAIK

has every faith in it, as his not having taken a
penny out of the sale of his ])laces shows. Not only
so, but 1 hear that his three sons are large share-
holders and many personal friends besides. Mr.
Sinclair’s “bread and butter” inust depend on
the success of the Company; and if he had no other
incentive than this the shareholders might rely
on his leaving no stone unturned to make the
Company a success.

CEYLON AND ORIENTAL E.STATES CO., LU.

The sati.sfactory report, which I sent you by
last mail, was duly passed by the shareholders
at the meeting yesterday of “The Ceylon and
Oriental Estates Co., Ld.” 1 was not able to
be iirescnt ; but a friend who was there sends
me the following notes : —

“The chairman (Mr. H. C. Smith) had practi-
cally nothing to add, beyond what the report
contains, except that the current year had begun
well, and that the crops (tea) secured for January,
Eebruary and March showed an Increase over the
like months in 1895 of about 25 per cent. After a
few ordinary questions had been asked and answered
the report and accounts were adopted ; then followed
the passing of the dividends, re-election of directors,
and election of auditors, and the proceedings termi-
nated with a vote of thanks to the superintendents
and directors.”

TEA SllIR.MENTS FUO.M CEYLON FOR MAY.

The heavy shipments of tea telegraj)hcd as
likely to be made from Colombo during May
(lUi million lb.) may temporarily .affect the Jiiarket
here ; but the prospect for the year as a whole
continues good, even in the face of the increased
crops estimated for India and Ceylon.

MR. WELTON.

^'I'he gentleman wdio amended and secondetl my
propos.al of thanks to the directors .and ollicers
of the Eastern I’roduce and Estates Co. was I
lind Mr. Welton, undoubtedly the well-known
li(iuidator of the Oriental IJank, and it would be
interesting if the opportunity presented itself to
ask him when the long expected diviilend is
to be ]iaid in wdiich so many people are in-
terested

At a meeting in the city yesterday of the
IMPERIAL CEYLON TEA E.STATES CO.

— at which the decision was taken to complete
the purchase of the Binoya estate— I hail the
pleasure of meeting Messrs. B. A. Bo.s.anquet and
(}. E. Worthington, both looking very well, espe-
cially Mr. Bosanquet, mIio reported that he had
so thoroughly recovered the use of Ids broken
limb iis to be able to ride a bicycle w'ith com-
fort and advantage. 1 had afterwards just lime
to shake hands with the veteran Mr. John Tyn-
dall who looked both hale and hiiarty and reported
that that still older veteran, Mr. John Caiqier
continued to be able to move about with ease.
In the ollice of Messrs, Barley A Butler besides
Mr. Theodore .Stretch, a former merchant of
Colombo, 1 met Mr. MucMurtiu luul Mr. J. Mail-

land-Kirwan, and the latter is as hopeful as the
promoters of the Acme Tea Chest, that his pa-
tent for tea packing boxes will yet become popu-
lar and freely used in Ceylon ; it is making
its way grtidually in the meantime.

CEYLON TEA FOR AMERICA : COMPLAINT.S A.S TO
(iUALITY.

I was sorry to hear from more than one quarter
that certain shipments of very poor Ceylon tea
have been made to America, so indifferent indectl
that in one case an American tea-dealer said
that he felt inclined to throw it into the street
rather than serve it to his customers. Whatever
m.ay be said about the custom of sending poor
Ceylon teas to England or Australia, in the case
of America to do so at the present time when
we are trying to eonquer the country for our
teas is absolutely suicidal, if not wicked ; and
the Ceylon Planters’ Association ought to offer
a reward for the di.scovery of the .shipper, who
is doing his best in this way to undo the work
of the Ceylon Tea Fund and discredit the colony.
It is ilillicult enough to force on our good teas
in America, but if the attempt is made to send
trashy stulI .across the Atlantic on .account of
cheapne.ss, farewell to the hope that a striking
adv.ance c.an be made during tlie next few years.
In this connection I have had eonlirmation of
the extraordinary rates charged for advertising
in the United States — far above anything known
in Englaiul, and as a consequence, showing the
much greater imiiortance ait.ached to, aiul the
competition existing for, advertising among the
commercial and trading folk over there. Mr.
Mackenzie told me that the back cover of a
])opular magazine published in New York was
let .as high as £75 for one insertion of a page,
advertisement. Well, now in England I do not
think that half this amount is obtainable for the
most popular of our periodicals. Cooper, Cooper
A Co., the great tea-dealers, filled .a whole page
of the London 'Times the other day, equal in
size, of course, to many periodical pages, but I
do not suppose the cost was one-half that of the
rate mentioned above.

MR, J. L. SIIANl).

Mr. J. L. Shaiul is starting tomorrow, I hear,
for Costa llica on a mission which will occupy
a couple of months, in connection with coffee-
[ilanting develojiment, supported by a City .Syndi-
cate.

Some time ago 1 learned that there w.as a
similar project in connection with the States of
Colombia, for which Mr. A. II. Uunc.an might
possibly be eng.agcd to report on forestland, Ac. ;
but this was a mistake, and Mr. .Shand’s is, 1
believe, the only mission.

iJisADVANTAOEs OF bAW bu.AOE. — A correspondent
remiuds ua that shade of any kind is bad for tea,
as the effect on flushing, as Bamber states, is deci-
dedly prejudicial. The writer states tliat this is his
own experience also both in Ceylon and South India
for the last 15 years. Of course, where blight is so
bad that toa won’t Hush at all, then the lialf loaf
under shade is better than no broad in the open
lie further states that he has found shade in tea
dr.vw a weak, spindly flusii, which does not liquor well.
Tills is of course absolutely true, but we are not
aware that wc ever reooinmcnded tiio planting of
Albi-^eia sli/nilald, or any other true as s/mdc for tea.
What wo advocate is the choice of tliis special tree
ill or near toa are planted in lieu
of either bluegums or grevellias. The litter, when
cut (lo\yii for fuel or thinning purposes, will greatly
eiirich the sod even without counting the beneficial

May2ll Upinion,

July i, 1896.J

THE TROPICAL

agriculturist.

43

THE HOME DTTIES ON TEA.

Eviileiitly there i.s a strong party in tlie House
of Commons that miglit he ex|)ecteil to .support
protectionist measures. The i)ioposal, tliat wliile
the present duty on tea should be retained
against Ciiina .and other foreign growths it sliould
be .annulled in the case cf all Hritish produc-
tions, is about as strong an instance of protec-
tionist tendencies as could well be imagined. It
can create no surprise that tlie Government re-
fused to consider this propo.sition ; but so long
.as it i)ermits the present anomalous position here
in Ceylon with regniril to tlie inland grain ta.xa-
tion anti the import duty on rice, so long must
we regartl it as content to strain .at the gnat
while sw.allowing the camel-. For as regards the
suggestion as to tea, its -adoption would at least
liave favoured British subjects at the expense
of the foreigner. As respects our rice and paddy
t.a.xes the injustice lli.at exists is felt only by
British subjects. But general opinion will be,
we think, on the side of ministers in their re-
fus.al to consent to what was asked in the c.ase
of our staple. The planters of Ceylon and India
are i^uite .able to hold their own in the competi-
tion to which they are now e.xposed, witliout
seeking for adv.antages which would be in opposi-
tion to the principle of Free Tr.ade. As matters
.are as regards the import duties on tea, they
have not only held tlieir own, but have fairly
beaten China out of tlie held. Whether the day
may yet come tli.at may, in the interests of
British jdanters, deimand a dilferential treatment
in their favour, we cannot pretend tofore.see. But,
until it should arrive— if it ever do .so— we
conceive that there exists no desire to seek tlie
advantage suggested. It is very certain, that,
were once the door opened in the c^e of tea,
there would be claims made of a similar nature
for the jiroteytion of almost every other form
of British production. We are by no means
obstinately conservative as regards the principles
of Free Tr.ade. We cannot shut our eyes to
the fact that Great Britain is severely handi-
capped by the refusal of foreign countries to
<n-ant reciprocity, and it is further open to .argu-
ment at le.ast .as to whether some nie.asure of
protection might not be justiliably accordetl in
the interest of some of the agricultural in-
dustries of the mother country. But as reg,ards
tea it seems to us that we c.an afford to Jet
welh alone. It is very certain that, with
present an<l prospective dem.ands upon the Im-
perial revenue, the abolition of the duties upon
British-^rown tea must create a position of the
gravest °diliicnlty. And we agree too with the
rebutting argument employed by the Minister
who spoke .ag.ainst the propos.al. The i)Oorer classes
in England are relieved .altogether from any pay-
ment of direct taxation. But it is only fair th.at,
iu a degree and .according to their cap;icity,
these should contribute towards the expenditure
by which- they secure pe.ace at home and protec-
tion .abroad. It is only by taxation of some
portion of the necess.aries of life consumed by
such classes that this contribution can be ob-
tained. The duty on tea— in itself not an abso-
liite “ necessary”' of life— must be .as little felt
as any import upon these could be. If it were
.abolislred in preference to the taxation upon
other articles of import, it would probably be
compulsory to t.ax some other article which would
be more a “necessary” th.an tea is. We do not
think the projiosition m.ade has been wisely
considered. And wh.at is more, we doubt if it
h.as been put forward chiefly in the interest of
the tea grower. There are numerous intermedi-

.aries eng.aged in the tea tr.ade who, we expecti
would be the chief benelitters had sucli a pro-
[)osition been adopted.

DRUG IlEFORT.

(From the Chemist and JtriKjcjist.)

Lonhon, May 14.

Seeds (Variol'.S).- Of 33 pack.ages Annatto-seeil, none
sold. ■ For good l)right Madras 5d per lb. would be ac.
cepted ; West Indian was boughl in at 5d per lb.

Various Drlios.— Coca-leaves : No fine qualities were
offered, although CO b.ales were sliown today. Brown
Huanoco were bought in at Is 6d, and 1 bale of ordi.
nary dull greyi.sh le.aves sold at Is per lb. Twenty-one
e ses very d.ark bioken Fast Indian ciittlefl.sh-bone
sold cheaply at :]d to Ijd per lb. Twenty-eialit bags
dark Cubebs, without stalk, were bought in at 35s
per cwt.

OiES (Ksse.ntiae). — Citronella oil is still declining ; sales
of tins near at hand are sai<l to h.ave taken place at
Is -2d per lb., c. i. f. terms, wliile about eight tons jn
drums sold at the end of last week at Is 3d per lb.,
C. i. f. Londo 1 shipment, till end of September. Twelve
drums Citronella oil (Scliimmel's test) were bought’ in at
Is 4i| per lb,, while for 2 cases of WinteFs brand 3i(
(ler OP., is a.sked

— ^

THE PASSING OF CINCHONIDIA.

The sudden demand during the past two weeks,
which called for many thousand ounces of cinclio*
nidia, revealed the fact, which was, without doubt,
patent to close observers, that there was practically
no stock on hand, and the question naturally arises,
what is to be the outcome of the situation which has
somewhat suddenly become manifest. There appears
to bo but one answer, and that is, the end of cincho-
nidia is at hand. It has seen its best days, and will
soon be classed with the “has beens.” The salt
cannot be said to have lost caste with the profession
and the trade, but, on the contrary, it has doubtless
steadily grown in favor ever since its usefulness was
discovered, and so long as a supply was obtainable its
cheapness, as compared with quinine, made a steady,
although not very extensive demand for cinchonidia.
The Peruvian and Ceylon barks contained it in
sufficient quantities to make it worth the while of
manufacturers to market it, but since the quinine
makers became obliged to confine themselves to
the use of the Java barks, the days of cinchonidia
have been numbered. In the selection of varie-
ties of barks for cultivation in .lava, particular
attention was paid to those which yielded the
greatest proportion of quinine, owing to the natural
preference and ready sale for it in quantities greatly
in excess of any of the other alkaloids found in the
cinchona barks of commerce. This preference for
quinine was doubtless in great measure traceable to
the fact that it was the first of the alkaloids dis-
covered, hence appealed more strongly to the manu-
facturing chemist as a means of profit, providing it
proved to be of therapeutic value. Its value having
many years ago been satisfactorily proven, little at-
tention was paid to its associate alkaloids until about
the year 1874, when Howard & Son of London be-
came convinced, from a series of experiments made
by the English Government in India, that it pos-
sessed properties which made it almost as valuable
as quinine, if not equal to it in some respects. They
also learned that the first in value, of the cinchona
alkaloids, was quinidia : then came quinine, cincho-
nidia and ciuchonia, in this order. As the first-named
was obtained in such small quantities, little attention
was paid to it, but cinchonidia promised a profitable
return on the slight expense attendant on the methods
employed for isolating it and prepai’ing it for the
market. Within a very short time after the announce-
ment of its therapeutic value. Powers & Weightman
determined to begin a campaign of education with
a view to making an outlet for their accumulation
of stock, which had been going on for years. Like
every other judicious manufacturing chemist, they
had saved everything in their manufacturing pro-
cesses. that might some day prove of value, with the
result in this case that they had a stock of many

44

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

[July i, 1896.

hundred thousand ounces. They realized that the
only way to reach the desired end was through the
medical profession. They, therefore, sent out traveller.s
to call upon physicians, they published and distri-
buted a large quantity of literature on the thera-
peutic value of the alkaloid, and spent thousands of
dollars in postage, distributing at least 100,000 ounces,
if not more, to the profession. In due season came
their reward, and cinchonidia assumed its place in the
ranks of the drugs of known value. With quinine
selling at ^.50 per ounce, they were very glad to
dispose of cinchonidia at p.30 per ounce. Uith
comparatively little use for it in Germany, the makers
there were only too glad to dispose of their product
to the United States, and thousands of ounces per
annum were imported into this country.

In a few short years, or in 1877, quinine com-
menced to decline in price, owing partly to improved

E recesses of manufacture, and naturally cinchonidia
egan to be affected. It h.td been sold at one-half
the value of quinine. When it had reached twenty-
five cents an ounce, the manufacturers thought it
was unprofitable to them, nevertheless they continued
to save it, and marketed many hundred thousand
ounces at two and one-half cents per ounce in bulk.
The lowest price it ever reached being, so far as we
know, one and five-eighths cents per ounce.

With cheaper quinine came a decrease in the de-
mand for cinchonidia from the profession, but a demand
had sprung up from makers of patent medicines, which
steadily increased and prevented an accumulation of
stocks for any length of time. A certain prejudice had
arisen in the minds of many persons against qui-
nine, which presented an opportunity to many ven-
dors'of proprietary medicines that they were not
slow to take advantage of, and many nostrums made
their appearance as chill remedies “ containing no
quinine," and obtained a wide sale. It is these
remedies which will be hard hit by the changed
conditions, and doubtless the demand for quinine will
be correspondingly increased.

Cinchonidia has to some extent been used to
adulterate quinine, but probably not to the extent
that is popularly supposed. The manufacturers of
ills cannot be accused of using it, as each one
eeps such a close watch on the products of tlio
other as to preclude the possiblity of any chances
being taken. Cinchonidia pills are sold, however,
being ofttimes prescribed. Indeed, some physicians
prefer them, believing this alkaloid to be equal to
quinine as an antiperiodic. Possibly it might have
ranked with quinine in many other respects had
not the impression been prevalent that a much lar-ger
dcse than that of quinine was necessary in every
case in order to produce the same effect. For
years there has been a growing prejudice against
large doses, and in favor of administering drugs
in the most concentrated forftis possible. Many
physicians prefer cinchonia. It has been found to
produce a more perfect cinchonism hence a better
lasting effect, but the large dose necessary to pro-
duce the desired effect has precluded the possibility
of its extended use.

With the relegation of cinchonidia to the ranks
of past favorities will go quiuidia and cinchonia, for
the same reason, leaving the field to quinine. — Oil
taint and Diw/ Jieportcr, New Y’ork, May 1.

BECHUANALAND AND ITS PLANTING
POSSIBILITIES.

Mr. Prior Palmer, of Dotel Oya, Aranayaka,
writes to a contenqxnary : —

“ The best proof of whether there is any-
tliing in what Mr. Macleod says, is that when
our expedition w.as nearly over. Government
offered any of us K»,b0U acres of land free for
ever; provisions, rille, and ammunition for two
years, also a horse, on condition that we would
lie liable to be called out for .service at any Lime.
Now, to my knowledge, not one took uii the
grant. I saw a good deal of the country, and,
with the exception of a few cases, where tliere

was some heavy timber, cliielly mimo.sa trees,
there was nothing hut jioor sandy soil tliat would
take *2(t acres to fee<l a cow, and the only means
of wateiing cattle would he by making huge
dams, which are Idled by means of artesian
wells, worke<l by wind-mills. The.se are gene-
rally near large stores, wdiere everytliing can
be brought from a needle to an anchor. What
rivers and streams we saw, were quite dry
to the naked eye ; but by scraping down a foot
or so you got gooil water, and at long distances
there were deep jiools, where we used to catch
large lish. As to growing coffee, I saw no land
for that, and where is the rain ? There winter
is a hot sun in the middle of the day, with hard
frost at night. I have often seen six men lyine-
together, so as to get them six blankets to help
for w’armth, and in the morning their mous-
taches and whiskers were • stiff wdih hoar frost.

That is a tine place for coffee ! I was shew n
one coffee tree near a Boer’s hou.se, and it looked
very well, and had a good crop ; but it was
watered every day. 1 should think that, if Mr.
Macleod hapi)ens to take any of my countrymen
out to farm there, he will "et a dose of mercury
for his trouble ; and I would strongly advise anj"
Ceylon man to be very careful to give it a wide
berth, as far as I saw of the country. There
was good shooting in [larts of Bechuanaland, and
that is pretty well ])layed out since I was there,
• 1 hear. One of the great things they grow' there
is ‘ water melons’ which, as you know', require
a very dry climate and soil.”

MB. OTA NT ON TEA.

The Oriental Economist prints an interview'
that a representative hail with Mr. Otani, the
leading tea merchant of Yokohama, on the sub-
ject of the tea industry. Tea manufacture, Mr.
Otani confe.sses, is still very imperfect, ow'ing
to the ignorance of Jaiianese manufacturers olf
foreign taste. Manufacturers in Japan have
left the liring and packing of lea to resident
mercliants from the very outset, until, it has
come about that tea, no matter how' excellent in
quality, has to undergo re-liring at Yokohama or
Kobe. Japanese tea before it reaches the latter
jiorts is in a half-manufactured state. There
is no question that Japanese tea must be im-
inoved in quality, and that before long. A
law issued by the United States GoveriHiient
in 188.3 against the import of deteriorated
tea, w'as a signal^,!® teamen in Japan that
urgent step must be taken to improve the
quality of their output. In that year the prin-
cipal tea manufacturers and merchants of
•lapan held an extraordinary general meeting at
Kobe to discu.ss the best way of lifting the
industry from its low level. The result of that
meeting appeared next year in the form of the
Tea-Guild llegulations. In 1887, a Government
notification dealing w-ith the matter in a
comnrehensive form w'as issucil. These efforts
of the tea men and the Government have
acted more or less beneficially in .Shizuoka,
where marked improvement has been achieved!
I’oints in w’hich improvement is now needed
are as follows ; — (1) liiyiiig ; ('!) preservin'''

from impregnation w'ith smoke ; (3) steaim
big; (■!) storage: (.I) .adulteration ol new tea
with old ; (0) di.si-ontinnance id' the practiee of
picking leaves grown alter the 3rd piid^ing ; (7)
discontinuing the immufaeture of inleiior kinds
of te.a. Interior teas mentioned in t he 7th clause
uie ino.stly niaiiniacturod in Miiu) aiul iiorlhcru
Ise, and are sold for mixing with tea of a superior

July I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

45

quality. This mixing impairs the reputation of
Japanese tea, and shouUl be positi\ely discon-
tinued. Mr. Otani is not sanguine that Ja))an-
ese mendiants c.an for some time to come lire
and pack teas for foreign export, seeing liow
much improvement is needed in the earlier
stages. Nor could they hope to obtain the
credit that is given to foreigners by tlieir clients
in the West, to which diliiculty must be added
the fact that they are very inditt'erenb judges
of Western taste. — Japan Weeldy Mail, May 2,

EUCALYPTUS.

The uses to which eucalyptus may be applied are
many, some of which are but little known. It is a
genus of trees of the natural order of Myrtacae, and
nearly all are indigenous to Australia, where they
are called “gum trees” or “ stringy bark trees,” from
their gummy or resinous products. But the tree mostly
favored is eucalyptus globulus, and is now very fami-
liar in Europe, having been of late years extensively
cultivated, especially in the Mediterranean region.
But it was not introduced there until the year IS.'SG,
when seeds v/ere sent to Paris. Now it may be met
with in various parts of England, as visitors to Corn-
wall can testify, for it is only in such a locality that
it is able to grow without shelter. This tree has a
specially high reputation as a hygienic agent in damp,
unhealthy and malarious situations, and has, therefore,
been planted in many parts of Europe. Its value has
been alternately ascribed tc the antiseptic action of
its camphorlike odors and to its rapid growth, which
sometimes exceeds ten feet per annum, and the con-
sequent drainage of the soil through the enormous
transpiration from the leaf surfaces.

Since the year 1870, when the tree was planted in
its cloisters, the Monastery of St. Paolo a la tre
Fontana has become habitable throughout the year,
although situated in one of the most fever-stricken
districts of the Roman Campagna. This property
of destroying the maisma of marshy localities might
be made use of in many districts to advantage and de-
serves the attention of those connected therewith,
as it will thrive in any situation having a mean an-
nual temperature not belo\v 60 degrees F'., and it
will not endure a temperature of less than 27 degrees
F. The leaves are the part mostly used in medi-
cine, although they are not c f&dal in the Biitish
Pharmacopoeia.

The .principal constituent of the leaves is a vola-
tile oil, which may be readily obtained by distilla-
tion with water. When used for me dicinal purposes
the narrow leaves should boused, which are obtained
from the full-grown tree, these being more efficacious
than the broader ones, which are common to the
younger plants. The fresh leaves are also more
active than those that are dried. When fresh, they
possess a bitter, pungent, camphoraceous taste, and
the oil has a similar flavor and peculiar odour, more
so than the leaves. When fresh, it has a yellow
color, but it becomes brown and resembles resin by
exposure to air; this appearance should serve as a
test when purchasing. Oils obtained from other
species are largely used in perfumery and for the
making of varnishes, and for such purposes the color
is not so much an object. As these essential oils
are of daily increasing importance, their various
characteristics should be observed and noted. The
features of the chief are as follows ;

The oil of E. amygdalina, is thin, pale yellow,
pungent, lemon-like odour, specific gravity 0.881 at
15 degrees (59 degrees F.). becomes resinous in air.
This oil is used in medicine, disinfecting and perfumery.

E. oleosa is thin fluid, pale yellow, mild, and has
a turpentine flavor, mint-like odor; specific gravity
0.911.

,E. goniocalyx, pale yellow color, pungent, penetrat-
ing, disagreeable odor, very unpleasant flavor ; speci-
fic gravity 0.818. E. globulus already noted; this is
the kind more frequently used medicinally.

E. citriodora. — This kind forms a good cosmetic.
E. dumosa is an excellent kind for oil and spirit
varnishes. The exudation from the bark and leaves

of this species is often gathered by the natives from
the ground beneath the trees, on which it lies like
hoar frost; this i.s used by them as food. E.
mannifeia is also a sweet exudation from the bark
and leaves, and comes into commerce as eucalyptus
manna and resembles genuine manna, which is non-
purgative and is sold as a sweetmeat in many parts
of Southern Europe, especially in Sicily and Calabria.

There are many other kinds of eucalyptus which
find their way into the market, but those named
are the more important.

The properties of the leaves depend upon the vola-
tile oil, some one or other of the alkaloids of cin-
chona barks, but experiments have gone to show
that no such quality exists to any appreciable degree.
The leaves have been largely used in the treatment
of intermittent fever, especially in Australia, where
they have long had a popular reputation. They
have also been used as a stimulant and anti-spas-
modic. The tincture and other preparations of the
leaves have been found useful in bronchitis ; and
in the form of cigarettes the leaves have been smoked
with good results, in cases of asthma, whooping
cough and such like complaints. The leaves have
also been used as a new method of dressing wounds
in the place of lint. They are simply laid on the
wounds, and it is said that their balsamic nature
not only cures, but removes all unpleasant odor.
An excellent disinfectant may be made from 1 to 4
ounces of oil to a bushel of deal sawdust. The oil
is also useful in rheumatism, and can be employed
for inhalation in bronchial and throat affection, one-
half to one teaspoonful being added to half a pint
of water. The bark is said to have similar proper-
ties to the leaves for many medicinal purposes. It
is also useful for tanning and dyeing, and may be
used for the manufacture of paper.

The timber of the eucalyptus generally is in de-
mand, owing to its durability and the great power
it possesses in resisting the attacks of insects and
the influence of moisture. When first worked it is
soft, but soon hardens, hence its great value. In
Italy a liquor is made, sndis in great request, while
eucalyptus honey is said to contain the valuable
characteristic of the tree.

It is, however, with the oil that we have the most
to do, and care should be exercised in the purchase,
as it is subject to adulteration, which is difficult to
detect.

As a general characteristic it should be noted that
the genuine article is either colorless or of a pale
straw yellow, becoming darker on exposure, aromatic
odor, a pungent, spicy taste, leaving a sensation of
coldness in the mouth, neutral to litmus paper, sp.
gr. averages nearly .900, and it is soluble in an equal
weight of alcohol, but the oils of commerce vary
somew'hat as to their specilic gravity, according to
their botanical source; with this exception, the other
characteristics may be relied upon. — British and Colo-
nial Bmggist.

SPRING VALLEY COFFEE CO., LD.

We call attention to the annual Report of the
Directors of this good old “ Coffee” Company,
— one of the late Mr. John Brown’s creations as
a Limited Coni])any for the leading Uva planta-
tion some thirty-three years ago and which long
had a career of great prosperity. Then came
the dark days of “coffee” ami the “Spring
Valley,’ like so many “coffee” Coni])anie.s, fell
to a. rate below par that made them like a
drug in the market. But it is pleasant to lind
that the wave of pros])erity which “tea” has
brought, IS bringing nearly every old Ceylon
Comi>any once more to the front. The shares of
the Eastern Estates ami Produce Company, those
of the Uva “Coffee” Comi>any, and now those of
the Spring ^"alley “Cotfoe” Company are all
considerably above par, and the report in the
present case shows that the last mentioned
not only earned a 5 per cent dividend last year
but carries forward T2,595 (or the equivalent of
nearly 2 per cent) to enable tea planting exten-

46

THE TROPICA!

agriculturist.

[July i, 1896.

sions to be carried out. The Coini)any lia«
now acres under tea, and 538 acres still

under collee, besides 354 under fuel, forest
liatana, and waste. Mr. Alfred Ibown has suc-
ceeded bis father as the etlicieut INlaiui^ing
Director, Mr. Nonuan Stewart (one of Mr. .Jolm
Brown’s original partners in Glenalpine) being
still on the board; and besides Mr Leon rannii,
we ha\xj now .Mr. B. C. Uswahl, so well-known
and esteemed in Ceylon as Banker, but now of
Messrs. Oswald and ^^evett, London, luerchants.
Mr. J. Alec Roberts has long been the trusteil
Secretary of this Company and that of U\a
and both have entered on a new era of prosperity
—long may it continue.

THE OUVAII COFFEE COMPANY.

We also publish today the report of the
directors of this Company which shows an
e.xcess of collee secured over tlie estiiuati*, and
an average sale of 93/5 jier cwt. against 99/8.
The tea yield was slightly below the estiiuate,
but it fetched 9-08d per lb. against 8 t)(id in
1894. Cocoa, however, sold at 48/9 against 60/4
for the preceding year. Net profits arc returned
as £11,068. A final dividend of 5 per cent is
reconiniended, making 8 per cent foi the yeai.
Two sums of £1,000 each are to be written otl
cost of estate purchased and of the Badulla lea
Factory,

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

The CiTitoNELL.v Case. — We understand that the
citronella-oil arbitration-case, which has been referred
back by the Queen’s Bench division to the too drug-
brokers under, circumstances already reported, will
be reconsidered by those gentlemen on Tuesday morn-
ing next. — L'Uemist and I>rti<j<jint, May 1).

The Cultivation of Cotton in Egypt. — M. de
Vilmorin, the well-known French seedsman, who has
been travelling in Egypt the last two winters, has
submitted a very interesting report on the cultivation
of cotton in that country to the French Society
Nationale d’Agriculture. The regular cultivation of
it does not date beyond the first half of this cen-
tury, and a great impulse was given to it by Mehe-
met 'aU when the various inland canals were cut
to regulate and equalise the annual overflow of the
Nile.” in order to show his colleagues how rapidly
the growth of cotton had increased, M. de Vilmorin
included in his report a table showing that the
quantities exported to Liverpool had risen from
15 000 bales (of about 64 cwt each) to 79,(H)0 bales
in' 1850, to 109,000 in 1860, to 220,000 in 1870, and
to 210,000 in 1880. The cotton crop is, M. de Vil-
morin adds, of an average annual value of about
It) 000 OOoi, and it extends over an area of more
than 1,000,000 acres, with a tendency to extend
each year. Nearly all the cotton grown in Egypt is
cultivated as an annual plant, being sown in Slarch
and gathered in from September to December. M.
de Vilmorin goes on to point out that careful stud-
ies as to the best methods of cultivation, the most
desirable varieties to grow, and the most effectual
means of destroying the enemies of the cotton plant
are being conducted, aud that the more enlightened
growers are beginning to use plenty of artificial
manure. The Egyptian cottons are, in M. de Vil-
moriu’s opinion, merchandise sxii (jenvrin, without any
precise equivalent in the world, aud likely to be in
great request among the manul.icturcrs of e tton
goods. He points out, by way of conclusion, that
although the development of cotton cultivation in
Central Asia may deprive Egypt of a poi tion of its
trade with Russia, there is little chance of the
Turkestan cotton competing with that of Egypt in the
markets of Western Europe.— 0. J/VuV.

Dr. Tri.mkn’.s RkC'KNt Rkport.— A Bombay
contem|)oraiy .speaks in terms of j)raise of the
annual report of the “ Botanical Gaidens
under the Govcjnment of Ceylon” as dealing
with que,stions of inime importance to the nier-
eantile community of the island. Reference is then
made to the figures dealing with the tea and
collee cro))S for the year.

Cinnamon. — The demand for cinnamon, says
i\\Q Home amt Colonial Mail, has ontstrii>i>ed the
supply within the last four mounths, and the
])jsition of the article is a healthy one with
price 111 to 2d per lb. higher than they were
in May, 1895. Cinnamon chips are likewise pro-
portionately dearer, in spite of enlarged receipts
and accumulating stocks.

Lightnino and Treic.s.— Investigations made by
Dr. Carl Muller, and reported in Himmel und
Erdc, show that lightning jnefers to strike cer-
tain kinds of trees. Under the direction of the
I/ippe-Detmold Department of Forestry, statistics
were gathered showing that in eleven years
lightning struck fifty-six oaks, three or four pine.s,
twenty firs, but not a single beech tree, although
seven-tenths of the trees were beech. It would
seem, thou, th.at one is .safer in a storm under
a beech tree than under any other kind.

“ Banana Flouh has been lately adopted in
the manufacture of yeast. From its richness in
starch and good fl.avour it is to be particularly
suitable for such a purpose. The yeast is of a
good colour, and has the requisite properties for
keeping well.” So writes a trade paper on this
wholesome product. With regard to the banana
being rich in starch, this is an error. As a matter
of fact its freedom from starch renders it the
most wholesome, easily digested, and nutritious fruit
grown. Banana flour forms a splendid food pro-
duct, and cannot be praised too highly. — The Fruit
tlroirer. May 18.

Nii.giri Planters and the Laoyiurd Beetle.'
—At a meeting of the Nilgiri Planters’ As-
.sociation held on the 16th inst., at Ootacamund,
it was decided to ask Government for a.s.si.stance
in procuring the lady-bird beetle from Australi.a
())• the Samlwich Islands, in which latter place
it has been found very effective in destroying the
scale bug on jilantations. Mr. H. O. I^ewport,
a member of the Lower Pulneys Association,
laid a paper on the subject before the Nilgiri
Planters’ iVssociation, and Mr. Stanes gave a
very interesting account from per.sonal experience
of the good elfected by these beetles in the fsaiul-
wich Islands.

Swamp Land pou Likeuian. — The, to outsiders
apparently inevitable collapse of the Klang boom
in Selangor has brought some curious facts to notice
in the local papers. One is, as far as we can under-
stand, that even 20 or 80 feet bogs will in time fo in
excellent plantations for Liberian coffee. Messrs.
Christie and Forsythe are bitterly bl.amed by the
local planters for throwing up their land when they
learned it was practically useless to think of plant-
ing it up until the place had been thoroughly drained,
but how' many years this latter operation would take
no one could tell them. Mr. Carey, one of the
Selangor spokesmen and Honorary Secretary to the
local P.A., says, in other words, the whole fiasco is
due to the wretched conceit of Ceylon planters pre-
tending to know the true value of Klang land better
than even the resident planters. It may be also
deplorable ignorance on our part, but we cannot for
the life of us understand what else Messrs. Christie
and Forsythe could well have done. 'The usual
custom for planters in districts outside Selangor is,
we understand, to avoid wasting even ten years, if
possible, before beginning to plant out in frc.sh forest
fR’.'/-’'. attires varurs, — I'lantintj Uninion,

May 28.

July i, 1896.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

47

Tea in China. — The Foochow Echo says:— It is es-
timated that tlie value of the funds sent up-country
for the purchase of the new season’s tea is twenty
lakhs of dollars. Included in this estimate is the
value of the opium, lead, and piece-goods taken up
by the teamen. The total is about the same as
last year. We believe that the teamen have gone
away well advised as to ])rospects, and with the de-
pressing accounts of markets in London, Australia,
North America, and Canada it certainly behoves
them to be cautious about the prices they pay. They
must be prepared for a lower scale to rule here, for
assuredly foreign buyers cannot afford to run the
risk of repeating their purchases at last season’s rates.

The Wild Change as a Substitute eok Coeeee. —
It has been discovered that the fruit of the wild
orange that grows on the Island of Benuion has the
aroma of the coffee berry. At it costs less to
raise the wild orange than regular coffee, naturally
the planters are substituting the former for the
latter, and the Government even has ordered that
a great part of the highlands on the island be re-
served for the cultivation of the new bogus coffee.
One bright gleam on the coffee horizon is in the
fact that the new berry will be so cheap that it
will, if its culture succeeds, drive out chicory, and
as an adulterant it is said to be much less vile than
that staple coffee cheapener. — Emit Grower, May 13.

A Valuable Palm, So-called. — It is stated on the
authority of Modern Society, that Miss Helen Gould,
the gentle inaiden-inilliouaire, who takes a great
pride iu her conservatories, “ has just committed a
little piece of personal extravagance in the purchase
of a very rare palm, for which she paid the sum
of T7,000. This palm is a magnificent specimen of
‘‘ llavanola uiadargarvien !” (Ravenala madagasca-
riensis), “ and stands a little over 32 feet high, while
it is nearly 100 years old.” This species will be
known to some under the name of Uraniaspeciosa.lt
may not be generally known that the French term this
palm *• the travellers’ tree,” probably on account of
the water which is stored up iu the large cup-like
sheaths of the leaf-stalks, and with which travellers
are said to allay their thirst. The leaves are of
gigantic size somewhat like those of MusaEnsete,
hut arranged iu tw'o rows on opposite sides of the
arboreus stem. [The plant is nearer to Musa than to
palms. Ed.] — G urJenerts’ Chronicle, May, 9th.

Goveknmlnt Cinchona Plantations.— In the
U.P.A. papers published in tliis issue will be found
the answer ot Government to the Association’.s
letter o.f September last regarding the contem-
plated extensions of the Government Cinchona
Estates. Sir Arthur Havelock has not been for-
tunately advised in bis treatment of the question.
Putting Sir iM. E. Grant Huff’s promises on one
.sice, it is surely the lieight of absurdity to
maintain that because an industry is languish-
ing, therefore it sliould receive no help. It is
just because cinchona cultivation is in a bad way
that it would be extremely grateful for help of
the kind advocated. The price of the (luininc
now sold to the [iiiblie allows of Government
paying a substantial, though rcasonalde, rate to
private growers, which would do a vast ileal to
keep them from abandoning tlieir estates altogether.
Theie is more than sullicieni cinchona under
cultivation in 'rravaiicore, Wynaad, and the
Nilgiris to provide all bark required for many
years to come, but without lull and accurate
statistics, it is of course hojicless to get Govern-
ment to believe this. Wesliould advise the U.P.A.
to lirst obtain the necessary information as to the
Government requirements for tlie next few yeaivs,
and the amount that could be sup)died by indvate
jilantations, before making another protest.

— rianthuj Opinion, May 23.

JiiTTEii Guanoes. — The naluralist Galloaio was the
first to trace the history of the orange, and the re-
sult of his careful researches he published in 1811 at
Paris. According to this author the Arabs penetrating
further into the interior of India than any foreign

nation had done before, discovered the orange family
nourishing there, and held in high esteem by the
natives. Ircni this point the Arabs conveyed the
sweet orange into Persia and Syria, and the bitter
orange, now called the Seville, found its way into
Arabia, Egypt, the North of Africa and Spain. From
these points the orange travelled into other coun-
tiies, notably China, and in this latter empire it so
flourished and spread, tliat by-and-by it came to bo
a fiction, believed iu by Europeans, that the orange
vvas indigenous to China. Gallesio shows, however that
the so-called ‘ China Orange ’ is by no means a
spontaneous production of that country, and his state-
ment is further corroborated by the absence of all
inention of this fruit iu the exceedingly minute and
circumstantial account given by Marco Polo of the
productions of China. The svv'ect orange which the
Arabs carried to Spain spread thence into
Portugal, Sicily, St. Michael, the Mediterra-
nean Islands, and the West Indies. In each and all of
these various places has the difference in climate
and soil produced varieties and changes in the cha-
racteristics of the original common stock,
banks of the Ivio Cedono, in the midst of

On the
great

forest. Humboldt, to his amazement, came upon a
broad belt of wild orange-trees laden. with large, sweet,
and most delicious fruit. “ Surely., these must then
be indigenous to the soil,” bethought ; but subsequent
inquiry led to the discovery that these gi-and old trees
had once formed a portion of extensive groves plan-
ted by the Indians from seeds obtained from their
early Spanish visitors and conquerors. And to this
same source does Florida owe her beautiful groves ;
only there, whether by the accident of soil or seed
the wild fruit is sour, not sweet. I am indebted for
tile above information to Florida Fruits, published
in Louisville, U.S.A. IP. lloiqyell, Harvey, Lodne,
Iiounell, Park, S. IF. — Gardeners’ Chronicle, May 9th.

The Government of South India and
Cinchona Planting:— The Imliau mail has
brought us to day a copy of a Government Order
m reply to a letter from the United Planter.s’
Association of Southern India in September, 1895
submitting a resolution in which it was represen-
ted that the Government should obtain its bark
from private owners instead of re-plantino- the
existing plantations or purchasing new estates.
It vvas incidentally stated that a promise
that such a course .should be followed was <>'iven
by Sir M. E. Grant Duff. The order” pro-
ceed.? :— Tiie Government has not been in-
what oral or written communication
of Sir Mountstuart the Association refers, but
presumes that reference is made to his reply to the
Address presented in January 1882 by tlie mem-
ber.s of the Nilgiri Planting and Mining Asso-
ciation. If this presumption is correct, the Gov-
unable to lind in Sir Mountstuart
Hufi s uttciaiice any distinct pledge or promise
of the nature indicated by the A.ssociation. In
any case, the Association over looks the fact that
cn'cuiustances iiave materially altered since 1882.
The Cinchona industry has languished for a con-
siderable period and .so far as the Government is
aware no large areas have been planted up of late
years by private owneis. On the otlier liand it
lias been decided in the interest of the '’■eneral
liopiilatioii tliat Government should itself take
active ste[)s to secure the production of quinine
at a co.st sulliciently low to admit of its beiiio'
widely ilisseminated in a suitable form amongst
the jioorer classes throughout the Presidency,
and more especially iu malarious tracts. Such
di.ssemination would he impracticable if the Go-
vorument merely imrchascd cinchona bark from
private owners or bought quinine in the open
niarket. In these circumstances. His Excellency*
iu Council does not consider that the United
I’lanters' As.sociation has ,awy reasonable '-round
lor complaint and is liable to accede to the minpof
which it makes. ^

48

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[July i, 1896.

Tiunipad Royal Botanic Gardens. — The BuVctin
of Miscellaneous luforni^tiou foi* April lias^ the
following couteuls : — Water- Cress, Artichokes, Roses
(Extract), Sisal Hemp, Notes oii Manuring
tiact). Introduction of Lodoicea Sechellarum, Rob-
bery and Murder, Circular Notes: No. 30 Sguar
Cane Seeds, Water Measures and Rainfall (Exiract),
Jamaica Drift Fruit, Gordon’s Coffee Machines,
Chrysauthenuun.s, Natural History Notes: No. 25
Corbeau in Error, No. 26 — Now Coccids, No. -7
Snake Biles (Extract), “ Tabasheer. ”

India and Ckvi.on’s Tka Campaign. — Tlic
Bomhay Gazette, referring to the pro-spect of
Ceylon’s losing I ndia’s helj) in lighting a eoinimm
cause in America in conseiiuence of the dilli-
cnlty of linding the funds neces.sary for keejiing a
Coinmi.ssioner in Americii, says tlnit surely the
best way of meeting tliat ililliculty will lie for the
India and Ceylon Association to amalgamate
as was proposed from Calcutta in the first instance.

In.skct Enkmiks ok Tka and Cokkke, — We
have received from the Indian Government No.

6 of Vol. Ill of “ Indian Museum Notes,”
containing Miscellaneous Notes from the Ento-
mological SeetTon, by E. C. Cotes, Deput y Super-
intendent, Indian Museum. Figures are given of
various insects of economic importance in India,
among tliem being two enemies of coflee,
Sericea priiinosa, Bunn., and A<iroits ncyctutn,
Scliifl'. ; a troublesome jiest on cinchona and
codec bushes in Ceylon, Cremastoyaster dohrni,
Meyr. ; ami the green bug {Lecanitiai viridc.
Green) of Mr. E. E. Green.

CoKKEK IN Bkiti.sh North Borneo.— In sending
us the interesting letter wdiich appears in another
column Mr. Henry M^alker writes in a i>rivate note: —

I may honestly say that the difficulty I had ex-
perienced in advising young men to come here is
passing away. We are proving at Taritipan that
labour can be obtained locally, and Edward Walker
is proving it here, and I feel that I can now con-
scientiously advise ireople to come here. Good soil,
good oolfee, good food, and good health with a fair
chance of profit is w'hat can be obtained; and I
shall be glad to give information about our territory
to aujmne who is inclined to come here. I intend
to make a short trip to the Native States, and then
leave for Europe.

We are glad to hear of the brighter prospects
of “New Ceylon.”

RuniiEu Cultivation in Ceylon.— The India
linbher Wodd of May lU, in quoting tlie letter
addressed to ns some months ago by Mr. C.
Furcell Taylor, says : — The following communi-
cation in the Tropical Agriculturist (Colombo)
may possibly serve to throw some light upon the
slow' progress made in rubber-culture gen-
erally. It will he remembered that Mr. Clements
It. Markham, who was so largely instrumentiil in
introducing rubber-cnltiire into India, in an article
contributeil some time ago to tlie India, Ituhhcr
Worlft, mentioned more tlian once tlie “ ollicial
apiithy and indid'erence ” shown toward the i)hin-
tations even after tliey had been started, he evi-
dently feeling that under more fa\ orable manage-
ment the Imlian lubber experiment would have
resulted more satisfactorily.

Tea in Manchester. — A London correspondent writes
to us {Munch ester Guardian, 2nd May) : — “ The position
of the tea trade is deserving of notice at the present
moment. Indian and Ceylon descriptions continue in
request, as shown by the returns of duty payments,
while the re-exports also continue on a satisfactory
scale. 'The duty payments on Indian fjr the lirst
ten mouths of tiio present season were on 101 ,076,652
lb., as compared with 1)1,333,861 lb., during the
corresponding period of 18‘.)t-5, and on Ceylon tea
63,.5.')'.),>.)(M) lb., as against 58,538,7!I5 lb. As regards
the re-exports from June 1st 18'.)5, to March 31st,
the total of Indian was 3,221,183 Ib. and Ceylon
6,150,707 lb., or an increase of 221,286 lb. and

1,629,978 lb. respectively. Heavy sales have taken
place this week and with the absence of supplies
and a good demand the lots were cleared on ra-
pidly under keen competition. The better qualities
of Ceylon are scarce, and the lower qnalitie.s were
bought at a further advance of jd to id per pound
above the prices obtained last w'eek ; while the ri.se
in Indian teas is to Id iier pound. There

is every appearance of values being well maintained.”

Cocoa and Cokfee. — For .some years ])ast
.successive Cliancellors of the Exchequer liave
told us that the demand for cocoa is increasing,
and that tea is driving coflee out of tlie market.
Yet in face of a growdng deimuid cocoa has
chea))ened, while tlie relatively high price of coflee
is maintained, nothwithstanding the decreased con-
.suni|»tion. How' is this to be accounted for? Our
Consul at (iuaya«|uil, Ecuador, supiilies ti partial
explanation. Cocoa, he writes, has chea|)ened
materially during the last few years owing to its
extensive cultivation, and likewise to the fact that,
although the demand has increa.sed, it has not in-
creased jiroportionately to the supjily. The maxi-
mum selling inice in 1892 w’as £5 5s per cwt,
and the minimum in 1895 was only ,T2 18s. On
the other hand, fair prices have ruled for coflee,
and the consequence has been that “ new’ planta-
tions may be said to spring daily into existence.”
There is a good deal of mystery about the main-
tenance of the [nice of coflee in s[iite of a decreased
demand and an increased output. "NYe can only
suppose that in the case of this commodity gold
has depreciated con.sidcrably, and is still depreci-
ating.— Newcastle Chronicle, May 8.

The .Silkworm Superseded.- We notice
that arrangements have been concluded for estab-
lishing a factory near Manchester at a cost of
£30,000 for the manufacture of artificial silk fibre
from wood pulp according to a [irocess invented by
Count Hilaire de Chardonnet and which has been
in operation fortw’o or three years at Besancon.
Already, w’e read, dress fabrics made of wood silk
are being sold in London as French novelties of
the .season, though their appearance difl'ers from
that of old-fashioned silks so little that ladies,
it seems, have been buying them, and even shop-
keepers .selling them, without realising that they
are artificial imitations, or that they could trace
their lineage to the caiqienter’s shop instead of to
the cocon. I’lie wood pulp is taken in the condition
already familiar to the [laper-maker. The silk-
maker treats his share of the pulp with a mixture
of nitric and sulphuric acids. The acids are
squeezed out by hydraulic pre.sses, and the con-
densed pulp cleansed in vats of w’ater. Then it is
treated with alcohol and ether. The jiractical
effect is to convert the whole mass into something
resembling ,a thick gum, wdiich is then conducted
into cylinders from wdiiidi it is forced by
[uieumatic [ucssure into pi[)cs from the sides
of which [uoject a great number of small
glass tubes the apertures of w’hich are so
line that a human hair couhl not be pa.ssed
through them. 'These tubes are theBcstuicon silk-
worms, and it is from their line orifices tliat the
gum is pressed out in the shajie of delicate
filaments w'hich have all the characteristics of
silk. Eight to twelve such filaments are s[mn
together to make a silk thread. M’hen this has
been produced it is woven like any other silk.
Before it goes to the loom it passes through some
iiroccsscs that gives it an extraordinary degree of
lustre. It will lake ilye even more readily than
natural silk. “Now,” .says the 'Times, “that
industrial ingenuity Inis slmwn that the silkworm
cm be supplanted liy any sort of timber, there is
a good [irospect of distrilmting a good deal of
this money iunong our own workers instead of
seuding ib abroad.”

July ij 1896.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

49

^otircspcndenoo.

To the Editor.

ADVERTIZING CEYLON TEA IN
AMERICA.

Kfindy, 16th May 1896.
SiK, — From a large quantity of American
advertisements of Ceylon tea which liave arrived
this week I forward one or two. You ■will notice
that trade customs as well as orthography in
Buft'alo, N. Y. vary from those of Colombo!!

The advertisements of ‘ Salada ’ tea appear in
every paper in North America in \arious forms,
and the three large firms originally enlisted by
Mr. Mackenzie continue their efforts. As he says,
“ their work has been the lever which enabled
us to bring the American houses in.”

Mr. Lipton is also bringing his energy and
ca])ital to bear in the U. S. A. Meanwhile, other
countries are not being neglected ; Mr. Rogivue
has been placed in funds, in reply to his appli-
cation for a special purpose ; and a beginning
has been made in Norway. — I am, &c.,

A. W. S. ttACKVILLE.

( Exact Copy. )

John Ledger, Buffalo N.Y., April 2d, 189G.

B. Fischer & Co.

Dear Sirs, — I have paid C. D. Petrie in full for last
shipment. Now on this other 4 cheats I have ordered
— try and do as well as you can on all of them — of
cora the 2 chests of gren tea — I have conciilrebel

find of the Kola not yielding the true variety. The
Ivola that breaks up when dried into several sec-
tions has been sent to the London market, and
after being held in stock as dried Kola Nut for some
length of time, has been sold at ruinous prices. This
very much militates against the market price of
people are careless in stating the
different sorts of varieties.

By this explanation I want to make it quite clear,
that there are also other varieties of Kola which
are much worse even than these sweet Kolas, which
are known under the name of the “bitter kola” and
have been fully described in my No. 8 “ New Com-
mercial Plants & Drugs.” — Yours truly,

TPIO. CHRISTY.

SILK IN CEYLON.

_ De.'VR Sir,— With reference to my letter of 1.3th
inst., perhap.s the following note.s, pending pub-
lication of a .small pamphlet which I hope to
complete sliortly, will be of intere.st to intendim*'
cultivatois.

The castor-oil silkworm is easily reared, as the
worms are of a hardy nature and spin their
cocoons within a month. The eggs laid by the
moths hatch out in a w'eek or twelve days : the
period depends on the temperature in which tliey are
kept. The young worms should be fed at first
on the smallest and most succulent leaves of the
ca.stor-oil plant, freshly gathered, and on larger
and more mature leaves as they grow older. In 3
or 4 day.s they stop feeding and change their skins
for the first time (this is called ‘moulting’), and
during these periods they should never be disturbed.

I he worms as they continne to irrow ‘mmilf, ’

they continne to grow ‘moult
4 times, and after the 4th moult their appetite
increases at an astonishing rate, so that the

gren tea-

trubbl v;ith it on account of xor much fine dust in it.

My customers don’t detect it when I mix with black
but when they get it clear-that is the time they leaves must be" grv7n''to*‘?hem “verf'frecmentl^^

com for me— I am a cash man and aught to have durino- thp Jq,. i_A

preferance over long time men — Now some of your
New York houses has sent me some verey fine samples

of tea — withch proves out better than any I have got
from you — and they yarentee to duplicate there samples
by the chest — but 1 do not want to change with you,
it you will do as well — my partner has draweu out
from me and I will have to run it on my own ac-
count. I am giving a pound of tea with everey Ion
of coal I sell, 2 pounds on every livery that gos
out, if they use the horse well and not brak the
buggy they get the tea and if used hard get out be
put if the Police Station and fined this is my sceam
and I think it will work well when I get thrugh with
the stock I have on hand — I think it will want con-
si derabel tea— my tea is all high price and 1 am
mixer with yours. Send me good samples this time.
Of coars I know nothing about tea but I may know
or my pocket may know before I get through — but
that will not be you funiral — that will be my look
out, do what is right with me — and no more of my
partner — tea I will have or he was my partner but
is not now. — Yours respectfully,

Capx. John LEDOim.

THE KOLA IN AFRICA.

London, April 28.

Sir, — 1 think it will interest some of your readers
to know that in certain parts of Africa the Kola
grows with considerable luxuriance, but in place of
the variety (which yields the bean) which divides
into two equal parts, or, in other words, has only
one division across the fruit, the variety found
growing in this district and especially the Portu-
guese possessions, divides up into 5 or 6 divisions

when the bean is bruised or when it is dried. This

variety of Kola yields a sweet powder, and it is not
appreciated by the natives in anything like the
proportion of the Kola with the “equal divisions.”
So much is this the case, that the Europeans now
settling in Portuguese Africa find that they are
obliged to get seed of the true Kola (Sterculia Acu-
minata) and take it down to their estates. It is

their intention to destroy all trees that they can

1

during the day, and enough given them late
in the evening for food during the night.
At the end of 18 days, or less, they will
be rea<ly to spin their cocoons, and should
be put into inverted baskets. The cocoons are
linnshed in 3 or 4 days, and the moths emerge
within a week and, after pairing, lay their
eggs, each female laying from 100 to 200.

Tlie temperature in which my worms are bei no-
reared range.s between 80 and 90 degrees : the

hotter the climate tlie more rajiidly will the
brood be completed.

Lizards, bats, birds, rats and spiders have
to be guarded against, and for this reasoin
the worms must be kept indoors, but they shou d
have as mucli fresh air as possible and be kept
clean, the withered leaves and stalks and excreta,
being removed from the tats daily.

riiis silkworm should be a decided success
at any elevation lielow Naw'alapitiya : in tact

whererver the castor oil plant grows rapidly : it
comes up as a weed in most kurakk.an cli'euas.

I shall be glad to send you fuller details
later on : in the meantime any iniormation will
be gladly given to intending sericulturists. —

I ours faithfully, j>,

PS. Early application for cocoons or eggs is ne-
cessary, as the moths emerge and eggs hatch so
quickly, and the worms cannot easily be sent by post.

PLANTING IN -SUMATltA : LIBERIAN

COFFEE; RUBBER AS SHAD 10 ; CUSCUS.

Soengei Karei Estate, Lobo I'ekam, Sumatra,

^ May 7, 1896-

JJear Sir, — .Some few mouths ago, a correspon-
dent in your columns recommended a certain rub-
ber tree as shade for Liberian coffee. I have mis-
laid the paper, and should be obliged if you would
tell me the species of rubber, and where I could
get the seed.

5°

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

lJULY I, 1896,

out
'Ceylon

Cusms Can any of your correspondents in-

form me where I can get these delicious aromatic
tats for hai^.ging round a verandah, and the pio
able cost of a tat say 9ft. by 10ft. ?

The planting of Liberian coffee is going briskly
ahead here ; and during the last few weeks many
hundreds of thousands of plants have been pu-
in this district (Serdang', while our old
friend Mr. Inch is going big licks in Deli.

can be no doubt Serdang will hold its own
A few months ago one estate sen. a
shipment to Singapore, which was so highly
of, that it fetched one dollar per picul above the
day’s market rate. Another estate recently shUipea
to "Havre a parcel which created such a /wore
was sold at S&Gl per picul. “ Such Liberian cohee
had never been seen before, it
faithfully, W. TURING MACKENZIE

[The rubber referred to by “ W. 1. M. m his
letter of Oct. 25, 1895, as suitable for shade tor
Liberian coffee, was the Castilloa variety. VV e oe-
lieve that cuscus tats can be purchased in Colomoo,
thev can be procured from India, where they
■ ' season. — En.

There
in prices.

or

are largely used in the hot

CULTIVATION.

13

on

in Jaffna
the

COCONUT

De.^r SiR,-“Yourg Planter” is I see exercised by
what “they say”— that “grubs, worms and insects bred
in the ca ale-manure applied to lagging coconut plauts
will destroy them. He may make his mind perfectly
easy on the subject and go on with his manuring opei-
ations, as the only insect known to destroy coconut
trees in Ceylon is the red beetle, and it is not
bred in manure heaps. As to the age beyond it

not safe to transplant coconut plants, he will hnd
page 0 of tiie hook he hac e^uoted, that
a plantation was opened with plants 8 years in
nursery. I myself have put out as supplies, plauts
3 and 4 years old. The nursery for these was made
ill a well drained swamp, the plauts were taken up
with a large ball of earth and placed in coconut
leaf baskets to prevent the ball breaking up, and
transported to their destination in carts. Ihe advau-
ta<'es of putting out plauts of this age as supplies
are many and obvious. 'The veteran planter and
authority on coconut cultivation Mr. AYright could
say that he put out plants older tb an 3 and 1 years
old and that they grow successfully.

Now as to the method of applying manure.
Experience has satisfied me that it is more economi-
cal and effective to spread manure round the tree at
some distance from the stem and dig it in, than
to pack it in a trench cut round the tree, liy the
one system the manure is mixed up with the soil
and becomes available to a large number of root
points ; by the other, the manure is in a mass and the
ground occupied by it in a short while becomes a dense
network of rootlets. The system of applying manure
iu a small area immediately round the stem of
a tree is peculiarly native and cannot he too strongly
condemned.

AgricuUui'isls must luidcrsland that trees take up
nutriment by the points of their roots or rather
rootlets. By increasing the area in which manure
is applied, we increase the root surface and the num-
ber of points that feed on the manure. This is of
paramount importance in the case of products with
a limited lease of life, as it involves the greatest
benefit to the greatest number in the shortest time.
But it is not ot such importance in the case of per-
ennials, as the feeding on the manure wberever ap-
plied becomes a matter of time, and the only ques-
tion involved is one of good or bad husbandry. If
you increase the area manured, you increase
the area dug up and cultivated and permanently
benefited, you increase the number and vigor of
the roots, and as a consequence the vigor of the tree,
and the last though not tho least consideration is
that you prevent tho rootlets getting matted round
the tree, wliich has such a pernicious after-effect on
it. A matter of allied importance is tho liueness of
the particles of manure.

Ill my last communication, I dwelt on the impor-
tance of salt in coconut cultivation, and was a great
deal disappointed that the subject was not pressed
on the attention of Government editorially. I have
been a consistent advocate of the use of salt iu
coconut cultivation for along while, and was the means
ot its being pressed on the attention of Govern-
ment directly. On that occasion the Government
as a reply inquired what the probable quantity of
salt was that was likely to be used in coconut
cultivation, before it could decide the question as
to its issue for this purpose at wholesale rates. The
question was puerile, and the Government must
have know'll as much when putting it. Who could
say the probable present consumption of salt for
the puipose of experiment, or the probable
development of its use once it had passed that
stage ?

In my agitation for the issue of salt for agricultural
purposes i was supported by Mr. Hoole of the School
of Agriculture, whom I must take this opportunity
of congratulating on his success at Bombay in Veteri-
nary Surgery. He supported mo with a few modern
authorities on its use. I have since come across the
authority of Johnson, who says : — “ A mixture of salt
aud lime was recommended as a manure by the
German chemist, Glauber, more than two centuries
since. The mixture was most fit for dunging trees,
and to be used instead of common beasts’ dung.”

It is also described as “ the cheapest of all mixtures
for the enrichment of poor and barren soil.” As here,
so in Euglaud, “the considerable duties so long imposed
ou It, naturally prevented any extensive use of
this fertiliser.” The Essex farmers are said to steep
seed-wheat in water mixed with salt and of sulficieut
gravity to tioat an egg and then roll llie salted
seed in lime, both to prevent smut aud to increase
the vigour of the resulting plauts. Mr. Hollingshcad
wrote in 1800; “Lime prepared for manure
should ho slacked with salt water, lime so
slacked will have a double effect.” In 1804, of
twenty-five manures used experimentally for potatoes,
lime and salt was found superior to nineteen others.

The history of the use of salt as a manure is
traced to biblical time. “ It the salt has lost its
savour, it is neither fit for the land nor fit for the
dunghill.” An explanation is given of the puzzling
expression of salt losing its savour. “ There is found
in Syria a peculiar kind of fossil or rock-salt,
which in progress of time, by exposure to the air,
loses almost entirely its taste, except in the very
centre of the lumps.” “ Cato 150 b. c. commends it
for cattle, hay, straw, &c., as does Virgil. The early
German larmers knew of its value for sheep. In
1570 Conrad Herebashius commends it as a certain
prevention of murrain or rot.” Salt promotes the
decomiiosition of animal and vegetable matter. 2.
It destroys vermin and weeds which are converted into
manure. 3. It is a plant food. 4. It is a stimulant.
5. It renders the soil more capable of absorbing the
moisture of the atmosphere, of great importance in dry
situations or seasons. 'The result of various experi-
ments with salt in combination with other manure is
given and uniformly points to better results.

“Now I come to treat of the mother of all manures,
namely, salt. 'Take six bushels of salt, six bushels
of lime and six bushels of dry ashes, mix them to-
gether, this is sufficient for an English acre.” “ Take
;-i2 bushels of lime and slack it with sea water, this
quantity is sufficient for an acre of ground, and may
be thrown over the land with a shovel or made into
compost with forty loads of moss or earth. Its com-
ponent parts are muriate and sulphate of lime,
mineral alkali in an uncombined state, also muriate
and carbonate of soda. There is one instance in
which it was tried in comparison with 72 cart loads
ot soaper’s waste and dung ; and althongh this was
an extraordinary dressing, yet that with the salt and
lime manure was fully above the average ot the field.”
We are advised to make a mixture of 2 of lime
and one of salt and cover up the heap with sods for
2 or 3 inontlis. Tho muriate of lime formed by the
decomposition of the mixture is said to be one of
tho most inoisture-loving substances known, and as
such, it is said when aiqjliod to the land to help
vegetation to overcome drought. — Yours Ac. B,

July i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

51

THE DTMBULA VALLEY COMPANY’S ES-
TATES PURCHASES.

Higli Wycombe, May 8.

Dkau Sir, — I liavc noticed Unit the Ceylon
papers^ have expressed somewliat free criticisms
upon the “ Dimbula Valley” Company’s es-
tates purchases, even down to the remarkable
action of the Chairman of S. Sylhet Company,
in retarding the completion of that Company, to
sell Elgin and Belgravia on the terms agreed
upon. Eor the information of the public, I may
say that the sale is now completed upon the
terms originally determined, and that the “ Dim-
bula Valley” Company is in possession of all
the estates contracted for when the Company
was brought out. These are all exceptionally
good and promising, and I believe the lirst sale
resulted in a Is average for Lippakelly tea.
With good management and care, and with the
high average price their produce obtains in the
market, they possess a margin between cost of
production and sale price, probably higher than
any other large Tea Estates Company holding
property in Ceylon.

WM. FORBES LAURIE.

THE WILD SILKS OF CEYLON.

Kandy, May 22.

De.VU Sir, — Considering how largely the uses
of Tusser silk has extended of recent years, it
is to be regretted that nothing has been done
to develop the industry in this article in Ceylon.
It is probably due in a great measure to the
ignorance of tlie natives generally of the habits
of the insects, the Sinhalese in this respect
presenting a remarkable contrast to the natives
in many parts of India.

There, in some districts the cocoons are regularly
gathered from the jungle trees each .season : in
others the people have partially domesticated the
worms, and their method of cultivation is lirieHy
this. As soon as the eggs are hatched, the
j’oung worms are placed in little baskets of
leaves and carried to such trees as they naturally
feed on. The rearers camj) at the edge of the
jungle, and boys are employed to scare away
birds. Idle rent of a silk ‘field’ in some districts
is R3 for each full-grown man employed,
and 3 men, on an average, take up and look
after 10 acres. There are 2 broods, or more,
in a year, according to the climate : the worms
spin in about six weeks after they are hatched.

I am not sulficiently acquainted with the low-
country to say whether we have in Ceylon any
large tracts of jungle land where the Tus.ser is
to be found in very large quantities : many of
our Foresters should be able to afford infor-
mation on this point. The insect is widely dis-
tributed at all elevations beloiv 3,500 feet, but
in the more populous districts chena and patena
(ires destroy targe numbers of the worms and
cocoons.

In the dj^eing of Tusser silk, the varying .shades
of drab and brown have been found to present
serious difficulties. The natives in India collect
the cocoons from, or grow them on different
species of trees, and by this systein silk of uniform
colour and quality cannot be produced. I believe
it is possible, by feeding the worms on certain
trees with which I propose to experiment, to ob-
tain a silk not only of improved texture, but of
a lighter colour, a point of special importance,
and I shall be very glad to receive cocoons from
anyone disposed to assist me in this way. Co-
coons should be sent with a small branch of the
tree on which they are found, and whenever pos-

sible the native name of the tree should be given.
The trees on which the cocoons are most com-
monly met with are the kahata or ‘ patana
oak,’ the weralu, cashew', and cinnamon; but they
may be found occasionally on many otliers.
Pierced cocoons, from which the moths have
emerged, will be of use for comparison, if sent
w'ith the leaves. The moth lays its eggs on the
under side of the leaf. The worms are bright
p;reen, covered wdtli tubercles, and grow to a
length of 5 inches or more.

To show' wliat can be done by careful manage-
ment of silkworms, I am sending yon specimens
of cocoons of the castor-oil worm bred in Assam
and a cocoon of the same species bred here. — Yours
truly, D,

COFFEE IN SUMATRA : A CORRECTION.—
BAMBOO DOGCARTS.

0. K. Sumatra, May 23.

Sir,— I was in error in my last when I stated
tliat the $61 p. picul coffee was sold in Havre.
I have just been told by the vendor that it was
sold privately in Switzerland.

Can any of your correspondents give me the
name of the firm or firms in India who make
a remarkably light dogcart, with male-bamboo
shafts, and a net underneatli, suitable to hold
“samau” of any description?

I saw such a one in Singapore some years
ago, but cannot find the name of the maker.
I should be grateful for information through
your column. The cart I allude to is an ideal
planter’s buggy, and runs light as the wind.

W. TURING MACKENZIE.

TICKS IN CATTLE.

, . . June 13.

Dkar iSik, Ac ticks in cattle. — I have always
found a double handful of common salt dissolved
in a bottle of coconut oil-well rublied in— to
fiee cattle fiom ticks. I have not tried phenyle,
but feel sure it would answer ivell, as it doe.s irt
the case of most kinds of vermin.— Yours truly

F. \V. GRAY.

A Coffee Cleaning Patent.— In the Ulus-
trcitGcl Oj^cictl Journal there is the fol-
lowing :— 24,079. December 11, 1894. Coffee.
Lake, H. H., 45, Southampton Buildings, Mid-
dlesex.^ (Fraser, D. B. ; 234, Central Park West,
New \ork.) Cleaning and sorting grain, such as
coffee, is carried out by feeding the coffee from
a^ hopper on to ilie top sieve of a series of
sieves mounted in a reciprocating frame actu-
ated by cams on tlie shaft. The sieves are
arranged across the frame in inclined planes
alternating in the direction of their inclination
and having a guide tray under each, so that
whatever passes through one siev'e is delivered
to the top of the next. The shute leads away
any refuse which does not pass through the first
sieve, and shutes carry off whatever fails
to pass through each particular sieve. The sorted
coffee beans are received from these shutes, whilst
any husks or light bodies are drawn upwards
through the channels and deposited in the
bins by the action of the exhaust fan. There
are shutters for regulating the draught pro-
duced by the fan in each channel. The frame
carrying the sieves is supported by elastic pieces
and also is provided with rubber ^balls
mounted on levers which .are caused to strike
the sieves whenever the rods strike the stops.

52

THE TROPICAL

agriculturist.

[July i, 1896.

PLANTTN(; AND IMIODI'CE.

The Koyal lloiiTicuLTimAL Society and Tea Peant-
iNG. — Tho Royal Hoiticultimil Society claims to
have played a leading part in the establishment of
the tea planting industry in India. In 1842 Mr.
Fortune went out on a mission to China, and while
there, observed and reported on the growth and
cultivation of tea. He subsequently visited India
with a view to the introduction of the plant into
that country. The East India Company took great
interest in the matter, and experiments were made
which laid tho foundation of the present industry
of tea-growing in India and Ceylon. The Royal
Horticultural Society was originally due to a sug-
gestion from -Mr. John Wedgewood, whose fathers
name is immortalised by the celebrated ^Yedgewood
ware. In 1809 a royal charter was granted to it by
George III., and since that time it has existed as
a corporate body. A j'car later than this it com-
menced the issue of that series of ‘‘ Transactions
which has made it famous among the learned and
scientitic societies of Europe. The cost of their pub-
lication exceeded .1130,0()0. It has also established
experimental gardens for testing the value oi new
• aud possibly valuable plants. At the same time
it also commenced that system of the importation
of foreign plants wdiich has conferred such inestimable
beuelits upon this country.

The New Season's China Teas.— The season for
China teas “opens,” we arc told, “ more auspiciously”
this Year “than for some time past " Certainly the
tea trade of China, so far as this market is con-
cerned, lias been in a very bad w'ay for so long
that anything auspicious connected with it will
be very welcome to Chinese growers aud im-
porters, and will not seriously distress Indian
and Ceylon planters. The reason given for

the brighter outlook, according to the Grocer,
is owing mainly to the fact that the first crop of
Mouings is likely to fall 9,000,U00lb short of that of
1895. What is W'orse for buyers to know is that the
quality is said to be “ weathered,” if not irretrievably
spoiled, by excessive rains. And these two circum-
stances of a heavy deficiency in the supply, together
with an inferiority of outturn, are calculated to stir
up a better feeling for the article amongst a large
section of the trade, though at the moment symptoms
of a revival of demand are only faintly visible. But
it is early enough yet for the dealers and others to
arouse themselves to speedier action in the matter of
buying, seeing that shipments from Hankow to this
port will not commence directljq and even when they
do, it will probably be another mouth or six weeks
before the new black leaf arrives here, as the Ping
Suey with the first entire cargo in 1895 did not pass
Woosung until after June 2nd, and was not in Tha-
mes water until July 9th following. As usual, rela-
tively high prices were paid for the earlier arrivals,
but their novelty soon wore off, and not long after-
wards importers, as well as the wholesale dealers,
burned with large stocks of unsold teas, were seen
pressing them on the market unreservedly for sale,
at a reduction of several pence per pound fiom the
original prime cost. Thus it is quotations have been
brought down to so low a point as they are now.

The Russian Hesiand. — The low figures asked
for these teas appear more strikingly evident,
according to the authority we have quoted, when
comparison is made with the enhanced prices
at present current for the commoner grades of
India and Ceylon descriptions, through the diminu-
tion of supplies and lack of any certain prospect of
the former cheapness returning until the amount of
useful tea available is more abundant generally.
The truth of this statement, says our contemporary,
will soon be discovered by the Russian buyers at
Hankow, if they muster there in great force as is
their wont on tho opening of the new so.ison foi’
China teas. As Ningchows are their favourite kinds
when purchasing for their homo wants, it is not
unlikely th.it they may have to pay much higher
rates for wiiat they require in the ensuing months —
perhaps Id to lid per lb. above the rates at which
similar qualities ot old eemou’.s teas have been re-

cently obtained in our market. If so, tho position
of the article will be greatly strengthened in the
near future, and some stimulus will be thus imparted
to a business which, once flourishing, has for along
while past been seriously on the wane. In 1895
the direct shipments of tea from Hankow to
London wore equal to only 8,283,440 lb.,
against (1,870,1801b. in the preceding year, 8,918,900lb.
in 1893, and 9,971,8401b. in 1892— showing a rapid and
progressive decrease ; whilst those to Russia, on
the contrary, rose from 15, 423, 7001b. in 1892 to
20,504,4701b. in the following year, to 22,233,0201b.
in 1894, and to the swollen amount of 20,042,7301b.
last season. The Grocer thinks that it is too much
to expect a complete reversal of this movement in
China tea, whereby a lai'ger proportion would be
diverted to the English market for distribution, but
it expresses the hope that the decadence in this
important branch of the trade will henceforth be
arrested.

A Larue Tea Business. — The latest conversion
to the joint-stock company form, is the Mazawattee
Tea Company, limited (Densham and Sons and the
Mazawattee Ceylon Tea Company), which has been
formed with a capital of £550,000, divided into 40,0'X)

5 per cent, cumulative preference shares of £5
each, and 350,000 ordinary shares of £1 each, for
the purpose of acquiriug, carrying on, and developing
the business of the Mazawattee Ceylon Tea Company
and the business of Densham and Sons, wholesale
tea dealers, now carried on by Messrs. Edward
Densham, Alfred Densham, Benjamin Densham, and
John Lane Densham, who are the vendors to this
company. The price to bo paid by the company
for the businesses, leases plant, fixtures, book debts
trade marks, Ac., has been fixed at .£460,000, with
an option to the company of taking certain assets
aud chattels at £90,000, which option has been exer-
cised, making the total amount to be paid ,£550,000,
which is payable as to £188,331 by the allotment of
13,333 fully paid-up preference shares of £5 each, aud
116,666 fully paid-up ordinary shares of £1 each, and
the balance in cash. Applications are now invited for
26,667 preference aud 233,331 ordinary shares.

Try Turkey. — It was announced last week from
Constantinople that the British Ambassador took fea
with the Sultan. Unless this was a mere conventional
phrase, meaning that the Sultan partook of coffee in
the afternoon, it indicates that Western customs are
finding favour in Constantinople, and that there is a
prospect of a new market on the shores of the Bos-
phorus for the cup that cheers and the leaf that grows
in India and Ceylon,

Tub Consumption of Tea and the Duty Question
— In a memorandum just issued explaining in detai
some of the figures which the Chancellor of the Exche
quer used in his recent Budget speech there are some
interesting figures about tea. In the year 1885-6, the
produce of tea duty, at 6d per pound, was £4,187,0(X).
In 1890-1 the duty was reduced to 4d per pound, with
an estimated loss to revenue of .£1,072,000. If,
therefore, in 1895-6 the consumption of tea had been
the same as it was ten years before the revenue
the duty would have been .£3,115,000. The
actual produce was .£3,745,000, and the difference
between the two sums is taken as representing the
elasticity of duty in the decennial period. It, ap-
pears from another table that, prior to tlic reduction
of tho duty, the consumption of tea per head of
population had increased. In 1875-6, with the duty
at 6d per pound, the consumption per head of popu-
lation had boon 1-51 lb. In 1885-6, with the same
duty, it had risen to 1-65 lb. In 1895 6, with duty
reduced to 4d, it rose to 5'74 per bead. We are
not, however, to assume that it has been the reduc-
tion of duty alone that lias served to stimulate
consumption. More considerable, and probably
more effective, has boon the reduction in the iia-
port price of te:i. In 1875-6 the import price was
16' i3d per pound, in 18S5 6 it uas 12 M;l, and in 1895-6
it had conio down further to ',i'65d. So, too, with
sugar, ihe consuiiiption per head of population has
increased from 60'78lb in 1875-6 to 89'161b in 189.'. 6,
per pound has gone down Loin

/ Cl to X*^‘icU

July i, 1896.]

TfIR TROPICAl

AGRICULTURIST.

53

Tobacco and the Duty. — Id the memoi’andum re-
ferred to the returhs on tobacco show more clearly
the effect of an increase or decrease in duty. In 1875-
G the duty on tobacco was 3s 1 4-5d per pound, the
revenue from it was ,i;7,715,000, and the consumption
per head of population 1-I71b. In 1885-6 the duty was
3s 6d per pound, the revenue from it was .t‘9,293,000, but
the consumption per head had fallen to I'Tl lb. In
1895-6 the duty was 3s 2d per pound the
revenue from it at this lower rate was ITO, 748,000,
and the consumption per head 1'69 lb.

Coi'TEE Planting in Mexico. — Mexico bids fair to
occupy a prominent position as a coffee-producing
country. The fall in silver and the reduction in the
price of labour aud of laud have furnished conditions
favourable to the development of the new industry.
A useful rejiort on the coffee plantations of Mexico
has been prepared by Mr. Frai.cis Stronge, Secretary
of the British Legation and issued by the Foreign
Office. Mr. Stronge tells us that 250 acres of suit-
able land can be had for T300, aud that whilst the
cost of cultivating the plantation during the first
live years is i'30 per acre, the yield amounts to ;t'59
per acre. The coffee plant reaches its full power of
production in its fifth year, and in the sixth aud
subsequent years the expenses of working amount
to .ill 17s per acre, and the receipts to .•627 6s. The
advice given to intending settlers is that in pur-
chasing and estate they should negotiate with a
trustworthy foreign agency, and that they should
spend some time in the country before making the
purchase, with the view of acquiring some knowledge
of the coffee-planting business. A capital of .61,500 is
said to be amply sufficient for the requirements of any
ordinary planter.

The Bahama Sisal Industky. — Dr. Morris, assistant
director of the Iloyal Gardens, Kew, has preiiared for
the Colonial Office an interesting report on the sLsal in-
dustry in the Bahamas, which has assumed such large
proportions of late. The actual area planted in the
islands is about 25,000 a res, and it is estimated that
the yield will shortly reach about six thousand tons.
Last month good fair sisal sold in Loudon for 617 10s
per ton. Dr. Morris estimates that even if the lowest
price ever obtained — viz., £13 per ton — be accepted, the
maigin for profit will amount to £4 10s per acre, the
yield of w.iich varies fro n one-half to three-quarters o
a ton. — II and C. Mail, May 22.

SIZE OF THE BREAKS OF CEYLON
TEA.

There is some talk in the market of raising the
limit for public sale sampling to the same figures as
prevails in Indian tea — nearly, 20 cbests, 30 half-
chests aud .50 boxes. Buyers have felt the strain
severely of late in having to taste so maiiy samples,
and they complain also of the extra expense of sam-
pling and sending out a number of small breaks
instead of one large one. It is to be hoped that
the Ceylon tea planters will fall into line with their
Indian confreres as soon as possible. Ju.stico cannot
be done to so many samples in the busy season, and the
seller invariably suffers if the buyer has not been
able to satisfy himself thoroughly as to the top
value of what he is bidding for. Bomething might
be done to meet the legitimate wishes of buyers if
planters were to curtail the number of grades into
which they sorted ihoir produce. The tendency of
the tea trade being so much in the direction of
large blending businesses, there is not now the neces-
sity for more than tbree sorts, and planters would
save themselves expense and trouble, and in the
long run get as good a return if they were to en-
deavour to work in the direction now indicated.
— // (6 C Mail, May 22.

THE Di.MHI'LA V.\LLEV TEA C'OMl’.VNV.

It nuiy be said tliab all is well that ends well,
and fin? di.simte between the Direetor.s of this
Company and Sir .John Muir ha\ing been closed,
it is not needful to go into it at any length.

But some vei-y curious information has tran.s-
pired as to the difference in the law of England
and Ceylon and also of England and .Scotland
hearing on the sale of estate (Belgravia and
Elgin) property in this ca.se. When Sir John
Muir disputed the sale and the Directors had
to take the best available legal advice, it turned
out that the Agreement undoubtedly entered into
with the Sylhet Company at home was, —

(1) Not binding in law in Ceylon.

(2) Was binding in England, but the estates being

in Ceylon no action could be raised in an
English Court; or if damages were claimed
as they might be up to .£25,000, and obtained,
no specific recovery could take place against
any one here ! and

(3) The Agreement with homologation (that is the

subsequent proceedings of making part pay-
ment of price and sending out Power of At-
torney to transfer) was binding under the
law of Scotland.

This last fact no doubt intluenced Sir John
Muir in withdrawing oiiposition to the transfer
of the Sylhet Company estates ; but surely the
anomalous condition of affairs revealed by the
above in reference to the law affecting Agree-
ments for Sale of Landed Property within the
same Empire should lead to some reform. At
any rate, our Government must see to it that a
legal Agreement entered into and duly stamped
in London — the centre of capital, trade, and
business generally, — should be made valid in Cey-
lon. For, undoubtedly, had there been a con-
tinuance of the dispute, and a law suit had re-
sulted in the Dimbula Valley case, a great shock
would h.ave been given to the reputation if not
credit of Ceylon, in metropolitan business circles.
We trust, therefore, to see some amendment of
the pre.sent system shortly carried.

THE CITRONELLA-OIL DISPUTE.

We understand that Messrs. Domeier & Co. have
been approached this week by Mr. W. W. Green
(Brookes and Green), who was one of the arbitra-
tors in the Citronella-oil case, on the subject of the
dispute between themselves and Mr. R. C. Treatt
Mr. Green, on behalf of Mr.Treatt, suggested settlemtnt
of the questions at issue, and Messrs. Domeier &
Co. have agreed to close the matter upon Mr. Treatt
paying the entire costs of the arbitration and ana-
lyses and the legal expenses, taking back the adul-
terated citronella oil, and replacing it by guaranteed
pure oil. These conditions having been agreed to,
no further law proceedings will be taken. — Chemist and
Drwjyist, May 23.

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

The Production of Coffee and Tea in British
Dependencies. — The7/o»ie £• Colonial Mail h\ noticing
the communication whicli we reproduced on Satur-
day says : — Mr. J. Ferguson of Ceylon, who is
always eager to keep our statesmen and the public
generally well informed as to the facts in connec-
tion witn the planting industries of British depen-
dencies, writes a letter to the Times to correct some
current misapprehension about Ceylon coffee pro-
duction and price.

M.yuuitius Tea. — We have received some samples
of Mauritius tea, which we submitted to an expert,
who informs us that the curing is not quite satis-
factory, but that, allowing for the improvement which
it is perfectly possible to make in that direction,
there would seem to be no doubt that a regular
market for this production could be found in Loudon,
the quality of the leaf, strength, and aroma being
good, the principal defect being in firing. To suit
I'luglish taste these teas would have to be blended
with other teas ; but we understand they are at pre-
sent mostly consumed in the island itself in the form
in A'hich we saw and tested them. — Ihe Suyar Cane.

54

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

July r, 1896.

NOTES FROM METROPOLIS.

Hei!TI''OKD, May 22.

MR. M’M. MACKENZIE

E not idle about our tea in America, iliouy;h
on this side at present. He has frequent
interviews with houses on this side wlio are
exporting tea to tlie Stales and is only now
waiting for tlie co-o^jeration of India, and [lerliajjS
to meet Mr. IJlecliynden in London, before starting
again for New York. A remittance of £3,001)
from Ceylon has come to liand. Here is a speci*
men of the latest ailvertisement inserted liy our
Commissioner in tlie American Press : —

INDIAN AND CEYLON TEAS.

The Cliancellor of the Exchequer, in presenting the
Budget to the British House of Commons on Thurs-
day, said :

“ A great feature had been in the increase of the re-
venue from tobacco, wine and tea, the latter having
steadily diiven coffee out of the market, * * * and

the popular taste for rum was greatly lessening. Tea
had yielded £120,000 over the estimate, implying an
increased consumption of 10,000,000 pounds of that com-
modity. There was a largo and welcome transfer of
the tea trade from China to India and Ckylon."

The increase in the consumption of these teas in
America during 189.5 was at even a greater ratio, being
equivalent to an advance of 72 per cent over that of
1894, lb.

Imports in 1891 . . . . 5,379,542

Imports in 1895 .. .. 9,283,144

The three estates imrchascd (or to be purcliased
by the

CON.SOLIDATED ESTA'I'ES CO.MfANV
of Ceylon from Messns. Arbuthnot Co , are
Knutsford, £.5,000 ; Rutland, £10,000 ; and War-
riagalla, £14,400— total £35,0 >0 ; and fresli de-
bentures and sbares are to be issued to cover
tbe amount.— Anotlier extract from yo.sterday’s
Pall Mall, oi tea interest, runs: —

.vrAZAW\'i'TKK 'rr.A comi’anv : full details of the

C'O.MINO USE.

We are able to state that the capita! of tho Maza-
wiittee Tea Company which is on tho point of being
offered to the public, will be t‘559, 000 in -10,000 live per
cent cumulative preference shares of five pounds each
and 350,000 ordinary shares of one pound each. The
prosjiectus will state that in addition to the tea trade
the vendors also carry on a large business as wliole-
sale coffee dealers, that they sujiqily some of their
customers with printed matter from their own printing
plant, and that it is believed that, besides meeting
their own requirements, they will be able to carry on
an export and general trade in tea-packing lead. The
new company takes over the stock-in-trade valued at
£71,418, cash at banker, s, bills receivable and book
debts, less liabilities, at ,£71,771, and leases, plant,
tixtures and effects at £24,322. The total purchase
price for the whole business will be .£5.50,000, of which
one-third will be taken in preference and ordinary
shares, to be retained for at least twelve months, and
not to he sold for live years without the consent of the
directors. A statement of profits certified by Messrs.
Whiuney, Smitlqand Whinney will appear in the pro-
spectus, showing that they amounted to L‘ll,05() in
1893, £44,229 in 1891, and 452,118 in 1895, 'The busi-
ness is being converted for lamily reasons, and in
order to enable customers, the traUe, and tho staff to
obtain a direct interest.

GREEN VH. BLACK 'I'EAS IN AMERICA.

Until Mr. Mackenzie’s letter is available for
reference, we cannot know tlie degree at which lie
estimates the dilliculties tliat the preference sliown
lor green teas in America ofl’er to liis full succe.ss
on onr holialf. From what onr London Corre-
spomlent iuis been able to learn as to this,
however, it seems natural to conclude that he

doe.s not regard tliese lightly. Whether he ha.s
been able to oiler any practical suggestion for
overcoming them we are at pre.sent nnaivare.
We conclude from the fact that the Tea Com-
mittee of our London As.sociation had determined
to print his letter for circulation among its
memhcr.s, that that body deems Mr. Mackenzie’s
communication on the subject to be of an im-
[lortant character. In the meantime onr readers
may well be reminded that this is by no means
liie lirst occasion on which this cause of hin-
drance has been brought under notice. Some
three or four years liaek the matter was so
strongly represented, that some of our e.-^tate pro-
prietors prepared a considerable quantity of green
tea and sent it home. Tliis first sliipmerit met
with such a ready sale, tliat the prejiaration of
tills tea w’as undertaken by others in the colony.
It was soon made evident, however, that this
further supply was in excess of demand, the
shiiiments made remaining for a long time un-
sold. But no .sooner had tlie stock become slowly
exhausted than fresh demands were made for it
for America, which, of course, the London trade
w'as not then in a [losition to supply. W"e dis-
cussed the situation at the time, coming to the
conclusion that the demand for green tea was
too llnctuatiiig and uncertain for it to he worth
the while of our planters to undertake its manu-
facture after any regular fashion or to any
coii.siderable amount. Tlie late Mr. James
Wliittall, as our London Correspondent has re-
minded us, was very strong in his views as to
our attackiiio- the American market w’ith this
desciiption of tea, and he had a large quantity
prepared upon his own estates. But we have
never heard that the result his doing so in-
(dined him to persevere in that course. We shall
he curious to hear if Mr. Mackenzie recommends
that it should be continued by our jdanters.
Two alternatives, it would seem, must then he
liefoie ns. Either we must await such a change
in taste as has now' come about in England, or
we imust endeavour to meet that yet prevalent
among tlie people of tlie United States. As to
these alternatives Mr. IMackenzie w'ill no doubt
advise us wisely. The local experience he has
now obtained in America must render him the
fittest person to decide onr future course for us.

THE EADElvLA ESTvATES CO., LD.
The follow'iufr is a fuller report of the ordinarv
general meeting of shaieliolders in tlie Eadella

Estates Co., Ld., Iield at
June 13, th.an we were able
of that day : —

Present : — Messrs. AY. D.
E, M. liaurie, E. S. Eox,
Pyiier, Edward Kynaston,

■ 5Vm.

Kandy on Saturday,
to give ill our issue

Cihhoii in the chair,
H. S. Rix, Cordon
and there were also
Eorhes Laurie and

represented Messrs
Buxton L.aiirie.

After the usual formalities tlie Directors’ Re-
port for the past season was presented.

The Cu.AiiiMAN said tliat he thought the rejiort,
whicli the Directors now submitted to the sliare-
liolders, w'as juetty well exh.austive, and that they
liad entered fully into all that had been done ;
and thougii tliey had met tliem w'ith a proposal
tor a sliglit-ly less dividend than that of last
year, he w'oiihl like them to consider that this
Company s .season ending in April put the re-
snlts on a dillerent footing to those companies
winch had clo.sed tlieir season on 31st Uecember
last, as we had to include some 4 months of poor
puces and lug 1 e.xchaiige. The teas had netted
about 8 cents le.ss than in the previous years. He

July i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

55

would certainly like to see them j^etting higher
prices, but still they should not lose sight of tlie
circumstances he had mentioned. The Company
was in a good position. The preliminary expendi-
ture had been written off in d instead of 5 years
as originally contemplated, and they had also
carried forward a good sum. He de.sired specially
to accentuate the fact of tlie new clearings
being so good, and tlie shareholders ought to bear
in mind that they have now an additional area
of 102 acres of Liberian coffee and cacao, planted
also with coconuts, and that not in the used-up
soil of a re.suscitated coffee estate, but as their visit-
ing agent could affirm some of tlie very linest.soil
in the district.

Mr. Fox said that the clearings of cacao and
Liberian were most satisfactory, and the soil ex-
ceptionally line and all tliat could be desiretl.
He mentioned the line coconut plants also. Al-
luding to the very line cro[is of Liberian coffee
that were originally yielded from the older and
much poorer soil in the portions of “Lil.eria”
that adjoin the railway line, he remarked that
much more could be expected from the new
fields of rich soil than was got from the older
and poor land wliich cannot be compared for a
moment to the clearings, though they had yielded
handsomely in former years as regards quantity,
wdtcn unfortunately the real value of Liberian
had not been recognised and prices were very low
conqiarcd to )iresent values.

Mr. UoRDON Pvi’Li; asked regarding the shade
01 the new clearing.^, and wdiether it was dotri.
mental to J.iberian coffee, and an interesting dis-
cussion arose as to the metliods of lopping Ihbe-
rian, and general working and labour and the
season of tea pruning ; and after suggesting, that
consideration should be given to the opening
of 30 or 40 acres more laud next year,
Mr. Pyper proposed the adoption of tlie Direc-
tors’ report and accounts, and, seconded by Mr.
H. tS. Mix, it was carried.

Divjue.\]). — It was moved that 6 ]ier cent be
now paid making the complement of 11 per cent
for the year.

Dikuctors. — Messrs. Fox and F. M. Laurie
w'ere jiroposed to bo re-elected by Mr. IA uer,
econded by Mr. Kix.

Auditor. — Mr. John Guthrie’s re-election was
moved from the Chair and carried.

Sux’KRiNTENDiiNT.— Mr. E. S. Fox considered
tliat Mr. Kynaston’s efforts and management of
estates merited the tlianks of the shareholders ;
and this being seconded by Mr. Lauriio, the resolu-
tion conveying the same was carried.

With a vote of thauks to the chair the meeting
erminated.

«

ANOTHER NEW TEA COMPANY.

THE PENRiro.S ESTATE COAIPANV, UMJTED.

The last new^ tea estate company is the
Penrhos Estate Company, which is to be foimed
to purchase the Penrhos and Hentleys and Deha-
naike estates in Ambagamuwa. Penrhos and
Hentleys belong to Mr. W. B. Kimrsbury, and
tbe whole group is to be formed into one
Company. The purchase amount is said to be
about T1 1,000, and Messrs. Lee, Jledges & Co. are
the agents. A contemporary is told that the
capital is already subscribed more than twice over.

MADRAS CINCHONA PLANTATIONS.
The Fort St. George Gazette, recently contained
an announcement of the appointment of Mr. W.
M. Standen as Director of the Government Cin-
chona Plantations in Madras, and that of Mr. D,

Hooper as Government Botanist, .subject to the ap-
proval of the Secretary ot State. Tlie Government
of India has, on the recommendation of the Gov-
ernment of Madra.-^, sanctioned Mr. Standen’s ap-
pointment on a salary of lUoO, rising to R750 with
free (juarters. Mr. Standen, as a cinchona planter
of experience, is considered the best person to con-
duct the working of the plantation and its produce.
He w ill be given one year’s time to (|ualify in the
processes involving the manufacture of cinchona
jirodiicts, when he will be placed in charge of the
(]uiniiie factory. — Fioneer. June 10.

INDIAN INSECTS OF ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE.

Number ti. Vol. III. of tlio Indian Museum Xote.s
contains a very large number of figures prepared
from time to time in the Entomological Section of
the Indian Museum in illustr.atiou of insects of
economic importance in India. Most of the species
concerned have already been more or less completely
discussed in the pages of previous issues of these
interesting pamphlets, and in publishing these
figures the Trustees do so, merely with a view to
facilitate their identification, and they have thereby
rendered the public a great service. The illustrations
are very w'ell executed by native artist, s, to w'hom
due acknowledgment is given for their services,
while the writer of the XotcH does not forget to ex-
press his thanks for the great assistance rendered
by Colonel J. Waicrhouse and Messrs. Dean and
Boss. Among the illustrations which have the
greatest interest for those in this Presidency we find
one of the Biiprestid Psitoplem faaluosa, referred to
in previous Xotes in connection' with injury to teak
trees. It losemlilcs ihe jumping beetles, that de-
scription which if placed on their backs will recover
their proper position by a series of jumps, some-
times leaping two or three inches into the air. The
Hesperid Gangava Ihijrsis is notable as a defoliator
of young coconut palms in Malabar. The cater-
pillar of these species Alope ricini, a sort of woolly
bear, occurs throughout India, and is a general
defoliator. Another illustration show's that Acri-
ditiui an-uginosum, referred to in various places in
the SotC!< in connection with so-called “ locust-
invasions ” in this Presidency, taken from speci-
mens received from Madras. We arc told that
considerable individual variation is exhibited in the
arrangement of the w'ing markings, even in specimens
forwarded together from the same locality. In the
absence of colouring, we are unable to say whether
these are the sa nc species of locusts that invaded
the Island several years ago, but they look rather
like them. The ones we refer to, attacked the
croton bushes at the further end of the Island,
near the Buckingham canal, and were notable for
their beautiful colouring, in which a bright blue was
conspicuous. But we find an illustration of another
locust, the palaearctic, which may be the one we
refer to. Specimens of the latter were sent to the
Indian Museum in connection both with the Mad-
ras locust invasion of 1878 and also with more
localised injury to standing crops in Gan-jam in
181)0. The Viiricty appears to be a far lessserious
enemy to standing crops in India than such species
as Acridiuni i>ere<iiimuii and Aciidium succinclum.
Of coffee pests there are several illustrations, in-
cluding one of an ant, which also attacks cinchona
bushes, in Ceylon, and is known as C remast og aster
doliriii, a very long name for a very little insect ;
the imago of the cosmopolitan species Agrafes
segelum, which attacks young coffee plants ; the
scale in.sect, Lccaiiium viridc, with a plate illus
trating its life history. Among other interesting figures
is that of an Asilid tly wdiich mimics the bee 'Trigona
vidua so closely in size and colouration as to be al-
most indistinguishable wdieu upon the wing, in spite
of its great structural diversity. The Asilid fig-
ured was taken in the act of devoiu'ing the bee. The
last illustration which we can refer to, shows the re-
mains of a beam of wood, from the neighbourhood of

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[JuLy r, 1896,

56

Calcutta, which had been attacked by white ants.
The supports left by the ants to boar the weight of
the earth and rubbish that lay .above the beam, ^011-
sist mostly of akuobiu the centre strengthened by
a little of the surrounding wood-tissue, exhibiting the
wonderful wisdom of the termite in his depredations.
— M. Mail, June 3.

DRUG REPORT.

(Prom the Chemist and DiUfi(jist.)

London, May 21.

C.M't'EiXE.— Unaltered in price, at from ISs to 19 per
lb., according to (piality. Tliere has been a good dea
of dissatisfaction lately among wholesale dnu.gu>ts ami

shippe s at the practice of caffeine-manufacturers to

book one-ewt. orders at the minimum price and to allon
the quantity to be taken out as required. Ihis prac-
tice is said to be spoiling the wholesale tiade, aiul
it has been arranged to make a combined representation
to the manufacturers asking them not to sell belo\\ uie
list prices and to insist upon the entire contract bein„
taken up at oiice.

Kssentia Oils.— It is expected that the quotations
for Crotton oil will shortly be further advanced, on ac-
count of the extreme scarcity of croton-seed. Lliwe oil
remains quite neglected ; the demand has fallen ott con-
siderably lately.

V.tNiLL.v is extremely tirinly held, and according to the
importers, there is every prospect that prices may still
advance by several shillings for tine qualities.

SlMCES. — White pepper is very flat with sales at auction
of middling. Veiiang at .Sd, brown Ceylon at 3jd, and tine
ditto at 4pl per lb. For J une-August delivery 3Jd per
lb. has been paid privately.

MR. E. M HAY’S VISIT TO AUSTRALIA.

A FLOWER AND FRUIT EXPERIMENT IN CEYLON.

Mr. E. M. Hay of Goorook-oya, Ave are glad
to learn, has returned from a visit to New
Zealand greatly benefited in liealtli from his visit
to the Britain of the south. Auckland, Mr. Hay
confided to an Ofiseri’cc representative, was his head-
, quarters, and at the famous Rotorwa Springs, a dis-
trict, the climate of which has for him many charms,
he has laid in a store of health and strength.
In Australia, he doubtless, would have had an
enjoyable time but for an attack of fever. All
the same, Mr. Hay has not been idle in the course
of his tra\’els, ami as a result he is about to
make an experiment in orange and lemon culture,
a subject Avith which he in an fait and an enthusiast
to boot. In the steamer “Orient,” by Avhich be
came from Australia, Mr. Hay lias brought
several cases of orange and lemon grafts. Despite
the long sea voyage, the grafts are in excellent
heart and appear full of vitality. Tlie orange
and lemon plants Avitli which he is to experiment,
<'roAvn at Bydney, originally came from Elorida,
and they are the results of high and very care-
ful cultivation. The orange contains a very
limited number of seeds, has a very thin skin,
and is of exguisite flavour. The lemons arc of
the very finest grown in Elorida. Mr. Hay intends
to send some of the grafts to the Royal Botanic
Gardens at Peradeniya and Avith the others he
is to experiment on his estate of Denmark, Ula-
pane. 'I he elevation of tlie estate is about 1,700
feet and it is Avell suited foi the cultivation of
oranges, though he does not think that lemons
will grow so Avell on it. Mr. Hay jiroiioses to graft
the oratP'es on to pumelo trees of which there .are
a <mod n?any on the iilace, and he may, by way of
ex^ieriment, probably send some of them to an estate
in Uva, the premier fruit district of Ceylon.
The method of planting, Mr. Hay explained, Avas
pretty much like that employed with coflee,
jioles were cut and the plant set up in good,

soil. In Australia, he remarked incidentally
they did not take very much trouble in the
matter of planting though they were A-ery parti-
cular Avith regard to securing eflicient draining.
A most important thing lie said in orange
groAving was to see that the land Avas
thoroughly drained. There Avas nothing more im-
patient of Avet feet or stagnant Avater than the
orange. Mr. Hay has also imported a quantity
of prize chrysanthemums. While at Auckland
he Avas very much struck Avith the appearance
of the crysanthemums. Some of them Avere
of the most exquisite colours, and in several
instances a single bloom measured quite 8 inches
across. The juices asked for such Avere very
stiff, but he succeeded in getting cuttings as Avell
as a few choice dahlia biooriLs. Mr. Hay con-
siders that the chrysanthemum, if properly looked
after, would do very Avell in Ceylon, and if they
do not thrive in Ulajiane or Nawalajiitiya. he
purposes sending them to NuAvara Eliya. Re-
verting to the subject of New Zealand, Mr. Hay
expre.sses unqualified admiration for the timber
of that country — twenty or thirty of the Avoods
being most beautiful.

THE CITRONELLA GIL DISPUTE.

As some of the parties connected with this (now
happily settled) dispute have endeavoured to throw
doubt upon the correctness of our announcement of
last week relating to the terms upon which the in-
cident was closed, AA’e may state that Messrs. Domeier
& Co. confirm the accuracy of our statement in every
respect, and that they have shown us the memoran-
dum, dated May 20, and signed “ Win. W. Green,” in
Avhich Mr. Green confirms the terms of settlement
verbally agreed upon betAveon himself, on behalf of
Mr. Treatt, and Mr. Domeier, earlier on the same
day. This document states that Mr. Treatt agrees
to give to Messrs. Doineir & Co. “ approved com-
mercial citronella oil of direct import from Ceylon”
against two of the contracts in dispute, while, with
regard to the third, Mr. Treatt agrees to refund the
money and take back the oil. Mr. R. C. Treatt
further undertakes to pay the arbitrators’ fees and
the analysts’ foes, and it is agreed between the
parties that “ no other questions are to be raised.”

But, although the Domeier-Treatt case has thus
been settled, we understand that more is likely to bo
heard with regard to yet another parcel of citronella
oil, purchased from Mr. Treatt by the London re-
presentatives of one of the largest German csseutial-
oil firms. — Chemist and Dmg(jist, May 30.

♦

“ CAMPHOR-SEEDS.”

At today’s auctions .5 1-cwt. bags described as
“ seeds,” imported from Rangoon, were offered for
sale. In appearance the drug very much resembled
decorticated cardamoms, but it was distinguished
from the seed of JSlcttana cardamOmum by its strong
camphoraceous odour and taste. The older druggists
recognised the article (which has not been seen on
the open market for many years) as “camphor-seed”
at one time a regular article of trade. The seeds
are those of Amomum cardanioitmm, Willd.,the “ round
cardamom ” formerly not unfamiliar on our market,
and are closely allied to the official cardamom in
medicinal jiroperties. In the south of Europe, in fact,
we believe that they are (or were Avhen aA-ailablo
in trade) often used as a substitute for the true
cardamom. The habitat of the parent plant is Su-
matra, .Java, and the other Malaysian islands, which
accounts for the importation of the parcel via Ran-
goon instead of from Ceylon or Southern India. The
liuit has sometimes boon imported in the cluster
Avhich it grows, and which has earned for it
the 1 rench name of “Amome en gr,rv2>es.’'—Ch€inis't and
Druggist, May 30.

July i, 1896 |.

niK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

57

INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION.
CENEKAL COMMITTEE’S REPORT.

Tlic following are extracts from the Report of
the Oeneral Committee of tlie Indian Tea Asso-
ciation for the year ending 29th February 1890: —
INDIAN ti:a in amkiuca.

Mr. Rlechyiideu has continued to carry on hia
campaign in the United States, in the interests of
Indian tea, with unabated vigour during the year,
and has been working lately in conjunction with Mr.
Mackenzie, the Commissioner from Ceylon. Mr.
Blechynden has displayed great versatility and re-
source in the schemes he has adopted for bringing
Indian tea before the American public, and at a
meeting of the General Committee of the Association
in London, held on the 17th of March last, a reso-
lution was passed, expressing their appreciation of
the valuable services he had rendered to the tea
industry. Reference was made at eonsiderable length
in the last report to the details of his plan of
operations, which consisted mainly in giving de-
monstrations in both large and small stores in New
York, Rrooklyn, and Chicago, assisted by his staff
of five Native servants who proved a considerable
source of attraction. During the past year he has
however, been working on somewhat different lines,
and has disiiensed with the services of the Natives,
who appeared to be no longer required, after a certain,
stage in his operations had been readied, although they
were extremely useful in drawing attention to his en-
terprise in the first instance. Mr. Blechynden has fur-
nished from time to time interesting reports of his pro-
ceedings, which have been communicated to the news-
papers for the information of all those interested in
the extension of the Indian tea trade. He is now
engaged in calling the attention of the American
public, in conjunction with Mr. Mackenzie, to In-
dian and Ceylon teas by means of advertisements,
paragraphs in newspapers, lectures, demonstrations,
and by supplying tea as a beverage in places of
public resort. He has also — and this is, perhaps, one
of the most important branches of the work at
present — arranged to co-operate with private firms
and others engaged in selling British grown teas,
by granting them subsidies for advertisement on such
firms undertaking to spend an equal amount in ad-
vertising Indian and Ceylon teas. The London
Committee have found by experience that they have
been able to obtain a much larger field for adver-
tising and making known the good qualities of In-
dian tea by working in conjunction with Ceylon,
and have good reason to hope that the vigorous
efforts, which have been made by the representatives
of both countries, are now beginning to bear fruit.

Statistics recently published by Messrs. Gow,
Wilson and Stanton show very clearly the result of
the efforts which have been made to obtain a foot-
ing ill the markets of America. There has been a
steady increase in the consumption of British grown
tea in the United States and Canada during the
last six years, and the advance in consumption which
has taken place in 1895, the figures for which are
9,28.3,144 lb. as compared with 5,379,542 lb. for 1894
furnishes, in the opinion of the Committee, striking
evidence of the success of the vigorous exertions
made by both the Indian and Ceylon Associations
to push the trade, and should act as a powerful in-
centive to still greater efforts, when it is remem-
bered that the American markets annually consume
over 100,000,090 If), of tea.

In their last annual report the General Committee
recorded their opinion that a slow but steady in-
crease in the imports of Indian tea into America
was taking place, and the figures which are referred
to above show that their forecast was fully justified.

The American and Foreign Tea Committee of the
Indian tea Association, London, who have the control
and direction of Mr. Blechynden’s work in the United
States, recently published an interim report, in which
they expressed the opinion, that having regard to the
very large extensions which arc coming into bearing
both in India and Ceylon, it would bo a grave error to
leave at present entirely unaided the extension of

8

consumption in the United States, and stated that it
was es:e;itial that there should be a levy for the season
189(1 on the same basis as in the last year. On the
above report being presented to the General Com-
mittee in London, on the 17th March last, a reso-
lution was unanimously passed in favour of making
an effort to carry on for at least another year the
work of pushing Indian tea in America, and a fur-
ther levy on the same terms as in 1895 was decided
upon for this purpose. The General Committee here
are fully in accord with the views of the London
Committee on this matter, and thej' have accordingly
issued an appeal for support not only on the
grounds of the success achievel in exploit-
ing the American markets, but also in view of
the vital necessity which exists for finding
new outlets for the annually increasing crops of
Indian tea. The estimate of the Indian tea crop for
1896 amounts to over 144 million lb., or nearly 9
million lb. over the actual outturn of the crop of
1895, and this, of itself is a proof of tne necessity
for opening up new markets wherever possible. In
response to the Committee’s Circular of 20th July,
1895, the sum of 1192,545 was coutributed. This re-
presented a production of nearly 80 million lb. of
tea, and included liberal contribution from the two
Planters' iVssociations in Travaucore, which have all
along taken great interest in the American campaign.
The General Committee trust that in view of the in-
creasing necessity for finding outlets for tea, a much
larger sum will be raised during the present year.
If the ratio of increase of consumption of British-
grown tea in America can be maintained for a year
or two more, the trade will probably be in a posi-
tion to take care of itself, without the aid of special
efforts, such as the present, and the Association will
then be able to turn their attention to the opening
up of new markets in Russia, South Africa, and
other parts of the world.

MITIGATION and PEEVENTION OE INSECT BEIGHTS.

This important -matter formed the subject of a
somewhat lengthy paragraph in the last report
closing with a reference to the deputation of Dr.
Geo. Watt, C.I.E., Reporter on Economic Products
to the Government of India, to Assam, to make
special enquiries as to the value of the Adhatoda
Irtstca plant as an insecticide, and also to prosecute
any further investigations on points lying within his
sphere of work, which might be suggested to him,
and might be of service to the tea industry. Dr.
Watt remained in Assam some three months, the
time allotted to him by Government, and his report,
which is shortly expected, will no doubt, prove of
the greatest interest to all connected with tea,
although it is to be regretted that he was not able to
devote more time to his investigations udiile in
Assam, and the Government have not since seen their
way to allow him to return.

EXEMPTION OF TEA MACIIINEEV FROM DUTY.

In consequence of representations received from
members of the Association, the General Committee
addressed the Committee of the Bengal Chambers
of Commerce on the 26th March 1895, with papers
in support of a reprosontation the Committee of the
Chamber were making to Govorrment in favour of
exempting all machinery used in connection with the
manufacture of tea from duty, and were subsequently
favoured with a copy of the letter addressed to the
Board of Revenue by the Secretary of the Chamber
on the subject. The result of the Chamber’s action
was, that orders were issued by the Covernment of
India, exempting all tea machinery from duty, and
tlie General Committee tendered their best thanks
to the Committee of the Chamber for the part they
had taken in bringing about this desirable result.

MANUFACTURE OF THEINE FROM REFUSE INDIAN TEA
LEAVES.

The Committee have had some interesting official
papers placed at their disposal by the Government
of India, containing eorrespondonco between Messrs,
Ihomas Christy A Co., London, and Her Majesty’s
Board of Customs on this subject, and they are

[July i, 1896.

§8 the tropical agriculturist.

printed in the Appendix for general information.
Messrs. Thomas Christy & Co., will no doubt have
conferred a great benefit on the tea industry and
also on the general public* if thejr had solved the
problem of converting refuse tea into a useful and
beneficial drug. In October last the Committee
received from Messrs. Thomas Christy & Co., througli
the Indian Tea Association, London, a couple of
sample boxes of Theine tablets especially recommen-
ded in cases of fatigue and headache which it was
thought, would meet with a large demaud among
the natives of India. The i[uautily sent was too
small to experiment upon, but ills understood that
Messrs. Christy A Co. are taking steps to have these
tablets widely disseminated among tea estates m
different parts of India.

INDIAN XDA IN PEUSIA.

In September last the attention of the General
Committee was drawn to an article in the “ Home
and Colonial Mail ” of 16th August on the subject
of tea in Persia, commenting on the report for 1894-95
on the trade of Khorassan by H. B. M. Vice-Consul
Mr. Bingler Thomson. The Consul stated in his
report that there was no doubt a very large quan-
tity of cheap bad tea come from the Indian markets,
and that brought to Meshed was of the vilest descrip-
tion, and probably damaged stuff ; which had been
subjected to firing a second time. The Committee
were of opinion that this was a statement which
should not remain unchallenged, and required careful
investigation in the interests of the Indian tea
trade, and they accordingly addressed the Vice-
Consul at Meshed, asking by what route
the tea arrived in the country, and how it was
packed, and a request was also made for samples if
they could be supplied, in order to enable the Com-
mittee to trace its origin. Mr. Thomson replied on
the 2nd of October, forwarding four samples of tea
with his letter in support of his previous official
statement. Three of these on being valued were
found to be absolutely worthless, the value of the
fourth being estimated at not more than 7 annas
per lb., although selling in Persia at Re. 1-40, this
being the only one of the four samples sent, which
was fit for consumption. The Committee have been
using their beat efforts to discover where and by
whom this worthless tea is shipped to Persia. It is
quite clear it does not come from Calcutta, and they
have received a letter from a leading firm of brokers
here stating that although a very considerable
quantity of sound high-class tea had been shipped
from this market to Persia, for some seasons past,
they desired to place on record their statement as
brokers for the largest buyers for the Persian
market, that so far as they knew, no unsound tea
had ever lieen shipped from this port. A refercnio
in the letter from the British Vice-Consul at INfesh-
ed to Kangra led the Committee to place themselves
in communication with the Kangra Valley Planters’
Association, who supplied them w’ith some interest-
ing information os to the mode of manufacture and
adulteration resorted to by Native planters in that
district, and it appeared likely that this tea was
sent to Bombay for shipment to Persia together with
inferior and adulterated tea from other districts with
possibly a good admixture of low-class China tea.
The Committee have since been in correspondence
with the Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce,
Bombay, who has very kindly done all in his power
to assist in the investigation ; but so far as the en-
quiries have gone, has not been able to find any trace
of shipment of such tea having been made from
Bombay, though he is hoping to collect further in-
formation. The matter, although an extremely im-

Eortant one to the tea industry, in view of Persia
ecoming an important outlet for Indian tea, is ad-
mittedly a very difficult one to deal with. The ex-
ports of Indian tea from Bombay to ports in the
Persian Gulf amount now to about 2,000,(X)0 lb.
annually.

THEI'TS OK TEA IN TIUNSIT.

In October last attention began to bo directed
to the serious loss caused by the frequent shortages
found on opening tea chests in London, evidently
the result of the chests being tampered with and

pilfered somewhere in the course of transit. The
General Committee immediately took action in the
matter by asking for the co-operation of members
iu trying to localize the thefts and bring the of-
fenders to justice. They also issued a circular
letter to different firms of brokers, enquiring
whether they hvd discovered any shortages of tea
sold by auction iu Calcutta, and asked what precau-
tions they took against thefts being committed
when tea was in their godowns. The Tea Traders'
Association were also addressed with a x’equest for
any help they could give in investigating the matter.
The general oiunioii was that the chests wore tam-
pered with somewhere in the port before sbipmeut.
The Comniittoe then placed themselves iu commu-
nication with Sir John Lambert, the Commissioner of
Police, who immediately took active measures to dis-
cover and suppress the thefts if they were being com-
mitted withiu the limits of the port, As a result of
the energy and vigilance of Mr. Superintendent Hogg,
an important arrest of the manjees and dandees of
two cargo boats was made on the 17th of Decem-
ber, the issue of which was that seven boatmen
were sentenced to six months’ imprisonment and
one receiver to one year’s imprisonment. Superin-
tendent Hog:g and his staff followed up this suc-
cessful! beginning very vigorously, and between
the 17th of December and the 15th of January,
twenty-three persons were arrested by the River
Police in connection with nine cases of theft, of
whom eighteen were convicted. The Committee
showed their appreciation of the good work done
by the police by placing at the disposal of the
Commissioners the sum of R500 for distribution
as rewards. Sir John Lambert bas called special
attention to the temptations to dishonest boatmen
owing to absence of proper safeguards on the part
of shippers while their tea is lying in lighters
on the river, and he has suggested that no cargo
boat should be sent off without a responsible
sircar or peon iu charge. The manjees and their
crews who ply in this port are very nearly allied to
the criminal classes, and consequently reasonable
supervision by owners and agents is imperative.
Sir John Lambert stated that all that could be done
by the police force would be done, but it was im-
possible for a small body of police, who have to
perform multifarious duties, to exercise complete
control over the movements of dishonest boatmen,
or to prevent their tampering on board their boats
with goods entrusted to them. The Committee are
glad to state that owing to the vigorous action of
the police a stop has apparently been put to thefts
on the river, but they fear that a considerable
amount of robbery takes place on the way down
from the gardens, and the detailed statements they
have received from different members show that a
very large quantity of Lea has been pilfered from
time to time. Some important paxiers in connec-
tion with this matter will be found printed in the
Appendix.

FINA NCES.

'The total planted area represented by the As-
sociation during the year has been 265,188 acres
against 243,278 acres, a fairly satisfactory, but still not
in the opinion of the Committee, a sufficient in-
crease, considering that the total area under cultiva-
tion in Assam, Cachar, Darjiling, the Duars, the Tcrai,
Chittagong and Chota Nagpur is at the present
moment 389,407 acres, and they trust at no distant
date to see the whole of the tea industry of Nor-
thern India represented by the Association. The
year’s subscriptions at the rate of one anna per acre
amount of R16, 571-2-0, and theCommittee have realized
this year a further sum of R240-3-2 from the sale of
Mr. Bimber’s text-book on the “Chemistry and
Agriculture of Tea’’ for which there is still a demand.
The Revenue Account published shows a surplus of
R3, 947-11-3, aud from the balance sheet it will be
seen that the Committee had a balance in hand on
the 29th of February, 1896, of 1114,842-1-0. The
Committee remitted to the London Association on
account of iho expenses of the London Office the
sum of .t'200, the wpiivalciit of which 113,498-13-9 is
debited to Revenue Account, aud has been provided

July i, 1896,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

59

out of ovdiiifiry income. The hdlancc of ordinary
income over ordinary oxponditnre is generally about
111,000; but in the year wliicli is now commencing,
the General (Jommittee will be called upon to meet
an additional monthly expenditure of JR200 as the
Committee of Bengal Chamber of Commerce
have suggested that, in view of the increased work
connected with the Association, the monthly contri-
bution to the funds of the Chamber should be raised
from R400 to ROOO. The General Committee realizing
that the work of the Association has largely deve-
loped in late years, in several directions have decided
to recommend at the annual meeting that the request
of the Committee of the Chamber should be complied
with, and trust the recommendation will receive the
support of members generally.

Annual General Meeting.

Pi'oceedings of the fifteenth annual general meeting
of members of the Association, held at the Bengal
Chamber of Commerce, on the 27th of May, 1896.

The Chairman said : — The report fully treats with
labour and markets for our tea, but without labour
we cannot get the produce, and yet it seems beyond
reason that with the teeming million of people we
should find any difficulty in securing labour. Mar-
kets also are not without difficulties, as it is easy
to take a horse to the water, but it is quite another
matter to make him drink, although a little coaxing
might be resorted to, and this is being done.

The first estimate of the Indian crop issued in
the middle of April anticipated an outturn of 144
million lb., but the unfavourable weather prevailing
in some districts at the beginning of the season
made this estimate drawn up some time previous,
to be considered a full one, and it cannot be said
from the general information received to date that
the situation has in any way improved, but you can
understand the difficulty in gauging the future when
there are so many causes — climatic and otherwise —
to contend with, which may materially affect the
crop before it is gathered.

Out of the 144 millions, 16 millions are estimated
for shipment to the Colonies and other ports and for
local consumption, leaving 128 million lb. for Great
Britain.

Ceylon has been annually showing considerable ex-
pansion in exports, and it is expected that they will
reach over 100 million lbs. this year of which 15
millions will likely be taken by the Colonies and other
foreign countries, but the eventual results will much
depend on the weather.

The annual increasing production from India and
Ceylon has caused some uneasiness, but with the in-
creased consumption at home, and improving demand
from other countries as well as the displacement of
China and Japan teas, we have no reason to view
the near future with alarm, on the contrary, the
present statistical position points to the season’s sup-
ply not being in excess of requirements.

I noticed from a Hong-Kong Circular the other day
that the total exports of tea from all China for the
past season was 140 million lbs. or 54 millions more
than in 1894-95.

It is indeed worthy of note to place these three
countries’ figures side by side and compare —

In 1875 China imported into U.K. 122 millions

,, 1895 ,, ,, jt ft 314 i.

„ 1875 India & Ceylon „ „ 23i ,,

„ 1895 „ „ „ 1904

thus showing the rapid strides British-grown tea has
made in 20 years.

The Budget shows a surplus of over six millions,
and the outcry is that sufficient consideration has not
been paid to the “breakfast table.” As tea takes a
very prominent position in that daily meal, doubtless
the industry which, we are representing, before long
will claim some attention from the Chancellor of the
Kxchequer, and he may see his way to making a
further reduction of duty on tea.

The statistics available go to show that America
imported during 1894, 102, against 98 million pounds
in 1896, of which India and Ceylon contributed over
nine millions last year, being an increase of four

million.s over 1894, the remainder being China and
•lapan. ^ ibis will .show tlie lield we have yet to
conquer in that direction, but a beginning has been
iiiauo, and the uliorts of tbe Associations with their
able representative, Mr. Blochyuden, will doubtless
show greater results at the end of the current season.
Americans do not appear to take very kindly to tea,
judging from the fact that during 15 years the con-
sumption only increased some 30 million lb., and now
It is put down at 134 in pounds per head of population.
So that there is in addition to the ousting of China and
Japan, a great held for us to induce the Americans to
transfer their fancy from iced drinks to the cup that
cheers.

There is no saying also to what extent the ladies of
America will go in the use of tea to supplant tobacco,
because I have seen notice taken of the rage for ciga-
rettes made of tea, and we hope the “ weed” will grow
laigely in favour although we would not like them to
jeopardise their constitutions in so doing.

That there is a wide opening for Indian tea in
America and Canada is quite evident, and it ap-
pears that Indian in time will not only oust out a
large influx of China and Japan manufacture into
that country, but wall also bring our teas into favour
with those who now use beer or coffee at almost
every meal. The taste of the American tea drinkers
has been educated to green teas, and it will there-
fore take time to divert their liking to ours, but
^ccess IS bound to attend our energetic efforts
Gardens have tried over and over again to make
green teas, but abandoned them chiefly on account
of the high cost of manufacturing, but this important
matter deserves every consideration.

It is therefore iucunibeiit on me to emphasize the
grave error we would make, if we were to allow the
position we have gained to relax in the slightest
degree, in trying to win this promising market,
which IS so important to retain, in face of the large
area of tea coming into bearing, during the next
lew years. Let those who have not yet made
^ their minds to contribute towards the American
h uud, hesitate no longer to contribute their share
of what IS justly due by all with no exception The

appeal of the London and Calcutta Committees it is

therefore hoped, will receive that hearty support it
SO justly deserves. ^

We cannot, however, be expected to carry every
market before us without opposition, and this re-
calls to my memory a recent article which I read
bearing on adulterated teas being imported into
America. It went on to say that the plan
adopted to restrict or prevent the duty of inferior
teas into America has so far proved futile
and stated that this refers particularly to the
• bogus teas which are not grown but manu-
factured from spurious leaves, tea dust, and
colouring material. The mixture is made to look
quite handsome to the inexperienced eye, and its
sale returns good profits to unprincipled retailers
A chromo thrown in with every purchase makes the
Ignorant consumer apparently satisfied. There is no
question about the legitimate trade being injured
and Mr. Bunn proposes to regain lost ground by
needed legislation. Certain suggestions have been
made by this gentleman which, it is acknowledged,
would be a vast improvement over the present sys-
tem, but the House of Representatives appear indiffer-
ent. It would therefore be well for the tea trade
to agitate the necesspy reforms in admitting tea
into America, and it is to be hoped that a matter
so detrimental to our interests, will claim the
earnest attention of all concerned in the welfare of
our industry.

It is said by some that tea causes many local
uiscsiSGS, UlUd you soui6tiui6s sgg Sirticlcs running in
this strain, but much, I am afraid, is due to the
manner in which it is infused or rather “stewed”
and, the adoption of “ Chinese rubbish,” which it is
often termed, in place of using onr pure Indian tea
manufactured entirely by machinery and not by hand
as in China. It is to be hoped tli it consumers will
soon learn to infuse tea for three to four minutes
only, with fresh boiling water, and to bear in mind
tiifiit Xndid«n possesses more body Oiud dner f^&vour
and at less relative cost to the consumer than China.

6o

THE TROPIC AI

AGRicui/ruRisr.

[July i, 1896.

There aro other iriavltcts which have sliU to lie cap-
tured aud they are deservin'' of the earliest attention.

South Africa seems a likely market for our teas,
and with an ever-increasing population it is to lie
hoped that our manufacture will soon find its way
in large quantities to that market. It is said that
the people there drink inferior China aud Natal teas
when they can get it, and we should lose no tmie
in entering that market with vigour. There is a
large mining population in Johannesburg, aud there
are other rapidly growing places, and as the miner
prefers tea to liquor, which is excessively dear, in all
reasonable likelihood, he would take to tea, if ho can
get it good, and will no doubt pay well for it.

The Negro population of New Orleans, Alabama
and other places in the States buy largely, but the
coloured people living in the south, although no
of the same liking, should not be forgotten, while
Russia, consuming 70 million pounds of lea, ancl
Persia shoul 1 claim a large share of our att^tion,
where our teas are gaining favour as against Cln'i'' ■

VVe do not appear to make much headway’ in the
Colonies in competition with China and Ceylon, the
proportion.^ being put down at six millions Indian,
nine millions Ceylon and 11 millions China, making
the consumption per head of about 7 lb., as against
the United Kingdom of to lb.

The India, Bimma and Ceylon Exhibition was
opened at Earl’s Court on the 9th instant and it
is reported that the Indian exhibits exceed those of
last year three times over. We all realize the im-
portance of having our manufacture brought promi-
nently before the British public, and inllueutial
visitors to London and the Exhibition, who it may
be expected will take back to their own countries,
not only a liking themselves for a real good cup
of tea, but initiate-its use among their friends and
in turn the thousands.

It is not too late to send samples, as it is most
desirable to make a creditable appearance along-
side of Ceylon, and no doubt the cleanly method of
manufacturing by machinery and other demonstra-
tions will be shown, as it is well that people should
know that no foreign colouring substances are used,
and that our teas are manipulated entirely by
machinery.

We are much indebted to Dr. Watt for his valu-
able hints on tea blights, and we trust th it Govern-
ment will see their way to allowing him to prosecute
his researches in the districts for a few months, and
thus enable him to further investigate the terrible
pest of the tea bush and thereby assist in suggesting
certain remedies whereby its ravages may be allayed.

In regard to the appointment of a Scientific Officer
for the tea districts for a term of years it seems
reasonable to expect, and it may be said to be beyond
doubt, that such a specialist would be invaluable to
the industry at large, as he would be able to
thoroughly investigate the many points which must
arise in the chemistry of the tea plant and the cul-
tivation and manufacture of it. Much has yet to be
learnt on the subject of proper cultivation of the
plant, and remedy for blights and the investigations
would contemplate certain inquiries into the ])hysio-
logy and chemistry of the tea plant, the manufacture
of tea, and especially the eradication or treatment of
diseases, pests and blights. It is hardly to lie expected
that an officer can efficiently investigate all these points,
but an expert in chemistry would be able to make
such observations and collections in both botany and
entomology as to ensure assistance from the Economic
Department of Government, and we have every reason
to believe that Government would render valuable
assistance in this and other ways.

It is estimated that to secure a really good man
R],.'i00 per month would have to be offered aud
guaranteed for five years, and the question now arises
in what way the necess.ary funds w'ould be best raised.
Mr. Buckingham suggests a voluntary subscription
of one anna per acre under cultivation, and this
probably would be the best means of securing the
necessary funds, but the Committee are anxious to
have the views of all interested in such an important
matter, and proprietors, agents and managers will be
circularized to obtain tbeir opinions.

The Committee have to express regret that, owing
to the non-receipt of one of the statements of ac-
count, they are unable to place the accounts of the
American Market T'liiid before this meeting, but they
will be issued as soon as the necessary information
is received which has been written for.

The Hon. P. Playfair, C. I. E., said : — The expan-
sion of markets is a feature full of encouragement
in the future prospects of Indian tea. The results
anticipated by the Association when it decided to
make an effort to introduce Indian tea to the Ameri-
can consumer appear likely to be fulfiled. Much
credit is due to Mr. Blechynden, and the resource
and energy he bas displayed are both instructive
and commendable.

You have alluded. Sir to remai'ks made by the
chancellor of the Exchequer on the introduction of
the Budget, aud you may have observed that he con-
gratulated those who desire to promote trade with*
in the limits of the Empire, that the trade in tea was
being rapklly transferred from China to India and
Ceylon ; and that the duty with an increased con-
sumption of 10 million lbs. had risen to <;J,71.'),000.
To prodiK c this, Indian atm Ceylon teas were taxed
to the extent of fJ, ‘200,000, or Rs. .'li crores, and
of this amount Indian teas contributed about Rs.
crores, or I might add in passing, Rs. 2i crores
more than is the estimated income in the Indian
Budget for the current year from import duties
on cotton goods, over which so much indignation
has been expressed at Home. It is a notice-

able fact that although tea is one of the
few products of India that finds a market
from its intrinsic merit, i. e., superior quality, con-
sumption is very dependent upon price. Deliveries
decrease with a rise in values, and vice versa, and I
believe the free breakfast table is a future fiscal
achievement in which India and Ceylon, as the sup-
pliers of 85 per cent, of the tea consumed in the
United Kingdom, is much interested. This is a
matter to which I think this Association should not
be indifferent. — Eiujlishmaii, June 2.

TICK IN CATTLE

[The following information may be of help to “ II.
W. ” who wrote us recently on this .subject. — Ed,
T. A.]

Dr. M. I’rancis, veterinarian to the Texas E.xperi-
inent Farm, has been investigating the methods of
destroying tick.s in cattle, and has coniiiiunicateil
his results to the Texas Farm and Ranch of Marcli
1-1. After several unsucce.ssful .attempts to destroy
the pest by various means, the dipping- process has
been adopted at Texas with very gratifying results.

A large vat of 5,000-g.allons cap.acity is used, and
the cattle are forced to swim through it. Various
cai'bolic and arsenical sheep-dips were employed as
solutions in the vat, Imt the results were not satis-
factory; either the c.attle li.ad to be kept in thcdi])S
for too long a time in order to kill all the licks oi-
they were irritalcd by t he solutions. This led Dr.
Francis to try 1 lie ell'ect of oil. Ft. is widl known
tb.at grease or oil of almost any kind is fatal
to insects, lice Ac. and known facts as lo the
life history .and .strucinre of licks gave presumii-
tive evidence that oil might be suece.ssfullv
substituted for the various commercial dips \\ hic'li
hail been emiiloycd. A kayer, from I lirec-quarters
to one inch in thickness, of crude cotton seed
oil on the water in the \at, was first used,
the c.attle being forced to swim through the vat so
that when I In'y cmm'ged they w ine covered perfect ly
with oil. rids had no apparent ell'ect on t-hecallle,
but w'.as lonnd lobe exceedingly fatal to the tick'
and wars very much superior toany other treatment
tried. Dips of dillerent natures were experimented
with, but none as yet. used liau' gi\ en such satis-
tactiuy results as the cotton-seed-oil. Kerosene
emulsion w as found to have no [iraetical value; crude
petroleum irritates the skin, and emuksilie.s with

July i, 1896.)

THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

61

w’.'il.or; vofiin oil is nso.loss for (ho jiurposo; oorrosivo
sublimate is too dangerous, and is not very fatal
to ticks e\en in solution I to ‘JOO of water; and to-
b.acco sheei)-di[)s liave no practical value. Lr
Francis is at present studying the effects of other
oils the most [U'omising being West Virginia
black, a mineral oil. — Chemist and Driifjr/isf,
May 23.

The Vendor (Company will pay .all expenses up
to the lirst allotment of shares except those in-
cidental to the registration of the Company, and
have fixed the imrchase jirice (which includes
their profit) at £56,000, payable as to £30,00o in
cash, £13,000 in fully paid-up preference shares,
or partly in cash and partly in preference shares
at the option of the directors, and £13,t00, in
fully paid-up ordinary shares.

.SEFvENDlB TEA ESTATES COMPANY,
LTD., CEYLON.

The mail has brought us a copy of the pros-
pectus of this Company formed with a capital of
£150,000 in 30,000 shares of £5 each (whereof
18,000 are 6 per cent cumulative preference shares
preferred as to cajiital as well as to dividend),
anil 12,000 are ordinary shares), for the purpose
of acquiring live estates in the districts
of Pussellaw.a, Ilamboda and Badulla, aggre-
gating a total .area of 1,808 .acres, ot which a limit
942 are in tea, and the bakance is described as
chena, forest, and grass land, a large portion of
Nvhich is avail.able for tea planting. The oflicials
.are : — Directors. — William Stephenson Bennett,
Director of the New Dimbula Co., Ltd., Tower
House, Ch.alvey Park, Slough, avIio will join the
board after allotment; Herbert Wilford Brett, Halli-
ford-on -Thames ; John Loudoun Shand (Messrs.
Shand, Haldane & Co.), 24, Rood Lane, E.C. ;
Patrick Gordon Spence, (Messrs. Spence, Wallis
& Co.), Chairman Duckwari Te.a Plantation Com-
pany, Ltd., 17, Philpot Lane, E.C. Bankers. — •
Chartered Bank of India, Austialia and China,
Hatton Court, Threadneedle Street, E.C. Brokers.
— Messrs. Roger Mortimer & Co. , 57, Old Broad
Street, E.Cb, and the Stock Exchange. Soli-
citor.— H. B. W.ade, 8, Old Jewry, E.C. Secre-
tary .and Otiice.s. — H. Wallis, 71, Philpot Lane,
E.C. The following .are particulars of the estates,
showing the acre.age under tea and in reserve : —

U

^ D

O rQ

,

c-2

U a

c3 ^

II

CO rf

cs Pi

I c3

c3

c3 a
^ fl

g 3

•u Co

o ^
H o

CO c3

fL

“Riverside”

. 268

3

lit

12

88

390

“ Gleuloch ”

. 1.35

—

■101

58

82J

316

“Kai-agastalawa”.
“ Wow’esse” and

. 120

—

—

72

200

392

“ Debedde ”

. 245

50

61

120

324

800

768

53

120J

262

694*

1898

In the present issue provision is made for a
working c.apital of £7,0U0, which ^in the opinion
of the Directors is ample, as the e.states taken
over are all going concerns. The production for
the current year of these estates, is estimated at
330,000 II). of tea from 821 acres in full be.aring,
the prolit upon which calculated at only 3d per lb.
is equ.al to £4,125, which is .ample to provide
for Ihc ])refcrcnce dividend u])on the c.apit.al allo-
(xated, .and le.ave a good return upon the paid-ui)
ordinary share c.apital involved in the purch.ase,
.and .as the b.alance of s.ay 121 .acres now in
young lea comes into full bearing, the proiluc-
iion slionld be incre.a.-^ed to at. least .37-5, 0()0 lb. ol
tea, .and l.aigei' prolits bi‘ in l•l)il.‘.'equenec realizeii.

n U A CM C Q Q 'lescribing a really

ULnllNLOUi genuine Cure for Deafnes':,
Ringing in Ear.*.', &c., no matter how severe or long-
standing, will be sent p«.st free. Artilicial Ear-
drums .and sinul.ar a])pliances entirely super.seded.
Address THOMAS KI'IMPE, ViCTOiu.v Cham-
bers, 19, Southampton Buildings, Holborn ;
LONDON.

CEYLON TEA COMPANY, LIMITED.

At the Fifth CYdiinary General Meeting of
shareholders in the Ceylon Tea Company, Limi-
ted, held at Kandy on Monday, the 15th June
1896, there were present Mes.srs. W. D. Gibbon,
J. Munton, A. Philip, Mr. A. E. Wright by
his attorney W. D. Gibbon. Mr. Gibbon held
.a i>roxy from Mr. A M. h'orbes, Mr. Munton
held a proxy from Mr. Harry Whitham, and Mr.
Philip hehi i)roxie.s from the following share-
holilers : — C.apt. E. de Frisch, Me.ssrs. .Lames
Westland, A. E. Holsinger, .1. H, Renton, j C.
S. Armstrong C. .1. Pattenson, F. T. Hawke,
Reginald Collinson, H. YL Maselield, Edward
Hamlin, R. Bartrum, C. A. Kalenberg, J. A.
Spence, P. Japheth, Wm. A. Wijesekera, ^V.
Hasman, A. J. B. Unwin, J. H. Cobban Lea,
Sinnattamby Wellu|jilley, and R. Burke, Mrs. E.
A. Carey.

The Annexed ReiKirt w'as adopted and Messrs.
W. D. Gibbon and C. S. Armstrong %vere elected
Directors, while Mr. J. Guthrie was reappointed
auditor.

Repobt of 'ihe Directoks.

The Directors submit to the Shareholders the
Fifth Annual Report together with the usual scate-
ments of accounts.

The Directors have steadily kept in view’ the ad-
vertising of pure Ceylon Tea, and their endeavours
have met with a satisfactory response in this res-
pect, orders having been received and repeated from
Home and the Continent as well as the Colonies.
A list is appended at the foot of this report.

The gross sales of Tea show an increase on the
previous year, and the quality has been much appre-
ciated by visitors to Ceylon and others.

In continuation of the policy initiated by the
present Dii’ectors to reduce liabilities incurred in
advertising and introducing Ceylon Tea on the Con-
tinent and in America, the Board has decided to write
off a portion of the amount. The working of the
Company for the past year may be considered satis-
factory, and under ordinary circumstances a dividend
has been earned.

While, however, the comparatively large amount
of Capital — R3,654‘74 — remains locked up m the New
Oriental Bank Corporation, Jjimited, in Liquidation
none can be paid tor the present.

MEMO. OF PE.XCES TO Wllltm ('F.VEON TE.V TEAS HEKN
SENT IN LSS»5-‘.IC).

Australia, — Adelaide, .‘Mhaiiy, Alclboiuiic, Sydney.

Austria. — Fume Cratz.

Aden. — Aden.

China. — Hongkong, Shanghai, ILcntsiu.

I'lgyi'.t. — Poit Said, Sue/:, Cairo.

Franco.— Castres, Giron :es

Great Britain. — Bristol, Brighton, Boncliim li, Boik-
loy, Beverley, Buzzard, Colciio.sLo)-, Covan, Canter-
t.ury, Cowes, Chatham, Croydon, Dloore, Dublin,
Dulwich, Dunnore, Donegal, Dunedin, ICdiu-
burgh, Erlingi.on, Glasgow, H-ilifax, Havant, In-
verkip, Ipsw’tch, kmg-ito..ii, Letcerkonny, Keh,
Liverpo 1, London, Loicoster Longliborougli,
Leeds, Lottes, Lurgan, Ijoighton, Malo haum, May-
nalty, Macclesfield, Man Nottingham, I’raigutoli,
Plymouth, Ridgsrove, Southampton, Shrewsbury,
Spilsby, South Sea, Tillicoultry, Western Super-
mare, Weltingboro’, Alloa, Aberdeen, Abbotsbury,
Baaingstake, Cork, Cheltenham, Dumbarton, Devon-

62

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

[July r, 1896.

port, Forfiiv, Lydcl, Maerhip, Northback, Penxanco,
PresLoii, 'i'eddiiifijlon, Whiitesford, \\ inchtidd, Wey-
mouth, Wolverhamptou.

(Jrannauy. — Iiisel-Lcipzig, lleigen, Weimar.

llungary.^ — BudaPcBtli.

Holland. — Amsterdam.

India.— Calcutta, llawal Pindi, Umballa, Karachi.

.Japan. — Yokohama.

Mauritius. — Mauritius.

Singapore. — Singapore.

United States of America. — Detroit.

Xote.—A. Tea is delivered at any port m the world,
and B. At any address in Great, Britain, freight,
duty and all charges paid, either before shipment
or on delivery at destination. Bates on appli-
cation. , . .

The quality of the teas is always maintained re-
gardless of cost, the X Blend lea being a Blend of the
choicest Ceylon Teas obtainable. , ,

Remittance by P. O. Order or Bank Draft, which
should accompany Order, to be made payable to the
Ceylon Tea Company, Uimitod.

OUVAH AND SPRING VALLEY
COMPANIES.

The annuiil meetings took place at the London
ottice of the Companies on 27th May, Mr. Alfred
Brown presiding, supported by his brother Direc-
tors, including Mr. Oswahl, while some half-
dozen City shareholders made up the meeting—
the only old Ceylon resident besides, I noticed,
being Mr. Geo.' Siiiyttan Dull', the former res-
iiected Manager of the old Oriental Bank, whom
1 was glad to see looking e.vceedingly well con
sideling his yeais.

I sent you the Spring N'alley Report last mail
— that of the Ouvah Company may have reached
you also, but in case not, I send it now. [Duly
received and published. — Ed. C.O.] The fact
emphasized by the Chairman most in both caie.s,
was the better price paid for their teas last year
than in 1894 ; the good yield of crop and the
first-clas.s factories provided. In the case of
Sl’tUNtJ Valley, a good coll'ee crop had helped
in 1895 ; but this was not to be repeated in 1896

when the crop would be iioor, and although

tea was increasing, yet with the area of young
tea to keep u|> and tliat to lie planted— 1. 5 J acres
in ’96 and ’97, till 1,650 acres m .all were reached

the Ch.airm.an could not say how the dividend

for the present ye.ar might be, tbough the jiros-
pects thereafter should be gwid. He consiilered
the Company should stop planting at 1,650 acres,
or at any rate add to thi.s slowly if at all.
The purchase of Kotagodde estate had been a
o-ood one, strengthening the Company, and he
congratulated the shareholders on the increased
value of their property as a whole— shares which
were at £2 not long ago, being now at £6.

A SHAREIIOLDEI! wanted to know, in the case
of Kotagoda, how the purchase money (£6,300)
was provided.

Another shareholder — if the 5 per cent divi-
dend would be kept up for 1896.

A THIRD SHAREHOLDER — how much of the area
in tea on Spring Valley w.as on old coll’ee land,
and bow much, it any, on virgin land.

Ridkers shuuld use

CALVERT’S DENTO-PHENOLENE,

A ERAORANT LIQUID DENTII’RICE AND
MOUTH-WASH.

Editor of lleoJth says; — “The most ell'ective
nrejiaration for ridding the mouth of the arum,a
of tobacco, and leaving a jileasant taste.”

Sold in Is- 6(6, 2.V. 6(6, and 1 lb. 7-v- 6(6 bottles,
by Chemists, & c.

F. C- CALVERT & CO., Manchester.

'riie Ch.urman replied that the Director.s were
inclined, if .apiirovcd by shareholders, to pay for
Kotagodde out of ],roli’ts taking £ 1 ,000 a year or
so. Nc.\L, that it was impo.ssihle at present to
.say how the dividend might be— much would
depend in the cotlee prospects for ’97; for if the
Directors felt assured that a good sum was to
come in for coll'ee ne.xt year, they might feel more
justified in recommending a good dividend for
1896. — As to area planted, most of Spring V'alley
tea was on cofl’ee land, very little on patua or
scrub, and there was this to remember that the
worst cofl’ee on the estate was lirst snper.seded
by tea, so that there was further reason to c.v|iect
better crops from the younger tea.

Tlie Rejiorts of both Companies were duly
carried.

The Chair.vian in propo.sing that Mr. Oswahl
take the jdace permanently of Mr. I’otts as
Director, spoke in higli terms of the aid he liad
already rendered, and of the barge stake in the
Companies’ shares he repre.sented. — The election
was duly carried.

In moving a vote of thanks to the Chairman,
Directors and ollicers of the (kimpany, Mr. J.
Ferguson congratulated the shareholders on
securing one so well-qualified to succeed the late
Mr. Brown as Chairman, and on adding to the
Board a gentleman with the business capacity
and Ceylon e.xperience po.ssessed by Mr. Oswald,
whom he know to lie Idghly esteemed ; while
in their Secretary, and Ceyion Managers they
h.ad all “'ood men and tine. — Carried with ap-
jilaiLse, Mr. Brown and Mr. Oswald duly return-
ing thank.s.

A NEW PATENT ROLL-BREAKER.

Apparatus for breaking up balls of rolled tea,
giving the leaves a final roll, and separating the
finer and coarse portions while freely exposed to
the air. The leaves are fed by a hopper between
a fixed corrugated plate and a rotary corrugated
disc which is driven by a shaft adjustably
mounted in a footsteji bearing. The leaves fall
from ilie edge of the disc upon a screen, which
is o.s('illated by a cam on the shaft, and the
larger leaves fall from the end of the seive, while
smaller oiie.s pass through it. The upper jilate
may he fitted with a steam jacket, when
it is desired to heat the leaves under treat-
ment, and it may be hinged at one side in order
to give acce.ss to the corrugated surfaces. A
modified form of the apjiaratus is described in
which the discs are arranged vertically.—
trated Official Journal (Patcntu). May 20.

CooR(j : A New Tea District. — There is no end to
the faith that is held in tea. The latest district to
point out the desirability of opening out in tea is
Coorg, where the "Western Ghauts are considered
peculiarly favourable. The rainfall is certainly ample
enough and the forest land good and abundant.
Certainly West Coorg is a district to prospect for
men who are still sanguine of tea paying for the
next twenty years or so. We believe we are correct
in stating that the two failures in experimental tea
cultivation — both in or very near Mercara — were due
to the extreme shortness of yield owing to the rain-
fall at this station not being sufliciently distributed,
coupled with the wretched “grass” land cliosen for
the sites. I'lirther west, down the ghaut, conditions
are far more favourable. 'Phe only drawliack is tlic
fact that during the K.W. nion.soon no produce can
he shipped from the Coast. Were, however, the con-
templated pier at Tillichorry constructed, as it un-
doubtedly should be, this objection would be re-
moved.— Plantvuj Opinion, June 20.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

July i, 1896.J

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished hi the Chamber of Commerce).

Colombo, June 23rd, 18%.

Exchange on London : Closing Rates, BanL

Selling Bates:— On demand 1./2J
sight 1/2 5-32 to 3-16 ; 6 mouths sight 1/2 3-16 to 7-32.
Bank Bulging Bates :—Gvtidita ‘d »iouths sight 1/-.
!t-32 to .5-16; 6 mouths’ sight 1/2 o-lb to H-32.
Docts. 3 mouths' sight 1/2 .5-16 to 11-32 ; 6 mouths

sight 1/2 11-32 to ii. , , ,, ,

Coffee.— Plautatioii Plstatc Parchment ou the spot
per bus., RlT'OUto 17 7.5.— Very scarce. Estate Crops in
Parchment, delivery, per bushel, uo quot. 1 lantatiou
Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt, R87 o0 to
<)0‘00 — very scarce. Liberian parchment ou the spot
per bushel, 12'00. Native Coffee f.o.b. per cwt. R71.

Tea. — Average Prices ruling during the week : ±>roken
Pekoe, per lb 53c. Pekoe per lb 40c. Pekoe
Souchong, per lb 31c Broken mixed and Dust, per
lb 28c. — Averages of Wednesday’s sale.

Cinchona Bark. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine,
per lb l|c. to SJc. 1 to 3 %. Twigs and branch no
quotation.

Cardamoms.— per lb R2‘25 to 3'00.

Coconut Oil.— Mill oil per cwt. R14wo. to 15-00.
Dealer’s oil per cwt. R14-12. Coconut oil in ordinary
packages f.o.b. per ton. R320. — Buyers at R315.
Copra. — Per candy of 560 lb R32-00 to 38 00
Coconut Cake : (Poonac) f.o.b. per ton, R55 to 65.
Cocoa.— Unpicked and undried, per cwt. E30 to 38.

_ Q I Kogalla per cwt

Coir Yarn. Nos. 1 to 8 Qyjombo side

Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 67c. Nominal.
Ordinary Assortment, per lb 63c. — Nominal.
Ebony: per ton. — No sales.

Plumbago : Firm and scarce. — Large Lumps per ton,
R150 to 330. Ordinary Lumps per ton, RISC to 290.
Chips per ton, R80 to 140. Dust per ton, R30 to 90.
Rice.— Soolye per bag, R7'63 to R8’80.

Pegu and Calcutta Calunda per bag R815 to R8 oO,
Coast Calunda per bushel, R3’tX) to R3-30.
Muttusamba per bushel, R3-12 to R3'65.

Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel— No quotatniis.
Rangoon Raw 3 bushel, bag. R9'00.

63

Cargo.

Freights.

Tea

Coconut Oil
Plumbago
Coconuts in bags
Other Cargo
Broken Stowage
SAILERS.

Coconut Oil .. 28/9

Plumbago

New York rates per steamer
12, /6 15/ above Loudon rates.

§ 9

rxs Oi

^ s ^

PqhJ a.
s. d.
25/
20/
17/6
17/6
20/
12/'6

- (B

^5 a

s

d.

03

Of

s. d.
25/
20/
20/
20/
20/

tn .
<D U

«— I -43

CO

c3 ^

s. d.

2.5/

25/

25/

2.5/

25/

-n

a

w w

s. d.

15/

15/

15/

15/

15/

n

<t> .

a “

(B <^3

JJICAL MARKET.

A. M. Chittavibalam, 7, Baillie St., Fort
Colombo, Juno 23rd, 1896.
R14 -50 to 1.5-25 per bushel
15-50 to 16-50 do
62 00 to 6;J-00 per cwt
60-00 to 70 00 do
12 00 per bushel (nominal)
60-00 to 62 00 per cwt
0 70 to 4-75 per lb (nominal
32 00 to 40-00 per cwt do

By Mr

Garden Parchment
Chetty do
Native Coffee
do f.o.b.

Liberian Parchment,
do Coffee,
Cardamoms.—
Cocoa.— (nominal)
Rice. — Market Steady:
Kazla
Soolye
Callunda
Coast Callunda
Kuruve (Scarce)
Muttusamba

R6-75 to 7-25

7- 50 to 8-00

8- 00 to 8"25
3-on to 3-25

per bag
do

per bushel
do

Coconuts. —Ordinary

do Selected 44-00 to 47-00

Coconut Oil.— 15-00 to 15-12

Copra. — Mark® steady : —

R40-00 to 43-00 per 1,000 (nominal)
do do

per cwt do

with transhipment

Kalpitiya

R4S OO to 48-75 per candy

Marawila

47-00 to 47-50

do

Cart Copra

43-00 to 45-00

do

Poonac. — Oingelly

77-50 to 85 '00 per

ton

CJhekku

95-00 to JOO'OO

do

MiU (retail)

7U-00 to 75-00 ■

lo

Kbony.— c/uotcition.s al

RlOO (0 1U85 (nominal)

8AT1NWOOD.- cubic feet

1-.50 to 2-1-2

do

ilALMILL.A.— do

1 "25 to 1 '50

do

ICiTUL PiBRK.— Quoted at K30 00 per cwt (nominal)
Palmyra Fibre.— Quoted nominally:—

Jaffna Black. — Cleaned (Scarce)

do Mixed lUS-nil to 18-50 per cwt.

Indian do R7 00 to 9-00 do

l)o (ffeaned lO'OO to 14-00

Sapan Wood.— Quoted 55'00 to 60 00 per ton

Kerosine OIL— American 7-50 to 7'60 per case
do Russian 3-40 to 3-44 per tin

Kapok.— Cleaned f. o.b :— (Scarce)

do Uncleaned (new) 4-50 to 5’00 per cwt
Croton Seed 13"00 to 17 00 do

Nux. Vnomica 2-60 to 3-00 per cwt

CEYLON

EXPORTS AND
1895-1896.

DISTRIBUTION

SB

OO ^

5

Oi ^
OO ^

H

O-I o lA O wH *

CO O (M O sO 0^
CO • OO O sS> *0 iM
OO • ^ 24 rH

C5 ^ sO
OS CO 24 O
. ri O'! CO 10
. CO CO
CO

iO ITS O
OO to o
CO cow
OS w 2^

o

O CO ;0 lO r-t

CO O O CO cs

• O rH ir; • r-i cs

i--i-taO'«^'»-iococooo
OOOrHu2OO04O
rti i-i rH TJ1 irs O'!
i-H r-4 CO
CO f-»

ifS OS O'' CO OO

lO O CO Cs 24

• 24 W O -rr CO

• O r-» CO 21 r-«

21 rH 21

CO O
CO CO CS CO
00 OS CO I'-
I-- cc. ^ CM
'rf 21 21 OS

21 CO O O
CS 21 UO
OS

UO 21 OS CO
r-* CO

-CS

CO O OO O 21
21 w 00 O O
00 CO iH UO CS
OO O CO CO CS
-1^ CO CO CO

CO 01
CO OO o: CO

00 21 21 I-
CO 1-* ‘C. 00
O CS CO I-
Tji M 21 21

7)

0>

w

CO O O C OS

uo o o o o

CO 21 •'11 O
O CO CO rH
CO rH 21 lO
CO rH

C CS
CO 05

. eo 21

00 o
o o

• to o

• CO o

OO

C3S .-I O CO
O OS 21 OS

C. CO os 'H’

UO t- CO
OS >0 to CO

CO to to

s

o

a

o

ce J
<0

O O CS
O O -ri

o o o

21 CO 21

21 24 to CO

21 CO JO CO trs
CS CO 00

21 O i-H
50 rH
• 21

tC C: CO rH
OS CO 21 rH
to 1-- 'a* rH
^ tO 21 21
00 O CO O

4 21 T

I 21

rH 21 O CO
O O to OS
00 21 rH 21
OS « o o

CSOX>COCOtOC.OCO«0
OS I-- O CO CO 1'- CS 21
to OS 21 O 21 W 00 I-H W
2irH’^'^tr:cococoio
CO 21 21 CO rH

L'-COOSCSCOt-'^OStfS
r-H^irHi-tCOOtOCSCS
» tn CO to 3 CS OS I'- 1— I

• to 21 I"., c/3 CO 1-H 21

CS C?S U3 21 I-H I--. 21

CO --tt i-H rH

HJ1

oos

I rH I--. O to C3S 1'-. t- O
XrHTtl21210000U^O
rHl--rHHtiOSOOOCOOO

I »OXOS2aHfCOCDtOC5

I O 21 rH CO 'll CO 21

I T“.

CO

2121(NCO'HaiCOl'-HtiO
CS'i^tXCOCOCOl'-XO
COtOtrSifSCOnticOXX
OXrHH^icOCSSCOXl--
• f-HCOCOtrSTait-.Tji-rflO

to '

to

I 21

c5

s

o

Si

a

5

B

- S
« 3

o

O

O CO 2) to OS CO OS
CO JJ ‘O 10 US

•HI rt1 -xji UO •

04 T-H CO rH lO CO

to 21 OS O cO O

I- CS rp
M O O hH
CO 21 rH to
Hp 21 1-r rH
O) i-H .21
21 lO *3
to I-- 21 f-H
to ~P -t -P

rH CO 0
CO OS Hfi
CO 21 CO

O t-H rH

I- J- o

to -a* C

rH u- O
Hp SO 21
CO 21

P'.g

to CO 21 ‘O CO CO CS 21 rH -at rH 00 '•St UO

I- 00 toio trs trs 2icsO co i-

^ hJI hJi to • • • 21 O 21 • rH

liO • • • 21 •

!>a 3-25 to 3TiO

Cinnamon. — Quoted Nos. 1 to 4, iit C3c and Nos. land 2 at
00 cents per lb (nominal) ^

Cmrs.— K75 UO per candy (nominal)

cc

w

o

o

b£

B

bd -» 43 w

^ B c3 o ^

■S g-3 s Sort S 3*2.5.33

o ssjrsrsrzirrsrssss

rH O CC
CO I’ c:

« l-H

CS CO rH

CO CO a

rH 1-H r-

O O O

5 3

a>ci

1893! 30090 1626. 31710 237162:J

64

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[July i, 1896.

MARKET RATES FOR OL.IJ AND NEW PRODL’ClS

(From L-'wis <& Peat' a Fortnifjhtlij Prici''i Garrent, London, Jane ord, 1896.)

ALOJi"i, Sooolriiic

Zanzibar iV ilt'iaclc
REKH’ WAX,

Zanzibar iS; j White
Bombay i Yellow...
.'lanv'tiu.s & .liailagasenr..
CAMI’UUJt, China
.lapan

CAKI)AiMOM.S, Malabar. .

Ceylon.— iMysore

,, Tellkherry...

„ Long

,. Alangalore .

i ABTOK oil, CaleiiUa..

Mailra.s

CHtI LIES, Zaiizioai ...
CINCHONA BABE.—
Ceylon

i .N .N .'1 U N , Ceylon

gnU.'

:ir.a

■Itlisand 5ths
cniut

CLOVE.S, Peinuig

.Amboy na . .

Zanzibar I

ami I’emba /
Stems

OOCULUS iMrlCUS ...
'^'’'^^ejion Plantation-

Native

biberiaii

COCOA, Ceylon

C EOMBO HOOT

COIB HOPE, Ceylon ...

Cochin . .

EIBBK, Brush . •

Stutting ..

COIB YARN, veylon ..

Cochin ...
ilo.

croton SKKI'S, s aeil...

ucscoui. Bengal, rougil
Calicut, Cut a
B & C
Cocliiu Knugn...

, lapan •

iC 1 AM-'iOAlACUM ...
.\N1 ul. ^''Uizibar...

.Mailagasear ...

.vb.vbic 1'.. I. iC Adtn ...

Uhaili ..
Kurraehee. .

Mad'.':l . ...

Abb.tECEIlOA

KINO . , ,

MyUHlI. pickea ..

A (ten sorts
OLIBANUM, drop

pickings

siftings

TSPlAKiOOiEIL Assam

KaHHoon

Borneo

QUALITV,

Eair to fine dry
Common to good

(} aid to tine
Fair

Dark to good palish .
Fail average quality ..

Clijipeil, lioiil, liriglit tine
.Middling, stalky tz lean
Fair to fine idump
Sec is

liood to (ini'

Brownisli
Slielly 10 good
iMed lirown to good bold
Ists and 2nds
ists and •Cuds
Uull to line bnglil

liodgeriana Cliips
_rown. Renewed .

Org. Stem
ll\ brid Boot

Chip

Ordinary to line quill

Woody and hard
Fair to g od
Dull to fine bright bold
Dull to tine
Good and fine bright
Jomuiou ill'll to fair
Fair
Fair

Bold to fine bobl c lory
Midding to tine mid
Low mid. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary
Small to 1 old
Bold to fine bold
.Medium and fair
I’riage to ordinary
Fair to good
Old. & middling wormy

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to tine long straight
Ordinary to good clean
Common to tine
Common to suirerior
.. ,. very line ..

Roping, fair to good .,
Fair to good
Fair to tine dry
Fair

Good to fine bold
Small ami medium
Common to tine bold
Small and D’s
Cnsulit

Sm. blocky to tine clean
Picked tine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean .and Pea .size ditto
.Amber and dk. red bold
Med. & bold glassy sorts
Fair to good palish
,, ,, red

Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to tine pale ...
Good and line pale
Reddish to pale selected
Dark to fine pale
Clean fr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine bright
Fair to tine pale
Middling to good
(food to tine white ..
Middling to fair
Low to good pale
Sliglitly foul to tine ..
Ciood f.o line
Common to foul & mxq
Fair to good clean
Common to line

QUOI'.ATIONS.

44s a lOOs
lls a 70s

C7 a E8
to 5s a .€7
CO 5s a X.1
97s Od
12US

Is id a 2s Sd
Is 5d a Is 9u
Is Sd a 3s 7d
2s l)d a 3s 2d
Is Sd a 2s
Is 3d a Is 81
Is Od a 3s
2s 2il a 3s 9d
2^d a 33d
2ida 2;d
2Ss a 37s Od

id a 051I
2d a IJd
Ud a. 3d
21da 2ld
I id a 2d
10] (1 a Is Id
OJd a is
0,d a lUd
Sid a 9^1
3d a 3gtl
7d a Ud
3,id a 4id
2^(1 a 2jd
13d a 2-Jd
13-lOd
7s Od a 8s

110s a 118s
100s a loss
95s a lUUs
SSs a !)2s
78s a 82s
75s a SSs
SSs a 70s Od
50s a 50s
20s a 50s
12s a 14s
9s a lls
nominal
£10 a £15
£10 a .£24
£12 a £14
£5 a £0 IDs
£12 a £20 10s
£12 a £34
£11 10s a £1.5

05.5

17.5 a 32s Od
10s

60s a 70s
42s a 50s Od
32s Od a 3 Is
2Ss a 30s
22s a 23s
17s a 30s Od
£10 7s Od a £13
£717/0a£10 10s
70s a £7 12/0
£ 4 5s a £0
90s a 120s
.£4 Ss a £0 15s
£5 a £7 5s
50s a 70s
25s a 75s
05s a. 7.5s

3.5.5 a 55s
15s a 05s
lO.Sa Vo ,

15s a 35s
£20 a £25
80s a 90s
45s a 05s
35s a 00s
20s a 31s
7s a 15s

9s Od a Ms
Is lod a 2s 3jd
Id a Is Od
Is Id a Is 1 1 Jil
Is a is Sd

INUf ABUBBER, (Cmitd).
.laaa, Sing. & Penang

Mozambique

Matlagascar
INDIGO, E.l.

MACE, Bombay, & Penang

M VBABOL.VN ES, Madras
Bombay .

Bengal

NUTMEGS-

Bombay & Penang

NUTS, ARECA

NUX VOMICA, Bombay
Madras

OIL OF ANISEED
CASSIA
LEMONGRASS
NUTMEG
CINNAMON
CTTRONELLE

OBcHELLA WEED-
Ceylon
Zanzibar.

PEPPER - (Black)—

Alleppee & Telliclierry
Singapore
Acheen & W. C. Penang

PLUMBAGO, lump

cliips
dust

SAFFJ.OVVEB

SANDAL WOOD—

Bombay, Logs
Chips
Madras, Logs
t hips

SAPAN tVOOU, Bombay
Madras
Manila
.Siam

•SEEDLAC
SENNA, Tinnevelly

SHELLS, M. o'PEARL-
Bombay

Mussel

I TA.MABIND.S, Calcutta ..

.Madr.is ...
I'OI! roISESHELL

Zanzibar and Bombay

TURMERIC, Bengal ...
Madras
Do.

Do.

Cochin

VANILLOES—

Maurilius and | Ists
Bourbon ... / 2nds
3rds

Seychelles

VERMILION

Foul to good clean .
Good to fine Ball
ordinary to fair Ball
Low sandy Ball
-Sausagf,. fair to good
l.iver ;uid livery Ball

(QUOTATION S

Is fid a Is 2d
2s 2d a 2s 5(1
Is 2d a 2s 1t«1
lOd a Is Id
Is 4d a 2s 55(1
1 a 2s 2

Is 3L1 ;

id

Fr to fine pinky’et white Is lljd a 2s 5d
Fair to good black
Niggers, low to good.

Bengal--

.Shipping mid logd violet
onsuming mhl. to gd.

Ordinary to mid. good
.Mid. to good Kurpah
Low to ordinary
.Mid. to good Madras
Pale reddish to fine
Ordinary to fair
Chips and dark
Dark to tine pale UG
Fair Coast
.1 nliblepore
Bhimlies
Rliajpore Ac.

Calcutta
Oi’s to 57’s
llO’s to 80’s
KiU’s to 130’s
Ordinary to fair fresli
Ordinary to middling
Fair to good bold fresh
Small ordinary and fair 4s (Ida 7s
Fair merchantable ... 8s a 8s 3d
•According to analy.sis.. 4s Sd a (is
Good flavour & colour. ..'2Id
Dingy to wliite ...)3|da4d
Ordinary to fair sweet. ..i4d a Is 3d
Bright A good flavour. ..jls (id

Mid. to fine not woody... |lls a 15s
Picked clean flat leaf ...|l0sa20s

wiry Mozambique 15s a 17s Od

Fair to bold heavy ...*2(da2^d

Fair 2 7-lOd

Dull to fine I2d ,a 2gd

Fair to tine bright bold 15s a 17s Od
Middling to goocl small 3s Od a 13s
Dull to tine bright |ls Od a 8s 9d
Ordin.iry to tine bright 2s a Os

Is 3d a Is Kid
103d a Is 7ijd

4s Od a 5s 2d
3s 9d a 4s 4d
2s lOd a 3s 8d
2s Od a 3s 3d
Is a Is Od
Is 4d a 2s lud
Is 8d a Ls lud
Is 3d a Is Od
Is

2s Od a Is Od
...|4s 3d
...'3s 9d a O.s
... 3s 9d a 7s
...|3s Od a 5.S Od
.. '3s Od a 5s Od
.. 2s Ud a 3s 2d
...lls 2d a Is lud
... 9d a Is
. Ss Od a 12s Od
4 s Od a Os
Os a 7s Od

Good to tine pinky
.Middling to fair
fuferior and pickings

Fair to fine flavour

. 85s a 90s
80s

(ills a 65s

£;«) a £50
... 5.S a £3
Fair to good flavour ..£39 a £50
Inferior to tine .. .£4 a £8

Lean to uood ... £4fi£0,5s

Good average ...|£4 a £0 nom.

Rougli & rooty to good: £4 10s a £5 15s
bold smooth ... £0 a. £7

Drd. dusty to gd. s(duble,70s a 95s
(oodto line bold green Od a Sd
Fair middling medium 2|d a S^d
Common dark and smallid a 2d

B(dd ,and A’s

U’s and B’s

Small

Small to bold

.Mid. to tine bl'k not stony

.Stony and inferior

.Selected

Small to bold dark ..
mottle part heavy

Fair

Finger lair to Hue bol(
Mixed midhig. Ibright
Bulbs .. .. ..

Finger

Bulbs

Gd. ery.sillized 4 a 9 in.
Foxy A reddish IJ a 8 ,,
Lean and inferior
I Inferior to tine erys- 1
l.illized 3; a 9 ill. J
Fine, pure, bright

£4 2s f d a 4 1 ,5.s
£3 1,5s a, £4 los
72s (id a SUs
I Os a 5(ls
lls

Os a 7s
55s

18S

I'.'.' ,1 gJ'j (id
Jd

a 9s 6d
s a Ss

Os Od a 7s Cd
7s a 7s Od
6s Od a 7s Od

17s II 32s
lls a L5s
7s a 10s

Ss ,a :!is

2s 8il a 2.S 9d

t:£3:e

SGRKfULTURSL maCSZIOG,

COLOMBO.

Added as a Sapptenient Monthly to the TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Miujazine
for July : —

Vol. VIIL] JULY, 189(1 [No. L

OURSELVES.

HE present issue opens tlie VlJlth
volume of our Magazine, the
first number of which was issued
at the beginning of July 1889,
from wliich date the Agricultural
Magazine has continued to appear
monthly before the public without intermission.
Since then also changes both as regards the quantity
and quality of the contents have taken idace, and
we trust that sucli changes have always been im-
provements. The interests wliich the conductors
of the JfwiTual have at heart are embodied in the
announcement which usually accompanies the
advertisement of the Magazine, viz., “ the
developement of Eastern Agriculture ; the intro-
duction of improved methods of culture, seeds,
plants, implements of husbandry and dairy ap-
paratus ; while we also make it n point to
record information of local interest, referring to
crops and stock.”

Indeed, we have even gone further and treated
of other subjects in our endeavour to make the
Magazine as interesting and entertaining as well
as useful to our readers. We take this opiiortunity
of thanking our contributors and subscribers for
their help in maintaining the Magazine, and the
Press for its ])atrouage.

SEASON REPORTS.

Western Province. — Yala cultivation nearly
completed. Fruit and vegetables plentiful, except
in the Negombo district where it is reported
to be scarce.

Central Province. — Maha harvesting nearly
over and Yala cultivation proceeding. Supply of
vegetables good. Stock. — Foot and mouth disease
prevailing in Walapane.

Northern Province. — Paddy lands being
manured and ])loughed, outturn of dry grain not
satisfactory foi’ want of rain. Tobacco crop
harvested and a failure in quality reported.
Stock. — Cattle plagues reported in Vavonia and
Mullaittivu districts.

Southern Province.— Malm crops reaped and
thrashed in Ilambantota district, yala cultivation
jiroceediug. Vegetables and fruits abundant.
There is scarcity in East Giruwa Pattu, where the
usual food supply has failed, villagers eking out
an existence on jak fruit.

Eastern Province. — Paddy fair, but is likely
to be damaged by bligbt. Vegetable products
getting rare for want of rain.

North-Western Province. — Puttalam. Yala
cultivation h.as been .o^.irded owing to want of
rain. Fine grain crops too have failed. Ckilaw. —
Yala sowing has failed in some places for want
of rain.

North-CentralProvince.— Malm crops reaped,
yala cultivation proceeding. Stock. — Cattle plague
still prevailing.

UvA. — Paddy crops thriving and prospects good.
Fruits and vegetables scarce. Stock, — Foot and
mouth disease prevalent among cattle in Gampola.

Sabaragamuwa. — Yala cultivation in progress,
prospects generally good. Stock. — Cattle plague

66

[July 1, 1896,

Su])})lemenl to the “ Troirical Ag'ticuUunst.

and foot and mouth disease reported from
Kegalle district.

N.-AV, I’noviNCB. — Kunmeyala IJi-ftrict. f’addy
— ploughing and sowing. Want of rain retarding
operations in AVhvnni llatpattu, and thi.s cause is
interfering with crop prospects in many places.

Health fair, e.\cept in Katugampola and
Dambadeni, where cases of miu’rain are rei)orted.

R.-MNFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH

OF

JUNE,

1896.

1

Monday

Nil

19

Friday

Nil

2

Tuesday

•45

20

Saturday .

Nil

3

AVednesday . .

•17

21

Sunday

Nil

4

Thursday . .

•3o

22

Monday

•11

6

Friday

1-77

23

Tuesday

1-89

6

Saturday

l^Ol

24

AVednesday .

*38

7

Sunday

Nil

25

Thursday .

Nil

8

Monday

•05

26

Friday

•18

9

Tuesday

Nil

27

Saturday

Nil

10

AVednesday . .

Nil

28

Sunday

Nil

11

Thursday . .

Nil

29

Monday

•03

12

Friday

•10

30

Tuesday

Nil

13

Saturday

3-2-2

1

AVednesday .

•02

14

Sunday

108

16

Monday

•13

Total .

11-32

16

Tuesday

•25

Mean.

*37

17

AVednesday . .

•13

—

18

Thursday

Nil

Greatest amount of rainfall

in any 24 hours on

the 13th June, 3-22 inches.

Recorded by M. W. K. Hanuara.

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

In our next issue an interesting jiapcr by
Mr. G. AV. Sturgess, Colonial A'eteinary Surgeon
w'ill be commenced ; the articles on Fruit Culture
by M. Zanetti, and on Forest Law by tlie Law
Lecturer in the Forestry School will be continued ;
while we also hope to publish a communication
from Professor AVallace.

AVe would draw special attention to “ Facts and
Figures re Coconut Cultivation,” containing
interesting and reliable information on the subject
of coconuts and the products of tlie jialui generally.
AVlien w'e published the letter of “ Cocopalraist"
we anticipated that there would be some discussion
over his contribution, and if our correspondent’s
estimates were rather wide, he will have done
good service to the cause of coconut cultivation
if his letter leads to the question of estimates
in connection therewith being fully threshed out,
by calling forth more valuable, because more
accurate, information with reference to coconut
planting, which is beginning to be looked up — to
judge from the present tendency in planting
affairs — as our safest and most stable agricultural
enterprize.

The uncertain weather which characterised the
advent of the S.AV. jAIonsoon rather interfered
with calculations for the pruning of the grape
vines at the School of Agriculture, as it
no doubt also put out the calculations of most

persons engaged in agricultural pursuits. After
mature consideration, however, M. Zanetti decided
on doing the i)runiug on Ihe 3Ht Ajuil, on which
date the vineyard was operated on, and the whole
area pruned within half a day with the help of
some of the students, to whom the work has
proved a valuable lesson.

M. Zanetti's contribution on j)runing wdll, w'e
anticipate, be much a]>preciated by many, who for
want of a proper knowledge of the principles
w’hich guide this important j)rocess — the value of
which is practically unknown to the native
cultivator — have carried on their fruit culture at
a great disadvantage. AA"e tru.st M. Zanetti will
continue to favour us with further contributions
with leferenco to wdiat is a much neglected industrj'
in Ceylon, and about which, from his long practical
experience with cultivation of fruit trees, our
correspondent is ably qualified to write.

Mr. D. Chinniah, a successful student of the
School of Agriculture, has been awarded the Ceylon
Government Scholarship for the study of veteri-
nary sceince in India, and left for Bombay, to
join the A'eterinary College there on the 20th May.
Mr. Chinniahshow’ed special aptitude for veterinary
work, and we shall expect, as w'e hope, that ho will
go through his course of veterinary studies witli
much credit. The policy of Government in
training up natives to the veterinary profession,
so as to reach the masses in Ceylon through their
own countrymen, is a most commendable one.

A correspondent desires to be informed wdiether
there is any known and reliable method of
judging of til* age of tree.s, “such as ordinary
timber trees or coconut trees.” He refers to the
method of living the age of trees in England
by the annual rings in the wood of the stem, and
asks if this is a reliable w’ay, and whether there
are any analogous indications of age in forest-
trees in the East. The ipiestion is one which
is for the Forester to deal with, and rather than
reply to our correspondent ourselves, we would
bespeak the aid of some one versed in the
Science of Foresti-y, and therefore more qualified
than ourselves to supply the information asked for.

AA'e have been applied to for some definite in-
formation regarding the quantity of milk required
to make a jmund of butter. W'e hope to bo able
to deal fully with the subject in our next issue.

♦

FACTS AND FIGURES HE COCONUT
CULTIA^ATION.

A correspondent writes to us with reference to
“Cocopalmist’s” facts and figures regarding coconut
cultivation : “ I note on pages 111 and 112 of your
current number, figures concerning the weight of
coconut products. The information is not valu-
able, because it only deals in outside estimates,
and the range (|noto<l is almost ridiculously great.
If your infoniniut will quote average yields and
weights, his figures will be of value to' u.s.” Our
correspondent who stales that ho himself has
collected much valuable information on the same
subject from time to time, refers us to pages 41- 1(5
of Sessional I’aper XII. 1893. This ollicial
ilocument is the second report of the Commissioners

July 1, 189G.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist'’

67

(Messrs. Allanson liailey, W. E. Davidson, A. (J.
Kingsford, and H. V. Lusliington) appointed by
the (lovernor to report on tlie proposal to extend
the railway into the Kelani Valley. Among the
Appendices we iind much useful information
on the subject of coconuts. We cpiote as follows :
“ As regards the yield a table is inserted here
collating the leading authorities in Ceylon on
this point. From it may be deduced the fact
that the scientifically cultivated estates in Siyane
Xorale would yield not less than an average of 40
nuts per tree or 3,000 nuts per acre.” There are
some no doubt who will object to the authorities
mentioned in the annexed table being called “ lead-
ing authorities” when the names of such well-
known planters as Messrs. Wright, Jardine, de Mell,
Schrader X'C. are left out ; but the value of the
figures is by no means diminished on that account.
The information which follows is culled both from
the Sessional Paper referred to, and also from the
notes of the correspondent who was kind enough
to draw our atention to the official publication.

•03.1)

.13d S)uy4

X 30

'ix ^
0^

Ip Lp

cq ^
(M TO

o o

09

^ 2
CO CO

Ip

I'* lo
COOJ

•3.10U

,i3d s-)uf4

182U

2300

1688

2361

3200

1400

O

O

o o o

O O L0>
O OI

ox ox

3200

2000

•o.iou

.I3d S33.1X

O 1'-

X

o r>

X

O O LO
X X

o

X X

•SUOt[[UU

Ul

mm

VO.llO

o o

Gi O
CO

C3 ^
CO »o

: : :

•SUOl[[lIU
III S33.1J,

-H O

o o

C-1 ^

: ;

: i :

i i

•s:)uuo30j

aopuu

s3.ioy

o o
o o
0^0

CO o

o
1- o

O C3
CO

o o

Ci
• O
CO

; ;

: : :

H

•-H

o

cc

o

CO

p

c3

a

c5

a

o'

* 4^

P
o

m

o

rfi 03 O

•r-l

g

O cn CO

• fM

- 03

: <v

o

o o) :

« g •

03 ^

® 3

wlj

o

OD

r o

o •

<V '

rt 5 a
£c c^.5 :
a ■

® a <r.

cs o tc - 13 ^

^ IS .i; ^ 2 |jr S

le ce^‘ i: — ^

►> "n 3 a d o 3

® O O o f?

^ .S -S'

i£ph h <;

a;

03

o

ce

03 "O

o a
c3

^'o

0^

■4^ 03
Cv ^
>

>-— O; CC

is -.5
^ , 02
<n5

rr.

s

“ c

4) , •

.

-O 4J .

■— 0) tn '

03

z: ^0

03 cC

S

>

Q

'-Hi ^

03 ci

2 2

03 ^

S'

c-i cc o GO

The following notes compiled from various
sources and specially checked by Mr. F. Eeven,
of Franklands, Veyangoda, give full particulars
as to tbe weight of the various pioducts .

(1) O//. —40 nuts yield 1 gall, of oil, value III to

Rl-25.

or 12|

1 cwt. value

500

RIO to Rl()-50.

One acre at 3,000 nuts given 6 cwt. oil, value R99.

Note. — The number of nuts per gall, of oil varies
in different districts from 30 to 40. Mr, Beven
quotes 36 nuts as a fair average.

(2) Poonac. — The oil ought to be § of the original
weiglit ; poonac If an acre yields (5 cwt. oil, it
ought to yield also 3 cwt. poonac.

Poonac varies immensely in price according to
its (jiialit}'. Perhaps R2'50 per cwt. is a fair
price. Thus an acre which yields 6 cwt. of oil for
1199 and 3 cwt. poonac at K2’00, gives a gross
letiirn of RIOG'OO exclusive of the value of husks,

(3) Lupvn is sold by the candy or param which

0 cwt. or 560 lb. It is generally reckoned that

1000 nuts yield a candy of copra. (It varies from
900 in the Chilaw district to as much as 1500 else-
where). The usual calculation is that 2 nuts = I
lb. copra. A fairly good e.state with a yield of 300
nuts per acre would give 15 cwt. of copra, or at
R46 per candy, a gross return per acre of R138.

(4) Coconuts. — A green coconut with husk on
weighs 4 lb. ; if dried it weighs 2^ to 3 lb. ; if
dried and husked 2 lb. The yield by weight of
an estate givs 3000 nuts per acre is over 2^ tons,
Mr. II. L. Daniel, who is said to be the fi»et
coconut planter who kept statistical records ot the
yield of coconut properties gives the following: —

Estimates :

Coconuts :

Chilaw district
Negombo „
Maha-oya „
Siyane Xorale East

Nuts per tree,
60, 70, 80
50, 60
50, 60
35

llewagam, Salpiti and Rayigam

Xorale 25 to 30

[N.B. — Good cultivation will yield even

Hewagam Xorale 45 to 50.
Copra :

900 nuts tor a candy
1000
1200

1500 „ „

bearing trees.

))

()

m

is the best result,
is a high return,
is a fair average,
is the result Avith heavy

Nuts yield in chekku mills foil to f poonac.
Theoretically, coconut trees are planted 25’ x 2^5’,
or 7o trees to the acre, but 70 is a high average.
Native gardens may be more thickly planted, but
the yield is more than correspoudingiy less. A fair
average for old estates is 60 trees. New estates,
without vacancies average 70 trees.

The average weight of copra of an average acre
in Siyane Xorale would be not less than 7| cwt.

the preserving of fruit.

{Continued, )

Fruit preserved in the manner already^ des-
cribed will keep for years. In cans the fruit
will keep in almost any position and regard-
less of temperature, but in glass jars the case
is somewhat different. Light promotes chemical
action, and hence fruit in glass jars must
either be stored in a cool underground room,
(>r a cheap substitute and safe receptacle may
be easily made by sinking a common box, of
sufficient size in some out of the way corner
under the house. Absence of light and a uni-
form, if not very low, temperature will keep
all canned goods safe. To be sure, however,
the glass jars sliould bo wrapped with paper
to exclude the ligiit.

68

[July 1, 189G

Supplement to the “ Tfopical Agviciiltui ist.

There is another wny of preserving frmt
which might be referred to in clof-ing tins

pnper, viz., by drying. The priiclice oi presen mg

fruit by drying in the sun is very old.
late in America, and to some extent in Europe,
this primitive practice has given place to cann-
ing and the better method of drying ; but even je
in parts of Europe and the East the sun drying o^
fruits is a common em])loyment. Figs, dates,
raisins, currants and prunes are to a very
extent dried by this original method. JNo
long ago in Australia ap])les, peaches, pears
&c., were pared and dried on house-tops or
upon elevated platforms on crates or lac ^s.

In thus drying apples, for instance, the fiui s
were pared, cored and ((uartered and then
placed on tables and drying boards tilted up
so as to get the greatest sun exposure. Often
the fruits were strung on strings, and hung on
festoons near the ceiling over tlie kitchen
fire — a practice not to be commended for obvi-
our reasons. Later on, fruits came to be diied
over stoves variously designed. A common but
really efficient form of these primitive driers
is thus described by an American writer ; It
was composed of three things, viz., a hogs-
head, a tin box and a small stove. The hogs-
head stood on end and half a door sawed
out of the side to admit the stove : a hole
18 inches scpiare was sawed in the head of
the hogshead to let the heat of the stove up,
and a six or seven foot box, having the lower
eiul knocked out, stood on end in ^ tlie
tojr of the hogshead, and was carefully fitted
over the hole in the head of the hogshead.
The heat ascended from the stove through the
top of the hogshead and on through the box.

A pipe hole was made in the hogshead oppo-
site the door to let the smoke out, so that
none ascended through the box. The lid of
the box was fitted with binges, and cleats or
supports were put in on which to rest the
open shelves or crates which held the fruit.
The stove was heated by wood or coal. Some
such simple contrivance as the above might
be made by any one capable of using a saw
and hammer, and enable him to dispose of
frnit when available in a convenient and
palatable form.

Practically all fruits are suitable for canning,
and more, may be preserved by drying, and a
large variety of vegetables, such as potatoes,
pumpkins, tomatoes, carrots, beans, peas, In-
dian corn, &c. Fruits that are generally peeled
before cooking must be pared before evax^orating,
and all must be sufficiently divided to make
rapid and thorough drying possible. The point
to be arrived at in evaporating is to secure
thorough and not too rapid drying. If too
great or too dry heat is employed the fruit
is partly cooked, or else evaitoraled so ra^ndly
that the fruit cells are rui)tured and a flavour-
less insipitl article is tlie result. The tem-
perature of the air nearest the source of
heat must not be above ‘J00“ F., but for dry-
ing the more delicate fruits and vegetable.s
this temperature is somewhat too high. To mo-
dify the influence of healed dry air it is the
jira'ctice to introduce into the evaporator shal-
low ve.ssels filled with water, placing them
where the heat is greatest and driest, near the
stove or other heater employed.

PRUNING.

[1 .'-end you a few notes on pruning, n hich 1 shall
be very thankful if you will publish, my object
being to try and remove .some itrejudices against
the operation and acquaint fruit growers with some
of the mistakes made by them in their system of
fruit growing in the Island. A little personal
exjierience following upon the lessons of illus-
trious authors on agricultural science, such as
Boussingault, Liebig, Ville, Wagner and others
has aided me in this attemijt, so that if your readers
find my notes of any value at all, let them render
their thanks to those high authorities and be
thankful only to them.]

The pruning of fruit trees is the most impor-
tant i>art of fiiiit culture when we want to obtain
a x'l'oper and well-matured crop. I have seen
very little done in this line in Ceylon by a few
amateur growers, and nothing at all by the
natives who, on the contrary, dare not cut a
single sucker off a tree fearing they might injure
it. I’lenty of wood, little fruit, and that sour, are
the results of this treatment. If oranges are cul-
tivated properly, there is nothing in this island to
Xjrevent the trees giving us fruit as good as is
obtained in other countries. I am not blaming
the poor villager for leaving his fruit trees to
grow wild, and so lose the chance that nature,
assisted by a little care and labor, offers him.

If he does not know any better, is he to be lett
in his ignorance for ever ? And is it not the duty
of somebody to begin to show him his errors, and
so encourage him towards earning an honest and
remunerative livelihood, and thus render his life
more useful and hniixiier than it is today ?

1 will not say that by pruning old trees we will
obtain at once good fruit tas no grafting has ever
been attempted but all trees grown from seed-
lings, generation after generation, a good fruit
cannot easily be obtained) but by taking one of
these treesthoroughly in hand andlettingit undergo
rational pruning, the improvement in crop and
quality must follow. 13y suppressing a useless
branch the saj) which w^ent to support it will go
to the benefit of those remaining, and their buds
being well nourished will soon bring forth the
healthy shoot which in lime will carry blossom
and fruit.

I consider the very last days of drought the
best time for pruning here ; at this period there
being practically a cessation of growth, the plant
will be saved from the shock of heavy pruning.

The tree must be trained from the very first
to a .single stem, and i)reference always given to
the healthiest and straighlest. This attention
paid to a young tree will make it grow fast and
vigorously, and tliere will be no harm in allowing
it its own way till it reaches its third year of exis-
tence, when w'c will have to i)runeit .so as to give it
a uniform appearance. The vigour of a tree de-
pends mostly on the equal di.staibution of .sap to all
its blanches. If a brancli does not receive a full
and regular flow of saj>, it becomes weak and bears
but ]mor frnit which will never attain i)ioper
maturity. It is hence necessary if we want to
secure lor our trees both symmetrical form and
vigorous health to prune so as to maintain an
equally distributed How ol saj) through all primary
branche.«. Thu way to bring about this ecpuilized
How consists in cutting little or nothing ofl' the
weak branch but shortening the strong branch

July 1, 189G.]

Sapplemenl to tho “ Tropiml AgricAiUurial."

G9

to the height of the weak, taking care to cut short
at laterals.

The (lurahility and vigour of a tree depends a
good deal on the relation of the branch system
to the root system — ^the growth above ground to
the growth below ground. Tliis is why in trans-
planting any sort of tree we must cut it.s
branches proportionally to tho roots, the same
as wdien a tree is affected by root disease or when
very old.

The sap is always inclined to run from the roots
to the branches as vertically as possible, so that
it is found to be more copious in vertical than in
lateral branches, and this is the reason why long
vertical branches should be shortened to the
height of the rest.

It would bfeak tho heart of a native to see
about ten feet of a fine long branch ruthlessly
cut off while endeavouring to emulate the neigh-
bouring coconut tree fnot seldom too neighbour-
ly). In view of the native’s prejudice to
pruning I might give this advice : when a branch
of an orange tree is too vigorous in growth, and
therefore little productive of fruit, in older to stop
its growth, it can be arched or bent. Again, a bent
and feebie branch can be rendered vigorous if
.straightened. The sap in a short-cut branch, or
in one that has been bent, will bring forth
healthier buds than it wmuld if the branch when
cut is still fairly long or is left straight. Tliis fact
is easy of comprehension — the sap having to
nourish a few buds oiil^" will be more abundant
and the few buds will bring forth shoots much
stronger than those produced by fifty or sixty.

We should never prune for fruit only, but try
and prepare our wood for the next year also.
Practice only will teach the primer to distinguish
between a branch carrying shoots with buds for
fruit, and another for wood, the principal rule to
follow being th.it the same shoot which has given
us fruit this year will not do so next year unless
a secondaiy one is formed during the fruiting
season.

If a. tree has been exhausted by a heavy crop
it is advisable to prune it very short for two years,
not for fruit but for w’ood. By this means it
will obtain a sufficient quantity of new waoocl to
revive the circulation of sap and so re-estal,li b
the needed equilibrium for the production of friiii.
The sap being always inclined to ascend to the
extremities of the branches will develop the
upper buds with greater vigour th.an those in the
middle or at the bottom. This should always be
taken note of wdien wm are pruning young trees
and want to obtain elongation of the other
branches. In cutting a long branch short, the cut
should always be made about half an inch above
the healthiest bud or shoot.

There is a good deal to be said yet, but 1 do
not wish to take up too much of your valuable
s])ace .at once, and will leave it for another issue
w lienever space should be available.

. C. ZANMTTl,

HOUSEHOLD hints.

PuANUTS FOR Consumption. — Dr. Brew'or in
j.he Journal of Hygiene has a new idea concerning
od for consumi)l ives. His treatment consi.st.s
inhaling the fumes of vinegar and eating of

peanuts or groundnuts. He give.s his patients
as many peanuts as they can eat without injuring
their digeidive organs. Two young ladies wdio
had been the rounds of the doctors and had oaken
cod liver oil and tonics till they were nearly
dead, were put on his treatment and recovered.
Concerning the.-e cases Dr. Hresver says : 1 now
recommend feeding (do not laugh) peanuts. One
would think this a very indigestible diet, but
they craved them, and it has always been my
policy to find out what my patients de.sire to eat,
and nnle.ss it is too unreasonable 1 hnmof them.
Both young worn m have become quite plump,
and after a year’s inhalation have ceased coughing
and 1 pronounced them well. Ttie peanut was
long known as an excellent fat producer, and
much more agreeable than cod liver oil. While
not all can digest peanuts, a great many even
with feeble digestion eat them without discomfort.
It beats the Koch lymph and it is the most
satisfactory treatment I lave ever tried for these
diseases.

Science to-day tells us that we may live under
the most beautitul conditions; we may feast on
bread, meat, eggs, rice, cocoa, oatmeal and such
like foods for a short time, but unless we take
fruits or fresh vegetables — fruits being the best —
we shall get listless, wdth leaden face, etc., until
we die in a few months at the longest; and it
follows that if we would keep ourselves and our
children wdth clear skin, bright intellects, good
digestion, rich-colored healthy blood and strem/th
for work, w'e must regularly take fruit and
vegetables, and look upon them as actually more
nece.ssary for the support of good health than any
other article of diet.

To clean bl.ack ca.«hmeres and merino.s, first
wmll brush and remove all dust, wash very quickly
in warm water in wdrich soap has been lathered.
A good quantity of ammonia should beputinio
the water ; there should be as little rubbing as
possible; the rinsing should be done ’ in blued
water, containing a handful of salt. Soap should
never be rubbed on.

To destroy insects and vermin dissolve 21b. of
alum in three quarts of water ; let it remain till
the alum is dissolved, then wdth a brush apply
boiling hot to every joint and crevice in the ]dace
where bugs, earwigs or other insects infest-
brush all tb.i> joints and crevices of bedsteads'
keep it boiling w-hilst using ; a strong boiling-hot
tea of cayenne, used with a brush, is atso a
capital remedy.

Cut flowers wdll keep fresh if a small pinch of
saltpetre is put in the water. Tlie ends of the
stems should be cut off a little every day- to keep
open the absorbing pores.

Taint can be removed from glass by rubbing ft
wdth hot strong vinegar. Stains on'hands can be
removed by acetic acid or salts of lemon, apd
ink-marks wnll soon yield to pumicestone-

Sand Tarts.— A cup of sugar, half a cup of
butter, a cu]) and a half of flour and an egif.
lloll out thill. Cut in iv,und.«. Spread tlie ti?p
with tlie w iiite of an egg, sprinkle with ciimamou
and sugar. Bake in a (piick oven-

70

[July 1, 1890,

Supplement to the “ Tropical Ar/ricaltarid:''

A good coni])lexion never goes wiih a Lad diet.

Strong coffee, hot bread and butter, heated grease,
liighly ?i])iced Poii])s, meats or game, Imfc diinUs,
alcoliolic liquors, fat meats, are all damaging to
its beauty.

Salt pre.serves the teeth, keejiing them whiter
the gums healthy, and tlie breath sweet. 1 ut
some in an iron .sliovel, place it over the fire aiui
when quite hot jiour into a thin bag. Ajiply to
any part affected with neuralgia or intense pain.

To remove mihlew from linen : Fir.st of all,
take some soap and rub it well into the linen,
th.en scrajio some chalk very rtnely and rub that
in also, lay the linen on the grass, and as it dries
wet it again. This done twice or thrice should
remove 'the mildew stains. Another way is to
mix soft soap and powdered starch with half the
(luantity of salt and juice of a lemon. Lay this
mixture on with a brush, and let the linen lie out
on the grass for a few nights and llie stains
will disappear.

Paint stains may be eradicated from white or
coloured cotton orVoollen goods by rubbing with

011 of turpentine, or benzine, followed by
soapsuds. For stains of p.rint on silk, apply
benzine or ether, but avoid hard rubbing. Kipial
parts of ammonia and turpentine well mixed, and
the .spots saturated with it, is also an excellent
way of taking out i)aint stain.s. Wherever
possible afterwards wash the mark with soap
and water.

Dissolve a teaspoonful of alum in a (piart of
water. Wlien cold, stir in as much flour as will
give It the consistency of thick cream, being
particular to beat up all the lumps ; stir in as
much powdered resin as will lie on a .‘--ixpence,
and throw in halfra-dozen cloves to give it a
plea.sant odour. Have on the fire a teacup of
boiling wafer, and pour the flour mixture into it,
stirring well at the time. In a very few minutes
it will be of the con.sistency of mush ; let it cool ;
lay on a cover and i)ut in a cool place. When
needed for use take out a portion and soften it
with warm water. Paste thus made will last

12 months. It is better than gum, as it does not
gloss the paper and can be written on.

the NUTUITIYE process in PLANTS.

Prof. J- liepnohJs Green, D.Sc., l''.R.b\
{Cant in ued.)

We find specially occurring in t!>e cell, when it
• at the height of its activity, representatives of
two <^''eat classes of bodies, carbohydrates and
nrolehls, the former consisting only of c.irbon
L.,t.wvmn. and oxygen; the latter containing
Atrouen as well, with suli)hur and pos.sibly
. ppporus. 'fhe former seem to bo found
1 endently ; iu the construction of the latter
carbohydrate.s are involved.

^abs 'ri)ti'iu of carbcn-din\id(> by the cells
r Im. leaf during sunlight i-^ associ.ited at once
^ -th the coincident lilK-ralion of o.xygen. The
of tlie litt('r given of is the same in
quantity as that of tlm former taken m. The

first application of the energy of absorbed light is
thus to the decomposition of tlie carbon dioxide.
It is comsidered that this splitting uji of the
latter very intractable body is re.aponsible for halt
the oxygen evolved, carbon monoxide and oxygen
being formed according to the equation

2 CO:., = 2 CO +Oy

Side by side wdth tliis decompositicn there is the
splitting up of some of tlie water in tlie cell thus ;

2 II2 O = 2 IL, + (>2

The tw'o molecules of oxygen are given off
and the two residues, the carbonic monoxide and
the hydrogen combine to produce a body known
as formaldehyde, &c. Further complex processes
supervine, the formaldehyde being very .speedily
replaced by a sugar.

At this stage w'o iiave reached a material which
is directly serviceable as a food-stuff both to animal
and vegetable protoplasm. Whatever be the form
of sugar thus formed — whether cane sugar as no v
appears probable, or some other kind — we have
tlie con.st ruction, from .sim[)le inorganic substances,
carbon dioxide and water, by a series of very
intricate chemical processes, carried out by the
protopla.sm under the conditions above no'.ed, of
such complex organic material as will serve for the
nourishment of the plant.

Similarly we may trace with more or less
success the formation of proteid material. It
takes place probably in the same cells under the
same inllueuces, though from different materials,
and by very different steps. Chlorophyll does
not seem to be directly nece.ssary for the iirocess,
but most likely carbohydrate matter takes a part
in the construction, po.ssibly being combined with
peculiar nitrogenous crystalline bodies known as
amides, which are in their turn constructed from
the simpler comjiounds of nitrogen taken in from
the soil. Chlorophyll is thus concerned, though
indirectly, in the production of protieds in the
green plant.

Doth sugar and proteid material are available
for the mitrition of the cells in which they are
formed, and if constructive ability is not very
great, as w'hon light is dull or temperature lowq
probably they are at once used up. Dut it is
different when the plant is well illuminated ;
then construction is active, and a large quantity
of both classes of material is made, far indeed
beyond immediate requirements. The form of
the leaf and the peculiarity of behaviour both of
stem and leaf, go to sliow that construction
beyond such reciuirements is distinctly advan-
tageous. The substances of the leaf is very small
in comparison with its surface ; its cells are so
arranged as to .secure the greatest possilffe amount
of light ; and its position is delinitely taken up so
as to irlace its upper surface at right angles to
the incident rays.

The first sign of this excess of activity over
consumption is to be found in the ap]»earance of
stnall grains of starch in the cells of the leaves.
It is im])orlanl to note that the stable body, .starch
is not the form of carbohydrate on which
protoplasm can fiiod, AVhenever starch is to be
used for nutritive purposes, whofher by animal or
b^ [ilant, if. has to iindorgD n coin er.-iun info
sugar. I he .starch thus ajipearing in the hnif is
then the lir.st indication of tini process of storage
of re -('r\ e innlorials. True it does not persist long
in the hull. Formed during the day, it is removed

July 1, 1896.]

71

Supidemmt to the ^'■Tropical AgncuUurist."

during tlie night, nnd stored ogain elsewhere.
Vv'e may wonder, perhaps, that tlie ]ihuit should
turn its carholiydiates into .<taroli for such a .'hoit
space of time ; possibly the e.\cess of sugar tends
to render the protoplasm incapable of di.«charging
its functions, and so the sui])lus is withdrawn
from the active life of the cell, being laid down
in insoluble form. Its deposition in quantity
can readily be seen by a very siujple experiment.
If a leaf he tahen from a tree during the hours of
bright sunshine, killed and bleached by warming
in strong alcohol, and then immersed in an
alcoholic solution of iodine, it turns a dee]) blue
colour wherever the light has had access to it,
owing to the formation of the blue iodide of starch.

The disap{)earance of starch during darkness
can be similarly demonstrated, another similar
leaf being selected from the same plant, and
gathered in the early morning, or after a period
of imprisonment in a dark room. The iodine
treatment does not then colour the leaf blue,
indicating the absence, or rather removal, of the
starch wliich the first experiment has shown to be
present in the leaves during and after immediately
their illumination.

The starch is manufactured at the expense of
the sugar, as we have seen. It is in Ihe form of
grains of definite shape, which are built up by
the chloroplastid, and occupy a definite jdace in
relation to the latter. The shape it takes being
that of a very small granule, its itosition is in the
interior of the chloroplastid. Often two or three
are formed inside the same plastid. They can be
detected by a high power of the microscope, after
bleaching the leaf and staining it with iodine.

They never attain a large size, and never have
the complex structui'e which starch grains attain
in 7’eservoii's which retain them for a long time,
such ns the cells of the potato tuber.

The formaticn of the starch granule in the
int(!rior of plastid is due, then, not to tlie
chlorophyl but to the i)rotopla.sm of the chlorophyl
grain. The latter converts the sugar which has
been formed into starch, by a process closely
resembling, if not identical with, true secretion
such as we find taking place in an animabs gland.

GENERAL ITEMS.

The Colonial Veterinary Surgeon of Cajie Colony
replies to a corre.spondent wdio asks wliere the
gall-bladder of the horse i.s situated, that the
hor.-^e, like the ostrich and some antelojies, has not
got one. The idea that a horse's gall-bladder is
somewhere in the region of his head arises from
the fact that it is not to be found about the liver,
and also that when a horse is dying from the
pulmonary form of horse-sickness a quantity of
a i>ale yellowlooldng fluid, resembling frothy beer,
flows freely from his nostrils, the origin of which
many people attribute to the gall-bladder having
burst in his head.

A succe.ssful remedy against red spider is to
syringe the trees thoroughly with sulphur nnd
soapy water. This is to be left on for about four-
days and then syringed off with clear water.

The Sydney >'Stock and Illation says that the
Chief Inspector, IMr. Gordon, “ has under consi-

deration the matter of constructing dips at certain
points in the proclaimed southerir line of quaran-
tine. These dips will be constructed on the
American ])rinciple and will be 10 ft. deep and
cemented. The cattle will be driven into them
through a narrow lane and will come out into a
cement-lloored draining yard, where the dip will
drain back off the beast into the tank.

“ With reference to the dip to be used in the
troughs, ]Mr. Gordon states that only two have
been foniul to be efficacious and then only at great
strength. Common sulphate of iion has been
found very efficacious, however, at a strength of
about half-a-pound to the gallon of water, if the
ticks which this solution does not actually kill
drop any eggs after the immersion the eggs are
found to be infertile.

"Mr. D. Miller has been successfully treating
the bullocks in his paddock that were infested
with ticks. The cattle, eighteen in number, were
dressed with a preparation consisting of eight
gallons of tallow, five gallons of oil, half gallon
of Stockholm tar, and half gallon of paraffine.
These ingredients were mixed and heated
to boiling point, and the mixture Avas
applied while .warm. The cattle were put
through a crush,- the licpiid being atAplied with
tar brushes and two brooms. There were a nnnr-
ber of interested pieople present, including Mr.
A. Brook, stock inspector. The solution proved
most deadly to the insects, as several of them
were taken from the cattle and a drop jroured on
them, and in all cases they did not live three
minutes afterw-ards. After the cattle had been
thoroughly saturated they were turned back into
the paddock, and on examination four days later
were found to be perfectly free from ticks.’’

A correspondent of the Austin lasian writes; —
“ On stations and farms in many parts of the
coloiries and more particularly in the hot back
country it is diffinlt to kee]> cream sweet or to
make good butter, where it is required for home
use in small quantities through the summer.
Being confronted w-ith this difficulty many years
ago it occurred to me that the method so common
of keeping water cool in canvas water-bags by
hanging them in a draught, and securing the
cooling effect of rapid evaportiou, might be applied
to cream and to the making of butter. After
some experiments 1 found that by taking a piece
of common sheeting calico, putting it over a
fjucket and pouring the cream into it each
morning, then taking up the ends and tying a
string round it and hanging under a verandah, the
cream is kept cool and sweet, and after hang-
ing so for twenty-four hours it can be taken out,
and by stirring a few minutes with a spoon it
may be converted into the best buttei-. The
cream does not pass through the calico, but
the water does, and produces the same cooling
effect as is produced by the canvas water-bags so
commonly u.sed; and as in the course of 24 hours
nearly all the water which the cream contains is
filtered out, with some of the buttermilk, there is
never any difficulty about getting the butter, and
the flavour is perfect. One of the principal
advantages is that even a pound of cream can be
kept, and easily conxmi-ted into butter without
any labour and with Jio failures. I have had this
method in use now for a great many years, where
only a few cows are milked for home use, and as

72

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

[July 1, 1896.

1 think it may prove a boon to many of your
reailer.s in the warm parts of all the colonies 1
send it for your columns. It may be capable of
application on a larger scale, but 1 have only used
it w'ith small quantities of cream- The principle
is so easily understood by anyone wiio has used
the canvas water-bag (and who has not), that
there is not much likelihood of mistakes being
made.”

Referring to the above method of preseiwing
cream, the Ayi'icultui'cil Joui’iial of the Cape
observes that it is on much the same piinciple as
that for making so-called “ fairy butter, which
is done by tying up cream in a cloth and butjing
it in the ground. Though this way of butter-
making was an Old AVorld trick, yet a few ^eais
ago a patent was taken out in America, and it was
proposed to adopt the plan on a large scale.

A potash manure largely used in agricultural
districts is seaweed. In a fresh condition this
manure may bo described as containing about 3
per cent, of potash, and about half that amount
of nitrogen, with a fraction of a per cent, of
phosphates. Its mauurial action and value are
generally reckoned as similar to that of farmyard
manure; but this is perhaps hardly correct. It,
however, is a valuable mo.imrQ.—Atistmlasian.

It had been admitted for a long time past that
the researches and conclusions of Lawes, Gilbert,
and I’ugh into the nitro-collecting habit of
leguminous plants were fully borne out by e.x.-
perience, but it remained for the German scientists
to show that the bacteria affecting the nodules
on the roots of clovers, peas, &c., may with
beneficial results be introduced into a field of
leguminous plants where they are coin])aratively
delicient. It is something like adding yeast to
liquor— the fermentation is promoted. In any
field where legumes have not been grown for
some years it may be presumed that the bacteria

are not very abundant, but this defect may be
remedied by sprinkling the field with some soil
taken from a field where legumes have recently
been giowm, and tlie result wdll be that a large
quantity of nitrogenous matter will be produced
liy tlie root-v of the p'ants grown — or, rather, by
the bacteria w'hicli are us-sociated with the roots of
the plants. In some cases, the farmers have
.sown .some kind of leguminous plant along with a
cereal crop, and then sprinkled the field with
about a ton to the acre of soil taken from a field
in which a leguminous crop had beengrowm. The
result showed that the field was very much richer
in nitrogen than before, and crops requiring
nitrogen, and sown afterwards, were mucli
benefited. Indian farmers grow Black Medick
{Medicac/o lupulina) amongst their wdieat crops,
and it is said they never have occasion to apply
nitrogenous manures to their fields. It is also
said that the Medick does not depreciate the yield
of wheat. These are matters that are worthy of
further enquiry. — Melbourne Leader.

The mystery of nitrification is now so well
known that any farmer can understand it. I’lants
thrive on nitrogenous food but apparently have no
power to take it either from the air or the soil.
Here the nitrogen-bacteria get in their work.
The.^e microbes, like atomic sponges, take in the
nitrogen from the soil and the air, and transform
it into nitric acid, in which form the plant can
consume it. A soil may be ‘destitute of nitrogen
and need both that and the microbes, or it may
lack only the microbes, in which case a sui^ply
of them renders the field immediately fertile.
Stable manure has little nitrogen but swarms
w'itli the germs of microbes. Add to a field
where clover seed won’t “catch,” a light dress-
ing of soil from a plot where clover tlirives to
perfection, and a catch of clover seed is almost
sure to result. Why ? Because the soil added is
full of the germs or microbes that enable the
young clover plant to avail itself of the nitrogen
in ground or air. — American Agriculturist.

/

o<3 MONTHLY. tx>

Vol. XVI.] COLOMBO

GINGER.

Ch. Sawkt^, f.l.r.

HIS very widely-used aromaiic
is fiirniohed by the roots of the
Zingiher offlcinal p. (Roscoe), an
Indian herbaceous plant, with
creeping jointed, woody root-
stocks, from which are sent up
every year stems surrounded
by sheathing leaves arranged
in two ranks. Its cone-shaped
spikes of flowers are thrown up from the root-stock.
The plant is largely cultivated both in the East and
the West Indies; also in Africa (Sierra Leone) and in
Queensland (Australia). The so-called Chinese and
Siamese gingers are identical, but both of them are
the produce of another plant, viz. the Alpinia Galanga
(Willd). Yet, considering the wide distribution of
Zingiber officinale, it is quite possible that the true
ginger may also be cultivated in some parts of China.

The quality and commercial value of the dried
rhizome from different localities varies considerably,
being influenced very much by the method of
cultivation, collection, and preparation.

Ginger is largely produced in all the warm and
moist parts of India, up to an elevation of 1000 to
5000 feet. The best pieces of the previous year’s
harvest are selected and sheltered in a corner of an
outhouse ; the heap is then covered over with cow-
dung to keep the roots from drying up. The land
is prepared by ploughing it up two or three times,
and then dividing off into beds, with a little raised
edge round each bed, care being taken to make
openings to allow superfluous water to run off; for
if water stands on the crop the roots will rot. Pieces
of the roots one or two inches long are then buried
(jhree or four inches deep in the soil at intervals of
nine inches, and the field is next covered over with
the leaves of trees, which keep the soil moist ; over
tlij l>avei is spread to a depth of half an

inch ; when rains, the water, impregnated with
filters readily through the Uttves to the

August ist, i8g6. [No.

roots. Artificial irrigation is not employed during the
rainy season, but after that period it is necessary.
During the first three mouths of the dry season the
field is weeded three times. At the end of that time
the plants will be about two feet high, having eight
fibrous tubers to each shoot ; these are dug out and
buried in another place for a month. They are then
taken up, and if intended for use as “ green ginger, "
are simply exposed to the sun for one day. If in-
tended for dry ginger, the fresh roots are put into
a basket, which is suspended by a rope, and two men,
one on each side, pull it to and fro between them
by a rope attached, and thus shake the roots in the
basket; this process is carried on for two hours
each day for three or four days. After this the r
are dried in the sun for eight days, and again shaken
in the basket. A two days’ further drying complet s
the process.

In Jamaica (where the finest ginger is produced)
it has been ascertained that the soil which yields
the very highest quality known in the market is the
deep, black soil of the virgin forest ; but to grow ginger
under this condition involves the destruction o larg
areas of forest. Magnificent trees six feet in diameter
may be seen in some districts lying rotting on the
ground, while the ginger cultivators have gone further
to the centre of the island. The plan adopted for
clearing a forest is for a cultivator to invite a few
of his friends to a “ cutting.match ” ; he provides
food, etc., and the laborious work of felling trees is
carried on merrily, and without much expense. After-
wards fire is applied, and the place is burnt over.
This burning is considered very important ; probably
because the resulting deposit of the mineral matters
or ash returns to the soil those inorganic constituents
which had been abstracted therefrom by the trees.
Besides undoubtedly, the fire also sweetens the ground,
corrects sourness, and, moreover, it destroys insect
pests. Some cultivators will grow ginger only in
freshly-cleared woodlands, and the next year they move
on to a new clearing ; but although they get in this
way very fine ginger, it is at the expense of forest
iaod. Albert Towa was opt ao long ago a oeoti^

By .T.

74

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS 1\

(Aug. r, 1896.

foi’ the cultivation, but it seems that growers have
already got as far as fourteen miles further inland.
Although ginger is an e.xhausting crop, and grower’s
have been advised not to plant it on the same
ground two consecutive years, it can be and is growm
in many places year after on the sanie ground,
but in this case it runs wild — or, as it is called
‘■'ratoons.” The “plant ginger” (the produce of
planting) is of better quality than the ratoons, which,
become inferior in each succeeding year. "When the
ground is too poor to grow white ginger, then the
inferior blue variety can be grown.

As regards the application of manure, there is a
prejudice against it in the West Indies, some growers
maintaining that it breeds worms, and that there is
a difficulty in getting it in any quantity. It is pro-
bable that those who have not succeeded witli manure
have used it impropei’ly by applying it fresh or not
sufficiently mixed with soil. As to obtaining it in
quantity, example should be taken from the Chinese
labourer, who preserves every particle of matter that
can in any way be utilized as manure— not only
cattle manure, but decaying matter of any kind, night-
soil, etc.; even soapy water left after washing is very
useful. To imitate the formation of forest soil, a
pit might be filled with alternate layers of bush and
manure; everything in the nature of manure or de-
caying matter should be thrown in, and a layer of
soil directly over the manure would be useful. The
pit ought to be lined with clay, to prevent the very
valuable part of the liquid of the manure from es-
caping, and a cover of some kind should be placed
over the pit to keep out rain. Such a compost, when
quite decayed, would be found very useful for re-
fertilizing the soil.

In some part of .Tainaica a soil of well-drained
clayey loam is selected. The method of planting
out is the same as in India (above described). The
small pieces of root are set in March or April. The
flowers appear in September. When the stalks wither
in the following January or February, it is time
to dig up the roots. At this period these are fibrous
and lit for drying; but if required for preserving
in syrup, or candying, they should be dug up before
the period, whilst they are still succulent. The
mature rhizomes for drying are separately picked,
washed, and scraped ; they are then dried in the sun
and the open air. Occasionally, owing to a very wet
season, the people cannot dry the ginger in the sun;
it then mildews, and the badly cured ginger some-
times found in the market is more frequently the
result of this cause than of want of care in curing
it.

Dried ginger is called by the dealers “ races ” or
“ hands, ” It is in flattish, jointed, branched or lobed,
palmate pieces, which rarely exceed four inches in
length. The Barbadoes, Bengal, and African gingers
are covered by a dry, shrivelled epidermis commonly
called the “ coat ” ; hence these sorts arc usually
said to be “coated” or “unscraped,” whereas the
Jamaica ginger and some of the sorts brought from
Malabar and Bengal have been deprived of their
epidermis, and are, therefore, called “ uncoated ” or
“scrapod.” The external colour varies in different
sorts of pale or bright yellow to dark or brown;
the palest sort is the line Jamaica, and this realizes
the highest price. Cochin ginger resembles it, but
is of a pale brownish tint externally. According to
some authorities, the chalky-white appearance of the
so-called “ bleached ginger ” is produced by submitting
the root to tiie action of the fumes of burning sulphur
or by washing it in a solution of chloride of lime ;
but it is also likely that this appearance results
sometimes from a simple application of chalk or
plaster of I’aris.

Tiie interior of the dried root varies like the ex-
terior in colour; the best is tliat which cuts pile
but bright. The consistence ot ginger, as ascertained
by cutting, varies frotn soft to hard, or, as it is termed
in trade, “flirty,” the soft being preferred.

The Chinese ginger (abovo referred to as aljiiitia
(jaUtnfja) is cultivated in nearly all parts of the pro-
vince of Kwang-tung. '[’he districts of Nan-liai,
which belongs to the city of Canton, produces greater
quantities and a better quility tluui other neigh-
bouring districts. The iiulcpendont tribe of ti;o

Misotsu, in the mountains at the north-western border
of the same province are also said to produce large
quantities of ginger. In the district of Hsiu-hsing,
about tnirty miles south of the city of Chao-chiug.
on the Western River, three-tenths of the flat land
and seven-tenths of the cultivated soil in the hills
are planted with ginger. A distinction is made be-
tw'een the flat land ginger (called in the Canton
dialect Ten- Keung ) , which is generally soft and tender,
and mountain ginger (Shan-Keunfj), which is brittle
and very pungent. 'This is generally used for home
consumption ; the Chinese pickle it in vinegar. The
expensive Ten-Keunrj — syrup ginger — is almost exclu-
sively consumed by foreigners or exported.

The marked difference between the Chinese pre-
served ginger and that from the West Indies has
been carefully investigated at Kew, with the result
that they are now considered to be produced from
the West Indies has been carefully investigated at
Kew, with the result that they are now considered
to be produce from distinct plants, as above
explained.

'The plant furnishing “ Siamese ginger ” is reared
in a desultory manner in almost very village, but
so little care is bestowed upon the culture and
drying that it markets at a very low price in the
local bazaars. 'The best quality is procurable from
the bazaars frequented by hill tribes.

The yield of essential oil from various dry gingers
ranges from 1’9 to 2;7 per cent. 'The oil is yellow
in colour. Its odour is intensely that of the root —
the oil of Jamaica root being the most fragrant — but
no variety yields an oil possessing the punget burning
taste of ginger ; this taste is due to (fiiKjerot, the active
principle of the root, and exists to the extent of
from b’6 to 1’4.5 per cent. It can be eliminated in
the form of a viscid fluid of a pale straw colour,
entirely devoid of odour, and of an extremely pungent
and slightly bitter taste. It is very soluble in alcohol,
even when highly diluted.

The total imports of ginger into the United Kingdom
during 1891 were as follow: —

cwt.

From India, the Straits, and Ceylon .. 57,922

,, British West Indies . . . . 6,818

,, Hongkong and other British Possession .. 1,360

„ Sierra Leone . . . . 14.933

„Various foreign countries .. .. 4,401

85,464

Poivdered Q-inger is sometimes adulterated with
rice flour, but this is readily detected by the
microscope. A more serious adulterant has lately
come into use namely the addition of from 10 to
30 per cent of exhausted ginger, which is prac-
tically valueless. This can only be detected by
a careful chemical examination. — Planter's Gazette.

BinLTOGRAPFIY OF COFFEE.

Abhag, lUr/id. {Berd.). On llemileia vastatrix, the
so-called Coffee-leaf Disease. fLinn. Socy. I London.
1878. 8o.

Ahel.s, A. P. G. Het Kunstmatig Droogen van
Koffij en Cacao, Ac. Batavia. 1866. 8o.

Abendroth, W. F. De Coffea. pp. 42. Lipsiae.
1825. 4o.

Academies — Fuderno. [See under Tea.]

Acliard, branz Carl. Die europaische Zuckerfabri-
kation aus Ruukeliiibeu, in Verbindung mic der
Bereitung des Brandweins, Ac. Leipzig. 1809. 4o.

Adana, IT. It. De plantwijzen van de djagoeng-
en koffijkultuur. [Pas dans le commerce.] ’s Graveu-
hage. 1887. 8o.

ytdenia, IT. It. Nadere beschouwingen. . . .do plant-
wijze in de ruit en in het vierkant ten behoeve van

10U ■ dans le commerce. J Cheribon.

loiSb. Ho,

Adulteration. Adulteration of
report of the proceedings of a
..1851, Ac. London, 1851. 8o.

Adulteration. Adulteration of
Vegetable substances. Report.
Aeuue. London. 1852. 8o.

Cofl’ee. A verbatim
public meeting hold

ColTee by mixture of
Board of Inland Ro-

Aug. I, 1896. j

triE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

75

Advei-Hsenicnfs. A collection of curios, &c. [See
under. Tea.]

Aignan, hvanrois. Le Prestre Medecin. [See
under Tea.]

Alberti, Michael. Pracs. Abhandlung vom Schadeu
des Coffee. Besp. J. H. Grimmann. 1758. &c. 80.
Albrecht, ./. F, Klar-entdeckte, cfec. [See under Tea.]
Alcott, Win. Alex. Tea and Coffee. | See under Tea.]
Aliquis. [Capt. Atewart Jolhj. ' Coffee-planting in
Ceylon. [In verse.] London. 1861. 80.

Ament. Cultiuir en Behandeling der West Indien
Koffij en Indigo. Kampen. 1836.

Andalorim, Andrean. Il Caffe descriltoed esaminato.
Messan. 1703. 12o.

Anderson, Graham. Jottings on Coffee and its Cul-
ture in Mysore. Bangalore. 1879.

Andronieus [i.e., M. Alberti^. Tractatus &c. [See
under Tea.]

Armstrong, Chas. S'pe'irman. Tea and Coffee. [See
under Tea.]

Arnold, Edwin Lester Linden. On the Indian Hills;
or, Coffee-planting in Southern India. 2 vols. London.
1881. 80. [A new cdn. 1893.]

Arnold, Edwin Lester Linden. Coffee: its cultiva-
tion and profit. London. 1886. 80.

.\rouet (le Voltaire, I'ranqois Marie. [Le Cafe’, on
L'Ecossaise.J See Golman, G. the Elder. The Eng-
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Arouet (le Voltaire, Franrois Mario. II Caffe’, o
la Scozzesa [trans. from the Fr. of Voltaire.] See
Diodati, 0. Biblioteca Teatrale, &c. Tom. I. 1762.
&c. 80.

Arouet dc Voltaire, Frawois Marie. [Le Cafe’, ou
L'Esossaise.] See Jlome, John lies. Le Caffe’, Comedie
par Mr. Hume, &c. 1760. 12o. Also. 1761. 80.

Arouet dc Voltaire, Fran<;ois Marie. See Ka feehaus.
Das Caffeehaus, oder die Schottllinderin. Ein Lust-
spiel. [By Voltaire.] 1766. I60. Also 1761. 80. :

1764. 80.

Arouet de Voltaire, Fraiu^ois Marie. See Scotch
woman. Comedia nueva La Escocesa. [From the Fr.
of Voltaire.] 18 — . 4o.

Arouet de Voltaire, Fraw-ois Marie. The Coffee-
House; or, fair fugitive : a comedy., .written by Mr.
Voltaire [and entitled Le Cafe’.] London. 1760. 80.

Arrests. Arrests du Conseil d’Estat. Declarations
du Roy, &c. rulatifs au Cafe’, 1723 1767. 4o.

Aubry-le-Comte, Ch. E. Culture et production du
Cafe’ dans les Colonies. 1863. 80.

Aude, Joseph. Sec Tissot, C. L. Cadet Roussel,
ou la Cafe’ des Aveu^les. 1802. 80.

Aude, Joseph. Le Cafe’ d’une Petite Ville: comddie. '
Paris. 1801. 80.

Aude, Joseph. Le Cafe’ politique : comedie.. .a I’occa-
siou cle la paix avec I’Antriche. Paris. 1809. 80.

B., C. See Faironus, A. F. A Discourse on Coffee,
&c. [Translated by C. B.l 1701. 80.

]l., C. Het Koffij-stclsef van Sumatriis Westkust,
door C. B. (overgedrukt uit de Sumatra-Courant )
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//., F. A. Die Caffe-Schale : ein Lust-spiel., .von
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Bailou, Louis dc. See Periodical Publications, Bres-
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Ihdlardie, J . de L'aynoth. Buildings in connection
with Coffee], Cultivation. London. 1879. 80.

Banesius, F. [Same as Aktiro/nis, .1. /.] De potu
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Bannister, Biehd. Cantor Lectures on Sugar, Tea,
Coffee and Cocoa. [See under Tea.]

Barotti, Jjorenzo. II Caffe’. [A poem.] Parma.
1781. 4o.

Bazot, Etienne hraiwois. Les Cafes do Paris, ou
revue politique, critique et litteiaire des mocurs du
sibcle. Paris. 1819. I80.

Beccaria, Bonesana, Cesare, Marquis. See Period.
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4o.]

Bell,’. Franh. 'The Coffee-shop at Pimlico.. .Song.
[Arranged ’by F. Hoffman,] London. [1864.] fob
Belli, Barlhol. Kurtze Beschreibung, &c. [See
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Bcrgier, Antoine. Quaestio medica, Litteratisne
salubris cafe’usus? Braes. J. de Jussieu. [Paris.]
1741. 4o.

Berries, .Juniper. Histoire naturelle, &c. [See
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Bertherand. Hoyau de dattes, dans la falsification
du cafe’. 1882.

Be.schouwingen. Beschouwiugen over art. I. der
koffij-veilconditieir van der Nederlandsch-Handelmaat-
sehappij. Amsterdam, 1868. 80.

Bibra, F. E. von. Der Kaffee und seine Surro-
gate. Miinchen. 1858. 80.

Bidie. George. Report [to the Government of
Madras] on the Ravages of the Borer in Coffee
Estates; with a review of the existing systems of
coffee culture, &c.' Madras. 1869. 80.

Biet, Leonard. Le bon usage du Caffe’ volatille. 12o.
Bizio, G. II Caffe’. Lezioni date dal prof. G. B.
alia R. Scuola superiore di Commercio. Venezia.
1870. 80.

Blacklav;, A. Scott. See Criiwell, G. A. Brazil as
a Coffee-growing country., .described in a series of
letters, &c. Colombo. iS78. 80.

Blanhaart, Stephanus. Haustus Polychresti, &c.
[See under Tea.]

Pdegny, N. de. Ije Bon Usage, &c. [See under Tea.]
Blom, F. ir. C. Dc Kofiij-veilingen der Neder-
landsch-Handelmaatschappij. [Amsterdam. 1H66.]
80.

Jilondeau. Empire du cafe’. 1824.

Bode, Johann Joachim t.'hrisloph. See Ka.ffce.hans.
Das Caffee-haus, &c. [Tiauslated by J. J. C. B.]
1761. 80. [also 1766. I60.]

Boe.hnhe-Jteich, Heinrich, Dr. Der Kaffee in seineu
Beziehungen zum Leben. Leipzig. 1885. 80.

Boehmer, Georg Budolf. Programma in essential!
Coffeae inquirens. Wittenbergae. 1782. 4o.

Boer. See Ileer. Rotterdams Coffyhuis-Gesprek,
tusschen een Heer, een Burger, en een Boer, &c,
[1783.] 80. _ _

Bona, Giovanni dalla. L’uso e I’abuso del Caffe’,
dissertazione storico-fisico-medica. Verona. 1751. 80.
[also Verona. 1760. 4o. and Livorno. 1762. 4o.]
Bontelcoe, Cornelis Tractat van het, &c. [See under
Tea.]

Bonynye, Francis. The Future Wealth of America
. . . [See under Tea.]

dlooh-keeping. Book-keeping' by Double Entry,
&c. [See under Tea.]

Jloreux. Anweisung vermittelst nines neuen Ver-
fahrens Chocolade und Kaffee zu bereiten. Leipzig.
1805, 80.

Bourejoin d'Oeli, P. H. !• . Guide pratique de la
culture du cafeier et ducacoyer, Ac. Paris. 1867. 12o.

Boyd, 11'//!,. Autobiography of a Periya Durai [i.e.,
of a Coffee Estate]. 12o.

Bradliy, Itichd. The virtue and use of Coffee with
regard to the plague. London. 1721. 80.

Braeuninger, J. M. De potus caffe usu et abusu.
Erfordiae. [1725.] 4o.

Braun, G. Bericht iiber meinem zweiten Versuch
mit dem Anbau das Astragalus balticns oder Neu-
Kaffees, als der besten Stellvertreter des Indischen
Kaffees. Ac. Niirnberg. (1822.] 1824. 80.

Brazil. La question du Cafe’. Le Cafe’ du Bresil
au Palais de I’lndustrie — Janvier 1883, par I’auteur
du livre : Le Pays du Cafe’ [ — Durand ?] Paris.
1883. 80.

Brevet. Essai sur la culture du Cafe' avec I’histoire
naturelle de cetto plante. 1768. 80.

Jhill, Wilhelm. Das Kaffein in chimischer, phy-
sio'.ogischer uud therapeutischer Hinsicht. Marbing.
1862. 80.

Broadbent, Humphrey. The domestic Coffee Man,
Ac. [See nnder Tea.]

Broadside. A Broadside against Coffee, or the
Marriage of the Turk. [In verse.] London. 1672.
s. sh. fol.

Brougier, Adolf. Der Kaffee. Dessen Kultur und
Handel, Ac. Miinchen. 18 — . So.

Brown, Ale.r. The Coffee Planter’s Manu.al. Colombo.
1872. 80. [A New Edition. A. M. A J. Ferguson.
Colombo. iS80. 80.]

Brown, Joseph, M.D. An Account of the wonder-
ful cures, Ac. [See under Tea.]

76

[Aug. I, 1896.

THE TROPtCAL AGIilCULTUKlST.

Buchoz, Pierre Joseph. Dissertation sur le Cofee,
ses differentes preparations et propriete’s. Paris.
1785. fol. , . . ,

Buchoz, Pierre Joseph. Dissertations sur 1 utihte ,

&c. [See nnder Te,\.]

Burck, W. Koffiebladziekte en de middelen om
haar te bestrijden. Batavia. 1887. 80.

Burn, Jacob Henrii. A descriptive C.atalogue of the
L )ndon Traders, Tavern and Coffee House Tokens
current in the seventeenth century, &c. London.
1853. 80. [Second edu. 1855. 80.]

C., J. L. M. Naturgemasse Baschreibung, &c.

[See nnder Tea.] ^ ,

C., If. Cofifo Phillo, or the Coffyhouse Dialogue
between Philloniax Britanicus a Englishina^.. .a
German., .a Hollander., .and a French Captn. [Ham-
burg?! 1672. 80. •

Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles Louis helix. Manioire
sur le Cafe’. See Cadet de Vaux, A. A. Dissertation
Bur le Cafe’, &c. 1806. T2o. [Paris. 1807.]

Cadet de Naux, Antoine Alexis. ^ Dissertation sur le
Cafe’ : sou historique, ses propridtes, &c. Paris. 1806.

^^°Caf6. Le Cafe’ des Artistes, vaudeville, &c. par
...C. G. Etienne, E. Gosse and Morel. Paris, an
VIII. (1800). 80.

Cafe. Le Cafe’ des Halles, com^die, par 0. J
Guillemain, &c. London, Paris. 1781. 80.

Cafe. Saynete estat nuevo intitulado El Cafe’.
Valencia. 1816. 4o.

Caf^,. Le Comedia Nueva, o el Cafe’, &c. [By
Jj. Fernandez de Moratin.] See Comedia. [1800?] 4o.
t'afe. Le Cafe' Borgne. [ ? by N. Carmontelle.]
Cafe. Le Cafe’ de Rouen. Comddie: nu acte.

Cafe. Le Cafe’ du Printemps. Com6die ; un acte.
Cafe. Le Cafe’ d’une Petite Ville. Comedie : un
acte. See Aude, Jos. 1801

Cafe. Le grand Cafe’ parisien, le plus grand Cafe’
du Monde, une des curiosite’s de Paris, &c. Paris.
1856. 80.

Cafe. Le Cafe’, journal litteraire, artistique et
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1858. fol. ,

Cafe'. Le Cafe', Etude historique et comraerciale.
Tournai. 1886.

Cafe-Chantant. Cafe’-Chantant-Album Comische

gezelschapsliedern.. .uit de Salons des Varietos, Ac.
1882. 80.

Cafe-Concert. Cafe’-Concert, le — 4e Soiree. IMet
muz. imp. Rotterdam. 1871.

Cafe-Jocoso. Cafe’-Jocoso, modernamente aberto
junto de um campo que pertence a illma. Sra. D.
Ociosidade, &c. Lisboa. 80.

Cajfcehaus. Das Schottische Caffeehaus. Lustspiel.
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Cafie-Surroijat. Neuestes Caffe’-Surrogat, oder An-
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Cajfe' • li Caffe’, o la Scozzeze. Commedia [transld.
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Cahin-Caha. Yvette Guirabarde. Les Coulisses du
Cafe’-Concert. Paris. 1893. 12o.

Calkins, Alonzo. Opium and the Opium Appetite, Ac.
[See under Tea.]

Calvert, Esprit Claude Franqois. An potus Cafe,
quotidianus valetudini tueudae vitaeque producendae
noxius? Avignon. 1762. 4o.

Campbell, H. F. On Caffeine as an antidote in
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Caracas, Province of. Memoria de los abonos, cul-
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Cardelli, M. Handbuch fiir Kaffee wirthe.. .um
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Cardelli, M. Handbuch fiir Zuckerbiicker, .. .Gaat-
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Nacb den Franz, von U. C. Hebra. Ulm. 1836. 12o.

Cardelli, P. Preparation of Coffee, Chocolate, Ac.
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[French.] Paris. 1851. I80.

(’.uriere-Doisin, Mile. Le Cafe’ litteraire, ou la
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Cassoni, Girolamo. II Caffe’ considerate in rapporto
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Catalogues, Subdiv. JI. Saltero, Don. A catalogue
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other editions 1]

Chamberlayne, John. The Manner of making Coffee,
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Character. The Character of a Coffee-House. .. .As
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Character. The Character of a Coffee-House, with
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Character. Coffee-Houses vindicated : in answer to
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Harleian Miscellany. Vol. G. 1808, Ac. 4o.

Character. A Character of Coffee and Coffee-Houses,
by W. P. 1661. 4o.

Charpentier-Cossigmj, ,T. S. Letter M. Le Mou-
nica de I’Academie des Sciences., .sur la culture du
Cafe’. Amsterdam. 1773. 12o.

Chantard, A. M. Nouveau manuel complet du
Limonadier, Glacier, Cafetier, Ac.... Par Mess. Chan-
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Malepeyre. 1862. See Roret. Libr. Encycl. Roret,
Ac. 1827. I80.

Chevatlier, Jean Baptiste Alphonse. Du Cafe’, son
historiqne, son usage, Ac. Paris. 1862. 80. | I86IJ
Chevallier, Jean Baptiste Alphonse. Sur la falsifi-
cation de la Chicor6e, dite Cafe’-Chicoriie. [Ext.
from the Anales d’Hygicne Publique, Ac.] Paris.
[1849.] 80.

Chi'eon, Theodore. These. . .Du Cafe’ en hygiene et
en therapeutique. See Acads.— Paris. — Ecole de Me’-
dicine, Ac. Collection des theses, Ac. an 1895. tom.

3. 1839. Ac. 4o.

Christ, Johann Jmdnng. Der neueste und beste
deutsche Stellvertretes des Indiachen Coffee, oder der
Coffee von Erdmandeln. Zweyte Auflage. Frankfurt
am Mayn. 1801. 80.

Citg. The City, or Physiology of London Business,
with sketches on 'Change and at the Coffee Houses.
London. 1845. 80.

City. City Men and City Manners, with Sketches
on 'Change and at Coffee Houses. London. 1852.
80. _

Civinini, Giov. Domenico. Della storia e natura del
Caffe’. Firenze, 1731. 4o.

Clere, L, Manuel de I’nmateur de Cafe’, ou Part
de cultiver le cafe’, de la multiplier, Ac. Paris.
1828. I80.

Coffee. [See under Tea.]

Coffee. Coffee. A Tale. H. Curll. 2/- 1727. 80.
Coffee Cultivation. On the Cultivation and Prepara-
tion of Coffee. [Contributed to the Ceylon Agri-
cultural Socy. in Augt. 1845.] Colombo ? 1845 ? 12o.

Coffee Cultivation. Coffee Cultivation in Ceylon.
Pruning and Manuring. From the Proceedings of
the Dimbula Planters’ Association. Colombo. 18 — .

Coffee Cultivation. Report on Coffee Culture in
America, Asia and Africa. Plates, Ac. 1885. 80.

Coffee Enterprise. The Coffee Enterprise of Ceylon,
and the necessity for Railway Extension in the Coffee
Districts, Ac. Colombo. 18 — .

Coffee-House. The Coffee-House, a dramatic piece
[written by ,T. Miller : the songs set by H. Carey A
H. Burgess, Junr.J London. 17.34. 80; [Also 1737.
80. Dublin. 1743. 12o.]

Coffee-House. The Coffee-House ; or, News-Monger’s
Hall ... A poem. London. 1672. e. sh. fol.

(toffee- House. The Coffee House : or the Fair Fugi-
tive: a Comedy: translated. London. 1760. 80.
Coffee-House. George’s Coffee-House. A Satire.

1763. 4o.

Coffee-House. The British Coffoc-Housc A Poem.

1764. 4o.

Aug. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

77

Coffee-House. Chit-Chat. Coffee-House Chit-Chat,
or, Strictures on a Strange paper dated Mary’s Chapel.
Aug. 26. 1777. & signed C — r J — n L — y. See Edin-
buftjh smd L....11. [1777.] 4o.

Coffee-House Dialoijue. See 1'., Captn. A Coffee-
House Dialogue, &e. [1679.] fol.

Cojfee-Honse Dialoffue. See Y., A Continuation
of the Coftee-Honse Dialogue, &c. [1680?] s. sh. fol.

Cojffee-llouse Jests. Coffee-House Jests. By the
Author of the Oxford-Jests. London. 1677. 12o.
[Fourth edn. 1686. 12o. Fifth edn. 1683. 12o. Another
edn. 1760. 12o.]

Coffee- lionises. Coffee-Houses vindicated : in answer
to the late published character of a Coffee House.
See Harleian Miscellany. Vol. 6. 1808. &c. 4o.

Coffee Leaf Disease. Mededeeling betr. d. Koffij-
boomen in Ceylon. Amsterdam. 1859. 80.

Coffee-Man. The Case of the Coffee-men of London
& Westminster, die. By a Coffee- man. London.
[1729.] 80.

Coffee Planter. A System of Accounts (by Double
Entry) adapted to the requirements of Coffee Plan-
ters, &e. By a Ceylon Coffee Planter. A. M. &. J.
Ferguson. Colombo. 1873. obi. 80.

Coffee Planter. [Do.] New Edition. Bookkeeping
for Planters, &c. Colombo. 18 — .

Coffee ilanter. The Private Life of a Coffee Planter,
by Himself. Colombo. 1880. 80.

Coff'ee Planting. Coffee Planting in Ceylon, past
and present. Printed at the Examiner Press. Colombo.
1855. 80.

Coffee- Public-House. The Coffee Public-House, how
to establish and manage it. London. 1878. 80.

Coffee-Scuffle. The Coffee Scuffle, occasioned by a
contest between a learned Knight & a pitiful Peda-
gogue with the Character of a Coffee House, &a.
London. 1662. 4o.

Coffee Tacern. Coffee Tavern Guide : new edition,
Partridge & Co. London. 1884. I60.

Collegium. Collegii Med. Kungorelse, &c. [See
under Te.\.j

Colman, George, the Elder. The English Merchant
A Comedy. [Imitated from “ L’Ecossaise ” of Voltaire.]
(also called Le Cafe’). London. 1767. 80.

Colmencro de Ledesma, Antonio De I’usagc, &c.
[See under Tea.]

Comedia. La Comedia nueoz d el Cafe’. Comedia,
[by L. F. de Moratin.] [1790?] 4o. ] Another edn.
(Madrid. 1800?) 4o.j See Lernandez de Moratin, L.

Comcrartus, Elias (Rudolphus). Dissertationes tre«,
(&c. L>5>se under Tea.]

Comiers, Claude de. Le bon usage, &c. ( See under
Tea.]

Conquerant, P. L. X. Dissertation sur I’abus des
liqueurs alcooliques, suivie de quelques reflexions sur
les effets du Cafe’. Paris. 1810. 4o,

Consilium. Consilium de nsu, &c. [Sec under Tea.]

Constantin, Marc. See Vioeur. Histoire des Cafes
de Paris.. .Bevue et augmeuiee par M. Constantin.
1857. 12o.

Constantin, Marc. Histoire des cafes-concerts et des
Cafes de Paris. Nouvelle ’edition. Paris. 1872. 12o.

Constantini, F. G. See La Roque, J. de. Abhand-
lung vom Caffe., .iibersetzt.. .Nebst einer Nachricht
von der Cichorien-wurzel, von F. G. C. 1771. 80

Coohe, .Mordecai Gubitt. The Coffee Disease in
South America. [Linn. Socy.J London. 1881. 80.

t.'uoke, Mordecai Cubitt. Two Coffee Diseasee.
[Linn. Socy.] London. 1876. 80.

Cool//- Cooly Medical Aid Legislation in Ceylun
[for Coffee Estates]. Reprinted from the “Ceylon
Observer. ’ Colomijo. 1882. 4o. demy.

Corrie, Edgar. Letters on the subject of the duties
on Coffee.. .'Third edn. London. 1808. 80.

Cosmius, Henriens. Magnao naturae ceconomia, &c.
[See under Tea.]

Cosnicr, Ludoricas Jlicrongmus. Praes. See Munier,
J. C. Quaestio.. . An Omni sexui .. . salubris Caffe’,
potus? 1743. 4o. [see also Nigwaert, G. L. Ouaest.
Med. Paris. Ac. Fose. 2. 175S). &c. 4o.

tJosta Santos, Horacio Ale.randi ino da. Breves con-
siderayoss sobre onosso Cafe’. Rio de Janeiro. 1881. 80.

Cotton, Elizab. Reid (a/terivards Ladg Hope). Our
Coffee-Room, with a preface by ... Sir A. Cotton. 3rd
edn. Loudon, Edinburgh. 1876. 80.

Cotton, Elizab. Reid, (afterwards Jjadg Hope). e
about our Coffee Room ... with preface by the rl
of Shaftesbury. London, 1878. 80.

Cotton, Sir Arthur Thomas. See Cotton, E. 11. Miss.
Our Coffee-Room, <fec. 1876. 80.

Coubard d'Aulnag, G. E. Monographic du Cafe’, ou
manuel de Tamateur du Cafe’, &c. Paris. 1832. 4o
[80. J

Couroj, Charles de. Les Histoire.? du Cafe’ de Paris.
Paris. 1861. 12o. Part of the Bibliotheque Con-
temporane. ”

Cousin, J. Les Cafes de Paris en 1772. [Extrait
de la Revue de Poche|. Paris. 18^7. 12o.

Couthier, Joannes Franciscus. See Gamier, A.
Dissertatio, &c. [See under Tea.]

Crisafulli, HenH. See Multatuli, pseud. Max Have-
laar, &c. 1876. 80.

Cross, Andreio L. First Year’s Work on a Coffee
Plantation, by A. L. Cross, Glasgow Estate, Lindula.
[Being the Essay which received the first prize from
the Ceylon P. A. in 1877.1 Colombo. 1877. 80.

Criiwell, G. -1. Brazil as a Coffee-growing Country
... described in a series of letters from .. . G. A. C.
and A. S. Rlacklaio to the “ Ceylon Observer, ’’ &c.
A. M. & J. Ferguson. Colombo. 1878. 80.

Criiwell, G. A. Liberian Coffee : its history, des-
cription & cultivation. (A series of letters on Liberia
...Complied from the “Ceylon Observer.’’) See
Lihenan Coffee. 1878. 12o.

Cap. A Cup of Coffee. 1883. See Cup that Cheers
Series. No. 1. 1883. &c. 80.

Cup. A Cup of Coffee : or. Coffee in its Colours.
[In verse.] London. 1663. a. sh. fol.

Cup that Cheers Senes. No. 1. A Cup of Coffee.
London. 1883. Ac. 80.

Curschmaan, Heinrich. Therapeutische Wirkungen
des Coffeins. 1885.

[ To be continued.)

COFFEE PLANTING IN BRITISH CENTRAL
AFRICA.

A despatch has been received at the Foreign Offlee
from Sir H. H. Johnston, Her Majesty’s Commissioner
aad Consul-General in British Central Africa’ with
regard to coffee planting in these parts.

Sir H. H. Johnston states that coffee flourishes in
almost any part of the British Central Africa Protec-
torate. At one lime it was thought that its cultivation
must be confined to the highlands above 2,000 ft in
altitude, but it has since been found that coffee grows
equally well in quite low-lying parts. The Liberian
coffee, of course, actually grows better in the tropical
plains, but as this kind does not fetch such high prices
as the Mocha variety, whicli is the kind chiefly planted
in Bri ish Central Africa, it rather the facilities for
growing the last-named variety which must be taken
hrst into consideration. It is not that the Moeba
coffee will grow quite as well in the plains not many
feet above the level of the sea as it will in the hills, but
it may be stated posi-tively th-at it grows as well at an
altitude of 900 it. above the sea as at 3,000 ft. Above
3,500 ft. the coffee is liable to be nipped by frost in
the cool season.

Throughout British Central Africa the soil is nearly
every-where very fertile — too fertile in some places—
as it is absolutely virgin soil, and this excessive rich-
ness is doubtless the cause of much of the malarial
fever which prevails. Not only is the soil rich, but it
is every where well watered by perennial streams which
render irrigation during the dry season practicable.

The average rainfall in British Central Africa is
50 ins. per annum, but in most of the districts it is
about 45. The least rainfall iu many district is prob-
ably 36 ins. The highest rainfall is in parts of the
Mlanjd disirict, where it at'ains in some years over
100 inches. The rain fads piincipally in the months
of December, January, February, March, and April.
There are heavy rains at the latter end of November,
and occasional showers in May and June. It often
occurs also that rain falls in the hills during August.
In the hill-country— and most of British Central
Africa may be described as such — it may be said that

^8

tHE TROPICAL AGRICULtURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896.

no month passes without a show'er of rain. Neverthe-
less, it shoul i be broadly stated that five months of
the year are very wet and seven months of the year
are very dry. This want of a more general distribu-
tion of the rainfall is not such a favourable feature as
would be the more regularly distributed rain which
occurs in Ceylon.

The climite in mist pirts of the Protectorate is
agreeable, but it cannot be described as healthy.
Neither can it be described as very unhealthy. The chief
condition of health is comfort. Europeans who make
themselves thoroughly comfortable and do not ex-
pose themselves too much to the sun, and who lead
a thoroughly temperate life, seldom have occasion
to complain of their health. Almost the only di-
sease which causes any anxiety is malarial fever.
There is very little dysentry, and it is of a mild
type. Dysentry is hardly ever met with except in
the plains. The climate is on the whole benefi-
cial to persons of a consumptive or asthmatic ten-
dency— very beneficial in fact to the latter,
who often maintain better health in British Cen-
tral Africa than in other parts of the world.

The whole of the. Protector ile is now absolutely
sate for European settlers, the entirety of it being
under tbe direct control of the Administration. The
t atives are very well disposed towards the Europ.ans.
There is a native population of about 1,200,000, but
this is rapidly increasing by immigratiou from the
countries outside the Protectorate into the more
settled districts. Labour is very cheap and fairly
abundant. It is the great cheapness of labour, however,
which tbe principal attraction that British Central
• Africa can offer to coffee planters, and which atones for
its inferiority of climate and rainfall as compared
to Ceylon. Adult labourers receive wages to the
extent of about 3.s. a month. At some periods of
the year food is given in addition, making the
cost of adult labour about 4«. 6J. a month. The
labour of women and children is paid for at lesser
rales.

The price of land ranges at present from 6s.
down to 2s. Gff.on acre, but, owing to the con-
siderable demand for estates, it is possible this
up-set price may increase. Land in Blantyre or
ill the vicinity of that township fetches rather
high prices— from lOOL to 120/. an acre. Except
within the settled and civilised shire districts,
the pri o of land is hardly likely to exceed 2.s M.
an acre for some time to come. As regards the
sale of Government land, however, no estates ex-
ceeding d.OiX) acres in one spot are perniiltod to
be sold, and, as a rule, 1,000 to 2,000 acres i-i the
area chosen. About one-ei.hth of the laud in
the Protectorate belongs to the British South
Africa Company, the African Lakes Corporation,
and some gOO European settlers. About three-
eighths of the laud is permanentlv secured to the
natives, and about half of tlie total laud area ot
the Protectorate is now at the disposal of the
Government, though, with a view to native expan-
sion, it is intended to alienate more than about
a quarter of the total land area.

A.lthcugh the bulk of the settlors are of Biitish
nationalit.v, there are other nationalities represen-
te.d, viz, Dutch, Austrians, Germans, French, and
Italians The nationalities arc given in the order of
their majority as regaids number of representatives.

A constantly extending transport service is now
carried on throughout the Protectorate by the
African Lake Corporation, Messrs. Sharrer, Zambesi
Traffic Company, the African International Flotilla
Company, and the Oceana Company. At present the
cost of transporting goods from British Central
Africa to London miiy be roughly estimated at an
average of 15/. a tin— ranging from 20/. a ton from
the north end of Lake Nyasa to 4/. a ton from the
Lower Shire. From the Shire province, which is
the most settled district, the average cost of trans-
port is perhaps 10/. or 11/. a ton (7/. from Blantyre).
The cost of transport from England to Britisii
(Jentral Africa is about 1/. a ton more than the
figures given, the difference urising from the greater
facilities for sending goods down stream compared
to the hauling of them up stream,— A’oard of Trade
.Journal, May Ib'JG.

PUKE COFFEE.

The paper that was lately read at the Chamber of
Commerce on the subject of agriculture took a view
of bow oppressed this department is by rates and
taxes. The medical profession decided that if milk
could be obtained in a pure form it was extremely
valuable as a food, and, further that its consumptiom
W'ould be very largely increased. All this has tiken
place, and even now the analytical chemist is con-
tinually on the watch to attack either the farmer for
sending milk of too poor a quality to market, or else
the retailer because his milk is not up to the standard.

Lately, at the Annual Meeting of the Chemical
Trade Section of the Chamber of Commerce, I (put
it to sortie of the analytical chemists w'ho belong to
our branch whether they were not now pretty well
satisfied with the quality of the milk ; they admitted
they were. I then asked them another question,
viz., were they not aware that, at the present time,
if they went into almost any hotel, restaurant, coffee-
house, and many private houses, they could nit
obtain pure coffee, and that at many railway stations
the beverage called “coffee” w’as nothing but an
adulterated mixture ? They admitted this to be the
case, but said they had not been instructed by the
Government to proceed against this vile .system of
the adulteration of coffee.

I took the opportunity of explaining to the Com-
mittee that the adulteration consisted of beaus, bad
dried fruit ground up, and as a fact the very best and
richest coffees yielding the best flavours were all sold
at a high price to people who used them, because
they would flavour the largest amount of adulterating
matter.

After the deputation waited upon the Chancellor of
the Exchequer, at the end of February, to appeal
against the duty on coffee, I wrote to the Chancellor
of the Exchequer telling him that I entirely agreed
with some of the members of the deputation, that
the reason of the falling off in revenue from coffee
was attributable to the filthy adulterating matter
that was employed when people required and purchased
ground coffee.

I am glad to say that the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer took the same view that I did upon the
matter, and agreed with some of the members of the
deputation that waited upon him;, audit was pointed
out that the department responsible for allowing this
adulteration, and, in fact, robbery of the Exercise, is
conducted by Sir Michael ilieps Beach. If these
facts are admitted, w’e may conclude that the poor
English farmer, who has delivered to the hotel or
restaurant pure milk, has been most unfairly treated
by the Government authorities, for he has been forced
to abide by most stringent conditions ; and now he
finds that the vendor of “ coffee, ” so called, may sell
and admixture in a shop, and other vendors may sell
any adulterated article under the name of “coffee"
direct to the public.

Tlio coffee dealers in Mincing-lane, who have an
immense stake in this business, subscribed together
and formed a committee, and they gave pure coffee
to certain people as long as they would agree to sell
it to anyone who asked for a cup of coffee at their
establishment, and there are very few establishments
left now where the sale of this pure coffee has been
continued.

Would it not be fairer to trade in general if the
Giverument administrated justice in this branch?
because 1 maintain that, now we have such excellent
quality of milk, good coffee W'ould be greatly appre-
ciated, and very soon coffee drinkers would be able to
discriminate between the different sorts of coffees
that were supplied to them.

While discussing this question from an English
point of view, I should like to further remark that in
France, now, it is most difficult to got a cup of
pure coffee ; so much so is this the case, that if you
ask at a good restaurant for a cup of their best
coff.-e after breakfast or after dinner, they charge
yon an extra price for it.

lijln G -nn my (lie so-called “ cofieo ” which is supplied
contain.^ really less of the pure berry than it does
in either , England or France, and immense quan-
tities of figs and dates are sold to adulterate the

Aug. I, 1896.

THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

79

coffee — in fact, I am informed that the adulterating
material is present in a larger proportion than the
pure coffee. Yet in both France and Germany it
IS most important that the trade of their colonies
should be fostered! In conclusion I would like to
remark that so many people ask for coffee, and if
they only had pure coffee given to them, the demand
for genuine coffee would be so great that it would
cause a rise in the market price, and at once tend
to improve the revenues of our dependencies.

Thos, Christy.

— Journal of the Society of Arts.

«

THE APPLE-TAINTED TEA QUESTION

London, July 3rd.

The Tea and Produce Committee mention Monday
afternoon to discuss the apple-tainted tea matter.
There were present Messrs. Eutherford, Chaiiman,
W. Martin Leake, Dickson, Cameron, Stanton, C.
Scott, G. White, A. L. Hutchison. Brooke, Thompson,
J. Hamilton, (who is now no longer with Messrs,
S. E ucker & Co., but has an office in the same build-
ng), Corbert, who was made a partner in Messrs.
iWhittall & Co., just before Mr. Whittall’s death
and who has no Ceylon experience whatever), and
Keith (of Messrs. Arbutlmot, Latham (Sr Co., the
largest importers of Ceylon tea on this side). It
appears the position Messrs. Anderson, Anderson cS:
Co., have taken up is one that does not leave much
hope that they will accede to the demands of the
twenty-one firms claiming about one thousand pounds
(£1,000 sterling), although I am told that the market
loss is a good deal more than that sum. There is
precedent to back the demands of the claimants, for
the Orient Line allowed a certain amount upon a
small shipment of tea which was affected by oranges
taken in at Malta. There seems to be a good deal
of difference, however, between the taint produced
by oranges versus apples. It vms said that the
oranges flavoured tea found considerable favor amongst
buyers, and actually fetched Id. or 2d. per lb. more
than it was expected to realise under ordinary cir-
cumstances. That term “ orange pekoe ” is still a
delusion and a snare to many a tea retailer and
consumer. It was only this week I was asked for
a tea “flavoured with orange blossoms.” Possibly
it was for a wedding ! To see what the ordinary
tea man would say if asked for such an article 1
went into one of the large city retailers and asked
for it. It was promptly produced a China pekoe
“ made with orange flowers, and whence the term
orange j)ekoe was derived the man said. The
price was 3s. per lb. But, however favourable may
be the sales of orange flavoured pekoe and other
grades, there is not much doubt that the smell of
a ripe strong apple is not a desirable addition to
your staple. If it is necessary, as it is I hear, to
charter special steamers from Jamaica to carry
bananas, it seems advisable that those engaged in
the apple-carrying trade from Australia should go
and do likewise. Eum and sugar as an instance,
has always to be kept entirely separate from coffee,
except when a certain well-known Ceylon merchant
sent them all off together during the “ diggins ”
time to Australia and scored the best deal there
he ever did in his life. The season for the Australian
apples covers a period of about two and a half months,
and unless soma special arrangements are made by
the Orient and P. (!k 0. people they will find them-
selves pariicularly short of freights from Colombo
in the future during that time. I have heard it
stated here, and on good authority, that any tea that
comes home in an apple ship is under a disadvan-
tage whether it is tainted or no.. Certain people
make it their business to ferret this information out
and take advantage of it to lower the price by reports
that the tea is tainted. We all know these methods
on the Stock Exchange. Why should the tea market
be free from such modern highwaymen ? Short of
freights these liners will be, and their troubles will
not cease at the apple season point. Several chiefs
here have wired out instructions to Colombo not
to ship tea at all by either line without a guarantee

That guarantee has, I am informed, been refused,
and the business is passing into other hands. And
certainly unless these lines put the whole matter
on a more satisfactory footing than it at present
is, these firms will adhere to their decision ami
doubtless others will follow. The Indian bill of
lauding for tea is worded differently to those in use
from Colombo. A clause is stamped on that hides,
turmeric, and several other evil-smelling articles will
not be carried on the same deck as tea. But not
one of those articles enumerated on the Indian tea
bill of landing is in the same street with apples,
especially if they are a little more ripe than they
are usually carried. The Tea and Produce Committee
decided that the Chairman and Messrs. Cameron,
Dickson, and Keith be formed into a sub-committee
to reply to Messrs. Anderson Anderson & Co.'s letter,
and to draw up a tea clause to be stamped on all
tea bills of landing similar to that in use on tea
from Calcutta. That clause they will endeavour to
get the Shipping Companies here to agree to, and
if they succeed the tea per “ Cuzco ” and “ Austral ”
will not have been spoilt in vain, although even
such a clause will not dispose of the reports which
are put about, and it is also the opinion of many
here that the bad results from apple taint are not
to be got rid of by carriage on a seperate deck,
SMALL BREAKS.

For the past eight years the question of small
breaks has been forced upon the attention of brokers
and others here, and the Tea and Produce Committee
has from time to time discussed the matter. The
big men, who will not even look at anything below
a certain size of break, leaving the smaller fish to
the smaller fry, have object d to being kept idly
chewing their quills, whilst smallest lots are being
sold. The Brokers’ Association has approached the
'Tea and Produce Committee to increase the Ceylon
liniits to 18 chests, 24 half-chests and 40 boxes. This
will doubtless be carried through, and anything under
these limits will be relegated to the small lot sale.
Of course, the object really is to induce the planter
to increase the size of his breaks, the enormous
quantity of different teas to be gone through being
a great tax. Even one half-chest of dust°sent se-
parately must be liquored and valued, and there are
a great number of little “dabs” in the Ceylon sales
that are perhaps unavoidable, but none the less
difficult to deal with. Various days and times have
been suggested for the small lot sale. Wednesday
has been spoken of as a good day. It has been said
that Thursday might be devoted to it, or that the
“minor canons ’ might be disposed of at 2 o’clock
on Tuesday, at the same time the “big guns” are
buying in the big sale. If the result of the above
increase of limit is that the small lot sale becomes
more important, perhaps the division of the sale of
tea that the abortive Thursday’s sale was to effect
will be better carried out by the sale of the “gros”
lots, and the little “ dabs ” in separate rooms. The
Ceylon Planter whose shipments are small is better
off than the Indian Planter, the limit for the teas
of the latter being 20 cheats, .30 half-chests, and 50
boxes. As Ceylon properties become more and more
absorbed into limited Companies, however, the small
lots will berhaps show a tendency to become fewer
and fewer But there is no doubt there are plenty
of buyers here who took as carefully after the suiail
breaks as the hi^ men do after the large, and it
would be instructive if some one who knows all the
buyers would inform the Tea and Produce |Committee
how many of the usual bidders are unrepresented at the
small break sale. Very few, I fancy, although possibly
the bidding is done by a less important representative
of the firm than at the big sale.— Local “ Times,’'

Florida Camphor.— 'The Florida camphor-forest is
looking up. We mentioned sometime ago that many
camphor trees had been planted there. Now it is
reported that a small quantity of an e.xcellent quality
of camphor has already been made, aud a sample
lot has been sent to Washington for analysis. E.v-
periments will be undertaken to ascertain whi -h
reduces the more camphor, the trunk or leaves of
the irce.— Chemist and Druggist, UniiQ 27.

8a

THE TROPICAI

AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896.

HE MIGRATIONS OF THE TOBACCO
PLANT, THE FARNESlAN CASSIA,
AND THE LOMBARDY POPLAR.

I would solicit a brief space to record ia the Joania!
of the Society of Art n some criticisms I have received
from a scientist of the highest authority, in correction
of statements made by me in the course of my remarks
on Mr. Tripp’s recent paper on “The Tobacco
Industry of India and the Far East.”

1. My correspondent writes: — “ It is by no means
certain that the Old World owes the Farnesiau
Acacia to the New. It appears to be indigenous to
Australia, and not impossiblj' to Asia.”

I was aware that the Acacia Farncsiana had been
identified by Fraas with the “white Acacia” of
Theophrastus, and the “ Acacia in Cappadocia,” &c.,
of Dmscorides; but I know of no solid ground for
this identification; while, on the other hand,
it is described as a native Chilian plant by Molina, 11
the 16th century, from which date it is gradually
trace through a succession of writers eastward, in
Italy the Morea and Greek Islands, in the gardens
of Egypt and Arbia, and in Western India. From
Buenos Ayres, it was carried by Europeans into
Louisiana, and as far north as Charleston, and again
by Europeans it was carried from America westwar 1
to Tahiti and the Philippines, to Timor and Javr,
and appearently to Burni lu and the Coromandel coast
of India. It has now overspread all India. Every-
where its name seems to be derived from its exquisite
“aroma,” and astlu Greek wr.ters do not refer to
this its overwhelming characteristic, 1 accepted it
as a plant of exclusively American origin, and one
of the most delightful gifts of the old world to tl.o
new. It is first botanically described by Hyaciuthus
Ambrosinus a.d. 1605 7‘2.

2. My correspondent writes;— The ‘Lombardy
Poplar’ is only a fastigiatj varie y of our Populus
niyra, and is certainly not American.” And again:
—“The ‘Lombardy Poplar’ is European, but the
‘ Black Italian’ is American.”

I am not entitled to gainsay this dictum, but I
reasoned thus. The Greeks and Romans knew only
the three following poplars —

Populus alba, Linn.: the cherois [fe., “of Acheron”]
of Iliad xiii. 389 and xvi. 482, the “ lenke ” of Theoph-
ratus and others, and the “populus alba” of Pliny
xvi. 35 (23) ;

p. niyra, Linn.: the“aigeiros ” of Iliad iv.482, Odyssey
ix. 141 and x. 510, and of Theophrastus, and Hippocrates,
and the “populus nigra ’of Pliny, loco cit.

P. tremula, Linn-: the ” aigeiros makednos“ of Odys-
sey vii. 106, and “ populus Lybica ” of Pliny in loco cit.

These three P. (canesceres being regarded as a
variety of P. aU>a, and P. yrwca of P. tremula) would
seem to be the only poplars truly indigenous to
Europe; the rest being nearly nil Americau species.
But to-day there is to be seen everywhere through-
out Europe the pyramidal “ Lombardy Poplar, ’’populus
fastiyiata, said to be a variety, but if so a powerfully
‘differentiated variety of I', niyra. Some regard it as
a native of Central Asia others of North America,
i.e. of Carolina’ and the valley of the Mississippi.
It ' is the P. italica-carolouensis of Brugsdorf; aud
inasmuch as it was not introduced into Lombardy,
between Milan and Pavia, before the 17th century,
nor into Franco and Great Britain before the 18th
century I concluded that it came into Europe
rather from the Mississippi than from Persia.
Had this “Kensp kle” poplar been a native ofAu-
terior Asia it seems to me that Homer would certainly
have known of it, and given it a discriminating
epithet, “ puramidikos ” or the like.

3. My correspondent writes:— “There are only two
tobaccos used, the pink flowered i\icoiui«a Tabacum,
and the yellow N. rustica. I doubt if the latter is much
crown except in the Levant, for cigarettes. I do
not believe it furnishes Brazilian, Germany and
Hungarian tobacco. You perpetuate a very old
error about Persian or Sh rzaz tobacco.

W versica is not a variety, but a species. It is tho
same as A. alata’ and white flowered It does not
vLld tobacco. The blunder is due to Liudley; and
Bhirzaz tobacco ia only the ordinary N, tabacum.

1 relied on Bindley and Pereira, but on referring to
the “Kew Bulletin,” No. 52, for April, 1891. for
for having overlooked which until to-day I am most
blameworthy, I find that Mr. Thiselton Dyer has there
c'^nclusively demonstrated my critic’s contention on
il.is point. I erred through writing “in a castle (of
J ndolence) — cock-sure.”

Geouge Bihdwoop.

— Juuninl of the Society of Arts.

THE PROSPECTS OF THE CINCHONA AND
QUININE MARKICTS.

It is not a little remarkable that one of the
most valuable and best-known drugs, namely, qui-
niue and one of the most valuable and best-known
flivoiuring agents, namely, vanilla, should quite re-
cently have been occupying a considerable amount of
commercial attention ; the first in consequence of
the opening of a new quinine factory in Lon-
don, and the second in consequence of the extraor-
dinary advance in the price of vanilla, which has been
going on for some time. In reference to the first,
the Chemist and Briujyist makes some remarks on
the commerical prospects of the company, and on
t le cinchona-bark produce generally. In the first
place, it expresses an opinion that the establishment
of a new factory is not likely to have any serious
effect upon the market position of the drug, though
the entire output of the factory for November
was said to have been sold before the month was
hrlf through. “The chief point of interest in the
situation, ” it is said, “ is that the new factory is
the only one in Europe not bound by the ‘ agreement.’

‘ convention,’ or ‘ understanding ’ which has existed
for more than a year among the older makers, and
has given a healthy tone to the quinine markets.”
It is further pointed out that the product of the
new company is an unknown brand, and that it
will take some time to convince the average con-
sumer, especially a British one, who is proverbially
loth to leave his time-honoured sources of supply,
that the article has all the excellence of the old
brands. The possibility of the new makers under-
selling their rivals is also discussed, and should the
older makers declare war upon the new comers, it
is considered possible that we may return again to
the price-cutting days of 1892, when quinine was
purchaseable below lOd. per oz. “ The new factory
starts at a time when the older manufacturers were
believed be to contemplating an all-round advance
ill their quotations early in the coming year. From
the quinine-maker’s point of view, the market has
been mending for some time, notwithstanding the
fact that there has been no improvement worth
speaking of in the second-hand quotations, and that
the maker’s prices have remained unaltered for
months. The second-hand stock of quinine in London
has been reduced to manageable proportions ; the
cinchona-bark supply in this country is too small
to place any serious impediment in the way of a
rise, and at least one of the large German quinine
work has been deliberately kept closed all through
the summer months. Only the Java producers re-
main hopelessly disunited. Their exports of cinchona-
bark in October reached the enormous total of over
1,200,0001b. (1,100,000 Amsterdam lb.), and in their
present disorganised condition they are almost at
the mercy of the quinine makers so far as the price
of their produce is concerned. At the present time
the quinine manufacturers pay for the quinine iri
the bark only about one-fourth of the price at which
they quote their finished product, and if only the
second-hand stock of quinine were smaller than it
is they would not bo at all badly off. The facts
here stated show to what lengths and variations the
traffic in cinchona b.ark hasextendol in the space
of time within tho memory of m.iny, when the bark
was drawn from its native South American forests
and when the manufactured article, quinine, was solci
at a guinea an wace.— Journal of the Society of Arts

Aug. I, 1S96.J THE TROPICAL

E EIMBULA VALLEY (CLYLUN) TEA
COMPANY, LD.

STATUTORY MEETING.

Tlie Statutory Meeting of tliis Company drew
quite a number of shareholders together at tlie
Company’s Office (Messrs. Rowe & White), 10
Philpot Lane, E.c. Mr. .James Sinclair occupied
the chair ami was supported by his co-L)irector’s
IMessrs. Rowe, Forbes Laurie, Macdonald, and T.

C. Owen and the Solicitor to the Company, Mr,

Templeton (of Messrs. Templeton and Cox). Among
shareholders present were : — Messrs. Donald

Andrew, Leslie, Sanderson, E. T. Delmege, F.

D. Mitchell, J. R. Grant, Russell D. Reid, G. E.
Wortliington, &c. The notice of the meeting hav-
ing been read, the Chairman explained the posi-
tion of the Company, and though it was under-
stood this meeting was not one for press reports ;
yet no harm can occur from letting Ceylon
readers understand what passed. It was men-
tioned that a telegram had come to hand just
before the meeting, from Colombo, announcing that
all was clear now for the transfer of tlie estates and
that so soon as tliis was ell’ccted, a further and
general meeting of sharehohlcrs sliould be called
together. Meantime, Mr. Sinclair referred to
the highclass and valuable i)ro|)erties owned
by i.he Com])auy and noticing certain jiress
criticitsm he would say it was not correct that
he was taking a largm amount of cash out of
the estates— in fact his own interests and those
of his family were liuund up with the Com-
pany on which they would be dependent for their
salt, and if this Company did not pay, and long
continue to )iay good dividends to its share-
holders, then all he could say was “God hel]i
Ceylon tea plantation owners.” (Hear, hear.)

It was then intimated that any questions
might be asked and a suakkuolueu said that
he had come to the meeting prepared to make
certain remarks ; but alter what he had heard,
he would not make them.

Mr. F. D. Mitchepl wished to get informa-
tion on a number of jioints — (1) as to the ap-
plication to the Stock Exchange for a quota-
tion and whether the Agreement with the Vendor
as well as the Articles of A.ssociation had been
formally ‘ submitted to the Committee. The
Soi.iClTOU gave assur.ance this had been done
and certain alterations were suggested, which
had received attention and they expected ai>-
]jroval from the Stock Exchange-Committee
shortly. —The Mousa Ella mortgage was then
discussed and the arrangement entered into
about it which was done under legal advice.
It transposed also that while the prices of
Elgin (£20,000) and Relgravia (£15,.‘)00) equalled
£35,500; those of Bearvelland Mousa Ella amounted
to £55,000. — The Lawsuit about a right to water-
course on Mousa Ella would be prosecuted on
behalf of the Com))any. Mil. WoilTKlNGTON follow-
ing Mr. Mitchell referred to the Mousa Ella
transfer as to whether it secured a clear title
from the Vendor and it came out that the Colombo
Solicitors had given their opinion that the title was
a good one. Some discussion followed as to whether
the Vendor, rather than the Company, should not
bear the risk of any future action and after some
discussion with the Solicitor, Mr.' J. Ferguson
.said that all in the room who knew the Messrs,
de Saram of Colombo would place great conliilence
in their opinion ; while he wished to know whether,
as a matter of f.act, there h.ad been any notice
or suggestion of an action. — None whatever was
the respon.se. The Solicitors would be hajipy to
give any further information to shareholders at

11

AGRICULTURIST. 8r

their offices and the whole could be discus, sed
at next meeting.

A Shareholder wished to have some infor-
mation about crops.

The Chairman stated that the lirst .sale of
Lippakelle realized Is Ijd and the next llfd;
■while jiart of an Elgin shipment averaged 8id,
but part was withdrawn, owing to Ceylon teas
having been unfavourably affected — the market
at last sales disorganised — through a large ship-
ment of Ceylon teas in coming over getting
tainted to some extent by contiguity with a cargo
of apples. Such was the report. He felt no
doubt that stand-out inices . would be secured for
all the teas from the Company’s estates.

The meeting closed, with the understanding that
the next would be called together as early as
possible.

SPRING VALLEY COFFEE COMPANY,
LLMITED.

Report. — To be presented to the Thirty-first Or-
dinary General Meeting of the Company to be held
at No. 5, Dowgate Hill, London, on Wednesday, the
27th day of Majq 18'Jl3, at 1 o'clock p.m.

The following Annual Accounts are now presented
to Shareholdcr-i, viz: — Profit and Lo.^s Account for
Crop 18111-5. Balance Sheet male up to iilst March,
1896.

Crop 1891-5. — In last year’s Report Shareholders
were informed that the coffee crop of the above
season was estimated at 1,400 cwt., and it will bo
seen that the actual weight sold amounted to
1,658 cwt. 0 qr. 3 lb. exclusive of clean and refuse
CO ffee sold in Ceylon. This crop realised £7,890 9s
9d’ the average selling price in London being 91s
lOd, as compared with 98s 5d per cwt. obtained for
crop 1893-4.

The yield of tea amounted to 219,180 lb., the esti-
mate in last Report being 215,0001b., and this, to-
gether with 55,160 1b., bought from neighbouring es-
tates and manufactured at Spring Valley, sold for
£10,685 8s- Id., or an average of 9'34d. per lb., the
average selliog price last year being 9-15d. per lb.

Sales of Cinchona Bark realized £13.

The total proceeds from the sale of produce amounted
to £18,618 17s. lOd., and deducting from this
£12,056 12s. 5d., the total expenditure in Ceylon and
London, there remains a profit of £6,562 5s. 5d. on
the year’s working.

To this has been added the sum of 6.32 11s. 9d.
brought forward from last year, making a total of
£(),594 17s. 2d. at the credit of profit and loss.

On the 7th November last an interim dividend of
2 per cent, was paid on the capital of the Company,
and the Directors recommend that a further dividend
of 3 par cent, be now declared, making 5 per cent,
for the year, and leaving £2,594 17s 2d. to be carried
forward to next account.

The Directors can-n' recommend a larger distribu-
tion of profits, as they consider it advisable to carry
forward a sufficient sum to ensure the rapid exten-
sion of our tea area.

The comparatively largo crop of coffee secured last
year appears to have greatly weakened the coffee
trees, and, though everything is being done to retain
the coffee area, it is feared that much of it will have
to be planted with tea this year. In any case the
crop will be a very small one.

Tea continues to do well, and during 1895-6 it is
expected that a crop of 280,000 lbs. made tea will
be secured. During the past year the quality of
our tea has been well maintained. It will be seen
that the crop realized 9’34d. against 9-15d. for the
1893-4 crop.

The acquisition of Kotagodde Estate sanctioned
at the Extraordinary Meetings held last year has
been duly completed, and the Directors are well
pleased with the purchase.

82

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS I .

[Aug. I,

The area under Tea is as follows
TEA.

Over 5 years old

1892

741 acres.

Planted Nov./Dec

53 .,

1893

243 „

,,

. . . • • •

1894

179 „

1895

115 ,,

Area under Tea . .

1,361 „

Area under Coffee . .

' .538 „

Area under Fuel . .

57 „

Forest Patna and Waste . .

297 „

Total Area

2,253 acres.

The Directors regret to announce the retirement
of Mr. H. H. Potts from the Board, owing to ill-
health. Mr. P. C. Oswald has been selected to fill
the vacancy. Mr. Oswald retires on this occasion,
and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election.

J. Alec Roberts, Secretary.

18th May, 1896.

OUVAH COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED

Ebport. — To be presented to the Thiriy-third
Ordinary General Meeting of the Oompany, to be
held at'No. 5, Dowgate Hill, London, on Wednesday,
the 27th day of May 1896, at 12-30 o’clock p.m.

The following Annual Accounts are now presented
to Shareholders, viz. Profit and Loss Accounts for
Crop 1894-5, Balance-sheet made up to 31st March
1896

Crop 1894-5. — In the Directors’ last Report the
Coffee Crop of the above season was estimated at
about 1,000 cwt., and it will be seen that the actual
weight sold in London amounted to 1,208 cwt. 2 qra.

14 lbs. ^ . ,

The proceeds amounted to £5,646 14s. lOd., giving
an average of 93s. 5d. per cwt., against an average
of 99s. 8d. obtained for the previous crop. Coffee
sold in Ceylon realized £149 8s. Id.

The ci’op of Tea was estimated at 575,000 lb., and
the actual weight sold from the Company’s own
estates was 564,000 lbs. Besides this, 3-19,483 Ib.s. of
Tea manufactured from leaf bought from neighbour-
ing estates w’ere sold.

The value of all tea sold was £34,587 6s lid, or an
average of 9.08d per lb. as compared with 8.66d for the
previous season.

Cocoa, W'oighiiig 270 cwt. 0 qrs. 3 lb. realized £657
19s 7d, the average selling price being 48 1 9d per
cwt, against 60s 4d for the former y^ear’s crop.

It will thus be seen that the total value of all pro-
duce sold amounted to £41,090 12s 7d.

The tota.1 Expenditure for the year in Ceylon and
London amounted to £30,022 11s 9d, and deducting
this from the value of the Produce, a profit is shewn
on the season’s working of £11,068 Os lOd. To this
has to be added the sum of £83 Os lid brought for-
ward from last year, giving, a total of £11,151 is 9d
at the credit of Profit and Loss Account.

An Interim dividend of 3 per cent on the capital
of the Company was paid on the 7th November last,
which absorbed .£3,000 of the above-named sum, and
the Directors now recommend that £5,00(5 bo ap-
plied to the payment of a further dividend of 5 per
cent, making 8 per cent for the year,- and that the
balance of £3,151 Is 9d be dealt with as follows

'To write off the balance of the
cost of Ledgerwatte

£1,000 0 0

of

To be credited towards Cost
Badulla Tea Factory
To be carried forward to next
Account

1,000 0 0

1,151 1 9

Owing to unfavourable weather dnring tin
part of the season the Te.a Crop did not quit
up to estimate. The satisfactory yield of
made tea per acre was, liowever, obtained, a
price shews an improvement compared with
the previous year.

The whole area un ’er tea is reported tc
first-rats order, and it is hon-d that by the
the present yerr we sh.all have 2,000 acres
that eultivation. Every care i.i being taken i
the most suitable land at our dLp-Jsal for pi
and to put in only the very best seed.

The four fac'tories belonging to the Comp;
in full operation, and heavy outlay on this
may' be considered to be at an end. As furlli;
of our teir come into bearing, increased wi
space and additions to our machinery
required, but no barge expenditure will be nr
in p.ny one year.

It is exceedingly difficult to eatimate what
Coffee will be secured tins year. Black b
other pests have been very virulent, and tl
will in any case be small.

The estimated Tea Crop is 006,000 lb., aiif
is gathei'ed and present prices ai’e maiutaii
result of the 1895-90 working should be satis

The area now under Tea is as follows: —
TEA.

Over 5 years old 1,21

Plan ted Novembor/Decomber

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1(

II

1-

1;

Area under Tea
Area under Coffee . .

Area under Fuel . . 3;

Forest Tatmi, and Waste 4(

1,81

6(

'Total Area . . 3,2

The Directors regret to announce the retiri

Mr. H. H. Potts, from the Board owdr.g to il
Mr. P. C. Oswald has been selected to fill the
Mr. N. Stew.avt, a Member of Lbe Bo;xrd,
on this occasion, and, being eligble, offers hit
rc-cleoticn,

Messrs. Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths, A C
Auditors, abio offer themselves for re-electioi
18th May, 1896. By order, J. Alec Eo

Secre

£3,151 1 9

The result shewn above cannot but be satisfactory

COFFEE NOTES.

It is estimated that the coffee crop of Liberi
50,000 piculs this year, against 30,000 piculs 1
'The state legislature of Espirito Santo is d
the plan adopted in the agreement signed
polls by the representatives of four coffee £
increasing the consumption of coffee.

Francisco Schmidt, a planter residing near
Preto, has scut two coffee trees to Germany
purpose of figuring at an exhibition in that
E-ach tree together with tiie earth at its root
frame in which it is packed is said to wei{
According to a recent offici;xl stat'.miout tl
ill 1H94 ill the Mexican state of Oaxaca alone (
coffee trec.s. In lS89 the exports of col
Mexico amounted to 9,213,091 kilogixwnmes,
1893 bad increased to 14,514,919 kilogramm
plantations are being constantly created.

Messrs. W. H. Crossman & Co., of N«
estimate that the Brazil coffee crop of 18'
be about 10,000,000 bags, of which about
bags will be marketed. Brazil has lately
55 per cent, of the ooSee production of the wi
other countries for some years past have
an average of 4,889,041 bags per annum. If
duce this average the total supply for ISi
be 13,389,000 bags. The consumption is cal<
11,2.50,000, bags, from w'hich it appears that

83

A.UG, I, 1896.] THE TROPICAL

CONSOLfUATLU ESTATES CO, LTD.,
(OE CEYLON).

An extraordinary general meeting ot this Coin-
|iany was held at the London Oltices of the Gene-
ral Alanagers, Messrs. ArbutJmot, Latham & Co.
on 27th May, to consider and approve of an
agreement issued to shareholders hy the above
firm from which the following are extracts ; —

An agreement dated the 1-lth day of May, 1S96,
which has been entered into with ourselves as General
Managers, for the purchase from us of the Knuts-
ford Estate of 205 acres in the Kalutara district,
the Kutland Estate of 582 acres in the Hewaheta
district, and the Wariagalla Estate of 1,201 acres in the
Nilambe district of Ceylon. These three estates are
in our opinion conveniently situated for the busi-
ness of the Company, aod in auticipation of the
Company consenting to the purchase, we have ac-
tually purchased and paid for the Knutsford Estate,
and we have had the same transferred into the
name of the Company, and we have entered into
arrangements to purchase the other two on the 1st
July next.

Full particulars regarding the prices we are paying
for the three estates are given in the agreement, the
amon ts being .vpproximately as follows ; —

Knutsford . . £ 5,000 )

Rutland .. £15,600 - Total .. £35,900

Wariagalla .. £11,400 )

We accordi.,gly propose to resell to the Company
for the above amoui t (£35,000), or such less sum as
will cover our actual disbursements, with interest
thereon, and we propose to charge a commission —
as our remuneration for negotiating the purchase and
other matter connected therewith — of per cent

on £20,600, being the purchase money of the first
two estates. We do not propose to make any charge
of commission in respect of the Wariagalla Estate,
inasmuch as we are to receive a commisaion of 21-
per cent from the Venlors.

With reference to tho Wariagalla Estate, wo beg
to call our attention to the fact that a member of
our firm, Mr. Herbert R. Arbuthnot, is interested in
the sale to the Company, he being ous of the ex-
ecutor j and one of the Residuary Legatees of the late
Mr. George Arbuthnot, his father, who owned an un-
divided three-fourth share of the E, state.

It is proposed that the Company should issue, for
the purpose of putting itself in funds to pay for the
propterty, £10,000 in 6 pjer cent. Debentures at 5 per
cent premium; £13,000 in 8 per cent Preferred Shares
at 10 per cent premium ; and £13,000 in Ordinra’y
Shares at p>ar, and that these is.suss should be offered
to the Shareholders. Should the Shareholders not take
tho whole, we will ourselves take or place the balance
not taken by the Shareholders, hut in such case the
piremium on the Debentures payable by us would be
3 per cent, and tho premium on tho Preferred Shares
would be 5 per cent. The Ordinary Shares we will
in such ease take at par.

It is estimated that the par value of the above will
cover the cost of tho three estates and expenses of
transfer, as well as our commission, and that there
will he a small surplus, which we propose to place,
together with the piremiam, to the credit of tlie ■■ Fac-
tory and Extension Account ” to provide for the open-
ing up of tho Company’s Estates and for factories and
machinery as may be found necessary or desirable
from time to time.

The Debentures now offered will bear interest from
1st Jul.y, 1866. They rank in all respects pari passu
with the Company’s outstanding Debentures, except
that their finirl due date is 1st July, 1001. Tiiey can
lie redeemed earlier hy annual drawings on and after
1;£ January, 1808, and whenever redeemed are pay-
able at 103.

The Shares now offered will not participate in the

: /-V P PV* /O YV^ -5 V\ Tr 1 i-L P /> 1 1 /*l I'. 4-

AGRICULTURIST.

partner, but no Agreement has yet been formall.v en-
tered into authorising him, as a member of our firm,
to act as one of the General Managers of tlie Com-
pany. A draft Agreement whereby this is to be done
has been prepared, and will be submitted for consider-
ation at the General Bleetiug, with the view of its being
approved and sealed.

Mr. Arbuthnot, liead of tlie firm, supported
by liis partners and co-Directors, jiresided and
made an admirable Cliairman. Several city men
represented the sliareholiiers witli the addition of
Mr. Artluir Davidson, formerly of Wariagalla,
now of Dorsetshire, who his Ceylon friends will
be glad to knoiv is well and ■ vigorous, albeit the
whitening eilect of years is .apparent,

Tho Chairman explained the circumstances
under which the three estates were to be added
to the Company : how Messrs, E. S. Grigsoii
and Ballardie had given careful reports and
valuations above t'le prices to bo paid ; how
Knutsford with its 200 acres of tea could he
economically worked with one of the Company’s
places adjacent in the Kalutara district and was
a bargain at To, 000 ; lioiv Rutland (582 acres —
-1-46 ill tea, gicvilleas 51, patana, Ac, 99, costing
£15,600) was the sjilcndid estate of Mr. C. S.
Armstrong who was loath to sell and was valued
at £16,100; how Wariagalla (to cost £14,400) had
for long been owned hy Mr. Geo. Arbuthnot and
Mr. A. Davidson and was also not too dear with
its 1,261 acres in all ; 429 in tea, 70 coconuts, 40
cacao, and rest patana, scrub, Ac.

About the prospects of the Company, the Chair-
man hail a good account to give: the crops of
tea being in every case likely to be in exce.ss of
e.stimates, while tlie temporary rise in exchange
had not ali'ected tliem much.

The liesolution.s were duly seconded and un-
animously carried and also thanks to the chair,
mention being made of the good bargains made
for the Company in the three cstatc.s purchased.
— The Vi.siting Agent’s re))orts on the three estates
referred to were laid on the talile by the Secretary
Mr. Keith, formerly of Coimbatore. — The Chair-
man referred to their Colombo agents Messrs,
(-leo. Steuart A Co. fully approving.

4,

PRE.8ERVATION OE COCONUT TrEE.S AT THE
Straits. — 'I'he Brtfish North Borneo Herald of
.June 1st says : — Regarding the preseiwation of
coconut trees, tlie Assistant Superintendents of
Forests, Singapore, in his report for 1895 say : —
The ins[iector, with the assistance of one notice-
server and one climber, lias been employed
alternate months in Penang and Province Well-
e.sley. One thousand four hundred and twenty
five notices have been served on personshaving
On their premi.se.s trees, stumps, or rubbisli —
suitable hreeditic’ places for the beetle ; and as the
result, 3,608 dead trees, 3,S56 stumps, and 209
heaps of rn/ibish liave been destroyed. Seventy-
nine persons were prosecuted for non-com plianee
with the iiotiee.s served on them, and fines inliicted
amounting to 170 dots. Apropos of this it in, ay
be well to state that the beetle plague appears
to he praotic.ally unknown in B. Borneo. Two
species, a very large weevil, and a sort oi elephaf;.
have been brought to the Ivlu.seum as found in
coconut trees. But curiously enough no work
obtainable appears to mention the actual scien-
tific name or names of tlie jiest. I’erhaiis the
C'.ir.al or of I lie Siu'.’aiiore :i.nd Per.i.'k- Museums

84

THE TROPICAI

AGRICULTDRIST.

[Aug. I, 1896.

THE OUVAH SPRING VALLEY, AND
HUNASGIRIYA COMPANIES.

The circle of Limited Comi)auie.s indissolubly
connected with the name of the late Mr. John
Brown were among the earliest started in con-
nection with the CoH'ee Enterprise of Ceylon.
They were also for many years among the most
prosperous, and redounded greatly to the credit
of the Colony. “Clenalpine” estate — long iden-
tified with the names of Stew'art, Brown and
Macintyre — recognised as one of tlie best opened,
cultivated and equipped plantations in the island,
formed the nucleus of the ‘'Ouvah Coffee Co,”
Spring Valley took its name from tiie magnifi-
cent plantation of the same name selected and
first opened by Sir Win. Reid on wdiat was
about the finest area of fore, st soil even in Uva,
and was purchased by Mr. John Brow'ii from
Mr. Bannatyne of Glasgow' on belialf of the
Company. Tlie Hunasgiriya Company connected
with the well-known property North of Kandy was
of more recent formation ; Imt all three Companies
sull'ered with the decline and fall of our staple,
until their shares .so long held above par, at
last became almost unsaleable. How great the
change now ! For, altliougli the shares of (lie
Sju-ing Valley .and Hnna.sgiriya Companies have
not yet fully' recovered ; yet they are in reipiest
and offer good prosiiects, while those of the
parent Comiiany are already much above p.ar.
T'be good done by tea is cle.arly indicated in
this experience ; for, alt liougli, coffee has continued
to some extent to bridge over a time of ilifli-
cully ; yet now and in the future it is on our
new staple that the hopes of Directors and share-
holders, are built. 'I'he late worthy and ingenious
Managing Director saw as well as any one, what
was coming, and he lived long enough to make
sure there would be a resuscitation of his old
Companies, although we could have uished, he
had lived on to see the full fruition. Still more
to the credit of the late Mr. .John Brown, was
the energy and invention he displayed in the
“tea” era as in the early “coffee” days in
setting to work to devise better means of jire-
liaration ; and in “Brown’s Desiccator” and “Boiler”
we have tea (as well as coconut) drying and tea
rolling machines, high in favour with the plant-
ing community.

These thoughts are suggested by -the annual
meetings of the Com|)anies in London, briefly re-
ported in our last issue. It was made a proper matter
of congratulation by the only Ceylon resident
pre.sent that as Managing Director in succe.ssion
to his father, the Companies were able to have
one so w'ell-equipped for the post as Mr. iVlfred
Brown, while the Board was strengtheneil by
another esteemed business-man of Ceylon experi-
ence in Mr. P. C. Oswald. E'or the careful
management which has always distinguished the
Companies, much is due to the able clear-
headed Secretary, Mr. J. A. Roberts; while
what the Ouvah and Spring Valley Coiiqianies
are doing in “ tea” under the local direction of
the Messrs. Rettie, is well shown by the fact
that the average price realised for the teas in
ISf).") is in consideiable excess of that got for
fS!)4. All this promises well for the future;
and we may hope with the present Ch.airman
that the day' is not far distant when like these
of “Ouvah,” the shares of the sister (.'ompanies
will be (pioted at, or above [lar. We heartily
coiigratnlate all concerned on the results already
sustained. J.i'.

MR. BOGIVUE’S WORK IN RUSSIA.

I'Tom Mr. A. riiili)), Secretary of the “ Thirty
Committee,” we have received the following copy
of a letter received from Mr. Rogivue regarding
his work in Russia ; —

Moscow, May 8, 20, 1806.

A. Philip, Esq., Secretary to the Thirty Committee,
Kandy.

Dear Sir,— I now beg to confirm my telegram of
27th April (o.s.) and to acknowledge receipt of your
reply, also to thank you for your favour of 25th
April advising me of the resolution passed ux^on the
reading of my report.

I am very much gratified by the favourable opinion
expressed by the Thirty Committee, and hope, by
making a wise use of the money granted, to do all
that they could wish to further the interests of
those they represent and trust that now I have
made the start and got over the first difficulties,
Ceylon tea will meet with a more rapidly increasing
demand in Russia in answer to my continued efforts.
With regard to details of expenditure under the
£1,000 grant, all the accounts for expenses incurred up
to the end of March have now come in and if it were
not that Mr. Rogivue is kept so busy at Nijni
Novgorod you should have all particulars by this
time, but as soon as all is arranged there you shall
have the detailed amounts.

Mr. Rogivue is at present occupied at Nijni look-
ing after the arrangements for advertising Ceylon
tea at the forthcoming Exhibition and Fair, where
he has obtained an excellent position for the erec-
tion of a “ Pavilion ” not inside the Exhibition,
where he found it absolutely forbidden exce^ff for
Russian produce, but immediately outside the prin-
cipal entrance. As the ground obtained forms the
entrance to the large central garden of the biggest
liotel in Nijni and is on the main road, the build-
ing had to bo made up to a certain standard which
together with carrying out iny previous schemes
for advertising Ceylon tea there, in an adequate
manner, necessitated the additional outlay for which
I wired for sanction on 27th April. As this I'lx-
hibition is generally ex^iected to be such a gigantic
affair and will be visited by such immense numbers
of people from all parts of Russia, it seemed good
policy in the interests of Ceylon to make the most
of this excellent opportunity for bringing Ceylon
tea prominently before the Russian public, and
I telegraphed to you accordingly. I may men-
tion briefly that among other things, arrange-
ments have been made to supply Ceylon tea
in various hotels during the time of the Exhi-
bition and to xjlace |)lacards in the rooms and win-
dows (one hole! which contains 800 rooms will have
an advertisement of Ceylon Tea in each room.) I
have also secured large spaces for advertisements
both inside and outside of the electric trains which
are to run all round the inside of the Exhibition,
when all is completed, photographs (where possible)
and full liarticulars shall be sene to you.

To the Thirty Committee 1 must tender my sincere
thanks for their jn-ompt and favourable reply to my
request. The additional outlay sanctioned will enable
me to carry out a scheme which will represent
Ceylon Tea in a thoroughly worthy manner at this
exliibition.

Thanking you also as secretary for the trouble you
must have taken in the matter, — I remain, dear sir,
yours faithfully, x^ P- I'f- Rooivuk.

(Signed) Hugh C. DowniN’o.

NATAL TEA .SEASON, ISH.l-ilO.

ihc following has been contributed to the .''/(ir : —
the piesent tea season in Natal will probably close
on or about the hast week in -June. The one before,
181)1-1)5, ended on the 22nd of the same month, the
seasons lasting from about the first week of Sexil.
to the the tliird \yeek of .lunc, or ton months out
of the 12. Iho picking goes on the whole time with
but few stoppages, of which, however, there ought
not to bo any at all. The remaining two mouths

Aug. I, 1896.1

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

85

of the year are devoted to general outdoor woik,
such as priming, deephoeing, inaiuuing, draining,
&c. The principal tea district of Natal is, of course,
that ou the uortn coast, about six miles from
Staiiger The nearest railway station is Vcrulam,

about 30 to 10 miles away, but the line will
probably pass through Stauger to the Zulu-

laud frontier ou the River Tugela within three
years from date, a result greatly desired by the
Victoria Gounty planters— tea and sugar. Ou the
South Coast there are also two tea estates, Barrow
Green and Ifafa, both good properties. These, too,
wdll soon be connected by rail with Durban. At pre-
sent there is not a single working tea estate in Natal
on the line. The total outturn of tea for the whole
Colony was estimated last September at 960,000 lb. for
the present season, or about 100,000 lb. moi'o than
season before. The crop, however, will probably not
reach over 700,000 lb., on account of the great fire last
December, which totally destroyed the Kearsney
Estate Central Factory. 'This estate, which manufac-
tures not only its own leaf, but buys and manufactures
the leaf of eleven small out-gardens, under the circum-
stances is not expected to reach its estimate of 560,000
lb. as it was given out that 100,000 lb. of tea alone were
destroyed in the fire. If they have succeeded in
making 300,0001b. more at Kearsney only, they will
have done remarkably well. Space does not allow
6f detail, but the conclusion come to is that by
deducting at least 260,0001b. (including 100,0001b.
destroyed) from the Kearsney estimate, and iherefore
the same amount from the total estimate for the
Colony, the result will be 700,0001b. total out-turn of
tea for Natal season 1895-96. Besides the drought,
locusts have been a source of loss and vexation of
spirit to the tea-planters. Fortunately, locusts do
not touch tea, at least not the young tender
shoots used for picking, though they have been
known to nibble at the older and coar.ser
leaves. It is a good thing that there is so much
else eatable that strikes their fancy more in
Natal, as, if they did talio a liking to the tea-
leaf in general, then good-by to the industry as
long as locusts were about. The danger exists,
nevertheless. It is to be hoped that no fire, or
drought, or hailstorm, or other evil will interfere
with the welfare of the very promising tea industry
of Natal during the coming season 1896-7, and that
the planters will reap fully the benefit from their
labour, especially the smaller ones, who without
capital, have worked hard asd pluckily for some
years, and certainly deserve all the success they caii
get. With favourable weather, such as the Stanger
district was blessed with in 1891-5, and on ill luck
or accident, the turn-out of the w'holc of Natal should
easily top the very respectable figure of one million
pounds of tea for season 1896-7. Let us hope then
that increased quantity with improved quality will be
the result next June year. — Xatal Mercury, May 15.

INDIAN PATENTS.

Specifications of the undermentioned inventions
have been filed under the provisions of Act V of
1888.

Improvements in the trays or carriers of appara-
tus for exposing tea, coffee, Ac., to the drying or
other action of air, vapour or gases. — No. 66 of 1896,
— Samuel Cleland Davidson, merchant, of Sirocco
Engineering works, Belfast, Ireland for improvements
in the trays or carriers ot appartus for exjiosiug tea,
coffee, Ac., cocoa, grain and other substances to the
drying or other action of air, vapour or gases. (Filed
22ud May 1896. — Indian and Eastern Engineer, June 13.

THE 1‘KODUCTION OF COEEEE ANi) TEA
IN BRITISH DEPENDENCli'lS.

TO TIlK KDITOU OK 'niK. TI.IIKS.

Sir, — There is a great deal of misapprehension cur-
rent in reference to our old Ceylon staple, coffee,
its production and price — which, with your permis-
sion, I should like to correct. The other day Lord
Stanley of Alderly, addressing the House of Lords,

included “coffee” in his list of products suffering
from depreciation of price, although for the past
eight years at least coffee has been pre-eminently
the tropical product which, contrary to the theory
of bimetallists, has not only maintained but in-
creased its gold value in the markets of the world.
Thus, in 1889 the lowest and highest quotations for
middling plantation coffee in London were 9ls to
102s, and they have not since fallen below that
figure, while for 1895 the range was lOO.s to 107s,
and there is little difference this year. This is
duo to the fact that production has not kept pace
with the demand for the Continent of Europe
and North America ; and yet here again a curious
misapprehension prevails as to there being an im-
mediate risk of the over-production of coffee as of
tea. Thus, at the recent reading of a paper before
the Royal Colonial Institute on “ The Development
of Tropical Africa,” by Sir George Baden-Powell, in
the discussion that followed. Dr. Morris, of Kew,
stated that “ in the regular cultivation of coffee,
cacao, cotton, kola, and fruit. West Africa has a
great future before it.” And in describing the
Coffee industry in the Nyasa hill country (British
Central Africa) I made the remark : — “ The
chief staple, coffee, is one of which there is no
fear of over-production at present.” Nevertheless,
the chairman (Sir R. W. Herbert) in summing up
and referring to tropical products, said : — “ It is de-
sirable as far as possible to seek for new staples
rather than to crowd the markets with ordinary pro-
duce like tea and coffee, which seem in danger of being
ovet produced.”

Sir Robert Herbert is correct as regards tea, but he
has overlooked the great falling off in the production
of coffee within British dependencies during the past
16 years. This has been mainly due to the terrible
effects of a fungus enemy on the coffee of Ceylon, a
great part of Southern India (and even of Java). ‘ With-
out going into details, let me venture to give approxi-
mate and contrasting estimates of coffee exports from
Br.tisli dependencies : —

Maximum annual

e.xport 16 to 18 Estimate

years ago. for 1896.

Cwt. Cwt.

Ceylon .. .. 1,100,000 50,900

South India .. 450,000 210,000

West Indies .. 150,000* 80,o )o

Straits and North

Borneo . . _ 30,000

1,700,000 400,000

This indicates a woful deficiency, and I see no pros-
pect of more than a very limited increase for many
years in the above dependencies. I am free to con-
fess that at the same time Brazil has maintained
and even increased its large production of coffee •
but this has been counterbalanced by the notable
falling off in the crops of Java and Netherlands India
generally; and were it not that American and Euro-
pean capitalists have been developing coffee plan-
tations in Mexico and Central America (Guatemala,
Costa Rica, &c.), the consuming markets would have
been barely supplied. The continued high price
has, indeed, encouraged Ceylon tea planters to invest
surplus capital in a new coffee district in East Java •
while I am ayvare that City capitalist are looking to
foreign States in South and Central .Lnerica for
coffee investments.

Surely, then, . xperiments in coffee cultivation may
v/ell be encouraged in the British divisions of Africa
(as well as in the Malayan Peninsula, North Berneo
Ac.), and more especially in British Central Africa
under Sir Herbert Johnston’s enlightened adminis-
tration. 'The first limited company for coffee cultiva-
tion in Nyasaland was formed a year ago in Ceylon
by planters and merehunts, whose manager, now

*The West Indies attained their maximum early in
this century. Dr. Morris telling me that Jamaica alone
sported 260,000 cwt. of coffee in 1805, while other
islands— Barbados, Antigua, Dominica, Montserrat, St.
Kitt’s, and the Virgin Islands — made up as much more
or, say, from 500,000 cwt. to 600,000 cwt., at the maxi’
mum about 90 years ago.

86

AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896.

THE TROPICAL

hard at work opening up a plantation, gives an
encouraging report ot his prospects in labour supply,
crop, &c.

It will be a long time, however, before such
enterprise, or any other enterprise at present
within British territory, can seriously affect the
coffee market ; and I see no early prospect,
in any other quarter, of an over-production of coffee.
The case is rather different v.ith tea, in view of the
large areas planted and still being opened in India
and Ceylon, The export of tea from India has steadily
risen, year by year, from 2J million pounds in 1861-(>2,
until the estimate for lS%-97 is 1-If million pounds.
In the case of Ceylon we began with 231b. export
(23 years ago) in i873, and for 1893 the official esti-
mate of total export is 102 million pottnds. — I am,
sir, yours truly,

J. Fkkguson, of the C'e/y/uH Observer and
Tropical Afiricidlurist.

Iloyal Colonial Institute, Northumberland avenue,
London, W. C., May.

UN FOKTUN ATE FLORI DA.

It is only after a visit to Florida that one
appreeiate.s the disastrous ellorts of tlie freeze of
last year. It is tlic constantly-recurring topic
among residents. It left heliind it ruin, misery,
and blasted hopes. Many persons had invested
the savings of a lifetime, all the money they
could borrow or scrape together in groves and
plantations of one kind or another. Some had
even mortgaged the growing crop to tide them
over, expecting to lind themselves on the road
to fortune when it was harvested. Tlien the
labor, expenditures and ellorts of years were liter-
ally wipetl out in a night by the cohl wave winch
killed oil the growing things and left the land as
unproductive as it was before cultivation began.
It was a l)low from which many settlers cannot
recover, to say nothing of the ]mcuniary lo.ss to
the State at large. The extent of it has not re-
ally been measured yet, for it is possible that time
may show that the injured orange and coconut
groves and other plantations must all be planted
over again, and the process of cultivation begun
again from the start, a matter involving years
of toil and expenditure. People in FTorida talk
hopefully of the prosjjects, but there are many
estates for sale and many settlers are eager to
sell at any price that would enable them to set
North again. A shrewd, hard headed Vermont
farmer came, through a complicatetl real estate
trade, into possession of a plantation in the
orange belt upon which the owner had spent
ij6,0UU. He offers the property at $1,000, and
says privately that he would gladly accept $500
cash for it. He even regrets the cost of the coat
of paint which he put upon the house to make
it more attractive to possible purchasers. Pro-
perty, of course, will rise in value in time ; but
this farmer’s experience is said to be a fair illustra-
tion of the condition of real estate in Florida.—
JVeit- York Sun.

THE LONDON CINNAMON SALE.S.

The last mail fiom London has brought fairly
cheering accounts of thequai Levlys.de of cinnamon,
which slumld have been held on the la-it .Monday
in May, but which came oil' on the 1st .lune as
the 25th May was included among the MTiit-
suntide holidays. The sale was in most respects
a satisfactory one. The ([uanlity oli'eied was not
unusually large, but, like the offerings at the
previous sale in h’ebruary, was a fair average
quantity. In all, 1, 743 bales were put iq) for
competition, being a little less than the quantity

offered in Febru.ary, tvhen 1,792 bales were
catalogued, and the better j)art found imrchasers.
The quantity, however, w.as in exce.ss of that
(dlered at the corresponding .sale last year, when
only l,UG5 bales were down in the catalogues and
the whole found purchasers. But from the table
of exports one might have expected even a larger
quantity yet, as the current year shows far
heavier exports than the four proceeding ones —
perhaps than any ])revious year. Of tlie ],743
bales offered, more than two-thirds, viz. 1.292,
were disposed of under the hammer. The com-
petition left little to be desired ; for althongli
the line qualities sold at a ilecline of half a penny
to one penny, the bulk which consisted of ordi-
nary cinnamon, commanded fair competition and
even advanced to a slight extent. Thus, whereas,
at the F'ebruary sales, A S O J’ (Golua Poktina)
fetched uj) to Is 5d per lb., at the .sales on the
1st inst., this well-known mark did not command a
higher price for its iirsts than Is 4d. Tlie next high-
est in'ices realized were for sjnee from WS. and K.
from the wellknown F. S. Kadirane group; and
these fetclied iqi to 13d ; but the ordinary cinna-
mon advanced a jienny.

In commenting on the F'ebruary sales, we dreyv
attention to the fair competition which “un-
worked” cinnamon commanded. Even a cou)de of
years ago such cinnamon would scarcely be looked
at, because it had failed to pay the exorbitant
charges imposed by the dock companies for the
wholly needless oi»eration — at least as regards
the well-known marks— of having every single
bale cut open and restoring after the removal
of broken quills. As in the F'ebruary sales, so at
tlie last, a very considerable quantity of “un-
worked ” found buyers. Among the most prominent
were the C. H. (le 8. (de hioysa) marks, wliich
sold according to the grades, from 8^d to 10-od.
It is not a small advantage that unworked cin-
namon is now fairly competed for ; but there
is special ground for satisfaction in the keener
competition which ordinary cinnamon commands.
We interpret this as evidence that new uses have
been found for our spice through which the dis-
advantages under which cinnamon so long la-
boured, of overproduction, are being overcome.
Anotber hojieful future is that broken quills
and clippings fetched as high as 9Jd a lb.* — an
advance of about 59 jier cent, over usual prices.
Altogether therefore the sales must be regarded
as satisfactory, and iiromising well for Estate
Froprietors. The following is the Report on the
last sale from one of the leading linns in the
sjnee trade : —

Loudon, 2nd June, 1893.

Cinnamon. — At the quarterly sales held yesterday,
1,713 bales Ceylon were offered, against 1,792 b.iies
in the February auctions, and l,t)33 bales at this
period last year. There was a steady demand, and
1,292 bales were cleared under the hammer ; ordinary
and medium quill realising full to occasionally
dearer rate, while line quality sold rather irregularly,
but mostly at ^d ’to Id per lb. decline on the. prices
ruling in F'ebruary. About 400 bales worked sold ;
firsts sold, good to line from lid to laid; seconds,
good to fine lOdto Is 21; thirds, 10 J to Is Id, and
fourths, 8id to lod per lb. The unworked quill — about
900 bales — brought, firsts, lOd to lid; seconds, 9 d to
lO.id ; thirds, 9d to 9Id, and fourths, 8d to 8','d
per lb. Chips sold at 3d and clippings up to 91d
per lb.

The Ijondon Warohonso Stock is 3, 173 bales against
in 189.') 189-1 18'.I3

l.lalos. Bales. Bales.

3, .303 3,218 and 3,399

The next auctions arc fixed for the 31st August.

Aug. r, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

87

HANTANE, OLD AND NEW.

The cUfSti’icfc of Haatane, bhongh nob the oldest)
hu'gest, nor most important of planting disti'icts)
must alw.ays have a peculiar interest attaclicd
to it. It contains the beautiful capitiil of the
Central Province, and every estate lias its history
and associations more or less interesting to all
old Ceylon men. A].t,ut from tiiis it is one of
the healthiest of localities, and what is more was
on the whole ever a paying district in coll'ee as
it promises to be in tea. Things are not always
what they seem, and Hantane is better tban it
looks, which is more than we can say of most
jilaces or some men. Looking up from Kandy
the cursory observer, seeing the sparsely covered
ridges, would not be prepared to hear that the
returns per acre have e\er been fully equal to
those of the more sheltereil it|iland valleys. Yet
such is the case, while the proximity to Kamly
adds a certain value to all the landed pro|)crty
in the vicinity. Even supposing there was no
tea there are other strings wliich one could
stretch — if nee<l be— for a li^■elihood.

Walking down the Windmill brae of Aberdeen
one day with a w'ell-known ])ropiietdr whose
estates lay within easy access of the mountain
capital, I observed him lifting his hat to a poor
old woman who w.as cho[)ping up firewood
for sale. “Who’s your laily friend?” I
asked. “Don’t know,” was the reply, “but
we are Iiotb in the .same line of business” !
It was during the dark days of coll'ee when
this means of tiding over the bad time suggested
itself, and brought him in a fexv humlreds a year.
And there are many other items wdiicli could
here be turned to account though not necessary
to enumerate while tea is tea.

It would be dillicult perhajis to (ind another
estate in the Island that has given better re-
turns in its day than old Hantanne itself. Opened
in 1888 by Alessrs. Atchison and Jelferson it
w'as the lirst systematically cultivated and clean
weeded of coltee estates, and for many years
this estate veil repaid all the care bestowed upon
it, The collapse of coffee came upon the just
and unjust, but even then Hantanne was not
worked at a loss, while now .again its prospects
are of the very brightest.

.After .the retirement of goo.d old Jamie Martin
from the management of this estate in IS5S, a
strange series of disaster.! befel its superinlend-
ents— one w.as supposed to have been poisoned,
.another w.as certainly shot de.ad, white a third
went stark mad. Since then matters seem to
have got into a smooth groove again, and tea
is doing very well.

A better known estate was perhaps Odewelle
adjoining. This lino jiroperty m.ay be said to
have been the Liiipekelle of old, realizing in lSf-3
the recoi'd price of the day (Cl.'), 000), — a fact
whicli led to the mad rush and ultimate collap.se’
No. I. ^Vhcn iirst we passed ibrongh Oilcwelle,
giiod old ‘Know best’ — really Iben at his best —
w.is superintendent glorying in his line herd of
cattle— all of which he knew by hip .and horn,
and all knew and lo\cd him. .V hospitable host
was Willie, and many a good Willie waucht <lid
the thirsty traveller enjoy at his bungalow.
After him' came a Willie of a different jnt, but
the estate went on prospering apd giving good
returns till Colla|)se No. 2 of the early 80s. In
tea Odewelle has not yet (piite come up to the
])Osition it hehl in coll'ee. Tea takes time to
.accommodate itself to the Ite.st of ohl coffee land,
but it promises well.

Let us now' o!ice more pass through the ga))
to Kitoolmoola where lirst wo met that typical

idanter of the middle ages A. C. Mortimer, the
trusted and eminently trustworthy manager for
Sir John Cheajie. Kitoolmoola and Gallaha w'ere
model estates carefully cultivated and gave spendid
returns to the luck3' projndetor at home; but alas
the days of even careful A. C. Mortimer drew to an
end. ilest.ayed theyear too longon the much loved
totnm, and died at Southampton while en route for
the dear anld hame. He w.as succeeded, however, by
a most capable man, whose hard and shaggy head
contained, and. still cont.ains lam gl.ad to ,say,
brains enough to .accomplish anything he cared
to undertake. Under his m.anagement the proper-
ties continued to improve till sold to the pre-
scut proprietors. The tea here is now giving"
most s.atisf'actory returns, and the s[)lenilidly
equipijcd and well managed factory on Gallaha
is one of the .sights of the island.

l*'ain would I jmsli further down to where I
first called ni»on T. Gray, now' of iJunyan fame,
or round the corner to Nilambe where the far-
seeing “eye-glass” iecei\'ed me so w'ell, and on
to Warri.agalle where the hospitable Henderson
reigned, or down where I w'as w'out to spend the
evenings with the most congenial of Davidsons; but
this must suffice for today. And we must now
return northward passing over the ridge from
Odewelle into Hopewell, of w'hich it used to be
remarked in 3f Craven St. that it formed “the
most comfortable of accounts” — always on the
right side. It now belongs to Mr. S. Agar,
its former superintendent, but as j'et only
a small portion has been planted in tea.
Mount Pleasant, adjoining, still belongs to the
old ow'iier, and though the best portions are still
to plant tea is doing reimarkably w'ell. It will
however take a long time to come up to the splendid
returns of old coll'ee d.ays, w'hen £8,000 sterling
was netted from 400 acres ! And be it remem-
bered had the rupee been then at Is 2d the profits
would have been nearer ,£14,000 per .annum.
Tea h.as indeed a big margin to make up before it
beats the old king.

1 shall now' onl^' notice, on the w'ay down to Pera-
deni,ya, the (luoml.am anil favourite abode of clever,
capable, fs.andy Browm, Bellevue, .as he delighted to
(•.all it, but now' known by the le.ss appropriate name
of Augusta. Would that Sandy was here tod.ay to
w'itness tlie change ! The neighbourhood presents
few' more satisfactory transformations than this. xAs
a coh’ee estate it was one of the very poorest and least
remunerative in the district, its q’uartzy ridges eat-
ing up all the manure that K.andy or Getambe could
supply, witii the result of only a few additional
leaves. Now see it closely clothed in luxuri.ant tea
of the best jut, wliile that grandest of exotics, the
( Irevillciv, ad'is yearly to the improving soil. Truly
lea is a hardy though eccentric plant, often grow'-
ing best where least expecteil and sometimes — as
we will see in my next— refusing to take root in
the ricJiest soil.

Yes: 1 could wish Sandy had lived to share in
the ))ros))eri(_y of this now vcr.y inolitable jiroperty.
I have always tbomrhl his fate one of the saddest
i)i Geylon. Worried and bled by relatives at home,
disfrusled b.y his old friends in Ceylon, many of
whom he had helped to make — he passetl awaj' ne-
gle -ted, erushed, and starved, when, as usual, the
friends came forward, and gave him a stone. — Cor.

CULTiVA'i'iON OF PuKA. — The Government of
India, it is st.ated, is likelj' to take steps to investi-
gate the cultivation of the rheapl.ant. An enor-
mous demand for the fibre has sprung up in Eng-
land. By a new process of mamp'acture, excel-
lent fabrics can be woven from rhea and the indus-
try seems to have a great future before it.

88

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

[Aug. /, 1896,

the rubber situation in maua-

GASCAR.

Madagascar as a source of India-rubber is des-
doubt to become largely more important.
Ihe exports of rubber from that island have flnc-
tuated from year to year, sometimes declining so
far as to induce fears of the early extinction of the
yield, which were strengthened by reports of the
destructive methods of the rubber-gatherers. But again
the output has increased, while each successive tra-
veler returning from M.idagascar has thrown new
light upon the extent of the rubber foi'ests. Some
facts of interest in this connection have been sup-
plied to The India Rubber World by Mr. .John L.
Waller, some time United States consul at Tama-
tave, who has lately returned to America after his
release from a French military prison, his troubles
having grown primarily out of a concession to him
of valuable ruboer lands by the Malagasy govern-
ment without consultation with the French autho-
rities.

This large island is covered, for the greater
part, by virgin forests throughout which, so far
as foreigners have made their way. India-rubber
vines and trees abound. By the way, most
authorities have attributed the Madagascar rubber
to vines of the genus cahea (similar to if not iden-
tical with the Laiidoli>hUi vines of continental Africa),
but, according to Mr. Waller, a more important source
of rubber is a largo tree which he has not boon able to
identify botauically. This tree often grows to a dia-
meter of twelve to eighteen inches and in such num-
bers as to make the ground seem almost bare after
the reckless rubber gatherers have gone over a s'ri])
of forest with their axes. A peculiarity of the tree
which Mr. Waller reports to have seen personally
is that the roots are not killed by the felling of
the trunks, but that new shoots invariably spring
up, becoming large enough in a few years to yield
rubber. Thus the extinction of the supply is pro-
vided against by nature, which is not true of the
Pai'a rubbers or Landolphia climbers. The tree
likewise grows r-eadily from the seed.

The usual practice of the native rubber-
gatherers is to proceed to the forest in gangs,
armed with axes for felling trees and galva-
niuod iron buckets for catching the sap.

The fallen trunks are chopped or sawn into lengths
of three or four feet and supported over the buclcets
until all the rubber sap has drained from the bark-.
Mr. Waller reports having seen two quarts or more
of sap yielded by a single stick of wood. Coagula-
tion is effected by stirring a few drops of acid into
a bucketful of sap and allowing it to stand in the
snn for several hours. There is as yet practically
no proprietorship in the lands, and the rnbl)cr-
gatherers have been free to wander at will in the
forests. But the governor of the province in which
Mr. Waller’s concession is located has orders from
Antananarivo to prohibit trespassing upon it after
the limits shall have been surveyed, and the next
step will be to put an end to the destruction of
the trees.

The concession covers 111,000 acres of forest lauds, to
be located in the best rubber district in Madagascar,
which is in the southeastern portion, including the old
French station. Fort Uauphiu. This has been the
chief place for working rubber on the island, and, as
it is distant from any consulate, and, as the English
and French traders are secretive about the extent of
their business, doubtless not a little rubber has been
exported to which no record ever reached the various
consults stationed at Tamatave. Rubber near the
coast began to be scarce several years ago, but the
natives asserted that more was to bo found farther
inland, and now the seat of the industry has been
removed to a district about thre<> days distant from
Fort Dauphin. Twenty-two dollars are paid there
for a hundred-weight of rubber. Fort Dauphin has
been styled a halfway house between Europe .and the
Orient, and it is now a port of call for tlie Castle
mail Packets Co., Limited, and another line of
steamers. There are from two to four ships and
sometimes more per mouth in the harbour. The

climatic conditions at this point are good, the lands
are fertile, the cost of living is low, and a consider-
ation which induced the Hovas to grant this cou-
ce.3sion was that it might lead to immigration from
Mauritius and elsewhere and the development of va-
rious industries at Fort Dauphin.

It is the belief of the concessionaire that the dis-
trict would be well fitted for colonization by Afro-
Americans, who would find there better advantages
for trading than they enjoy in the United States,
The Hovas are an educated race, and foreigners
from several countries have made fortunes in trading
with them. Mr. Waller will attempt to find means
in this country for developing his concession, the
status of which, he claims, has not been changed by
his troubles with the French authorities. In what
light it will be viewed by the latter, however, remains
to be seen. He believes that a field exists for a much
wider diaect trade between the United States and
Madagascar. While the foreign traders have been
mainly English and French, the American house of
Ropes, Emmerton& Co., of Salem, Mass, long and
had a successful career at Tamatave, retiring from
the trade during the troubles growing out of the late
French war. The house of George Ropes, of Boston,
entering the trade later, is now established at Tama-
tave, Vatromandry, Antananarivo (the capital of the
island), and Finanarosa. A largo bu.siness is done in
the selling of American cotton goods to the natives.

The British aud American imports of Madagascar
lubber, which presumably include almost the entire
output of the island, have boon of late years as
follows : —

UNlTKl) S

T.VXI'.S.

OKKAT

iilllTAIN.

Bounds.

Pounds.

1391-'.I‘2

. 174,919

1890

, . 624,848

1892-93

. 275,331

1891

. . 729,232

1893-91

. 265,411

1892

. . 996,240

1891-95

. .31,003

1893

, . 1,040,920

1894

. . 984.816

Ihero must also be taken into account the British
impoi'ts of rubber from Mauritius which are mainly
derived from Madagascar, aud which amounted in
18‘Jl to 168,336 pounds. Altogether, the official
hgures available point to an average annual output of
Madagascar rubber in recent years of 1,162,000 pounds.
If it be true that the supply is practically unlimited,
the ever-growing commercial spirit of the age, the
increasing means of transportation, and the utili-
taiian spirit which must inevitably stop the waste
of trees, will without doubt combine in largely and
permanently increasing the yield.

Madagascar rubber is classed in the markets as
pinky ” and “ black,” the former being the more
valuable. When asked whether one kind was probably
trees, and the other by vines, Mr.
Waller replied that he could not any.— India Rubber
II orld. May 10.

THE CLIMATE UK MID-AFRICA.

Mr. Scott-Elliot, in lii.s account of liis journeys
in Mid-Africa, says of the Ruweiizori range that
the liigliest jieak.s ;ire almost perpetually hidden
from view by mist, wdiicii in tlie morning covers
the lower slopes, tunl apjieiirs to rise at the rate
of about l,OU0ft iui lioui'. The iqipcr limit of
forest is given at 9,U00ft, bamboos at ll,0UUft,
whilst he.ather le.aches J.'),,')00ft, at which snow
begin.s. I he climate is divided into four zones
of altitude — the coconut or oil-p.alm zone
belo\v .l,U00ft, the coll'ee zone betw'een this aud
.),OU0ft, the colony zone from .J,!)!)!)!! to 7,000ft,
and the cloud belt above 7,000ft. The Ruwen-
zoii legiou is stated to be a more promosing
collee .and tea region than oven the .Shire hi.di-
lands. I'or colonies the Masai uiilands .and the
.Ste\ eiisoii Road jdateaii are the most recommended.
— Jl. (Ilia C. Hlail, June TJ.

Aug. I, 1896 J THK TROPICAL

TEA PLANTING IN DAKJEELING.

PAPEK TO BE HEAD BEFORE THE IN'DIAN SECTION
OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS ON TilUASDAY,

MAY 14tii, 189G.

By Geo. W. Ciiristison.

My first duty — which is a pleasing on — is to thank
the committee of the Indian Section of t’; ?. Society of
Arts, for having done me the honour of inviting mo
to road a practical paper on tea. As tiic iiistory, pro-
gress, commercial aspects, and complete ^ta.tistics of
the industry have been exhaustively d -’ -.It with by
others, I shall best employ the time allotted to
me this afternoon by giving a brief outline of the cul-
ture and manufacture of tea in Darjeeliu;.’, with some
suggestions on a few points of vital iiniiortance, re-
ferring to that district in particular and i!io industry
generally, drawn from my own observ.ilion and expe-
rience.

The annexation of Darjeeling (strictly British Sik-
kim, and British Bhutan, exclusive of the Dooars)
is but a comparatively recent chapter in the history
of the extension of British rule in the East. Until
1815, when the country was brought into notice by
the Goorkhas invading the territory of the Baja of
Sikkim, that district was practically a term inco</iiita.
This led the East India Company in 1816, at the close
of our war with Nepal, to espouse the cause of the
Baja, and enter into a friendly treaty which consti-
tuted Sikkim an independent state under British pro-
tection. In 1835, 138 miles of Sikkim were ceded to
the East India Company for a sanitarium for Bengal,
in lieu of which an annual allowance of £390
was granted. In 1850, after the Sikkim war, some
more hill territory and also the Terai were added,
the subsidy, however, at the same time being en*
hanced very materially. And in 1865 the hill dis-
trict of Baling was annexed from Bhutan as the
outcome of the expedition of 1864, and the war
with that state just then terminated.

The district is mainly situated on the lower and
outer ranges of the llirnalayan mountains, but as
stated, includes the Terai which is an unhealthy level
sub-montane tract of forest, or what was up till 30
years ago almost uninterrupted forest. It is bounded
on the east by Bhutan, west by Nepal, north by
independent Sikkim with Tibet beyond, and on the
south east and south by the Dooars tea district and
Purneah in Bihar, and extends from about 26deg.
30' to 27deg. 13’ N. latitude. Though in area it
hardly exceeds that of a second-rate English county,
it ranges^ in elevation from about 350 feet to al-
titudes o'f over 12,000 feet above sea level.
The town, or as it is called the “station” of
Darjeeling, which is the administrative head-
quarters of the district, as well as the health re-
sort for the Government and residents of Bengal,
is charmingly situated on a ridge at an elevation
of 7,167 feet, commanding a magnificent view of the
“ snowy range ” (about 10 miles distant and rising
to over 28,000 feet), and to the north of Calcutta
379 miles by rail, but somewhat less in a direct line.
Any attempt to describe the magnificent and sublime
scenery is, fortunately, outside my province, as it is
altogether beyond my powers. It is impossible for
me in words to convey even any adequate idea of
the steepness and irregular configuration of this
mountain territory to those who have not visited it,
though this feature must not be lost sight of in our
consideration of the main subject of this paper.
The mountains do not rise by any series of inclined
planes or uniform undulations to their summits. The
main trend of the ranges is towards the “ snows ”
— generally from south to north — and of the
torrents and rivers in the opposite direction
from the snows towards .the plains, but there
are also side branches of importance running
east and west (one of those, the Little Bungheet
river, actually flowing north-east, and tho adjacent
mountain ranges ascending south-west), and many
minor spurs and streams are in tlie very opposite
direction to the main ones. On this account, the in-
terior of the hill district generally presents a some-
what confused labyrinth of ridges and valleys. A con-
12

AGRICULTURIST. 89

siderable proportion of the hill area is so precipi-
tous as to grow nothing but scrub or an occasiona
tree in the crevices of the rocks, and much is unfit for
tea or cultivation of any description ; Init the soil on
the gentler and some of even extremely steep sloiies
is good and of suriirising depth, considering the
situation. As a rule, the beat soil on the hills is
found from 2,500 to 5,000 feet ; that below 3,0')0 feet
is generally dry, and the tea thereon more subject lo
blights. Elevations over 5,500 feet are rather cold
for tea — certainly for its rapid growth — though it is
to be found thriving and doing fairly well from 6,000
to even 7,000 feet. Owing to the extreme steepness
and irregulai ity of the ground, tho roads have to be
laid off in zigzags of greater or less length, when,
as is the rule, an ascent or descent has to be made,
or in sharp curves where contouring more lovelly
round ridges and into the identations. This renders
the length of roads from place to place out of all
proportion to — not unfrequeutly over twice, and oc-
casionally almost three times as great as — the dis-
tance as tho crow Hies. Tho district government
roads are, as a rule, at gradients of 1 in 9 to 1 in 7,
and are from 10 to 7 feet wide.

As stated, owing to the zig-zag and winding nature
of tho roads, and the wide intervening spaces of
forest and jungle, the length of the roads is very
great, in proportion to the cultivable and rateable
area, especially as the Forest Department does not
pay road or public works’ cess, and the vast tracts
of native cultivation nothing directly and next to
nothing indirectly. In my time, the local railway was
also exempted. For these reasons, as well as on
account of the district being a frontier one, contain-
ing a military station and sanitarium, it has special
claims for “ grants-in-aid ” towards its roads and
bridges, in regard to which, it must be admitted.
Government has, on the whole, been liberal, some-.
times especially so. Yet I hold that, in justice, as
well as viewed as a fair and legitimate matter of
account between the Governnsent departments, a great
landlord like the Forest DeiKirlment of India, claim-
ing a largo clear revenue aunually, ought to be
charged both land revenue and road cess. Incalcu-
lably valuable as this dopartmont undoubtedly is to
India, profit should not be its chief aim ; and such
a step would cause the department all the more
adequately to realise its immense responsibilities in
holding such vast territories.

But, in addition to locomotion and soil, this ra-
pid and great variation in elevation affects the cli-
mate, health, and working capabilities of the in-
habitants, native and European, vegetation, humi-
dity, and, to some extent, the quality of the tea,
to which allusion may be made hereafter.

The rainfall varies greatly throughout the district.
At the “ station ” the average is about 120 inches,
and on the tea-gardens (at lower elevations) it
ranges from 75 to 135 inches and even over annu-
ally. The defect for tea in regard to rainfall is
that it is not sufficiently distributed — the dry season
being too long, but worst of all too little rain falls
in spring and too much during three to four
mouths from June to September, when it is too fre-
quently accompanied by druse inisi . uioeu obscuring
tho sun for a week, sometimes more, at a stretch.
There are also not uufrequently sudden heavy down-
pours which have been known to amount to ten
inches and more in a single night. These downpours
as well as considerably heavier annual rainfalls than
have boon named are more characteristic of the outer
ranges. The mean temperature of the “ station ” of
Darjeeling is only a couple of degrees above that of
London, but that of the tea gardens is of course
much higher. In the Terai and confined valleys
under 2,000 feet on the hills it is quite tropical and
often stifling. At elevations of 4, .500 feet the tem-
peraluro seldom exceeds 85°, the mean maximum
about 80'’, and at elevations of 3,000 feet
it occasionally turns 90°, with a mean maxi-
mum of about 85° in the shade during the hot
months. The mean maximum in the shade in winter
is about 60° at 4,500 feet, and 67° at 3,000 feet.
The difference between the mean maximum and the
mean minimum varies from 15° to 20° and
more in winter than summer, and at high than low

90

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

®levations. As registers have been kept since I860
for tlie company i served in Darjeeling far thirty
years, and for the last eight or ten years at no less
than eleven stations, at various elevations from 1,400
to 6,300 feet, the statements in the appendix are
given to avoid further details here.

The latest complete Government returns that
I have been able to obtain give the entire area
of the Darjeeling district as 1,234 square miles,
about equal to that of the county of Stafford.
The old hill territory, containing the well-
known tea gardens, is put at 477 square miles, the
Terai at 271, and the Daling-hill district at 186
square miles. Of the whole, 438 square miles were
returned in the possession of the Forest Department,
307 miles as held by native cultivators for cereal
crops inalienable for tea as far as the hilts is con-
cerned, 70 miles had been allotted to the Govern-
ment Cinchona Department, and 329 square miles as
grants for tea cultivation. It will, therefore, appear
that but one-fourth of the whole has been allotted
for tea, and that certainly not more than one-
thirteenth or about seven and a-half por cent of the
entire district is actually bearing tea at the present
time. From information kindly furnished by the
India Office I find the area of the district is now stated
to be 1,164 square miles, and the difference may be due
to the portion marked off and include in the Dooars
district some years ago. I am als ) of opinion that
for tea, transfer of some of the laud returned as
above for native cultivation may have taken place
in the Terai. Yet if this be so, the proportion of the
tea grants would not be greater than stated. Seeing
tha Census of India Ileport, published in 1893,
gives 212 square miles as the area held for tea
estates, I cannot be charged with any desire to
understate the proportion allotted for tea. Hardly
any land on the hills suitable and available for tea
remains unplanted.

The more recently acquired district of Baling may
be taken as about equal in extent to that of the
entire original Darjeeling hill territory, and generally
comprises much gentler slopes. Of this 250 square
miles are returned as made over to the Forest De-
partment, 30 as retained by Government for
cinchona, and 141 consisting of beautiful
slopes, most desirable as a place of residence for
Europeans, and as suitable a district for European
colonisation as can be found anywhere in the East,
has been reserved by Government for natives, and
is now largely in the possession of Ncpalis who are
aliens, and a smaller proportion of aborigines and
semiaborigines. About 65 square miles of this sub-
division was reserved for tea, hut so unsuitable was
it that, notwithstanding tlie eagerness for tea grants,
especially in the hills, only about eight or nine
square miles had been taken up when I left India
in 1893, and hardly more than about 1,200 acres
altogether have been opened out. These new gardens
adjoin the Dooars, and may be said to belong to
that dis rict rather than to Darjeeling.

The late Dr. Archibald Campbell, who was
an active and enthusiastic member of the Indian
Section of this Society, was the first resident Govern-
ment official at Darjeeling, and did much for the
district in its early years. He was removed from
the residency at Nepal to be superintendent of Dar-
jeeling in 1840, and in 1811-42 he made the first trial
of growing tea in the district. He continued his
experiments, and in 1847 had the plants raised, re-
ported on by a gentleman from Assam, which fully
confirmed him, in the opinion that tea could be grown
successfully on the hills. Seed was distributed by
Government to several residents most likely to do
justice to it, and experimental plots of a few acres
were planted out in different localities, about 1856; and
in 1857 — or it may have been a year earlier as asser-
ted by some — the first tea garden, on an extended scale
or commercial footing, was started at Alloobaree by
Major Samler. In the Terai, though experimental
plots were planted earlier, the first garden (now
known as Chumpta, near Kaprail) was opened out
by Mr. .James White, one of Darjeeling’s pioneer
planters, than a most energetic man, who had pre-
viously planted, in the course of two seasons, very

[Auu. I, 1895.

successfully, Singel, near Kurseing, still one of the
largest, if not the very largest, of our single hill
gardens. Darjeeling has since grown gradually in
importance as a tea-prod icing district and in other
respects. At present there are about 189 tea gardens
in ihe district, extending to about 55,000 acres under
plant, giving employment to not less than 70,000
natives, excluding children and other non workers.

According to the last census returns, the rapidly-
increasing population of the district was 94,712 in
1872, and 223,314 in 1891. Uf the latter, 88,021 were
stated to be residents who were actually born in
Nepal. This being so, the Nepali population of
Darjeeling who have immigi ited at one time or
another or been born in the district, can hardly be
less than 160,000.

Teais certainly the staple, if it may not claim to be
the only, Darjeeling industry, and to say the least,
has done much for the district. The 1895 crop
amounted to 10,771,117 lb. of which most went home,
contributing considerably to the exchequer, benefiting
trade in many directions, and supplying nearly all
the return traffic to the local railway, at highly re-
munerative rates, considering it is conveyed downhill
mainly by gravitation. Very little produce of any
kind is exported, or even supplied to the district, from
the native holdings.

In regard to my main subject, the first point requir-
ing attention naturally should be the selection of a
site for a garden. This is a matter of vital impor-
tance, and calls for the exercise of much judgment and
experience, and often exhaustive labour in ex-
ploiting. The soil may be looked upon as the.
constitution, so to speak, of a garden upon
which its prosperity and staying power mainly
depend, and its selection, especially as the subsoil,
to a great depth, is of importance with a deep-rooted
plant like tea, involves no light responsibility.
JSesides a wholesome water supply, forest, water-
power, and, in the plains, immunity from flooding
should all if po.ssible, be secured. Hut as this can no
longer concern Darjeeling hills, it need not here be dwelt
upon at length. Though I have been concerned with
the opening-out of gardens of considerable extent on
Darjeeling hills, I have never had the responsihility of
the selection of the grants for them, but have merely
had to endeavour to make the moit of the ground
at my disposal. The original Darjeeling gardens
were, as a rule, selected and opened out in a credi-
table manner, considering the experience of the
time. During the mania of 4863-61 extensions were
puslied on upon risky and unsuitable soil, beyond
the labour and experience available, the land was
very imperfectly prepared and plinted ; there were
difficulties about seed ; seedlings had often to be
carried long distances, necessarily resulting in failure
and consequent abandonment for a time. A propor-
tion of the land then abandoned has gradually been
re-opened successfully under more favourable con-
ditions. If a grant of land has still to be selected
on the hills, the most important consideration would
doubtless be to secure a soil that would yield quality,
and varying in elevation from 3, .500 to 5,000 feet.
All aspec's grow tea ahnost equally well ; and though
the southern and south-eastern are drier and more
difficult to plant successfully, they are, upon the
whole, preferable when opened out. The northern
aspects require less care and less skill, and are not risky
for vacancies, but have comparatively more in their
favour at low, dry altitudes than high. Though gentle
slopes are undoubtedly preferable, they have generally,
on that very account, been much more under native
cultivation ; and, contrary to the expectations of
many, the steeper — often extremely steep— ground
grows the better teabushes. It should here be noted,
in regard to these hill-sides, that it is very difficult
to get tea to thrive upon the sites of homesteads,
and that for many years luoso parts generally remain
bald, comparatively bare looking, and an eyesore
upon an otherwise successful garden. Hut I can bear
testimony to the fact that such patches, after having
been trenched to an unusual depth, kept fallow, ami
sulphured annually for three years, have aftersvards
been planted quite successfully tlie tea bushes nourish-
ing and keeping pace with the body of the garden

Aug. I, r8g6.]

THE t'ROPICAL

trom the outset. Further, all land long under native
cultivation should ho allowed to lapse into jungle,
or, as it wore, lie fallow for three or more years, and,
of course, the longer the better before planting.

The first operation in tea planting is the cloarau',e
of the land; it may be from forest, but often upon
partially cleared and cultivated or grazing land. In
the case of forest toon and a few other very valuable
trees, the drip and shade of which are least injurious,
should be marked for preservation at considerable
intervals. The felling of trees is a work the Nepali is
expert at, and delights in, his bump of destruction
being highly developed. The trees are sometimes pre-
pared so that the fall of one carries others over with
it, and so on continuously down th^ slope like nine-
pins, with a crash that resounds through the soli-
tude of the hill sides lik; muffled thunder. After
the storage of useful timber, the next step is the
burning, over which there is considerable excitement.
This is carried through as soon as tho clearance has
been duly pro|)ared and become sufflciently dry, ad-
vantage being t.akc;i of a sa'o and suitable wiiiil. A
great number of coolies have to bo in attendance
to guard tho lire from spreading to property beyond.
In addition to wood and other growth there is often
numerous barnboos upon tlie clearance which, when
being burnt, crackle Ovtid give foiub reports resembling
the roll of musketry, while the figures of the natives
flit ing athwart the raging flames, and by times
being taxed to their utmost to keep the '• burn ”
within safe bounds, renders tho scene a lively
one, though not always free from anxiety to
those responsible. The burning stmnps and heavier
bamboos often smoulder for days.

After the fire has died out the ground ought to be
trenched and thorouglily cultivated to the depth of
18 inches throughout the gentler slopes, but effectively
though c.arefiilly and to a lesser depth ou the steeper
slopes, and in accordance with the degree of steepness
— extracting stones and all roots of trees, harnboos,
jangle and weeds at whatever cost, Oi such
steep and irregular ground much judgment
and ingenuity have to be exorcised in order to
direct the surface drainage into safe channels to
prevent “w.ish.” All except the gentler slopes
ought to bo carefully terraced. These terraces should
not be formed too elabora ely. with a deep well be-
hind, and built up sharp angular edges in front or
containing two row's of bushes along side as they some-
times do, but merely so as to modify the slopes no
more than necess.ary for the stability of the soil and
prevention of wash. This is more simply accomplished
if attended to at the proper time and place than it
would appear to be. A shallorver formation of ter-
race will -interfere less with the capilarity and
natural circulatim in the soil than tho more ela-
borate. The deeper and more acute angular terraces
greatly intensify the defects of tho Darjooling climate.
The terraces should also be aligned as far as prac-
ticable to direct the surface drainage into safe
channels. It stands to reason that tho wash
should be diverted near its source, and as it
begins to accumulate. T.iradoxical though it may
seem it is not generally tlie steepest parts that suf-
fer most, but the gentlest slopes even whore they
assirme almost tho form of a pi itcan. This arises
from the surrounding slopes having acted as a filter,
so to speak, concentrating a rash of water upon
such after sudden downpours. The object of surface
drainage is to check this accumulation, and the drains
should be laid off with a gentle run. Tho exces-
sively steep portions should he laid off iii “spot”
temicos, formed in the most advantageous places,
to contain one or more plants. The laying off of
the estate roads so as to traverse all parts of the
gardens, without invo'ving waste of locomotive
power, is important, atid their alignment should
also be such as to aid in the safe drainage —

the reverse being easy. This somewhat

difficult task, with the skill and experience
available in the early times, was not so invariably
succoisful in attaining thi‘ pcrfocti m and easy nui-
foriu gradients as desirahli'. Tlie prevailing gradients
of garden roads, except where crossing the slopes
or rounding ridges, are from 1 in 7 to 1 in 5, widtli

AGRICULTURIST. 91

5 or 0 feet ; but paths ar.3 to In found not more
th.ui I foot wide, and sj steep as to ascend or de-
scend 1 ill 3. A sure-footed pony — wliicli the Uhooteah
ponies generally are — is indispensable; and pissing
across precipices with a sheer drop of hundreds of
feet upon such roads is trying to the nerves of most
unaccustomed to mountain travelling. As has been
remarked, the length of road is great in proportion
to area. By careful survey, I have ascertaiued
that on a garden of 313 acrei, bsujfiiing by the
service of a district road zigzagging through its
entire length for 4i miles from top to bottom,
the inadequate system of estate roads measured
18 miles, leaving fields of tea very arduous to reach
from any of the roads. The Ceylon “ road
tracer,” a simple and inexpensive, but admirable,
instrument, is a most valuable aid, to the inexperienced
especially, for the alignment of roads, but, in my ex-
perience, even more so in the laying off of terraces,
itoads generally, like terraces, sliould have the out-
ward, not inward, slope, but may also have a drain
aloug the inner or hill side when required. Tho
removal of stones, as referred to, might possibly bo
carried to excess in rare instances, but of this the
risk is not great. I have often had this done loan
enormons extent, and witli an unfailing corresponding
adv.antage on extensions. The stones may be disposed
of for buildings, or in forming embankments, cul-
verts, and fords for roads. B-jsidos, wheti a load
passes through good land tlie rich soil may be re-
moved and spread upon tlie poorer parts of the
garden, and replaced with atones. The remainder of
the stones cm be built up in heaps upon spots of
convenient waste laud. The cultivated area h is to
be lined and “ slaked ” off for planting, and no
little ingenuity and care are required to get the
points for the plants arranged in perfectly
straight lines up and down a steep, irregular hillside,
“ over hill and dale,” and, at the same time, get-
ting them to fall into coutonring lines along the
terraces, without loss of sp-ace or overcrowdiu°'.
Opinion has always varied, and from time vacillated,
as to the distance the hashes should be planted apart,
and though there is a guiding principal in regard
to this, it may not be well todogmitise. For the
liills, I would venture to reeommed 5 feat bj' 4 feet,
It liy 4i, and at tlie closest 4i- feet by 4 feet ou the
b ise, but for tlie Ter li greater distance, especially
between the rows, to admit of ploughing or horse-
hoeing if found necessary.

Tiiere are two modes of planting, the one from nur-
series by transplanting, the other by putting down
the seed germinated or fresh in si/u, or, as it is
termed, “at stake.” E ich has its own advocates and
advantages, but in the climate of Darjeeling the
former is preferable; besides, two piramount ad-
vantages may be claimed for it anywhere— namely,
five or six montiis more are available for the
thorougli preparation of the ground, and it admits of
the perfect scloction of the mo.st vigorous seedlings
of the best and of unifonn variety. Moreover, from
my own observation, I have often been disposed to
doubt whether the quality of the produce is not
improved by the transplanting. This may not be so,
but I have been at a loss otherwise to ciccount for
the different quality of tea in adjoining gardens on
similar soil, and under varying management. This is
a matter I would recommend to practical men, as
ivorthyof being determined by systematic experiment.
If the transplanting is to be adopted, an extensive
and elaborate system of nurseries is essential. For
nurseries, tlio most advanced garden cultivation, con-
stant care and attention s indispensable — watering
in most in .tances, and sh ading in hot-exposed situ-
ations being needful. Tho nurseries should be numer-
ous, and pnictieal, in or near ail parts of the prop > led
extenfious, for economy in the carriage of the seedlings.
Tho seed bods must be thorouglily freed from stones,
and the seed sliould be .sown rather wide apart
especially when machine planting i.s to be adopted.
Tiiough 4 incho.s by 4 inches may seem too close,
judging from wliat is gciicrally written, that in prac-
tice will be found to work out s.itisf ictorily, tho
early and first se.asous's operations thinning out, and
giving space for th - i i.i u; pl.ints that remain.

92

THE TROPICAL AGRICUL'IURIST.

[Aug. I, J896.

The seedling are genevelly removed from the nur-
series nt the ago of from six to eight months.
They should be transplanted with balls of their
own earth attached to their roots, and this can
be acomplished to great perfection by Jabcu’s
patent transplanter, an ingenious Gachar invention,
simple in operation, handy, costing a mere trifle. All
risky dry aspects should bo planted by this means,
and also during the most seasonable and favour-
able season and weather. Most northern aspects,
unless during unfavourable weather or towards
the close of the season, may be planted very
successfully by hand with a lighter quantity and
less perfect ball of earth attached, at a saving of
labour. By this method the seedlings receive no
check to their growth, while those put out in the
old ordinary detective way, without earth attached,
with difficulty exist during the ensuing dry season
at the best five months in duration — some years,
even eight months, from October to May inclusive.
"With land thoroughly prepared and planted out as
referred to, though much more costly the lirst year,
this will be more than compensated for in the
saving upon the cultivation in subsequent years;
while, it may be safely asserted, that as good growth
has been obtained in three years in this way as was
common during five years under the ordinary method.

It must readily be perceived that the judicious
cultivation of such excessively steep ground rrrust be
a matter of vital inrportarree. The rrtmost foresight,
ingerruity, arrd car e are necessary to prevent the soil
from being carried downhill, rrot so mrrch itr the pro-
cess of hoeirrg itself, as by the action of the heavy
rainfall, especially the sudden uowu-pours early in
the miny season. Forlcing is much less dangerous
for injuring the roots of the tea, and is much safer
for hill cultivation tharr hoeing with the country
Jcodalic. Moreover, the straight digging fork admits
of the labourer stairding upon the unturned ground,
arrd turning or tossing the soil up hill ; while in
hoeing he reverses the process, by trampliirg
the grourrd he has just cultivated, arrd draggiirg
the soil down the declivity. Cultivation by

means of the straight diggdng fork was first
advocated and experimented with in Darjeel-
ing by the late Mr. Jolrir Stalkartt. Forking
was resorted to orr a large scale by nre 23 years ago,
and is irow pretty gerreral, the hoe [kodalie) being
only irsed in the preparation of extensions, road-mak-
ing, and the like. It is, however, decidedly, more
costly than hoeing, which is a, consideration, wherr
kahour is scarce, and marry hundreds of acres are
entirely urrder spade industry, so to speak. The
deepest and most iirrportant cultivation of the year
is the cold-weather digging. This is hut too com-
monly done, by turning the ground up rtugh, and
leaving the whole in largo clods. Such a process is
highly objectionable, hr a cliirrate like Darjeeling,
with 'a long, trying, dry season, and too subject to
droughts in spring. It is, cf course, quite diffei'cnt
in Britain, where the soil exposed in a similar way
is pulverised by the action of forest, and there is
Ml general an excess, rather than otherwise, of
moisture in winter. But this rough cultivation
aggravates the defects of the Darjeeling climate,
and intensities the drought ; vvlhle the clods,
by the scorching action of Ihc snn, get dried
and baked like so many bricks especially in the
southern and dry aspects. In all countries subject
to droughts, especially in the tropics and sub-tropics,
a thorough cultivation and pulverisation of the soil
throughout, but especially at the surface, in autumn
and the dry season, is by far the best for attracting
and retaining moisture and obtaining healthy ciop
growth. Thorough cultivation admits of ample aera-
tion of the soil. This is a subject which I have
given much thought and attention to for 30 year.-;.
Shortly after I went to Darjeeling, I experimented
with rough and thorough cultivation, on equal plots
alongside, noting tho result as to benefit derived
from dew and rctciiJion of moisture, and can en-
tertain no dor.bt as to the immense advantage of
the latter system over tho former. While making
my farewell tours through the district in the spring
of 18‘J0, field after field, in different localities, came
under my observation, lying exposed to the scorching

•snn in clods, in some instances almost half tho size of a
man’s body, and 1 could not butsympatliise with the pro-
prietors. For the second and succeeding cultivation
at the close of spiing and the early ]rart of the
tea season, hand weeding is the- most suitable and
stimulating culture of all ; and as an accompaniment
the weeds or grass can readily be disposed of in
layers or bands across the slopes, and (drainage having
been attended to as referred t ) check the “ wash ” in
a wonderfully effectual way, even where there are no
terraces. Hand-weeding may be carried on most ad-
vantageously, especially where extensions have been
thoroughly prepared. In the rains, when hand-weeding
has become impracticable end a turf has formed, the soil
may be forked over less deeply and left rough, there
being no longer fear of drought, and less from “ wash.”
After ail extra wet time, or 011 unsafe parts during
tho rains, nothing more should be attempted than
close sickling, supplemented by hand-weeding, of spots
around the collar of the roots of the plant

The great difficulty attending the perfect cultivation
of a tea garden during tlic rains is, tlie crop must be
gathered at the same time, and tliere is often pressure
to get the leaf off at the most perfect stage. Tho
time, nature, and amount of cultivation has, there-
fore, but too often to he regulated by tlie labour
available lor it. Forking ought to be avoided in ex-
cessively wet limes, and done in favourable weather,
liut for the reason just stated, it is impossible always
to choose the best time, unless the labour force
be unusually strong— stronger perhaps than might
prove profitable where coolies must he retained
all the year round, as is the rule, and cannot
he engaged for a pressure of work, and their
services bo dispensed with when it is completed.
Extensions and hnilding upon an old garden are
also liable to retard garden operations, and

add to a manager’s difficulties and anxieties. Un-
fortunately, the real question is not to know w’hat ought
to be done in regard to cultivation, hut too fre-
quently what is practicable with the available labour.
What has, in many instances, become a most vital
matter on the hills, is how best to rectify the results
of reckless or defective cultivation on old gardens
during the past. This is sufficient to tax to the ut-
termost the skill and resource of the most ingenious,
and in some parts, not to speak of impaired crop-
ping capabilities, so grave has the evil become that
the only effective remedy would be to carry back the
soil from the valleys and hollows where it has
in process of time been wasted. Terracing an

old garden originally lined up and down hill,
and often laid 0!it in hedges without any
such object in view, has its drawbacks. The
plants that fall in the backs of the terraces get their
roots bared too much and injured, and those in the
edges are nndnly buried.

Ploughing is impracticable anywhere on the Dar-
jeeling hills, but in the plains districts might with
advantage be restored to, and I daresay has been
lor the preparation of extensions, but whether
steam ploiiglnng has been resoited to or not, I
cannot say. About 2.0 yeai-s ago I te.sted lighl
ploughs by Ransome and of native pattern on
a mature garden in the Terai, but the work was
not fine or the result satisfactory. For tho plough
the distance between the rows would require to
be wide, hut in spite of this the lateral roots of
the tea get damaged, and the cleaning close
to the stems must be done by hand. The injury to
the roots should to some extent be obviated by trench-
ing all over as recommended on opening out, but
ifloughiiig on a planted gaiden is never likely to prove
so advantageous as hand labour when procurable at
moderate cost.

'riie manuring of the tea plant is for many reasons
difficult, but lid'tunately the matter is not yet a press-
ing one genially, tho tea crop being neither heavy
nor exhaustive, and more nitrogen is undoubtedly
returned in tho rain than in more temperate cli-
mates. The average crop of green leaves taken from
the soil annually does not exceed 12 cwt. per acre
(say half-a-pound per bush) wliicli is very trifling
compared with tlio weight of agricultural crops in
this country exclusive of tho portions tUerouf returned
to the soil, Borne attendant drawbacks to tea

Aug. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

93

inannriiif' arc want of an aclcqnalo raipply, costlincfS
of transit, liability to evaporation and waste, and
tea being a deep-rooted plant the dilticnlty of apply-
ing the inannre eo as not to increase the growUi of
the weeds rather than leaf in the first instance, it
has not been proved even how manure may affect
quality, which is an important consideration and
must depend upon the nature of the manure used.
By all means let every available manure, solid and
liquid, be preserved from waste through exposure—
the danger of which is very great in a tropical cli-
mate— and be applied to the best possible advantage.
But of all that is practicable in this line, I
attach most importance to “green manuri.ng’’ by
meairs of tuririug into aard birrying in the soil in
airtumn the greatest possible amount of fresh and de-
caying growth. Let this work be pushed forward with
the utmost vigour with all available labour. Nothing
else in the way of mairnriug I know of can give so good
a return. Top-dressing with leaf mould or other rich
mould is also of immense benefit, and even when soil of
only the poorest quality is procurable a thick dressing
with that on thin dry parts has shown markedly good
results. Manuring, and more so top-dressing, is com-
paratively unavailing — simply outlay and labour in
vain — unless the application be a liberal one— tbroeto
five inches deep in the case of the latter according to
quality of mould.

Transport by means of wheeled vehicles, in the or-
dinary sense of the term, is quite impracticable on
any D.njeeling hill road, except the main military
one, where cart traltic has been superseded by the
wonderful Darjeeling Himalayan Bnilway, and on one
or two other pieces in or near the station. Tliere
are no lakes or navigable rivers as in Kashmir, and
previous to the torrents being permanently bridged
ferries even were not practicable except at one or
two points in or near the Tevai and they were always
attended with some danger

All carriages including that of ordinary building
materials, fuel, provisions, is performed upon men’s
backs, and journeys are performed by pony, on foot,
or, in the case of ladies, children, and invalids, in
chairs or a form of hammock called a “ IXmtly,’’
suspended on poles and, carried by coolies.
Heavy loads, such as boilers, tea, lead, and some-
times lighter packages, are conveyed from the
nearest station to the gardens by trucks or trol-
lies mounted on low broadrimmed wheels. The
bringing down of a 20 or even 10 horse-power
boiler of several tons weight is one of those lit-
tle incidents that break the monotony of g.irdeu
labour. Some skilful steering is needed in turning
the acute corners of the zigzags, and in guiding the
passage safely over many precipitous parts of those
steep, narrow mountain paths. As many as 100 of
the strongest men may be employed with a truck
so freighted, chiefly strung upon ropc^ -some pull-
ing before and others behind as oco!i;,:on requires,
the latter to prevent the truck getting beyond con-
trol by acquiring too much down hill velocity;
others using crowbars, planks, or other appliances as
need arises. In Assam and other plains districts of
India and Ceylon, elephants are employed for the
dragging of boilers, presenting scenes hardly if at all
less picturesque.

In regard to buildings, time will not admit of my
entering into detail. In the past the planter has
been his own architect and clerk of works, planning,
estimating for, and vigilantly superintending every
operation from the sawing of the timber in the
forest, the making and burning of the bricks, to the
completion and full equipment of the edifice. The
more modern and doubtless the most extensive
buildings are in the jplains districts of India and
Ceylon, where extensions on an enlarged scale have
been more recent ; there in addition to the most
modern mechanical appliances elpttiic lighting has
been introduced. In Darjeeling thc-ie has not been
the same scope, the buildings had generally to bo de-
signed to suit the sites after eo.stly excavation on the
steep hill sides, and in the case of amnlgama-
tiou of factories, for instance, ingenuity had to
be exercised in the erection of a main central
building to connect two others at different elevations.

the ground floor of the one being near, but not on
the identical level with the first floor of the other.
The whole had to be designed for convenience, to
deal with iiici’eased crops, and meet modern require-
ments. The mauagci's’ bungalows are gcnei’ally char-
mingly situated, little being required, in the shape
of landscape gardening, to make the surroundings
altogether beautiful. These buildings, with their white-
washed walls and shining roofs, studded over the hill-
sides surrounded by the green tea gardens, present
to the traveller at all points a striking and pleasant
feature of the landscape. Many of the dwellings of
the garden labourers are substantially built with brick
walls, oomigated iron roofs at the higher, and thatch
for coolness at the lower elevations, and verandahs
in front. The floors are well raised, and space,
convenience, comfort, and sanitation are pro-
vided up to and in most instances in advance
of the tastes and wishes of the occupants. Few of
them would tolerate fire-places, or the exit of the
smoke by chimneys in the walls ; but on account of
warmth, or other reasons best known to themselves,
prefer it finding its way from the centre of the floor
through the ventilators in the roof, as in Scotland,
w'ithin my own recollection, and I daresay in other
civilised countries. Many darken or block up entirely
the windows provided for them. However the modern
coolie dwellings are a very great improvement upon
the huts once universal, and in most cases all is being
done for the coolies’ comfort that is practicable or,
at present wise. In the centre of the village there is
generally a level plot reserved, though difficult to
obtain, as a recreation-ground.

The view now x^i'esented includes a group of build-
ings comprising sub-manager’s bungalow, factory with
coolie lines in the background, to all of which pure
water is convoyed from a stream on the opposite
spur of the mountain two miles distant, by means
of galvanised iron pipes passing through a deep
ravine, where there is a pre^33lu■e of 1,175 feet head
of water at the lowest point. The company to which
this small estate belongs has water laid on in pipes
to all their coolie lines, where needful, factories and
bungalows, having in operation for this purpose, as
near a.s may be, seven miles of galvanised pqoes of
various boros, fed from filtering beds and fountain
head tanks, and discharged into numerous large
cisterns, from which and from “standpipes” con-
venient to all, including the coolies, are constantly
supplied. Besides, this company lias a sn-ip’.y of fire-
hose fitted to discharge water with force at the highest
point of the factories, and, in one case, at least out
of three, with x^r'essure sufficient to eject it over the
roof of a three and a half storey house, the hose
meanwhile being held in the hand on the ground.
And, to convey some idea of the extent corrugated
iron is iii use on tea gardens, I may mention that
the company referred to, though by no means the
largest in the district, has in all imported 41 acres
to that material for roofing its own buildings.

The operations of tea manufacture are now per-
formed by machinery in all factories of any im-
portance. Steam is the commonest motor, but water-
power (mainly by turbine) is also in rtse. In the
case of the Ihikvar Company, the turbine is situated
in a ravine about two-thirds of a mile from and
1,500 feet below the level of the factory, the power
being transmitted to the machinery there by means
of wire rope, travelling upon pulleys supported on
standards x^-aced at suitable distances apart. The
district owe.s the conception and accomplishment of
this bold and arluons undertaking to the ingenious,
indefatigable, and praiseworthy efforts of the late Mr.
Thomas B. Curtis, of Tuckvar, a well-known and most
able tea planter. On another hill garden elec-
tricity has for some time been employed, the tur-
bine and generating apparatus being similarly
placed Iresidc the torrent far below and distant from
the factoiy and inaohincry to be driven. For this
laudable pioneer object lesson in regard to the motor,
which I believe to be specially suited and destined
to be the irower of the future for Darjeeling, we are
much indebted to the late, much-lamented Mr. Win.
Lloyd, who has besides rendered many publio ser-
vices to tlie district in the promotion pf her mar-

94

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. t, 1S96.

vellous little railway, botanic garden, public parls,
Municipal affair.^, volunteeiing, local banking, and
tlie like, fully appreciated by few, and which never
have been adequately acknowledged. Tiiroagh hi.s
enterprise Darjeeling has been for 30 years con-
spicuous as the only tea district as such as far as
I am aware, possessing a European bank.

To return 10 the held operations, a few
remarks are called for concerning the pruning,
which has to be attended to as early as tlie
young plants betray a tendency to run up too
much and assume the habit of a tree rather than
retain the form ot a bush, in the ease of vigorois
seedlings at as early an age as two years, and even
younger where individual specimens show e.vceptional
growth ; that is, if the planter believe.!, as I do,
in training the bushes when young, but opinion
used to vary on this point as on much else connected
with the industry. After the plants have attained
throe years of age they are all pruned according
to their form and eon lition annually. Tho ohject
of the opeiMtion is to get rid of the knotted un.-
productive wood, tiiin out slightly to admit air and
light, leaving the young vigorou.s loaf-prodnciug
branches and shoots, to train tlio bushes to
width— to give Hushing surface, the leaf being
gathered mainly from tho top— and to keep them
at a height convenient for the coolies to plnck
the loaf from. Great caution is necessary in
regard to heavy cutting in Darjeeling. The prun-
ino' is a work requiring a great deal of labour an-
lurally, and as many untrained coolies have to be
employed, it demands close and constant super-
vision. The pruning season, as a rule, lists fron
the end November till tho boginniug of March, bnt
the more that is clone from Christmas till early in
February, the better.

Need I say, that tea is not made from the oh!,
matured, or even hardening loaf, but only from the
undeveloped bud and the young and most succulent
ler.ves at the point of llie growing shoots. In eariy
times three, .sometimes four, if not occasion illy'
even more leaves were gathcrcvl, but more recently
quality has become more and .more the aim annu-
ally ; and now it is the common practice to take only
two leaves and the bud, but in some instances
plucking is so select as only to embrace one leaf.
The bud yields the fliiest tea of all, i.e., tho “ golden
tip” or ‘‘silver tip,” the top leaf forming the next
quality “ orange pekoe,” or wlien large “ pekoe,”
a' 1(1 the second or lower leaf generally yielding
pekoe, but “ pekoe-souchong ” when the leaf is large.
Commouly the first shoots of the in w growth of
the season bearing, four, live, or six leave.s go to
make up what is termed the “ first flush.” The two
top leaves of this, or iu some instances only one
leaf with the bud are plucked — that is cut off with
tho incipient tender stalk between the finger and
thumb — for tea; the remaining leaves and stalk
being too far dovolopod for quality and necessary
for The health of the bush, and the giving out
of 8iib.sequent “ Hushes ” are left. After the Hrst
Hush loss fresh growth requires to bo left, and after
three' or four months of discriminate, sparing crop-
ping, the bushes having become sufficiently made up
aiuf fortified for the season, all the fresh growth
that will make tea of prime quality may be gathered
without risk of injury to the plants. The pluckers
have to go round the g.irdens at intervals of from
live to eight days, e.xtendod from nine to eleven d iys
towards tlie elo.se of tho season, according to cdova-
tiou. ft is the plnckers' duty to avoid gathering
too coarse leaves or unripe siioots, to mis.s no goo l,
Huitahle leaf, aiul nrovent tno heating i-i the baskets
of all that has been gathered. In plucking, much
discrimination as well as dexterity is necessary, and
thoiiMi perfection may not always bo attainable
with'’many hundreds, inclnling often a prop >rfcion of
untrained plnckers, employed, tho operations over
the scattered fields on those steep rugged liiH
sides requires all the more nnreniitted attention
and arduous supervision to obtain tho most sp.ti.if.io-
tory results practicable. It is well wlion the loaf
ran be delivered at Uio factory twice during the
ciay but tliis is not always advantageous wlicn the

range of elevation is great. On plain garden.s thi.s
is comparatively easy, light trim.vays being occa-
sionally in use for the jnirpose. The cropping sc.ison
generally l ists from the end of March till the middle
of November. The crop v ii ieties from eight to fifteen
cwt. of green !o.\f par acre annuilly, which yield)
barely one-fourth its weight, say from ‘203 lb. to
rarely so much iu the present day as 40) lb. of pre-
pared tea per acre.

The first operation at tho factory is the weighing of
tho leaf. Ifere it is necessary finally to examine the
quality and condition of the leaf brought in fro’u
the field. Tile plnckers are oooasiontUy paid extra
for whit is gathered in excess of tho allotted task,
and if a siirewa in jpectioa of the mntents of tho
baskets were not maTe, in al.litim to leaves
of inferior quality, a stone or other foreign
substa ICO might oecaiionally bo concealed among
tlie leaf to increase its weight. Tho leaf should ho
delivered green and fre.3h, b it it is often wet, in
last tlii.; may bo siid to b its norm il conditionin
tho rains.

Tiience tile leaf is convcyel to Urn withering roini!
or shed.s which are fitted up with tiers of broad
shelves of wire mesh, Hessian cloth, or bamboo nol-
t'ug, at heights and distance convenmnt for lianilin,'
the leaf. The loaf slio.iM bo .sp o id out Lhinlv,
aid tho mo’re e.xt-enled the surf ice provided the
better, up to s.iy oiglit suporScial feet por 11). of
loaf. It is most desirable to have a free current of

air to pass over and thro igh the spread l oaf, and

to cause the air 'propollers kuow.i as *• Black-
man’’ fans, or others of similar doicriptiou,

are extensively used. Natural air is most

desirable, but wh-'»n the leif is wet, the weather
misty, and tho atmo.sph)re satiiritol willi mois-
ture, as is often the case, air slightly heated,
and as far as praoticablc dried artificially, his to be
applied instead, and u is under such conditio.is that
tile fins do much to facilitate and quicken, and pre-
vent loss and injury to quality from unduly protracted
operations, ('.specially in the case of high-ciais hybrid
loaf. The function of the fans should he to distribute
the dry hot an- .and give ventilation over a wi !e ai'ci.
Tile withering process i.s a very important 0110, it
should not be done too quickly, and the great aim
with it is to obtain fragrance, to avoid heating or
discolouration of the leaf. By it the leaf should be
brought into a fiaccid state. This prevents its breaking
no in rolling. Withered leaf to the feel resemblesthat of
a fine kid glove. The process generally lasts from .oight
to ten hours in all. Wet leaf should be the more
slowly withered, but ought not to occupy more than
fourteen hours unless tho weather be very unfavor-
able, and artificial heat ho not restored to. The
leaf leaves the withering stage of in inufacturo limp
and rtaocid, still green, but of slightly duller hue,
and ought to be fragrant.

The next process is rolling, which is performed
by inacliinery. There are several rolling machines
by different patontees, ea”!! having their own
advocates. The best known and most generally
uied are the Jack.sou machinas, especially the
“ llapil,” which performs the work ot ah mt 70
nun and does it to great perfection. Bj' an
iugenions arrangement of cranks, Ac., an eccen-
tric motion with claitic pr.is-iiire (rosembling tliat
of the old hand rolling) is produced b 'tween a table
a’ld a box above which usually contains as much as
300 1b. of wiluore l le:if at a ti;no. This upper pla'e
or rolling box i-; generally of metal liiiel Witli wood,
but also of granite or marble for greater cooloe.si.
Tile low '!• rolling surface or table is usually of w.i id,
but is sometimes graniteor marble faced. This m ichine
is beautiful tliougli simple in movement, an l as a
roller as near perfection ai can well be conceived.
The leaf is usually rolled from ‘2) to 3") miiiute.s
.according to (juality of loaf and tho view; of tho
ininagor, tlien sifted on wire mcili siovo.s to

separate tho line from tho coarser which

at tlio same time aor.itos it and liroaks
up tlio halls. T'.ie fhie mi co.arier K- if are after
this rolled agiiii separately for fro. 11 lo’to 1;5, an 1
from ‘2.5 to 35 miniitos according to ij 1 ilitv, and iin ler
such prossuro as desirable for oacli. Machines arc al.jo

Aug. I, 1896,]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

95

designed and supplied specially for sifting, disen-
tangling the halls, and aerating the rolled leaf. The
withered leaf is fed into the hopper of the roller
from the loft above by me.urs of a canvas shoot,
and the rolled leaf is discharged through a trap under-
neath into a trolly which conveys it to and from
the sifter, and finally to the fermenting room. It
must here bo noted that the leaf on leaving the
rolling machine has had its cellular tissues broken,
has received a twist or “roll,” and is a wet pulpy
mass but still green.

Now follows the “oxidation,” commonly termed
“ fermentation,” without exception the most impor-
tant process of manufacture. The rolled loaf having
been sifted as referred to admits of the fine and
coarser being oxidised separately, thus securing a
greater uniformity of result. The f rmentiug room
should be in the most shaded situation, and might
in fact be partially — in some instances entirely —
underground in the hills. The leaf is spread upon
tables, or it may be on tiers, of lodged shelves
resembling snallow empty bunks in a passenger
steamer but at convenient heiglit, in layers 3 to
4g inches in thickness according to the temper-
ature of the day and other conditions. Every
means should be used to keep the leaf cool. It
is kept covered with wet cloths, and surrounded by
screens kept wet by constant syringing. The floors
and surroundings are also syringed with water. I
am unable to say how' far refrigerating apparatus
might be adopted in the fermenting rooms with good
results. This has been thought of by a Darjeeling
manager, long a fellow- worker with me. I am, how-
ever, enabled to testify as to the best quality
having been obtained at the coldest season, and
when the oxidation occupied an unusually long
time. The great secret is to be able to check the
“oxidation,” or incipient fermentation at exactly
the right stage, as quality w'ill be unfavourably
affected by under doing it or over doing it. The
time occupied varies generally from 3^ to .5 hours,
but 5 or eveu 6 hours tow'ards the close of the
season and at high elevations is nothing unusual.
A great test of the result is when a bright salmon
colour resembling that of a new penny is obtained
in the mass. It is important here to observe that
the leaf entered upon the “oxidation” process,
green and wet, but leaves it for the next, which
is drying, a bright salmon-colour and slightly less
moist.

In former times the leaf at this stage underwent
a process called “panning,” which for many years
has been entirely dispensed with. In this the leaf
was tuaied over and tossed about in highly-heated
iron pans by the operators’ hands, aided by a forked
stick. This was the most trying process of all for
the “ teamen,” and unless it had some advantages
in regard to the keeping or other properties of
the tea — and it would seem impossible for any one
positively to assert that it had not — it is well it
has been abandoned, as it was a dirly, troublesome,
risky process, calling for the consumption of no
little fuel. After the panning (which occupied the
position of the sifting referred to) the leaf received
a second and linal rolling.

There are several tea-drying machines. The best
known are those patented by Jackson and by David-
son. But each machine finds its own ardent advocates
among producers and their mangers. Jackson’s
“ paragons,” his latest inventions in this line, are like
some of his others automatic in their action, and,
as their name indicates, work to very consider-
able perfection. By these machines the leaf is passed
through a chamber filled— by means of a fan — with
a current of air heated to a temperature of 2 tO deg.
to 250 deg. (reduced to, say 200 dog, for finishing),
on a travelling endless web of perforated zinc sheets
or “flappers,” which convey the leaf backwards and
forwards through the drying chamber, turning it over
at eiiher end, in all, seven times through its entire
journey. The wet leaf is fed in at the top, and there
is a continuous discharge of the dried tea at one of
the lower end,s of the machine. Davidson’s dryers
are worked by means of wire mesh tray drawers,
containing the leaf, which are pulled out to have the

leaf turned over, and are pushed back again into the
heated chamber, and this process repeated by hand,
to meet requirements and the views of the manu-
facture, his “ dosvn-draft sirocco” being worked with
the “ up-drafe sirocco” with a fan. 'The mode of
desiccation just superseded by machines, and Which
has all but disappeaied, was that over charcoal fires
in brick-w'ork furnaces, with wire mesh trays
worked by hand. The original method of
drying, as practised by the Chinese, and for
years in India, was still more primitive. It
was l)y bamboo mesh trays, placed on the top
of light wicker-work cylinders of the same mate-
rial, encircling small charcoal fires placed in
holes in the floor. 'These cylinders stood about three
feet high, and were narrower in the middle than at
lop or bottom, resembling in shape some wooden
egg-cups of the olden time. The leaf goes into the
dryers a salmon colour, but in the process of drying
it changes colour, and is discharged from the
machine (or other process) dry, crisp, and black,
and its twist has become more perfect and wirv ;
in fact, it is now practically the tea of commerce,;
“ unassorted,” only requiring to bo sifted into
“ classes.”

The classification of the tea is performed by
machines, by means of wire mesh of different
gauges, receiving the unassorted tea above, and
discharging it as “broken pekoe,” “orange pekoe,”
and “pckoe-souchoug ” from .shoots into their res-
pective compartments below, in which boxes or other
receptacles may be placed to receive the different
classes. The long reciprocating sieves, though cum-
bersome, have no other fault I know of, and are
simplicity itself, consisting merely of a succession of
webs of the required mesh placed end to end, dis-
charging the various classes into receptacles placed
underneath, the large leaf being dropped over
the end.

From some of the classes thus obtained, especially
the lower grades, a few coarse leaves, stalks, or
stray foreign substances may have to bo picked out
— the operation being impracticable by ma.chinery.
But a to . V bright, tidy Nepali girls soon give those
light finishing touches, which hardly amount to
handling in any degree. For this the tea is placed
upon bamboo trays by an expert jerk, of which the
contents are turned over from time to time for
examination, and the required sorting out very
deftly performed with delicate ]iliar3, simply formed
of two slim springy splints of bamboo ingeniously
joined together.

'The fiuai process is packing. 'To do this daily as
the tea is made has but little to recommend it, but
if it u’cre otherwise, it is not always practicable.
The imsuperable objection to this arrangement
however is, that one day’s ma'.ufacture, even when
the same in appearance, differs unaccountably in
quality and character from that of another, and the
contents of one chest, must, as a rule, be different
from that of another in the same break, entailing
bulking at homo with its consequent damage to the
tea, and extra expense. All tea. I hold, ought to be
bulked at the factories, where alone the opera-
tions can be performed to perfection. For this
purpose each class, 011 being assorted as just
referred to, should be put away in a separate
“bin” daily, and retained there till thirty, forty,
sixty, or more chestfuls, according to the size of
the factory, accumulate. Those bins, of course, must
be in a dry situation, zinc lined, with closoiy -fitting
hatches above and doors below, and perfectly air-
tight all over. 'The bins should also bo all carefully
cleaned and dried for the reception of the tea to
be poured in through the hatches. It may be ac-
cepted as an axiom that well-cured tea, perfectly
stored, will improve by keeping, and the larger tiie
quantity the greater the improvement. Poured in
and kept as referred to, the tea will not only get
well mixed, but one day’s make will got blended
with the others, without which no bulking can be
complete. For factory bulking uuiformity of tares is
imperative. To secure this the chests must bo made
from evenly sawn, clean, and perfectly seasoned
boards ; and to more perfectly equalise the tares.

96

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896.

the chests should all bo carefully classified by
weight, those of (say) ‘2;-i lb. being laid aside
for the '* brokou jiekoo,” those of 22j lb. for
“orange pekoe,” those of 22 lb. for “ pe-
hoe,” 21.^ for “ pekoe souchong,” and so on.
Providing the sawing has been done with reason-
able uniformity, by this meatis and tlic interchange
of lids, the lares will be found practically even. Put,
at any rate, this difticulty can surely bo surmounted
by the use of machine made boxes, patent “ veneer ”
or metal chests, or some similar device. When
sufficient lea has been collected in the bins to com-
plete “breaks” of the desired size, it is drawn from
the lower doors, of which it may be found ad-
vantageous to have more than one or even tsvo to
a bin. This alone goes far to mix the whole. The
tea is then slowly dried at a comparatively low' tem-
perature to ward off the slightest trace of moisture,
thoroughly mixed in a large heap in a dry apart-
ment, on a canvas sheet on a clean and perfect
floor, to complete the bulking. It is then packed
hot in the lead-lined cases. The packing c.u
now be done by the •“ Davidsou-McGuire
patent packer,” which ingeniously imparts a
rapid, short vibratory motion to the chest being
filled, obviating trampling, unequal pressure, break-
age, and discoloration. This machine is coming into
use on the gardens, and the sooner it is also univer-
sally adopted in the London warehouses the better,
not only for the above reasons, but to compass the
only missing link in the entire circle of machine
manufacture. This machine claims to pack so as “ to
preserve the even grade of the perfectly bulked tea,”
through-out its passage to market, which would bean
immense boon to the industry. It may be an
aid, horvever ; when packing by machine — as it cer-
tainly was without — to place a thin scale inside the
box (better one at either end), graduated to, say, eight,
or some other convenient number of equal, parts of its
depth to be filled, so that exactly the proportion of
the weight to be packed shall occupy the corresponding
space, neither more nor less, and thus secure an uni-
form compression of the tea throughout. This will
prevent the tea having to bo crunched up or irrcs-
sed too much to get the required contents all into
the box at the finish, or, on the other hand, having
it too loose, in the case of too much pressure hav-
ing been applied and the tea caused 10 occupy too
little space at the early stage of filling. As soon
as the chest has received its exact quantity, the
top of the led lining in closely soldered down, here-
metically scaling the contents. Finally the chests are
marked with stencil plates, and secured by hooping
or otherwise for the perils of a trying journey by land,
w’hich, as regards strain upon the boxes, do not even
end at the port of export.

Darjeeling tea is all can led by the hardy hill-men
up the steep mountain roads to the nearest railway
station on the way toinarket. It is no lurusual day’s
work for a coolie to carry a lea chest weighing 110 to
l;i0 lb. a dislatrco of iivi' or s’x miles, making at
the same time an ascent of from 2,500 to ii,.500
feet, in sheet verti('al elevation. There can bo no
deception about a lasJc like that, and we cairnot hut
have an admiration for the powers of endurance of
those who perfonu such a feat. Of course, these
people are trained to load carrying and mountain
climbirg from their very infancy, and hence the
peculiar set of muscles required for it are fully deve-
loped, if not actually called into existence at the
cost of others, so much so, that walking on the level,
after a few miles, becomes )iositively painful to
them. In the proseculioa of their own ti'adc, or on
domestic affairs, they frequently undertake, loTig,
arduous journeys over ridges and along and across
hot valleys, varying many thousands of feet in eleva-
tion, occupying many days on end, carrying heavy
loads of from 1501b. to 200 lb., and over and in a ’di-
tion their own food and bedding, most cheer-
fully lighting a fiie, cooking and eating their
scanty meal, and going to sleep by the way-
side. There is a stoi'y still current of a
llhooteali in old times having carried a grand
piano up the hill to Darjeeling, a distance of
50 miles forward, and involving a rise of over 7,000
feet iu elevation by the old road. These hill tribes

are a hardy people capable of performing marvel-
lous journeys without partaking of food, or on the
most meagre fare. They have no surplus flesh about
them. In this they have at least the advantage of
the majority of Europeans.

Green tea has never been manufactured in Darjeel-
ing beyond an experiment. (The process is less va-
ried than that just described for black, but here I
cannot speak from experience, air. Fortune, who
travelled in Cliina from 1818 to 1851, was the first
to place beyond doubt that both kinds of tea are
made from the same shrub. The Indian planters
were not, I believe, successful in producing tea of so
deep or uniform a green as the Chinese, because
they did not resort to artificial colouring with Prus-
sian blue, gypsum, &c.

Brick tea claims to be mentioned. It is largely used
iu I’lbctaiidthnadjacentcountries, ou the direct route to
which Darjeeling is situated, but the trade has so far
been exclusively with China. The possibilities of trade
in this direction have never altogether been lost
sight of. A few bricks have occasionally been pre-
pared by way of experiment. At present all that can
possibly be done is to ascertain the requirements of
the market, as by our recent treaty with China
British grown tea cannot be imponed into Tibet
before 1st May, 1899, and then “ at a rate of duty
not exceeding that at which Chinese tea is imported
into England.”

Much might be said on the all important subject
of quality. In Darjeeling that depends mainly (1)
upon .soil, on (2) the vigour of the bushes, (3) variety
of plant, (4) elevation, and last though perhaps not
least (.5) the season (and mysteriously so often), the
weather. Apart fiom those natural advantages or
disadvantages as the case may be, much is due to
skill and uuremitted vigilance and care throughout all
the operations ; and an ample supply of machinery fac-
tory accomodalion and equipment, to enable any rush
of leaf to be coped with advantageously. As explained
cultivation mu.st tell in the long run, but for im-
mediate results hue plucking is the main point, to
secure which an am [he su]>ply of labour is indis-
pensable. Indeed, I have always believed that half
the battle is outside the factory entirely. It is
quite easy 1 admit to make bad tea out of good leaf,
but it is on the other band beyond the power of the
most skilled to obtain quality from coarse badly-
conditioned leaf. The spring teas arc now' inferior
to what they could be, because the plucking is then
for the beiicht of the bushes not for quality. Better
teas could very easily be made at the outset, as
had often been done, at the cost of the bushes, an8
tliough not of the quantity in the same year cer-
tainly at the expense of the quality of the after
hushes. Contrary to general belief, I am fully con-
vinced that the maximum crop the bushes can
safely yield, is quite compatible with the best
quality. 'This is merely a question of labour.

From the illu.stratious already shown, it must
be evident Unit one of the great advan-

tages of British grown tea is the cleanliness
of its pre])aration compared with the unsavoury
methods ot baud and feet manipulation still com-
mon in Chimi, a d not pleasant to think of con-
sidering the climate and the habits of Oriental la-
bourers. The contrasts, as described and illustrated
by Mr. Fortune, furnish matter for a separate paper.

The important subject of the chemistry of tea I
am not able to deal with, even though time permit-
ted. In spite of the able and valuable elTorts of Mr.
Kelway Bambcr and others, I fear practice has as
yet beuefitod little, and this remains practically an
unexplored held of investigation.

Some of the earliest Darjeeling gardens were planted
in part witli a good variety of hybrid, which still in-
fluences the quality of their produce. Afterwards,
for a time, there seemed a reaction in favour of
the China plant, but for tlio last 1.5 years exten-
sions generally have been with hybrid. It would
not be well to plant pure Assnni or a high
class liybrid solely, as that would fail to yield the
true Dai joeliiig flavour. The Assam indigenous lias
also a tendency to become deciduous 011 the hills,
if not upon the choicest sites. A blend from China
and hybrid plants is, I boliovo, best of all, and 1

Aug. I, 1896,]

THK TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

97

may say tliat all Darjoeliii^ gaialon.s, fiunous for
fiiiaiUy, have this. I have oxpcrimentcu with small
iiolda of Assam ami Muiiipuii mliffeiioii:;, ami have
always rovommoiulcd (.■xtensioiiswitli hyln-iO of variety
to suit the different elevations and ether conditions,
and would do so still, because in addition to other
advantages, leaf is gathered from such n:ore
economically. There aro, however, many slightly
different shades of variety of the China

plant. During the struggling days of tea,
iJO years ago, it used to strike mo that much alone
would have been gained by planting only a careful
selection of the best strains, capable of still further
iraprovainent by cultivation ; aii'.l I am fully con-
vinced that— especially on high elevations — the best
varieties of the now too-much-dospised China plant,
or a hybrid nearly allied to it, will yield tea of the
choicest quality. In Darjeeling plants grown from
high-cl.ass hybrid, or pure indigenous seed, ineourse
of years revert towar.is — or, more correctly, assi-
milate— the China typo ; and further plants which,
when young, appeared perfectly unifornr in variety,
size, and shade of loaf, as they get older hecomo
miwd and unequal in those rcs[iccts. This, as well
as the f let tb.at to.a has never boon found iudi-
genons anywhere in China, would go to slio-v that
India i.s the original home of the tea plant ; that
there is b it one variety, the Indian ; and that the
compar.itivoly tlw.irfed growth and diminished loaves
of the China variety are due to the unfavourable
conditions of soil, climate, and treatment for
centuries.

It is unnecessary to state that a tea gardeir is not
repeated and re-planted.annually ; on the contrary, a
tea estate is an investment from which a proprietor,
after the expenditnro of much ca^iital, has to wait
long and patiently for any reiuie. from its working.
Even under a combination of favourable conditions
one would be sanguine to expect tea to be self-sup-
porting within six years on the hills, or from four on
the Terai. But there are many contingencies, such
as scarcity of laboui', sick ness, unfavourable weather,
pests, and last, though not east, depressed markets,
to upset what would seem the most moderate and
reasonable expectations. Any one opening out a new
garden gradually— which, in most circuinstances, is
the only way to do so ofiicioiitly — might certainly bo
considered over .sanguine if ho calculated upon a clear
profit on its working within seven years on the hills
or five in the plains there is, however, his set-off
that with judicious and skilful treatment, the

same bushes, with parti.il renewals, where
vacancies arLse, should go on yielding full

crops for a period to whicli it would be difiioult
to assigm any limit — pos.sibly not less than 100
years on good soil on the higher elevations on the
Darjeeling hills. With injudicious cultiv.ition and
treatment, and upon poor, dry soil, it is, of course,
different. It is, therefore, difficult iiilci'd for pro-
])rietor.s and auditors to determine what to write off
ammally for the agoing and depreciation of the
hushes. But investors in well-equipped concerns iiave,
in these day.s of general agricultiual d,;pression,

1 inde.'l sscuriiy of really the very safest class, from
the' fact of the tea harvest being sproid over eight
months annually. This secures the crop against the
vicissitudes of seasons, n tiio form of a moutli or
even two of adverse weather at any stage, which is
certainly not the case in this country where the
whole crop comes to maturity or ripens in a few
day.s or even weeks.

On the hills labour may bo said to bo solely Nepa-
lese, and in the Terai, Nepilcso and Nagpiuds.

It is “free,” that it is, n jt subject to ihe regulation

of any special legislative cnactm.mt. Tlio Nepalis
immigrate freely, and very minyare bom ami bred
on the tea gardens. They belong to the s.imo race
as the (jroorkba solciisr, the llowor of our .iinvo
Indian army, are a cap.iblo, ch )ci ful people,

of svhom much can bo made. Thoio bred cm
high elevations are stronger an i more cap.ib.e
than those re.ired at low, hot elevations, but

tho former generally prefer 10 r"ii du u . >n similar
zones to ihoso they li ive bom i - nm . I to. No
class can pendorm so much werk ai low as at high

13

elevatioms. The rates of wages in Darjeeling, as in
all the large tea disiricts, is high compared with that
elsewhere in India, except in connection with Euro-
pean enterprises. But in addition to money wages,
liouses, fuel, water, medical attendance and medicine,
and a covering for protection from the rain when
at work or 011 a journey are provideci at the ex-
pense of the garden, and most of the coolies keep
goats, fowls, pigs, and the head men even have one
or mure cows, and occasionally a pony. In some
instances land is also allowed for cultivation, which
has alway.s attractions, but this, as a rule, benefits
but little the labourer for whom it is intended, and is
carried out at a cost to the concern in land oc-
cupied and impoverished, and destruction of for-
est that would seem rarely realised or even
thought of. Though the wages may not seem high,
generally 5 rupees 8 annas to fi rupees 8 annas a
month for men, 4 rupees 8 annas to 5 rupees for
women and strong boys, and 3 rupees for children,
for the reasons just mentioned — necessaries bein?
cheap, and several members of the same household

woriving; those coolie.s who work full time or nearlv

which very m.iny will not do — contrive to save a
con.sidorablc proportion of tlieir earnings. At inarkot
and on liolidays the garden labourors dross bri<Thtlv.
and their saving.s are con.spicuous in the form of
Strings of rnpeo.s or otlu-r coins .around their necks
and the costly gold and silver ornaments worn!
Native assistants, contractors, overseers, artisans
engine-drivers, machine attendants, teamen, and petty
gaugers earn very high wages for the East, and the
coolie class have often the opportunity of adding to
their monthly \vage.s by extra tasks performed— con-
tracts, works undertaken, and the like. Within the
last 25 years much has been done for the coolies’
comfort and welfare, and as their tastes expand
iiioie will 1)!' done. I'Vom a somewhat intimate
knowledge of both classo.s I, without hesita-
tion, assert tiiat, considering the nature of the work
and ciimate, those coolies in their own sphere are
at ieast as comfortable as the agricultural labourer
at home was thirty years ago, and certainly more
contented than he is now. The natives have many
c.xcellent opportunities of improving their position
on tea gardens they otherwise could not possibly
have had. As an instance, one Nepali from infancy
known to me, whose father was a garden coolie on
the ordinary pay, and who himself worked as a boy
at 3 rupees for a time, and i.s self-cducatcd in Eng-
lish, was gradually, but most deservedly, promoted,
till fur years lie iia.s been in receipt of 110 rupees
a month, and in addition bonuses on the profits as
a reward for valuable services rendered, amounting
to from one-third to tluoe-fifth.s of hi.s salary annu-
ally. Numberless other instauce.s could be given of
the betterment of natives on tea gardems, to which
there is no parallel in native farming or other p'lr-
sui'.s. No one could be .30 years in Darjeeling without
becoming strongly -attached to the place, but I also par-
ted from the natives with no little regret. And this
much I feel in justice bound to say, that whatever
little I may have been enabled to achieve in the way
of mocleru tea c.xteiisions, under some considerable
natural di.sadvantages, was in no small measure due
to the isyal aid I have bad from natives, and that
among the more iuteiligent of those who worked
with me for long periods of years I have found some
absolutely truthful and honest, and not only compe-
tent but as conscientious and diligent workers
as could bo wished.

In regard to tea nothing is of greater importance
than labour In this respect Darjeeling is compara-
tively fortunately, though many g.irdeus — especially
those :‘t low elevati.ms or without special attractions
to offer — arc as a rule short of I'equirements not
only for liigh but fair cultivation daring the
jnamifacturing season. One serious drawback,
however, is the small and steadily diminishing
proportion of men coolies upon the gardens.
In the c.ase of o ic concern employing not less
thin J,HD coolies daily the proportion of men has
f.i Ion '.vithm th.j la;t twenty year.s ^iiot to go further
back) frjin Iff’il per cent, to I7'."> per cent last
year. T h i .o ,s. • •ert-vin -d from the records,

98

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896,

bnt before leaving Darjeeling, in 1893, I was
assured by several managers, on whose authority
I could fully rely, that the men upon their
gardens did not average more than 5 to 10 per
cent of the labour force, This may be duo iu some
slight measure — but only to an inappreciable extent
— to the growing wants of the station and the spread
of education. The evil, now most serious, may be to
put down as entirely chargeable to the Government
recruiting at Darjeeling for military police, and in
the past for various- military expeditious, pub-
lic works, and other departments, and for the native
army. I do not charge the Government officials with
willingly doing this great injustice, because on the
contrary, I feel perfectly assured they would be de-
lighted to benefit the industry and district, as, I am
glad to acknowledge, we have often had proof. But
yet the recruiting is not put an end to, notwith-
standing the repeated appeals of local representatives
of the industry. This is doubtless due to the change
of governors, and the administrative head of the dis-
trict only holding his appointment for two years. It
simply arises in this way — the men are wanted at
short notice and must be got, but all the same the in-
jusiice is very great. The gardens have collected
their coolies at considerable outlay, and are relying
upon them for efficient working. Of those who leave
on military service, many never return, and most who
do are broken in health, so the injury inflicted is per-
manent, as statistics prove. The system is most
unjust : it inflicts heavy loss on proprietors, and
untold annoyance to managers, and has the
worst possible effect on the coolie morally. The
remedy is very simple. Let Government lay
its plans sufficiently ahead ; decline to enter,
tain garden labour under any pretence ; make advances
and recruit from Nepal, as the planters do, or from the
plains of India or their own native colonies at Kalim-
pong and elsewhere in the district, which, as stated, is
much more than twice the area of the tea grants, and
which must be pronounced a great failure in every way
if unable to meet such a demand. I hear that Govern-
ment have recently proposed to restrict recruiting in
the Darjeeling district. But this is not sufficient now
that the evil has become so acute, the gardens having
been so depleted of men. The recruiting at markets
or other centres frequented by, and the entertaining of
garden coolies obtained directly or indirectly should I
submit, be entirely discountenanced and put an end to
by Government. I moat respectfully but earnestly
appeal to the executive of the Society of Arts to use
their influence with those in power to aid the
Darjeeling tea industry in this matter.

Another important subject, that can only be briefly
mentioned, is forests. Their conscrvauce, in the
majority of cases, has been too little attended to,
and proprietors must soon discover, if they have
not already done so, that they have, to their own
irreparable disadvantage, been playing into the hands
of the Government Forest Department, the fuel-
economising boiler inventor, and the electric engineer.

Neither can blights be dealt with. These are sure
in time to follow large tracts of cultivation of what-
ever kind, and those concerned must make the best
of the situation. “Red spider’’ commenced its
ravages in the district in 1876. It was first most
severe in what seemed a special zone of its own —
the dry, hot valley of the little Eungheet river;
now it is prettv general in the Terai and all over
the hills. Nowhere has the pest been entirely era-
dicated, but a very effectual remedy is sulphur, which
on many soils act as a manure. The “mosquito
blight ’’ though noticeable 2,5 years ago, was nowhere
severe till about eleven years ago. It has long done
serious damage in the Terai and Mahanuddy Valley,
and seems to have increased in severity in other
parts of the hills during the last few years. Owino-
to this pest being winged and migratory, and its at^
tacks worst when quality should be at its best, it is
less amenable to any application than red spider;
but so far as my experience goes, injures the health
of the bush less. Numerous other pests are known,
but none of them are, as a rule, really very hurtful,
“Greenfly” does not injure the constitution of the
plants, improves qiialitj', and plant.s, improves quality.

and proves helpful rather than otherwise. And there
is this consolation, that pests on the whole, if they
do not become more serious than they have yet been,
may not be looked upon as altogether an unmitigated
evil iu these days of threatened over-production, from
extensions recently and now being made, as well as
in view of the cropping potentialities of the present
bearing areas.

The Terai was opened out w'ith inordinately san-
guine expectations of proving much more remunera-
tive than the hills ; and at present I cannot but
believe it has become unduly depreciated in public
estimation. This is the rule with tea. The greatest
drawback is undoubtedly its unhealthiness. In this
respect there has been less improvement than might
have been expected from the clearances. As has
been remarked, it has also suffered severely from
blights. The soil is generally good, though not equal
to the best of the Dooars, with which, however ,
it compares much less favourably in regard to spring
rainfall. The Terai has suffered from its labour
having been attracted to the Dooars, and when at-
tacked by blights, and requiring all the more lib-
eral cultivation, I cannot but think that for some
years before 1893 (when I last visited it) the short-
sighted policy has been but too often that of restric-
tion and starvation. If this continues, the gardens
cannot fail to fall more and more into the hands of
native managers and owners. Under an improved
water supply and sanitation this district should be-
come more salubrious, and, with liberal and suitable
cultivation, and efficient, but economical manage-
ment, the Terai should yet compete, not unsuccess-
fully, with most other districts.

Interesting though it be, the subject of a tea plan-
ter’s life, duties, qualifications — which are multifari-
ous— and prospects cannot be entered upon here.
One observation I may be permitted to make. On
tea gardens all Europeans, in relation to age and
social standing, have the welfare, happiness, and
comfort of numerous fellow-creatures in their hands,
to an extent unparalled in this country. Hence their
responsibility and influence are proportionately great.
Those, therefore, who are unswervingly just in their
dealings with, and have a kindly fellow-feeling for,
the natives — a knowledge, not only of their language,
but of the little idiocyncracies of mind and thought,
and are most considerate in regard to their customs
and habits— will best discharge their duty to a sub-
ject-race, and cannot fail to prove most successful
planters. Very much depends, of course, upon the
European staff. Their lives, as a rule, are re-
tired and solitary, often wanting in plain com-
forts. Their duties are exhaustive, and fre-
quently depressing, and, when faithfully discharged,
they should meet with the support, encouragement
and sympathy of the proprietors and directors.

What has, more chan anything, enabled the indus-
try to cope with the greatly diminished sterling price
of tea during the last twenty years has been the
introduction of labour-saving machinery and the fall
in exchange.

The most encouraging out-look for the future of
the British-grown tea industry is that 38,428,157 lb.
were taken by markets outside the United Kingdom
during 1895, being an increase of 9,000,000 over 1891,
as against 19,300,000 in 1893, and nearly three times
as much as that of 1890, which was 13,100,000 lb.
There is, therefore, every reason to hope that un-
der energetic and well-directed efforts to develop
them the foreign markets will absorb — or go very
far to absorb — the greatly increased crops to be ex-
pected from the large extensions I’ecently made, and
still being made. The expected shortfall of imports
from China for 1896 is also encouraging.

But the fact must not be overlooked, that not for
nearly twenty years have we found the consumption
of Chinese tea increase and that of Indian fall off
in the same year, as has been the case during 1895.
Though there are some, directly in touch with tho
consumer, who assert that there is a reaction setting
in favour of Chinese tea, I believe the slight relapse
is quite satisfactorily explained otherwise, and may
be ascribed to medium Indian teas having been
comparatively dear for a fesv months early in the

Aug. I, 1896.] THE TROPICAL AGRiCULTURIbT.

99

year. Still the public taeto in tea cannot, more than
in anything else, be entirely exempt from the law
of the pendulum. We are apt enough to console
ourselves that the home market has been won. Be
it so, we have got to hold it. It therefore behoves
all concerned to see well to the weak points in our
methods, aud leave nothing undue that is needful
to insure the supremacy of British grown in the
public estimation at home and abroad.

One matter I feel in duty called upon to allude
to in this connection. I refer to the handling of
our tea in the London warehouses. This is perhaps
not the place for free criticism or full discussion. 1
shall not, therefore, enlarge upon the cruel manner
in which the lids of the chests are removed, and
the lead linings opened ; or the exposure of the tea
for a greater time then it ought to be in bulking ;
the condition in which the linings are replaced,
especially those which have accidently been in contact
with a nail ; the refilling under the heel of the dock
labourer ; aud, worst of all, the boxes being left un-
soldered till they reach the consumer in the country,
or it may be America. I have every sympathy with
the warehouses in regard to the pressure upon them
through the work being crowded into so short a time.
But no one can say the teas are treated as they
ought to be. No natural atmosphere is absolutely dry,
and that of London is often very damp, and tea is
extremely absorbent of moisture of any taint in
the air. The papers carefully placed under the
diminished and tattered lead linings are necessary
to prevent the contents from pouring out in transit,
but is altogether inadequate for the exclusion of
moisture from a substance so attractive of moisture
aud so volatile of its aroma as tea. The tea cannot
fail greatly to deteriorate under the treatment the
Indian produce generally undergoes. The system
also of dealing with the fractions of pounds in
weighing the gross and tares, telling in both direc-
tions against the producer, is manifestly unfair.
The difficulty of interfering with long-established
trade customs must be admitted, and I am saying
nothing here against the 1 lb. draft, which is a
known quantity, and surely ought alone to be a liberal
trade allowance. Though the loss in taring may be
averaged and allowed for over large operations
by the buyer, it must partake of the nature of
a lottery, and is most unsatisfactory and objectionable
to the producer, especially the smaller of them, «.ho
feel it keenly to be an injustice. Though the Cus-
toms by general order provide for tea being weighed
net, which would mitigate the hardship, and as far
as I can sea, also overcome the difficulty of uneven
tares, strange to say the concessions remains a dead
letter. The remedy for the evils complained of seem
simple : — (1) Bulk at the factories, with tares equal-
ised for each break ; (2) repack dry at once, with
the packing machine, the small proportion of chests
it would then be compulsory to open on this side,
repairing the linings with lead, resoldering or other-
wise hermetically sealing the contents as may obviate
the use of fires it need be ; aud (M) weighg ross and net
(not the tares) under the general order referred to, am-
ended if necessary to meet all reasonable requirements.
It is satisfactory that at least one warehouse (St. Olave’s)
have fitted up packing machines to supersede the
trampling process, aud this laudable arrangement
merits recognition aud encouragement by importers.

In this great metropolis it might be expected that
the methods of dealing with such an important article
of food would be intelligent, cleanly, and even
scientific. The prevailing practice is but too nnich
the reverse of all this. The usages, to put it mildly,
are antiquated and unworthy of a great industry. It
is indeed amazing that they been tolerated so long.
They are productive of most serious loss to the
producer and consumer as well as to the national
exchequer ; must be an annoyance to the brokers and
dealers, and disadvantageous to even the warehouses
in the long run. More than this, they are grievously
fettering and handicapping the British tea industry.
The time is certainly ripe for combined action to
secure tlie urgently needed reforms, which if delayed
cannot fail, sooner or latter, to injure this great
distributing tea centre.

APPENDIX I.

AREA OF BRITISH-GROWN TEA, ACCORDING TO

GOVERN-

MENT RETURNS FOR

1894.

India —

Acres.

Assam

.. 154,281

Cachar

. . 59,588

Sylhet . . ...

. . 54,928

Darjeeling..

. . *70,038

Julpaiguri (Dooars) ..

.. *43,133

Chittagong

4,501

Hazaribagh and Lohardaga..

3,394

Kumaon

. . 3,140

Dehra Dun

4,512

Kangra Valley

8,828

Madras (Neilgherries, &c.)

6,102

Travancore and Cochin

9,070

Burma

.. 880

Andaman Islands

. . 650

423,008

Ceylon (for 1895)

• •

304,843

Natal..

, •

2,297

Fiji ..

. .

410

Straits Settlements (area not known at Co-

louial-officc “ believed to be

incousider-

able”) retained under cultivation, say. .

200

Total . .

730,756

. APPENDIX II.

Table Compiled by Mr. A. G. Stanton, Showing
Gradual Displacement of China Tea since 1866.

WITH PER-CENTAGE OF EACH KIND USED, AND

Quality of all Tea per Head of Population.

’60

’67

’63

’69

’70

’71

’72

’79

’71

’7o

’76

’77

’73

'79

’30

’81

’82

’82

’84

85

’86

’S7

’88

’89

’90

’91

’92

’92

’91

’9.5

m, 081,000 00

101.682.000 94

99.339.000 93

101.080.000 90

104.051.000 89

109.415.0 0 89

111.001.000 87

111.665.000 8.5

118.751.000 87

122.107.000 81

123.364.000 S3
123,300,tXR) 82

120.632.000 77
1 26,340, OW 78

114.180.000 72

111.715.000 70

114.462.000 69

111.780.000 06
ll0,843,a'0 63

113.514.000 62

104.226.000 59

90.508.000 49

80.653.000 43

61.100.000 33
57,530,337 30
52,287,304 26
34,483,408 17
35,735.722 17
25,805,313 12
31,433,014 14

6.360.000

7.746.000

10.716.000

13.500.000

13.956.000

16.656.000
2 >,216,009

18.523.000

23.220.000

25.740.1 I'm

27.814.0 I)

36.714.000

34.092.000

43.830.000

48.836.000

60.496.000

58.000. 000
(2,217,000

65.678.000

68.420.000

83.112.000

86.210.000

96.000. 000
101,961,686

93,491,931

109,528,169

108,143,602

116,965,653

116,343,316

4 —

6 -

10 — Z

11 — _

11 —

13 — —

15 — _

13 — _

16 — —

17 — _

18 —

23 — -

•22

28 — _

30 — _

31 — _

33

1,000,000

36 2,000.000

37 3,217,000

38 6,245,000
45 9,941,000
47 18,553,000
52 28,500,000

52 34,510,469
49 51.227,602

53 63,102,127

52 64,218,061
55 71,570,078

53 7 ',023,810

— IUZ,!J6o,0

— 110,988,001

— 106,815,001

— 111,796,001

— 117,551,001
-- 123,401,00:

— 127,661,001

— 1-31,881,00(

— 137,279,00(

— 115,327,00<

— 149,101.001
-- 151,114,00

— 157,396,00'
16(»,432,00(
158.321,00(
160,051, 00(
16i,958,00(
170,780,00t

175.060.001
182,409, 00(

178.891.001
183,,561,00r
185,416,0' IC
185,6d0,00fl
194,008,492
202,4.56,837
207,113,704
208,097,385
214,341,041
221,800,1)0

3- 42
3‘68
3*52
3*6 1
3*81
3*92
4*01
4*11

4 - 22
4 -1 3
1*19
1-.50
4-64
4-68
4*57
4-58
4*69
4-82
4*90
5 '00
4*92
5*02
5*03
4*99
5*17
5 *39
5*43
5*41
5 *.53
5*57

» These figures show increases from 180.3 and pre-
vious years that seem much too great for Darjeeling
and too little for Julpaigui*i.

I 00

TVUL TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896.

APPENDIX III.

rainfall on the lebong tea company’s estates,
DARJEELING, FOR 21 YEARS, (1872 TO 1892.)

2 Badaintain llarneslu-g Maiufick, Vali,

Factory. Factory. 1'ukvar. I’ukvav.

Elevation, Elevation, Elevation, E'evation,

0,830 feet. 3,2001'ect. 5,200 feet. :!,700foet.

03 (£

03

03 cd

03

00 d

J-i

03 d

£0

d

QJ

d

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d

aj

d

Q;S

IT*

o

a;S

a

•“I

Tj

a

a

a

•f"

5

’£

hH

H- 1

1872

129

85-46

159

90-62

125

91-81

1873

121

56-53

125

76-16

126

71-20

1874

139

86-62

* •

1(57

122-2(5

160

97-05

1875

117

66-02

119

96-02

141

70-05

1876

129

63-37

159

90-38

140

75-24

1877

151

59-00

174

91-92

146

76-27

1878

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67-56

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101-20

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79-75

1879

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92-44

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101-51

1880

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81-10

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128-68

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1881

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75-21

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1882

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83-84

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87-98

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117-35

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101-60

1883

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78-89

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106-22

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99-31

1881

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57-33

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84-75

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151

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55-.31

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156

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147

84-64

138

91-18

158

110-91

151

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139

111-91

144

109-9-2

156

138-29

151

124-67

1891

123

53-06

133

61-96

144

85-22

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83-83

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FRENCH ( OLUNTES.

TiIK SUliAK Industkiics.

A circular letter on the xiosition of the Freii -h
Colonies has lately been atldressecl to the French
Govermnent and the members of both Chamber.s, and
is drawn uxi and si<rned by Mons, E. 8ouques, Presi-
dent of the Syndicaio of bu:;ar iMaimfacturers, and
delegate of Guadalouiie ; Mons. F. Hougonot, aJanded
Xiroprielor and manufacturer of liJartiniquo ; and
Mons. Micard, President of the Administrative Coun-
cil of the Pointc-Simon tjugar Association of Mar-
tiuiqe. The letter lias aj)peaied in full in the ,/our-
nut des /•'(ibriaml^ dc Sucre, and, although interesting
and well reasoned out, is too long for reinodiictiou.
The following table sums up the results of working
in Gnadalouiie, during five years, and is given by
the vvriters in jnstilication of the statement that
the position of tlie industry has been decling during
fhe last two yeaits. With some notably excexitions,
such, for instance, as Qaeenslaud, Java, Louisiana,
the Hawaiian Ishind.s, and natal, the same might
be said more or less of nearly every cane-sugar
producing cotintry, and the reasons are too well
known to need especial mention, and it is to be fe.ared
that even fhe elebrate arpoae now before us will
not soften the hearts of the French Legislaluie to
the extent of inducing them to grant the relief asked
for viz., the detaxe de diatuuce referred to in our
issue for October, 1895, page 500.

llesumd of the Average lForA:t)jy of the 17 Largest J'’ac-
tories in Guadaloupe, 1S89 to 1893.

Average of cauo supplied : — Tons.

By the estates belonging to the factories 288,987

By planters interested in factories . . 7.'5,()5i>

By independent xilanters . . . . 31,347

By small cultivators . . . . 11,788

Average total production of cane
Average cost price of cane per fr.

ton . . . . . . 20'79

-\verago cost of mai;ufacture
Xjer ton . . . . . . 11-30

435,778

fr.

Deduct for the spirit (tafia)
Cost per toil of cauo

Cost per lOO kilos of sugar,
yield 9’()9 per cent..

Export duty

Sundry expenses, freight,
loading, Ac.

Cost Dor 100 kilos., delivered
in I 'ranee..

Deduct the avei-age detaxe for
the last 5 years

3509

2-00

34-15

1-50

7-42

13-07

()-78

33-09

Average cost iier 100 kilos . . 3(5-29

Interest and sinking fund on borrowed
cax>ital are not reckoned in the above,
but may be taken as about 3 fr. per
100 kilos produced . . . . 3-00

o

H

Results of 1893, 1891, .yno 1895.

1893. 1N91. 1895.

Tons. Tons. Tons

Production .. 11,158 .. 13,732 .. 3(J,0UU

In 1891, in conse(juence of the low juices, the crop
fetched 1 l,0i)9,778fr., against I9,9',i3,('.2(ifr. in 18'I3, be-
ing a reduction of 27 percent. In 1895, the amount
was 7,500,000fr., a reduction of 02 jier cent on 1893.

Some iiaragrapbe, however, headed “ Impossibilitd
d’uuo substitution de cul'.ures,” will have special in-
terest for our Wcoi Indian friends, and we, there-
fore, supply a translaticn of tlicm, remarking that
the picture is ])aintcd in the darkest colours, this
being of course llio cno of the writers. Perhaps a
little less of calling c-iu Hercules, and a little more
of putting tho slioiildor to the wheel, as is being
done ill our own similarly sitnalod colonies, would
commend itself more to the British mind.

%

Aug. I, 1896.]

THfi TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

101

“Impossibility of IIeplacing Suoar by other Pro-
ducts.— Now, what do they say to these luifortunate
plauters? Chango your proiuots; grow coffee, cacao,
vanilla. Abandon 120,000,000 francs \vorth of indus-
trial plant and ineterial. Koot up your canes.

They forget that it is not in the height of a crisis
that such advice can be given to a country crushed
under the effects of a series of bad years, and the
high interest charged 0:1 the capital borrowed tor
their industrial plant and machinery. T’hey forget
that the only establishment which m ikes advance.!
on mortgage charges 10 per cent interest, and that
at the present moment it is of no use dreaming of
linding cheaper money for the colonio-s, while the
taxation of the planters is excessive in proportion
to their production.

They forget that in the case of coffee live years,
and in that of cacao eight years, must elapse before
they begin to give a return, and that from 5 to
7,000 francs per hectare (£80 to £112 par acre), in-
clusive of the interest on the capital during the
respective periods, must be expended on either oJ
them.

And they overlook the fact that in the colonies
the soil is not everywhere adapted for the cultiva-
tion of these products. Numerous experiments have
been m ide, even at a height of 2-50 metres, which
have demonstrated the impossibility of success in
many of the districts in wnich it was thought that
tlioy might have been cultivated, not to speak of
the diseases which destroyed the greater part of
the former coffee and cacao estates, and the cyclones
which periodically ravage these countries.

The substitution of coffee or cacao for cane cannot
be effected except in those parts of the island bor-
dering on the mountains.

It will be seen, then, that in the case of by far
the larger proportion of the land it is almost a
material and financial impossibility to effect the
transformation in cultivation which is recommended
to the planters, but it should be added tUat if the
colonies were in a position to grow coffee and cacao
instead of sugar, the home budget would have to
sacrifice a larger ' amount than that now demanded
from it for sugar, and there would be no possibility
of employing all the hands now occupied in culti-
vation and manufacture, not to mention the decrease
in the tonnage employed in the trade with the
mother country.” — Sugar Cane.

UUG8 AND THEIR EOUNOMIC DES-
TRUCTION.

Singular as it may seem in face of the fact that
the fumigation of fruit trees with hydrocyanic acid
gas has been long and successfully Ijcfore the fruit
growing public, tliere are, however, a number of
lirms now in the field recommending other devices
and materials for overcoming scale insects on fruit
and tree. The arguments advanced by these travel-
ing dispensaries of “ cure all ” remedies are at times
suggestive of humor, wore it not lor the fact that
they do succeed in palming off their goods to inno-
cent purchasers. Again, it has come to us that a
cheap cyanide of potassium has been offered with the
assurance that it “ is just as good as the 98 or 99
per cent pure.” Like the effects in using inferior
Laris green for spraying appile and pear trees for
codlin moth, growers of citrus fruits using this
cheap grade of cyanide will e.xporience similar un-
satislactory results. You cannot wear a number
Seven shoe on a number nine foot ; neither can you
expect maximum results in any endeavor when using
inferior materials. Verily, the best is always the
cheapest. ,

The importance of using the gas remedy or fumi-
gating for scale insects is forcibly brought to mind
ill the failure to introduce effective parasitical in-
sects to feed on the red and black scale affecting
citrus trees. After four years trial the ladybug busi-
ness has proved abortive, unsatisfactory and detri-
mental to the fruit business in so far as it applies
to these two scales. Fumigation is now the recognized
remedy for these pests of the orange and lemon and

is preferred to all other methods — indeed, it is no
exaggeration to say that it is the only means afford-
ing absolute relief. But its uses are in some res-
pects more important in the eradication of these in-
sects on young nursery trees. When fumig.ated under
the direction of experts, trees so treated are jiracd-
cally free from pests, and hence the planters can feel
reasonably certain of clean orchards in after years.
Viewed purely from a commercial point of view the
use of hydrocyanic acid gas on citrus fruit trees sub-
ject to injurious insects is a money making proposi-
tion. Scaly fruit is at best a drug on the market
and always brings a low price. Washing is often
practiced to render such fruit marketable. In cases
where it is resorted to the fruit is thereby more or
less injured ; besides, it costs more to clean it than
it would to have fumigated the trees and thereby
freed them and the fruit from scale insects.

During the period following its successful intro-
duction some difficulty was experienced in securing
cyanide of uniform strength and plirity to generate
a reliable gas. This invariably resulted in either
damaging the fruit and tree by either too strong an
application, or it was of iusutticiont strength to kill
the insects. In either case the fruit growers sus-
tained .a loss. This difficulty, however, is removed
by the introduction into this market of the celebrated
and reliable cyanide manufactured by the Roessler &
Hasslacher Chemical Company of New York City.
This is guaranteed to be 98 to 99 per cent and is sold
at a lower rate than any other make of the same
quality. In view of these facts the fruit growers
should avoid the cheaper grades at any price. The
matter or reliability is not alone in that the per-
centages of the lower grades contain foreign sub-
stances that absolutely interfere with the cyanide of
potassium they really do contain (no matter for what
purpose used) in developing hydrocyanic acid gas.
The question of price will at once be obvious by
dividing the price of the lower grade by its sup-
posed percentage and multiply the result by 98
(the percentage of the chemically pure) the price
equivalent in chemically pure for the lower grade
is found.

The history of insect life is too minute to be en-
tertained in a short skit dealing principally with its
destruction. There are a few salient points, however
that should be considered as having a direct bearing
upon the destruction of scale insects. Nearly all, or
at least the great majority of insects, are hatched
from eggs in the form maggots, caterpillars or grubs
usually designated as larva. To fight injurious in-
sects, successfully the best results are to be gained
by destroying them in the first stages of their ex-
istence. Especially is this true of all scale insects
as before they become “ settled” on limb and fruit
and commence their “ sucking” career and become
encrusted with an impenetrable shell they .are ea.sily
killed. It is right here where hydrocyanic acid gas
fumigation by means of tents covering the trees
proves its great efficiency. Its poisonous and des-
tructive properties when discharged envelope the irhole
tree. Each and every part, the upper and underside
of the foliage, every twig, limb and each individual
fruit is enveloped in its deadly fumes and every
bit of insect life is killed. Nothing could be more
thoroughly, more destructive and farther reaching
in its effects. Eumigatiou should therefore be prac-
ticed in every orchard in which there isJ any trace
of infection, to the end that that the coming' season
may witness a groat reduction in the enemies of our
fruit trees. Tho proverb says that “ cleanliness is
next to godliness,” and as applied to trees and plants
it can be said that “ cleanliness is the price of suc-
cess ” in fruit culture. Avoid a scale infected or
diseased tree or plant as you would a pestilence
and profitable production of fruit, and vigorous growth
of plant or tree will bo your reward.

Too little attention has been given to the eradica-
tion and suppression of injurious insects by orchar-
dists in the past. The result has been that the war-
fare against them has become as essential a feature
of successful fruit culture as cultivation fertilizing
and pruning. The man who neglects it invaribly has
an inferior crop of inferior fruit, anJ as a con-
sequence finds that “ fruit farming does not pay.”

102

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Aug. I, 1896.

W ith the adveut of keener competition and larger
yields, the time is close at hand when only ailtodge
fruit will sell at all — and this cannot be produced
in scale infected orchards. — ‘liural Calitoi'niau.

THE CITRONELLA UIL .SPEGUJ.ATION.

It seldom happeus that an entire trade is deceived
on the position of an article. As a rule, a speculation
cannot be under way very long before some one in the
trade discovers the nature of the movement, and is
guided accordingly in making his purchases. In the
case of citronella oil, however, one of the cleverest
manipulations recorded in any article in recent years
was started a little over a year ago and carried to
a successful conclusion, without the character of the
movement having been discovered until manipulators
had accomplished their purpose if the realcharacter of
the moment is now understood, the entii’e trade was
deceived as to the real position of the article. The
decline in price which commenced a few weeks ago not
only excited comment, but on investigation brought to
light a story which will be read with interest at this par-
ticular time. For several years previous to the Spring of
1895 citronella oil had ruled at a trifle over twenty
cents per pound in large lots, and the consumption
in tnis country had more than doubled from 1893
to 1895. The latter part of April, last year, the
market commenced to advance, the price at that time
being twenty-two and one-half cents per pound in
large lots, ft moved gradually upward until some
dealers have paid as high as fifty cents per pound in
-January of this year for January-March or January-
July shipment from Ceylon, sellers' option. At first
excessive rains and later drought were given as
reasons for the short crop which was reported, and
light stocks were said to exist in Ceylon, London,
New York aird in other important markets. Un-
doubtedly the stock here was light, unusually large
imports liaving gone into consumption. Hut it now ap-
pears that theadvance was really “worked ” by a London
house with a Ceylon connection. This concern began
buying oil at twenty -two and one-half cents
per pound, and continued buying as the price
advanced, reports being circulated at the pro-
per time to account tor the sudden change in
the situation. They purchased the entire Ceylon
stock, and so manipulated the market that the
impression speedily gained currency that there had
been a short crop, hence that there was a scarcity
in the primary market. To keep up the delusion
bids were made here by the above mentioned con-
cern at intervals for lots to be exported to London,
where the supply was said to be insufficient for the
demand. When the price had been advanced to
thirty-two cents the speculators quietly sold the
large consumers in this country and presumably
in England, without the knowledge of the dealers,
some of whom, as already stated, continued to buy
oil until it x-eached fifty cents. In their eagerness
to obtain a quantity sufficient for what they con-
eidered their requirements, some even bought back con-
tracts at twenty-nine cents, paying for them more than
forty cents. In course of time, when consumers failed
to make their usual purchases, it began to dawn
on the mind of the trade that something more than
the business depression was responsible for the stag-
nation which had prevailed for so long a time. The
discovery was made by the dealers that they had
been cleverly hoodwinked, but it was too late to
enable them to recoup themselves. The market had
already commenced to decline, owing to few offers
from (Jeylon of unlimited quantities and at low prices.
Within two weeks prime oil, standing a well-known
test has been sold in London for steamer shipment
from Ceylon, early delivery, at twenty-seven cents,
cost, insurance and freight. Other sales are reported
in the Loudon market at thirty cents, steamer ship-
ment until the end of June, and at twenty-nine
cents steamer shipment until the end of Aug-
ust Since these sales were made the market
has stiffened considerably, the latest sales reported
bv cable Friday having been at thirty-three cents,
cost iusurauce and freight, for shipment from Ceylon.

Opinions differ as to the situation today. By
some dealers it is thought the position of oil
warranted an upward movement, although perhaps
not to the full extent which the manipulators forced,
while still others are of the opinion that an at-
tempt is being made to again work the market. If
the latter conclusion be the correct one, it is hardly
probable that the dealers will be readily included in
a second scheme of this character. — Oil, 1‘aiut and Drwj
Iteporter, May 18.

THE BOOM IN RUBBER.

The boom in rubber goe.s on merrily. The
price of best Para has gone up within tlie past
few weeks from about 2s 9d to 3s 9d per lb.,
and it is tliou^ht by the trade tliat 4s or so may
be reached. Owing to the limited sources of
supply, the article, of course, easily lends itself
to the manipulation of speculators and cornerers.
But neither speculation nor demand for tyres is
altogether answerable for the pre.sent hign quota-
tion. It seems that, owing to the recent dry
season in the Brazils, traders have not been able
to get their rubber down from the upper reaches
of the Amazon, though this st.ate of affairs may
be remedied any day, when it is believed juices
will give away. — Home and Colonial Mail, June 5.

AGRICULTURE.

Coconut Cultivation.

It was but recently I enjoyed the advantage of
reading in the “ Agricultural Magazine ” the article
on the nitrogen question and of meeting and con-
versing with the gentleman whose observations on
the influence of the sensitive plant on coconut cul-
tivation are referred to. The problem of utilizing for
agricultural purposes the vast stores of free nitrogen
in the atmosphere had exercised the minds of agri-
cultural chemists for a long while, as also the well-
known fact that soil in which legumes and in particu-
lar clover was grown was found richer in nitrogen
after than before these crops were grown. The re-
searches of Helliiegel pointed to wart-like excres-
cences on the roots of these plants in which were
bacilli which worked this all-important change. The
benefit of this discovery to the European agricul-
turist was not great, for without being able to ac-
count for it, observation and experience taught him
that clover as a rotation crop improved his land and
gave him better crops. To us who grow perennials,
the discovery of other plants as well, with these
root tubercles which from analogy we iufer are capa-
ble of converting the free nitrogen of the atmos-
phere into combined nitrogen for the use of vegeta-
tion, is of great practical value. But there is one
thing which must be decided beyond doubt, that
the bacilli in the tubercles on the roots of plants
other than legumes perform the same functions
as the bacilli found in the roots of legumes. So far,
I do not think this has been done. Cultivated
products are observed to thrive or grow better than
otherwise, in the neighbourhood of certain plants
or trees. The roots of these are examined and
tubercles are discovered on them; the conclusion is
that the bacilli in these tubercles perform the same
function as those found on the roots of legumes.

It is interesting and profitable to know that the
sensitive and other plants which grow wild on our
lauds as weeds have these tubercles on their roots.
But has not the question yet to be decided that
these plants exert a beneficial influence on the
soil ? That coconut trees thrive where the soil on
which they grow is covered with the sensitive plant,
is to my mind no conclusive proof that the im-
proved appearance of the tree is due to the presence
of this weed. The opposite conclusion is equally
sound, that the j)resence of this weed is due to
good soil. This weed is always found to grow on
roadsides, which receiving the wash of the road

Aug. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

103

with animal deposits and ernshed gneiss and gravel
have necessarily rich soil. On an estate I had cliargo
of, there was a rank growth of this weed on a
flat at the foot of a hill which received much wash.
Cinnamon grew luxuriantly here. Is the conclusion
sound that the luxuriant growth of the cinnamon was
due to the presence of this weed ? One thing is beyond
question, that this weed deposits large quantities
of leaves, easily decayed, which improves the soil.

I must not be understood to state that the sensitive
plant does not improve the soil or that the improved
appearance of coconut trees where this weed covers
the ground, is not due to it. All that I say is that
proof of this is wanted. I was told by the same
observer an experienced gentleman who discovered
that the sensitive plant improves the soil, that the
“ pilla” performs the same functions. Previously I
had not known this shrub by name, but observed
that it grew round manured coconut trees chiefly.
Here again there is the possibility that where coco-
nut trees throve when this shrub covered the ground,
the cause could be attributed as reasonably to good
•oil as to the growth of “ pilla.” I am no botanist,
but the examination of the flower of this shrub
showed a resemblance to the flower of the pea
tribe. So that this, equally with the different
varieties of “ thora” which have similar shaped flowers,
must be a legume, must have tubercular growth on
the roots infected with nitrogen-assimilating bacilli,
and must improve the soil it grows on. Anyone
with observation will have remarked that wherever
stiff soils have been manured by the tethering of
cattle, a luxuriant crop of the different varieties of
“thora” springs up. So that if it be the case that
the soil in which these shrubs grow is improved,
it is equally true that good soil is necessary for
their growth. I examined the roots of the shrubs
I have mentioned, but my inexperienced eye failed
to detect the presence of tubercles.

If heaps of rubbish are burnt on sandy soils, the
little organic matter they contain is burnt off and
they are impoverished. This is testified to by the
absence of all vegetation on such portions. If rub-
bish be burnt on heavy soils, increased porosity
follows aiid of necessity increased fertility. This is
evidenced by a rank growth of weeds chiefly the
“ balauakuta.” I think it may be safely accepted
as a rule that the presence in luxuriance of the
different varieties of “thora” and of “balanakuta”
on a soil is indicative of its fertility.

To revert to the sensitive plant. I do not think
that even if it be established beyond all doubt that
its growth improves the soil, many land owners
will be found, even amongst the ordinary natives,
who will foster its growth. It is a very troublesome
weed and very difficult of extermination. If it be
mamotied up and burnt, a more luxuriant growth
follows. The great drawback with it is that it is so
thorny. The periodical cutting down suggested in
the “Agricultural Magazine” cannot be carried on
but with shod feet. Picking and gathering of nuts
on coconut plantations will become well nigh im-
possible. People can be found to grow “pilla,”

“ thora” and other ‘ similar shrubs, but I do not
think many people can be induced to grow the
sensitive weed to improve lands. One way of keep-
ing down this troublesome weed is with goats, but
then of course the benefits of its growth will not
be the same as when it is mowed down or dug into
the ground. If any kind friend will send me a
packet of the seeds of this weed, I will give it a
test which I think will be conclusive, by growing
it on a poor, sandy soil where the condition of the
trees is not good. R.

TEA IN DElIliA DUN.

The general aspect of the Dun, frjam the f.act
that it is overlooked from one of our favourite
sanitaria, the road to which passes through it,
must be well known to a large number of Anglo-
Indians. The narrow, hazy, hot-looking strip stretch-
ing away far below Mussoorie, East and West,
with the dark little Sivvalik hills fencing it ; in
and then the misty expanse out and beyond.
Within this tract — like to a variegated river-bed —

have found a place and being nearly a score of
tea plantations ; and after many vicissitudes and
change of hands, here they appear now to be fairly
establishing their roots ; they are living and doing
more — in some notable instances they are fairly
flourishing.

Ths Dun is one of the cradles of tea industry ;
and may from that evoke some interest ; albeit it
has always been — as it now is— quite a minor tea
district.

It may be hazarded — the prediction — that it always
will remain so; as will be, we think, seen further on.

And yet at first sight the newcomer ; even if an
experienced hand in tea, might not understand why
this should be. For, coming at some seasons of the
year certainly, everything would seem to him very
much like anywhere else in the tea districts — would
seem very much indeed at the first view like Assam.
Fine stretches of tea would he see — beautifully grown
large bushes, of China jdt though they be. And all
things would be very familiar : the Himalayas on the
one hand although somewhat barer would still be
the friends and brothers of the high hills so well-
known elsewhere : likewise the littletree topped range
away on the other side. He would see tlie rice — the
dhati (the same old name) growing in the hhets just
in the pothars : he would meet his well-known clumps
of bamboos, although less abundantly; and if he
came at the right time would hear the old familiar
bird with its re-iterated injunction to ‘ make more
pekoe’ I

Nor would he find much difference inside the tea
buildings. Everything pretty much the same ; except
that more pucha work, i.e., masonry, would meet the
eye, both within and without and not quite so much
the land of cane and bamboos ; and he would recog-
nise acquaintances of the latest date in the way of
tea machinery. And the planter he would find very
comfortably housed. ‘ Not much of the jungle here ’
would probably be his e.xpression. '

Were he to come round when leaf plucking and tea
making are in full swing it would appear just tea
all over ; and were it in the bright and lovely
cold weather, he would probably term the Dun
simply glorious’!

• experienced friend to see the district

m the heart of the high hot weather, he would, if
there had been previous drought, have an increase to
his experience ; and might wonder if the dried and
burnt patches of plant would ever be green and vieo-
whole, however, he could see
that the bushes stood the alien conditions remarkably
well ; and were mostly green and healthy, though
there were no flush.

A growing feature is the increasing abundance of
shade, ihe shisham tree is a great favourite. The
tea seems to like it and to do well — certainly to in-
crease in thick bulk— wherever, near it as under it;
and the shisham is fine-wooded tree — one of the
most valuable.

Well, to come to the tea itself— the manufactured
article infused. That would not meet with eulogy.
Its but poor stuff, the Dun tea. Otherwise thire
would be fortunes to be made in the place; as
labour is abundant and cheap; and the yield is very
good, going up to 700 lb. per acre.

And why is the tea so poor there ?

Well m one word, ‘climate.’ The tea w poor; and
It 13 likely to remain so. It has neither strength
iS flavour, as these characteristics are
unaei stood by professional judges.

to use, or fairly

enn especially if kept to season. A

parat ye inferiority often excites astonishment and in-
cieduhty in strangers. However, there it is; and that
finn working; after the - introduc-

1 appliances; and with planters here

who have worko.i 111 tlie districts where first class

^ ‘>'11 over Assam

told the writer up in these parts that the Dun was
ten degrees too cold. But Kangra is probably
colder; and also the tea localities about Danilina
However, as compared with Assam the Dun seenis
not aromatic enough. Assam is a richer, milder,
moister climate; and one might well expect more

104

THE TROPICAI

ACtRICULTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896.

from the sap and the quickly grown parts of a plant
there. In Ceylon it muat he much the .same. Be-
fore Indian tea had grown to its present great dimen-
sions as a mercantile commodity — in the days when
it was comparatively small ; and when Ceylon tea
was unknown — the Dun tea, black and green, sold
very well. The black tea brought twenty years ago
three times its present price. And green tea was a
nue thing in its day. It used to fetch high prices
in Calcutta and London, for the finer kinds, cer-
tafnly ; while all classes of it used to sell well at the
factory to Native dealers, for the Central Asian mar-
ket. It was sold usually without any p icking whatever
— filled into the dealers' own bags; and as much would
be got for low-class variety, so given them, rough and
loose, as would be obtained for the best kind of black
tea now-a-days in the Calcutta mardcet, packed in good
lead-lined cases, and sent there at the grower's e.x-
pense, of course. This is correct. Yes! for ‘Hyson
skin,’ unpacked, from five to six annas a pound
would be given ; and a Dun Orange Pekoe will not
bring more now in Calcutta, in those time Dun
Orange Pekoe would have brought its rupee a pound
in Calcutta.

Considering that the Dun has always had, speaking
generally, but, on the whole, we tliink correctly, a
Full and a free supply of labour ; and that its prices
used once to be very good, the disadvant.age of
climate might reasonably not have been held as a
disqualification, although admitted as a drawback.

But the days of high prices have passed. The green
tea market both of Central Asia and of England
ceased long ago (well for philanthropic reason that
in England, any how, it did ; as the article was too
intensely acrid to be possibly beneficial); and as to
black, one might wonder if the Dun did ever stand on
an eminence, so poor has been its place for long.

But the tea does go into use, nevertheless — all of
it : and lately it has been well inquired for, and taken ;
from the Bombay side— a new quarter.

In the next paper I propose 10 treat of the posi-
tion and prospects of Dehra Dun as a tea district —
Eii/jlinf/maii, Cor.

INDIAN FORESTS AND TANNIN EX-
TRACTS.

Our Indian Forests .already yield a handsome
income to the State, but no one knows better
than the oHicers who work them that their full
wealth is far fi-om being developed. Mr. Rib-
bentrop, Insytector-Oeneral, has just issucil to
all Conservators a short letter covering an inter-
esting paper by Mr. Fernandez on the ])repara-
tion of tannin extracts, an industry which he
recently studied during a visit to Europe. It
a])pears that the exyiort of myr.abolams from
India has hitherto only been limited by thesu])-
ply and that an ex tr.aord inary development of
the traile in cuteh in Bunna has taken place.
Though cutch is very expensive it is, we .are
told, largely used as a tanning substance, its
colour being extracteil to lit it for this purpose.
Experiments to obtain other extracts of an equal
or apjiroximate value from sal and assiaria barks
have not been successful, and so gre.at is the
trade demand that spurious substances are i)ut
on the Burma market. Mr. Ribbentrop remarks:
“ At the same time we know that tannin is
largely contained in the fruits, leaves, bark .and
wood of many of our Indian trees and bushes,
and th.at a forest industry of great potential
value is only waiting for rational develo|iment.”
But the cost of freight comes in, as the r.aw
m.aterial can only be exporteil in the compact
shape of galls and fruits. Even in this form tlie
t.annic jiroperties deteriorate, and it h.as become
clear that if tlie tr.ade is to .assume its jn-oper
dimen.sions extr.act of tannin must he prepared
in the forests tliemselve.s. Six years ago Dr.

W.itt recommended that exiicriments should be
made in this direction, but no practical method.s
of carrying tlie suggestion into effect w'ere made.
This is the case as put by the Inspector-Ceneral,
and he asks Conserv.ators and the otlicers under
them to t.ake up the matter, and thus open out
a new industry and new .source of forest revenue.
Mr. Fernandez’ [).aper is of course, somewiiat
technical in character, but he shows that it i-s
po.ssiljle to utilise the enormous quantities of
bark and wood which at jn-esent go to w.aste in
our Indian forests and to convert them into
tannin extr.acts for ex])ort to Europe, and even
for use in this country. He describes the various
methods in vogue on the Continent and gives the
palm to that known as “ Villon’s proce.ss. ” This
is explained in detail, with a drawing of the
necessary ai)paratus, which could be made of
wood, bamboos and stout cotton drill, if metal
and wire gauze were not available. Ho
ailds that as no chemicals are rcquiroil and as
the entire jirocess is within the com]trchension
of the lowest inlelligence, the method is specially
adayited foi employment in our forests, however
remote. It has the furllun' ads'.inlage (hat. it
would .admirably suit cutch manufacture. Mr.
Fernandez .see.s a great opening for jn-ivate enter-
prise if the Forest Department lead the way with
experiments, and he liolds that one of the func-
tions of the Dehra School should be to analyse
for tannin the bark and wood of all the likely
species of Indian trees. His memorandum is one
of great value, and copies of it might veil be
circulated to all our Chambers of Commerce.
There is a fortune ayiparently for anyone who
take.5 >qj the practical suggestions he has made
for the manufactuie in India of tannic extracts.
— Pioneer, .June 21.

-o-

THE AMSTERDAM MARKET.

Our Amsterdam correspondent write.s on .June 2nd
Tlie shipments of cinchona-bark from .Java in the moiitli
ending May ;Jlst, as declared by cablegram, prove to
have been fairly heavy. The following are the tigures
for the past four years

1S9G 189.") lS9i 1893

Anister- AnisCer- A Ulster- Amsl or-
dain. dam. dam. dam.

11). lb. lb. lb.

Month of -May 703,000 402,7()0 1.00,000 711,000

Jiinuary l-.M:iy 31 3,200,000 2,879,700 3,238,000 3,241,000

The bark to be offereil on dune llth amounts to
017,229 kilos, containing a total e<(uivaleut of 23,017
kilos sulphate of quinine, or an aver.ige of o'Oj jier
ewt.—Chrniht and Vd/'i/pz/os-q .June 0.

c .

The Madi!a.s Government Cinchona Fe.vn-
T.VITON.S. — Planting Opinion of .Tune 20th says : —
We are glad to note that Mr. W. M. Standen's
appointment as Director of the Madras Cinclnuia
Plantations has been finally gazetted. Our readers
will reinenibcr our prediction to that effect .some
months ago. Mr. D. Hooper has been appointed as
Government Botanist, a post which, unluckily, is
only a temporary one, otherwise much real benefit
might have boon derived by the Planting Industry
during Mr. Hooper’s tenure of office. His well-known
sympathy with all lines of practical agricultural re-
search, .'.nd his unquestioned attainments as a Chem-
ical Analy.st, fitted him pre-eminently fur his post.
The so-called experimental gardens at Burliar and
Gmlalur will, we trust, bo worked with some little
show of trying to attain the objects for which they
were started. But as long as they remain under
the direct control of the Superintendent of the
Botanical Gardens, wo much fear that his multifarious
duties of koo))ing uj) a good show of flowers and
inaintaining the grass plots round Government House
in a healthy green condition will effectually prevent
any serious work in these gardens.

Aug. t, 1896.)

I'RK tropica I , AGRICULTURIST.

l)l{. TlliMRN M WOIMC IN I'lO LOX
AND LDCAFi (M!iT!C(S.M.

On the eve of tlie liii.il dcpaitiu'e of the Di-
leetor of Liie Jiotaiiie OarJen.s, it may seem
a little uiikiml ami iiivulious to eiitoi' on a
coiitiovevsy as to the merit ami usefulness of

his administrative, economic, and scientific ser-
vices to the community. Unt to compare Dr.
Trimen’s work witli that of i\Ir. Hart of Trini-
dad— useful officer as tlie latter is in his own
sphere— as was recently done by a plantinr.’'
correspondent^ of the ObservcT, is simply absurd.
Take Dr. Trimen’s latest work : “ Tiir Flora

OF Ceylon” in three volumes — why, it is im-
possible to overestimate the value of this work
for practical, educational, and scientific pnr|>oscs
in tlie Colony. Tor thirty years, we hail been
accustomed to listen to, ami read, the late Mr.
A. M. Fermison’s earnest desire tliat sncli a
work should be prepared for the benefit of all
wlio took an intelligent intere.st in tlie vegeta-
tion of the island. Dr. Tliwaites’s great work
on Ceylon plants might well be complained of
by any “ practical planter ” as above his head
—being essentially a scientific botanist’s book.
Hut Dr. Trimen, while taking care to serve the
purposes of science, and to be as full and cor-
rect as any reasonable botanist could desire,
has added a series of most useful economic
notes which simply make his work a treasure-
house to the ordinary intelligent readers, — to all
in fact svho wish to know what can l)e said
about each of our plants (useful and ornamental)
and especially about the timber trees and eco-
nomic products of the‘ island. That the highly
accomplished and worthy Director should have
persisted in this important undertaking to the
sacrifice of his liealth, if not of all tliat makes
life worth living, speaks highly for his con-
scientious devotion to duty and deserves
the grateful acknowledgment, not only of
the Governinent, but of every right-think-
ing man in the community. iSo much
for the most important single work, perhaps,
which has marked Dr. Trimen’s Administration.
But we are miually clear that never before in
the history- of the island has more attention been
given in our Botanic Gardens to every (question
bearing on the economic as well as scientific side
of planting, and tropical .agriculture generally,
than during the jiast fifteen yetu's. Me speak
of that we do know ; for us editor both of ilaily
and monthly issues, we have continuously liec'n
made the medium of requests for information, of
puzzling (piestions, of plants forwardeil for identi-
fication by ]danters— not to s]ieak of our own
many editorial queries — ami we have never f.ailetl
to receive the most prompt and satisfactory at-
tention from Dr. Trimen,

But we are prepared to meet the planting
criticism referred to at closer quarters ; for, in
reality, it must have been written with entire
forgetfulness of the policy which has guided both
the official and planting world in India, ami
Ceylon, for many years back. The critic is per-
haps nuitware that in recommending the Govern-
ment Gardens, or any portion of them, to be
devoted for the growth for ?iinr/re^' purposes of
cacao or any other product, for which planting
attention is given, he is contravening the principle,
so stoutly fought for in India even in the
present day, of non-interference by Government
with priv.ite enterprise. Merchants .and planters
in India, for inst.ance, have protested on this
ground against even the Government Cinchona

U

^05

Gardens— although nearly all the b.ark is nou-
mamuactnred on the sjiot info alk.aloids for dis-
tribution under ollicial .auspices, .and little or
none sent into the open market. The Ceylon
authorities long ago learned the lesson not to
Intel feic with private enterprise in any plant-
ing diiection : and we feel sure that tlie vast
m.ajority of our planters, as of intelligent
natives, desire the s.ame policy continued, by
which while all new products arc carefully tried
find ciilti\fitGd find fi .stock of seed or plfints
m.aintained for sale and distribution of new and
certain old products or plants, no attempt is
made to rival the tea, cofi'ee, cacao, cinchona,
inbiici, cvc. planter, even in a small way by
est.ablishing a permanent g.arden of .any one of
.such products.

c.aii oniy smile at the ide.a of biinging the
West Indies into comparison in such a connec-
Indian planters— .as Messrs.

Aitiuu Siiiciiiir niid II. IlOss told u.s lon^ jitco

**.^'"^**y behind those of Ceylon. Dr,

Morns bewailed to us not long ago ‘that there
_wa.s not even one enterprising, intelligent editor
in tlie West, to stir up and lead the planters in
respect oi new ,st.aple.s and industries; and very
tew planters who would take the trouble to try
or plant anything new’. No wonder, therefore,
t longli Mr. Hjirt, and other sujierintendents of
gardens have h.ad to turn to w’ork .as iilanters
and tropical editors in a small ivay. But how
c illerent the ca.se in Ceylon : is there a new pro-
duct incntioned in onv Tropical Apriculturht, or

Teradeniya annual
lepoit, th.at IS not at once indented for, planted
and tried in several districts in Ceylon?

c it coca, riibljer in new species,

cacao in fresh varieties,— are there not planters

wl?mi Government ^cials,

whether at Peradeniya or Hakgala, from doing
more chan give them a lead with all the in-
formation and instructions available, in order to
find the fullest and amplest trials given and
that too in the most practical fastiion ? As to
the Innidad monthly or quarterly bulletins being
<dlei;ed as an e-vamide worthy of copying at Pera-
deniya, or Hakgala, we not only jirotest as
editois and publishers in the name of common-
.=emse and private enterprise ; but we take it as
unkind (only it was from w'ant of thought) on
the part of the planting correspondent, to offer
such criticism or suggestions, forgelful of how
completely the Iropical AgricuUnrist covers the
ground. l.iis monthly periodical has been olli-
cmlly recognised not only in Ceylon and India,

m Governments!

in New South Males, Itiji, South Africa &c.,
and IS carefully filed by the Agricultural De-
partment at Mashmgton, Dnited States. Dr.
iruneii, and his subordinate oflicers, especially
Mr. Nock, have ever been .among our re.adiest
supporters in supplying information and sugges-
tions for the improvement of this almost umniie
tiopical periodical wdiich is so wddely distributed
and generally prized not only by planters but
by garden and scientific authorities. We feel
suie that, on reilection, the pl.anting critic of
Many Mill see that the points of complaint he
puts forward against the administration of our
lioyai Botanic Gardens are, in re.ality, pointless
and indeed, tend rather, to justify tiie sound-
ness of the policy i>nrsued ; while we are absolutely
clear that no more valuable Reports — both froiii
an economic and scientilic point of view— re.ach
ns fiom .any IJotanic or Government Gardens
the wulo world over, than tho.se that bear the
imiinnt of Per.adeniy.a.

lofi

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896.

INlJlAiS AND CKVLON TKA.

iMessiM. Tlioini)?;on’s vVniuial Iteviow,

oS, Miiu'iiiff Liuie, .lune, ISflU.

Tl\c completion of the year ending 31st May
brings an opportunity for reviewing the character-
istic features of the season, and summing up its
results.

For the kindred industries of India and Ceylon,
the year has been one of expension. Production
has continued to increase; consumption at home
has been larger than ever before; and trade with
other countries Las made a marked advance.

To growers the season has brought substantial,
though not uniform, remuneration — not, irrdeed, to
the full extent of last year taking the actual sale
price of the product as the measure of success, but
so considerable in comparison with the general
eariring-power of capital as to make this Indus-
try conspicuous by contrast with others, and to
enhance the value of all good properties.

For individual producers, however, and specially
for managers abroad, interest centres upon the re-
sult of their own year’s work ; and those who
have been less successful than others will desire to
know the reason. To find it we must look back to
its position os it was a year ago, and trace the
unseen inlluences affecting the market and causing
fluctuations in value — in doing so we may find some
light thrown upon the future.

At that time a fine and rather short crop had
been closed at prices, if not inflated, yet so high
as to check consumption and let in cheaper kinds
from China and Java— leaving all holders of stock
with dear tea, and inconvenienced by the loss
entailed by the process of pushing it into use.
Then came from abroad estimates of heavy crops,
not indeed destined to bo realized — as they rarely are
— birt put forth with suliicent authority to make buyers
anxious. With the arrival of the new Indian teas
came a foreshadow cf a poor crop, with signs that
planters, inflenced by high rates for common tea
were plucking course. The heavy supplies received
in the Autumn, and exaggerated reports circulated
about shipments, deepened impressions already formed,
when values in London moved in the directions they
usually take if crops are large and not of good quality
— and remained there.

A few who had foreseen this state of things, and
were in a position to do it, made the best tea
possible— to their great advantage, as it proved.
Others relied upon a large yield and a low cost :
they, as a rule, have done well ; while some who
took a middle course, and had neither a fine crop
nor a sensational yield to helir them, heave only
done moderately.

Such, in broad outline, is the history of a season
offering many points of contrast to that of 189-1,
but resembling that of 1893 in the higher price of
fine tea ; the lower price of common ; great and
growing consumption, and a wider demand for our
teas from abroad.

That this is a sound po.sition for the Industry, as

a whole, is not open to question though it 'does

not suit all equally well; for it will encourage the
production of the good tea required for home use,
and will facilitate trade with Asia, Australia, and
America which for the present turn upon the teas
used there being procurable at low rates.

Writing a year ago about this foreign trade, upon
which so much will depend a few years hence, we
said “ The development will be seen when there is
plenty to spare from the home market, and quota-
tions are not maintained at a level which checks

it” events have proved this to he true; lower-

rates have been followed by a great expansion of
trade with other market; which must be taken as
a partial set off for the disadvantage of low prices
to those who produce an in.ferior class of tea.

Were it rot for evidence of the gradually widen-
ing world’s demand for Indian and Ceylon tea,

many producers and especially those who are

contemplating further extensions would need seri-

ously to weigh these ([uestions — 1. lias the limit to

which cost can be reduced been roarhod ? 2. Is
there an;/ limit to the possible fall in value of com-
mon tea V

'The influence of foreign orders upon the Calcutta
and Colombo markets has been considerable ; it has
often made values there, for the sorts taken, inde-
pendent prices ruling here. This has not been,
sufficiently recognized by those who send, or by
some who execute, orders from London: — for the future
it will be necessary to be more circumspect, and
to adjust buying prices to those current in the place
of destination, remembering that if operations in
the limited markets of India are attempted on the
scale of China business in olden days the result will
be dis, appointing.

Another result of orders from new markets has
been to accentuate the preferential value of leafy as
compared with broken teas, for brokens are not
saleable abroad, and here fewer buyers seem to
bid for them every year, bringing their
value below that of leafy tea. One reason for the dis-
favour in which small broken teas are held is to be
found in the tendency of business to pass into the
hands of those selling “ blended ” tea who habitually
give the preference to whole leaf.

The development of this branch of trade continues
to make progress, .and it is an element of importance
in the market — for the Blenders are teaching the
retail distributor to do without holding stock, and
their system saves both themselves and their cus-
tomers the loss on tea that has depreciated by keep-
ing, and on remnants of old stock, which has al-
ways been such a drawback. The shrinkage of old
stocks in grocers’ shops cannot be measured, but
it must be considerable, and combined with the
comparatively light stocks now held in bond it has
strengthened the position, and accounts for the fact
— exceptional in produce markets— that, apart from
the slack time in the summer, wholesale buyers are
always operating, and are ready to do so heavily at
favourable opportunities. ^

The buying-power is, indeed, stronger now than
it has ever been, partly, perhaps, because by force
of circiniistaiices the tea-trade has become closely
allied with the provision-dealing trade of the coun-
try ; partly from the strength that comes with ihe
incieased capital attracted by Joint-.Stock enterprise*
partly from the greater of capital iii

the hands of strong Co-operative combinations inter-
rading on a cash b.asis. 'This is a matter of no
Lttle importance ; for it is impos.siblo to avoid plac-
ing excessive supplies upon the market at certain
limes; to absorb them, wholesale buyers with ample
means and the will to use them are required.

The ideal policy for an Indian producer is to
otter an equal quantity of his brand at regular in-
tervals from August to April, giving the market a
rest in the summer and buyers a chance of turnine
over their stocks. By degrees this is being followed*^
but it cannot be worked symmetrically or by all
and Calcutta-bought teas cannot generally be handled
on these lines.

Importers of Ceylon Tea have from the outset
seen the wisdom of regular Sales at the late of im-
portation, arrivals being .sold, as a rule, within three
weeks, and the lirst step laken to pass ilio.in quirkiv
into use. The result is seen in a l.avge trade work.-, 1
upon a small stock, and the de.siicd ineroaso of con-
sumption attained.

intoi'eot attaclios to the pro^^i’ess of tlio
Ceylon Industry, and it is being closely \vatched bv
competitors elsewhere for sign.s of the deterioration
that some were led to exp.-ct; bat upon the whole
wo consider that the average (/ica/ifi/ of Ceylon Te-
13 being maintained: its average h.is declined
somewhat, it is true; but other gr ovths hive been
subject to this and the fall this )eir is due to the
policy of those who have fouinl it proliiahlo to make
heavy crops instead of smaller and finer ones • -'hev
have brought to market tea of lower grade thaiiiised
to be or need be made, and in doing so have widened
Bie margin between the value of commoii and fine
Should they revert to making lighter crops the
avoragm i-afae would quickly rise, but it does not follow
that a larger prq/d would be secured.

Aug. I, 1896.1

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

107

Will this movement in prices, common to India
and Ceylon alike, be turther accentuated in the future?
It will depend upon the amount and the ejuality of

tlio coining crops : should they fall short of the

world's rei^uirement, we may see it reversed ; but if
ample, producers should be prepared for low rates
for all inferior kinds.

As regards the homo trade, wo anticipate a grow-
ing appreciation for the fine llavoured varieties,
whether grown in Assam or on the hills of Darjee-
ling and Ceylon ; and for this reason the com-

petition to sell “ cheap” tea seems to bo wearing it-
self out; the public has had enough of the “ shilJing
canister,” and the vendors find they do no good by
selling it ; consequently, their aim is now to make
trade by selling good tea at a reasonable price. This
will probably determine the course of the market
such time as a short supply, or a specially fine crop,
lifts the value of the lower grades.

Kespecting the prospect of receiving more fine tea
from India, a high an'hority in Calcutta writes to
us, ‘‘ In late years the policy ihrougiiout Cachar
and Sylliet has been to plant on fiat lauds ; this
means quantity not quality. The larger proportion
of extensions in recent years has been made in
these districts and in the Dooars, the most fertile
land and prolific jats being selected. It is, then,
apparent that the proporlioit, of laud calculated to
produce fine tea diminishes as we progress ; and we
are of opinion that the gardens in Assam and
Darjeeling which can produce fine quality are in a
strong and possibly improving position.” As in Dar-
jeeling, so too, we believe in the districts of Ceylon
which give the finer qualities, the laud remaining
available for plantations is limited to a small area.
There remain Travancore and the new territories
being opened in the South Wynaad ; both of these
districts seem capable of producing fairly good crops
at a comparatively low cost, but they have not yet
proved their capacity to yield tea equal to the finer
grows of India or Ceylon.

Wm. Jas. & Hy. Thompson.

CAMPHOR.

Camphor is not the exclusive product of any one
natural order, genus, or species ; but what is more
remarkable, of closely allied species of camphor-
yielding genera— one species possesses the secretion,
while no trace of it is found in another. Although
several kinds of camphor are articles of commerce,
little, if apy, reaches this country, save that obtained
from t'innamomuui. camphora (Vampliom ojlicinamm), a
memher of the laurel family, and' of the same genus
as the tree whose bark furnishes the spice called
cinnamon. Like many other natural products of which
scientific research has multiplied the applications,
camphor is becoming dearer and scarcer, and the
quescion has arisen. How is the supply to be main-
tained equal to the demand ? The bulk of the cam-
phor imported into Europe comes from .lapan and
Pormosa, and comparatively little from China. This
is the product of Cinnamomuiii camphora, and Dr. E.
Grasmanu has published* an interesting account of
this tree, both from a scientific and commercial
standpoint, lie has rather overweighted his article
with second-hand information respecting laurels gene-
rally and those of .Japan in particular, which, as
might be expected, is inaccurate in some details. JJis-
regardiug these, we find much that is interesting con-
cerning the camphor-tree itself, which is one of the
noblest objects in the forests of eastern sub-trophical
Asia. It attains gigantic dimensions, surpassing all
other trees of the Japanese forests, at least in girth
of trunk it not in total height. Dr. Q-rasmaun gives
the recorded dimensions of various notable trees, but
what is more to the point, he also gives measure-
ments made by himself. A tree in the neighbourhood
of the town of Miyazaki, Oyodomura, measured in

' “ Der Kainpferbaiim. Mittheihingen dcr deutschen
Gesellschaft fiir Natur- uud Vblkerkuude Oslasiens in
Tokio,” vi. pp. 277-315, with illustrations. 1335.

1831, was 11’80 metres in circumference at ]'30m
from the ground, or 4’18m. in diameter, and it was
35 m. high. There is an illustration of this giant
reproduced from a photograph. Concerning the dis-
tiibution of the camphor-tree in Japan, the author
states that it grows naturally in Einshin up to about

34 deg. lat., and scattered in favourable situations
some 2 deg. farther north, the extreme limit being

35 deg. 2T. It is abundant in the island of Eormosa,
and also occurs in the Tsusima and Luchu groups.
On the mainland of China, according to Dr. Gras-
mann, it inhabits the coast region from Cochin-China
to the mouth of the Yangtzekiang, and it may be
added that it is now known to extend westwards at
least as far as Ichang in the central province of
Hupeh. From Dr. A. Henry’s notes accompanying
his specimens in the Kew Herbarium, it appears that
the wood is in great request, but no camphor is
extracted ; uud Consul I’layfair reported the same
from Eakhoi, Kwangtung, in 1883. Indeed the cam-
phor industry wouhl seem to be at present very
limited in China, although the tree is common and
widely spread. 'The little that is ex^iorted is mostly
from the province of Fokien, but the amount is in-
creasing in the same measure as the production is
decreasing in Japr.n. In the latter country something
has been done to maim 1 in the supply, but Dr.
Grasmann holds that the pnosent rate of planting
is wholly inadequate. He urges the importance of
increasing the plantation to the greatest piossible extent,
inasmuch as every part of the tree is useful, from
the roots to the young shoots and leaves. Even the
fruit is employed in the preparation of tallow. In
Formosa camphor distilling has been cariicd 011 in
the most recklessly extravagant inanncr imaginable.
It is suggested that Japanese rule in the island nuiy
put a stop to such disastrous waste.

With regard to the increasing price of camphor, it
has been stated in various publications that this is
due to its being used in the manufacture of smoke-
less powder. In reply to inquiries on this pioint, Sir
Frederick Abel wrote to the Director of Kew in
November last as follows: —

“ Any increase of demand, involving a rise in tho
price of camphor, is not duo to its application as
a constituent of smokeless powder. That material
was used in the earliest days of the manufacture
of a successful smokeless powder for artillery and
small arms ; but its employment was soon demons-
trated to be attended with serious piraciical disadvan-
tages, and its application for the piurpi se can there-
fore not be said to have been other than experi-
mental, and of no great importance, even at that
time, as affecting the market value of camphor. This
substance has, however, been used extensively for
many years past, and no doubt in continually-in-
creasing quantities, for the conversion of collodion
cotton into the material known as celluloid, which is
applied to the manufacture of imitation ivory, tortoise-
shell, horn, and a great variety of purposes.”

As Dr. Grasmanu observes, tho greatest enemy of
the camphor-tree is man, and in Japan large trees
are eventually killed through the felonious nocturnal
grubbing of their roots. Homo lords arc fond of the
fruit and seed, and the catcrpiilar of PapHin rarprdoii
feeds on the leaves; but, L.vcept to young plants,
they cause comparatively little amnago. Apart fiom
the wanton destruction of trees, tho probability of
the supply of camphor being maintained is seriously
dimiuislied by the fact that the tree grows but slowly
in its early years. At the same time it colonises
freely, and is now naturalised in several countries,
notably in Madagascar, where, according to Dr. Meller,
in a note accompanying a specimen in the Kew Her-
barium, it was abundant as long ago as 1852, and
much used for building purposes.

Next in point of importance in producing camphor
is Dnjohalanops aroniatica, a tree belonging
to the Dipterocarpeoe, and inhabiting Romeo
and Sumatra. The formula of ordinary camphor
is C|,)HjqO; of Borneo camphor, Cj^QHjgO; and the

latter can be artificially prepared from the former.
Borneo camphor is deposited in clefts and hollows
of the wood, and has simply to be taken out ; but
it is comparatively rare, and cxcoodingly dear bring-

fllE IRUPICAL AGRlCULTURlSr.

[Aug. I, 1896.

108

ing eighty times more, according to Grasme.nu, than
ordinary camphor. Nearly the whole production is
imported into China, where it is esteemed beyond
the ordinary camphor, and used as incense.

Blwnea balsamifera (Composilte), a sluubhy plant
exceedingly cominoji in tropical Asia, yields a kind
of camphor by distillation. Hainan is the principal
seat of the industry, but the crude article is refined
at Canton, whence there is an annual exiDort of
about 10,000 pounds. No doubt this source of camphor
could be much more extensively utilised.

Members of various other natural orders, notably
the Labiatae, yield essential oils of the same com-
position, and having the same properties, as camphor.
Menthol is an example. W. 11. 11.

— Natitre, June 1.

THE SIZE OF THE IHIEAKS OF
CEYLUN TEA.

The following memorial has been drawn up and
signed by fully forty of the largest buyers in the
tea market : —

To the Buokeks’ Associ.moN.

Gentlemen, — We, the under-signed, buyers in the
Ceylon tea rrrarket, beg to call the attention of your
corirmittee to the urgent necessity' of taking steps
to increase the size of the sampling breaks for public
sale to at least the same lirrrit as now prevails for
Indian tea on the following grounds:

I. The increasing difficulty, if not impossibility, of
accurately valuing so many samples for one day’s sale.

II. The saving of time to be effected in the airc-
tion room, which would be invaluable to all concerned,
and woulcl adrrrit of buyers being able to have their
purchases sampled and sent oirt on the same evening.

III. The extra expeirse and labour involved in
sampling so marry small lots after purchase, and irr
furrrishing samples of them all to our agents.

We desire also to take this opportunity of expres-
sing an oprnion that the number of grades irrto
which Ceylon tea is sorted might advantageously be
curtailed, more especially as regards the produce of
the smaller gardens. We also think that the smaller
gardens might be advised not to dis^ratch their pro-
duce more frequently than orree a fortrright instead
of weekly. And we also deprecate the practice
adopted by some, even of the larger gardens, of
offering duplicate invoices on the same day.

Begging the favour of your early consideration of
the foregoing suggestions.-- We are, Ac.

[Here follow signatures.]

Our readers will remember that we foreshadowed
some such action before the holidays, and the above
is the oirlcome of the rumours then current. It is
to be hoped that due consideration will be given to
the arguments adduced, as with quantities on sale
such as last Tuesday, when 27, -162 packages were
offered in fflfi lots, there seems to bo urgent need
for some alteration in the direction indicated it the
trade is to be got through in any sort of reasonable
time. In the old days of China tea oire sample
frequently represented oOO chests, sometimes tiOO
chests, and whilst it is not suggested that Ceylon
planters should all at once adopt a similar limit,
there is no reason why the jirescnt average should
not be largely increased. — //. (ind (J. Mail, June 12.

CUKFEE IN MEXICO.

Our Legation at Mexico have sent home a
special report upon the cultivatiorr of coffee in
Mexico, prepared by Mr. Francis Stronge, in
which ho points out in detail the advantages
and difficulties attending the profitable employ-
ment of capital on a limited scale in the
country. In imrchasing an estate in lUexico a new
comer sliould, as a rule, have )-ccourse to a relialjle
foreign agency. Direct negotiations with the owners
of the soil are’ often extremely tedious, and they should
not bo undertaken by anyoire who does not possess a
thorough knowledge of the country. Care must, of
course, be taken to obtain a good title to the land

purchased, and in most cases this can now be done
without much difficulty or expense. In some districts
the Indian villagers lay claim to certain rights
over adjoining lands, and however unfounded such
claims may be, they are sometimes a source of great
annoyance to the foreign planter. It will almost
always be found, however, th.at these difficulties
may be overcome by a little tact and liberality.
The intending planter will generally do well to spend
some little time in the country before making a
purchase, and sho’uld, if possible, acquire some prac-
tical knowledge of his" business at an existing
plantation, lie will be apt to think that by waiting
he is letting slip many a golden opportunity ; but
such opportunities will probably recur later, and
the experience he will have gained will save him
much loss and disappointment. A considerable number
of small foreign capitalists in Mexico would p>robably
admit that for a year or two after their arrival
experience was their only profit, and that it had
been gained at a needlessly high price. — Fmancial
Pont, 9th June.

THE ISLAND’S SOL’IICES OF SUIT’LY
OF TEA BOXES.

There being short siipplie.s of tea sliook.s ami con-
sequently higher prices, our contemporary has been
gathering information on the subject, whicli is
stated as follows : —

Our representative first waited upon probably

THE I.AUGEST IMPOUTElt,

who, owing to hia direct connection, has heard from
a large Japanese house the causes of the present con-
dition of affairs. This gentleman kindly informed us
that ho understood that the shortage of suprply was
ow'iug to the demands of the Japan Government for
this prarticular Momi timber for putting up huts in
Formosa. At this time of jear also— lasting from
July to December — there were the important require-
ments of Calcutta, while ho also believed by this lime
the trees in Japran most easily available had been cut
down, and now the exporters had possibly to go
further inland and greater distances from river banks
for the timber. I'liese various causes had combined
to seriously diminish the supply, and send up the
cost 20 p)cr cent. There was still a small demand
here for cedar wood — which might be the original
CnjjAomcria Japonica, he was not sure. That wood
W'as dearer than Momi, which was not a botanical
name, and did not mean “pine,” although a Japan
pine supplied the wood. The difficulty to meet
requiremenls — or at any rate the higher prices
— would last, the speaker thought, until
next December, after which, for six months,
the Indian demand would cease. As to whether
pn-ices had reached the point at which European
supplies — particularly Swedish and Austrian— could
be imported the difficulty had always been the posi-
tion of exclulnge, and there w'as not more prospect
of a Is. 4d. e.xchange now than in pn-evious years.

THE LAUGEST SINGLE GONSUMEns

were next interviewed. liast year wlu-ii there was
an anticipated rise in )))icc they had imported from
J'lurope ; but had not taken ste])s to do so this year
not caring for the business. Owing to the scarcity
of boxes, however, they had commenced to refuse
outside orders, confining themselves to the sup)ply of
their own estates, and those for whom they were
recognised agents. Former customers had writteu
urgently for supplies, as some of their tea was having
to bo stored in the absence of boxes ; but these could
not bo sent. It was not anticipiateil that there would
be much actual loss of h-a, because it would keep in
tlie factories allriglit let .1 longtime; but inconveni-
ence was being caused in some (pi.u-tern.

A I.Aliin: AGENCY IMiSI,

who are their own importers, not being sellers to
otiicrs, ootdd only say that although they were
paying more in Japan, they were not handicapped
in supplies; and a further consignment for them
was actually on its way to Ceylon.

Aug. I, 1896. j

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

109

ANOTHER IMPORTING FIRm’s EXPERIENCES

were that just now it was of little use to send
forward orders, the European house in Japan with
whom they dealt having so writing, at the same
time appending the following explanation: — ‘-The
(Japanese) Government have taken all the available
cut supply lor Formosa.” This firm had not made
arrangements for the importation of shooks from
Sweden, but they understood another lirm had placed
large orders for Austrian piiiewood chests. Kegard-
iug locally made tea chests orders had been placed
with the Udagama Tea and Timber Company at
Gallo, but their output was limited to about 400
chests a day. They were cheap, but the wood, of
course, was not so good.

AN IMPORTER FROM EUROPE.

Our representative finally waited upon the importer
of Austrian pinev/ood, who at present is the only im-
porter of shooks from Europe, lie stated that he
had placed Immediate orders for 20,000 chests, and
ho had booked a number of orders for delivery dur-
ing the remainder ef the year. He had not imported
since 1893, until ho sent home telegraphic orders
three weeks ago. The nou-rcsinous pinewood shooks
which he was selling wore also of even tare, and this
question was a very important one. Locally made
boxes did not ensure even tare by any moans, and
even Momi boxes were sometimes defective from tliis
point of view. Uneven tare meant loss to the planter,
and gave dissatisfaction to the London impoitcr.

TEA IN JAVA.

From a |)iiniphleb entitled “Cultiues in Neder-
landsch Oost-Indiii,” compiled from tlie JJubcli
Colonial Report for 1895, and is.sued l>y the
Imlischc Mercuur, we translate tlic following
regartling tea in Java: —

EST.VTES ENTIREEY PEPENDENT ON CONTUACl'S WITH THE
NATIVES.

The tea plantations opened by the natives on their
own lands, in the vicinity of some of the tea plan-
tations established on emphyteutic lands in the
I’reanger Kagencies, namely in the districts of
Tjitjoeroeg and Djampang Tengali in the Sockahocmi
division, which according to the previous report at
the end of 1893 covered a collective area of 430
bouws,* are gradually becoming of more importance
to them, since in 1894 299 bouws more or less were
in bearing, against 168 bouws in 1893. In 1894 in
the case of four emphyteutic plantations the gathered
wet leaf was bought at 31 to 5 cents per | kg.,f
namely, "on Parakansalak, Tendjo-Aijoe, Sindangsari
and Pasir Telaga Warna the produce of respectively
120,89,74 and 6 bouws. In this manner the planta-
tions referred to obtained respectively 179,062. 73,708,
72,623 and 5,250, or in all 330,615 kg. of tea, whilst
in 1.893 under the outturn of the three first named
plantations was included under tlio category of tea
thus bought 186,709 kg. of tea, obtained frotn the
aforesaid 168 bouws. When one considers that tlie
gardens are laid out on lands which are unsuitable
for sawah.f,\ atid that with good managemeut they
will yield crops f.ir at last 25 years, the nrofits ti-oiii
rice cultivation in the Soekabocmi division, which
every year requires so much labour, cannot by far
be compared with the results already obtained by
the natives from thoir tea cultivation ; it is there-
fore considered very probable that in the
neai' future in the Preauger llegenoies the voluntary
planting of tea by the natives will gain in impor-
tance. It is calculated that a bouw of planted tea
yields the owner a gross retuiu of about ,/75 per
annum.

In the Limbangan division of tho di.strict men-
tion 3d the preparation of tea fiiirfs ,n, place— solely
for tile inland market — on the n.itivo pbuitation.s of
Tjigisang, Pasir TJitjonroeg and Tjigedoeg, wliich
consist respeotively of 1^-, 2^; and 1 bouws' of lanj

* Tho houio (Malay ba/iii) about 1,- acre. — Eu.
C.U.

t The half-kilogram 1T02 lb. — Ei>. C.O.

t Irrigated rice-fields. — Ed. C.O,

possessed individually by inheritance. In 1894 there
were prepared on these plantations 2,657 kg. of tea,
against 2,501 kg. in 1893, which product was sold in
tlie bazaars by hawkers at a fixed price of _/0'-10 per kg.

HANDS GRANTED 13V THE GOVERNMENT IN EMPHYTEUSIS
OR ON LEASE.

If, out of the 96 emphyteutic plantations, wliere
at the end of 1894 cinchona plants were still
found, 67 were in tho Proanger Regencies alone, that
district, so far as tea plantations are concerned, as-
pired even higher to t ie front rank, since 47 of the
50 plantations where tea cul'ivation is carried on on
emphyteutic lauds were found there. The crop from
the newly opeue i plantations of Assam tea in the
higher lying Preangcr Regencies go on increasing ;
this increase counterbalances the decline in tho pro-
due tion of Java tea in the lower lying regions, where
the plants of Java tea are becoming more and more
replaced by Liberian coffee trees. In consequence of
this the tea crop of 1894 remained almost stationary.
The crop ainouufced in 1892 to 3,794,932 kg. from 34
plantations, in 4893 to 3,405,042 kg. from 35 planta-
tions, in 1894 to 3,421,013 kg. from 32 plantations.
As regards the extent of omphyteuliclaudsiilanted with
tea, so far as relates to 7 plantations (all in the
Preanger Regencies) no figures are available (none
also for 1893). The remaining 43 had at the end
of 1894 10,263 bouws of tea plants, the total at the
end of 1893, for 40 plantations, being 9,907 bouws.
In these totals the Preangor Regencies residency
shared at the end of 1894 (for 40 plantations) to the
extent of 9,130 bouws, and at the end of 1893 (for 37
plantations) to the extent of 8,798 bouws. Some . of
the last-mentioned 40 and 37 plantations consisted
at the time of only small fields (§■ to 10 bouws).

LANDS GRANTED IN I’OSSEBSION TO PRIVATE PERSONS

The tea production of the lands granted in possession
to private persons amounted in 1894 to 675,850 kg.
(for TJikancli-Oodik in Rantam with 93 bouws of tea,
Tjikoj in the abovemeutioned division of Taugerang,
whole 125 bouA’s more or less are planted with tea,
and 18 lands in Buiteuzorg with about 3,700 bouws
of tea gardens).

On single Buiteuzorg lauds steps were being taken
to replace the tea plants by Liberian coffee.

-4- -

INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION.

From the Ab.slract of Proceedings of a Meet-
ing of the General Committee held in Calcutta
oil 29^1 May we extract the following

With reference to the Chapter on “ White Ants ”
written by Dr. George Watt, c.i.e., for his Report of
his investigations in Assam with proof copies of which
ho had favoured the Association, letters had been
received by Messrs. Shaw, Wallace A Go., from Air.
.John Alston, SuperintcudLiit of the Assam Frontier
Tea Co., Ld., and by Messrs. Finlay, Muir A Go.,
from Mr. James Hall, South Sylhet Tea Go., Ld. It
was decided to x^ass these letters on to Dr. Watt for
his information.

Sir. Wallace suggested that the quojfciou ol appoint-
ing a Scientific Officer for the Tea Districts should
be referred to the vouious Boards of Directors of tea
comp.iuics in T/ondon Defo e tho f'ommiltee arrived
at any decision liete, and it was decided that the
corro.spondencc and ]'>,iijers on the matter should be
summarised and sent to the Secretary, ludiaii Tea
Association, Loudon, for this purpose.

Considered letters of 17th and 21th April, and 1st
and 8th May, with enclosures, from the Secretary,
Indian Tea Association, London, all more or less in
connection with the American Market Fund.

Letter of 1st May, enclosed copy of an important
letter from Mr. Blechytiden, dated 20th April,
making suggestions in detail with the view of bring-
ing the trade in Indian tea in America on to tire
same lines as followed for Gbina and tea-;. i\)r.

r.lechyudon poir.tcd out. lliat t!ic tr.ido in China
and Jaiian teas was ba -.cd mainly on tho samples
of the previous year, each mark having its recog-
nised standard, and that large orders were booked
months ahead on jn'ices quoted, subject to market
lluctualioiis, the imxiorlcr taking only ordinary com-
mercial risks. Mr. Blechyudeu’s proposals, stated

I 10

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. j, 1896.

bi'iefly, were to organise in India an Agency which
would take tlie idacc of the packing houses in
China and .lapan, and ho suggested the formation of
a trading company or sy:idicate which would under-
takes to buy teas in Calcutta and to blond and pack
them, to certain fixed standards, shipping thorn
against orders from America, the main points to bo
aimed at being the minimum of cost and thorough
efficiency. The difficulty of matching any puticu-
lar sample of lea which had attracted the popular
tasto was one of the chief difficulties in pushing the
trade in Indian tea in the United States, and irr order
to get over this Mr. Blechynden suggested forming a
number of standards of different commercial grades
and of the style and liquor found by experience to
suit the American markets. Such standards would
cover practically all the kinds required and range
in prices from the lowest to the highest grades, and
a sufficient number of teas should bo used in each
blend to admit of their being followed whether tiio
same garderrs or district teas were available in the
next season or not. In this way he considered it
possible that largo firms, who are not at present
handling Indian tea, could go into the trade and
sell largo quantities.

These proposals had been considered at a meeting
of the American and Foreign Tea Committee, held
in London on the 5th May, but after due considera-
tion the Committee came with regret to the conclu-
sion that the scheme submitted was beyond
their scope to deal with, but they concurred in the
view expressed by Mr. Blechyndon in a iater letter
that some effect might possibly be given to his pro-
posals by private enterprise.

After careful consideration, both in circulation, and
in the course of discussion, the General Committee
arrived at the conclusion that Mr. lilechynden’s
proposals were not practicable, the main obstacle
for carrying them out in this country being the un-
suitability of the climate for blending purposes. The
Committee, however, ^suggested that arrangements
might be made for blending Indian teas on a largo
scale in America, which might meet the difficulty,
and this was to be passed on to the London
Committee. The General Committee noted the
views with which Mr. Mackenzie had favoured
the American and Foreign Tea Committee in Lou-
don as detailed in Mr. Tye’s letter of 8th May.

In his letter of 21th April, Mr. Tyo called at-
tention to the prejudical effect on the trade of the
North-West frontier of the unwise fiscal policy of
the Amir of Afghanistan and the consequent fall-
ing off in the exports of Indian tea as shown in
the official statement of the trade of British India
for 181)1—95, and stated that the London Commit-
tee were of opinion that a representation should bo
made to the Government of India on the subiect,
with a view to a removal of the restriciions re-
ferred to. The Committee having given very care-
ful consideration to the matter were of opinion,
lookiim at the very full and clear statement given
by the Director-General of Statistics to the Govern-
ment of India in his “ Iloview of the Trade of
India for 18'.)l-95'’ in connection with the decline of the
trims frontier trade, that a representation to the
Government of India would not bo of much practi-
cal benolit, at any rate with regard to the transit trade
which appeared to have been practically destroyed
by llussian policy and fiscal arrangements. It had
been decided, however, as a preliminary step to address
Mr. J. F. O Conor, C.IT'b, Uirectoi-General of Statis-
tics askitig him for particulars of the duties and
charges levied by the Amir on different classes of
goods imported into Afghanistan from India, and on
receipt of this intormatioii the Committee would
then decide what further action should bo taken.

^

Te.\-cultuiik in Russia.— Reports from Batoum, on
the Black Sea, state that on March 15th a large
number of Japanese labourers arrived there with JOO
cases of young tea-plants and 200 cases of other
.Japanese plants. They proceeded to the Government
lauds at Tchavka, near Batoiun, wheie expeiimcnts
in the cultivation of tea and other economic products
are to bo started. — ChenUstand Druii<jist, imm (>.

NOTHING LIKE KL’BBEH.

We recentl}' referred to the approaching scarcity of
indiarubber, in view of the increasing demand for the
article, particularly by the cycle and kindred in-
dustries ; and we opined that a fortune awaited the
man who would invent a substitute for rubber.
Whereupon it was pointed out by a correspondent
that there is already one substitute on the market,
under the title of New Rubber. Since then a rub-
ber trade expert has been talking to us. While ad-
mitting the use of the substitute referred to, ho
maintains that there is nothing like rubber. In
other words, the substitute may be used as an ad-
mixture, and, indeed, commonly is, to the pro-
portion of, iierhajis, tw'enty-live per cent in, for
instance, watorprooliiig and similar processes ; but
it is, by itself, of too greasy a nature, and lacks the
requisite consistency', to servo for vehicle tyres, and
the like. However, as an admixture, and as an ad-
junct to the ordinary iiuliarubber of commerce, the
expert admitted that the substitute was valuable.
And he went on to dilate upon the grow'iug demands
upon the present supply of indiarubber, especially when
vulcanized. Not only are combs, pipe stems, and
numerous other articles being made, in increasing
quantities, from rubber which has been vulcanized
— or, so to speak, annealed — but even nuts and bolts.
The latter are being found particularly useful for
rivetting drain pipes and similar work, as, unlike
iron, vulcanized rubber will not corrode. And as
to the proximate supply of indiarubber. Well, the
expert admitted that there was a danger of demand
exceeding production. No doubt there were im-
mense forests of rubber trees, but then thousands
of the latter had been destroyed by immature tap-
ping through the cupidity of natives and traders. But
would not systematic planting of new trees
retrieve the position? “Ah!” responded the rubber
man, “ if wo could only get people to be so philan-
thropic as to have an eye for posterity. Why, it
takes a century to bring a caoutchouc, or ‘syringe’
tree, to maturity ! ” So it vvould seem that if the
supply is to keep pace with the growing demand
for indiarubber, more attention must be given to
the opening up of new forests, while all imma-
ture tapping of trees must be tabooed. — Pall 3/a/l
Gazette.

TEA I’LUCKING MACHINES.

Though much may be anticipated from the open-
ing of the Assam Railway, in the way of reducing
rates of labor by promoting free immigration, there
is no doubt that planters must look to improved
machinery in the future as the mainstay of the
enterprise. Certainly, when glancing back at the
history of the industry there is much cause for con-
gratulation, but still it must be considered that sub-
stitution of steam, or other motor in lieu of hand
power, has not been sufficiently attained not will be
until some means are devised of substituting mecha-
nical contrivances for leaf plucking. There has, we
think, been ample time for one or other of the three
inventions, spoken of so highly last year, for their
merits to have been submitted to the jiublic, but
for mouths i>ast we have hoard nothing of them. If
either has been successful there is no necessity for
the designers to hide their light under a bushel
while, at the same time, lio ultimate good cixn be
derived fro.m concealing the fact of failure. The
man who can pla:e on the market a really effective
machine for gathering leaf is certain of a competency,
if not fortune, and tlio different tea concerns, both
private and companies, might be canvassed on the
subject of subscribing to a handsome reward for the
successful inventor. We do not assume that first
efforts will be successful, for every day witnesses some
improvements in all mechanics, but even could a
reaper be made that would do half the work, a groat step
would be gained in economising labor in what is now the
most expensive hranoh of manufacture. While confessing
ourselves unable to offer any practical .suggestion
in adopting plucking machinery for use on iinter-
raced teelahs, we tliink that on the gentle undula-
tion afforded by terracing and on bhcul gardens, the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Ill

Aug. I, 1896.]

solution of tlic problem lies more in the careful
traininp; of the bushes in pruning ;;o as to ensure as
far as possible a nuiform surface, but to arrive at
this clesicleratum would entail the employment of
trained intelligent men, and garden coolies can hardly
be said to come under such a denomination. Uowever,
once a lolerably level surface was obtained, it seems to
us that a modiheatiou of the common grain reaper could
be brought into play, and though a good deal of course
leaf would be cut off, for the fine shoots would most prob-
ably bend before and slip through the teeth 01 the,
reaper rendering it necessary to cut low down to the
more rigid stem, sifting, after a few minutes 1 oiling
would remove the greater portion of this. The diffi-
culty lies in dealing with the sides and centres of
the bush for table pruning (as it used to be called) has
its drawbacks which increase as the season progres
ses, and by the end of July or thereabouts-it would
probably be found necessary to resort to the knife
to thin out interlacing stems. The nut no doubt is a
hard one to crack, and as few planters have time,
or possess the necessary aptitude for experimenting
with intricate mechanics, it would be better to offer
the reward \ve suggest, taking care thafour reqirire-
ments are brought to the notice of machinists in all
civilised countries. Though not without hopes that
India or Ceylon may secure the honor of intro-
ducing an efficient plucker, it is more than probable
that America or some of our semi-tropical co-
lonies may be first in the field with one, for though
tea-planting is now being attempted in various parts
of the world, the high rates ruling for labor outside
India, preclude the possibility of successful competi-
tion with us; unless the cost of out-turn can be
brought down to our standard. This can only be
accomplished by the aid of machinery and necessicy
being the mother of invention, the ingenuity of the
colonists will compel them to pay the closest atten-
tion to the subject. This was the case in Ame-
rica some sixty years since, the paucity and con-
sequent high price of hand labor eventually
giving us all those admirable inventions that have
tended so greatly to lessen the cost of iiro-
duction of the necessaries and luxuries of
life. It would matter but liitle to the Indian
planter whence the machine came, for he would
evontually obtain it, and as there must still remain
the noces.sity for employment of hand labor to a
considerable extent on all tea-plantations, we .should
still remain masters of the position on account of
cheap labor. It is certainly too Utopian to reckon
upon dispensing with the coolie altogether. — Indian
Plant erts' Gazette, June 20.

THE UNITED PLANTERS’ COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIxMITED.

The Directors now present to the Shareholders
their Fifth Annual Report, with the accompanying
Accounts to the Mst December, 1895, and are glad
to be able to show continued satisfactory progress,
the yield again showing a slight increase and prices
lip.ving been well maintained.

During the year 191! acres of land have been planted
in 'I'e.'’, and aio reported upon satisfactorily.

The accounts now presented show a Balance of
profit of i’7,()70 Oh. iOJ., after paying an interim
dividend at the rate of 5 per cent jicr annum, all
current expenses p.nd upkeep of machineiy and build-
ings, and after writing t'2,000 off the Factories ar.d Ma-
chinery account, tT,50O off the new clearings account,
and making further provision for the Superintendents’
fund.

The Directors now propose to add t'2,000 to Re-
sei’vc Account, bringiig the amount of that account
up to .i'7,000, to pay a final dividend of i!^ per cent,
free of income tax, making, (> per cent for the year,
li’id to cany forward a balance of £791 Os. lOd.

The Directors have again to express their satis-
faction with the hearty co-operation received from
the Superintendents in the management of the es-
tates.

DRUG REPORT.

fl’T'orn the Chemist and Jtrufjfjist .)

London, .June 11.

ClNt'lION’A. - The monthly cinchona auctions were held
on Tuesday, when a fair (luantity of bark wa-s oH'ere(l.
A moderately animated tone prevailed throughout the salej
ami, with scarcely an exception, the bulk offered was
sohl at firm rates, higher prices in some instances being
paid for Druggists’ varieties, notably West African bark.
The unit average |d per lb.

The eight catalogues comprised 2,111 packages, whicli
were divided as follows

Packages. Packages.

East Indian cinchona
Ceylon cinchona
African cinchona
.South American cinchona
.Java cincliona

1,4(15 of which 1,358 were sold
532 „ 510

212 „ 212

195 „ 195

2,411 „ 2,282

The following figures represent the apjn'oxima.te qu, an-
tities of bark purchased )>y the principal buyers : —

Lbs.

Agents for the Auerbach factory 123,784

Agents for the llrunswick (jui nine- works 110,700

Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 111,075
Agents for tlie Frankfort and .Stuttgart works 49,397

Agents for the American and Italian works 30,255

Messrs. Howards & Sons 33,405

Agents for tlie Paris works 22,730

Agents for the Imperial (Quinine Company 4,800

Various buyers - • 42,437

Total quantity sold - 540,649

Jlought in or withdrawn • 28,140

Total quantity of bark offered 508,789

Ceylon and East Indian barks realised, according to
quality, from Id to 3^d per lb. for Ledger, Ijd to SJd
tor Otheiiialis, ^d bo 8d for Hybrids, ami Id to 2Jd for
Succirubra. For Java Ledger 2^d to 2jd was paid, ami
for Hybrid from 4J to 4jjd per lb. African succirubra
quills realised 2d to 3d per lb. At today’s drug-sales 20
serous of Uuayaquil Loxa sold readily at from Ifd to
lod per lb. for fair, partly bright, partly broken, mossy
quill, and from 4tl down to Id for ordinary dull quality.
Of I3l packages cultivated Bolivian-Calisaya 01, in quill,
fair, but damaged, realised from 2Id to 3d per lb.
'i'hroe packages .8011111 American red bark were bought
ill at 3s Od per lb. 'The exports of cinchona from Puerto
Cabello (Venezuela) in 1895 were 14,005 kilos. In 1894
they were 2,205 kilos.

CiiOTON-SEKD is again dearer, and imports of good
quality would no doubt realise liigh rates. At auction
8 packages (about 7 cwt.) of rtither dark mixed Ceyiou
seed brougiit 60s per cwt. 'The last price ptiid at
auction on Jlay 2nd for a better-looking parcel was 65s.

Ki.xo.— A new shipment of about 300 Ib. of East
African kino, upon wliich we have recently commented'
has been received. No definite price is stated, but it is
said that the holders are not disposed to sacrifice it.
'The otterings of auction included 2 packages of dark
astringent East Indian gum, one of which was bought
in at lO.s per lb., and three packages of a bright red
and woody mixed gum from Bombay, for which no price was
mentioned.

Kola-nuts are being pressed for .sale owing to lieavy
arrivals. Fair bright West African arc ofi'oring privately
at .3;fd to 4d per II). while for fresh kolas very low
figures are meu.ioiieil. At auction 29 hags of diied nuts
Were bought iu at Old to 9il per lb., and 20 baskets of
fresh at Od per lb.

Vanilla. — At today’s auctmus the demaml was only
moderate, and holders accepted a general decline of Is
to 2s per lb. Fine I\Iauritius, slightly crystallised, 0 to 8,^
inches, realised from 28s to 33s ; fresh plump, 4j to 8
inc;.es, 21s Od to 27s Oil ; 8 to 81- indies, 31s ; ordinary
pale to common from ISs Oil to 8s Od per lb. Good Fiji
vanilla reali.sed 1 s per lb.

Vauiouh DlUKiS. — Good qualities of Cuttle-fish bone
are scarce, ami are firmly held. At auction 19 packages
of low to ordinary dark mixed (]uality from Bombay .sold
readily at jd to 2jd per iD. I'.venty-seven b.iles Coca
leaves, Huanoco character were bought in at from is
111 to Is 3d per lb., and 20 bags (Jocculus Indieus at 8s
per lb. Five eii-^es dark-brown Fatchoiily leaves from
Fenang sold at ; 1 pe- lb.

A.xnatto.— Good bright seed is now in ve y large
supply, hut difiicult of sale. About 00 packages East
Imliaii were oll'ered today, Imt only 8 sold, at Od per lb.
for fine bright, and l:,'d for ordinary damaged. A parcel
of West Indian a.nnatto-paste, imported via New ^'ork, was
also ottered. It consisted of 10 eases, and was bone lit
in at 2s per lb.

II2

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug, t, 1896.

THE CEYLON ESTATES INYESTMENT
ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.

UF.PORT

to the twelfth Oi-dinary General Mcotiug, held in
Glasgow on the llUh June: —

The Directors have pleasure in submitting here-
with the accounts for the year ending 31st xMarch,
1896.

The Directors are pleased to be able to again show
a satisfactory result of the year's working.

The balance at the credit of Profit and Loss account,
including £481 18s lOd brought forward from last
year, is £1,708 11 10

The Directors propose that
this should be applied. — In
payment of a dividend of
P2.J per cent free of Income
Tax £3,875 0 0

In writing down Tea Machin-
ery and Factories 300 0 0

4,175 0 0

and that the balance of £533 11 10

be carried forward to next year.

The directors who retire at this time in conform-
ity with the Articles of Association are Mr. Kobert
King and the Reverend Peter Grant, n.n. They are
eligible and offer themselves for re-election.

'The Auditor, Mr. Alexander Moore, C.A., also re-
tires, but is eligible to be re-appointed.

INDIAN PATENTy.

Specification of the undermentioned inventions have
been filed under the provisions of Act V. of 1888.

iMlUtOVEMENTS IN OU CONNECTED WITH WEBS, TKAVS
ELAl'S OU CAUIUEUS EOK CAllUVINO TEA LEAF IN DKVINO

MACHINES. — No. 113 of 1896. — William Jackson, engi-
neer of Thorogrovo, Mannofield, Aberdeen, North
Britain, for improvements in or connected with webs,
trays, flaps or carriers for carrying toalcaf or other
substances in drying machines. (Filed 8th .Tune 1896.)
—Kaa! ern J'Jiifjincer, June 27.

COCONUT OIL.

BY UK. IllKSClI.

There appears to be a good deal of irregularity
i I the classification of the various qualities of this
important raw material for the manufacture of toilet
soaps, and it would perhaps be better to replace the
names at present in general use, viz.. Cochin, Cey-
lon and coprali oil, by the terms “white,” “prime,”
and “ yellow, since “ coprah” only means the mate-
lial from which the oil is obtained, and the others
Ivvhich may bo called territorial de.siguations) are
somewhat misleading, it being possible to obtain
“ Ceylon” oil of first-class quality, or “ Cochin” oil
that is merely “ prime.”

The white or first-quality oil is used in the manu-
facture of white soaps, and must, equally with the lat-
ter, coutaiu no coloring matter — a prohibition which
particularly applies to gray, yellow or blue shades.
The very soft bloom of the fiuo almond soaps is due
to the complete emul.sion produced by the incorpora-
tion of the oil with the colorless soda lye. For this
reason the coconut oil should contain no free fatty
acids, or, at any late, not more than 1 per cent at
tlie outside. The oii should oxiubit the ciiaracteristic
pure nutty taste and odor of its class.

For colored soaps, cither filled or unfilled, the

prime ” oil is used, a small proportion of coloring
matter being therefore allo\yablo in the oil and in
“ white ” soaps made therefrom, but this sJiouUf be
very slight as compared with that contained in
“ colored ” soaps. As a rule, the soaps from this grade
are not required to exhibit the same bloom and
transparency as the almond soaps. Tiie presence
of over 4 pEi’ cent, of free f.itly acids pro luxe.-, lum-
niness when the oil and lye are stirred up together,
on account of the extra rapid reaction of the free
acid with the alkali, and tlio mass easily becomes
thick the finished soap showing flakes duo to the

irregular distribution of tlie fat, alkali, rolor or
scent. When filled soaps are in question the free
fatty acids should not exceed .3 per cent., or the
work will be attended with difficulty. Tu odour the
oil is not exiiocted to be so fine as the “ white ”
finality, but must on no account ho disagreeable or
irritating.

The chief use of the yellow oil is in tho
manufacture of filled soaps by the warm pro-
cess, especially those yielding upward of 250
por cent. Its color may bo deep compared
with the finer qualities, but not to such an
extent as to discolor the soaps. Free fatty acids are
no detriment, good results being often obtained
where as much as 12 or 14 per cent, is present The
odor may bo slightly rancid, but not so as to make
the soap disagreeable.

Tho barrels for packing coconut oils must be per-
fectly clean, those having previously contained fusel
oil or inferior spiiits requiring to be steamed until
the characteristic smell has disappeared. On account
of the solubility of jialin oil in coconut oil, and
tho consequent coloration thereby impaited to llic
latter and tho soaps prepared from it, every trace
of the pahn oil should bo removed from barrels
having previously served to contain the same, be-
fore they can be used for coconut oil. Tar barrels
must on no account be used, and the cleaning of
casks by burning out is to be deprecated (unless
all carbonized spots therein are subsequently scraped
clean) on account of the contamination of the oil
by particles of carbon, which ultimately make the
■soap look gray.

The estimation of the free fatty acids may be
effected in the following manner ; One Iniudred c. c.
of pure alcohol (95 to 96 per cent.) are placed in a
250 c.c. flask, and a few drops of alcoliolic phe-
nolphthalein solution added thereto. To this mixture
normal soda lye is added, one di op at a time, until
a decided rose comration is produced, a little more
than one drop being needed to iioiitralizc the carbon
dioxide absorbed from the air by tbo alcohol. Tho
liquid is then heated to a boiling, and ten c.c. of
molted coconut oil are added from a pipette (which
must be rinsed out afterward with alcohol twice).
Tlie oil dissolves completely (or nearly so), and may
be titrated with normal soda until the initial rose-
coloration reappears. Once c. of the’soda corresponds
to 2'2 per cent, of free fatty acid.

There is another grade of coconut oil known as
“ imported ” oil, which is said to be superior to the
“white” quality, hut the author has not had any
opportunity of testing it. As with other imported oils,
the buyer is supposed to accept what is tendered,
without anj' guarantee as to color, purity or any
other characteristic, and the weight is reckoned on
the basis of 14 per cent, tare — ^which, however, is
usually a few points higher. — Dor Scitenfabrikaui. —
Oi/ I'dint a7ul JIjU'i /I'ejiortn-, .lune 8.

A I’oisONOU.s Okchii). — A com|>arativcly (ami-
mon orchid, the Ci/prijn'diani spcctabile, one of
the olde.st of cultivated specie.?, has been dis-
covered by Mr. I). E. MacDougal, according to
the Revue SeieulijUpte, to posse.ss decided poisonous
))ioperties. “The.se properties,” says tlie A'ce/o',
“ are localised in tlie leaves and stems ; they mani-
fest themselves by a s])ecial cutaneous irritation
in those wlio are so inijirndent as to handle tlu'
orchid in question. This irritation rccall.s lliat
wliich appears in ))or.soii.s who have liaudled 7iVu/.9
[[loison ivy ). Tiie siihstancc that causes tlie eHecls
consists of an oily matter secreted h^^ tlie glan-
dular hairs. Tiiis matter is found, as in the
Ciuiie.se primrose, deposited between the cellular
wall and the cuticleof the terminal cellule of I lie
liaii ; it is set free liy the rupture of tlie cuticle.
This poi.sonous sultstance seems to perforin the
inaction of protecting tlie ri'proilnctive jiort ion of
the jdant, fi r tiie virulence of the |)oison and the
quantity secreted incro.ise as tho (ilant d-vclops
ami attains a maximum during the formation of
the seeds.”

Aug. I, 1896.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

TEA PLANTING IN DAUJEELING.

(Continued from page 100.)
Discussion,

The Chairman said they had lieard about as good
a paper as cou'd possibly bo giveu 011 this important
subject, a paper abounding not oniy iu very accu-
rate description and practical knowledge, but also
illustrated in a very elaborate manner. The im-
portant part of the address — apart from the labour
question — lay, not so much in the preparation of
the ground for the tea plants as in the preparation
of the tea. Of course, all that had been said as
to forests, buildings, and the like, was very interest-
ing, but that one could imagine ; and, no doubt,
in these respects their rivals iu China could show
quite as good a case as India. He ventured to
suggest to the Hritish public that the real hope was
iu the preparation of the tea. Xu that respect they
had the advantage, and 'that was the reason why
they were rapidly gaini'.g ground over China. Many
could, no doubt, remember when the tea industry
in India was in a very low state ; but now, owing
to the adoption of scientific xirocesses, that condi-
tion of things had been considerably alttred. It was
the possession of superior machinery which had given
India the advantage over China. He should be glad
to know the exact number of acres under cultivation
in the Darjeeling district, and what quantity was
still available for the purpose. It had been said
that tea planting was almost the only industry iu
Darjeeling ; but ho could recollect the time when
the cultivation of cinchona was an important industry

Sir Steuart Colvin Bayley, k.c.s.i., thought they
owed a debt of gratitude to Mr. Christison for his
very interesting and instructive paper. The paper
dealt with the tea-planting industry, as a whole, in
Darjeeling, and there was much iu it, pardcularly
iu the technical portions, as to which tea planters
whose experience had been iu other provinces would
have something to say. Ho had hoped to hear fix m
the reader of the paper a little more upon the sub-
ject of labour — f or in.stauce, tea method of recruitment,
the average duration of contract — that was to say,
whether tne labourers who come from a distance
stayed any time iu one garden ; whether they took
an annual holiday to vist their homes ; or whether
they stayed there for years ? No one could have
told us better about the Nepali labourer than Mr.
Christison, for no one knew them better or did more
for them. Perhaps there wore many who had at-
tended the annual gathering at Tukvar, which was
organised by Mr. Christison, and to which many
coloured crowds of cheerful, well-looking labourers
from all the neighbouring gardens used to flock for
the contest iu athletic games and other amusements
promoted by their guide, philosopher, and friend,
Mr. Christison. The Nepalese labourer had probably
more intelligence and industry than those of any
other part of India; and among the advantages
which the Darjeeling tea planters had over their
neighbours in Assam — and there were many — was
the fact that they drew their labourers from the
neighbouring country. There was a grievance even
in regard to those labourers — that they were taken
away from the work iu the tea gardens and re-
cruited for military police in other parts of India.
This question was just beginning to crop up when
he was in India. He fancied it had become more
burning; but as he knew nothing of its recent
developments, he would leave others to say what
there was to be said about it. His advice to the
Darjeeling tea planters would be that, whatever
pressure they might fjut upon the Government to
get their grievances redressed, they should not fall
into the snare of asking for a labour law. If they
did, they would no doubt fina their labour protected
against Government or other competition, but they
would find the price which they would liavo to pay
a very heavy one. The great advantage which the
Dai’jeeling and the Dooars gardens enjoyed over
their Eastern rivals was the fact that they had no
labour law. In Assam there was no indigenous labour
to speak of, in Upper Assam none at all. If the

15

tea industry was to live labourers had to be im-
ported at very great expense from Bengal. But
having gone to this oximmse the planters required,
in the fierce competition that existed, to be protected
from desertion and from the allurements of other
employers of labour. Hence the contracts were
maintained by severe communal penalties, but if the
law did this on one side it did a great deal also
on the other. It took under its protection the
general \vell-being of the labourer, his wages, his
food, his clothing, bis housing, his sanitary arrange-
ments, his medical attendance, &c. These were
looked after by means of inspection and minute re-
gulation, two methods which inevitable as they were
for the purpose, tended no less inevitably to a
considerable amount of friction. A worse result was
that the labourer when thus hedged in was such a
valuable asset that the planter was willing to give
a very large price in Upper Assam, over a hundred
rupees for each. But the difference between this
sum and the actual cost of conveying the labourers
to the district was so gi’eat as to leave a very
large margin, and inevitably there was a fierce
struggle set up for this margin. “ Where the car-
case is there are the eagles gathered together,” a
whole horde of middlemen, contractors and their
agents, licensed recruiters, un'icened recruiters, garden
sirdars, and what not, all connected for the corpus
vile which was to yield this profit, and systematic
recourse to fraudulent recruiting and even to kid-
napping, become common, sufficiently common to be
felt as a discredit to the administration, and one
not easily to be put down. This point had received
very great attention from his successor (Sir Charles
Elliott) ; and one of the last of his public acts had
been to appoint a committee, which, representing all
interests, would try to regulate and co-ordinate the
various confficting and antagonistic systems by which
labour for the eastern gardens was collected, recruited,
and sent ujj. Any arrangement by which these
conflicting and ill-regulated interest could be brought
into a decent system, under responsible management,
so that they would work not antagonistically, but
for the benefit of the tea xilanters, would be an
advantage not only to the planter but to the labourer
and to the public. He should be glad to hear about
the genesis of the committee and what its results
were likely to be.

Sir Charles Elliott, k.c.s.i., said the information
given by the reader of the paper was not only in-
teresting to those present, but would add a good
deal to the interest taken throughout England by
those who were concerned in the tea industry — not
only with regard to the cultivation of the land and
the preparation of the tea, but in the very important
question of the way iu which the tea was treated
when it came to Loudon. In reply to the Chairman's
inquiry as to how far the extension of the Darjeel-
ing district was possible for tea cultivation, he might
say that there was not much more room for ex-
tension. Almost all the land capable of being
planted with tea had been taken ux). The only
extention possible, with a few exceptions, especially
in the Daling district, where the area reserved for
tea had not all been taken uji, was the gradual
slow extension which went on from year to year
within the areas of the different plantations when-
ever labour was available for clearing and planting
an additional 25 or 50 acres. But there was an
enormous area capable of tea cultivation in the
Dooars. The land in that district was much more
suitable for tea cultivation, as it produced a vastly
larger crop, the result being that the influx of
capital necessarily went into the Dooars instead of
in-o the Darjeeling district. The Chairman had
also referred to cinchona, and he might say that
the Government plantation near Darjeeling was the
source of the quinine supply from Upper India, but
the price of bark had fallen so low ohat the culti-
vation of cinchona had been abindoned in all the
gardens. He wished to express his strong agreement
in what had been said by Mr. Christison as to the
relations 1/ctween the tea planters and the popu-
lation of the district, and the great utility the tea
planters were in the administration of tlio^„country.

THE TROPICAL AGRICQLTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896,

114

He, as well as his predecssors, had always set a
high value on the assistance given by the tea planters
to the administration in various forms. They were
the backbone of the British Government in tlnit
district ; and were the chief members of the District
Board, corresponding to the county councils in
England, through wliom were carried out the making
and repairs of roads, the establishment of schools,
the improvement of sanitation — in fact, every des-
cription of work. The question of labour was a
difficult one in Darjeeling, though it was not nearly
so difficult there as in other parts of India. Re-
ference had been made in the paper to the depletion
of tea gardens through competition by the Government
in recruiting labour for military purposes in Burmah
and Bengal. This recruiting had been complained
of by the tea planters as drawing upon their supply
of laboirr. But the Government had taken the
greatest possible pains to prevent any such grievance
arising. A transport officer had been appointed at
Darjeeling with a depot there, and he had strict
injunctions to see that none of the recruiters went
to the tea gardens or took anyone employed there.
The recruits were kept at the depot for some
considerable time ; so that any planter who had
suspicion that his labourers had been carried off
might go to the depot and see the recruits, and in
case he identified any of his coolies the authorities
would not retain them. He had heard the same
story about the want of male labourers on some
of the gardens, but well-mauaged gardens in a favour-
able situation did not suffer in this way. The two
Tukvar gardens, including the one over which Mr.
Christiaon presided, were instances of what could
be done by good mauagemeat. They did not recruit
labour ; they bred more labour than they could
employ. The labourers lived upon these estates
permanently ; children grew up there and multiplied
to such an extent that one of the chief difficulties
was to find employment in the gardens for the
children bred on the estates. In other gardens
which were not so near civilisation, and perhaps not
so well managed, the difficulty of finding labour was
no doubt greater. The grievance was not, as might
be supposed, that Government recruited coolies em-
ployed upon the gardens, but that Government went
Into the same market as the tea planters, and em-
ployed men whom the planters might have einployed.
The immigration from Nepal referred to by Mr.
Christison was employed in three different ways— part
went on to the gardens as they wore extended, the
greatest part went on to the land, especially in inde-
pendent Sikkim, whore agricultural extension had been
very large; and a small portion was recruited by the
Government for military and transport service. All
that could be done was to try and arrange that the
competition should not be an unfair one. The Govern-
ment required very severe work from the men it
recruited for the military police and for transport work.
They were sent long distances, and to unhealthy
districts; cn the other hand, they were seldom required
for a long period, whereas tea planters employed them
for life. As the men had to undergo great privations
while in the employ of the Government they received
a larger wage than they got from the tea planter,
and do doubt to the more adventurous sprits a higher
wage with a short period of service was more at-
tractive in spite of the distance and risk to life.
On the other hand, the wages earned on the tea
gardens were certainly large, and thrifty and diligent
families were able to save a considerable sum,
His own belief was that all had been done which
could be done to secure fairness in the tea planter’s
interest. He need not say that if any well-considered
complaint were made, and some grievances established,
there would be the greatest readiness on the p.art
of the Government to listen to the complaint and
to remove- the grievance. With regard to the wider
auestion which had been touched on by Sir Steuart
Bavlev he might mention that the Commission which
had bemr sitting to di.-cuss thi 1 particular question
and the remedy to lie applied, had suggested that
the work of recruiting labourers for tea gardens
Assam should be coucenLrated inio a single hand,
evil which had arisen with regard to the

in

The

great

competition of labourers had arisen from the im-
mense number of different persons who were com-
petiting against each other — deceiving each other,
stealing each others coolies, kidnapping women and
cliildreu, or enticing them by false pretences, and
even using force and wrongful confinement so that
they constantly figured in tbe police courts A great
contrast was presented by colonial emigration, which
was conducted by well-paid agents established in
Calcutta, who recruit from 10,000 to 1.5,000 men and
women every year for the colonies. These recruits
were brougnt down to Calcutta and embarked at
Calcutta at 15 rupees per head. An exactly similar
class were brought down from the same parts of
the couut.T}’, and taken to Assam, but instead of
costing 15 rupees they cost the tea planter 150
rupees. And the tea industry had to pay annually
a line of 50 lakhs of rupees on the 50,000 to (50,000
people who immigrate into Assam. This large sum,
or most of it, went into the hands of the middle-
men. The only remedy which could be suggested
was to sweep the middleman away ; and ho trusted
this would be the result of the commission that was
now sitting to report upon the subject.

Mr. Shillington said that, having been a tea-taster
in Mincing-lane for the last 30 years, he should
like to refer to one point to which Mr. Christson
had alluded, namely, that of bulking. It had been
suggested that the dock companies did not act fairly
in the matter. He wish to say that, although the
treatment that tea received at the docks was rather
rough, still it was a necessity that every parcel
should be turned out and packed again. It was
said the remedy was to bulk the tea at the gardens,
hut, unless they could have perfectly even quality,
it was hopeless to rely on this. With regard to
the question of tares, it had been said that in
India they could not get wood which did not dry
upon its way home. But the difficulty had been
avoided in China, where they sawed their wood five
years before it was v/anted. The Indian tea industry
was getting to be a large affair ; and it was a
terrible thing to tasters to have to deal with such
a large number of samples. He recollected the time
when one sample of Chinese tea would represent
COO chests ; in India a sample represented an avertige
of 28 chests, the consequence being that the tea
tasters had to taste some 50,000 samples each year.
He suggested that in future the uuinber of packages
in each break should be increased to 100 chests
at least.

Mr. Ernest Tyo said the paper was a most able
one, and he had no doubt it would give great
pleasure to many when it appeared in the columns
of the JonruaL The most important question referred
to in tho discussion was the labour question ; but
as this had been so exhaustively dealt with by
previous speakers, there was little left for him to
say. He hoped that upon some future occasion
this question would be dealt with by itself in a paper.

Mr. George Williamson said he could not agree
with everything that had been said upon the labour
question. Groat profiress had been made in tbe
cultivation of lea in India, as was appaieut from the
fact that an enormous quantity was now exported, while
in 1818 (the year he entered tlio field) tho export
amounted to only 250,000 lbs. There were large areas
still suitable for tea cultivation in India, but in his
opinion the widening of tho field of consuniptio 1
was a more important factor in tho problem of
the future prosperity of the indii.stry than increas-
ing the area of production. Ho was very pleased
to see Ceylon take tho load as an cdiioational agency,
but lo Ills mind the Ceylon tea bad not tho grit
or body of Indian lea.

Mr. John I’ciguson said that tiioy (in Ceylon)
acknowledged that the Darjeeling district luo liicod
tlie very finest lea, and v i ro cm ions to know what
increase might ho locked for in Northern or Sou-
thei n India of finest to is.
of tho paper had not quite
tho 1(),()00,()(I0 11). of tea now
fiom the 5(5, 01)1) acres were
which sold at tho highest
acreage could ho added to

O)'

lie thonghttho reader
made clear whctlier
pi'oduced in IXii-jee-litig
ail of tho fine lea
price, and whether this
materially, Mr. Christi-

Aug. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

U5

sou had stated that the grants of land in private
hands equalled 320 square miles, and he should
like to know what further portion of this could
be used for tea cultivation. lu Ceylon, and in the
Nilgiris, the area available for hue teas was limited.

Dr. J. A. Voelcker thoirght the gist of the paper
was to be found in the concluding remarks. What
they wanted to know was what had brought Indian
tea to the front greatly to the exclusion of that
from China ? It had been suggested that this was
in a great measure owing to the advance of knowledge
of scientific processes and the use of improved
machinery. 'Ihis might be true with regard to
machinery, but upon the other point he ventured to
differ. His belief was that from beginning to end
both the cultivation and the manufacture of tea were
carried out more by “rule of thumb” than ac-
cording to any scientific method. There appeared
to be a want of thorough knowledge of what ac-
tually did take place in the ditferent processes. He
felt that the question for the future was not so
much whether here or thcic one could produce a
line quality of tea, or whether the area of cultiva-
tion could be extended, but it was how large a
number would in future be able to j)roduce the finest
quality and in a scientific manner. There appeared
to be an absence of knowledge upon points of
cultivation, for example, as to what manure should
be used and what shoirld be avoided in order to
produce the best tea. With regard to the manufacture,
though there might be excellent machinery, there was
very little known of the processes which were de-
noted by the use of such chemical terms as
“oxidation” and “ fermentation.” These terms were
used in a loose way w'ithout any clear idea of what
they meant. Until more was known on such points
that progress would not be made which was necessary
to keep English industries in India to the front.
In Germany, the Government encouraged greatly
the development of industries and the spread of
knowledge concerning them, but little was done in
this direction either in England or in India. Not
very long ago a Tea Planters’ Association in Assam
decided to call in the aid of science to their in-
dustry, and engaged the services of a chemist from
Engliind. But he was only given a year and a
half in which to find out all about tea cultivation
and tea manufacture, and soon afterwards the
association said they had no more funds, and his
services were dispensed with. It was not in such
a way at this that scientific investigation should
be carried out, and what was really needed was
a patient woi'king out of all the details, alike
of cultivation and of manufacture, until the whole
was put- upon a thoroughly scientific and prac-
tical basis.

Mr. Christison, in reply, said he could not con-
tribute much to the vital question of labour for
Assam, but he fully appreciated Sir Steuart Bayley’s
advice to those districts which had no labour Act
to do without one. He frankly acknowledged, and
felt thankful for it, that her labour advantages were
among the strong points in favour of the Darjee-
ling district, and though the grievance referred to
did exist, they really had no labour question to
compare with that of Assam. Upon that wide and
perplexing subject he would not venture. If, how-
ever, he might be permitted one remark, it would
bo, let Assam concerns recruit through a common
agency, and avoid undue competition with each
other; and he would implore all districts to believe
that what was for the common weal in this matter
was for the best interests of individual concerns in
the long run. Therefore, let all pay their coolies
fairly, but at stated accepted rates with other con-
ditions for their locality, aad avoid stealing a march
upon each oilier, or entertaining, mucli less enticing
away, a neighbour’s labour under any temptation or
pretence whatever. The (juestion of Darjeeling
labour he considered of too local a nature to be
dealt with more fully than it had been in his paper.
Still, it was a wide and vei-y intricate, as well as
a most important, question, snfllciently studied by
but few, and would alone require a series of papers
to deal with it in all its phases. There were some
Nepalis who had been employed for 20 and 30 years

in the gardens with which he was long connected.
Many lived and died upon the tea gardens, but
they were not a long-lived people more than Europeans
on Darjeeling gardens, he grieved to say. Though,
as he had said, coolies were not really under con-
tracts to the gardens, and were free to leave at
least at the close of any season, the majority —
especially women— settled down for years. There
was a considerable proportion— greater or less on
different gardens — more or less shifting, who came
in from Nepal (a few also from Sikkim and the
Government farms) and returned thither iu a year
or two, or were induced within shorter time to
leave — and these were chiefly men — for Government
service as stated, contract work, and a few from
the hills (more from the Terai) for the Dooars and
even more remote tea districts. It was not unusual
for coolies, but more particularly headmen, to take
leave to visit Nepal, returning to their duties on
the gardens, and many visited their homes to recruit
coolies at the same time. He hoped Sir Charles
Elliott would pardon his differing from him in re-
gard to some minor details. He was the more
reluctant to do so knowing Sir Charles Elliott’s
great ability, and that there never was a more con-
scientious and painstaking Governor, or one more
desirous to be fair to every industry and enterprise.
He had said, with reference to Darjeeling, that
Government recruited in the same market as the tea
planter did, but he (Mr. Christison) begged most
respectfully to submit that that was just what was
not done. The planter recruited his labour, at some
expense and risk, from Nepal; Government within
the districts in the bazaars and markets frequented
by the garden coolies. He had suggested that Govern-
ment ought to recruit for the military police and
expeditions direct from Nepal, as was done now for
the Goorkha Regiments, as he presumed under treaty
with that State, or, failing that, elsewhere in India,
or from the vast native G overnment colonies within
the district. He was fully satisfied of the anxiety
of the Lieutenant-Governors and the districts officiais
not to take garden labour, and to return auy that
had been taken ; but it was difficult for them to
obtain accurate Information on all points, and re-
cruiters, and especially petty recruiters, had their
own reputation for zeal to maintain. He could give
many instances of how the well-intentioned rules
for the return of coolies were frustrated, by coolies
being returned at the depot at Darjeeling, merely
to rejoin the recruits a station or two down tho
railway line aird the like, only fully understood by
those possessing a perfect knowledge of these ad-
venturous hill-tribes. The experience of the two
coitcerns mentioned by Sir Charles Elliott really
proved the depletion of men referred to. In one in-
stance tho proportion of men fell from 42‘(5 per cent, to
17j per cent., and in the other so straightened was the
Tukvar Co. for men coolies, that it was actually
forced to increase their wages by twenty per cent.
He was in accord with the views expressed by
Dr. Voelcker, as to there being as yet little known
of tho chemistry of tea manufacture. For instance,
what was really known as to the action of light
in witheriug ? or the chemical changes that took
place in the various stages of the so-called “ oxida-
tion ” and other processes described ? It was re-
grettable that Mr. Bamber’s services were not con-
tinued. That gentleman displayed much industry,
and no ordinary powers of observation, and accom-
plished a great deal iu a short time. Mr. Bamber
had only time to visit two out of the many In-
dian tea districts. Still, ho made a valuable and
most comprehensive contribution to the literature of
tea, which, as far as he was aware, was tho standard
work on the chemistry of manufacture, if not of the
entire subject at tho pj'esent time. It was dilhcult
often to get science and practice to go hand iu
hand. The Indian Tea Association, aided by Govern-
ment, ought, as recommended by Dr. Voelcker, to
employ a competent agriculturist as chemist to con-
tinue the investigations in conjunction with prac-
tical planters, and not for one or two years only,
but for 20 years. In reply to Mr. Ferguson, the pro-
portions of the Darjeeling tea crop from the hills was a
little short of eight millions, and tho majority of that

ii6

the tropical agriculturist.

[Aug. r, 1896.

was of true Darjeeling tlavour. As stated in his paper
he (Mr. Ghrislisou) agreed with Sir Charles Elliott that
Darjeeling might be looked upon as a closed district
for tea, there being practically but little more land
available. He had no hesitation in saying that the
land allotted for tea grants in the Daling district
was, taken all in all, the most precipitous and
barren of any hill land he had seen. Of course in
the district there was land of gentle slopes,
which afforded scope for as much tea as was on
the original hill district, and in this original
hill district there was also much laud suitable
for tea likewise in the possession of the na-
tives. Could this have been thrown open for tea it
would have been applied for on account of the
more healthy situation, even more eagerly than the
Dooars, but it was not desirable nor would it be
fair to grant land there for tea now that it had
been settled upon natives, besides the land had
been tortured, impoverished, and bared of forest,
and would require to be allowed to lie fallow for
many years before it would be suitable for growing tea.
— Journal of the Society of Arts.

NOTES FROM THE METROPOLIS.

CR1T1CI.SM ON TEA COMPANIK.S

is nob likely to stand in the way of new pro-
posals. The big one of the week has been Sir
John Muir’s union of the North and South
Sylhet with

THE CON.SOLIUATKl) TEA AND LANDS COMPANY
with a capital of T2,000,0u0. I quote from tiie
prospectus as follows

The Conbolidated Tea and Lands Co., Ltd.

Capital, .£2.000,000, divided into 100,000 five per-
cent cumulative 1st preference shares of .£10 each ;
40,000 seven per cent cumulative 2nd preference shares
cf £10 each ; 60,000 ordinary shares of £10 each.

Present Issue — 100,000 five per cent cumulative 1st
preference shares of .£10 each ; 40,000 seven per cent
cumulative 2nd preft renco share of £10 each; 40,000
ordinary shares of £10 each.

DIRECTORS.

Sir John Muir, Bart., of Dcanston, and of Messrs.
James Finlay & Co., 22 West Nile Street, Glasgow,
and 34 Loadenhall Street, London, and of Messrs.
Finlay, Muir, & Co., Calcutt.i and Colombo. — Chair-
man.

Field-Marshal the Eight Hcnourable Lord Roberts,
of Kandahar and Waterford, o.c.n., o.c.s.i., g.c.i.e.,
V.C., D.C.L., LL.D., &c.. Royal Hospital, Dublin.

Sir Robert Drummond Moncrciffe, Bart., of Mon-
creiffe. Bridge of Earn, Pertlishire.

*P. R. Buchanan, Esq., of Messrs. P. R. Buchanan
& Co., 4.5 Leadonhall Street, London.

William Allan Coats, Esq., Director of Messrs. J. A; P.
Coats, Limited, Thread Manufacturers, Paisley.

A. B. Murray, Esq., 33 Reufield Street, Glasgow ;
and Rosebank, Patrick.

A. M. Brown, Esq., of Messrs, James Finlay A Co.,
22 West Nile Street, Glasgow.

William Walker, E-q., of Mc.ssrs. James Finlay A Co.,
22 West Nile Street, Glasgow.

Robert Scott, Esq., of Messr.s. Morgan A Scott, 12
Paternoster Buildings, London.

This Company is formed to take over as going con-
cerns, and to amalgamate, the estates in India and
Ceylon particularized in the statement accompanying
this prospectus, and known as The Estates of the North
Sylhet Tea Company, Limited, The Estates of the
South Sylhet 'Tea Company, Ijimitcd, in which are
included the Estates of the North 'Travancorc Laud
Planting and Agricultural Society, Jjiniited.

These Companies liave, since their formation in
1882, been worked under the same pro|jrietary, as
private Companies, and they are now amalgamated,
and formed into a Public Company with a view of
securing a quotation on the Loudon and Glasgow
Stock Exchanges.

The estates ronqiiice an area estimated at 180,000
acres of land, situated in Assam, Sylhet, the Dooars,
Darjeeling, the North Travaiicore Hills, and Ceylon,
of which, ou 30th November, 1835, there were plantoJ

21,310 acres with tea in bearing, and 5,439 acres
with young tea, coffee, cocoa, and coconuts. Since
that date 4,371 acres have been cleared and are in
course of planting, so that the whole area at present
under cultivation is 31,120 acres.

As will be seen about 150,000 acres are still un-
cultivated. This land has been very carefully selected,
and a large proportion of it is pronounced by the
Su]perintendents and the Managers of the Companies
to be as fine land for the cultivation of tea, coffee
and cocoa as can be found in India and Ceylon.
The large tract of land estimated to contain 90,000
acres in the North Travancore Hills, of which about
60,000 are computed to be at an elevation of 4,000
to 6,500 feet, is an exceptionally attractive feature.
This land is geuerally very rich, and capable of
yielding large crops of tea or coffee of the highest
quality, and its acquisition renders the prospects of
the Company unusually promising, as either by the
formation of subsidiary companies, or by opening up
the land ou the Company’s own account, large pro-
fits should be secured therefrom. It is the Direc-
tors’ intention to put a considerable area under
coffee, the cultivation of this product having proved
successful and remunerative in Southern India. The
unplanted lands in Ceylon about 8.000 acres, and in
Assam about 11,000 acres, will be rapidly developed
aud brought imdcr cultivatiou.

All the estates are well equipped in every respect,
having a staff of 127 experienced mauagers and as-
sistants, an excellent labour force of about 34,000
labourers, an ample supply of good machinery, fine
roads and tramways, and substantial brick factories,
bungalows, godowns, good wells, Ac.

Compared with other good dividend-paying In-
dian Tea Companies the record of the North and
South Sylhet Tea Companies. Limited, is one of the
highest. From 1882 to 1886 inclnsive, while the
plants were young aud yielding little or no leaf, no
profits were made from the newly-planted gardens,
but out of the profits of tlio seasons 1887 aud 1388
the Companies paid to their Shareholders compound
interest at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum, for the
whole period of about five years, during which the
estates were iiractically non-productive, besides plac-
ing £16,000 to reserve account for depreciation. For
the past seven years — from 1889 to 1896 —suffi-
cient profits have been earned to pay an average
dividend of 10 per cent, per annum ou the capital
paid up, and to put aside £21,000 to reserve account
for depreciation.

The crop, whicli in 1888 was 5,678,379 lb., bad in-
creased in 1895 to 9,583,734 lb. of tea, The estimated
crop for the curreut season is 10,070,000 lb. of tea,
and the present planted area as it matures is ex-
pected to give ail annual yield of 14,OO0,0tX) lb. of
tea. 'This largo increase of crop sliould reduce tiic
average cost of production per pound.

Although a iMge area of the cultivated laud was
either too young to yield crop or only in partial
bearing, the average profits for tlio last four years
amounted £93,97(), as will be seen from the Auditor’s
certificate set fortli below, or suCticient to pay a divi-
dend of 5 per cent, on the Cumnlativo 1st Preference
Shares; 7 percent, ou the Cmnnlativc 2nd Preference
Shares in the now Company; and to leave a balance
available for the payment of a siibstaiitial dividend
on the amounts paid up on the Ordinary Shares. As
the young estates conic into bearing the amounts
available for dividends on tho Ordinary Shares should
be materially increased.

’The properties arc taken over as from 30tli
November, 1895. ’The Vendors will receive interest
at the rate of 5 por cent, por annum uiioii their
purchase-money from that date until tho same is
paid. Tlio ac o’uits will be closed on 30tb November
in each year.

Messrs. Ji’inlay, Muir, and Co., of Calcutta, who
have managed the Estates siucc their formation,
have agreed to continue to hold tho Managing Agency
in India and Ceylon, in wliicli Island they have a
In-ancli firm, and llioy liavo undertaken; during their
toiiiiro of (lie Agency, to hold share.s to the nominal
value of £200,060 in the Compaiiv, wliicli will include
Ordinary Shares to the nominal value of at least
£100,00.

Au6. I, 1896.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 117

Sir John Muir, the Chairman of both the Vendor
Companies, has also agreed to act as Chairman of
the Company for at least five year's, and to give the
Company his active support.

The cost price of the Estates in the books of the
North and South Sylhet Tea Companies, Limited, on
30th November, 1895, was £1,416,342. The purchase
price has been fixed by the Venders, who are the
promoters of the Company, at £1,450,000 for the
planted Estates, and £150,000 for the uncultivated
land — in all, £1,600,000.

The Company will repay to the Veirdors all ad-
vances made by them on account of the current
season ; and will also take over, at a price to be
fixed between them, all stores purchased by the
Vendors for future use and in hand, as at 30th
November, 1895.

The balairce of this issue, together with the
£200,000 yet to be issued, will, it is intended, be
expended (subject to the payment of the preliminary
expenses) upon the development of the land and of
the young Estates.

The legal expenses, brokerage, and other charges
attending the issue of the Prospectus and allotment,
will be paid by the Company.

SCHEDULE REFERUED TO IN THE ACCOMP.VNYING
PROSPECTUS.

Tub Syliiet Estates consist of the Deanston, Bali-
sera, liajghat, Amrail, Jageherra, Goombira Dukin-
golc, Sagurual. IIolicherra-Degaicherra, Baitakhal,
Lulleecherra, Lallakhal and JaMong Divisions, com-
prising an area of 50,707 acres as follows : —

Acres.

Tea in bearing .. .. .. 14,456

,, Non-bearing .. .. .. 916

Cleared and in course of Planting . . 315

Uncultivated . . . . . . 35,020

50.707

Tub Assam Estates consist of the Hattigor Posvui,
Sagmootoa and Borpaui Divisions, comprising an
area of 14,059 acres, as follows : —

Acres.

Tea in bearing . . . . . . 1,192

,, Non-boaring .. .. .. 771

Cleared and in coui'se of Planting . . 975

Uncultivated .. .. .. 11,382

14,320

Tub Dooars Estates consist of tho Rungamuttee,
Dam-Dim, Nakhati. Bytagool and Nowera Nuddy
Divisions, having a total area of 10,899 acres as fol-
lows : — .

Acres.

Tea iu bearing .. .. .. 4,542

,, Non-bearing . . . . . . 34

Cleared and in course of Planting . . 20

Uuncultivated .. .. .. 6,303

10,899

The Darjeeling Properties consist of the Bloom-
field and Orange Valley Estates, with an area of
1,007 acres as follows

Acres.

Tea in bearing . . . . . . 650

Uncultivated .. .. .. 357

1,007

The Ceylon Estates consist of the Warwick, Goua-
kcllie-Mandara-Newera, Hopewell, Mcddekande, Ual-
golle-Weweltalawa,lIalwaturA,Uelwita andKatugastota
Divisions, and comprise 14,000 acres of land, as fol-
lows : —

Acres.

Tea in bearing . . . . ' ' . . 470

,, Non-bearing .. .. .. 2,044

Cleared and in course of Planting . . 1,306

Coffee, Cocoa, and Coconuts non-bearing.. 1,075
Clea-rcd and iu course of Planting . . 730

Uncultivated .. ■■ •• 8,375

Tue North Travancore Estates and Land con-
sist of an estimated area of about 90,000 acres as fol-
lows : —

Tea in bearing

.. Nil.

Acres.

,, Non-bearing . .

405

Cleared and iu course of Planting

. . 1,000

Coffee Non-bearing

194

Cleared and iu course of Planting

25

Uncultivated

.. 88,376

90,000

About 99,555 acres of land are freehold, subject, in
the case of the North Travancore Property, to a
small tax, and estimated area of 74,639, acres are held
under ordinary Government Leases, and the balance
6,839 acres is private leasehold laud.

Although the areas and other particulars above men-
tioned are believed to be correct, or appro.xiniately
correct, the Vendors are not to be held as guaran-
teeing their correctness.

Glasgow, June 1896.

I hear that apart from the fact of the old .share-
holders taking the greater part, there is likely
to he no hesitation in the ]>art of the general
public in oll'ering for more than is available.

The same is likely to be true of Mr. C. E.
Btrachan’s Company —

‘ THE GALLAHA CEYLON TEA ESTATES AND
AGENCY COMPANY LIMITED’

— which is likely to come out veryshoitly with a
capital of£165,U00, and all that may be oH'crcd to
the public are likely to be applied for several times
over. The Company are to have 2,397 acres of tea
including what is planted this year, 107 acres
cardamoms, 276 acres planted for fuel, 2,094
acres forest, iiatana, etc. After paying working ex-
penses, interest on Debentures and Preference
shares, it is estimated there ought to be 71 ri, sing
to 10 per cent for the onl inary shareholders, —
perhaiis more as there will be 762 acres young
tea coming on. Such, I believe, are some of the
anticipations.

SHARE.S OF EXISTING COMI’ANIES.
Notwithstanding tlie eagerne.ss about such
new Companies as the above, there can be
no doubt of some slackness in respect of the
shares of existing Companies, mainly due to the
large number of shares offering from Ceylon,
showing that caution must be used in the
Colony with reference to locking up capital.
Nevertheless, there is gie.at confidence felt in
Ceylon and its tea enterprise — a recent visitor
speaks of all “ as in a most nourishing and pros-
perous condition and men were commencing to
talk of £130 an acre as the value of good tea.”
Tills, I submit, is too Siiiguine, and it can
.scarcely be wise to go above the price recently
jiaid in Dimbula and its neighbourhood.

THE I.’AGALLA TEA E.STATES, LIMITED,
is to decl.are an ad interim dividend on 1st July of
4 per cent.

NOTES EKOM OUR LONDON LETTERS.

(From Our Own Correspondent.)

London, June 19.

The last letter sent you gave copies of corre-
spondence dealing with the proposed re-construc-
tion of the cajiital of the

OlHENTAL EST.ATES COMF.ANV.

We were not then in possession of information
enabling ns to offer any comment upon the
subject of these Icticrs, but the Chairman's
speech .at .an extraordinary gc-neral meeting of
the Oriental Estates Company held this week
enables us now to do this. The object of this

14,000

THE TROPICAL AGRICUL'i'URIST.

ii8

meetin.i; 'vas to consider resolutions for re-arraiig-
in;' the capital account witli the view of bring-
ing' it into close correspondence witii tlie present
value of the assets. Air. (^uintin Hogg jiresided
on the occasion of this meeting. He said he
thouglit some scheme of re-construction would be
desiiable, because, if the assets were not snlli-
cient to meet the liabilities tlicy must cither
reiluce the value at which those assets stood in
the Company’s books or accumulate a cash I’e-
serve to balance the deliciency and as a set- oil'
against depreciation on the estates. He prefer-
red, he said, a live and negotiable security in
place ol the present preference sharc.s. In fact
the orelinary shareholders could i)rcvent any
money being paid to the i)reference shareholders
as long as their assets ditl n<>t represent the
value at which they stood in the book.s. He
estimated the annual income from their estites
at £-id,OOh. If the meeting adopted the scheme
proposed, £tU,00o of tliis would be taken for
debenture interest, and £5,000 wouhl be reriuired
for the payment on new preference sharc.s. Of
the b.alance, £-2,500 would go to reserve, and of
the other £2,500 one-third would go to the pre-
ference anti two-thirds to the ordinary shareholder.s.
Tlie board were inclined to favour this scheme as
a fair basis of negotiation, and they were in
duty bound to submit it to tlie shareholders,
Mr. Welton, the oilicial liquidator of the late
New Oriental Hank, and in that capacity, of
cour.se, largely concerned with this jiroposal con-
demned the scheme as so unfair that he did
not believe any judge would sanction it if it
were op))Osed. .Some of the shareholders moved
and seconded the appointment of a committee to
investigate the aH'airs of the Com|)any and to
protect” the interest of the preference share-
holders. Ml. Slaughter, who had framed
the proiiosal remarked as to this tliat be
and his friends held 05,000 iirefercnce shares,
and it was their object to increase the
value of these. Another shareholder stated that
at present their ordinary shares represented no
\alao and -.vere held iiy a syndicate. 'Hie
idea at tlie back of the scheme, he said, was
to increase tlie value of these. 'I'he final
course ailopied was the appointment of four gen-
tlemen to confer with the directors on the scheme,
to negotiate with the ordinary shareholders, and
report to a subsecpient meeting. To us ont-
siilers the condition of things e.visting with res-
pect to this company is exceedingly dillicult of
comprehension. If things be as stated, the po-
sition of the company is not favourable, and one
is inclined to wonder how it was that the late
large sale of the cmniiany’s debentures resulted
so well. And if tin sale was made with the
facts mentioned kejit liack from the public, that
Irausmition shonhl seem to have been maile under
false pretences. Surely the public would not
have purchased these debentures had it been
aware, for instance, that the valuation of the
assets in the company’s books was a fictitious
value ! 'i’liat is the first point that must strike
tire uninitiated. Then why should Mr. Welton
iia\e so strongly condemned the proposal to right
this difVerence -f ft seem to us that the ordinary
shareholders may be threatening to refuse payment
of the interest on the preference shares on the
'.-round that that difi’erence exists. If so, tiiose
who lately purchased debentures ouglit to have
a voice in the matter Hut we don’t
iu-etend to wliolly understand either the scheme
i.ropoumled or I he intentious or desires of tiiose
who opliose it. Only one thing semns certain,
and that is that no api»eal should bo made to

[Aug. h 1896.

])ublic investors so long as the value of the
as.sets in the books is not correspondent with
tlieir actual value. It is to bo feared that the
position is not a satisfactory one, and that the
revelations made at this meeting may act in-
juriously on the credit of Ceylon tea coin-
jianies generally. For the general imblic will be
no more able to discriminate as to the bearing
those revelations have than we are ourselves
able to do.

MEXICO A.S AN OIL PIIODUCINO
COUNTRY.

According to tlie last available statistics, Mexico
produced the following quantitios and values of oil
seeds in 1851 :

Hecto-

liters.

Value.

Sesamum

. . 17,203

|37,000

Earthnut

70,510

110,000

Chi a

721

5,500

Coquito

9,802

20,600

Cocoanut

. . 340,500

1,105,000

22,000

Castor

. . 18,740

Linseed

. . 15,578

45,000

Hapeseed

.. 77,711

132, .500

The Indian sesamum, called in Spanish ajonjoli
or aljonjoli, is sown in February or March, and is
reaped in April or May, and in Mexico it yields 500
per cent. Notwithstanding this, and although there
is no lack of proper soil for it, the amount grown
is comparatively small. Thi.s is owing to the want
of field labour and tho small local demand. The
difficulty of transportation to tho seaboard has caused
the idea of shipping it to be abandoned, although
it would find a ready market in Europe. In the
producing districts it can be bought at from J>2.75
to |8.50 tho charge of 138 kilos, but the heavy cost
of mule transport to the nearest railway station,
and tho fact that tho market is cornered, makes the
price at Mexico City about $8.50 for the same quan-
tity. Tho sesamum is treated nowadays by hot
processes, and yields 45 per cent its weight ol oil, and
the oil cake is a good food for cows in milk. Tho sesa-
mum oil, with a liberal admixture of olive oil, pro-
duced iu tho environs of the city, is used almost ex-
clusively for alimentary purposes. The mixture is
called aceite do comer (eating oil), and sells retail
at about a shilling the liter. Under tlie namos of
rose oil and green oil it is also used in pharmacy to
colour ointments and in making the empirical medi-
cines of tlie country.

Hapeseed grows on tho central plateau, and costs
ill Blexico City from $1 to $5 the chai-ge. It yields
about 35 to 40 per cent of its oil, and many oil manu-
facturers iu the country use tho oilcakes as fuel foe
their engines.

Flax up to now has hardly been cultivated in Mexico
for the sake of the seed, althougli many trials have
been made to grow it for textile uses in tlic neigh-
bourhood of one or two of the larger towns. Linseed,
therefore, comes from a restricted area, and costs
about $8.50 tlie load at Mexico City. The J'biropcaii
oil could bo imported into the country but for tlie
duty oil it.

Tlie culture of the olive was forbidden in colonial
days, Spain wishing to preserve the monopoly of the
supply of olive oil. Moreover, the climate of Mexico
docs not seem to agree 2ierfectly with the olive, which
prefers the dry soils ot temperate climes and ex^io-
sure to tlio sea breezes. It is cultivated only in a
few villages near the capital. Tho fruit is small,
disagreei^ lie in taste and very bitter, Imt tlie oil is
good, vvitli not too ))ronouiiced a ll-ivor.

Tho castor oil jilaiit grow.s in abiiiidanoc all over
tue country, and iu the warmest soils it reaches
twenty feet in height and looks like a tree. About
hi) per cent, ot oil eould ho extracted, but with the
primitive metliods in use the actual yield is 35 to
40 per cent. A lew small fin tories lUii installed in
the iirodiiciii;; districts, Ixit tlicy do their work badly
and relatively e.xjieusively, the cleaning of the seed

Aug. r, 1896,]

TFIE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

119

boinp; done by hand. The oil is used for soap making
and for lighting purposes. As for the medicinal article, it
is still imported from Europe. The e.xpenso and
difficulties of transport have always been in the way
of attempts to export the seed, but it is asserted
that a German firm at Vera Cruz has begun to
send regular shipments of it to Hamburg. The
load in Mexico City is worth !^8.50.

Cotton grows well all over Mexico, and especially
well in certain parts ; but the want of field labour
has restricted its culture, and it is chiefly grown
as textile material. For the last five or six years
cottonseed oil has been imported from Texas for
soap making. The Mexican producers cannot com-
pete with the price of this product, and have lost
the sale of the article to the soap makers. The
Government tried to help them by raising the duty
on cottonseed oil, and since this increase came
into force on Jan. 31 last two important oil facto-
ries have started at Torreon.

The chia is cultivated on the central plateau.
Its seed resembles that of the colza, and the oil
extracted from it is used as a substitute for linseed
oil. It is very siccative, and could be used for art
painting.

The cacahoanantzin is the name of a tree of
which the seed gives 30 per cent of excellent oil. It
is suitable for the manufacture of the finest soaps,
but it seems to bo very little used.

The chicalote is a thorny plant like a cardoou, which
spreads so rapidly that it is a veritable agricultural
scourge. Nevertheless, its seed gives from 25 to 30
per cent, of a limpid soil, which is said to be one of
the best possible for paint. The Indians of TJruapan
uso it for their famous paintings on wood and on cala-
bashes, which resist boiling water, and are as fresh
after twenty years as on the first day.

The mammey (American mammeetree) has a nut
which yields 40 per cent of fine oil suitable for per-
fumery and soap making. The work of extraction,
however, is rendered dangerous by the amount cf
prussic acid it contains, and, for want of a market,
the oil is hardly produced.

The earthnut, called here cacahirate, produces from
30 CO 50 per cent, of an oil which is used for the
hair and for making fine soaps. In general the nut
is only cultivated for eating in Mexico, and for other
purposes is imported.

The coquito de aceite, or small oil coco, is the
almond of a Sylvester pine which grows in abmidauce
in several States. It is found in groves on the banks
of some- of the rivers, but the crop has been a good
deal neglected so far, although the nut gives (15 per cent
of an oil in high esteem foiTubricating machinery and
for soaps. A few factories extracting this oil are in
the country, but the greater part of the nut crop i.j
sent to San Francisco. The oil-cake is used
as fuel.

The coconut is used only as a table delicacy, and
fetches a relatively high price. It grows iir abundance
in several States, but the Mexicans do not yet seem
to have hit on the idea of utilizing it for its oil. In
Mexico City there are seven oil factories, the most
important of which can treat thirty charges or loads
a day. All of these factories use steam, and one or
two of them have hydraulic presses and modern appli-
ances. The capital engaged in the business may be
put down at ^|i3(f0,000, and gives a return of from 30 to
40 per cent. The seeds treated here as a general rule
are sesainum, rape, linseed and castor. Small quan-
tities of coqiiitos, mammeys and olives .are also
sometimes treated. The industry of oil seeds may
possibly have a great future before it, not because of
local trade, which is of necessity restricted, but in
view of the export business. Unfortunately, fate is
against any great immediate growth of tlie industry;
thei-ft is a want of field labor, a dificulty of transporta-
tion, and a heavy charge for freight to be overcome
The ships calling at Mexic.iu ports cannot expect a
full cargo, and, consequently, doul)le their prices, or,
in preference, pick their return cargo at Hiicnos
Ayres or in Brazil. — French Consular Ueport. — OH,
raint (uul DiiKj Ileporter, June 1.

CEYLON AND INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA.

The following is an extract from a letter, dated New
lork, ISJtii May, Ibbtl, from Mr. li. lllechynden •—

Since the date of my last Report Mr. Mackenzie
the Ceylon Commissioner, has paid anoiher visit to
this country, leaving during the first week in April
During bis stay he confirmed and extended the ar-
rangements made during his previous visit, for tlie
joint demonstration and advertisement of India and
Ceylon teas. A considerable sum ha.s been expended
by Ceylon in advertising in magazines and journals
For some issues these advertisements v.'ere for Ceyloii
teas alone, but Mr. Mackenzie recognising that
Ceylon was getting the full benefit of all work of
every kind w'e did, met us in a fair and liberal
spirit, and thenceforth the advertisements have been
for Ceylon and Indian teas. I have sent specimens
of the advertisements as they appeared for Ceylon
tea alone and for Ceylon and Indian teas The
space taken by Mr. Mackenzie in the magazines
was doubled on his return to the States, and is still
tor I he teas of both countries. I will enclose speci-
mens of the advertisement as it now appears in
different journals and magazines circulating through-
out States; many of these are admittedly the best
mediums for advertising of their kind existing
Some efforts have been made by the Advertisinrr
Agents to have notices of “ machine-made tea ” im
serted in these journals, and in a few instances with
success. Most of the magazines are however not of
a character to be able to introduce such “ write ups ”
having no columns set apart for general notes. ^ ’

In addition to the magazine advertising arranged
for by Mr. Mackenzie, the columns of the regular-
daily press have been extcnsivelv used, and also cer
tain commercial journals. Copies of the advertise-
ments have been sent to you as they came out In
the commercial journals the publication of certain
facts not creditable to China and Japan teas was
first taken hold of, and the language used by the im
porters of these teas themselves condornnino- theni
in their efforts to impose an import duty on tea«
were quoted and the advantages of Ceylon and In-
dian teas set forth. These advertisements (were also
used at first in the daily press. When the figures
showing the remarkable increase in the use of our
teas were published by Messrs. Gow, Wilson and
Stanton, great use was made by us of them. More
recently the remarks of the Chancellor of the Exche-
quer relative to the increased uso of tea in Brit - u
and his reference to India and Ceylon teas were made
the text of the advertisements. These advertisements
have been published in New York, Philadelphia and
Boston, in the dailies, and the New York com’mer
cial papers have a wide circulation in tJie States and
Canada. In addition to these papers Mr. Mackenzie
has bad regular advertisements (whole pa<m) in the
leading grocers’ paper in Canada. °

The system agreed upon was to use the New
York evening papers every week, and as for finan-
cial reasons it was impossible to take sufficient
space to set forth what we had to say in any strik-
ing manner as an ordinary advertisement, w-e struck
upon the plan of using rhyme with a small wood
cut, trusting to the novelty of the method to attract
attention. Specimens of these have been sent to
you as they appeared. These rhymes are parodies
upon popular airs, and sing the virtues of India and
Ceylon teas. The types selected, the cuts used, and
the form m which they appear make these advertise-
ments “ stand out ” as they can be seen at a "laiico
at the page on which they appear. Among adver-
tisers we are given a good deal of credit for these
advertisements and technical Advertisers’ p.aper The
Newspaper Maker ” commends them. 1 liavo -Iso
heard from several private sources that althonffii thev
have been ajipc.u-ing for only a few wcek.s the -id
verti.scments are w.-il known. ’J'hc plan is to change
the parody each week, an.,1 to keep the head line and
the cuts tlie siune as a means of drawing attention to
the article and identifying it as on the same .suhiect
I am assured that scores of people who do not or-
dinary read advertising matter read and “hum” the

Imos wo publish.

120

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896.

A large number of leaflets with cuts, printed on
“faced” or “coated” paper iu two colours, were
ordered by Mr. Mackenzie during his previous stay
here. These were to be for Ceylon tea alone, b.U
as we had agreed that all work would bo more
advantageous if done for the teas cf both countries
the requisite changes were made, and the leaflet ap-
peared in the form of which I send specimens. Some
B.5t),0UU of these have been distributed through the
difierent firms wo have g'vou grants to, and also
through other channels, some through jobbers and
from them to grocers, and others to grocers direct.
The large number of applications we have received
for copies made ns determine lo get out a fresh edi-
tion, which is new in the Press, and we have added
this figures of the importations of tea into Atncrica.
This edition will be one of 200,000, and, will be divided
into batches of varying sizes, and on each
batch the name of the firm through whom they
will be distributed will appear. We hud this
a better plan than giving out plain copies,
as the people who use them for distrilmtion
stamp their own names on them with rubber
stamps, &c. and do not make as neat a job as
we can have done bv the printer. It is immaterial
to us that individual firms benefit by this, as we
are saved the immense (really prohibitory) cost of
distributing them ourselves, and we are saying the
same thing through numerous different mouth-
pieces.

I may mention here that a large number of
leaflets on Ceylon tea, printed in London, were
brought over here by Mr. Mackenzie on the pre-
vious occasion, and these, too, have been tent out
through the same channels.

The matter of giving subsidies to certain firms
on reasonable conditions has been the subject of
separate letters, and as our relations with the firms
in question are confidential, I will not do more
than make this general reference to the subject
here. I believe that the firms in question are loyally
adhering to the points agreed upon, and are not
shriking the responsibilities they undertook. One of
the objects aimed at has certainly been gained,
and that is our teas are being distributed not
only in the large cities, but in many towns and vil-
lages as well, and we can hope, therefore, to get
much of the advantage, which we would otherwise
lose, out of the general advertising we are doing.

Daring February, arrangements were completed to
introduce the system of giving away tea between
the acis at other theatres, and finally we had the
following theatres all at work at the same time : —
Casino, Garrick, Herald, Square, Star, all in New
York, and the Amphion, and Park theatres in Brook-
lyn. I have explained the plan in previous reports,
and have only to say that while the cool weather
lasted they were an excellent form of making tlie
tea known and popular. The theatres are all closing
now, and we have at the present time hut two places
in work, the Casino and tho Garrick. I am only
keeping these up on the present lines until I know
more infinitely w'hat the plans are for the future, as
I think that iced tea might be used with advantage,
but do not w’ish to undertake new plans at present.

At the 100th performance of the “ Lady Slavey ”
at the Casino, we arranged that the souvenir given
away on that occasion should bo a silvered tea caddy
of a very neat pattern, having a suitable inscription
on one side, and the words “India, Ceylon tea” on
the top. These were filled with tea, and nine hun-
dred were given away to the ladies attending that
evening. By the urgent representation of the mana-
ger, 1 agreed to share the cost of an additional 100
caddies, for distribution among the other theatrical
managers, Press representatives, &c. The souvenir
is said to be the best over given away in a theatre
ill New York. The arrangement, made was th it the
cost of tliG caddies should be shared between the
management and ourselves, wo paying for the tea used.
Tho management undertook to do all the puffing re-
(luisite, audgaveout that the tea cost. If 10 per pound, and
other s’tutl of that nature. The advertisement was a
coodouo, not onlv because cadi recipient of the caddy
13 sure to remember fcho. tea, hut because tho country
papers all over the country must have had paras, re-

garding it, which we cannot trace. I will send sample
of the caddies iu duplicate as usual with all I send.

Daring one week wo tried an advertising scheme,
very clever in itself, but expensive. In the “ Lady
Slavey ” there is a scene in which the American
millionaire, the leading man character, is being
entertained by a rich country grocer. The scene is
laid in the Grocer’s liouse, Snipe Manor, and he
draws attention to some portraits on the wa'l. The
American remarks that he supposes they arc these
of ancestors. The I'epl} is “ No, those of bast cus-
tomers,” and at the same time, while both the
audience and the people on the stage are looking at
the portraits, they are brightly lighted up by means
of a strong steriopticon, or some similar arrange-
ment, and one reads, “ Pure Ceylon and India tea.”
The effect lasted only a short time, and as we could
not make terms for the American to mike some
suitable remarks about the tea, v/e left oil after a
couple of weeks’ trial.

I have given several lectures at schools, Ac., and
recently gave one before tho Women’s Press Club,
New York, at Carnegie Hall. Although the Meeting
did not happen to be well attended this was the best
one I have had from an advertising point of view, as
it was mentioned by a number of papers (as usual it
is difficult to trace them), and the report in one of
them alone would, if measured aud paid for at the
usual rate, cost nearly ?f240, (w«., 166 lines the aggre-
gate measure, at |P50 a liue). In this case the lady
reporter of tho paper iu question — The Recorder — hap-
pened to be there, aud agreed to use notes of the lecture
if I could send them in time, the lecture being on Satur-
day. I wrote them and sent them off at once, and she
used them bodily, no doubt glad to get so much copy
done without trouble. Still the advantage is ours.

I was not permitted to lecture at the Profc.ssioual
Women’s League, as no man has the privilege of
appearing there. Mrs. Tipton accordingly got up the
lecture, which she has heard me give very often
now, aud was, I have no doubt, a very efficient sub-
stitute. At any rate, the notices we got from that
lecture would, if measured up and paid for, cost two
or three hundred dollars. — M. 3Iail, July 3.

THE AMSTEliDAM CINCHONA MARKET.

Our Amsterdam coiTe.spon<leiit, writing on Friday last,
ob.serve.s that the .Java cinclioiia-iuictions on June 11th
were eliietiy remarkahle for tho fact that for rich
nnmifacturing hark.s (which were in good .supply) prices
were jiaid altogether exceeding Uie regular unit figure.
The auctions included 1,150 kilos, of liark analysing from
8 to yd per cent of sulphate of (piiniiie, and 1,010 kilos,
analysing from 10 to 11 per cent. ’I'lie richest parcel
at auction was one of 10 liales criislieil ledger-bark
from tlie G.unboeng ])lantation, whicli fetched 3'7^c per
i kilo., equal to a unit of O'lOe, wliereas the average
unit for fair-qu.ility harks wsis only 2’OOc. Oiir eorre-
spondent adds that there must liave been some special
reason wliy these harks realised such liigh rates. Fliar-
inaeeutical liarks of tine quality also felelied high prices*
medium and ordinary grades were neglected, and mostly
bought in. 'J'lie hark stock in Amsterdam is now' very
liglit. - Chcuiist and Drii^c/ist, June 20.

The Pumelo in Engeanh : The Ignorance
OF Kew Gardens.— The Fruit-Groivcr of July 1
says : —

Another astounding statement comes from Kew
Gardens which will iirobably become a standing joke
in fruit trade circles. Mr. Morris writes us ; “ I
have been asked more than once lately whether there
is no fruit yet unknown to most English palates
which might be introduced into this country, aud
form a pleasant article of food,” and then he goes
oil to reier to the pumelow, or pomelo, as it is spelt
in the trade, or shaddock, as being such a one.
Considering the shaddock has been imported for
years, and that iu spite of the futile attempts that
have been made to popularise it with buyers, it is
aiiiusing to find anyone writing so lato in the day,
and from Kow too, in such a strain. The shaddock,
if it IS a rival of any other fruit, is a rival of the lemon,
and as tho public prefer the latter to tho formor,
there is not much likelihood of it ever bGconiing
"a plcasaut article of food” iu this couutry.

Aug. r, 1896.]

THK TROPICAL

agriculturist.

I2r

BOTANIC CARDENS, GRENADA.

From the annual report for 1895, by >V . L.
Broadway, Curator, Vve make the lollowing
extracts

GENEKAL KEMAUKS.

1. The Garden was founded in 1886 (Annual Re-
port for 1391) during the administration of Sir Walter
Sendall, k.c.m.g., tlien Governor of the Island, and
sine e its ex stonce has made on the whole consider-
able progress. If remarks from disinterested persons
are worthy of notice, similar ones to the following
are not uncommon — “ a crab hole a few^ years ago, a
respectable garden at the present time.'

Though one becomes accustomed to tlie^ rapid
growth of plants in tropical countries, yet it is often
hard to realize that plants and trees could assume
such proportions in the shoit space of time since
their first being planted, and trees which wore at
first intended for shade purposes have had to be
thinned out as they cramped one another. Eucaly-
ptus, Samaus, Ficus, and various Palms, have many
of them grown into large trees.

From the main entrance one cannot but notice the
healthy Oreodoxa palms on each side, which form a
very pretty avenue. Passing the nurserie on the left,
one continues along a straight road until the notice
board to the oMce is reached. .no ’

p' oiu the office one gets a fine view of St. George s
shi rping in the Careuage, the wharf, Govefunieiit
bnipdings, the Fort and its flagstaff. From the
seciond entrance to the gardens, one walks up an avenue
of small palms and a selection of different varieties
of Crotons. This, again, leads on to tlie colfeo plania-
tion on the right and to the orchard on the left.

INSECT TESTS.

2 Two large Cassia, ilovida trees have been done
away with, as every plant growing under their shade,
or near them, have been coiitiniially covered oy a sooi-
like substance. On examination, the cassia leaves
proved to be the abode of numberless scale insects
which we take to bo the source of all the mischief.
Specimens of these have been sent to Mr. I. W.
Urich, F.E.S. of Trinidad, for determination, witn
other kinds of plant pests. , . ,

Another pltiiit for like attack is the Goveruoi
Plum. Trees of this, which form both a screen and
wind brake in front of the office, are covered
with a black coating. On the under side of the
leaf several scale insects resembling the cassia
one alluded to above may be observed. Scale insects,
mealy bugs, and black stinging ants are a scourge to
the Garden, each and all exist in unlimited niiinber.s.

Grubs in- fruit on the other hand are uuknovyn,
and caterpillars scarce, owing probably to the riiiantity
of birds and lizards in the Garden.

A Ceylon tree (a species of Cinnamomuni) has
during the past eighteen months been a disfigurement
to the Garden, due to its dirty black appearance.
It stands in a prominent section near the rose beds,
audits proximity toother plants affects those nearest
to it with the same blight. We are trying to remedy
this by removing the old soil from the surface, four
feet from the base of the tree trunk outwards, and
to a depth of a few inches, ami by digging a trench
around the outer extremity. Manure and rotted
vegetable refuse replaces the old soil removed, and
it is to be hoped this may in time have the desired
effect in ridding the tree of Rs unnatural coating by

inducing a more vigorous root growth.

In the determination of the Coccida, we beg to
thank Mr. Urich for ready assistance already given
in this direction.

PKOFESSOU .1. B. HAimisON's VISIT.

3 The services of Professor Harrison, the Govern-
ment Analyst of British Guiana, having been ob-
tained by the Government, ho visited the colony
during the month of January for the purpose of
selectin'' sample soils from different districts of the
colony, °anl in so doing to enable by reporting on
them to advise planters as to the deficiencies in
their soils and the best manures to apply to them.
As Curator of the Botanic Garden, the Government
permitted me to accompany the Professor through-
out bis tour of Grenada and Carriaoou, which gave

me a splendid opportunity of meeting planters and
proprietors and to note the agricultural position of
tho colony. As there has been no fitting oppor-
tunity hitherto, I make use of my present report to
thank the following gentlemen for their kind hospita-
lity and cordiality shown me when undertaking the
tour in question: —

Mr. George Whitefield Smith, Bell Vue; Mr. A.
J. Best, Carriere ; Mr. G. Setoii Browne, Dunferm-
line; Mr, F. Harford, L’Esterre; Hon. William H.
Lascelles, Annandale ; Mr. R. J. Graves, Minorca ;
Hon. F. Gurney, Mount Felix; Mr. Win. Copland,
Tufton Hall, (since dead I am sorry to say) ; Mr.
G. DeFreitas; Corinth; Hon. D. S. DeFreitas, Dou-
g.ildston ; Dr. Latoiir, Gouyave; Mr. Henry LaMothe,
Grand B.icolet ; Hon. James Paterson, Carriacon.

When visiting Carriacou the Hon. James Paterson
most kindly went to the trouble of showing us over
BO much of the island as wo could see during the
hours at our disposal. Professor Harrison’s report
has recently appeared in the Official Gazette,
January 13th, 1896. He remarks on the Jiotanic
Garden: — •* This soil is deficient in phosphates,
potash, and available lime. Its retension power
for water is low, I would recommend that the soil
ought to be dressed with “ mild” lime, i.e., slake lime
exposed to dry air until it has ceased to be Caustic,
in quantities of about h ton to the acre. It requires
the addition of large quantities of farm yard or pen
manure. Its deficiency in potash will be best met
by the use of Ohlendor'ff’s early cane manure or similar
preparations.”

FOUESTRY.

4. The rapidity with v/hich Grenada is being
denuded of its forest trees has assuined alarming
proportions.

A circular referring directly to this sub-
ject was publish by the Hon. Edward Drayton
when administering tlio Government of tlie colony
last June.

The Governor, Sir Charles Bruce, k.c.m.g., is giving
this subject serious attention and in the near future
we hope to liave plants prepared for the replanting
of forest trees in a systematic manner. In Decem-
ber we planted on tho Moriic Rouge estate, wliich
has recently been escheaoed to the Government, sixty
small teak plants which may be regarded as the
beginning to the forestry scheme.

The valley at tho back of the dwelling house at
Morue Rouge oug'nt to prove suitable as an orange
cultivation, as suggested by tho Governor, the soil
appearing fertile judging from the vegetables (“pro-
visions ”), bananas, and plantains leaired from it, and
also on account of its being screened from high winds.
The estate of Morne Rouge is accessible from town
by either sea or land, and distant only some two
miles.

Subsequent to the teak planting at Morne Rouge,
the Spout Lauds iiave undergone a partial cleaning,
and logwood planted there. Eventually, tho wliolo
of these lands will be planted out in logwood. 'The
Spoilt Lauds are under the control of the Curator of
the Botanic Garden.

CARRIACOU.

6. Six hundred Liberian Coffee Plauis have been
given to Mr. J. McNeilly on the Dumfries Estate for
trial purposes in the Island of Carriacou.

At present the main products of that Island ap-
pear to be cotton, ground nuts, and ground pro-
visions (vegetables )

It is also used for rearing sheep, cattle, and horses,
for sale. Should this venture prove a success and
coffee and cacao become established at Carriacou,
it will be of immense advantage to the island, and
Mr. McNeilly v/ill be deserving of the thanks and
gratitude of the Carriacou residents.

The Hon. J. Paterson, of Carriacon, is making
efforts in a similar way. Daring the dry weather
Carriacou looks as though a fire had swept over it,
the grass becomes parched or dries up altogether
o.ving in a great measure to the hills having been
denuded of their tree growths, and as fast as sap-
lings spring up, the continued destruction of these
for fuel. In trying to establish permanent cultiva-
tions of coffee and cacao in a place like Carriacou,
it would appear moat essential to have ready before-

122

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. 1, 1896.

hand suHicient temporary shade, until the young
trees get well rooted and have grown largo enough
to form their own shade by the extension of their
branches in close contact with each other.

For this purpose, bananas and plantains might
be thickly planted together the preceding season, so
that thei-e would bo an abundance of shade for Uie
young coffee and cacao when they are ready for
their permanent places, and thereby protected for
the dry season.

When the primary shade is establishea the young
plants— the larger ‘ the better— should be planted
out at the beginning of the planting season, so
that every be tiiken of favourable wcatlier

and the chances of failure reduced to the lowest pos-
sible degree. .

The Government are willing to encourage the in-
troduction of cacao and coiTee into Carriacou and
would allot plants for this purpose gratuitously, pro-
viding that the iuital expenses of freight and pack-
ing be borne by those desirous of making the ex-
periment, and also that suitable shade plants had
Len established the previous season. Forking the
ground before planting is recommended, and during
the dry season, independent of shade plants, the
chances of success would possibly be greater if the
ground was thickly covered on the surface by trash
formed of dried tig leaves cut into convenient lengths:
stable manure, if 'available, would be better still, or
in fact any kind of partially decayed rubbish hud
on the surface would be better than none. The
reason for applying a covering or coating on the
surface of the soil between and round the plants is
to prevent the soil Iroin becoming too dry. This
process keeps the soil “cool” under normal ciivuin-
stances. By loosening the ground during the growing
season, and covering the soil over as advised during
the dry season, it would be nothing extraordinary
to expect success with coffee and cacao at Oairiacou.
TTnfoi-tnnatcly, Parasol Ants exist there, though
absent from Grenada.

Appearances suggest that pine apple cultivation
would siieceed at Carriacou. These might be grown in
large quantities for export.

MlNOlt AOlUGUI-TUU.vn lUtODUCTS.

7. By direction of the Government, a report was
written by the Curator on the Minor Agricultural
Products of Grenada, for the Government of British
Guiana, during the mouth of August. In oonnee-
tion with this matter, I beg to thank the Hon.
James Paterson, lion D. S. Del’Teitas, and Mr.
George Whitfield Smith for ready and willing assis-
tance in replying to questions 1 addressed to them
on the subject.

rr.ANT sAt.r.s.

8. Wc have this year only realized about half as
much in cash as wliat wo did the year previous,
the sales amounting to htty pounds (kfiO). Jhit wo
have on the other hand more than trebled in valve.

■ exchanges to that of IB'.IJ, for \yhile in the latter
year a sum of thirty four pounds sixteen shillings
and cloven pence (£81. Iti. 11.) stood to the credit
of exchanges, we this year can show for a similar
imrposc one hundred and hftecn pounds ten shillings
and five pence (.£11.'5. 10. 5).

Charges for coffee, cacao, kola, pmd nutmeg plants
have been reduced by consent of the Government,
and this, considered in conjunction with the genoial
depression existing, accounts in no small degree for
the smaller sale of plants. To show that plants are
not grown on any principle of rerimneration at the
Garden, it might be necessary only to mention that
coffee and cacao, irrespective of size, are disposed
of at the rate of forty cents (1/8) per hundred plants

if in boxes, eight cents (4d.) extra. Boxes are

only sold at cost price. Making money is not so
much the object in view by soiling jilants, etc., at
the Garden, i s by increasing the distribution of good
qualities of agiicuitural and horticultural plants, by
e.xchange.

I-ROPOSKn AOIlIOUI.TiniAI. SCIIOO',.

11 This scheme initiated by the Governor has
fallen through, for the present at all events, for
want of support and cncoimigomont. It was His Ex-
cellency’s wish to attach boys to the Imtamc G uPcn

where they might be taught practical subjects in re-
lation to iigriculturc and horticulture, which could not
fail to bo of benefit to tliem as future planters or small
peasant proprietors. It was proposed to pay them at
the rate of seven pence (7d.) per day.

UKCARIA GAMBIER.

1;-). The Dil’ector of the Boyal Gardens, Kew, has
sent us on different occasions seeds of this tanning
plant, but up to the present time we have not suc-
ceeded in getting a single seed to germinate,
altliough we have tried it under different conditions,
as well as following out the Kew circular instruc-
tions as to how to grow it from seeds. It is how-
ever, on record that seeds germinated once in this
Garden, but died off wmeu only an inch or two in height.

It would be interesting to learn of the successful
fruiting of the Dominica and Trinidad plants which
were reported to be doing well sometime ago. The
chances are, if these fruited, plants could be raised,
as the seeds would then be obtained and sown im-
mediately with the further advantage of being accli-
matized.

COFFEE.

11. The Arabian and Liberian have continued to
do well. From the Arabian trees which were grown
from seeds of the true Blue Mountain coffee of
Jamaica that were received direct from the colony
ill the first instance, an excellent crop of cher-
ries was picked during the latter part of the
year, and the seeds sown for propagating pur-
poses.

This is another 3’ear’s proof that the Arabian
varieties do well at or near sea level in Grenada.
Upon the Waltham Estate in the parish of St.
John’s, one of the properties of the Hon. Macaulay
Browne, it is reported upon good authority that it
does there rem.arkibly well, although close to the
sea. Some of the Liberian at the end of the year
had cherries upcu them which were advancing to
the stage of maturity. These are now but slightly
shaded with young samau trees, and banana piants.
It is evident from observations made at the Garden,
very little sliade indeed is required for coffee plants
that have attained the age of three or four years.

Were it not for the dry season, shade cotild be
entirely dispensed with. Shade .trees often harbour
insect piests which attack the coffee, and from the
frequent dropping of branches injury is also done
to the coffee trees by breaking and splitting off the
living branches. A vigorous growing coffee tree bear-
ing large very dark green leaves, and a crop of
large cherries in the Inberian coffee plantation,
answers well, in my opinion, to the description given
in “New Commercial ITants and Drugs,” No. 7,
Christy, Loudon, 1881, for the Maragogipe Coffee
of Brazil. The seeds will be sown when ready, so
that we may be enabled at a later date to offer
plants for distribution to planters. The three
CoJI'ea .‘tfenophjiUa plants are at a standstill. A
fottrth kind of coffee growing at tlio Garden was
presented to us rluviiigthe year by Mr. John McPbail,
St. John’s, under the name of “ Menuda.” Mr.
McPbail obtain this variety from the Trinidad Gar-
dens during Mr. Prestoe’s time.

A Coffee Commission composed of the lion. D. S.
Do Freitas (chairman), Mr. A. Hess, Mr. G. E. St.
George, Mr. H. LaMotbo, Mr. G. SYhittield Smith,
with Mr. Sejitimus Wells as Secretary, was instituted
by the Governor during the yt ar, in the interests of
agriculture. Sittings were held in each of the parishes
to collect information from planters, and tlicir de-
liberations are to appear, it is understood, in a volu-
minous report early in the ensuing year. M'ithout
anticipating the Commissioners’ report, it is worthy of
notice that persona have become aroused over the
coffee question, and, in consequence, the supply of
young plants has fallen short of the demands. " \\o
are making strenuous efforts at the G.irdon in pic-
paving ourselves to meet a reasonable demand for
plants wlien next planting season comes round.

SU'II.V I.EMON.

17. At the request of His Excclloiicy the Go-
vernor, seeds and plants of this commercial lemon
were procured with tlio view of propagating it
m quantity. Nono of tlio seeds germinated.

Aug. I, 1896.']

THE TROPICAL AGR ICUI.TURIST.

Of tlie small plants received wo have a dozen
now growing, but at a very slow rate. The
order for seeds has boon repeated, and it is
hoped that when received better results will bo ob-
tained.

PINE APPLE.

1(>. A small patch of land at the base of Richmond
Hill has been planted with pine apple suckers.
Daring the past year the fruit obtained from the
usual pine section were small in size, inferior in flavour,
and on the whole, very disappointing. As the sec-
tion taken up by pine culinre is considerable and
runs into a few thousand plants, much time and
labour are absorbed in their cultivation and main-
taining in anything like cleanly order. The only
reason of foaluro which suggests itself is that the
ground had become “ worn out ” and rerj[uires a
change of cultivation.

There are alway.s numbers of willing purchasers
during the pine season, some taking as many as
a barrelful at a time. There is evidently an open-
ing for private enterprise in t'ds direction and
would give satisfactory returns. In the cultiv.ition
of pines, sandy well drained soil is considered neces-
sary for the development of good size and well
flavoured fruit, providing desirable sorts of suckers
have in the first instance been procured. We can
supply these at certain times of the year in limited
quantities.

UANANAS AND PLANTAINS.

17. Mr. Jenman, of the Botanical Departnment,
Demerara, sent us, last May, suckers of omed
bananas and plantains. These together with addi-
tional plantain suckers of the “giant ” kind obtained
in the co’ony, have been planted to enable us sub-
sequently to have suckers available ior distribution.

We have experienced difSculty in procuiiug even
a dozen or two of the giant plantain suckers locally.
In Grenada there are two sorts of plantain the “giant”
and “ common.” Good sized bunches of plantains sell
in St. George’s for as high as two shillngs and six-
pence (2/6) the bunch as cut from the plant. Mr.
Jenman writes me in reference to the plantains
growm in Uemerara: —

“ Here, where they are grown on a large scale,
often several hundreds of acres in a continous stretch,
the farmers say, without thieving or disease, it would
pay them to sell medium size bunches for twelve
cents (6d) on the fields.”

“AGAVE RIGIDA SISALANA.”

18. Towards the latter part of the year, large
asparagus looking heads began to appear above
the leaves, showing that their flowering period
had arrived." No macliino with all the de.^ired
requireiiients having been brought to our notice, a
trial was made at decorticatitig the sisal hemp leaves
by hand labotir, on the piinciplo adopted in the
Bahamas by the peasantry there. Tho results of our
experiment were not enconraging.

G ARCIN I A At ANGOSTANA .

lit. A small plant brought from tho Trinidad Bota-
nic Garden, in July 18'Ji, has made such slow progrei;j
since it was planted that it is now scarcely any bigger
th.in what it was at that time. Yet it looks liealtliy.
It is a fact well know 11 to people on this side of the
YVest Indies, how notoriously stubborn young plants
of the maugostecn are to grow at all. Our plant is
placed on tlic section which is chiefly reserved for
nidmeg.s. Wo should be gr.'itified to any correspon-
dent who would be generous enough to add a young
Durian plant to our collection.

rASSIELOUA SP.

20. Tho seeds of this passion-flower came from Mr.
J. G. Lewis, Trinidad, and wore sowm when received.
From them wo have procured a few plants which aio
now under trial. A memorandum which ticcompaniod
tho seeds stated it came from Brazil, and from its
fruit a good preserve is made. So far the plants have
not flowered.

NIPA ERUTICANS.

21. On November 20lh we planted at the Grand
Etang, thirteen plants on either side of the jetty, and
close to tho margin of tho lake. 'This paim hi a
native ef tropical Asia and Australia where it abounds

123

in the estuaries of rivers. Its leaves are used by the
people of those jiarts for roofing their liouses. These
plants were raised from seeds received from Mr.
Jenman, of Demerara, and had out-grown the space
allotted them in tho Garden tank.-?. Two remain in
the permanent collection, one of w’hich flowered for
the first time this year. A saline element is con-
sidered a necessity to the Nipa in its natural home,
yet it has tlow’ercd well in the aquatic tanks which
are supplied with fresh water from one of the St.
George’s reservoirs. Their growth has been rapid
and vigorous. It will be interesting to note how
these plants thrive at the Grand Etang, where the
water of the lake is very fresh and is situated amidst
tho highe.st mountains and mo.st central part of the
island, with an almost cold atmosphere.

maiXHOLLETIA EXCELSA.

22. Plants of tho Brazil Nut lu.ve made no pro-
gress. These came from tho Trinidad Gardens in
July 1864.

— ^

PALM CULTIVATION.

There are iummierahlo sites on our tea plantations
at present unutilised, such as in and around the
coolie lines and factory buildings, sides of roads and
tanks, etc., where palms might with advantage be
put down. The rixenix daefi/U/em or date palm,
some dozen or so of which w'ere successfully grown
at Coochela in Hylakaudy in the later sixties, suc-
ceeded well. If any of our planters would care to
essay the cultivation of this plant, it would be ad-
visable to go to the expense of obtaining the seed
from Rio Janeiro, Pernambuco or other semi-tropical
South American port, as the trees of these places
frequently vield 8,000 fruits in one bunch. As a
general rule the date pahu lasts for twenty years,
commencing fo yield in the fourth, if grown for the
fruit alone and not tapped ; though responding to
cultivation and generous manuring it will flourish
pretty well if left to itself, merely guarded from
cattle and goats bv the usual bamboo fascine, until the
crown is high enough to be beyond tho reach of these
animals. Much may bo done in tho way of care
and attention to improve the duntijU/era indigenous
to Lower Bengal, but fresh stock would be prefer-
able. The dale palm is not likely to tlnive, or, rathe)',
mature its fruit, within the inllueucs of the rain belt
so that the drier localities only should be selected for
its propag.ation, and there is ample laud and to spare
in South Sylhet, Gachar, and other pilace in Assam,
where the date would prove no mean addition to tho
income of the factory, besides nll'ording an inducement
to the labour force to remain on the place.

The aieca palm, commonly called tho beetle nut
tree, is too well-known to need any detailed des-
cription, and is so familiar that its gracefulness ex-
cites but little admiration except among new comers.
The areca can be raised even on the hanks of
garden roads, for the shade given is so infinile-
sinial, that it would but a lire t U.e tea out-turn
in a very slight degree, and this “ arrow shot
from Heaven,” as Sii- J. D. Ucoker once described
it, would add greatly to the appearance of tho
factory. The best nuts for planting arc to be had
at Sheila, 'J.’oiriah Ghat, Lakat and as far as Jain-
tiapur on tlie north side of Sylhet, as they are all
grown on the limestone formation and are free from
ih.o canker w'orm which effects the ]ialnis giown away
fi'om tho hills. An acre would contain in round
nuiaber.s 1,600 plants, the usual income from which
i.s reckoneci at 4 annas each, so that the areca is
worth attention from a commercial standpoint. The
fibrous envelope can be removed by passing the fruit,
alter being well dried in the sun, between wooden
rollers studded with nails, after the pattern of the
ccunt)'y cotton gins. If estate owners who care to
take up palm cultivation on an extensive scale, will
go to the expense of importing ecouoiiic palms from
other countries, there arc many, tlie cultiv.atiou of
which would pay hand.somely. The sago, which is
abundant in the jungles, is hardly worth attention for
Assam, )ior any iiait of India, can conqicte with the
Vv'obt Indies in this and similar starches, high as is
tjie t)I iabv'uv Jluim

124

TIIK TROPIC r\L

AGRICUL'rURlS l\

[Aug. I, 1896.

vidtnuiaa furnish the celebrated African palm oil,
the ripe fruit being crushed and boiled, the oil
skimmed and strained. Coconuts we may pass over,
for though the palm will grow', the fruit seldom attains
maturity when removed far inland ; the heart wood
is, however, of value, so that it land is available .a
few hundred nuts may be put down in ont-of-the
way places. A kind of wax oozes from the lower
surface of the leaves ol the Copcniicia ceri/era, also
from the trunk and between the leaves of Ciu-o.njlon
andicola. The fruits of Canjota saqiieruH when
soaked in lime water lose their acridity and can then
be made into a very palatable preserve. vhmt
orclacea is the Indian cabbage ]iahn, the buds
being steamed (not boiled), forming a jileasant
substitute for the ^■cgctilble whence it derives its
name. This plant is indigenous along the hills over-
looking the Sylliet plains and ma}' readily be dis-
tinguished in the jungle by the silvery appearance of
the underside of the leaf. Jlurassus jlaheUifonuis
gives the handsome Palmyra w’ood. Coquilla
nuts much in request among wood turners, arc the
produce of AHalea funl/era and vegetable ivory
is yielded by the Phi/talephun macfocarpa. Calauiv.n
ihtico is a plant from which dragons blood is ob-
taiued. Space will not admit of our going seriatim
through the whole list of palms, so we have contented
ourselves with indicating those suitable for cultiva-
tion in Assam, and of the greatest commercial im-
portance, giving the botanical names, so that import-
ers of exotics in England may know what is required.
The majority, however, of these palms arc obtainable
within the country, some indigenous in the un-
jhumed jungles, others are probably to be had from
one or other of the botanical gaidens. If the Agri-
cultural Department was kept up to the collar, an
economic idantation, similar to those which all civi-
lised Gevernments possess, would he established,
from which plants and seeds could be distributed
much to the benelP. of all agriculturists in the country,
ultimately enhancing the revenue. — Indian rianters’
Gazette, June 27.

CUl/nVATlUN OF CACAO IN MFXKX).

An intcrcKting rep.ort has been issued by the
Poreigii-oflicc on the cultivation of cacao, vanilla,
india-rubber, indigo, and bananas, in Mexico, ail of
these crops flourishing in the warmer lands of the
republic. lUr. (now foir Hemy Ncvill) Dering, Her
Majesty's Minister at Mexico, who supplies this report
— which is based on articles published from time
to time by the Mexican Infoimation Pmreaii — states
that he has been induced to forward it as ho is of
opinion that the information lespecting the cost of
cultivation, the district in which each crop may be
advantageously raised, as well as a statement of the
pecuniary results to bo obtained with proper care,
may bo valuable to many persons with small capital
—say ,t;T,000 to T2, 000— who may be desirous of in-
vesting tlie same in a country offering exceptional ad-
vantage.=. He also adds that the necessary dwelling-
houses, or simple ranthe, for personal occupation
on a plot of ground purchased for the growth of any
of the above crops, may be set up at an exjiense
considerably less than the cost of an ordinary la-
bourer’s cottage in England. The cacao tree is a
native of Mexico, and, long before the conquest, the
Aztecs and other ancient Mexican tribes used the
fruit as one of their alimentaiy beverages. They pre-
pared a drink called “ choeolutl ” by mixing the
seeds, after having crushed them togetlier, with line
torn meal, vanilla (“ tlilxochitl ’’) and a species of
spice called “ mecaxochitl,” and those who drank it
were a picture of health. All nations subjugated
under the Aztec Eagle had to bring among other
valuables a certain number of bags of cacao to the
palace in the great Tenochtitla as an annual tribute
to the Emperor. It was so highly prized amongst the
ancient natives that in trade it w'as utilised as cm-
rency among the lower classes. The varieties culti-
vated were the “ quanhcab'iatl,” ‘‘ mecacabuatl,”
“ zochicucaliuatl,” E.nd “ tlacacahuutl.” The bean of
tiic last one was very siiiiil!, analogous to the Kind
iouud at iJitiieiit at iiocomisco, Chiapas. The tree is

found growing wild and in cultivation in the States
of Colima, Michoacan, Gruerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas,
Tabasco, and central and southern Vera Cruz, w'here
the elevation is from 100 to 1,200 feet above sea
level, hut Chiapas and Tabasco are noted as being
its home, the climate and soil there being more
particnlnrly adapted to its culture and development
than any other portion of the globe. The species
of cacao tree most cultivated in Mexico are — Cacao
or Tlieohrotiia ovoUfolia T. hicolor, T. aufiuitifolia.
There arc other Idnds known, generally found grorv-
ing wild, whicli come under the head of the Guazumseo
or guacima, Guuzuma pelyhotrya being the princi-
pal species. A warm, moist climate, having a mean
temperature between 70° and 77° PMhrenheit is
necessary for the cultivation of cacao if large crops
are expected, hut when the soil is suitable the tree
will grow and yield fair returns on a moderately
dry or well drained place. The best elevation is
from ;!00 to .500 feet, and in sheltered situations near
the seashore good crops are to be obtained, but the
tree will not thrive if exposed to the direct influence
of the sea breeze. Cacao will not bear much ex-
posure, hence sheltered lands a,nd valleys should be
selected, and on the Gulf side of Chiapas, Tabasco,
and Vera Gniz northern and eastern aspects should
be avoided. Cacao plants arc obtained from the seed,
which germinates readily and quickly, and the seed,
when sown, is covered with vegetable mould or loose
loam mixed with horse manure, and over that banana
leaves. The bed is sprinkled every day for 12 or 15
days when seedlings appear. Then the banana leaves
are removed, and sheds made of palm leaves and
stick's so fixed that they can be raised as the seedl-
ing grow?, should be placed over the nursery as
shade and shelter A year .after sowing, seedlings
are about 20 inche.s high, and I'cady for transplant-
ing. Returns from a cacao plantation cannot be ex-
pected until five year's from transirlanting. At two
years old the tree, on rich soil, stands 5 or 6 feet
h'gh ; when 7 or 8 foot high it begins to bear, but
it is not in full bearing until it is between 10 and
12 feet high. The average yield of dry cacao from
each tree varies very much ; the limits may be said
to be from li to 8 lb. ]ier tree. Some trees in the
plant ition of ‘Hjx Carolina,” district, of Macuspana,
in Tabasco produce 220 pods and plantations in
Alvarez, Colima, and in Apalziughan, Michoacan yield
on an average 5 lb. to the tree. The pods having
been gathered, arc placed in heaps under the trees ;
they arc then taken to a place, called (luebradero,
where tlicy may be broken at once or left for a day.
'J'he kcruclu or nibs are then taken out of the pods
which either opened with a m-achetc, or a knife
made from a wood called .lahuate. As the seeds
are extracted from the pods, the former are thrown
into wooden troughs called “ tollas,” half filled with
wa'cr, lo wash them, and ihe beans arc then carried
away to the cocoa house for the sweating or fer-
mentation process. When the beans have been pro-
perly sweated, they are dried ready for shipment,
and tliis drying process is complete as soon as they
produce a craclding sensation when pressed between
the tlmmb and forefinger or when the parchment
(outer skin) breaks off easily. As to cost and expense,
generally, cacao planters in Chiapas and Tabasco
make contracts, paying 90 to 100 dollars (Mexican
dollar may be taken as equivalent to 2s 2d.) per 1.000
trees, to be delivered in a state of ijroduction in
four years, the plantation to bo in good condition
and witli proper shade. The contractor keeps the
products and first crop of the plantation. If the
lilanter has his own labourers, be pays them from
five to eight dollars per month and rations, then
the cost will be from 70 to 80 dollars per 1,0'k) trees.
When the labour is not done by contract but by
“jornales” or tasks, the cost for six years per
hectare (2'17 acres) is 191 dollars for 750 trees. The
expense of collecting, drying, and sacking the seed
is from three to five dollars per cargo of (10 lb.
Thus 7.50 trees will produce the ))lanter 75 cargooa
( 1,. 5000 lb.), the price of which is from 20 to 22
dollars ]hu' cargo at the ])lautation. Deducting the
cost of curing, he will have a net annual profit of more
f han 1,225 dollars, bci idos the produce obtained, from
side ciopH.—Jaunwl of the Society of .irfs, June 19,

Aug. 1, i8g6.j

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

I2S

MB. EOGIVUE’S WORK IN RUSSIA.

From Mr. A. Pliilij), Secretary of the Thirty.
Committee, Ave have received the following copy
of a letter received from Mr. liogivue regarding
his Avork in Rinssia : —

Moscow, May 31st/.June 12th, 1890.

A. Philip, Esq., Secretary to the Thirty Com-
mittee, Kandy.

Dear Sir, — Confirming my last respects of the 8/20
May and acknowledging receipt of your valued favour
dated 15th May, I now beg to hand you enclosed
account of e.'cpenditure under the grant of £1,000 stg.
voted on the 20th July 1895.

From ray statement you will see that the total
amount I have expended is considerably more than
the £1,000 granted to me, but the results I chink
justify this, for not only do I notice an increase in
my sales and a general extension of the business
all over Russia, but also that the export fi'om Colombo
to Russia direct from 1st January to 20th April,
1896, is more than double what it was for the cor-
responding period of 1895, the “ Times of Ceylon ”
giving the following figures in its list of export
disribution 1895-96.

1st January, 20th April 1896 1895

Tea to Russia . . . . 159,597 lb. 70,528 lb .

Again the figures quoted in the tea report of
Messrs. Gow Wilson and Stanton for 13th March,
1896 show how largely the re-export of Ceylon tea from
the United King tom to foreign markets is increasing,
special mention being made about Russia and at-
tention drawn to the fact that the bulk of the tea
shipped to Germany is for Russia. The numerous
and frequent advertisements in the newspapers of
every part of this Empire have been a great success
as evidenced by the many new enquiries I have
received about Ceylon tea from all quarter of Russia,
By means of numerous free samples and by
giving bonuses over and above the usual trade dis-
counts and supplying tea in thefirst instance frequently
at cost price I have induced many new people to
give Ceylon tea a fair trial which generally means
a continuation in its use, so I think it would be
by all means advisable to continue the above methods
for another year.

Nijni Exhibition. — As I wrote to you in
a previous letter I was not permitted to
build a jiavilion within the Exhibition grounds, but
have arranged to have on two of the cars of the electric
tramway which runs right round the inside of the
exhibition, a large advertisement (Sft by 2ft)
soltiug.forth the advantage of Ceylon Tea, tho latter
words being in very large letters and the most pro-
minent feature also, inside all the cars. I am having
my placards fixed as well as in all the rooms of the
largest hotel of (and nearest to) the exhibition, on
the grounds of which between tw’o wings of the
building and forming the main entrance to the hotel,
on the high road close to the principal gate of the
exhibition, two pavilions will be erected in the
Hindoo style (each 15 feet square) joined
by a large arch 36 feet span by 6 feet
bearing the words “ Ceylon Tea ” prominently
painted thereon in huge letters, the whole being
nicely decorated and lighted outside by three large
electric arc lamps and inside by incandescent. One
of these pavilion will be for the sale and distribu-
tion of tea in packets, the other for the testing and
free distribution of tea in cup.

These Pavilions for the building of which I have
made a contract with a competent architect, are to
be finished by the 15th June (Russian style and though
the exhibition was officially opened on 28th May (Rus-
sian) it is so far from completion that it will not be
ready until about 20th June and no lai'ge attendance
is expected before that date. During the time of
the exhibition I am having a special announcement
published in 5 Moscow and 2 Nijni papers, inviting
people to come and try the famous Ceylon tea at
the Ceylon Tea Pavilion at Nijni.

I am also having new brochures and leaflets
printed specially for the occasion. I experienced
great difficulties in obtaining a position to erect a

building on and could get no assistance, but rather
the conirary from the authorities of the exhibition
and town.

Finally I obtained the present place by private
arrangement with this hotel ‘‘ Frantzia.”

I will keep you informed as to how matters progress
at the exhibition, and all that concerns Ceylon tea in
Russia. — I am, dear sir, yours faithfully,

(Sgd.) M. Rogivue.

TEA COMPANIES AND SHARES.

On the one hand, we hear nothing but good
of the condition of Ceylon tea plantations and
the pro.spects of the enterprise ; and yet, on the
other, we lind an unusual and decided depression
in the Ceylon tea share market. Pos.sibly, this
may be partly due to the comparatively large
receipts of tea and a consequent weakening in
price ; but the more direct and immediate cause
is, undoubtedly, the report of depression in the
Colombo market and the transfer of a consider-
able number of tea company shares thence to
London to be disposed of. So far, again, as this
check is due to action on the part of Colombo
bankers to check speculation, it must be regarded
w'ith favour rather than censure, by all prudent
colonists and bona Jide investors. The danger
of a crisis arising through banks making advances
on the security of tea scrip, such advances being
used to buy up further shares in new' companies,
was a very real one ; and a cessation of the
))ractice— if, as w'e hear such has prevailed and
lias now' been stopped, — has not come a day too
soon. There can be little doubt that, after a tem-
porary check, the share market will recover
Itself and become stronger tlian ever probably,
in view of the sounder basis on which the busi-
ness will then rest. There is nothing to indicate
a permanent fall in prices, or other than a good
crop season in Ceylon, with the nsual dividend.s
and in proportion to these, it cannot be said that
the value of shares rose too high. But it is w'ell
that individual capitalists or investors should
understand that the le.ss bowed money is intro-
duced into the purchase of tea or any other
shares the better.

Tho face that there is no abatemeuc of public
confidence in the Mctrojiolis, in tea cultivation in
Ceylon and India, as an im estment, is shown by the
favour e.xtended to new companie.s, even though
they appear at a time when tho share market is
said to be de}ire.ssoil. Sir John Muir’s gigantic
company— being mainly a consolidation of two
existing companies— may be .said to be somewhat
exceptional ; but though criticised a little sharply
in one or two City paper.s, the demand for shares
among even hard-headed men of business, on the
chance of getting some of the surplus portion,
is specially keen. But still more to the point,
is the fact that iMessrs. Chas. Strachan & Co.’s
Gallaha Company should be in so much favour
that all the capital available for the public is,
practically, over-subscribed before the prospectus
has appealed. True, the ordinary shares in this
company are retained by Mr. Strachan in his
own hand.s— only debentures and preference shares
being made available. But, all the same, con-
fidence in the Ceylon tea enterprise must be in-
dicated by the facts above stated, and by the
encouraging oilers w'e have heard made of late
to individual proprietors wdth plantations for sale.

A good deal of the criticism extended to Sir
John Muir’s company must be deemed personal
and indeed puerile. Of this type is a paragraph
in the editorial columns of the Daily Chronicle,
condemnatory of Field Marshal Lord Roberta
lending his name to a tea com))any directorate,
forgetful of the lact that Lord Robert;? had lon^.

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. j, 1896.

1 26

been connected with the Sylhet Companies and
that a lifetime spent in India might well give
even a niilitary man a warm interest in, and special
acquaintance with, the working of tea cultivation
companies. But in this direction the Citij Leader
excels in a leader now sent yon, — entitled “A
‘ Swagger’ Prospectus” — tlie theme of Lord

Roberts being again prominent, as well as some
childish remarks on the title of tlie company.
Far more businesslike is the analysis oll’ered by the
Financial News in an editorial (also forwarded) on
“ Indian Tea Companies” with the “ Consolidated”
and some other companies for the main theme ;
but dwelling generally on tea investments deser-
ving more attention than they have hitherto
received — in, we suppose, the regions of high
linances. This is due to the absence of public
quotations for the large majority of companies.
Out of 75 of these undertakings known to our
conteni])orary, only 13 are quoted in tlie ollicial
list ; but a study of many more shows they oiler
very desirable investments. Fairpki]j of the
18th instant is also very favourable to the big
company as may be seen from the following: —
The Consolidated Tea and Land Compani/ is about
the strongest thing in the shape of Companies that
has come out for some time. The tota,l capital, as
will be seen from the advertisement, is .£2, 000, 000.
The board of directors is exceptionally strong, with
Sir .John Muir, Bart., at the head, and comprising
some of the beat known names in the commercial
world. The Company is formed to take over, as
going concerns, a number of tea estates iu ludia and
Ceylon, and is sure to be regarded as a safe and good
investment.

But it i.s more interesting to read what the Ex-
chequer of j'esterday’s date lias to say on the tea
trade and on tea-growers in a brief editorial : —

So much attention has lately been given by the
investing public to the Indian and Ceylon tea trade
that the review of the year up to May 31 will arouse
interest. The various firms that issue these reviews
evidently prepare them with care; and while they
are perhaps a little technical and difiicult to under-
stand on the part of the mere investor, it must be
admitted that, so long as the information is given,
it is all that can be fairly expected. For India and
Ceylon the twelve months show expansion, the pro-
duction continues to increase, tl\c consumption at
home was larger than ever, and trade with other
countries marks a substantial advance. To tea-
growers the season brought sub.stantial remuner;ttioii,
said CO be “ so considerable in comparison with the
general earning power of capital as to make Ibis
industry conspicuous wiien contrasted with otliers.”
The history of the season offers many points of con-
trast to that of 1891, but resembles the season of
1893 iu the higher price of fine tea and the lower price
of common, a great and growing consumption, and a
wider demand lor the teas from abroad. The in-
ilucnce of foreign order.s upon the Calcutta and
Colombo markets has been considerable, and for tho
future it is pointed out that it will bo necessary to
be more circumspect about fixing buying prices in
this country in face of the growing competition
among Indian producers. Importers of Ceylon teas,
wliich have lately been attracting some notice, have
seen the wisdom of regular sales at tho date of im-
portation, arrivals being sold, as a rule, within three
weeks, the result being that a large trade is worked
upon a small stock, and the desired increase of
consumption attained. There is quite an active
market now in Indian and Ceylon tea shares ; and
it is evident, from the condition of the industry, that
this is likely to go on expanding.

Tliere is no indication here of depre.s.sion even in
the share market, and, indecil, tlie check in the
case of tlie Ceylon portion may be regarded as
merely temporary .and dne to a cause — the
ap|)lication of principles of sound linancing in
Colombo — which is likely to place the market on
tt 'jjouader basts than ever before. J F.

THE (lALAIIA CEYEON TEA E8TATE.S
AND ACENCY COMPANY, LIMITED.
Share Capital, divided into 0,000 Cumu-
lative Six per cent preference shares
of £T0 each ... .. .. £00,000

5,000 Ordinary Shares of £10 each .. 50,000

Debenture Capital 550 Five per cent
Mortgage Debentures of £100 each ..

£110,000

55,000

£165,000

The debentures have been subscribed for privately,
the ordinary sliaros are reserved for allotment to
the vendor in part payment of the purchase-money,
and applications are invited for the 6000 cumula-
lativo six ptr cent preference shares of £10 each at
par, payable as follows: —

On application . . 10 0 per share.

On allotment . . 2 10 0 ,,

On 1st Aug. 1896 . . 7 0 0 „

£10 0 0 per share fully

paid up.

The preference shares confer the right to a fixed
cumulative preferential dividend at the rate of six
per cent per annum and tho right to repayment of
capital in preference to all other shares.

Directors. — Charles E. Strachan, Es([., Colombo,
•and 6 Balfour Place, Mayfair \V. (Chairman); M. P.
Evans, Esq., 17, Airlie Gardens, Kensington, W.;
William Harwood, Esq., 29, Palace Gate Kensington,
W.; W. L. Strachan, Esq., Kelvin, Ceylon and 35a,
South Street, Mayfair, W.

Solicitors. — Messrs. Haiavood A Stephenson, 31,
Lombard Street, E C. ; Messrs. F. J. A R. F. De
Saram, Colombo, Ceylon.

Bankers. — The National Bank of Scotland, Limited,
37, Nicholas Lane, E.C., Head Office in Edinburgh,
and Branches in Scotland ; the National Bank of
India, Limited, Colombo.

Brokers. — Messrs. W. I. Carr, Sons & Todd, 2,
Royal Exchange Buildings, E.C.

Auditor. — A. N. Frewer, Esq., A.C.A., 31, Nicholas
Lane, E.C.

Secretary (pro tan.) and Officers. — P. E. liervey,
Esq., 39, Ijime Street, E.C.

This Company has been formed for the purpose
of acquiring, carrying on, and developing —

^ 1. The group of Freeliold Tea Estates, Galaha,
Goorookelle, Goddawella, Kirrewana., Kitoolmoola,
Dunally', IMousakcdlo and Now INIaddeganui, and
East. West, and North Vodehettes, situate in tho
Nilainbe and adj.iccnt districts of Ceylon, contain-
ing 1,871 acres, of whicli 2,3!)7 acres are now un-
der tea, and lu7 acres are imdcr cardamoms.

2. Tho freehold property', with tho Central Tea
Factory thereon, known ns the Galaha Factory,
situate on the Government Cart Road, 10 miles from
Peradeniya Station, ou tho main lino of railway to
Colombo.

3. The freehold property in Colombo, containing
nearly 3 acres, known as the Union IMills, consist-
ing of coffee mills. Cinchona presses, warehouses
with ample accommodation for storing tea prior to
shipment, manager’s bungalow and offices.

-1. d'ho general and agency business of Messrs
Charles Strachan A Co. in Colombo, now carried
on by Mr. Charles E. Strachan, the Vendor.

Tho estate comprise approximately —

1,635 a^res tea in full and partial bearing, upwards
of three years old.

516 acres tea, one to three years old.

216 acres tea in eourse of |)lanting.

107 acres cardamoms-

276 acres clear-ed and forested for fuel purposes.

2091 acres forest* patua, Ac., of which a large por-
tion is considered available for tc.a cultivation.

In the season 1891-95 tho crop was 519,357 lb. tea,
which was sold for 7'02d per lb. net. The crop of season
1895-96 is estimated at 757,000 lb. of tea, of which
already 613,920 lb. have beim received in London,
and of this quantity 510,510 lb. have been sold at
a uel average of 7‘23d per lb,

Aug, I, 1896,]

THFi TROPICAl. AGRICULTURIST

127

The estimate of cai'damoms for the latter season
was 10,500 lb., of which 7'200 lb have been sold at a
net average of la 11 Jd per lb.

The whole of the leal is manufactured at the Galaha
Factory, which is most conveniently situated almost
in the centre of the estates.

The vendor’s estimates of crop from the estates
for the present season, from 1st July. 1800, to 30th
June, 1897, are as follows, viz : —

880,000 lb. tea at 7d net .. .. £21, GO'.! 13 4

20,500 lb. cardamoms at Is Gi not .. 1,537 10 0

£•27,201 3 4

The profits on the Galaha Factory
and Colombo business during that
period are estimated by the Vendor
as follows : —

Galaha Factory .. .. 967 5 5

Colombo Mill and business . . 1,080 5 7

£29,257 14 4

The working expenditure for the
same period is estimated bv the Ven-
dor at .. .. 15,7111111

Taking the year’s profit on this
basis at . . . . . . £13,546 2 5

After paying interest on Mortgage

Debentures £55,000 at 5 percent ., £2,750 0 0

And a Dividend of 0 per cent on
6,000 six per cent Cumulative Pre-
ference Shares . . . . . . 3,600 0 0

6,350 0 0

There should remain a balance for the
first year available for the Reservm Fund
and tire Dividend on the Ordinary Shares of £7196 2 5

The Directors anticipate a considerable yearly in-
crease of profits, not only from the Tea Estates them-
selves, by reason of the larger yield per acre from the
T’ea now in bearing, and from the 702 acres of young
Tea coming into bearing during the next three years,
but also from the consequent extension of the business
in Colombo.

The Estates are vs’ell equipped with substantial
Bungalows and Buildings, and with permanent Coolie
Lines. The Galaha Factory, erected at a cost of
about £13,000, is a substantial stone building, fitted
with all necessary modern machinery for Tea manu-
facture, and will be capable of turning out 2,000,000
lb. of made Tea per annum, when the extensions now
in course of construction are complete. The pur-
chase includes all the Live and Dead Stock, Machi-
nery, Toois, Furniture, and Fixtures on the Estates,
and the Machinery and Office Furniture in Colombo,
but the Company will take over at a valuation all
stores purchased by the Vendor for future use and
in hand on the 1st July, 1890.

A Tramway of 2j miles in length has recently been
constructed at the cost of £1375, to bring the leaf to
the Factory, resulting in a considerable saving of
labour and expense.

The Coolie labour force on the Estates is ample.

Messrs. M. P. Ev.vxs & Co. have hitherto acted as
Consignees and Agents of the Estates in London, and
ha>e agreed to continue to do so, and the businesses
in Ceylon will be carried on without interruption by
the present staff.

Mr. CiiAiir.Ks E. STnAciiAN, the Vendor, who has
managed these Estates and business for many years,
has agreed to act as Managing Director for a term
of five years, without any remuneration beyond the
ordinary Director’s fees.

The price to be paid by the Company for the
purchase of the estates, properties'and businesses, free
from incumbrances, has been fixed by the Vendor at
£155,000, payable as to £50,000 by the allotment of
6000 Ordinary Shai-es, and tlie balance in cash.
Talcing the prices of the Galaha Factory at the above
sum of £13,000, and of the Colombo Mills tnd Agency
business at only £12,000, and the price of tlio un-
cultivated and reforested land at £5 per acre, the
price per acre of the land under lea and Cardamoms
is under £17 5s per acre,

The Vendor will discharge all outgoings and liabi-
lities belonging to season 1895-96, in respect of the
Estates, Mills, and business up to the 1st July, 1896
from which date the Company will take possession,
and bo entitled to the profits, but the Company will
repay the Vendor all advances made by him before
that date, on account of the season 1896-97.

The Vendor will pay all the expenses of and in-
cidental to the formation and registration of the
Company up to the first general allotment.

The Directors propose to appropriate £10,000, the
proceeds of 1,000 Preference Shares of the present
issue, for wo-rkiug Capital and the further develop-
ment of the estates.

The following Contracts have been entered into, viz.: —

A Contract dated 27 June, 1896, between Charles
Edward Strachan and this Company, being the Con-
tract for the acquisition by the Company of the
above-mentioned properties, and a Contract dated
27th June, 1890, between this Company and Matthew
Pennefat.her Evans, Willian Dunn, and John Penne-
father Evans, trading as M. P. Evans & Co., being
the Contract under which the latter are to act as
Consignees and Agents of the estates in London.

The current contracis entered into by the vendor
in the ordinary course of business, and, as to the
debentures, may, however, constitute contracts under
Section 38 of {he Companies Act of 1876, and appli-
cants for shares must be deemed to have waived
further specification of any such contracts.

Nothing has been or will be paid in respect of
promotion or underwriting.

It is intended to apply to the Committee of the
Loudon Stock Exchange for an official quotation of
the Preference Shares.

Copies of the memorandum and articles of Asso-
ciation and contracts can be inspected at the offices
of the Solicitors to the Company.

Applications lor Preference Shares should be made
on the form accompanying the Prospectus and be sent
to the Company’s Bankers with the amount payable
on application. If no Allotment is made the deposit
will be returned in full, and where the number of
shares alloted is less than the number applied for,
the balance will be applied towards the payment on
allotment.

Prospectuses with Forms of Application for the Pre-
ference Shares can be obtained at the Offices of the
Company, or from its Bankers, Brokers or Solicitors.

27'ih June, 1896.

METROIVILITAN NOTES.

London, June 26.

I omitted in my last to refer to one sio-ni-
(leant remark made by Mr Quinton Ho'or”
Cliairman of the

OlUlCNTAb KSTATES CO.,

and wliieh 1 do not think has been recorded in
any of the repoi-ts. Tt was when lie refei-red to
his own experience as a sugar plantation pro-
prietor both in Briti.sli Guiana — a gold currency
colony— and in Mauritius with its Indian rupee
currency ; and to the immense advanta<--e
which the use of silver in ]iayinent of laboiu-
etc , gave to the latter over Guiana wiMi
gold payments. The Committee appointed to
confer with the Directors was to have its first
joint sitting on Monday last ; and I have no
doubt by this time a tliorouglily good under-
standing has been effected : for, ’it became per-
fectly clear at tlie meeting that the Chairman
and hi.s fellow directors had acteil with the ut-
most good faith, however strongly “preference”
sliarehohler.s might object to the course pursued.

TKA, TEA SH.VUE.S, AND TEA COMPANIES
liave been a good deal before the press and the
public during the past week, mainly owiii" to Sir
John flair’s big Company affording the text for
a good many articles, some of them ratlior far-
fetched. It was interesting to learn fVom Mr
C. E. Strachau. during a brief chat, that all the
capital requiie! l'"i ids

I2S

THE TROPICAI

AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1S96.

“f;AT,LAIl.\ COMPNAV”

from ^ tlie public is already over-subscribed
— mainly by personal and business friends
— before tlie prospectus has been issued. Mr.
Straclian is full of conlidence in the future of
our tea enterprise ; and he has, of course, a very
large interest, not only tlirough the Company
about to be floated, bub in the Uagalla Com-
pany, with its high rich plantation, and in
valuable tea properties in the Agrapatana, l!o-
gawantalawa, etc. Mr. Straclian, who much en-
joyed his recent winter visit to the colony, is
looking very well and may go out again
•luring the coming winter. The “tea” acreage
in the Gallaha i)rospectus, I may mention, is valued
so moderately as £42 per acre. The Company
will hold the Colombo business (with Mr. Hathorn
as Manager) and this will iirobably be much
e.xtencled.

My letter on

“COFFEl-:,” FTC.

in the London Times has been attracting a good
deal of attention, mainly through a reprint cir-
culated among Ceylon men and merchants at
home. One planting colonist writes ; —

“ I am much obliged for the reprint of your ex-
tremely iuteresting letter to the Times which had
escaped my notice. I have felt for some time that
coffee is the thing to go in for now, and am myself
taking up land in the Selangor District with a view
of having another try at the good old staple. I am
hoping to go out to Ceylon and the Straits towards
the end of this year to have a look round,”

It is evident from recent e.xperience that one has
to be careful to discriminate among the States
and soils of the Malayan peninsula, so tar as
“cotVee” is concerned; but 1 do trust that some
investors — Sir Graeme Elphinstone, for instance —
may reap the fruit of their enterprise. On the other
hand, the Shire Highlands in British Central Africa
may yet prove the coming Eldorado for coffee: we
shall hear more of it shortly, no doubt, when
Sir Herbert Johnston arrives home.

MR. THOS. CHRISTY AND THE OVERPRODUCTION
OF COFFEE AND INDIAN TEA..

I have also received the following suggestive
and interesting letter from Mr. Thos. Christy of
Lime Street : —

London, E.C., June 1',), 189(>.

Dear Sir, — In your letter to the Times of June 1st,
you apeak of the question of over-production of coffee.
The price of coffee appear to be ruled very much by
Brazil for quantity and Java for quality. In ray opi-
nion, in the future the great cotfee-produciug country
will be Africa, and the reason I think so is this : there
are so many indigenous varieties found growing wild in
Africa, and crops which would surpass the imagination
of those who had seen it, points to the fact that that
land is suitable of coffee-growiug.

In the same copy of the 'Times was a leaderette on
Indian affairs, and speaking about the labour that
India can furnish for making railways, I am quite con-
vinced that it will not only be a question of the In-
dian assisting to make the railways and doing them
thoroughly well, and at a low price; but I shall be
very much surprised if the Indian once leaves Africa.
There is a class of Indians, if I may be allowed to use
such a name, who have thoroughly studied in Europe,
and also in the schools of India, and some of whom, I
believe, you have in Ceylon ; these men, in many cases,
they are excellent telegraph clerks, excellent post otSce
clerks, who thoroughly understand the routine accord-
ing to the English system ; they are accustomed
to hot weather and, from the information I have ob-
tained, are thoroughly reliable. Although we may be
sending English ladies out to India as doctors, there
is a large number of native gentlemen who have quali-
fied in tnis country who would be very suitable to send
to Africa, especially to the Soudan, and it will not bo long

before the attention of merchants in Bombay and Cal-
cutta and also in Ceylon will be turned to the
splendid districts which England is reconquering in
Africa. It is well-known that the English have no
wish to fight ; they are merely endeavouring to estab-
lish peaceable occupation for the Egyptian and also for
their Indian subjects who are now commencing to
trade with Africa; so much so is this the case that
produce is being sent from the east coast of Africa to
Bombay, where it is transhipped to England. Once
the Indian leaves the rule of India he will
feel that he will have the full protection of
the British Government in Egypt and in a very
short time you will be able to chronicle the
fact of the introduction of Indian houses along the
east coast of Africa. Already some of the East Indians
are going to France to study French; some arc also
settling in Germany to thorougly gain the language
and the customs of Germany and German tra.de, with
the object of settling in German colonies. They know
that they can purchase goods; they know also what the
natives require and will very quickly learn the nalive
languages and dialects. Although entirely agreeing
with the wricerin the 'Times of the 1st June in regard
to the labour, still we must not ignore the upper classes
in India who have qualified to assist the English in de-
veloping our colonies and possessions, especially in hot
climates. — I remain, yours truly. Thos. Christy.

That my correspondence is widespread and
varied may be judge<l from the following from
the editor of the Friend : —

Dear Sir, — I was glad to meet you at the breakfast
meeting of the Aborigines Protection Society at Can-
non St. Hotel, but had no opportunity to ask you
a question on w'hich I want information. Friends
want to establish an Industrial Christian Mission on
Pemba and we think the best way of helping the
coloured people when Mr. Curzon abolishes the legal
status of slavery will be to purchase an estate on
Pemba and run it with freedmen. This will require
a competent business man at the head of it to run
it, and we have no such man at present ; but I want
to know how copra is prepared in Ceylon for the
Marseilles market. Can you kindly tell me where
I can get the information that would practically
guide us in placing copra from Pemba in best con-
dition for the market ? I understand that at pre-
sent Ceylon does this the best, and that you have
studied the subject. Kindly excuse me for thus
troubling you. — Yours very truly,

Henry Stanley Newman.

A copy of our “ All about Coconuts ” gave
Mr. Newman, I trust, all the information he re-
quired.

HORNIMAN’S tea COMPANY.

Talking o< Sii Graeme Elphinstone reminds me
that I learned from Mr. Horniman, M.P.. the
other day, that neither “Logie” nor Mr. Powell
Jones now holds seats on the Directorate of his
great Tea Selling and Distributing Company.
Competition in this business must be \ery keen
owing to the multiplication of iigei.cies ; and yet
I was .surprised to learn the other day' that a
well-known City Firm could allow a grocer-agent
in a West of England town as much profit as
fourpence a pound oil' a good tea supplied by
them and which was being freely sold and appre-
ciated at the said watering piace. — Mr. Horniman
evidently thinks it very important a gooil hold
should be got of the American and Russian tea
markets to meet the further production of tea.
I forget if I told you in a previous letter of
a surprising fact learned through a young English
lady’s letter from

RERUN,

namely, that she has never seen so much tea
drunk as in German families there : as in Austra-
lia, the rule .seems to be to have tea at every
meal. I recently heard of the death at 9J in
England of one wdio had been a great tea drinker
all his life— a good evidence of its use !

The question as to whether the pristine

Aug. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

129

QUALITY OF CEYLON TEA
"rown on virgin soil can be inaintaincd is again on
the tapl^. A well-known V. A. of wide experience
now at home, is of opinion, such a (piality can with
proper care and attention be kept uj) ; but he
is o)iposed by the actual exj)erience of several
propiietors of first-class properties — nosably in
Bogawantalawa — who declare that, with no pos-
sil)le falling-off in attention, their teas of the
3rd to Gth years have never been e(iualled in
flavour since, though a good average has been
maintained.

-♦

NATAL TEA INDUSTRY.

A GREAT FUTURE.

IF PROPERLY WORKED.

Mr. G. W. Drummond, at present at Johannes-
burg, writes to the /)n/gers’ News: The following re-
marks oil the tea industry of Natal may be of some
interest to many in Johannesburg who are engaged
in the trade, and also to others who may like
to know how this particular industry is progressing
in the Garden Colony at present. Compared with
India, and even with Ceylon, tea growing in Natal may
fairly be said to be only in its infancy. The in-
dustry dates practically from 1882 Since then, how-
ever, it has made great bounds, and particularly so
from 1891. There are barely 3,000 acres under plant
in the whole Colony — quite small — equal only to the
extent of many single estates in British India.
Still, there is not a doubt but that the industry
has a bright future in South Africa. The bulk,
the very great bulk, of the yearly out-turn is
consumed in Natal itself. Fields further ahead
to the south and inland are yet practically un-
touched, and it now undoubtedly rests with the
planters themselves to make prompt use or
not of their present golden opportunity. For Johan-
nesburg, for instance, which is a splendid opening
for Natal tea, the growers of Natal are even now,
rather late in the field. They do not appear to have
tackled the subject properly, so far. Certainly they
had difficulties to contend with in not being directlv
connected by rail until lately ; but more could have
been done. Another mistake they make, too, is mis-
naming their teas. Natal golden pekoe, for instance,
though a very excellent tea, is not a pekoe (or leafy
tea) at all. The same with their flowery pekoe, which
is simply a broken pekoe. Teas hero are bought
for price or by their name, and naturally a grocer
or the public accustomed to China and Indian
teas looks for something leafy in pekoes of any kind.
It would be a very good thing if more tasting before
purchase was done in Johannesburg, such as obtains
in England. There, every little village grocer will get
samples from different houses first, and then buy
his tea according to quality. How much Natal tea
is consumed in Cape Colony or the Free State ?
No quantity worth mentioning. But the trade
only requires adequate and intelligent pushing to
find markets there. Planters must be prepared to
spend money if they wish to open up the interior.
Indian and Ceylon teas are getting very firmly
established in all parts of South Africa, and so are
cheap China teas. If Natal wants to compete with the
two former, her most dangerous rivals, she must meet
them more on the level. She must pick finer. Natal
planters say they cannot, couldn’t pay, labour too
expensive, an so on ; but the real tact is, they have
never seriously tried. It would have been better
for them if, with an estimate of 200,000 lb., they
had been content with 150,000 lb. better quality;
and in the long run quantity before quality will
not _ do, and will not pay. This has heen proved in
India over and over again. More friendly competi-
tion, too, among the Natal planters would be good
for the industry. There are only five estates, alto-

fjether which use machinery to make their own teas
counting the Sprowston estateone with Kearsney),
out of which only two are in any large way, and
these two, instead of working hand in haqd for the

benefit of the industry, are perpetually cutting each
other’s throats by jealous rivalry, for which one is
not a whit less to blame than the other. If the
industry had received more substantial aid from the
Government of Natal at its very commencement,
such as the Ceylon planters got, it would probably
h.ave been three or four times as large by now,
and it would have undoubtedly been so much the
better for the Colony. The cost of coolie labour
uow-a-days is too expensive altogether. But this is
a subject which cannot be gone into here. The
“ whvs ” and “wherefores” would take too long
It would be another good thing for the industry if
some of the leading growers would take a trip" to,
say, Ceylon, and see how they do things there. It
is almost quite safe to say that, at present, not a
single man engaged in tea planting in Natal has more
than the mere local knowledge of his business —
no outside experience — and it certainly is to
his credit that he has done so well so far.
The real tea districts of Natal lies within six
miles of Stanger, amid exceedingly pretty scenery
and commands a fine view of the sea. As
regards the total output of tea from the Colony
for the current season, the result will be below that
of last j'ear. In December, 1895, the large central
factory at Kearsney was totally destroyed by fire,
the with it, at the same time, lU0,000lb. tea. Now
and stimate for Kearsney alone was 5l)0,000lb., and
for ehe whole Colony 960,0001b., so that it can be
see t that the bulk of Natal tea is made at the
Kenarsney central factory, Thi.s e.stato buys the leaf
of 11 small gardens (belonging to separate interests),
and manufactures it into tea along with its own leaf.
It cannot, after the fire, in which the machinery was
lost also, make more than 300,ODOlb. for the season
1895-96, so that the total crop of Natal tea this sea-
son will probably not reach over 700f0001b., or some-
thing over 100, OOOlb. less than last year. Next month,
June, will see the close of the present season. Out-
door work will then be the order of the day until
September comes round. As Kearsney has got to
work again, partially, and will probably be ready for
the new season, the output of the colony for 1896-7
ought easily to exceed l,000,000lb of tea. That w'ould
be a gratifying result, and all the friends of Natal
will be glad lo see the Garden Colony going ahead
successfully.

A “SWAGGER” PROSPECTUS.

We cannot pongratulate the promoters of the Con-
solidated Tea and Lauds Company. Limited, on the
felicity of the title they have selected. What does
it mean? Are they going to sell consolidated tea in
one department, and deal in land in the other?
Or are they going to sell a blend of tea and .land
with calm disregard of the Adulteration Act? Nei-
ther, we understand is the actual object — which is
described in the prospectus as follows : — “ To take
over as going concerns and to amalgamate the es-
tates in India and Ceylon known as the estates

of the North Sylbet Tea Company, Limited, and

the South Sylhet Tea Company, Limited These

companies have since their formation in 1882 when
worked under the same proprietary as private Com-
panies, aud they are now amalgamated and formed
into a public company with a view of securing a
quotation onthe London and Glasgow Stock E echanges.”
This is a very frank admission which does credit
to the pretentious board of directors who are going
to assume the management of tne amalgamated
undertakings. It is, however, to be regretted that
the same spirit of candour was not extended to giving
a statement of the amount of capital of the com-
panies to be acquired. It seems to be a respectable
enough promotion, and possibly it may not be in-
tended to let outsiders have much of the capital —
all events until the coveted Stock Exchange quota-
tions are obtained.

What strikes us most in the prospectus is the ap-
pearance on it, as a director, of Lord Roberts, the
Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in Ireland. We
beg his lordship’s pardon. We ought to havq
said of;—

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. I, 1896.

130

Field-Marehal the Eight Uonoiu-ablo Lord Roberts
of Kandahar and W^iterford, g.c.b. ; g.c.s.i. ; g.c.i.e.;
v.c. ; D.c.L. ; L.L.D. ; etc. ; Royal Hospital, Dublin.

It is a pity that Lord Roberts had not a few
more initials to append to his name and chief title.
We were under the impression that it was not good
form for a fully-pay oMcer occupying suchadistiu-
guished position to let his name appear as a direc-
tor of a public company. There is, perhaps, no
special reason why he should not, provided that
the official duties are not thereby prejudiced any
more than that he should devote his leisure time
to the management of his private affairs at Kandahar,
Waterford, Sylhet, The Royal Hospital, Dublin, or
elsewhere. Still, it does strike us as strange, in view' of
the stringent regulations of Government departments
in analogous matters to find Lord Roberts’ name in this
connection and with his official address. We have
not forgotten the outcry there was when a Lord
Mayor of London allowed his name to appear on a
prospectus and with his official description appended.
And surely it is more appropriate for the Lord
Mayor of the greatest financial centre in the world
to be a director of a public company than for a
General, even if he be also a Doctor of Laws and
an “ etc.”

Should there be any warlike operations against
the properties of the Consolidated Tea and Lands
Company the services of Lord Roberts will be in-
valuable. In the absence of these we presume that
on the other directors will fall, the bulk of the work
of conducting the business. By the way, they ex-
press their intention of putting a considerable area
of the land to be acquired ‘‘ under coffee” which
suggests to us that it would have been a
happy idea to call the company the tea, coffee
and Land Corporation, Limited. Undoubtedly all
concerned with the company are of high business
standing from the directors downwards. The firm
of Finlay Muir and Company of Calcutta who have
managed the business since its formation have
agreed to continue to do so, though the period of the
agreement is not stated, and during its tenure to
hold shares to the round Viilue of £‘200,000, of which
at least one-half shall be in Ordinary shares. What
chiefly perplexes us about this prospectus is whether
it is really intended as an invitation to the public or
not. The reference to the object of obtaining Stock
Exchange quotations, the short time allowed for the
offer of capital, and the general family-party ap-
pearance of the document, suggest that the public
offer is more or less i)ro forma ; though, perhaps,
some of the ordinary capital— the proceeds of which
are to be devoted to the purchase and development
of land, and is to be called up over a period of five
years— may be given to outsiders.— CiVy Leader,
June 20.

INDIAN TEA COMPANIES.

The appearance of the Consolidated Tea and Lands
Company brings into prominence once more a class
of investment which scarcely receives the attention
it deserves. Taken all round, Indian tea companies
show results with which shareholders have no reason
to be dissatisfied, and their success is evidenced by
the number of new companies registered in Loudon
during recent years. It is a little surprising, there-
fore, that out of a list of 75 of these under-takings
which we have before us only 13 are quoted in the
Official List, while the prices of the remainder,
being unknown to the tape, can only be discovered
by special inquiries. A partial explanation is to be
found, no doubt, in the fact that the capital of many
of these companies was privately subscribed, and
that the proprietors have been content to hold their
shares as an investment, without caring for the
advantages of public quotations. It is obvious, how-
ever in cases where realisation is necessary, that
a free market ensures not only the fi tiding of a
purchaser, but also the certainty of obtaining a fair
price, and it is apparently with the object of ^cur-
ing a quotation on the London and Glasgow Stock
Exchanges that the North and South Sylhet Tea
Q^mpauies are being converted and amalgamate 1 mto

the Consolidated Tea and Lands Company. At first
sight the capital of the new company appears rather
large, since, as far as can be ascertained, the paid-up
capital of the two amalgamating concerns is only
.£402,000, while the purchase price to be now paid
is £1,000,000 ! We imagine, however, that there
must be loaus of a large amount in addition,
because the prospectus states that the cost price
of the estates stiuds in the companies’ books
at .£1,440,000. While it is not our purpose to
discuss the merits of the new undertaking,
ic may be of interest to take the North and
South Sylhet Companies as a starting point,
and how to show the rapid progress which has been
made, especially as they are even now by far the
largest producers of Indian tea.

Their estates cover an area of 170,000 acres in
Assam, Sylhet, the Dooars, Darjeeling, and North
Travancoro Hills, besides about 10,000 acres in
Ceylon. On November 30, 1895, there were 21,310
acres with tea in bearing and 5,439 acres planted
with young tea, coffee, and cocoa ; while since then
another 4,371 acres have been cleared and are in
course of planting; so that the whole area under
cultivation is now 31,120 acres. How greatly in
excess these figures are of the acreage of any other
limited company will be evident when we mention that
next in order comes the Assam Company, which
has about 10,000 acres under cultivation, while
the Land Mortgage Bank of India has 8,000 acres,
the Jokai (Assam) Company 7,300 acres, and the
Dooars Tea Company 0,120 acres. After these
wo drop to 5,000 acres on the Jorehaut
perty and then we find a number of companies
such as the Assam Frontier, Ghargola, Lungla,
Single, and Brahmapootra, where the cultivated area
varies from 3,000 to 4,000 acres. As regards pro-
duction, the combined North and South Sylhet
Companies raised 9,5a3,734 lb. in 1895, against
5,078,379 lb. in 1888, and the 1896 crop is estimated
at 10,070,000 lb. of tea. Bearing in mind that they
have 150,000 acres of land still uncultivated, of
which 90,000 acres are in the North Travancore
Hills, from which exceptionally good results are
expected, there cannot be two opinions of the great
possiblities that lie before the amalgamated under-
taking. At present the 1 irgest crops for 1895,
of the other companies that have so far been ac-
tually reported are 3,108,671 lb. 011 the Jokai (Assam)
estates and 3,017,000 lb. on the Dooars property.
These amounts will probably be exceeded by the
Assam Company, where the crop is estimated at
about 3,300,000 lb., and then there is a drop to
2,400,000 lb. on the Assam Frontier Company’s es-
tates, and an estimaied outturn of 2,143,000 lb. by
the Brahmapootra Company.

We need hardly say that the amount of the crop is
not necessarily an indication of a company’s pros-
perity, nor of the desirability of its shares iis an in-
vestment. The relation which the outturn bears to
the acreage under cultivation must be considered, as
also the quality of tire leaf, and, above all, there is
the important question of capitalisation. Foriustauces
the Brahmapootra yield of 2,113,000 lb. from 3 390
acres is better than 2,423,000 lb. from 4,085 acres on
the Assam Frontier property; w'hile, as the capital
of the foriu'or is only £114,500 in £5 shares, against the
£330,000 (including debentures) of the latter, there is
cleu-ly much larger scope for dividends on Brahma-
pootra shares. In fact, the average dividend on these
shares for the six years fx‘om 1889 to 1894. inclusive
has been 174 per cent., against 6 per cent, ou the'
Ordinary shares of the Assam Fron ier Company. For
1895 the final dividend has not yet been decl.irod by the
Brahmapootra Company; but the interim dividend
was 8 per cent., as in the previous year, and there
seems evei-y likelihood of the total distribution com-
ing to 20 per cent., as in 1894. The directors of the
Assam Frontier Company have already declared 6
per cent., for the past year, wliicli wo may observe
IS just double what the Ordinary shaves received in
1894. Among the other companies tliai have announ-
ced their dividends may bo mentioned the British
Indian Tea Company with 5 per cent., as against
6 per cent, a year ago, Darjeeling 5J per cent.

Aug. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST,

131

Dooars ]2g per cent., Jhanzie 10 per cent., Jokai
(Assam) 10 per cent., Moabuud 15 per cent., Noa-
kacharee 5 per cent., all of which are the same as
in 1694 ; while the Doom Dooma dividend of 10 per
cent, is IJ per cent, less, and the Lehong and Majuli
distributions of 13 per cent, and 5 per cent, are
2 per cent, smaller in each case. The t^>'0
Sylhet companies have paid an average divi-
dend of 10 per cent. for the last seven

years, and for the same period the average
dividend on Doom Dooma shares has been over
11§ per cent., oil Dooars ll per cent., Jhanzie 9i) per
cent., and on Jokai 10 per cent. The shares of the
last-named company are quoted at T18 for the .HIO
share; so that they yield i'5 11s per cent., which is
not a bad return for a sound undertaking which has
paid 10 per cent, every year since 1685, and has a
reserve of £43,808, The yield on Dooars shares at the
current price of 20 is just per cent., and this com-
pany also has a satisfactory reserve of £40,000. At 18J
Doom Doonra returns £5 8s per cent., and, on the basis
of last year, Jorehaut and Assam shares can be
bought to pay 64 per cent., both the two latter having
■ also substantial reserve funds, while the Lungla aird
Single Companies, which have only recently been
established, can be purchased on still more advanta-
geous terms. There are many other companies with
equally good prospects— we have merely taken at
haphazard a few of those which are best knowir over
here — but we have said enough to show readers who
have time to study the position of Indian tea com-
panies that they may be able to find not a few desirable
investments among them. — Financial News, June 20.

THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF CITROUS
FRUITS.

We have been favoured with a copy of Bulletin
No 8 from the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
which contains a very interesting treatise on the
principal diseases of citrous fruits in Plorida, beauti-
fully illustrated with coloured plates showing the
various blights and their effects, such as “ Die-back”
or Evantliema, “Scale,” I’errueosis, “ Foot-rot,” “ Sooty
mould” cfec- the last following the mealy wing or
white dy, A'eyrodes citri, from all of which it appears
that frost is by no means the only enemy I'lorida
has to fight.

The writers would seem to make a mistake in
supposing that the “ die-back” is peculiar to Florida
or that it is “ not known in any other part of the
world.” In Ceylon we are not strangers to the
“ die-back”- disease on orange trees with all its
accompanying characteristics,— first the unusually large
foliage, followed by the dead tips, the scaly erup-
tions which seems invariably present, the sickly
yellow colour of fruit and reddish-brown stains
thereon. The results are disastrous enough to the
fruit-bearing capabilities of the trees ; but inasmuch as
we, in Ceylon, place very little commercial value upon
our orange its enemies have received less of our
attention. There are however a few grains of com-
fort in these admirably w'ritten pages w'hich will
commend themselves to all interested in the culture
of this most refreshingly wholesome and delicious
of fruits. Not content — like too many scientific
men — with elaborately and minutely describing the
life-histoi'y of the enemies of the citrous family, they
carefully trace the causes, suggest preventive mea-
sures, and in plain terms prescribe effectual treatment.
It is, we believe, generally felt that scientists are
rather too apt— like Dr. VVatt on white-ants— to treat
us to learned and laboured dissertations on the life
of such enemies of the husbandman as if there was
any doubt about their existence ! omitting altogether
what we stand most in need of, viz., some suggestions
as to their effectual and speedy destruction. A man
half poisoned with strychnine cares little to be told
to what ancient family nux vomica belongs. It’s an
antidote he wants. Life is short, and few farmers or
planters in this work-a-day w'orld have time to fol-
low the philosopher in all his leisurely researches.
They may be learned, they may bo interesting, and
Still the practical result be nil. In this respect the

writers — Messrs. Swingle and Webber — on vegetable
physiology in the United States Department of Agri^
ulturo show an excellent example. The information,
is brief and to the point, they diagnose the diseases
of trees as a doctor does that of a patient, and pres-
cribe accordingly.

We need only quote one sample. The treatment of
“ die-back ” — after concisely stating the causes and
various symptoms — is thus recommended: — “When
die-back is due to excessive use of highly nitrogenous
organic fertilizers, an effective remedy consists in
simply ceasine to cultivate. In fertilizing omit en-
tirely all highly nitrogenou,s organic manures but
use about the normal quantity of potash and phos-
phoric acid. As the tree recovers a small amount
of nitrogen should be given, preferably in the form
of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia, until the
tree is brought up to its normal condition. If the
disease is produced by the close proximity of privies,
chicken houses, &c. removing these will usually
result in the recovery of the affected trees.
When the malady is caused by planting on die-
back lands treatments vary according to the charac-
ter of the soil. Thorough diainage will usually be
found an effective remedy without any other treat-
ment. If the soil is underlaid with hard pan, mulch-
ing the trees with pine straw-oak leaves or something
of this nature will allow the feeding roots to develop
near the surface and usually bring about a cure. The
latter has been found effective in many instances.
Similar instructions are given with regard to “ foot
rot,” “ melauose ” and “ sooty mold." In the case
of each disease discussed w'e have not only preventive
measures suggested but the most practical means of
combating it when it does appear^

The orange industry ;^in Florida and the West
Indian islands is of prime importance. In Florida
alone no less than f.50,000,000 has been invested in
the business, while fully 20,000 people are dependent
upon it for support. Here in Ceylon it has hitherto
been of little commercial value. Growers complain
that there is no real mai'ket for such produce, not-
withstanding the number of calling ships and the
eagerness with which passergers appreciate good
fruit. The dubashes somehow contrive to supply
such rubbish that a very bad impression is given of
the capabilities of our fruitful isle.

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

The Price oe Wvnaad Tea continues to rule
high, say.s a Madras contemporary. The latest
sale, 27 half-chests from the Kanambyle estate
in the Clierambady District, realised an average
of lO.jd, being on an average about 2d above Ceylon
marks sold that w'eek. We have still to learn
wdiat is the annual yield per acre of these young
tea clearings, but if it is anything like the amount
anticipated, the success of the Wynaad as a tea
country will be assured. Rut then w'e .sli.ill
probably be told it is too wet for tea — a planter
cannot wither properly rvith 18 inches of rain
a day, an argument tint tvould have all the
merits of those adduced to prove the district was
too malarious for the cultivation.

The Preparation of China Tea: Another
Commission to India Proposed.— In the North-
China Herald oi June 12 is printed the following
note from the June number of t\\Q Messenger •. —
Tea Culture. — The Board of Revenue has bieu
addressed by a eunuch Lieu and by Chen, a senior
secretary, on the importance of sending a commission
to India to examine the methods of preparing tea
for the European market there in use. They also
propose the establishment of a technical school of
instruction in tea manipulation. Workmen would
here be informed what to aim at and what to avoid.
It is to be hoped that China will soon become fully
awake to the need of close attention to tea culture.
We do not e.xpect that the proposals will be
acted upon, seeing that tlie outcome of tluj
former commission appears to have been nd.

132

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. X, 1896

respond on CO.

4i

To the Editor.

MANURE FOR JAK TREES.

Canimbogam Estate, Rallai, N.P., June 17.

Dear Sir, —Could you kiiidly find out for
nie through your valuahle pajier a good manure
for jak trees. — Yours truly, H. J. M. T.

CEYLON TEA IN CANADA.

2.5, Front St. East, Toronto, June 22.

Dear Sir, — In your issue of May IGth, you pub-
lish, amongst the interesting list of contents, “Ten
Thousand Pounds of Tea for Canada,’’ and in your
'news column, page 491, are the particulars of this
export, as a portion of the cargo shipped per steam-
ship “ City of Agra,’’ namely “ For Montreal, Tea,

■ lO.iiGO lb.’’ We presume, since you gave prominence
to this fact by the headlines above quoted, that it
was intended that your readers interested in the
export of Ceylon Tea should read with gratification,
that such a large amount as 10,000 lb. has been ex-
ported on one steamer to Canada direct; but surely
instances of several times this quantity being shipped
to Canada direct are taking jJace with almo:.t every
opportunity, of vessels leaving for Loudon.

in proof of this, we shall draw your attention to
the figures publislved in a circular issued by Messrs.
Gow. Wilson & Stanton, of London, dated February
2lst, in which they report “ Re-exports of Ceylon
Tea, United Kingdom to Canada, 1,113,165 lb. for
1895 ; as against 013,817 lb. for 1892, . and Trans-
shipments United Kingdom to Canada as 255,408 lb.
for 1895, as against 13,3301b. for 1892.’’

The direct exports Ceylon to North America are
given ns 714,958 lb. in 1895, as against 204,891 lb. in
1892, and as Canada takes a considerable portion
(about half) of such direct exports to North America,
and as Canada is now more than ever importing its
supply of Ceylon Teas direct from Ceylon, and as
the business, under judicious advertising, is rapidly
increasing, as the figures above quoted indicate, — it
must be so, that large quantities of tea are being
shipped every week from Ceylon to Canada.

■ • We ourselves are constantly receiving direct from
Ceylon, in rnuch larger quantities, piid it would bo
interesting to know, if you have the moans of looking
up, the quantity of Ceylon Tea shipped direct to
Toronto on through bills of lading. Having taken
a very active part in the development of the sale of

' Ceylon Tea in Canada, we are naturally desirous
that people in your counti y who take any interest
in this matter should not arrive at the wrong con-
clusion that 10,000 tea expoited to Canada can be
looked upon as an item of interest, when, as a
matter of fact, we should think, from the figures
above quoted, and from our knowledge of the trend
f of business in Ceylon teas, that a low estimate of
the present direct exports to Canada would be at the
rate of half a million pounds per year, because it
must be borne in mind that the 2)5,000 pounds
quoted as trans-shipments United Kingdom to Canada
-aro to all intents and purposes, and as a matter of
fact, direct purchases in Ceylon, for Canada account ;

. tcibs being shipped to London, to bo trans-shipped
there 10 destination in Canada. — Yours respectfully,
SALAUA CEYLON 'TEA COMPANY,

P. C. Larkin A Co.

NATAL TEA.

London, E.C. June2o.

Siu,_My ol'l I’cter France who h, as

<lono so nin<‘li iiiwud.s tlic advancenient of boutii
Ali'icii hsifj been moved Iroin Port Elizabeth to tlie
(.'ape Town oHice of llie Alrican R. Mail .Steam-
ship Company. He sends me a cutting from the

H. African Telegraph respecting Natal tea. I
have tested this tea and it contains a "ood amount
of tlieine or caifeine, showing it is far better to
drink tlian the niixtmes that used to be shipped
from Hamburg to Soutli Africa. — Yours truly,

THOS. CHRISTY.

[Tlie cutting ajipears on page 126 — Ed. T.A.]

THE FASTENING OF TEA CHESTS.

23 Mincing Lane, London, June 26.

Sir, -I tliink it will interest you to learn
that I have nosv perfected a nail or clamp for
securing lids to tea chests .so that the lids can
be lifted off witliout damage to the packa<re
and thus leave it a usable and saleable article
for repacking or otlierivise. As at present the
packages from Ceylon are very little used, after
inspection it is always nece.ssary to open them
for the brokers, and sometimes they are again
opened for sampling whilst a large proportion
are exported with landed teas in them to foreign
markets, tlius it is an evident advantage to make
the opening and closing of the tea packages aa
simple as practicable. My che-sts are made of
inodorous Avhite ivood, dovetailed, grooved and
tongued, are rather lighter than tlie niomi pack-
ages and about the same jirice. 1 am making
occasional shipments to Ceylon and India, and
find that the trade buys readily, as the grocer
here has a sale for a package wdiich can easily
be converted into a flour bin, or other useful and
domestic furniture, while he finds the iron and
hard wood packages are only in his way. —
Yours truly, ED. AMES.

THE PRICE OF CINNAMON.

Magdalene House, Negombo, June 20.
Dear Sir,— In your paper of 24tli instant writ-
ing about the last cinnamon sales, you say
“ A.S. G.P. (Golua Pokuna) at the s.ale on
the 1st instant, did not command a higher
price for its firsts than Is 4d.” Quite correct.
“The next highest prices realized were for spice
from W.S and K. from the well-known F S.
Kadirane group, and these fetched up to UkL”
This, I beg to jioint out, is not correct, as my
1st quality cinnamon, under two difl'erent marks,
was also so'd at 13d and more, one small lot
of Hora Hena Estate being sold even at 14d,
and these too, in the .same catalogue of the
brokers Messrs. James Cook A: Go. in which
the sales of “ Golna Pokuna,” W.S. and K.
appear. — Yours faithfully,

J. DE S. KAJAPAKSE.

FRUIT PACKING.

Dear Sir,— I see that it lias been discovered by
a California fruit-grower that when fruit isjiacked
in jiowdered borax it resists decay for months.
I should wish to know, if this .system of packing
has been tried by anyone, and if it has been really
successful. — Yours truly, GARDENER.

EXTENT OF CINNAMON GARDENS
IN CEYLON.

Dear Sir,— Among.st the “General Gather-
ings ” (a most interesting column) in tlie Weekly
Budget it is stated “ The cinnamon gardens of
C'eylon are said to have an area of 12,(K)0 acres.”
Rut 1 always tliouglit that it was a great deal more.
Who can give the correct extent ?— Yours truly,
CINNAMON PLANTER.

Aug. I, i8g6.]

THE I'ROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

^33

[According; to the Ceylon Blue Book for 1894 (the
latest published) the area \inder cinnamon is 39,81(5
acres ; but this is only approximate. — Ed. T.A."\

PUKE CEYLON TEA.

Billiter House, London, .July 1.

Dear Sir, — “ How to secure pure Ceylon Tea being
sold in England ” is the text of “ a gentleman in-
terested in the Home tea trade” whose lucubrations are
given, if not in full, at all events in sufficient length,
in the Overland Oiserver, under date May 21 of thisyear.

The first thing that strikes one is, that though
“England” is the country to be converted from a
belief in “ delicious Mazawattee ” and Lipton’s “best
tea in the world for 1/7 ” and such like blends of
“ Far Cathay ” with Lanka’s sole, Scotland is the
division to be first operated upon, and Glasgow the
first city in which the proposed experiment is to be
tested by some lusty youths, presumably in hilts as
they will have to mount many stairs, and will need
all the freedom of limb possible to overcome the
much climbing to be encountered in the four months’
siege of the denizens of St. Mungo.

The next thing that occurs is, if “ pure Ceylon ”
in the City of Lipton, the great producer of the
article, has to be sought for with such care and
forebodings that salvation for England cannot be
expected from these, why not try the great cosmo-
politan Metropolis,and perhaps a virtuous few might be
found amongst the adulterating many of the modeim
Sodom, who, if separated from the wicked, by the
imprimatur of the Ceylon Association of London,
might eventually so commend the pure article as to
leaven the whole lump, more or less — but rather less
it is to be feared.

It is only to be expected that Ceylon Tea, like
all other articles in great demand, and capable of
adulteration, will be adulterated, and nothing that
can be suggested outside a stringent penal act of
Parliament, will prevent Ceylon Tea being used to
fortify and work off cheap Chinas, and other tea
rubbish of many lands.

Old planters and others interested in the genuine
article being sold in its purity may speculate
as much as they like on measures to
prevent adulteration, and palming off spurious
and inferior mixtures in place of pure Ceylon teas,
but the best prevention is for the dealers in only the
real leaf of the Spicy Isle to combine and advertise
themselves as under the guarantee of the Ceylon
Association of London to sell only the teas imported
direct from Ceylon.

Whatever might be done in Glasgow under the
directioli of the ‘‘gentleman interested in the homo
tea trade ” by the use of a map and the services of
a dozen kilted lads, spurred on to storm the many
winding stairs by the quickening strains of Scotia's
martial pipes, it is certain that other and milder
means must be found for the conversion of the
brutal Saxon to take his tea, as it is hoped he takes
his beer pure and unadulterated.

If the correspondent of the Observer believes
earnestly in his plan of campaign I feel sure the
Plasters’ Association would be only too glad to see
him put it in operation — of course at his own expense

and surely one largely interested in the home trade

and perhaps in Glasgow as well — can hardly expect
the Planters’ Association to do more than give him
their best wishes and a blessing into the bargain.

Much of the Indian tea may be all that the
“ gentleman interested in the home trade ” says it
is, but we have only his word for it that the sale of
“Ceylon” is being injured by the blending that may
be going on with “Indian.” So long as it is blended
with Indian only, there is probably no damage done,

nCACKICCQ es.say describing a really

ULninCuOt genuine Cure for Deafness,
Hinging in Ears, Ac. , no matter bow severe or long-
standing, will be sent post free. — Artificial Ear-
drums and .similar a])idiances entirely superseded.
Address THOMAS KEMPE, Victoria Cham-
bers, 19, Southampton Buildings, Holborn ;
London.

but the contrary, for if much of the Indian tea can
be put on the retail market only after being fortified
by Ceylon tea, it is a testimonial to the latter and a
guarantee that its virtue will be rewarde 1 by a
constant demand from its great neighbour for the
further support of the increasing millions that will
be sent from it to the world’s great market in London.

When we consider the annual increase in the
consumption of tea, that Ceylon will probably never
go much beyond the hundred millions, and that
China is going down as India is going up,
why should we, as suggested, initiate a crusade
against the Indian with which we are now, to our
mutual advantage, in America, running in double
harness, and should be doing the same in Russia
and other countries yet to be conquered ? ’

Tlie last thing I should hope the Planters’ Asso-
ciation of Ceylon, or Chamber of Commerce of
Colombo, will do, will be to countenance anything
to disparage Indian teas : they may not be as good as
Ceylon, but that does not affect the latter, so long
as it finds a market. It the Indian is not so gooa
so much the better for Ceylon, and why therefore
go out of our way to proclaim what — if it is a truth
— will show itself soon enough for Ceylon, and much
too soon for India.

It may be true that Ceylon had a great share in ous-
ting China, but she could not have done it, how'ever
good the quality, without India, neither can the balance
left of the production of the celestials be wiped out
without !■ dia. Together have they conquered, and
only together can they advance to greater victories.

China is not dead yet, nor Li-Hung Chang either,
and we cannot tell what effort may be made in the
immediate future to resuscitate the production and
trade in tea from the Flowery Land. Before going
to war with India let us first drive out what re-
mains of China, and, when that is done, we shall
in all probability find there will be less cry of adul-
teration, and less need of measures to prevent what
can only be a blending of varying qualities of the
same leaf, similarly prepared in the two countries.
—Yours faithfully, JOHN TYNDALL

Mr John Ferguson, of the Cci/lon Observer and
Tropical Agrictdfurisf, has an interesting article in
the Times of June 1st on the subject of “ The
Production of Tea and Coffee in British Dependencies.”
Few men know as much on this subject as Mr.
Ferguson, aad we regret that want of space forbids
us from quoting at length from his letter. He points
out, among other things, that the export of tea from
India has steadily risen, year by year, from 2i million
pounds in 1861-02, until the estimate for 1S96-97 is
144 million pounds. In Ceylon the export of tea 23
years ago was 23 lb. only, while for 1896 the official
estimate of the total export is 102 million pounds.
Verilv tea has done much for Ceylon’s lovely ule.—
Colonies and India, June 6.

Coffee in B. C. Africa.— Says the Central
African. Planter for June : —

We have at last been favoured with the statis-
tics of last season’s export of coffee and it is grati-
fying to find that the figures completely bear out
the estimate published in these pages some nine
months ago, viz. 150 tons. The actual quantity ex-
ported was 146 tons exactly double the export of
the previous year. In addition to the actual quan-
tity exported we have to consider the amount ob-
tained in this country for home consumption and the
amount used as seed. As 1 cwt. is by no means a
large amount for seed purposes and as the number
of separate plantations exceeds 100 the amount used
for seed alone would be considerably in excess of 5
tons that it is certain that the actual crop exceeded
150 tons. Taking the usual calculation of .£100 per
ton the report shows a gross value of £41,600, the
most of which goes to the benefit of this country.
It however represents only a small fraction of the
amount annually expended by planters in this country
as of course most of the recent clearings do not come
into bearing till 1897. It is to be hoped that the fore
cast for this year’s out-put, viz., 300 tons will be
abundantly verified aud thus continue the geometrical
progression of the last five years.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Aug. f, i8g5.

U4

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

Orchids and Ant.s.— It has been observed,
says Public Opinion, that orchids derive some
benetit from the numerous ants which overrun
them in tlie tropics, but the precise nature of
the service has remained a mystery. Accordinjf
to a naturalist of the Botanic Gardens in Trinidad,
the ants appear to foster the growth of a fungus
on the roots of the orchid, and ibis fungus
acts as an additional source of nourishment to
the plant. Certain South American ants are
known to cultivate fungi for their own use, and
these may unconsciously sow the seed of the fungi
in crawling over the roots of the orchid. Quite
recently, we may aild, a variety of these fungus
farming ants was found in the neighbourhood of
Washington, United States.

Thk Planting Indu.stry in Coorg.— In the
course of an editorial on this subject the Madras
Mad, says The little Province of Coorg may
l>e likened in many ways to the Colony of Ceylon.
Not only are its interests identilied with the
planting industry, but the planters arc themselves
most enterprising ; and nowhere else in Southern
India is there such a large continuous area of
European cultivation as in South Coorg, where
it is possible for a man to ride for more than
twenty miles with coHee on either hand. In
Ceylon of course nowadays the cultivation is
almost all tea. It is no wonder tliat Mr. Lee
Warner wrote strongly in favoui of Local Self-
Government in Coorg. There is so much wis<lom
in this recommendation that we trust it will not
be lost sight of. Coflee has l)een doing remark-
ably well in Coorg during the past few >ears,
and it is largely to this fact that there has been
such a great e.xpansion in revenue. This sur-
plus revenue at the end of 1894-95 was the largest
ever collected in the Province viz., 113,53,496-9 5,
and the total revenue the highest, viz.,
119 62,935-9-7. The increase in revenue from collee
is 21 ‘21 per cent., partly due to the vigilance of
the" Land Record Department. These figures are
in themselves an elo(iuent appeal for a more
mode of atlministration. What aie
chiefly needed are new roads, inereased allotments
to the P.W.D., an Assistant Superintendent of
Police, and railway extension, or, omitting the
policeman, the urgent wants of the Province are
confined to one tiling- improved communications.
It has been remarked that it seems “as if the
interests of the Indian Government are so vast
and varied that it is unable to give the same
attention to European interests that is given by
smaller and more self-centred Governments, such
as that of Ceylon.” In the little Province of
Coorg, at any rate, it might reasonably be ex-
pected to be otherwise, for there is no mistaking
the <'reat benefits which European enterprise has
conferred, or which it might still further confer,
if only it were given a rea.sonable chance of deve-
lopment. It must, however, be okserved that
though the coffee industry in Coorg has been
built up by European enterprise, at this time
there are not a few Coorg gentlemen engaged in
it and it is a source of wealth to the whole
population.

('il.OSETS, Urinals, Night Commodes, Stables,
; Kennels, &c. should be Ugfitly dredged
(after clean.sing) with CALVKUr.s 15 per cent
('\KI10LIC Powder, to destroy bad odoms ami
to kill or keep away insects—lhe most cflective

and 21b.- dredgers, at

and Stores.
Manchester.

to kill or keep away nise^«—

preparation.— In 2 lb.. 1.1'»-

® ’ E. C. CALVERT & Co., Mane

INDIAN TEA SALES.

(From Williani Moran Co.’s Marhtt Report,)

Calcutta, July 12st, 1896.

TEA. — Since our last, auctions 011 the Ot’n and
Itith instants, have comprised 3-2,395 packages, of
whicn 31 901 were sold. The quality offered has
shown sorn-3 iinprovcinent, especially on Assam
growths : Darjeelings, however, are still wanting

ill flavour. Prices for the common grades have been
a shade easier, but for other descriptions the market
has been fairly steady.

Total quantity of Tea passed through Calcutta
from

Great Britain
Foreign Europe . .
America
Asia

Australia and New
Zealand

April to

18th July.

1896.

1895.

1891.

19,951,958

21,7-14,-182

18,142,367

87,7-19

71,033

38,720

53,045

55,910

43,170

488,136

581,412

348,271

905,291

988,846

815,124

21,186,179

23,-141,713

19,418,102

DRUG REPORT.

(From the Chemist and Drugrjist. )

liOiulon, .July 9th.

Ci-|Jinis. — Quite neglected and easier. A parcel of fair
quality was cleared .soma time ago at 3-2s (id per cwt.,
and since then importers have been asking from 37s Od
to 40s for tine shifted Si gipore. At that price, how-
ever, they have found it impos-iii.le to ntike progress.
At today's auctions 31 packages fair brown berries, not
stalky, from Bombay were bought in at 35s, a bid of
32s being refused. Another lot of C5 bags very small
.and du.s'ty ordinary harries from Singapore sold without
reserve, at from 19s 6d, rising to 22nd for sound, and 20s
6il for damaged quality.

CrrrLi;-i-i.sn. - A parcel of fair pale, sliglitly discoloured,
mixcil medium to bold (piality sold cheaply at from 2:jd
to 3pl i)er lb. Another lot of 50 bags broken cuttle-fish
bone from I’enang was bought in.

OILS (Essential).— Lemongrass oil quiet, at 2^d per oz.
on the spot, and 1 15-lOd. per oz. c. i. f. At auction
27 cases Coch n oil were bought in at 2gd per oz. Citro-
nella oil is tending easier still : on the spot the quo-
tation is Is (id per lb. in drums, and Is 4d per lb. in tins ;
for arrival it is Is 2d per lb. c. i. f. in drums.

V.otious Drugs. —A parcel was bought in at Is Id
per Ib. todiy. 100 bags Cocculus iiniicus were bought
in at 8s Oil per cwt. Of Coca-leaves, a large supply of
159 bales recently arrived was shown. Good Uuaiioco were
bought in at Is Id per lb. ; for good Truxillo character
at from 7d to Is per lb

Tea Seed Carrying Coefee Leaf Di.sea.se! —
The Central African Planter for May has the fol-
lowing alarmist note : —

We are informed by a Mlanje correspondent that
the Nyasalaud Coffee Company, Ld., is importing
tea-seed from Ceylon and it is stated that a permit
has been obtained allowing the seed to enter B.C.A.
at Chiromo. From what our correspondent says it
is propable that, by this time, the consignment has
already passed Chiromo. The Mlanje planters—
Messrs. Moir, Bradshaw, Brown, Simpson, C x and
Austen have, with commendable promptitude, already
protested to H. M. Commissioner against the impor-
tation and we sincerely hope that C. M. Cammissio-
ner will rigidly enforce the present Regulations for
preventing the introduction of Coffee-leaf disease into
B. A. C. Cejlon already has the notoriety of introduc-
ing leaf-disease into Fiji and German East Africa but
it is to be hoped that our connection with the spicy Isle
-will not result in settling the dreaded fungus amongst
us. If such a catastrophe is to be averted we will have
to be doubly cautious in all importations from Ceylon
the more so in the case of tea-seed as Coffee and tea
are grown in the closest proximity there. We should
think this is a question for the Chamber of Agriculture
and Commerce to notice and it would be gratifying to
hear that the standing Coiiiiiiittce are moving in the
matter. We are fain to hope that the importation
has not reached the stage our correspondent suggests
because were it so it would bo a grave broach ol faith
on the part of the Administration towards the planting
Community.

Aug. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

135

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

{B'urnishcd by the Chamber of Commerce).

Colombo, Aug. 4th, 1896.

Exchange on London : Closing Rates, Bank

Selling Bales : — On demand 1/2 7-32 ; 4 months’ sight
1/2 5 ; 6 months’ sight 1/2 9- 32.

Bank Buying Bates : — Credits 3 mouths’ sight 1/2|
6 months’ sight 1/2 13-32. Doots. 3 months’ sight 1/2
13-32; 6 months’ sight 1/2 7-16.

Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot
per bus., R17'50 to 18 00 Scarce. Estate Crops in
Parchment, delivery no quot. Plantation Estate Coffee,
f.o.b. on the spot per cwt, RSG’fiO. to 92’00 Scarce.
Liberian parchme«t on the spot per bushel R12'50
Scarce. Native Coffee f.o.b. per cwt. R76'00. to 78'00
Scarce.

Tea. — Average Prices ruling during the week : Broken
Pekoe, per lb 50c. Pekoe per lb 45c. Pekoe
Souchong, per lb 34o Broken mixed and Dust, per
lb 27c. — Averages of Wednesday’s sale.

Cinchona Bark. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine,
perlbOlJc. to OSJc. 1 to 3 %.

Cardamoms. — per lb R1'50 to 2'00.

Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. R14’50.

Dealer’s oil per cwt. R14'00 to 14T2L Coconut oil in
ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton. R3i0*'00 to320t'00.
’October delivery. tRea-dy io hhds.

Copra. — Per candy of 5G0 lb R38'00 to 47'00
Coconut Cake ; (Poonac) f.o.b. perton, R55 to G5.
Cocoa. — Unpicked and undried, per cwt. E‘29 to 37.

1 Q ( Kogalla per cwt. R9 to 18.
Coir Iarn.-Nos. 1 to „ R7 to 14.

Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 66c. to 66c.
Ordinary Assortment, per lb 62c. to 62o.

Ebony: per ton. — Govt, sales on Aug. 13th.
Plumbago : — Large Lumps per ton, Rl50 to 330,
Ordinary Lumps per ton, R130 to 290.

Chips per ton, R80 to 140. Dust per ton, R30 to 90
Better demand for fine qualities.

Rice. — Soolye per bag, R7'35 to B8'65.

Pegu and Calcutta Calunda per bag R8 25 to R8'50.
Coast Calunda per bushel, R3'03' to R3'25.
Muttusamba per bushel, R3T0 to R3‘65.

Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel — No quotations.
Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag R9'00.

Frihghts.

Hog

S

n .

<D U

«-H

Cargo.

txs m
^ n ^

0 “

CT* CO

OJ ^ <V

• 0)
ft

tn p,

^ P4

s. d.

s. d.

s. d.

s. d.

Tea

10/

15/

25/

Coconut Oil

10/

15/

, ,

Plumbago

10/

15/

• •

Coconuts in bags

10/

15/

• ,

Other Cargo

10/

16/

15/

Broken Stowage

7/6

SAILERS.

Coconut Oil

, ,

28/9

, ,

Plumbago

. .

27/6

. .

• •

'a “ •
S 9 o

d.

New York rates per steamer with transViipment
12/6 ft® 15/ above London rates: — 10/ Ha.?ftburg;
7/6 Antwerp ; 12/6 Genoa.

LOCAL MARKET.

By Mr. A. M. Chittambalam, 7, Baillie St., Fort-.

Colombo, Aug. 5th, 1896.
Scarce per bushel
do do

71 ’00 to 72‘00 per cwt
70 -on to 77 '00 do
12'o0 per bushel (nominal)
03'U0 to 64 00 per cwt
2 00 to 2 ‘75 per lb (nominal)
32’OU to 40’()0 per cwt do

Garden Parchment
Clietty do
Native CoRee
do f.o.b.

Liberian Parchment,
do CoR'ee,
Cardamoms.—

Cocoa.— (nominal)

RICE.— Market Steady:—
Kazla
Soolye

CalhnuLa Scarce
Coast Callunda
Kuruve (Scarce)
Muttusamba
Cinnamon.- Quoted Nos
66 cents per lb (nominal)

KG -75 to 7-25
7 '50 to 8 ’50
8-2.'> to 8 u0
3-00 to 3-25

3-25 to 3-50

per bag
do

per bushel
do

1 to 4, at 63c and Nos. 1 and 2 a

Cilii’S.— R75‘00 per candy (nominal)
CocoNUTS.-Ordinary K38'00 to 42'00 per 1,000 (nominal)

di OO f.. '

per cwt do

do Selected 43'00 to 45-00

Coconut Oil.— 14-00 to 14-25

Copra. — Mark Steady: —

Kalpitiya
Marawila
Cart Copra
Poonac. — Gingelly
Chekku
Mill (retail)

Ebony.— quotations at
Satinvnood. I cubic feet
Ualmill.v.- do

B15-5O to 46-00 per candy
44-00 to 45-00 do

39-00 to 42-00 do

77-50 to 85 00 per ton
75-00 to so -00 do

05-00 to 75-00 do
KlOO to K185 (nominal)
2-00 to 2-25 do

1-25 to 1-50 do

Kitul Fibre.— Quoted at R2S-00 per cwt (nominal)
Pal.myra Fibre. — Quoted nominally: —

Jaifna Black.— Cleaned (Scarce)

do Mixed R18-50 to 19-00

Indian do R7-00 to 9-00

Do Cleaned 10-00 to 14-00

Sapan Wood.— Quoted 55-00 to 60-00
Kero-Sine Oil— American 7 50 to 7-55
do Russian 3-39 to 3-44

Kapok.— Cleaned f. o.b :— R:6-00 to -28-tb
do Uncleaned (new) 5-50 to 5‘75 per cwt
Croton Seed 13-00 to 17-00

Nux. Vnomica 2'60 to 3'00

per cwt.
do

per ton
per case
per tin

do
per cwt

CEYLOxN EXPORTS AND
1895-1896.

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coo d rHf^rH QO»

to to (M d O 00

• d d d • FH

' • • X

(C

i-i

p5'

H

X

P

O

O

txi § §1

ci ^ ^

K =3 0.3

h 5 fj 3 eT-n '

.-s-S'aS S.S >,'s.S'S.£ 'sfs'g g g iT-n^

SgXd05
X ot-- to

to 1> d X

C! S JS 2!

C 05 05 05 eft

e« X X X S

a

2-a

O (ic
P.S

0) ^

000

‘36

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

[Aug. I, 1896,

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NE\V PRODUCTS.

(From Lewis d' Peat's Fortnightly Prices Current, London, July 15th, 1896. J

ALOE^, SoKotriiie

Ziiii/.ibar U Hepatic
BEES’ W’AX.

Zanzibar & ( White
Bombay I Yellow...
Mauritius .Sc .'.lailatrasoBr..
CAMPHOK, China
Japan

CARDAMOMS, Malabar..

Ceylon.— My.sore

„ Tellicherry...

„ Long ...
Mangalore ..
CASTOR OIL, Calcutta..

Madras ...
CRin.IES. Zaiiziour ...
CINCHONA BARK.—
Ceylon

CINNAMON, Ceylon lats
2mls
3rl8

4ttis and 5ths
Chips

CLOVES, Penang

Amboyna
Zanzibar \
and Pemba /
Stems

COOULUS 1NUICC3 ...
COFFEE

Ceylon Plantation .

Native
Liberian
COCOA, Ceylon

C iLOMBO ROOT

COIR ROPE, Ceylon ...

Cochin . .

FIBRE, Brush

Cochin ...
Stuffing ..
COIR YARN, I eyloii . .

Cochin ...
do.

CROTON SEEDS, sifted...
CUTCH ... , •••

UINiiUK. Bengal, rough
Calicut, Cut A
B&C
Cochin Rougli...

Japan

QU.M AM.MO.NI.VCU.M ...
ANI'H, Zanzibar...

Madagascar ...

ARABIC K. I. & Aden ...

Ohaiti ..
Kurrachee .

Madras

ASSAFCETIUA

KINO

MiKRH, picked ...

Aden sorts
OLIBANUM, drop

pickings

siftings

ISUlARUHUJit^' A8.sani

Rangoon

Borneo

QUALITY.

Fair to tine dry
Joiumou to good

ft sod to fine
Fair

Dark to good palisli .
Fair average quality ..
,# »» ’,
Clipped, bold, bright tine
Middling, stalky & lean
Fair to tine plump
See Is

iiood to fine
Brownish
Shelly to good
.Med brown to good bold
Ists and 2nds
Ists ami 2nds
Dull to line bright

Ledgeriana Chips
Jroivn, Renewed .

Org. Stem
Hybrid Root

Chip

Ordinary to tine quill .

Woody and liard
Fair to g od

Dull to tine bright bold
Dull to tine
Good and tine bright .
Common dull to fair ...
Fair
Fair

Bold to fine bold colory
.Midding to tine mid
Low mill, and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary

Small to bold

Bold to tine bold

Medium and fair

Triage to ordinary

Fair to good

Orel. & middling wormy

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to tine long straight
Ordinary to good clean
Common to tine
Common to superior
.. ,, very tine ...

Roping, fair to good .
Fair to good
Fair to tine dry
Fair

Good to fine bold
Small and medium
Common to fine bold
Small and D’s
Unsnlit

Sm. blocky to fine clean
Picked tine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
Med. Jc bold glassy sorts
Fair to good palish ...

.. ., red . .

Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to fine pale
Good ,and fine pale
Reddish to pale selected
>ark to tine pale
Clean fr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine bright
Fair to tine pale
Middling to good
Good to tine white ..
Middling to fair
Low to good pale
Slightly foul to tine ..
Good to tine
Common to foul & mxd.
Fair to good clean ...
Common to tine

QUOTATIONS.

44s a 100s
11s a 70s

e7 a .T8
TO a t7
TO 5s a T7
T20s
127s 6d
Is Id a 2s 8d
Is 5d a Is 9d
Is 8d a 3s 7d
2s Dll a 3s 2d
Is 8d a 2s
Is 3d a Is 8 1
Is Od a 3s
2s 4d a 3s Od
25 d a Old
2Jd a 2^il
28s a 35s

Id a 3jd
2d a 4 ‘d
Ud a 3d
2|d a m
lid a 2d
lOid a Is Id
DJd a Is
>id a lUd
8id a Did
3d a 33-d
7d a lid
3d a 4d
2 l-iud a 2id
lid a 2id
id

7s Od a 8s

INDIARUBBER, (Cont.d).
Java, Sing. & Penang

llOs a 118s
100s a 103s
D5s a 100s
90s a 94s
70s a 80s
72s a 80s
53s a 71s
50s a 50s
20s a 50s
12s a 14s
9s a 11s
nominal
£10 a .T15
€10 a .€24
€12 a £17
€5 a £0 10s
€12 a £20 10s
€12 a €34
£11 10s a £15
OOs

17.S a 32s Oil
10s

OOs a 73s Oil
42s a 5Gs Od
32s Od a 35s
28s a 30s
I4s a 17s
I7s a 30s Od
€10 7s Gd a £13
€7 17/0 a£ 10 lOs
70s a £7 12/0
£4 5s a £9
90s a 137s Gd
€4 8s a £0 15s
£5 a £7 5s
50s a 70s
25s a 75s
G5s a 75s
35s a 55s
45s a 05s
40s a 70s
15s a 35s
£20 a £25
80s a 90s
33s a 05s
35s a OOs
20s a 31s
7s a 15s
9s Od a 14s
,1s lod a 2s 3jd
3d a Is Od
Is 4d a Is Hid
Is a Is 7d

Mozambique

Madagascar
INDIGO, E.I.

.MACE, Bombay, & Penang

MYRABOLANK.S, Madras
Bombay

Bengal ..

NUTMEGS-

Bombay & Penang

NUT.S, ARECA

NUX VO.MICA. Bombay
Madras

OIL OF ANISEED
CASSIA
LE.MONGRASS
NUTMEG
CINNA.MON
CITRONELLE

OR II ELLA WEED-
Ceyloii
Zanzibar.

PEPPER (Black)—

Alleppee & Tellicherry
Singapore
Acheen & W. C. Penang

PLU.MBAGO, lump

chips
dust

SAFFLOWER

UUALITY.

S.ANDAL

WOOD—

Bombay,

Logs
Chips
Madras, Logs
< hips

SAPAN WOOD, Bombay
Madras
Manila
Siam

SEEDLAC
SENNA, Tinnevelly

SHELLS, M. o’PEARL-
Bombay

Mussel

TAMARIND.S, Calcutta ..

Madras ...

TORTOISESHELL-
Zanzibar and Bombay

TURMERIC, Bengal
Madras
Do.

Do.

Cochin

Foul to' good clean ,
Good to fine Bill
'idinary to fair Ball
Low .sandy Ball
Sausage, fair to good
Liver and livery Ball
Fr to tine pinky & white
Fair to good black
Niggers, low to good...
Bengal- -
Shipping midtogd violet
onsumiiig mid. to gd.
Ordinary to mid. good
.Mill, to good Kurpah.
Low to ordinary
.^Iid. to good Madras
Pale reddish to fine ,
Ordinary to fair
Chips and dark
DarK to tine pale UG .
Fair Coast
Jubblepore
Bhimlies
Rhajpore. ikc.

Calcutta
C4’s to 57’s
llO’s to 80’s
IGO’s to 130’s
Ordinary to fair fre.sh .
Ordinary to middling .
Fair to good bold fre.sh
Small ordinary and fair
Fair merchantable
According to analysis..
Good flavour & colour..
Dingy to white
Ordinary to fair sweet..
Bright A good flavour

QUOTATION.S

Mid. to tine not woody
Picked clean flat leaf
,, wiry Mozambique

Fair to bold heavy

Fair

Dull to tine
Fair to fine bright bold
-Middling to good small
Dull to fine bright
Ordinary to tine bright
Good to fine pinky
Middling to fair
Inferior and pickings .

Fair to fine flavour

Fair to good flavour . .
Inferior to fine
Lean to good
Good average
I Rough & rooty to good
i bold smooth
Ord. dusty to gd. soluble
food to tine bold green
Fair middling medium

Is 3d a 2s 3d
2s 2d a 2s 5il
Is 2d a 2s IJd
lOd a Is Id
Is 4d a 2s 5jd
Is 3}d a 2s 2id
Is Hid a 2s .5d
Is 3d a Is lOd
lOid a Is Old

4s Oil a 5s 2d
3s 9d a 4s 4d
2s lOd a 3s Sd
2s Od a 3s 3d
Is a Is od
Is 4d a 2s 1 0il
Is Sd a 2s 2d
Is 2d a Is Od
is

2s Od a 4s 6d
4s 3d
3s 9d a Os
3s 9d a 7s
3s Od a 5s Od
3s Od a 5s Od
2s lid a 3s 2d
Is 2d a 2s lOd
9il a Is
8s 6d a 12s Od
4s Od a Os
Os a 7s Od
4s Gda 7s
7s 3d a 7s Od
4s Sil a Os

m

3id a 4d
4d a Is 3d
Is Gd

Common dark and small 2d

lls a 15s
10s a 20s
15s a 17s Od

2jd a 2id
2 5-lOd
2d a 2^d
15s a 17s Od
3s Od a 13s
Is Od a 8s 9d
2s a Os
85s a OOs
80s

OOs a 65s

£30 a £50
5s a £3
£30 a £50
£4 a £8
£4 a £0 5s
£4 a £0 nom.
£4 10s a £5 15s
£0a£7
70s a 95s
Od a 8d
2id a 5Jd

VANILLOES-
M.auritius and I
Bourbon ... /

Seychelles

VERMILION

l.sts

2nds

3rds

Bold and A’s

l/sandB’s

Small

Small to bold
Mid. to tine bl’k not stony
Stony and inferior
.Selected

Small to hold iLark
mottle part heavy
Fair

Finger fair to fine bold
.Mixed milling, [bright

Bulbs

Finger

Bulbs

Gd. crysallized 4 a 9 in.
Foxy & reddish 4j a 8 „
Lean and inferior
) Inferior to fine crys- 1
i tallized 3J a 9 in. /
Fine, pure, bright

£4 10sa£412se
£4 .58 a £4 15s
75s a 80S
10s a 50s
9s

6s .a 7s
54s

17s a 23s
7s 6d
8s a 9s Oil
7s .a 8s

Os Od a 7s Od
7s » 7s Od
5s Od a 7s Oil

17s a 32s
lls a 15s
7s a lOs

8s a 31s
2s 8d a 2s 9d

SGRieULTURSL llQAGAZme,

COLOMBO.

Added as a Supplement Monthhj to the “ TROPICAL AGRIGULTURISTr

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine
for August ; —

Vol. VIIL] AUGUST, 1896.

[No. 2.

SEASON NOTES FOR JUNE.

ESTERN PROCINCE.— A fnirly good
yala paddy harvest is expected; in
some places crops have been slightly
damaged by floods. The supply of
fruit and vegetables reported
good except in tlie Negombo dis-
trict where they are scarce.

Cemral Province.— Paddy fields are being
ploughed for maha sowing. Vegetables reported
deficient in Niiwara Eliya.

Northern Province.— Paddy lands are being
manured and ploughed. There is a fall in the price
of tobacco compared with last year. Stock. Cattle
plague still prevailingin some parts of the Mullait-
tivu district.

Southern Province. — The area under paddy
crop in the Galle district smaller than in the cor-
responding season last year. Condition of crop satis-
factory. Fruit and vegetables plentiful, but jak
and breadfruit are scarce. In Giruwa pattu of the
Hambantota district, paddy sown on irrigated land
))romises well, but that on unirrigated land,
though fair at present, will require rain. The
food supply of the pattu at present is reported
to be somewhat scanty.

Northern Province. — Paddy harvest has com-
menced and is fair except in certain tracts of the
Batticaloa district reported to be damaged by
blight. Tobacco prices at Triucomalee reported to
be better than last year.

North-We.stern Province Puttalam IJis-
tnct. — Crop prospects fair except in the Puttalam
Pattu, where nothing has been done for want of
timely rain; pro.spects of fine grain crops moderate.
Chilaw district yala crops are thriving.

North-Central Province. — Paddy Crops be-
ing reaped in certain places and at others in various
stages of growth. Giiigelly crop been also be-
ing reaped. Ntoc7c.— Cattle plague still prevailing.

UvA. — Paddy in various stages, crops reported
good. Fruit and vegetables scarce throughout
the district. Stock. — Cattle plague in Wiyaluwa,

RAINFALL TAKFN AT THL SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH
OF JULY, 1896.

1

Wednesday . .

•02

19

Sunday

■09

2

Thursday . .

Nil

20

Jlonday

•07

3

Friday

■03

21

Tuesday

Nil

4

Saturday

Nil

22

Wednesday . .

Nil

5

Sunday

Nil

23

Th iirsday

Nil

6

Monday

Nil

24

Friday . ,

•30

7

Tuesday

Nil

25

Saturday

■70

8

Wednesda}^ . .

Nil

26

Sunday

5'7

9

Thursday . .

Nil

27

Monday

Nil

10

Friday

Nil

28

Tuesday

■44

11

Saturday

Nil

29

Wednesday . ,

Nil

12

Sunday

Nil

30

Thursday . .

Nil

13

Monday

Nil

31

Friday

■12

14

Tuesday

Nil

1

Saturday . ,

•21

15

Wedne.sday . .

Nil

16

Thursday

Nil

Total.

2 '55

17

Friday

Nil

Mean. .

•08

18

Saturday

■02

Greatest amoui
the 25th Saturday

of rainfall in any 24 hours on
•70 inches.

lleeordeJ by M. W. R. Banuaea.

138

[Aug. 1, 1896.

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

THE INSrECTlON OF MEAT.

By G. W. StuegI'SS, m.u.c.v.s., &c., Government
Veterinary Surgeon.

1.

From the close relationship existing between the
diseases of human beings ami animals — and from
the fact that certain diseases can undoubtedly be
communicated to man from animals — the question
of the proper supervision of the animals intended
for slaughter, and the thorough inspedion of the
flesh after death becomes of paramount importance.
This can only be effectually carried out by killing
the animals in public abattoirs or slaughter-houses.
Here the animalscan be inspected before slaughter,
and the meat afterwards, before being passed over
to the butchers and sold to the public.

With the private slaughter-house system it is
practically impossible to carry this out however
vigilant the inspector may be, as the animals are
often slaughtered, cut up, and removed under cover
of darkness.

PRIVATE SLAUGHTER-HOUSES.

Before granting a license to private persons to
slaugliter, the following rules should influence the
decision of the sanitaiy authorities upon each ap-
plication for a license, as regards the site and
structure of the premises to be erected: —

1. — The site selected should not be within 100
feet of any dwelling-house, and should admit ol
free ventilation by direct communication with the
e.xternal air.

2. — The places reserved for the confinement of
the cattle should not be within 100 feet of a dwell-
ing house.

3. — The slaughter-house should not be below
the surface of any adjoining ground.

4. — No room or loft should be constructed over
a slaughter-house.

5. — A good water supply must be provided.

6. — The slaughter-house should be well paved
with asphalt or concrete, and laid with a proper
slope or cliannel towards the drain, which should
be properly trapped and covered v/ith a grating,
the bars of which should not be more than fths of
an inch apart.

7. — Provision for the effectual drainage of the
slaughter-house should be made.

8. — No water-closet, privy, or cesspool

should be constructed with the slaughter-house,
neither should there be any direct communication
between the slaughter-house and any stable, water-
clo.set, privy or ce.^spool.

9. — Every lair for cattle in communication with
.ne slaughter-house should be properly paved,
drained and ventilated.

Dixtinyuishhiy Characteristics of Flesh.

THE FLESH OP THE OX.

When freshly killed it should always be of a
slightly florid hue on section, and of a firm and
somewhat elastic consistency. It is moist when
first cut, but rapidly dries on exposure, the colour
at the same time brightens a little, consequently a
fresh section should always be made each time it
is examined.

To the hand the cut section should afford no
evidence of soapyness or adhesiveness, neither
should it be very cold or clammy. In beef there

is no odour of any importance when healthy, the
causes of odours we shall notice by and by. In
certain p.nrts of the body the flesh presents what is
known as a “marbled” njipearance, that is due to
the presence of fat, intermingled with the muscu-
lar tissue.

The carcase should set firmly, and become fairly
dry in a few hours after death. Tids applies n^ore
to temperate countries where the meat is kept
several days ; in the tropics for obvious reasons it
is necessary to consume the flesh very soon after
death.

In animals a few months old the flesh is pale
and tender ; as age advances it becomes darker,
firmer, and has a greater tendency to dry.

Healthy fat should be of a pale yellow colour and
moderately firm. It is sometimes quite white or
may be of a deep yellow tinge depending largely
upon the food. It is usually very pale in cattle
that have been fed upon corn and hay and gene-
rally very firm, also it is sometimes white in young
bulls and American cattle.

YELLOWNESS.

The fat of some breeds of cattle is naturally
yellow, particularly Jersey cattle. If the colour i.s
exaggerated it is due to rich feeding on oilcakes
or to jaundice. If due to jaundice tlie flesh will
also be dark and soapy.

Distint/uishing Characteristics of the Flesh of
Various Animals.

Only a brief glance can be given to this part of
the subject, as various technicalities are unavoid-
able aiul only capable of being applied when e.x-
aminiug whole carcases, and which would be un-
intelligible to non-professional readers.

THE BULL.

The neck is thick and well developed and com-
l);iratively short. The fat on the breast-bone is
coarse, liard, and in large quantities. The arms
are well developed, and the tissues generally are
coarse. There is a slight odour sometimes in very
old bulls.

THE cow.

The udder if present marks the carcase of the
cow ; it is generally removed, but the line of sec-
tion is nearly always distinct ; the surrounding fat
is thin and in small quantities. The bones of the
pelvis are finer, but the diameter of the pelvic
cavity is greater than either the bull or bullock.

THE SHEEP.

Mutton is much paler than beef and not so firm
in consistence. The fat is in all cases firmer and
w’hiter in colour, and it is distribute<l widely over
tlie body. The bones are the same shape as of the
larger ruminant but smaller in size. Mutton has a
slight peculiar odour.

The flesh of the lamb is very pale and tender, that
of the ram is red in colour, almost as red as beef,
and it has often a pronounced disagreeable odour.

THE PIG.

The flesh is paler and less firm than that of the
ox, especially in young pigs ; it sometimes becomes
dark in old pigs, especially boars. The fat is more
lardy and softer than that of any other atiimal.
The skin is a distinguishing feature, and there is
always a peculiar odour, especially marked in the
boar whicu is considerably modified by castration a
few mouths before slaughter.

Supiilemmf to the “ Trnpiectl AgricuUuruV

139

Aua. 1, 1896.]

r

THE GOAT.

Goat’s flesh more closely resembles that of the
! sheep; it is usually darker, dryer aud tinner iu
j consistency. The fat is rather scarce, and there is
t always a distinguishing odour.

(To be continued.)

IMPORTANT LOCAL DECISION Rbi
ADULTERATED MILK.

I The following reports are taken over from the
Ceylon Observer : —

! A Case of Adultebated Milk. — Tlie case in-
l« stituted by Color-Sergt. Arnold Hill, against a Sin-
I halese milk vendor, for selling adulterated milk
< containing 72 per cent, water, was taken up for

(hearing before the Police Court yesterday after-
noon. Amongst the witnesses e.xamined for the
^ prosecution was Col. Tidy of the Lancasl.ire Uegi-
t ment. The further hearing was postponed till
I Monday ne.vt, when the Public Analyst, Dr. II, M.
I Fernando, will be examined for the ])roseciition.

I The further heai’ing of the case instituted bj'
I Col.-Sergt. Hill against his milkman, for supply-
I ing adulterated milk, was taken up this afternoon
% before the Police Court. Dr. H. M. Fernando, the
q public analyst, on being e.xamined stated that he
U analysed a bottle of milk sent to him by Col.
B Tidy on the 27th June la.st. The bottle contained
I 70 per cent of milk and 30 per cent of water. This
ID milk was not injurious to health. It did not con-
I) tain added sugar or other foreign matter. In cross-
examination he stated that pure milk contained
87 per cent of watery matter, and other parts con-
sisted of sachcharine, nitrogenous, and inorganic
substance. The complainant on being recalled stated
that he paid the milkman the value of this milk at
the gnd of the mouth, long after he was aware that
the milk was adulterate 1. The Magistrate found
that no criminal charge could be framed against
the accused, as the milk was not injurious to
health, and as the value of the milk had been p id
long after the complainant became aware that the
milk was adulterated. The accused was then
acquitted and discharged.

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

We would draw attention to another letter on
• the subject of Coconuts by the well-known agri-
cultural correspondent “B, ” and regret that it
! reached us too late for insertion in our last issue.

We note with pleasure that it has been decided to
hold an Agri-IIorticultural Show at Nuwara Eliya
next year, and that a similar project is talked of
in connection with the town of Matale. The more
the better, say we. Why not a Show in Colombo
also ?

H.E. the Governor paid a visit to the School
of Agriculture on the loth July, and in.spected the
I various branches of the institution.

A nice crop of fruit is just now maturing in the
vineyard attached to the School of Agriculture.
Tlie present month will complete the first year of
the experiment in Viticulture, which has- been an

important one for the colony. We learn that three
gentlemen (Messrs. J. H. Barber, II. L. Daniel,
and K. Pieri.s) are cultivating improved varieties
of grapes on the '• Extensive System.” With
better conditions as regards soil-moisture than
obtain at the School of Agriculture premises, we
shall expect to hear of good results.

The present issue contains the first part of Mr.
Sturgess’.s contribution on “The Inspection of
Meat,” which, when complete, should form an
instructive paper.

A new interest has sprung up in Apiculture
and Sericulture, and a few enterprising spirits
are working at tliese interesting if not very re-
munerative industries. We note that .special
prizes are offered for e.xhibits in illustrating both
bee-keeping and silk-worm rearing at the forth-
coming i^ri-Horticultural Show, and trust that
by that time the experiments referred to will
Iiave sliown tliat the natives could profitably work
at these home industries.

We have received a copy of “The Life of Ehela-
pola by Mr. T. B, Pohath Kehelpannala, late a
student of the Colombo School of Agriculture.
The pamphlet forms an interesting character sketch
of a striking personage who flourished in the
last days of the Kandyan dynasty.

FOREST LAiVS OP OF CEYLON.— II,

The next Ordinance which principally affected

Ordinance No.

D ot iS7S, wdiich was necessitated owing to deci-
sions of the Supreme Court, which had shown that
the law as it existed in 1878 was quite inadequate
tor the protection of timber trees grown in Crown
forests. There were two processes by which
Crown forests had been denuded of the best part
of their valuable timber. The one was the illicit
telling of timber for the purposes of sale and re-
moval; the other was the illicit cultivation of
Crown forests for the purpose of temporary crop
during the process of which cultivation valuable
trees were burnt and destroyed. Illicit felling for
the purpose of sale or removal was punishable
under the epting law ; but the Supreme Court
held that where the timber was destroyed as part
of the process of cultivating land, such destruction
was not punishable under the then existing Timber
Ordinance N o. 24 of 1848. [P. C. , Anuradhapura
23; P.C., Kegalla, 41,512.
Ram. (18/7) 69.] Consequently it became neces-
sary in order to protect Crown forests, to make
provision that the unlawful destruction of timber
should be punishable for whatever purpose it
might have been destroyed. The principal object
of the^Ordiuance No. 8 of 1878 was the enactment
of such a provision. Besides the object just men-
tioned there were one or two important alterations
in t be law. One was that the definite expression
valuable timber” be no longer used, the precise
trees to which the Ordinance applied being speci-
fied in the Schedule. Another important altera-
tion made the law applicable to the destruction of
saplings as well as timber trees. This Ordinance
also limited the punishment by fine and imprison-
ment for offences against the Ordinance.

140

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist"

[Aug. 1, 1896.

A period of seven years elapsed when the Ordin-
ance No. 10 of 1885 was passed, the principal Or-
dinance under which our forests are regulated.
It is intituled “ An Ordinance relating to Forests
and Waste Lands and to the felling and transport
of timber.” This Ordinance is based chiefly on
the Burmrli Forest Act. An expert from the In-
dian Forest Department was sent out to Ceylon
a Mr. Vincent — wlio after spending several months
in examining the Forests of Ceylon made a very
exhaustive report u])on the subject. The result
of that report w.as the Ordinance No. 10 of 188.5-
The Ordinance comprises a vast number of de-
tails, some relating to tlie whole Island, and some
relating in different ways to different parts of the
Island. In order that the cpiest ion may be pro-
perly dealt with, the Ordinance provides that the
special circumstances should be dealt with by
means of rules to be made to suit the varying cir-
cumstances of each district.

(To he continued.)

THE (QUANTITY OF MILK REQUIRED TO
MAKE A LB. OF BUTTER.

Mr. Huxton in his article on Dairy Husbandry in
the Agricultural Cyclopcedia refers to the churning
of 100 gallons of milk from Fifeshire cows in mid-
summer and obtaining lb. of butter, wliich is
at the low rate cf 1 lb. butter to every 29 pints of
milk. Mr. Alton wlio has written on the Dairy
Husbandry of Ayrshire reports the milk of Ayr-
shire cows as ordinarily yielding 1 lb. of butter to
20 pints milk. The following are other instances ;
Mr. Telfer’s ordinary yield from Ayrshire cows
was 1 lb. for 20J pints, when the milk was richest
it gave 1 lb. per 18 pints, and when poorest 1 lb.
per 24 pints.

Mr. Williams, Cork Co., in one of the most
fully detailed accounts that exists of dairy experi-
ence stated that from well-fed and well-bred Irish
cows he got 1 lb. butter from 224 pints of milk in
summer, and 1 lb. from 19^ pints in the winter,
for the whole year he got 1 lb. from 21^ pints.

The late Mr. Horsfall of Burly Hall near Otley
found he got 1 lb. from 21 to 18J pints milk. The
average yield of Mr. T. Scott’s English dairies,
quoted some years ago before the Royal Agricul-
tural Society,^ was at the rate of 1 lb. butter to
nearly 25 pints. These differences in the butter
yield are of course traceable to original differences
in the quality of the milk, due to differences of
breed and of individual character ; on differences
of the period after calving and the age of the ani-
mals : and on differences of feeding.

I’rof. Long referring to this matter writes ; “ We
have of late been startled by extraordinary records
of butter produce from America, where Jersey
cows have been cultivated and stimulated to an
almost incredible productiveness .... We
fear agricultural maxima have little influence on
a<mcnltural averages; and while we do not refuse
onr belief to even the marvellous stories told of
Eurotas and other extraordinary American Jerseys,
we fear them in ordinary experience of the larger
breeds of dairy cows in this country, 1 lb. of butter
from 20 to 21 pints of milk (about 24 gallons) is
more nearly the average.

In his interesting i)aper on Milk and Milk Pro-
ducts in India, Mr. James Mollison, Superintendent
of Farms in the Bombay Presidency, states as the

result of his observations at the Poona Farm during
the years 1891-93, that with cows 13j pints
and with buffaloes 8i pints of milk were re-
quired respectively for producing one pound of
butter. The.se results were no doubt obtained
with the use of the cream separator

The following tables are taken from a report by
the Director of the Bombay Agricultural Depart-
ments on the dairy experiments which were con-
ducted in that Presidency. The experiments were
initiated by Mr. Ilowman of the London Dairy
Supply Company, and show the results in butter
production (1) by^ the native method of butter-
making and (2) by the use of the cream sepa-
rator ; —

Table showing quantities of cow milk in pints
and ounces required to produce 1 lb. of butter.

By Native Method. With Separator,
p. _ Quantity of Quantity of

^ Milk. Milk.

Pints.

Ounces.

Pints.

Ounces.

Calcutta

22

... 13/r

... 17

... 2}?

...

... 13

... 12

Bankipore

... —

... —

... 16

... 19J

Nadiad

... 14

... 14|

... 16

... 74

Etawah

.. 22

... 8

... 19

... 12

Table showing quantities of

buffalo

milk re-

quired to produce 1

lb. of butter.

By Native Method.

With Separator.

Place.

Quantity of

Quantity of

Milk.

Milk.

Pints.

Ounces.

Pints.

Ounces.

Poona

... 16

—

... 9

... 2f

Bell ary

9

... 9if

... 8

... 19i?

Bankipore

... —

—

... 10

... 7?4

Nadiad

... 8

... 61

... 8

.. 6|

Etawah

... 8

.. 10

Saharanpnr

... —

—

... 11

... 10|

—

.. 11

... 12

...

—

... 12

... 8

Mr. Mollison's average of 13} pints per lb,
of butter is a high one, but it must be remembered
that the milk came from cattle well fed and
housed, and treated according to the most ap-
proved methods of dairy management. It would
hardly be fair to take this as the average for an
Indian cattle. The cows kept on the Poona farm
are also w’ell selected animals of the best milking
breeds, such as Sind, Gir, and Aden. In the article
on Milk and Milk Products by Mr. Mollison — the
first part of which appears in this issue— will be
found a comparative analyses of the milk of the
Indian cow, the English cow, and the buffalo,
which show in the percentages of fat how it is
that while the average quantity of cows’ milk re-
quired for 1 lb. of butter is in England about 20
pints, in India it is about 14, and the quantity of
buffalo milk is about 9 pints.

NOTES FROM WESTERN INDIA.

The land available for cultivation in and near
the city of Bombay is very limited, but the little
that is available is made very good use of. A
small field or garden in the vicinitj' of the citj’ is
looked upon as a very paying concern, for the pro-
duce finds a ready market. The crops grown in
this neighbourhood are paddy, Indian corn, pulses,
vegetables such as knolkhol, radish, turnips and
bringals, fruits such as raangoe.s, oranges and cus-
tard a])ples, and fodder crops including lucerne
and ramnah grass.

Aua 1, 1896.]

Snpplempnt tn the “ Irnpicfd AgricuHarkty

141

The paddy cultivated is very little, a? the staple
food is wlieat which is grown at higher altitudes
far away in the interior. Wherever paddy is grown,
it is always first sown in nurseries and then plant-
ed out wlien the seedlings are about tliree or
four weeks old.

Indian corn is sown on dry lands early in June,
so that the plants may grow during the rains and
the cobs mature in fairly dry weather. The cobs
are gathered before the seeds are fully ripe and
are eaten roasted or boiled, some of the best plants
being allowed to inn to seed.

The rotation of crops practised here is worthy of
notice. In a field of maize, for instance, and legu-
minous crop such as beans or gram is first grown,
and after it is gathered, the land is tilled and ma-
nured, and then the maize is sown which, in
turn, is followed by a leaf crop. Then the round
begins again with the leguminous crop, and the
land is not allowed to lie fallow except for a few
weeks just before the maize is sown. In this way
while the fertility of the land is preserved, the
greatest possible profit is obtained from it. The
maize crop which succeeds the bean or gram is aUo
benefited by the nitrogenous matter left in the soil
by the latter.

Allied to rotation of crops is tlie system of grow-
ing mixed crops by which is meant raising crops
of two or more kinds simultaneously on the same
land. The Indian ryot fully recognizes the benefit
of this method of culture and makes up for the
deficiencj'in mauring by adopting it, At the Poona
Farm I noticed that Mr. Mollison had given his
sanction to this method by growing a mixed
crop of bajiri and dhall in a few plots. The dliall
was planted in lines 4 feet apart, and 3 rows of
bajiri sown one foot apart were grown between
every two rows of dhall. The special benefit of
growing a papilionaceous plant such as dhall
side by side with a cereal will be manifest to every
one who is avare of the fact that the former class
of plants can asssimilate the free nitrogen of the
air by means of bacteroids contained in the tuber-
cles attached to their roots.

Cattle and horse droppings are used as manure
in the form of dry cakes or “ bratties ” which are
often spread on the land and burnt before the rains,
the ashes beiiig ploughed in soon after the burn-
ing. This practice, although it has the advantage
of destroying the grubs and maggots which breed
in the dung, has the serious drawback of being
attended with the loss of the organic portion,
especially the nitrogenous part which the farmer
can ill afford to lose.

Bratties are often used as fuel, and where this
is the case the ashes from the kitchen ought to
form a valuable manure as it contains the potash,
phosphates, and certain nitrates and other mineral
ingredients of the dung.

Wool refuse is a favourite manure especially
for maize.

India can boast of a greater variety of native
agricultural implements than Ceylon. The ryots
carry on cultivation on an extensive scale, espe-
cially on dry land. With them necessity has been
the mother of invention as regards their imple-
ments. They cannot afford to loiter over about
with unsuitable tools when they have vast tracts
of land to be operated upon in a short space
of time, and by the mere handful of labourers at
their disposal. Driven to their wits’ end by the
force of circumstances they have invented a

variety of implements specially suited for different
operations. While some of these bespeak a
rather high degree of inventive skill and ingenuity,
others are of a primitive kind. I shall only select
a few of these for consideration here.

Tlie Indian plough is very like thenative plough
used ill Ceylon, but the share is thicker and
stronger and goes a little deeper.

As an example of the implements of the primi-
tive type may be mentioned the huge log of wood
drawn by bullocks and used as a sort of harrow or
clod-crusher and leveller after dry-ploughing.

Others, however, are of an improved or better
type such ns the bullock rake, bullock hoe and
the seed drill. The bullock rake and the bullock
hoe as their names imply are drawn by bullocks.
The former is used like an ordinary spiked har-
row, and the latter is used for weeding between
rows of plants when they are sufficiently wide
apart to admit of the bullocks walking between
them without trampling the plants.

The seed-drill called i)cimal or thiffen by the
ryots is a really useful implement and is well
worth introducing into Ceylon. It is said that
it answers almost as well ns the English seed
drill. Its price is only about five rupees.

But since of late a cheap and very convenient
.sowing box or machine has been invented in
England, which it would be more advantageous
to introduce to Ceylon, Sowing is so irregularly
done in our Island at present, and so large
a quantity of seed is wasted, that a cheap
but efficient seed drill cr sowing machine is a
great desideratum and would prove a great boon.

E. T. HOOLE.

SERICULTURE.

It must be admitted that we have very few in-
dustries in the Island which are capable of giving
employment to the native agriculturist and es-
pecially to the members of his family during the
time they have little work in the paddy-fields.
The Sinhalese cultivator is frequently accused of
apathy and gross laziness, but the average tiller
of the soil cannot be expected to possess the know-
ledge and resources necessary for experiments in
connection with new industries with a view to their
adoption. No one will, however deny, that
when he is instructed in the details of an
industry that is likely to bring him an income
and will not interfere either with the cultiva-
tion of his field or with his liberty as a pro-
prietor, he is not only ready to adopt them, but
is capable of carrying on the work with suc-
cess. Under these circumstances it surely behoves
those who have the welfare of the country at
heart to experiment in connection with and
popularise such industries as will give employ-
ment to and draw forth the latent energies and
capacity of a large number of the rural popula-
tion. The improvement of the villager’s condition
cannot be effected by the introduction of any
industries which require large capital and which
will necessarily involve factory work and cooly
labour. These will benefit the larger ca])italists
but the material and moral welfare of the agri-
cultural masses can only be irajiroved by providing
them with work that will not necessitate the sacri.

142

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist^

[Aufi. 1, 1896.

flee of eitlier their iiulepetuleiice or the neglect
of their holdings, however insigniticant these m ly
be. They must be encouraged to depetid on the n-
selves and work for themselves and not to wo. k
for others to the neglect of their laud ; and they
must not be encouraged to cotigregato iti manu-
facturing centres, where witli bu.<y surroundings,
keen competition and undesirable associations
they begin to feel discontented, a condition which
generally leads to much trouble. Under these cir-
cumstances the importance of lioine industries can-
not be over-valued. Sericulture or the rearing of
silkworms may prove to be one of the industi ies
adai)ted to the peculiar circumstance of the villa-
gers. We say “ may,” becau.se there are industries
which though they ajipear likely to be suitabh-,
will eventually be found to contain some ele-
ment which makes it impossible for the people
to carry it on with success. This point can only
be satisfactorily settled by one or more e.vperi-
ments, and there is no reason why .«uch trials
should not be undertaken in Ueylon.

Broadly speaking th'-r ■ ,i i.* two kiud.s of silk,
worms, the domesti'^ ted or tlie, mulberry silk-
worm, and the wild or the uncultivated silk-worm.
The domesticated silk-worm feeds only on the
leaves of the mulberry tree and hence for its rearing
the cultivation of the mulberr y ])lant is neces.si' y
to give the insects a proper supply of food. The
mulberry grows well even in the lowcountry
here, but it is doubtful whether it would thrive
well when grown on a large scale. Hence, in any
e.yperiment in sericulture it might be as well to
first find out what amount of succe.ss can be ob-
tained with the wild silk-worms.

We find in Ceylon a few species of moths that
produce cocoons of a more or less coarse te.vture,
but so far none of these have been found to be
of much jn-actical use. In India, out of a large
number of species of wild silk worms, three have
come to prominent notice as being more or less suc-
cessful producers of cocoons. These, as will be seen,
are likely to prove successful in Ceylon, especially
as the leaves on which they feed, or on which they
could be fed, are derived from plants and trees that
w’e commonly meet with in the Island. The three
important varieties of wild silks are known as the
Tusser, the Muga and the Eri Silks.

It may be mentioned here in passing that the
life of a silk-producing moth has four stages. The
egg, otherwise called the “ seed ” by silk raisers is
the first stage. An ounce of eggs will contain from
30 to 50 thousand. A single female moth produces
from three to five hundred eggs on an average.

The second stage is that of the larva or the
worm. The worm goes through getierally about
four stages of moults, or it may be said in its
growth to cast its skin at four periods. The first
moult generally takes place in five to six days, the
second four to five days from the first, the third
and the fourth each about four to five day.s; after
the finnl moulting the worm turns into the chry-
salis sta»e in about nine days. As a matter of
course these periods vary greatly according to
climate and species, but the above will furnish
some an idea of the life history of the insect.
Before each moult the worm generally fasts
for a day or two, but in the interval it eats
voraciously, and especially during the last period
of its existence, and hence a silk raiser must
be piepared to supply the necessary food to
the insects at these stages. The spinning of the

cocoon usually occupies from three to five daj’.a,
and finally the ia.-'ect turns into the chrjvalis.
iJnring the chry.salis stag! there is a suspension
of animation. The chrysals bursts in from two to
three weeks and the moth emerges. The last stage
is that of the moth. The male moth has broader
antenme or feelers and is more active than the fe-
male. Some hours after emerging out of the
cocoon the female moth begins to deposit its
eggs. The life of a moth usually extend to four
or five days, but frequently to a fortnight or
even longer.

W. A. D. S.

{To be continued.)

IIOMCO MANURB.

We have been favoured with samples of this
manure prepared by the Hull Oil Manufacturing
Co., Ld. The two samples sent us are guaranteed
to contain OJ to 7% ammonia, for which the present
ciuotatiou is I;3 os. per ton in double bags f.o.b,
London, for either the rough or finely-ground qua-
lity. To quote from the booklet which accom-
panied the samples: Homcois a vegetable manure
meal manufactured from rape and other oil seeds
by a patent process whereby the oil is thoroughly
extracted leaving a soluble meal rich in ammonia.
It is manufactured in three qualities, containing
5f %, 6i% and 7|% of ammonia respectively ; these
percentages being always guaranteed. Among
other advantages, it is claimed that it does not
force the growth of plants to an undue and harm-
lul extent, tliat it opens and lightens stiff lands
and increases the retentive properties of sandy
soils for manures and water, while at the same
time it is not washed out by rain. As rape seed
is one of its ingredients, it is said to be a pre-
ventive .against wire worm and possibly of other
ground pests. The analyses given of the manure
have been made by Dr. Bernard Dyer, who remarks
on one of the .samples : “ This is an e.xcellent rape

meal for raanurial purposes. It is e.xceptionally
rich i?i nitrogen (equal to over 7^ of ammonia)
and has the manurial advantage of having had
nearly all its oil extracted, so that it will the
more readily decompo.se in the soil. ”

MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS.

(By Mr. James Mollison, Supei-intendent,
Government Farms, Bombay.)

The milk of neat cattle varies considerably in
composition. Certain breeds yield richer milk
than others. Excepting Channel Island cattle, all
milk breeds of Europe yield milk which is poor in
quality than the average of Indian cows. The
average yield of selected Indian cows is much less
than that of good specimens of any imported milch
breed. Choice specimens of Jersey or Guernsey
cows yield 30 lb. or more per day of rich milk,
whilst Holstein and Shortham cows have each a
record of over 70 lb. ]>er day, though in quality
the milk is poor. The yield of Indian cowssurelj'
exceeds 20 to 25 lb. j)erdaj’. * Twelve to 10 Ih.

* In reckoning qn.antity from weight of milk,
the weight of one imperial (piart (40 oz. ) is
taken as 2^ lb., thu.s 20 lb., 25 lb. and IG lb.
will respectively correspond with 8, 10 and GJ
qu.arts or again with 12)3, 15? 3 and 9)1 Ceylon
bottles of 2G oz, respectively.— Ed, A.M,

8ui)])lement to the “ Tropical AgriculturistT

143

Aug. 1, 1896.]

more nearly, liowever, approximate to the average
of good cows in lullprolit. Jinlfaloes on ;in aver-
age give considerably more tliaii cows in India,
and their milk is also richer. Under skilful man-
agement there is no reason why the milk breeds
in India should not be very much improved. It is
quite witliin the bounds of possibility to breed up
Indian buffaloes to become one of the best butter-
producing breeds in the world. Tlie be.st results
respectively from a buffalo and a cow during the
years 1891-93 on the Poona Government Farm are
tabulated below; —

Number

Total

yield

of

Number

Value 01
milk at

of days

of days

current

in milk.

vi-

milk.

dry.

market

rates.

Buffalo..

,. 459

6,f69 lb.

127

K4I7

Cow

. 471

5,024 „

44

335

N.B. — Giving 1 lb. butter for 11 lb. and 17 lb.
milk respectively for buffalo and cow.

The comparative richness of milk may be gauged
by the following analyses:—

Indian

cow.

Water ... 8b'13

jUutterfat ... 4'80

3 ) Gasein& Albumen 3'U3
'olMilkiSugar ... ubll

I Ash ... -70

Average composition of mill

Indian

buffalo.

82-(Jj

7-98

4- 00

5- 18
•79

( To be continued, )

English
cow.
87 -20

3- 70

4- 00
4-40

•70

{To the Editor, ^^Agricultural Magazine.")

30th June, 1896.

Deak Sib, — How frightfully behind the times 1
am. 1 have only just read the letter of “ Coco-
palmist” dated the I8th March ! It is cheering to
find my old friend as assiduous an agriculturist as
he is-of Tamil Literature.

He writes enquiring whether a statement which
appears in pp. 72-73 of “ All About the Coconut
Palm ” which he quotes at length is true. My
experience confirms it. If he will call over
to see me I will shew him the hollow
cylindrical tree, the tree with the whole stem
less a small portion of it destroyed, the barks
less tree and the tree with almost the whole bole
devoid of roots, growing and bearing well. The
writer of the letter he quotes from says that as
coconut trees have no bark (is this so, and what
is the outer covering of the stem which peels off in
disease 7) planters cannot force them into bearing
by ringing the bark. To force a barren or badly
bearing tree into fruitfulness, burn rubbish round
the stem. The bark will in time peel off and the
tree will be e.xceedingly fruitful. Another “ dodge”
is to set fire to the top of a coconut tree, the
result is the same.

1 wish very much to see the irlantation with 40
trees to the acre which causes amusement to
neighbours and yields from 200 to 800 nuts per
tree per annum. The amusement and the field must
both be very gratifying to its proprietor. In
answer to my friend’s concluaing query, I must
houestl life j 3 myselt a secptic.

That individual trees bear at the rate of 200 to
300 (not 800) one can believe ; but to be asked to
bedieye that the trees of a whole plantation bear
at this rate is an over-draft on one’s credulity.

Now as to the number of branches on a full-
be.iring coconut tree- 8ome authorities in “ All
About the Coconut Palm” say the tree throws
at a spathe once a month, others every fotringht.
There are certainly more than 12 bunches on a
heavily-bearing tree, and they correspond with the
blanches from 24 to 3b, but how is it that at every
bi-monthly picking two bundles from each tree
is the rule and three the e.xception f If a twelve-
month elapses between the bursting of the flower
sijathe and the picking of the rijie fruit, a tree
inust either have 12 bunches or nuts must
ripen in 6 months ! “ CocopalmLt ” says the

plantation he writes of bears 36 bunches per
tree. Do the trees yield six bunches at each bi-
monthly picking ? — Truly yours

B.

GENERAL ITEMS.

Tape-worm in calves is a common and trouble-
some experience with stock-owners. Veterinary
Surgeon D. Hutcheon of the Cape referrino-" to
it says : — “ Tliere are several medicines vv^icli
destroy or expel tape-worms. Turpentine, a table-
spoonful mixed with a teacupful of raw linseed
oil. Powdered sulphate of copper, 40 orains
(half a teaspoonful) mixed with ten ounces or a
breakfast-cupful of water. Cooper’s powder one
teaspoonful, flowers of sulphur seven teaspoonfuls
mix thoroughly and give a teaspoonful of tlie
mixture. The liquid extract of male fern a
teaspoonful, mixed in a little oil. These doses
are for calves about 3 months old ; older calves
may get a little inore, and younger ones a little
less. 1 he do.se should be given in an empty
stomach after a 12 hour.s' fast at least, and a
longer fast is better if the calves are not too weak.

A correspondent of the Cultivator and Country
Gentleman advises anyone having a cow with the
habit of holding up her milk to give a .sutfi
cieut (piautity of grain usually fed to keeii her
busy for the time required to milk.

A cow suffering from inflamed udder should
be milked thoroughhj three or four times per
day ; under no circumstances should the udder
be full and distended any length of time. For
an inflamed and swollen udder foment frequently
with hot water and apply vaseline or lard An-
other remedy, highly recommended, is a mixture
of sullicient cow .s milk with as much salt as
will make a thin paste; this should be u.sed to
anoint the udder four or five times per day.

Ihere is now on view, at Bombay, a poultry
farm— started apparently with the object of popii
lari/.ing a certain make of incubators— in which
some 6,0U0 eggs are being hatched.

The fodder grass cultivated last year at the
Seebpore Experimental Farm were sorghu7n rcana
and guinea grass. Sorghum aiul reana lui’ve been
grown for many years on the Farm, and found
to yield a prolitable outturn. Last ye&r sor a hum
was grown on a small area (15 cottahs), and the
yield of grass in two cuttings amounied to l(i S93
lb. per acre. Itcana wrxii raised on 10^ cottahs
of land ; it yielded three cuttings, the outturn

lu

Supj)lement to the " Troincal Ag) icidlurist.”

[Aug. 1, 1896,

amounting to 19,621 lb. per acre. An area of
12^ cottahs was newly jdantecl during the year witli
guinea grass. The crop shows a vigorous growtii,
and promises to yield a heavy outturn for several
years. The whole of the fodder raised on the
Farm was fed to farm cattle.

Mr. John Hughes, the well-known analytical
chemist, referring to his tour in Ceylon, says: —
I was very much astonisheil at the small value
apparently attached to the use of burnt lime
from coral or from some of the numerous local
deposits of magnesium lime stone, which very
frequently oceur in irregular masses interspersed
amoim the prevailing granitic formations of the
Island. At home the value of lime upon all arable
soils is so fully recognised by practical agriculturists,
that it would he unnecessary to enter at any

length into a discussion of its merits

Lime is a necessary constituent of all permanently
fertile soils, for it is a requisite element of the
ashes of i)lants. It assists in rendering both the
org.anic and in organic portions of soils available
as plant food. On all Hat land rich in organic
vegetable remains, lime will be found e.specially
valuable for improving the physical as well as
chemical condition of the soil.”

Dr. Watt writing about tea-blights refers to
the part played by white .ants in spoiling the tea
plant. He believes that no tree is absolutely
proof against this destructive pest, and that it is
certain that if it does not attack trees while they
are living, it often so does as soon as they are
dead Excessive i)runing, as a common cause of
the white ant pest, is (Iwelt upon with ))ropcr
emiihasis.

A late member of the Indian Civil Service
writing on the Salt monopoly says: — “ The masses
consume far too little salt owing to its dearness,
and give none to their cattle; hence, most doctors
agree, the great liability to zymotic and other
diseases among men, and to murrain among
cattle .... Salt is the basis of most im-
portant chemical manufactures, which cannot be
carried on in the Empire under the present system
with success.”

It is proposed to confer additional powers on
District Boards in Bengal, the necessary ex-
j)enditure of enforcing which is to be drawn
from the Road Cess. These Boards will thus be
empowered to establish and maintain Veterinary
Dispensaries for the reception and treatment of
horses, cattle and other animals, to api)oint and
pay qualified persons to prevent and treat diseases
of horses, cattle and other animals and to provide
for the improvement of the breed of horses, cattle,
&c. The Indian Agriculturist of May last is
not greatly in favour of the new measures proposed,
believing that the amount of good that will be
ensured will be disproportionate to the expenditure
incurred.

We hear of Ramie fibre being largely cultivated
in Java for export to Singapore, and that European
merchants are said to favour its extension by
freely giving advances to growers, .several of whom
have also been provided with working capital.

Veterinary Captain Pease of India has dis-
covered the fact that the death of cattle due to
eating Jowari (Sorghum vulgarc) at ‘"certain
■seasons, especially during droughts when the plants
become stunted, is due to large deposits of crystal-
line nitrate of potash fouml in the stalks.

<xi MONTHLY. I>^

4

" Vol. XVI.] COLOMBO, SEPTEMBER ist, 1896, [No. 3.

KEPOET ON THE CULTIVATION OF
COFFEE IN MEXICO.

( By Mr F. Strongc, Secretary of Legation, j

NTRODUCTORY.— The cultiva-
tion of coffee in Mexico dab*s
from the commencement of the
present century, and it has long
been known that many districts
in various parts of the country
are probably as well suited to
the growth of the plant as any in

the world. The unsettled state of the Republic, how-
ever, retarded progress in this as in many other
respects, and it is only of late years that thecapabli-
ties of the country as a coffee producer have at-
tracted the attention which they undoubtedly deserve.

The qilmost total failure of the coffee plantations
in Ceylon and all Eastern countries, and the recent
bad coffee harvests in Brazil, together with the fall
in silver and the consequent reduction in the price
of land and labour in this country have encouraged
planting in Mexico, and the profits which have already
been obtained seem to justify a further extension of
the industry. Under these circumstances, and in
view of the fact that before long a considerable
amount of British and American capital will pro-
bably be invested in coffee plantations in Mexico,
some information on the subject which has been ob-
tained from good sources may perhaps prove of interest.

A considerable area in various States in Mexico
is suited to the growth of coffee, but as many con-
ditions are required to ensure its profitable cultiva-
tion, great care should be taken in selecting the
site of the proposed plantation.

Prb-rkquisites I'OR Success. — The following are the
principal points to which attention should bo paid;— 1.
Soil ; 2. Climate ; Communications ; 4, Labour.

1. Soil. — The coffee plant can be cultivated on
various descriptions of soil, but it thrives best on
light, porous loam of considerable depth, which has
not before been brought under enltivation. Clay
land should generally be avoided as unsuitable.

In Mexico the best land is generally covered with vir-
gin forest, and clearing it is the first operation the
I'lanter has to iindertake. A rolling surface is to
bo preferred as it affords greater facilities for
drainage, but very steep slopes are not as a rule
to be recommended.

2. Climate. — The best temperature is one varying
between 65° and 85° Fahr., which can be obtained
in nearly all of the States in the Mexican Tierra
Caliente. Frost kills the plant, and the'fierce rays
of the tropical sun if untempered by abundant
moistm-e are almost equally injurious. Most author-
ities on the subject agree that coffee thrives best
where the rainfall is at least 100 inches per annum,
and where it is pretty evenly distributed throughout
the year. It should be noted, however, that coffee
has been and is cultivated with some success in
districts (such as Cordova, in the State of Vera Cruz)
where the rainfall is far less. Immunity, or at least
protection, from high winds is very desirable. An
eastern exposure is to be preferred where the weather
is generally cloudy, and a western in a sunny climate.
Some writers attach great importance to the height
of the plantation above the sea, and assign limits
of altitude for the choice of a site. It has, how-
ever, been shown by experience that suitable climatic
conditions are to be found at a wide range of
elevation, and that coffee of the highest quality
can be grown almost at the sea level.* In select-
ing a site for a plantation too much attention cannot
be paid to soil and climate, and it has always been
found to be good policy to give even a compara-
tively high price for land where these were thoroughly
satisfactory.

3. Facilities of communication are also of great
importance. Railways have been much developed of
late years, and their extension is being carried on
rapidly. Still, some districts which would otherwise
be very suitable for coffee planting will probably
for some time to come be too inaccessible to be
recommended.

* Notably in Liberia

146

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

As freight is generally cheaper hy water than by
land, a navigable river in the neighbourhood of the
plantation is to be preferred even to a railway. In
many parts of the country roads can scarcely be
said to exist, and the necessity for railway or water
communication to within a moderate distance of
the plantation is even greater than it would be iii
more advanced countries. It must also be borne in
mind that the cultivation of coffee is almost always
combined with that of other crops, some of which
are very bulky and cannot easily be disposed of
without facilities of transport.

4. It is very desirable to settle in a district
where labour is easily obtained, and although some
authorities maintain that imported labourers are
more easily controlled, the expense of introducing
them is considerable, and many practical difficulties
have to be overcome.

Wages. — The wages paid vary in different districts,
but the average rate for the whole country was
officially estimated in 1892 at 37c. Mexican currency
(or did.) per diem. Since that date prices have
certainly risen' and the daily wage is now generally
placed at about 50c. (Is. Iff.). Both employers and
employed frequently prefer piecework to a daily
wage, particularly for such work as clearing land
before planting the coffee.

Lauour. — The Mexican labourer requires careful
handling if the most is to be made of him. A rich
soil and a tropical climate supply nearly all his
requirements, v'ith little effort on his part, and he
will not easily submit to harsh or unfair treatment
from his employer.

Many planters find it advantageous to give their
labourers small allotments, which they can cultivate
themselves, in addition to their wages. They main-
tain that the labourers themselves appreciate this
system, and that where it is in force they become
more disposed to remain working on the same es-
tate.

In some districts the Labour Question is the
planter’s chief difficulty. The coffee plants must be
kept clean, and the berries must be picked at the
proper time. These operations cannot he postponed,
and it is useless to undertake coffee cultivation
without a sufficient supply of hands.

The Pi.ANTATioN. — As the best coffee lands are
almost invariably covered with forest or jungle, the
planter’s first task is to clear this away. 'The brush-
wood is cut out with the “machete,” a species of
cutlass ; and the heavy timber is afterwards felled
with an axe. Such timber as can be used on the
estate or can be disposed of is then removed, and
the remainder is afterwards fired. On most planta-
tions in Mexico it is usual to preserve the large
trees for shade ; but in districts where the best cli-
matic conditions exist this is unnecessary. Much
shade is in itself detrimeutal to the fullgrown coffee
plant, and localities where it is required owing to
great sun heat and lack of proper moisture should be
avoided.*

* Although there can he little doubt that where
the climate is most suited to the growth of the coffee
plant shade is iiuiii ccss.uy and even injurious, the
practice of ha\mg most of the larger trees of the
naturol forest as shade for the coffee trees is so
general in Mexico that it cannot bo passed by with-
out fuller notice. Many persons possessing consider-
able experience of coffee planting in Mexico will even
be found to maintain that shade is absolutely essen-
tial, and it is quite possible that in the districts
with which they arc best acquainted such may be
the case. On the other hand, in countries where
coffee has been extensively cultivated for a longer
time than in Mexico, the plant certainly succeeds
better without shade. Tuitlier experiment is per-
haps required before a definite conclusion can
be arrived at as regards this country, but it
will scarcely be denied by the most enthusiastic
supporter of the Mexican system that the tendency
has been to make ilio shade too thick. The truth
seems to bo that coffee can be cultivated prolitably
in districts which are not naturally suited for it,
and that in some of these shade is really necessary

NuHSEniEs.* — When the clearing of the land is
commenced, a suitable spot is selected for sowing
the coffee-bean, in order to establish a nursery, to
be made use of in the following year. Trees required
for the first planting are generally purchased from
existing coffee plantations. The spot selected for
the nursery should be thoroughly cleared of trees,
should be easily irrigated, and of average fertility.
In Mexico it is usual to leave some of the trees as
shade, but in other places it has been found that
the drip is injurious to the young plants, and that
it is far better to arrange a shade of cut brushwood.
Long ridges are formed with a width of from 4 to
6 feet, with walks between, in order that the work-
men may later on reach the plants when it is ne-
cessary to clean them. In forming the ridges the
earth should be well broken with hoes to a depth
of at least 6 inches, the stones picked out, and the
surface smoothed down. The ground is then ready
for the coffeebean. The beans are dispulped and
allowed to foment, so as to admit of the saccharine
matter being washed off. When this is done the
beans that float on the top of the water are taken
away as being unsuitable, and those which sink to
the bottom are placed to dry for one day in the
sun, and for two additional days in the shade.
They are then ready to be sown.

The sowers make small furrows in the earth
with a pointed staff across the ridges, at a distance
of 5 inches apart, and 2J inches deep. Another la-
bourer follows, placing the coffee-beans in the fur-
rows 4 inches apart, until the ridge is finished.
The beans are then lightly covered with well-sifted
earth, without been pressed down, and are after-
wards watered with a sprinkler. Subsequently the
ground is watered every two or three days, and in
from forty to sixty days the plant begins to grow.
Care must afterwards be taken to keep the ridges
free from weeds, and in about eight months the plairt is
ready for trausplanting.

Slightly different methods are sometimes adopted,
and sometimes the young plants found growing un-
derneath the coffee trees are planted direct in the
plantations, but this system is no longer considered
a good one, and has been generally abandoned.

'The time for sowing varies in different States,
and in some of them sowing is carried on at all
times of the year. It is desirable, however, to time
the sowing of the seed in the nurseries in such a
way that the plants n ay be from 8 to 9 inches high
in the planting season. It may be noted that in
Mexico the plants arc often kept much longer in the
nurseries, but this plan has not been found to
answer in otlier countries, where the scientific
study of coffee cultivation is much more general
than is the case here.

In transplanting the trees to their final destina-
tion, the labourers should be given a base line,
from which a rope should be stretched at right-
angles, with marks at the required distances, say
(3 feet apart. An acre of ground holds about 9.50
trees, planted 6 feet apart, with 7 feet between the
rows. This opening is very generally adopted,
though some planters in this country prefer to
plant at greater distances. Special care should be
taken in planting the trees that the tap root is not
twisted or bent, hfipping off the tender portion, if
done in the right way, does not materially affect
the growth of the tree, and obviates the danger of
its being turned up, which in a year or two kills
the plant, The other precautions to be taken in plant-
ing do not require special mention, as they are such
as would commend themselves to anyone having
even a slight knowlor^ge of arboriculture. The best
time for planting is the early' part of the rainy season.

to protect the plant from the excessive heat of the
sun. Owners of land in comparatively hot and dry
districts may find it necessary to shade their plants
with forest trees or, in extreme cases, even with
bananas, but such localities should be avoided by
persons who have a free liand in the selection of
a site for their plantation.

^ 'The following description is mainly taken from
a, work by Mr. Taylor.

Sept, i, TS96.)

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

147

Irrigation and Manuring.— Irrigation and also ma-
nuring are sometimes resorted to in Mexico, Imt if
a suitable site has been selected, neither will be
necessary on a new plantation. It may be added
that the practice of manuring the nursery ground
is not a good one, as it unfits the young plants for
their ultimate destination.

Cueaning. — It is very necessary that the young
trees should be kept clear of weeds, a matter to
which in Me.xico insufficient attention is generally
paid. Weeding should be carried out every month,
and though it is an expensive operation, the cost of
the labour will be amply rapid by the yield of coffee.
Hand weeding is to be preferred as being both
cheaper and more effectual.

Topping and Pruning. — In Mexico, where empiric
methods have hitherto largely prevailed, there is
some divergence of opinion on this subject. In other
coffee-growing countries, however, no doubt is enter-
tained that the plant should be topped at from 3
to 5 feet from tbe ground, the object being to con-
fine the sap, so that not only primary branches but
secondaries and tertiaries may also bear their crop
from 9 inches from the ground upwards. On rich
soils the trees may be allowed to grow taller than
on poor lands. Topping should be done with a
knife, and only on the matured wood, otherwise the
wound will bleed and the tree will be ruined. The
trees are genei'ally pruned between the second and
third year, after the crop has been gathered. The
operation is repeated in subsequent years, and the
plant is kept as far as possible in the shape of a
low symmetrical bush, without straggling or unpro-
ductive branches. On badly managed plantations,
and particularly where the shade is too thick, the
plants become drawn up, poorly furnished, and com-
paratively unproductive.

Harvesting. — The coffee berry ripens at different
seasons in different places, but in most localities the
principal picking takes place in the late autumn,
and in the winter. The berries are picked off as soon
as they become bright red in colour, and either the
same evening or the following day the pulp is removed
by means of a machine called a pupler.*

The berries fall from the machine into a recep-
tacle of stone or wood, in which they remain from
12 to 21 hours. They are then passed into a lower
receptacle, iuto which water is poured, and are stamped
or trampled upon until the sticky glutinous sub-
stance disappears. The beans which float on the top,
being of inferior quality, are collected and dried
separately, and the remainder are spread out in the
yards or on mats to dry. This requires 4 or 5 days’
exposure to the sun. The parchment-like skin is
loosened by rubbing the berries between the palms
of the hands. The coffee when dried is stored in
granaries, and afterwardes beaten, winnowed, sorted,
and packed for export. All these operations, though
somewhat complicated to describe, are really of a
very simple character, and the whole art of treating
the coffee after it is gathered, though requiring some
care and attention, may be acquired with very slight
experience. Machinery, which is comparatively inex-
pensive, is gradually taking the place of hand labour,
and is, no doubt, more economical, particularly on
large plantations, but tbe older methods are still
very generally employed. It has been estimated that
a complete set of machinery for a large plantation
would cost from 600Z. to 1,100/. On small plantations,
however, a hand pulper costing some 12/., or rather
more, will probably be found sufficient machinety
with which to commence operations, more being added
as occasion requires.

Amount of Capital Required and Price of Land. —
The intending planter will find a capital of 1,500/.
amply sufficient for his requirements. It is far better
to begin planting on a comparatively small scale,
and to gain thorough experience of the country and
the business before embarking on an unnecessarily
large undertaking. Some 250 acres is as much as
a beginner should attempt to deal with, and even

* Small native cultivators do not, as a rule, use
a pulper. They first dry the berry and then tread
out the grain from the dry husks with the feet.

of this only 200 acres should be planted with coffeei
■ ■") acres being left ur.der timber,or

purposes.

planting can be obtained at from
18s. to 1/. lO.s. per acre, and soiuetiuies even cheaper.
If then we take the mean between these two prices,
250 acres would cost .300/., and the planter with
1,500/. capital would still have 1,200/. in hand with
which to meet initial expenses and to maintain him-
self until his plantation came into full bearing. At
first sight this sum will appear unnecessarily large,
but in a country where credit is not easily obtained,
and where the interest on borrowed money is very
high, it is well to bold a reserve of capital as an
insurance against unforeseen accidents. The failure
of a large number of foreigners in this country may
be attributed to neglect of this precaution.

Cost and Profit. — This is a subject on which there
exists an extraordinary diversity of opinion, and
many estimates, though quite honestly put forward,
are, in fact, far too favom able. Calculations based
(as is frequently the case) on the ascertained pro-
duce of a single plant are especially misleading, for,
however favourable the coi:ditions may be, the different
plants vary both in the quantity and quality' of their
yield, and some are altogether unproductive. Per-
haps the best plan is to take the average cost of
cultivating an acre, and then to give an estimate of
the value of the crop for the first 6 years. The
following figure will be found to be pretty near the
mark, but if anything they show a smaller return
than may be expected if all the conditions are
favourable

cost of cultivation per acre during first

FIVE YEARS.

Amount.

tne remaining at
applied to other
Good lands for

Clearing land

Staking and digging holes for 1,000
trees

Purchase of 1,000 young coffee trees
Planting 1,000 trees
Replacing loss of coffee trees
Monthly cleaning for five years
Cost of harvesting 2,6001b. of coffee
including freight, taxes, &c., at 8
Mexican cents per lb. . .

Total

First year

Second year, 200 lb., sold at 21 Mexi
can cents
Third year, 400 lb.

Fourth year, 800 lb.

Fifth year, 1,200 lb.

Total

£

8.

d.

1

4

0

0 14

0

0

10

0

0

6

0

0

3

0

6

0

0

21

10

8

30

7

8

:re.

Amount,

£

s.

d.

Nil.l

4

11

0

9

2

0

18

4

0

27

6

0

59

3

0

In making these calculations it has been assumed
that a good site has been chosen, and that the land
and its produce have been properly treated. On the
other hand, the price obtained for the bean— a
matter which is not entirely in the planter's control
— has been estimated at a low figure. It may be
mentioned, however, that scientific cultivation of the
plant and careful treatment of the bean after pick-
ing will often raise the value of the produce by
improving its quality as much as 25 per cent.

The cost of making the nursery and the necessary
roads or tracks has not been included in the above
estimate, but these expenses are not heavy'', and ap-
pear altogether inconsiderable when calculated per
acre. Moreover, as this work is of a permanent
character, it may fairly be charged to capital ac-
count. The same may be said of buildings, tools, &c.,
the cost of which has been estimated as low as 501.
for a moderate-sized plantation. It seems unlikely,

THR TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Srpt. i, 1896.

however, that anyone accnstomecl to live either in
Europe or the t Tnited States would bo satisfied with
so low a standard of comfort as is implied by these
figures. The cost of the house must, of course,
largely depend on the habits aud inclinations of the
planter, but if he be a person of moderate require-
ments some 100/. to 200/. should cover his expen-
diture on this head.

In treating of the expense of starting a planta-
tion it should be mentioned that the cultivation of
other crops is frequently combined with that of
coffee. For instance, maize may be advantageously
planted between the rows of coffee plants on newly
cleared land. The shade is most beneficial to the
trees at this stage of their growth, aud the profit
on the crop may be reckoned at about 25 per cent,
on the cost of clearing the land.

In its fifth year of growth the coffee plant attains
its full power of production, and the estimated yield
for that year may be accounted the normal crop.
By that time, too, the initial expenses in connection
with that part of the plantation will naturally have
ceased. The account for the sixth year should,
therefore, stand approximately as follows : —

EXPENSES PER ACRE IN SIXTH AND SUBSEQUENT
YE.IRS.

Amount.

£ s. d.

Clearing or weeding . . .,140

Pruning, &c. . . . . ..050

Harvesting, &c,, 1,200 lb. coffee . . 10 8 0

Total .. 11 17 0

RECEIPTS PER ACRE IN SIXTH AND SUBSEQUENT
YEARS,

Amount.
£. s. d.

1,200 lb. coffee at 21 Mexican
cents . . . . , . 27 6 0

It will be seen that these figures would admit of
liberal allowances for interest on capital and for
personal expenditure, and would still leave a sub-
stantial balance in the planter’s favour.

General Remarks. — In purchasing an estate in
Mexico, a new comer should as a rule have recourse to a
reliable foreign agency. Direct negotiations with the
owners of the soil are often extremely tedious, and
they should not be undertaken by any one who
does not possess a thorough knowledge of the coun-
try. Care must of course be taken to obtain a
good title to the land purchased, and in most case
this can now be done without m ch difficulty or
expense. In some districts the Indian villagers lay
claim to certain rights over adjoining lands, and
however unfounded such claims may be, they are
sometimes a source of great irritation and conse-
quent annoyance to the foreign planter. It will
almost always be found, however, that these difficulties
may be overcome by a little tact and liberality.

A foreigner buying real estate should, if he desire
to preserve his nationality, take the proper legal
steps to do so.

The intending planter v.ill generally do well to
spend some little time in the country before making
a purchase, and should if possible acquire some
practical knowledge of his business at an existing

Elantation. He will be apt to think that by waiting
e is letting slip many a golden opportunity, but
such opportunities will probably recur later, aud the
experience he will have gained will save him much
loss and disappointment. A considerable number of
small foreign capitalists in this country would pro-
bably admit that for a year or two after their
arrival, experience was their only profit, and that
it had been gained at a needlessly high price.

In order that this report may be comprehensible
to English readers all values have been given in
sterling, calculated at 26(/. to tiie Mexican dollar.
Mexico, however, uses the silver standard, aud though
the silver price of labour, Ac., has not altered very
much the ‘equivalent price in gold has fallen con-
siderably of late years and remains an ever-varying
quantity. It is obviously to the advantage of the

English capitalist settling in Mexico that the price
of silver should remain low as compared wdth gold-
first, he receives more silver dollars in exchamm for
his sterling capital, and secondly, whilst most of his
outgoings are in the cheaper currency, any produce
exported is ultimately paid for at gold ratel
In conclusion it may be mentioned that there is
probably no country in the w'orld where the settler
must more exclusive. y depend for success on his own
energy and ability , and that it is far more difficult
than in eastern countries to secure the proper con-
duct of a business without the constant supervision

interested in it. Moreover
pi-oblems have to be faced in different
paits of the country, and in some localities coffee
scarcely yet passed the experimental
of fho calculations

tions undertaking under such condi-

The total exports of coffee from Mexico for the past

L^en as fXws":-''

Quantity.

.. 14,Sij77

11,058,279
14,514,949
18,866,590
^ 16,512,648

producing States are Vera Graz

fniimo 1 M added Michoacan.

Colima coffee is also well-known in the market thou<^h

the quantity produced there is much smaller than in
even the last of the above-named States.

Uffited^States^^^ e.xported almost exclusively to the

V coffee in the United States in the fiscal

year 1893-94 ranged from 16 to 18i c. gold (8d to 9id)
per 11b. for Rio standard (vide United States Return
of Commerce and Navigation). Mexican coffee always
commanded a somewhat higher price. ^

1891- 92

1892- 93

1893- 94

1894- 95

The principal coffee-,
and Oaxaca to which

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(Continued ftmit page ii.)

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I)am?ne, O Koffie, thee, &c. [See under Tba.1
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Ihimse Manuel de I’amateur du Cafe’ on Part de
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i^See under Tn.v.j

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THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

149

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Dillenhis, Jo. Jac. Hortus Elthamensis, &c. [Con-
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Diodati, Oftavicmo. Biblioteca Teatrale Italiana,
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Disdier, F. M. Beschreibung, &c. [See under Tea.]
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Douglas, James, 31. B. Lilium Sarnieuse : or a des-
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Cofe’ fereus; or, a description and history of the
Coffee tree. London. 1727. fol. [A supplement to
the. ..Coffee tree. London. 1727. fob]

Bucliansg. llesp. See Gcvigland, N. 31. de. Praes.
Dissertatio on Tabaco per nares sumto substitui possit
Coffee pulveratum. Paris. 1772. 4o.

Buds. A mon cafe’ ; po6.sie. (Extr.) 1809.
Ducoux, F. De la Cafoine. [See under Tea.
Duncan, Ban. Avis salutaire &c. [See under Tea.]
Dupin, Jean Henri. Le Cafe’ des Varie’te’s: Co-
me’die vaudeville.

Durante, Castore. Herbario nuovo &a. [See under
Tea.]

Butch Coffee Marhet. De Toekomst der Neder-
iandsche Koffijmarkt: eene stem nit den handel.
Amsterdam. 1865. 80.

Duval. Le re’ge’ne’rateur du gout, lere partei.
Du Cafe’.

Edogae. Eclogao recentium aliquot praestantiores.
In fine additum est G. Massioei carmen elegantis-
simum Caffasum. Erfordiae. 1783. 80. See Massieu G.

Edinbtirgh : Incorporations. Coffee-House Chit-Chat,
&c. [See Coffee-House Chit-Chat .\

Eggerth. J. De Coffea, Budae. 1833. 3o.
Ehrcnhorg, Anna V rcderilta Cm Kaffe af korn,
hvete och rag till vinst for helsa och kessa. Lund.
1845. I60.

Elixir. Le vc’ritablo Elixir du Caffe’e. Breslau.
1754. 80.

Elliot, Hoherf B. Gold, Sport, and Coffee Plant-
ing in Mysore, &c. Westminster. 1894. 80.

Elliot, Itobert 11. The Experience of a [Coffee]
Planter in the .Tungles of Mysore, Ac. 2 vol. London.
1871. 80.

Elliott, ('hristopher, 31. B. Medical Hints. Practi-
cal instructions to Superintendents fi.e. of Coffee
Estates)., .for the treatment of diseases, Am. See
BieJeman, 11. Colombo. 1862. 80. [2nd. edu. 1885.]

Ellis, John. F.li.S. An historical account of Coffee,
with. , . .botanical description of the tree, &c. London.
1774. 4o. [See also under Tea.]

Elog, Nicolas Fran. Jos. Si I’usage du Cafe’ est
avantageux a la sante’ ? &c. Montpellier. 1781. 80.

Elst, S. L. IF. van der. Stoats-Koffie cultuur op
Java, ’s Gravenhage, 1874. 80.

Emerich, G. IF. B. De Coffeoe facultatibus et effec-
tibus. Berlin. 1839. 80.

Ernst. Adolf, of Caracas. El cafe’ de Liberia en
Venezuela. A1 honorable gromio de agricultores de
esta republica. Caracas. 1878. 80.

Etienne. Traite’ des glacas, Ac. [See under Tea.]
Etienne, Chas. Guillaume. See Cafe'. Le Cafe des
Artistes. [1800.] 80.

Etrennes. Btrennes a tons les amateurs de Cafe’
...ou manuel de I’amateur de cafe’., .on y a joint.. .
un poeme...de I’abbe’ Massieu.. .sur le Cafe’. Paris.
1790. 12o.

Ettoirc, Giul. Notizie istorico-fisiche snl Caffe’.
Roma. 1791. 80.

Eustraiiadcs, B. B. Etude experimentale sur les
proprie’te’s physiologiques de la cafe’ine et du cafe’.
See Academies — Paris — Ecole de Me’decine — Colin, des
the’ses — Tom. IV. au 1870. 1839. &o. 4o.

Evans, Schoolmaster. See Cofee Bcuffle. The Coffee
Scuffle, Ac. [Satirical Versos on Evans, Ac.] 1862. 4o.
Exposirao. Secund.a exposi<,;:1o de Cafe’ 1883.

Faber, J. G. ^1. Da potu Coffeae. Riateln. 1761. 4o.
fagon, Gui Crescent. Litteratisne salubris Cafe’
usus ? Paris. 1716. 4o.

Falcl, Carl Philipp. See Brill, If. Das Kaffein...
nebst Vorrede vod...C. P. F. 1862- 80.

lauchon, J. L. Dissertation sur le Cafe’. Paris.
1815. 4o.

Favier, .Jean. Etudes me’dicales sur le cafe’. These,
Ac. Montpellier. 1856. 4o.

Fage, Frantz Christian. Nogle Bemoerkringer an-
gaaende den overdrevue Brug af Kaffe og om ders
skadelighed : Barnealdei’eu. Christiana. 1863. 80.

Fellon, Thos. Bernard. Faba Arabica: Carmen, Ac.
See Pclmata Bidascalica. tom. 1. 1749. 12o.

Ferguson, A. 31., C.3I.G. Liberian Coffee in Ceylon,
the History of the Introduction and the Progress
of the Cultivation, Ac. Colombo. 1878. 80.

Ferguson, -1. 31., C.3I.G. Photographs. Illustra-
tive of the leading products of Ceylon, viz. : — Coffee
— Arabian and Liberian ; Tea, Ac. [See under Tea.]
lerguson, A. 31., G.3I.G. Mountain Cultivation in
Ceylon, Ac. [See under Tea.]
lerguson, John. The Coffee Enterprise of Ceylon
and the necessity for Railway Extension in the Coffee
Districts, Ac. Colombo. 1873. 80.

Fermelhuis, Jean Baptiste. Praes. See Lagrive, J. de,
Quaestio medica...Au a potu Caffe’ frequentior Apo-
plexia? [1718.] 4o.

Fernandez de Moratin, Leandro. El Cafe’ d La
comedia nueva. Comedia Ac. See Spanish Theatre.
El Teatro Bspanol, Ac. tom. 4. 1817. Ac. 80.

Fernandez 3iatienco, Isidro. Discurso medico y
phisico.. .contra el medicamente Caphe’. Madrid
1693. 4q. ^

Fielding, llenrg. The Coffee House Politician
[Rape upon Rape] or the Justice caught in his own
trap, Ac. London. 1730. 80.

Figuier, Louis. Les Industries, Ac. [See under Tea.]
Fischer, Johann Andreas. Dissertatio de potu Caffee.
Ac. Erfordiae. 1725. 4o.

Flugcr, Sir ,fohn. [See under Tea.]

1 oerster, Christian Gottlieb von. Geschichte von der
Erfindung und Einfiihrung des Cichorien— Caffee.
Bremen. 1773. 80.

Fourgue. Questions de mddeciue proposces par MM.
Castillon et Pouque’ a M. Colomb, &c. [De Quinauina
et de Coffea.] Marseille. 1679.

Francotte. De la Caffeine. 1883.

1 ransgshan. If rein. Kaffehuset. [Ordsprok, Fores-
talce uti Comedier. No. 2] Orig. Le Cafe borgne, af
N. Carmontelle. Elpsala. 1772. 80.

1 raudes. Les Iraudes du Cafe’ devoilees par un
amateur (poerae). Paris. 80.

_ 1 rench People. Les Francois peiut par eux-mSmas.
[Physiologic du Cafetier et du Cafe’.J 1841.

Friedcls, Bavid. Medicinische Bedenckeu Ac. [See
under Tea.] ' ^

Fromberg, P. F. II. De uitsterviug van Koffieboomen
in de residentie Kadoe. Batavia. 1852. 80.

Fromberg, P. F.ll. Over het watergehalte in vers-
chillende luchtdrooge koffie-soorteu. Batavia. 1852. 80.

luchs. Max. i ie geographische Verbreitung des
Kaltee baumes. Eiac pflauzeu geograph iscije studie
Leipzig. 1886. 80.

Galeano, Giuseppe. II Cafe’, Ac. Paleimo. 1674
4o.

Galland, Antoine. De l origine et du proCTrez du
Cafe’, &c. Caen. 1699. 12o. ”

Garani. Dejeuner, le lait, le < afe’, le the’. Ipl. 2 11.

Gardner, George, F.L.8. Over de bruino schulzilkte"
of boomluis in de koifijplantsoenen op C. ylou. Ams-
terdam. 1859. 80.

Gardner, George. F.L.S. Report on the Coffoe-Buir
of Ceylon. 1848. [Reprinted 1885.]

Gamier, .1 | e- Couthier, J. A'.l An Parisinis Ac.
[See under Tea.]

Gastinel. Me'moire sur I’Arseniate de Cafeine et
I’Acide tanno-arsenieux consid6r6s comme agents
fe’brifuges. [Ex. Me’m. de Inst. Egyptien. Vol. I.]
Paris. 1863. 4o.

15°

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, t, 1896.

im Krieg
Stuben.

Oai/anf, Ludovicns. An n, freqnentiori Coffeao potn
vita] brevior ? Paris. 1715. 4o.

Gentil, vl. A. Dissertation sar le cafe’. Paris.
1787. 8o.

Geoiyii, Joannes Christophorus Samson, liesp. Dis-
sertalio inauguratis inedica de Coffee. Praes. J, G.
Gmelin. Tnbingae. [1752.] 4o.

Geschichte.. Geschichte imd Beschreibung, d'c. [See
under Te.a..]

Gespraech. Gespraech zwischen dermahl

7 verwikelten Nationeu in einer Caffe

Germ. A' Fr. [Augsburg. 1760?! s. sh. fob
Geri(jland, Xatalis Maria de. Dissei tatio au Tabaco
per nares suinto substitui possit Coffee pulveratum.
liesp. Duchanoi/. Paris. 1772. 4o.

Geijer, Ernest Ehrenfried. Au po'us Cafe’ dicti
vestigia in hebraea, scriptura, &c. WiUeubergae. 1740.
4o.

Ghemmenich, Paidus a. Carmen jocos'orum. [Coffee,
p. 210-219 J 1746.

Girardin. Sur le cafe’ avarie’. 18:i4.

Girajid, -1. C. Le Cafe’ perfectionne’ par M. Giraud.
Ouvrage entierenient ine’dit. Paris. 1846 8o.

Giraud, .1. G. Cafe’s de Paris proce’de's unirpie pour
la pre’paratiou du cafe', &o. [Cet ouvrage.. .ne se
trouve chez aucun libraire.] Paris.

Ghditsch, .Tohann Ootthe.h. liesp.
abusu, cat a jgue morborum augeute
Plaz. L'['siae. [1733.] 4o.

Gmelin,./. G. Praes. See above.

Geoldi, Emil. Eelatorio sobre a mole.i'.i
na p' ovincia do Kio de Janeiro. 1887.

Goldberg, J. Dissertatio inauguralis medico-pbar-
macologica de coffea. Vindobonae. 1830 8o.

Goldgruhe. Goldgrube Deutschlands, &c. [See

under 'Pea.] _ , t

Goldoni, Carlo. Das Kaffeehaus. [Sumuthche Lust-
spich des Herren C. G. gr. Band.] Leipzig. 1767-74.

Goldoni, Carlo. Bottega del Cafe’. Comedie 3 acts.
[En prose Italiennel. Eepresente'e il Mantoue. 1750

Goring-Schmidt

1853. 8o.

D p.)tils Cafe
Praes. A. G.

Georgii, J. C. S.
, do cafeeiro

lib

Ausliindische &c. [ See under Tea.]
van. Voortbrengelen &c. [See

See Ca/6. Le Cafe’ des Artistes.

Gorkom, K
under Tea.]

Gosse, ’Etienne,

&c. [1800.] 8o. ....

Gourcietf, Olivier de. Le Caffe’, dpitre attribuee a
Senece’ ’ publide sur le mauuscrit inedit avee un
avantpropos par O. de G. Nantes. 1883. 8o.

Grafstrom, C. J. Kaffee och Chokolad, &c. Stock-
holm. 1855. 160. r , T T

Grange, Eugene, pseud, let Moinaux, .Jules]. Ije
Cafe’ de la Eue de la Lune : folic-vaudeville, &c. See
Eibliotheque dramatique. tom. 97. 1847. Ac. 8o.

[1862. 12o.] ,

Green, E. Ernest. Observations on the Green-Scale
Bu" in connection with the cultivation of Coffee.
[Colombo? 1886.] fob ^ ^ ,

Grenroth. liesp. Dissertatio. Enfaldige tankar om
Caffe’ och inhemska Worter som pliige banker i des
stiille. Praes. P. Kalm. Abo. 1755. 4o.

Grigson, Edwd. S. Coffee Culture in Ceylon:
on the Manuring of Estates. Colombo. 1877. 8o

[Second edn. 1878.] „ ra

Grimm, lleur. Nie. Beschi#ibung &c. [See under

I

Grimmann, .Joannes Nicolaus. Abhandlung vom
Schaden des Coffee. Praes. M. Alberti. 1758. Ac. 8o.

Grindel, D. II. Chino-Surrogat, oder ein neues
Arzeneimittel. Zweite Auflage. [Advocates an ex-
tract of unroasted coffee as a substitute for cinchona.]
Leipzig. 1809. 8o.

Groli, Alois. Der Kaffee klatsch. Komische inter-
mezzo f Ur zwei Fra uenstimmen. Leipzig. [1884.] fob
Groot. Groot misbruik Ac. [See under Tea.]
Guhian, J. M. A. Dissertation sur le Cafe’. Paris.
1814. 4o.

Guirin-Meneville, Felix Edouard. Sur un insecte
qui ravage les Cafe’iers aux Antilles. 1842.

Guillemain. Clias. Jacob. Le Cafe des Halles:

corae’die. See Cafe. 1781. 8o. i rw ’ ioq-j

Guimaraes. Do 1’ usage et do 1 abus du Cafe . 188.1.

Hahnemann, Samuel Christian hricdrich. Dor Kaffee
in seinen Wirkungen. Leipzig.
llalberstaedter. Blatter— . . Gcschichtc der Kaffee.

1799.

Haldane, It. (I. See Prins, //. ./. De Oeretolaag
in de koffietuinen op Java. [Containing the Dutch
translation of some extracts oiR. C. H.’s “All about
Grub.] 1885. 8o.

Haldane, U. C. All about Grub. . .Being the result
of observations on the cockchafer and their larvae,
in connection with Coffee Planting, Ac. A. M. A J.
Ferguson. Colombo. 1881. 8o.

Halem, .1. von. Des Kaffeehaus, oder des ueue
Schauspieb Lustspiel von Don Jj. Fernandez de Mora-
tin. Ac. Bremen. 1835. 8o.

Hammond, II. Afhandling om Ragdrik til Caffe.
Kjobuhavu. 1770 8o.

Handleiding. Handleiding voor de Gonvernements-
kofhecultuur. Batavia. 1873. 8o.

Hanson, Reginald. Tea, Coffee, Ac. [See under Tea.]

Harman, F. E. Coffee Jjeaf Disease. 1880.

Hawes, Chas. JVm. Hawes’ Handbook to Temper-
ance Hotels and Coffee Taverns. Uxbridge. 1 886. 12o.

Heer. Rotterdams Coffyhuis Gesprek, Ac. See
Boer.

Heerlein. Das Cofl'ein und das Kaffeedistillat.
Jllustr. 1892.

Henrg, Jas. M.D. A Letter, Ac. [See under Tea.]

Hensler, Christian Friedrich. Das Caffcchaus. Opera.
Wien. 1804. 8o.

/^erohl, David Gottlob, liesp. Dissertatio inaugu-
ralis medica de fabis Coffee, earumque sub infuso
usu et abusu. Praes. H. Ludolf. Erfordiae. [1724.] 4o.

Herwerden, J. D. van. Desorganisatie en toekomst
der gouvernements — hoffij cultuur. ’s Gravenhage.
1876. 8o.

Hencerden, J, D. van. Beschrijving van de Koffij —
en suiker-cultuur in het plat Maleisch en Javaansch.
Ac. ’s Gravenhage. 1856. 8o.

Herz, Sam. Dissertatio de usu et abusu potus
Coffee. Duisb. 1747. 4o.

Hewitt, lioht. Coffee : its history, cultivation, and
uses... and a Map of the world showing the several
places where coffee is, or may be produced, Ac.
New York. 1872. 8o.

Hegl. Klinische Beobachtunger iiber den Coffein,
sulfosaure Natrium als Diareticum. 1874.

Hei/renbach, Johann Caspar. Medicua sui ipsius Ac.
[See under Tea.]

Hiern, U’m. I’hilip. On the African species of the
Genus Coffea. [Linn. Trans.] 1876. 4o.

Hilscher, Simon Paulus. Proempticon inaugurale
de abusu potus Caffee iu sexu sequiori. Jenoe.
[1727.] 4o.

Hindleg, Chas. Tavern Anecdotes and Sayings,
including the origin of signs.

Hints. Practical Hints on Coffee Stall Management,
and other temperance work for the laity. London.
1886. So.

Hofer, P'ranz Jos. Abhandlung vom Kaffee, Ac.
Fraukfurt und Leipzig. 1781. 8o.

Holle, K. F. Proef-handleiding voor de kultuur
en gewone inlandische bereiding von Koffij. [Batavia.
1863.] 8o.

Home, John. [Author of “Douglas.’’] Le Caffe’
ou I’Ecossaise, comedie.. .par Mr. Hume., .traduite
en Fraii9ois [or rather written by P . M. Aronet de
Voltaire]. Londres. 1760. 12o. A 8o [New edn.
1761. 8o.]

Hoshea, Daniel. A Planter’s Parlance on Coffee
Cultivation. [In Tamil.] Manippay. 1872. 12o.

hoger, A. Den nyttige Ac. [See under Tea.]

Huchard, P . E. V. Henri. Clinique medicale. De
la Cafdine. 1888.

Hughes, .John. Ceylon Coffee Soils and Manures.
A Report to the Ceylon Coffee Planters’ Association.
London. 1819. 8o.

IDdl, Edmund C. P. Coffee : its physiology, history,
and cultivation ; adapted as a work of reference for
Ceylon., .and the Neilgherries. Madras. 1865. 8o.

Hull, Edmund C. P. Coffee Planting in Southern
India and Ceylon. Being a second edition., .enlarged
of *• Coffee, its physiology, Ac.’’ London. 1877. 8o.

Humours. The Humours of whist. A dramatic
satire, as acted every day at White’s aud other coffee
houses and assemblies. London. 17-13. 8o.

Huss, Magnus. Om Kaffe, des bruk och missbruk:
en folkskrift. Stockbolm. 1865. 8o.

Husson, C. Le Cafe’ la bibro et le tabac, (5tude
physiologique et ch^niiquo. Paris. 1879. 12o,

Sept, i, 1896.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Ireuicus [oc Ierema»2 Beweis dass der Missbranch
des Coffeetrankes ad moi'toa exauthematicos. . . .dis-
poniere. Altdorf. 1762. 8o. [1st. edu. Niirnberg
1761. 8o.]

Italian Pomis. Poemetti Italiani. [Edited by Oouut
Vincenzo Marenco.] 12 vol. [Vol. 3. II Caffe’.] Torino.
1797. 12o.

Ittner, Franciscus Georgius Ignotius. 1‘raes. See
Weidenlmsch , X. Disaertatio.. .de noxiaex abuau potus
Caffe in corpore humano. <tc. [1769.] 4o.

Jacobson, Joseph. Het Koffij-veiling-atelsel in Neder-
land ontvouwd. Rotterdam. 1869. 8o.

James, F. A Parable of the Coffee Batate, intended
chiefly for the cooliea engaged in the Coffee Plan-
tationa in Ceylon. [In Tamil.] Palamcottah. 1880.
8o.

James, Robert. A Treatise, &c. [See under Tea.]

Java. Hoe wordt de Kofhj-kultuur in de Soenda-
Landan of Java productiever gemaakt voor het Gou-
vernement '? &c. Ultrecht. 1865. 8o.

Javanese Coffee Rales. Eenige opmerkingen betrek-
kelijk de Java Kofhj-Veilingen. ’a Hertogenboach.
1858. 8o.

Johannsen, 0. XJeber die Wirkungen dea Kaffein.
[Dorpat.] 1869. 8o.

Jolly, Stewart. Captn. See Aliquis. Coffee Plant-
ing in Ceylon. A Poem. London. 1861. 8o.

Jomand, Jules. Du Cafe’. See Academies — Paria —
Ecole de medecine — Collection des theaea, &c. an
1860. tom. 5. 1839. &c. 4o.

Jones, Cajitain, Dicellist. Saturday, Nov. 6. A
full., .account of the., .duel that was fought last night
between Capt. .Jones and Mr. N. Nugent. ..at Lucas’s
Coffee House on Cork Hill. Dublin. 1725. a. ah. fol.

Jones, Captain. Duellist. The tryal.. .of Capt. Jones
...24th of Nov. 1725. ..for the murder of N. Nugent
at Lucas’s Coffee House on Cork Hill, the 5th inst.
&c. Dublin. 1724. for rather 1725.] a. ah. fol.

Joosten, J. -1. <6 Co. Bedenkingen over de Koffij-
veilingen der Nedeiiandsche Handel-maatschappij.
Amsterdam. 18*'0. 8o.

Joosten, ./. A. cC- Co. Het nieuwe systeem van
Koffijveilingender NederlandscheHandelmaatschappij.
[Amsterdam. 1866.] So.

Joosten, J. A. <D Co. De Koftieveilingen der Neder-
landsche Handelmaatschappij. ’a Gravenhage. 1866.
8o.

Jorgenson, P. Opfordeiug til alle Caffe elskere, af
J. C. Christ oversat. Odense. 1804, 1807. 8o.

Joseph, A. Bhmshi. Knuckles Coffee Poem, with
English Translation, i In Tamil.] 18 — 8o.

Julia de J ontenelle, .Jean Sehastien Eugene. Manuel
du Limonadier, &c. See Ifalpeyre, F. 1862. 18o.

■hiniper Lecturer. The Juniper Lecturer corrected,
and his Latin., .nonsence paraphrased ; also, the coffee-
scuffler cuffed and kicked, &c. [In verse, Latin.]
London. 1662. 4o.

■lus.sieu, Antonins de. Description et icon Coffeae
prima et bona. 1713.

Jussieu, Antonius de. Cereus spinosus cum flore :
and de Coffea Borbonieusi spontanea. 1716.

Jussieu, Antonius de. Thesis. Ergo literatis salu-
bris Coffeae usus. Paris. 1741. 4o. [Ascribed also
to ./. do ./ussieu.}

Jussieu, Bernard de. [et }funu‘.r.'] Ergo omni tem-
pore et actate salubris potus Coffeae. Paris. 1743. 4o.

( To be continued.)

«

THE REPRODUCTION OF THE
ORANGE FROM SEED.

In your issue of April 25, 1896 (p. 527], I notice
Mr. C. Wolley Dod suggests that it is generally
believed by gardeners that Orange tifees raised from
the seed of a sweet Orange produce bitter fruit
unless grafted on to the sweet Orange tree. As I
am somewhat familiar with Orange-growing in Florida,
having spent several years here in studying the
industry, it may not be out of place for me to give
some notes regarding t’nis.

SWEET OKANGE (ciTUUS AUUANTIUM).

The seed from the fruit of the sweet Orange, I
think, we may safely conclude, invariably produces

sweet Oranges unless they are the results of hybridi-
sation with some other species or variety. The
evidence, however, is somewhat conflicting. The
experiments of Gallesio, published in 1811, seem to
show conclusively that the belief that they produce
bitter fruit, which Mr. Dod suggests is quite generally
held by gardeners, is erroneous. In his Traite du
Citrus, Gallesio says, “ I have during a long series
of years sown pips of sweet Oranges, taken some-
times from the natural tree and sometimes from
Oranges grafted on bitter Orange trees or Lemon
trees. The result has always been trees bearing sweet
fruit, and the same has been observed for more
than sixty years by all gardeners of Finale. There
is no instance of a bitter Orange tree from seed of
sweet Oranges, nor of a sweet Orange from the seed
of bitter Oranges. ... In 1709, the Orange trees of Fi-
nale, having been killed by frost, the practice of rais*
ing sweet Orange trees from seed was introduced,
and every one of these plants produced the sweet- juiced
fruit.”

Maefadyen’s statement regarding the experience in
Jamaica is, however, in opposition to Gallesio. Macfad-
yen says, “ It is a well-established fact familiar to
everyone wi o has been any length of time in this
island, that the seed of the sweet Orange very fre-
quently grows up into a tree bearing the bitter fruit,
numerous well-attested instances of which have come
to my own knowledge. I am not aware, however, that
the seed of the bitter Orange has ever grown up into
the sweet-fruited variety.” Duebassaing says that in
Guadeloupe the sweet Oranges often yield bitter fruit,
while according to Dr. Erust, at Caracas they sometimes
yield sour but not bitter fruit. Brandis, who is con-
sidered one of the highest authorities on this subject,
relates that at Khasia, in India, so far as he can verify
the fact, the extensive plantation of sweet Oranges
are from the seed.

It IS difficult to harmonise these conflicting state,
ments. The very extensive experience of Orange
growers in Florida, California, and Louisiana entirely
corroborates Gallesio’s statement. In Florida for many
yeais the policy has been extensively followed
of growing trees from seeds of sweet Oranges and
in all cases known to tlie writer, sweet Oianaes
usually of a very fair quality, have been produced’
Indeed, the fruit of the sweet seedling Orange treei
in Florida is of superior quality to the fruit com-
monly imported into the United States, and jg vvell-
known in the markets of New York, Piiiladelnhin
ifec. Probably one-forth of the Florida Oranee
groves, which in the season of 1894-95 yielded over
one billion Oranges, are sweet seedling trees It is
so thoroughly understood that see is froni sweet
fruit produce sAeet Oranges of a fair quality that
no grower has any hesitation to i-ear extensive
groves from sweet seed trees. Since the severe freezes
of the winter of 1894-95, which killed to the ground
almost all of the trees in the State, many groves
which were originally budded on sweet stock are
being re-grown by allowing sprouts, which have been
thrown up by the sweet seedling stock, to grow
into trees without budding. This illustrates how well
it is know, I by Florida growers that sweet seedling
Orange trees produce go d sweet fruit. In Louisiana
tiiid California sweet seeding trees have also been
grown to considerable extent, »ud always so far
as I can learn, with the same results that from seeds
of sweet Oranges sweet fruit is produced.

Mr. William Fawcett, director of the Jamaica
public gardens, states that, “The evidence goes to
show that Maefadyen’s experience was exceptional in
finding that the seeds of the sweet Orange sometimes

produced trees with bitter fruit TJie danger in

planting seedlings of the sweet Orange appears^ti be
small,”* Mr. Syme also says,f “ The popular opinion
in Jamaica that the majority of the seeds of a sweet
Orange will produce sour Orange plants is not quite
well founded, though there need be little surprise felt
if a goodly proportion of the trees are productive of
sour fruits. It may be safely asserted that there are
few good sweet Orange trees in this island (Jamaica)

* Bull Bot. Department of Jamaica, No. 4, Nov., 1887,
t Bull. Bot. Department of Jamaica, No. 42, April, 1893|

152

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

so isolated from inferior varieties, sour-fruited Shad-
dock, Grape-fruit, Citron, Lemon, or Lima trees as to
be beyond the influence of the fecundating pollen of
the latter. It is iuferentially chiefly to this influence,
rather than to an inherent tendency in the tissue, that
many seedlings, raised from sweet Orange seed, exhibit
what may be termed degenerate or unmarketable fruits.”
In the Reports from the Consuls of the United States
on fruit culture in their several districts, in answer
to a circular from the Department of State, sweet
Oranges are reported to be grown wholly or largely
from seeds in the following places: Morocco, Guerrero
(Mexico), Ecuador, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Porto Rico,
Svria Sidon, Philippine Islands, Naples, Azores
Islands, Spain, &c.*

Far the greater portion of the evidence, it will pe
seen from the above discussion, supports the belief
that seeds from sweet Oranges coinmonly produce
sweet fruits. When bitter or sour fruits result
from planting sweet Orange seed, it is probable that
other seeds have been accidentally mixed with them
or that they are the results of accidental hybridisation.
Sweet Oranges are almost invariably grown near sour
Oranges, Lemons, Limes, Pomelos, Ac., and it is not
greatly to be wondered at that from seeds formed
under such conditions a hybrid occasionally arises.
Both Fawcett and Synie tbink this is what misled
Macfadyen. Stubbs and Morgan f also mention this
as one of the main causes cf the variation in the
quantity of seedling Oranges. That perfectly fertile
seeds may be obtained by hybridising the different
snecies of Citrus I have incidently proven in the
course of pollination experiments which I have been
conducting under the direction of the U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. The following instances may

be cited — . . r.,

Parson Navel Orange ( a local variety of the common
sweet Orange, Citrus aurantium), which is commonly
seedless, crossed with pollen from the acid Lime
(Citrus liinetta), produce throe full seeds, which were
planted, and gave four seedlings, two embryos of one
seed developing.

St Michael Blood Orange (Citrus aurantium), crossed
with pollen of Grape-fruit or Pomelo (Citrus decumana)
formed fifteen well-developed seeds, which were planted,
and gave twenty-two seedlings. If seeds thus artificially
hybridised are fertile, there is no reason to doubt
that S3cds accidentally hybridised may be fertile.^

In each of the above cases the number of seedlings
resulting is in excess of the number of seeds planted.
This introduces an interesting feature into experi-
ments of nature. It is a well-known fact that
most species of citrons fruits produce several embryos,
some seeds producing as many as twenty-live ; only
from one to three of these, however, commonly
develop. Criiger, Schacht, Hofmeister, Strasburger
and others have carefully studied this interesting
polyembryonic development ; and it appears, so far
as we yet know, that only one of the embryos in each
seed is formed by the act of fecundation, the others
being what are termed adventive embryos, developing
from the side of the embryo sac. It is thus probable
that only the sexually-developed embryo w'ill bo
influenced by the hybridisation. As two to three
•mbryos frequently develop from a seed, even in
cases of hybridisation some of the seedlings, those
from adventive embryos, will probably produce true
to the parent bearing the fruit.

While seedlings of the sweet Orange produce sweet
fruit similar to those produced by the parent, there
is yet much variation in the fmit from such seedlings.
Commonly it can hardly be distinguished from the
parent, but many are of much inferior quality, and
occasionally one producing fruit superior to that of
the parent tree may be found. This uncertainty in
the quality of the fruit is what renders budding or
m-afting desirable in this industry as in others.
Tiiere is however, by no means so great a difference
b tween’ the fruit of the common seedling and that

* Fndt Culture in Foreign Countries. Special Consular
Reports Washington, 1S9J.

+ Stubbs and Morgan, The Or<mgn an, I other Citrous
J<dits from Seed to Market. Special Bulletin, Louisi-
*ana State Experiment Station, 18a3, p. 19.

of the best budded varieties as occurs in certain
other fruits, such as the Pear and Apple. If sweet
seedlings are to be grown, the seed should betaken
from selected seedling trees, known to produce good
fruit, which aro isolated from trees of other varieties
and species. By such selection one would avoid the
probability of obtaining seeds affected by crossing or
hybridising with other varieties, and may be quite sure
that the trees from such seeds will produce good fruit.

The various improved varieties of the sweet Orange,
such as the Hart’s Late (Tardive), Jaffa,;Majorca.Ruby,
&c., cannot be depended upon to produce true through
the seed. The policy of budding the trees to selected
varieties cannot be too strongly recommended.

Bitter ok Sour Orange (tknius Big.abadia.)

Whether the bitter or sour Orange be classed spe-
cifically with the sweet Orange, or is considered as a
distinct species, the fact remains that the varieties
n cultivation are totally distinct in foliage, fruits
and character of branching, from the sweet Orange,
and that both are reproduced true through the seed.
The seed of sour Oranges invariably produce sour
fruit of the same general character. It is true the
fruit of seedlings vai'y slightly in shape, size, taste,
thickness of rind, Ac., as in the case of sweet Oranges,
but they are neverthele.ss distinctly sour Oranges.
Gallesio says, “The sour Orange produces many seeds
w'hich alwa3's reproduce sour Oranges.”

The sour Orange was introduced into Florida very
early, probably by the Spanish, and escaping from
cultivation, spread over the central and southern
portions of the State. When comparatively recently
— about 1870 — interest was awakened here in the
Orange industry, extensive wild sour Orange groves
were found in many places. One of these, at Citra,
Florida, contained some 500 acres. These wild groves
have mostly been cu: off and budded, so that now
but few of the original trees can be found. I have
examined a number of these old original trees, and
have always found them to produce comparatively
the same fruit. The fruit from those old wild trees,
furthermore, does not noticeably differ so far as I
have been able to determine, from the fruit of numerous
cultivated sour Orange seedlings, one or two of which
are found in almost every grove in the State. As
these seedlings scattered through the groves of the
State are unquesti mably descendants from seeds of
the wild sour Oranges found here, the identity of
the fruit is significant in this connection. I have made
some enquiry of pioneer Orauge growers who cut off
and budded many of the wild sour Orange trees,
and have been unable to learn of any marked difference
having been observed in the character of the fruit
on different wild trees. Orange growers here invariably
feel sure of obtaining sour Oranges when sour Orange-
seed is planted. Jferhert J. ITebbcr, Special Agent,
United States Department of Agriculture, Subtropical
Laboratonj, Eustis, Florida. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

FERTILIZER 5 FOR SPECIAL CROPS.

Wo are frequently asked to recommend fertilizers for
particularcrops, aud in doing so advise for one a fertilizer
rich in phosphates, for another afertilizer rich in potash,
aud for another one rich in nitrogen. Our friends fre-
quently tell us that they find a difficult}' in getting the
special ingredient they need for the particular crop in
the ordinary brands of fertilizers on the market, and
especially is this so in the matter of potash. To secure
the quantity of potash needed, they have to buy much
more phosphate than the crop requires. As a rule this
is so. The average fertilizer does not contain usually
more than from six to ten per cent, of potash. Often, in
order to get 100 pounds of potash to the acre, it wdl be
necessary to buy nearly a ton and a half of superphos-
phate, which will contain something near 9.50 pounds of
available phosphoric acid, which is about 200 pounds
more than most crops need, and will cost from $11 to
$10. 'The same amount of potash as is contained in this
ton and a half can be had by purchasing 200 pounds of
muriate of potash, at a cost of from $1 to $5. If a soil
is deficient in potash, or if the crop to be raised needs a
large amount, the cheapest and best way to supply the
need is to buy muriate of potash or kainit. Grasses,
clover, corn, and vegetables of all kinds need potash.
— Southern I’lanltr.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Sept, r, 1896.]

PUBLIC COMPANIES AND THEIR bEPURTS.

We recently listened to a discussion relative
to tlie respective ineiits of the reports issued by
the tea companies connected with Cejdon. This
discussion assumed the form mainly of argument
for and against the directors issuing such reports
either giving or withholding the fullest infor-
mation. Each course found its supporters : one
side holding the view that it was not desirable
to make the reports exhaustive of information
for the reason that the outside public became
possessed of knowledge that the shareholders alone
could claim, ami that the last could obtain fuller
detail when they desired it on api)lication at
the oflices of the companies. Those who did not
coincide with this view urged that the allairs
of companies should be to a very large extent
public property. They argued that the general
public, as investors in shares, were quite as
much entitled to know the conditions under
which they might purchase as were the actual hold-
ers of those who desired to sell them. We must
say that we agree in the last-stated opinion. All
companies are from their very nature public, not
private atlairs. Directly a registered company claim-
in'' limited liability submits either to jiublic quota-
tion or makes appeal by circular or by advertisement
to "eneral investors, it can no longer, in our
opinion claim to keep back any material facts
from public knowledge. Let us consider in this
connection the position of any person vho may
be desirous of purchasing sliares in a company.
He sees in the lists published daily the quota-
tion of such shares. What has he to guide his
iud<'inent as to whether that quotation is or is
not°to be justified ? He can only rely upon the
judgment of others who have been willing to
pay” the price quoted. In fact, he has to rely
entirely and solely upon the public conlidence
as expressed by tlie published quotations. But
he must certainly be entitled to such informa-
tion as might enable him to form his own in-
dependent judgment ; and this— -not already being
a shareholder and unable to claim detailed in-
formation at beadquarters— he can only obtain
from the directors’ ' reports. He therefore natur-
ally, if exercising due caution before investing,
turn's to those. Now these reports as issued are
of strou''ly divergent character. Some directors,
as we think rightly anrl wisely, issue rei>orts
alVordinc' the fullest )>ossible detail. Others, on
the coiitrary, seem to seek to make them as
bare of information as they possibly can do.
They aim, as it seems to us, not at brevity only,
but at making them as bald and colourless as
is possible. Surely the latter course cannot be
fair towards the public interests concerned. And
ue hold even a stronger view than this. We
say that ilirectors cannot be justified in their
adoption of such reticence as to the affairs they
direct. There is given to them a very great,
and, in some respects, a dangerous privilege.
They may incur indebtedness to any amount they
may sec' fit, while they are relieved as to re-
spo'nsibility for it beyond a certain limitation,
that of th'eir available capital as represented by
individual investment. Surely the exercise of
this privilege demands a quid pro rjuo for the
public who may trust them ; who may, on the
faith of the directors holding nothing back, sup-
ply them on credit with goo'ls or cash. It is
not therefore the shareholders alone that should
receive full confidence. Other inteie.sts out.side
of that body demand it, but these have not the
power of examining into details. hen, tl>eie-
fore we see a report that evidently aims at
with’holding that full confidence, we feel our
20

IS3

pursestrings tighten as regards the company
issuing it. It is not for the directors to urge
that full revelations might affect the value of
their shares. They claim and possess a privilege
which can only be due to them so long as every-
one is enlightened as to their position. Limited
companies can in no sense be private. Publicity
is the condition of their being.

MORE CEYLON TE.\ COMPANIES:

GREAT SUCCESS IN THE FLOATING OP
THE GALLAHA ESTATES AND
AGENCY CO.

The linancial papers by this mail announce
the legistration of the “Midland (Ceylon) Tea
Plantations Co., Ld.,” with a capital of £60,000
to acquire and work the well-known properties
of Gneiss Bock and Strathellie ; but this will be
regarded as old news in Ceylon as it was in
“the Lane,” on being referred to. The Com-
pany is evidently a private one chiefly, and the
provision of the full amount of capital required
a foregone conclusion before registration.

More important, with reference to the credit
of the Colonjq is the very successful way in
which “The Gallaba Ceylon Tea Estates and
Agency Co., Limited,” with a capital of £165,000.
has been floated. True, the vendor Mr. Charles
Straeban, reserved to himself the whole of the
Ordinary shaves (£50,000) as part of the purchase
money — a fact which must have given special
confidence to applicants for the Mortgage De-
bentures and Preference Shares. But, in reality,
no a))plications for debentures were required, the
whole (£55,000) having been subscribed for pri-
vately— indeed many times over, we believe —
before the issue of the prospectus, although the
interest was placed at 5 per cent. All, there-
fore, that was oilered to the public, with less
than two days allowed for application, were the
£60,000 of six per cent pi'eference shares ; and
considering the circumstances, it is perhaps not
surprising, though very satisfactory, that the
amount required was at once subscribed four-
fold. This, certainly, betokens full confidence
in our Tea Enterprise and the continued pros-
perity of Ceylon. It will have been noted front
the prospectus that the area under tea and
cardamoms has been priced at the comparatively
moderate rate of £47 5s per acre ; and with so
extensive and well-equipped a Factory as that
on Gallaba and the Colombo business, centrally
situated, under a Manager so well-known for
his experience and .sound judgment, a pros-
perous career for the Company may Well be
anticipated.

Both the Midland and Gal! .ha Tea Com-
panies have our best wishes for their success.

J.F.

CACAO IN MEXICO.

In the interesting report by Sir Henry Dering on
tha“ Oiiltivatiou of Cacao in Mexico,” reproduced
in he Journal of the Society oj Arts for June 19, p.
059 it is stated ” The species of cacao tree most
cultivated in Mexico are — Cacao, or Thcobroma ovali-
folia, T. hieolof, T. augustifolia. There are other
kinds known, generally found growing wild, which
come under the head of the Guazuma or guacimn,
Guazuma polypotrya being the principal species..*
The latter part of this extract puzzled us a good
deal, and we addressed a letter on the subject to
the Foreign-office, and asked for specimens. These
having arrived we found that they belonged entirely
to Theobroma bkolor, and had no relation whatever

154

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

to the genus Guazuma, as stated in the report. The
point is, that that there are no other kinds of cacao
growing wild which come under Gauzuma 2>olijhotrija,
or any species allied to it. As information of this
kind ultimately finds its way into text-books, and
becomes incorporated into the literature of cacao,
the Director thought it desirable to draw your at-
tention to it, in order that the readers of the
may be placed in possession of the further facts re-
cently obtained from Mexico.

D. Mobris, Assistant Director.

Kew, 20th June, 1896.

— Journal of the hiociety of Arts, June 26.

■ -•

THE YATIYANTOTA AND WE OYA
TEA COMPANIES.

Proposed Amai.gamation.

At present negotiations are in progress for the
amalgamation of the two tvell-known Ceylon Tea
Companies — the Yatiyantota and We Ova. The
subject is under the consideration of the Directors
of the respective Companies, and in due course
any scheme of amalgamation which may be
approved by them w'lll be submitted^ to the
shareholders. Of course, until this is done,
nothing can be decided, but we learn, that it is
proposed that the amalgamation should take
place as from 1st .January next, which is the
end of the financial year ot both tlie Companies
concerned.

THE APPLE-TAINTED TEA QUESTION.

The London correspondent of our contem-
porary says:— . , , ^ ,

The Tea and Produce Committee of the Ceylon
Association in London ivill meet on Monday next
to go into the matter of the claims for tea tainted by
apples that I recently made mention of, and to con-
sider a letter from Messrs. Anderson Anderson & Co.
Already warning has been sent to Ceylon to
avoid ships laden with the pippins we so greatly ap-
preciate here, and the attitude that Messrs. Ander-
son Anderson & Co., take up make this the more
advisable. I hear they state that it is a mistake
to think that the tea entered for wharves was
delivered from the ship over-.side direct into barges.
They say it was landed and lay for a time in the
shed with the rest. That exactly the same pre-
cautions were taken by the “Cuzco” and the
“ Anstral ” to protect the tea from damage as have
been taken always both before and since tlie com-
plained of cargo. And they claim that except in the
case of the two above-named ships no suggestion
of damage has been made. They say that
on every occasion up to now the tea and apples
have been stowed in special liolds wdtli •watertight
bulks between them. They make the admission
that one of the passengers per the “ Austral ”
sent to the ship with her'baggage a box containing
about a dozen apples. This was placed in one of
the holds with the rest of the passenger’s baggage,
not being recognised as containing apples. They
say it is impossible for a dozen apples to have
tained several thousand packages of tea. But if
one passenger sent a dozen apples which were
not recognised, might not fifty passengers have
wished to bring home as presents more or less
of the fruit and their cases also have been passed
into the passengers’ baggage hold? But whether
one or fifty passengers had fruit on board Messrs.
Anderson Anderson & Co. , consider that having
regard to the terms of their bill of lading the
ship would not be liable. The matter is, of
course, in the hands of their lawyers, and it
remains to be seen wliat stand tliey will take
when the matter lias been handled by the Tea
and Produce Committee.

IMPKOVED CEYLON TEA.

[from an occasional CHICAGO CORRESPONDENT.]

We have been favored with something entirely new
and different in the tea line. While it is a Ceylon
tea, it is so entirely unlike all other Ceylon teas
that no comparison should be made. Lovers of good
teas are indebted to Messrs. Franklin MacVea^ &
Co., Chicago, for this article. The way they be-
came possessed of it was in the following manner :
For years they realized that Ceylon grew a very
grand tea, and beginning wiih the close of the World’s
Fair they commenced corresponding with leading
growers of teas in the island of Ceylon, with the
aim of getting them to prepare or cure a tea that
would be suitable to the American trade.

In the past, Ceylon’s trade had been from the
British Isles and Australia. These countries use
five times the quantity of tea per person that is
used by the American people — in fact, these coun-
tries use tea the same as we use coffee, and their
aim has always been to get a tea to take the place
of coffee ; consequentlj', they prepare a fermented tea,
and the greater the fermentation the better they
like it, as it makes a tea very heavy and malty ; but
this very taste, we found, was disliked by all American
tea-drinkers. We are very partial to a light, flavory,
delicate tea.

Samples were sent to Ceylon of the very higher
grade of Foi'mosa Oolongs, China, Greens and Japans,
to show what kinds of teas were liked in America.
This was back in the fall of 1894. The Ceylon fac-
tors commenced and made a great many experiments,
but not until two years afterwards were they able to
cuie a tea that had all the fine aroma left in it, and
did not possess that malty, bitter taste that goes
■with a tea prepared for the English market. To get
the beautiful bouquet that this tea has, it must be
grown in the mouutain district, as a high altitude is
absolutely necessary to grow this kind of a tea.

There is something very different in this tea from
all other teas. Some people, the first time they
drink it, do not like it on account of its being so
unlike the tea they have been using for years ; the
second time they drink it they do not dislike it, but
the third time is the charm. It has a delicious
bouquet and mellowness that no other tea possesses,
and after it is drank a few times, one becomes a
lover of it in a greater degree than of any tea that
has ever been before the public.

It is a wonderfully economical tea also, as not
over 01 e-half the usual quantity is necessary ; if
you use a teaspoonful to a cup of other teas only
use a half tea spoonful of this tea.

To briefly summarize : This wonderful tea is

grown and specially prepared for (he American
trade. It is the only unfermented Ceylon tea on
the market. It steeps a beautiful bright-colored
liquor, and has great fragrance. It is not malty and
bitter, as all Ceylon and India teas are. Bruno.

[We publish the above as a matter of trade news.
Many believe that the tea of the future is to come
from Ceylon and India. We have tested the above
tea and find it of fine flavor, light liquor and nearly
free from the pronounced sweetish taste character-
istic of most of the Ceylon and India tea. It is
claimed, and upon a sound basis, that frequent use
of these teas will overcome that prejudice which
first comes to (he user of Ceylon and India tea,
and that the user will become wedded to it and
never go back to his old favorite. We are not yet
a convert from the use of fancy Formosa, but we
know others that are. Investigators can probably
secure a sample of the tea described by “ Bruno,”
by addressing Franklin MaeVeagh it Co., Chicago,
and mentioning this article. — Ed.] — American Grocer,
June 10.

“The Agricueturae Ledger.”— From the
Government of India we have received Nos. 18
and 20 of 1895 and No.s. 5, 6 and 7 of 1890 of
this valuable publication. No. 5 of 189(5 contains
a rejirint of Mr. David Hooper’s note on camphor
leaf oil (whicli we printed some time ago), and
an introduction by the editor, Dr. George Watt,
which we give elsewhere.

SePt. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

155

THE HANKOW TEA SEASON

“ Wet weather has seriously affected the first
crop teas, as regards both quality and quantity.”

Chestnut.

From distant Hankow goes the groan
That the first crop is damaged by rain :

So well may the poor chaasze moan,

As grows dimmer his castle in Spain,

As he traverses Yangtze’s fair vale
A voice that is small, still and low
Gently whispers “No longer bewail:

Solve the question of weather or no ” -

Then into his tea room he dives.

Infuses his musters with care.

And hopefully, manfully strives
To discover the pekoe that’s there-
in vain for the flavour of old
He searche-i, but finds it’s no go :

An aroma of graveyard and mould
Leaves no question of weather or no—

Yet he ina^es the tea strong in the cup.

Free from dust, and well twisted the leaf.

The discovery quite bucks him up
As he throws off a sigh of relief —

His orders, he finds, “ bid him pause
Distinctly they say “Sure and slow;’’

Yet in them is no saving clause
On the question of weather or no.

But the ice now once broken, he goes
Imbued with the spirit of fun.

Overboard his clear orders he throws.

And settles a daisy Keemun.

Then follow some tarry Lylings,

And Oon.ams of a qu.ality low :

He smiles as he gleefully sing.s
llegardless of weather or no.

Then he ships a nice fi-owsy Ningchow,

And some slightly Oopacky Oopacks,

Follows suit with a rosy Ilohow,

Which consignees’ pockets may tax :

He works just a bit with the view
That the dearer lots back he may throw,

.So that when his inspecting is through
He’s prepared to face weather or no.

Furious and fast is the race.

The speed’s far too hot to last long.

The export goes creeping apace
And still he is gamy it strong.

The oof bird which lays eggs of gold.

We are killing as fast as we know.

Our shipments are bound to be sold,

In spite of the weather or no.

But in London the stuff is received
By ‘our friends with a look of despair;

“How could you thus us have deceived
With cables and promises f.air?

Your teas the Trade scarce deign to taste,

But despite your loud, jubilant crow.

We .shall quit them with leporine haste.

And whether you like it or no ! ! "

—.V. C. Herald, June 26.

INDIAN PATENTS.

Whereas the inventors of the undermentioned in-
ventions have respectively falfed to pay the prescribed
fees, it is notified that the exclusive privilege of
making, selling, and using the said inventions in British
India and of authorising others so to do has ceased : —

Improvements in and connected with the process
OF EXTRACTING COCOA.— No. 343 of 1891. — Messrs. E. O.
Moser & Co.’s invention for improvements in and
connected with the process of extracting cocoa or
rendering it soluble for the preparation of soluble
cocoa or the manufacture of cocoa powder, chocolate
and the like preparations. (Specification filed 31st
March 1892.)— Indian and Eastern Engineer, July 18.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ROYAL
BOTANIC GARDEN, CALCUTTA,

FOR THE \EAR 1895-96.

No. 16G, dated Royal Botanic Garden, Sibpur, the
12th M^ 1896.

From — Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel George
Kii g, M B., LL.D., F.L s., F.R.S., C.I.E., Superintendent,
Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta,

To— The Secretary to the Government of Bengal,
Financial Department.

I have the honour herewith to submit the 109th
Annual Report of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

The weather of the official year 1895-98. was remark-
able for the great dryness of the months from Octo-
ber to March. Not only did the rainy season end
prematurely, but the showers which are not unusual
about the beginning of January entirely failed this
year, and there was not a single storm from the north-
west. The result of this excessive dryness on the
plants growing out of doors has been disastrous. In
spite of all efforts in the way of artificial watering,
many small plants have died ; and many trees, even
of large size, will be disfigured by the loss of branches
which have withered. The excessive dryness of the
air during the few weeks when the majority of the
orchids came into bloom had the double effect of
reducing the size of these beautiful flowers, and of
hastening their withering. The flowering-trees
out of doors were also stimulated into put-
ting out unusually lai^e numbers of blossoms
of smaller size than usual. The solitary benefit
derived from the drought was that the water
in the Garden lakes fell so low that it was possible,
by cutting some of them off from the supply of water
lifted from the river by the steam-pump, to run
them quite dry, and thus to obtain from their beds
a quantity of earth which will be of great use in
raising the levels of numerous roads which are
much in want of being heightened. Chief amongst
such roads is the avenue leading from the river en-
trance to the Banyan tree. This, which is more than
a third of a mile long, is one of the most prominent
in the Garden. Towards the middle of it the level
sinks, so that the roadway is below the surround-
ing ground. This dejiression not only produces an
unpleasing effect, but it forms a cup in which water
freely collects during the rains. By means of the
earth recovered from the lakes near the road, I
hope, during the year now entered upon, greatly
to improve this avenue, as well as the ground on
each side of it. During the year the Dyer and
Falconer Avenues had their levels raised and
were repaired, the soling bricks and burnc-brick
metal required for the purpose having as usual been
made within the Garden. With the relaying of the
two avenues just mentioned, the eastern half of the
Garden has now' been well supplied with good roads.
Much, however, still remains to be done in the
western half, The Banyan avenue will probably be
taken in hand during the current year, but it will not
be possible to do more. The Roxburgh Avenue
which is in very bad condition during the greater
part of its length ; the Thomson {Avenue, which is
almost unfit for wheeled traffic ; and various shorter
roads will have to lie over for future occasions
when special grants of money can be spared.
During the cold weather the new road running,
from the Shalimar Point to the garden was opened
for traffic by the Public Works Department ;
and, with its opening, people coming to the Garden
by land began to enter it by a gate which was pre-
viously but little used. Anticipating this change,

I had for some years back been improving the
Garden in the neighbourhood of that gate. During
the current year the final touches were put upon
that part of the Garden, and it is now one of the
prettiest spots within its boundaries. The gate itself
is however rather mean and small, and a larger
one ought to be provided as soon as funds per-
mit. A year or two ago the platform on which
Kyd’s Monument stands was paved with marble,
Sir Charles Elliott having made a special
rant of money for the purpose. Last year,
y a similar grant, marble steps to the platform
were provided in supersession of the forme cemented
ones. No buildings were erected in the Garden dur-
ing the year. I had hoped to have been able to
build a new plant-house in the Nursery, but funds
were not sufficient. Such a house ought to be put
in hand as soon as possible. A glass-roofed house
for the display of ferns is still also one of the desi-
derata of the Garden. Few ferns thrive well in the
grass-roofed conservatories which have proved so
perfectly suitable fororchids, palms, ptbei: plaots.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, .1896.

156

In consequence of there not being a glazed conser-
vatory, the public never see the Oarden fern col-
lection, which has to be kept in nursery houses near
the Curator’s quarters. Towards the end of the
official year much v.'as done towards thinning the
large arear^ planted with trees to tlie south-west of
the great Banyan. During the year an interesting
addition to the Garden trees was made in the shape
of a rooted cutting of the sacred /Jo tree of the
temple at Budha Gaya, under a predecessor of which
Sakra Muni, the founder of the Buddhistic faith,
lived and taught. This interesting historic and religious
relic was presented by Mr. G. A. Grierson, ph.d., lately
Magistrate of Howrah. It has been planted on an
island in the large lake ne.ar the big Banyan, from
which, when it grows up, it will be well seen, and
at the same time it will not be easily accessible.

2. Economic Pl.ynts. — At the request of the Re-
norter on Economic Products to the Government of
India, patches of two species of filida were cultivated
in the Garden, with the view of testing the value
of their fibres for weaving an i cordage. The crops
grown on these patches were made over to the officer
jnst mentioned. At his request also quantities of
young plants of -Id// atorfn r«.s/ca were prepared in the
nurseries for issue to tea-planters, a decoction of the
leaves of this plant having a popular reputation as a
powerful insecticide. A few experiments were made'
in the nurseries by the Curator, Mr. B. L. Proud-
lock, with the view of testing the meidts of this decoc-
tion. The results, however, were of a somewhat doubt-
ful nature. The demands for rheea plants were less
numerous than in former years, and the distribution
during the year was proportionately small. Many
hundreds of fruit and timber trees were issued to
public officers in all parts of the Province. The
Director of Laud Records and Agriculture, having
been for some time desirous of obtaining a botanical
report on the various races of wheat grown in Ben-
gal, and being unable to supply adequate materials
for a study of the subject, it was suggested that a
portion of the Sibpur Experimental Farm should be
devoted during the cold weather of 1895-!t() to raising
"wheat from samples of seed supplied from the
' Tarious wheat-growing districts. This suggestion was
acceded to by Mr. Maepherson, and Dr. Prain has
daring the cold season made observations on the
samples of wheat grown in the plot of ground thus
placed at his disposal. His report on the races grown,
and on their relationship to the names they bear in
the different districts, will be in the hands of the
Director of Land Records and Agricult'ure at an
early date.

2. Hf.ubarium. — Work in the Herbarium was
carried on with vigour; and during the year 17,403
specimens were received, while 11,093 carefulljf-
named specimens of Indian plants were issued to
various scientific institutions all over the world.
The chief donors to the Herbarium were the
. Director of the Royal Garden, Kew, who contributed
1,974 specimens, and the Keeper of the Botanical
Department of the Natural History Museum, London,
who transmitted 1,129 duplicate specimens not
required by that institution. Prom Dr. Engler,
Conservator of the Royal Herbarium, Berlin, were
received .'112 specimens, and from the authorities
of the Botanical Museum of the University of
Vienna 1,000. Dr. Hans Schinz, Director of the
Botanic Garden at Zurich, contributed 5.58 ; and the
veteran Baron Von Miieller, Government Botanist in
Melbourne, augmented his former munificent dona-
tions by 100 specimens during the past year.
From American botanists large contributions were
received ; the Smithsonian Institution at Washington
having sent 1,134 specimens, while Messrs. Pringle
contributed 431 Mexican specimens, Mr. Heller
344, and Mr. Nash (of Columbia College, New
York) 703 specimens. The Government of the
Straits Settlements contributed 850 specimens,
collected chiefly in Malacca : and Mr. B. H. Man,
to whom for many previous years the Aerbarium
has been greatly beholden, sent 257 from the
Andaman Islands. Among officers of the Indian
Forest Department who made presentations, there
lia,ve to be mentioned Mr. J. Syko^ G-vmble,

an old and valued contributor, who last year sent
-15(i 9]iecimens from Debra Dun; Mr. W. A. Talbot,
who sent 29 from Canara ; Mr. R. L. Heinig, who
sent 8 from the Sundarbans ; and Mr. J. II. Lace,
who sent bsO from the extreme North-West Him i-
laya. hroni Mr. .1. A. Gammie, of the Government
Cinchona Plantation, 172 specimens were received;
while his son, Mr. G. A. Gammie, having made a
tour in the Sundarbans with the Forest Officer of
that Division, brought back 509 specimens jointly
collected by Mr. Heinig and himself. To the Direc-
tor of the Botanical Survey of Northern India (Mr.
.1, F. Dulhie) the Herbarium is indebted for 669
specimens contributed during the year ; while the
late Mr. M. A. Lawson, Director of the Botanical
Survey of Madras, sent 300 species from Tra-
vancore ; and Mr. Marshall Woodrow, Director of
the Bombay Botanical Survey, sent 34 species col-
lected in the Deccan. A large number of speci-
mens numbering 3,068) were brought in by native
collectors working under the supervision of Mr. R.
Pantliug, of the Cinchona Plantation ; while 578 were
got from Abdul Kholil, a native collector working in
the Shan Hills. The chief recipients of the named
plants issued from the Herbarium during the year
were the Director of the Herbarium at'Kew;'the
Keeper of the Botanical Department at the British
Museum; the Directors of the University Herbaria
at Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Cambridge, Berlin, Zurich,
Florence, Vienna, Utrecht, Leiden, Upsala, and Mel-
bourne; the Directors of the Botanic Gardens at
Buiteuzorg (in .lava), Singapore, Peradeniya (Ceylon);
.M. C. Da Candolle, Geneva; the Director of the
Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris; the Com-
mittee of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington;
the Directors of the Botanical Survey of Northern
India and of the Government Museum at Perak of
the College of Science, Poona, and of the Museum’ at
Madras. Full lists of both receipts and issues will
be found in Appe'.'.dices V and VI of this report.

4. IJolanical puhlicaiions. — During the year the fiist
part of the fifth volume of the Annals of the Garden
was published. This part is occupied by detailed
descriptions tatd figures of a hundred species of
new and little known Indian orchids by the illus-
trious and veteran botanist. Sir Joseph D. Hooker.
Sir Joseph has been engaged, as Goveruiuent are
aware, for the past five and twenty years on the
preparation of a IGora of British Jndia. In the course
of his elaboration of the family of Orchidace<r. for that
monumental work, he had at his disposal the whole
of the materials of the Calcutta Herbarium, in-
cluding the coloured drawings made by the Garden
artists. These drawings, which have been accumu-
lating since nearly the beginning of the century,
were found by Sir Joseph so useful that he recom-
mended the publication of a selection of them, and
generously undertook to supply the descrip’tions
himself. The result is his Century of Indian Orchids,
which forms the first part of the fifth volume of
our Annals. Towards the end of the year
there was also published the fii-st part of the sixth
volume of these Annuls. This part is occupied by
an account of a very important research in vege-
table physiology by Dr. 1). D. Cunningham, Pro-
fessor of Physiology in the Medical College, Cal-
cutta. Dr. Cunningham devoted much of his leisure
time during a period of several years to making ob-
servations of, and experiments connected with, the
phenomena popularly known as slee]> and sensitiuiti/
in plants. The results of those reserches go to
prove that the great majority, if not all, of the
transient spontaneous movements of the higher
vegetable organisms are dependent on purely physi-
cal processes. The memoir is a most exhaustive one
and is illustrated hj drawings from Dr. Cunning-
ham’s own pencil. In the same (lart of the Annals
is also included an account, by the same author
of a dosti uctive vegetable blight. Dr. Pr.iin, Curator
of the Herbarium, contributed the following papers
to various scientific journals : — On Milula, a neir yenus
of Jj liacea’. from the Eastern llinialaya (in Bcientinc
Memoirs hy Medical Oi/irers of the Army of India); An
account of the yenus .\rgemone (In the Journal of
Botany) ; -1 Revision of the yenus Chelidonium (in the

Sept, i, 1896.]

THE ['KOPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

157

iluUftin iJeV /lerhier JJois.tier); Lc ijenre Microtoeiia
(hi the BvUethi de la Snc.ie.te Jlota)iif/u(; dr l’'rtuicr) ;
Noi'iria' Indiav., IX and X. some additional Papaver-
aceie and ^ome additional FmiiAriAce-ja {iu the Journal
bf the Asiatic Socieli/ of 1>ch'juI)\ as well ati some
minor teratological and morphological communica-
tions to the same Society, ifinally, in the Journal
of the Asiatie Societi/ of Bengal, I published

the eighth portion of my Jfateriah for a Flora
of the 3/alay Peninsula', and in the same

journal appeared descriptions of thirtj'-three now
species of Sikkim orchids, by Mr. R. Pantling, of
the Cinchona Plantation, and myself.

.5, Libkauy. — A few books were added to the li-
brary, both by purchase and in exchange for copies
of the Garden Annals.

(i. Intkrchange of Plants and Sef.ds. — Full details
of the issues and receipts of these will be found in
Appendices, I, II, III, and IV ; the total issueshaving
been 30,898 plants and 2,384 packets of seeds, and
the receipts 14,342 plants and 1,177 packets of seeds.
Amongst the collections of living plants received
during the year the most interesting, from a botani-
cal point of view, was that made in Assam by Dr.
G. Watt, C.I.E., during a tour which he made in that
rovince in connection with his researches into tea
lights. Dr. Watt’s collection consisted of no les%
than 1,215 plants, many of them of much interest.

7. IJoi/d Botanic Garden, Darjeelintj. — This Garden
was worked during the whole year by the Curator,
Mr. W. A. Kennedy, who, besides his duties in the
Garden, has charge of the Shrubbery grounds and
of the trees planted in various parts of the station.
During the year Mr. Kennedy carried out various
improvements on the roads and conservatories within
the Garden. A very remarkable x>lant was added to
the Darjeeling garden during the ye.rr, namely, a
gigantic specimen of the beautiful Australian fern,
Todea harhara. This plant was the personal gift of
the distinguished botanist, Baron Ferdinand Von
Miiller, k.c.m.g., f.r.s., who for many years has
been the highest authority on the botany of the
Australian Colonies. Baron Von Miiller has in past
times presented many valuable plants to the Calcutta
Garden, but this, his latest gift, outrivals all his pre-
vious contributions. The Todea which now adorns
tho Darjeeling Garden was removed by the Baron, at
his own expense, from a lonely valley far distant
from his residence in Melbourne. It Aveighs upwards
of half a ton, and ought, when it has had sufficient
time to explain its leaves, to form a magnificent
object.

8. The budget allotments of funds, both for the
Calcutta and Darjeeling Gardens, were spent in full.
The proceeds of the sale of surplus plants and seeds,
amounting to 111,107-1-6 for the Calcutta Garden
and to 111,014-8 for the Darjeeling Garden, were paid
into the Government treasuries as usual.

9. Dr. Train (who had been on furlough to Europe)
returned to duty in June, and since then he has been
in charge ‘of the Herbarium. On 1st July Dr. Train
w'as appointed Trofessor of Botany in the Calcutta
Medical College in place of myself, Government having
allowed me to retire from that appointment. During
Dr. Train’s absence the Herbarium work was carried
on by Mr. G. A. Gammie (of theChincfiona Plantation),
who on Dr. Train’s return reverted to his own appoint-
ment at Mungpoo. For the first eleven Tuonths of
the year Mr. R. L. Proudlock held the appointment
of Curator of the Calcutta Garden. Towards the
end of .January he was transferred to the Curator-
ship of the Government Garden at Ootacamund,
and his place here was tilled by Mr. Lane (the As-
sistant Curator), who returned during the year from
Allahabad, where he had held an acting appoint-
ment. Mr. Lane’s place on the staff of this Gar-
den was in turn tilled by Mr. Davies, who had previ-
ously been a probationer under the new scheme for
providing a corps of gardeners for India. Mr. Troud-
iock’s advancement lo the Ootacamund Garden thus
gave the means of giving well-merited promotion
to iiiessrs. Lane and Davies, whose work during
the year has been very satisfactory. The offices
both of tbe Rotanic Garden and of the Cinchona

Plantation have, during the year, been in charge
of Babu Gopal Chandra Datta, who has worked with
his usual assiduity.

10. The usual appendices (six in number) which
accompany this report give full details as to the dis-
tribution of plants, seeds, and Herbarium specimens.

SEED FROM ARABICA-LIBERIAN GRAFTS.

Some few years ago a considerable amount of in-
terest was taken in the subject of grafting the deli-
cate but valuable Arabica on to the robust stock of
the haidier Liberian. From an account of some
interesting and possibly very valuable experiments in
this direccion carried out on a plantation in Coorg,
we learn the chendes gathered from the grafted
plants show marked differences to the ordinary
Arabica. They are large, heavy, with a thin cover-
ing of skin and pulp, the very desirable result
of enlarging the bean and reducing its .cover-
ing the beam and reducing its covering being the
first decided score for the grafts, Some of this
seed has been planted, and the habits of these are
being watched with care. The results will be ex-
tremely interesting to learn. The theory of grafting,
as far as we understand it, does not, it is true,
promise very much, earlv and heavy cropping
being the general results of the practice, with the
added constitutional strength of the usually hardier
stock. Usually the scion in this case the Arabica,
would be true to the plant from which it was taken;
but the aboA’C instance is a decided exception. If
the seedlings follow in the same footsteps, there is
no telling what discoveries may yet be in store for
us. Some experiments in Arab liberian hybrids are
also being carried on by the same enterprising gentle-
man. By the way, how is it that we have heard
nothing of late of Mr, Brooke-Mockett’s Mysore
hybrids the accounts of which created such a stir a
short two years ago ? — Planting Ojjuiion, July 18.

^

A GOOD CUP OF COFFEE.

The cultivated coffee tree or shrub, writes Anna G.
Murray, in the TopeKa Capitol, is an evergreen grow-
ing from four to five feet high ; its jasmine-like floAVers
forming in clusters at the root of shiny leaves, give
forth a delicious odor. The fruit, like a purple cherry
consists of a sweetish pulp and two seeds, that lie
in this pulp, face to face. The crop aveiages one
pound of beans to each tree, though in the prolific
West Indies and Brazil, where shrubs can be forced
to bloom eight months in the year, three crops is not
unusual. Coffee is not native to Central America or
the Indies, the first plants having been brought to
Martinique in 1720, from a layer originally imported
from Mocha, and propagated by the Jardindes Plantes
of Paris. It is native to Abyssinia and Ethiopia, Avhere
leaves as well as the bean have been used from time
unknoAvn. It has never been cultivated to any ex-
tent in North America, though there is an indi-
genous tree, dubbed “ Kentucky coffee tree,”
because the seeds were formerly much used by
Kentuckians instead of the imported coffee. A recent
experiment in Iowa with Rio grains has proved
however, that it is possible to raise an excellent
grade of the genus in the United States.

A German physician was the first to land coffee
as a beverage to the people of Europe, in 1573 and
it is to another German traveler that Europe owes
the original coffee plants transplanted from the East.
The first cargo of coffee was landed in 1809. Coffee
delights in a moist atmosphere, and in dry climates
profuse irrigation is necessary to the plant. After
picking, the ripe cherries are soaked in cisterns,
then dried by sun flooding floors specially adapted
to the purpose.

The dried pulp is then separated from the seeds
by a process of sifting, shovelled into sack's and con-
veyed to the coast towns, where it is roasted and
shipped. The universal use of coffee OAves itself to
the publii’ coffee houses, the first in Europe being
that of C jii^tcntinople in 1551. In Turkey coffee
is so niuch a necessity that refusal to supply it

158

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, t, 1896.

cpnstitutea a cause for divorce. Writing in 1624
Fraucia Bacon says : “ They have in Turkey a drink
called collce and this drink comforteth the brain
and heart and helpeth digestion.” Still Loudon did
not have a public coffee house until 1652 and Paris
1672. Immediately coffee houses arose in every
European city. According to Macauley, vi’riling in
the early years of this century ; •“ Coffee houses were
the chief organs through which public opinion vented
itself and every man of the upper or middle classes
went daily to his coffee house to learn the news and
discuss it.” About the same time Sydney Smith was
also proclaiming “If you want to improve your
understanding, drink coffee.” The fact remains that
coffee is better prepared, as well as copiou-sly used
instead of other stimulants in continental cities than
in Great Britain. In 1809 an extensive cultivation of
the coffee plant w'as begun in England under the ad-
vocacy of Bishop Compton. Another Englishman,
George Bird, was the pioneer coffee planter in Ceylon

(1820^. , .

Because of its stimulative properties the use of
coffee is prohibited generally in fevers. It is an ex-
cellent disinfectant. Place a couple of red-hot coals
on a fire shoveh then sprinkle two or three spoonfuls
of coffee over them and the aroma will not only
sweeten the room, but prevent the spread of disease.
In the French colonies, where coffee is greatly used,
gout is said to be unknown. Arctic explorers, men
accompanying caravans, as well as soldiers, claim
they can endure more fatigue under the stimulus of
coffee than fermented liquors.

Unfortunately, there are coffee drunkards just as
there are kerosene, parafine, castor oil and cod-liver
oil drunkards. Coffee was forbidden as a drink by
the Koran. Intemperate creatures have been known
to drink from fifteen to twenty-five cups of coffee
per day. Not unnaturally tapering off has occasioned
much the same mental and physical derangement
as the alcohol habit. Recently a Nebraska woman
had an acute attack of delirium tremens, when forced
to forego her accustomed twenty cups per day.

The adulterants of coffee are ground wheat, rye,
dandelion root and chicory. Perhaps because it has
been deemed harmless and deepens the color, the
use of chicory has been legalized. There is another
substitute, called Swedish coffee, but we do not find
much of it in this country. The French favor the
essence of coffee. In Sumatra natives use the coffee
leaves the same as we use tea leaves. Coffee is a
most economical food, for it will support life on a
less additional quantity of solid food than would
otherwise be required.

It has been computed that each person in the
United States consumes in the year nine and one-
half pounds of coffee.

To make a good cup of coffee is not so simple
as it reads. A mixture of two kinds of beans —
two-thirds Java and one-third Mocha — produces most
satisfying results. Apropos, only a small quantity
of Mocha finds its way past Constantinople. Miss
Parloa claims the best coffee comes from Guate-

mala. , , ,

Beans should be freshly roasted when feasible.
At least, heat the beans before grinding and do not
grind too fine. Do not be afraid— use a full cup of
beans to a quart of water. Mix the egg well with
the dry coffee and above all be sure that the coffee-to
is clean. — Interstate Grocer.

“ACME” TEA CHESTS.

In these days wlien a scarcity of inomi tea
chests threatens to become a serious evil, tlie
advantages of the “Acme” steel chests, made in
three si^es by tlie Acme Package Co., Ltd., of
(jlascrow, have been brougdit to our notice. That
thes^ cliests are coming into favour is evidenced
not only by the testimonials in their favour, but
bv the fact that 1,750,000 lb. of the Indian
sea.son’s tea of 1894 was earned in Acme chests.
Chests for 10,000,000 lb. of 1895 season’s tea
have been supplied, and the orders which are

now being placed indicate tliat the quantity in
1896 will be three times as much. It is claimed
for tlie Acme diesis that tliey show an advantage
over wooden chests of from ls4d to 3s 5d per 100 lb.
of tea. Messrs. P'inlay, Muir fv: Co., wlio are the
agents for Ceylon, liavea supply in stock ; and, to
meet a growdng demand, a large quantity has been
indented for.

CEYLON PATENTS.

The following Grants of Exclmsive Privilege
have been granted under the inventions Ordinance
during the half-year ended June 30, 1896: —

No. 481. — To Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sii'occo
Eugiueeriug Work-i, Belfast, Ireland, merchant, for
improvements in apparatus for packing lea or other
substances into chests, boxes, or other receptacles.
— January 21, 1896.

No. 186. — To Edwin Rice Wiggin, of Liudula, and
John Grieve, of Hatton, for improvements in machi-
nary for rolliug tea leaf. — January 24, 1896.

No. 491. — To Gilliam Jackseu, of Thorngrove,
Maunofield, Aberdeen, North Britain, engineer, for
improvements in apparatus for rolling tea leaf and
the like. — February 23, 1896.

No. 489. — To Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sirocoo
Engineering Works, Belfast, Ireland, merchant, for
improvements in multitubular air-heating apparatus.
— February 28, 1896.

No. 495. — Jules Lemichel, of 52, Rue Lourmel,
Paris, in the Republic of Prance, engineer, for im-
provements in or connected with apparatus for raising
liquids. — March 12, 1896.

No. 487 — .To William Jackson, of Thorngrove,
Mannofield, Aberdeen, North Britain, engineer, for
improvements in apparatus for subjecting materials
to the action of hot air, more especially intended
for use in drying tea leaves and other produce only
in so far as the action of an iron bar for spreading
the tea leaves on their descent from the upper to
the lower tray is concerned. — April 28, 1896.

No. 494. — To Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sirocco
Engineering Works, Belfast, Ireland, merchant, for
improvements in apparatus for limping of withering
tea leaf or for drying vegetable or other substances.
May 16, 1896.

No. 490. — To Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sirocco
Engineering Works, Belfast, Ireland, merchant, for
improvements in stoves or apparatus for heating air.
—May 16, 1896.

No. 502. — To Taylor Burrows, of 88, Upper Ken-
ningtou lane, London, England, engineer, and Hor-
ace St. John Kelly Douisthorpe, of 73, West Crom-
well road, London, England, gentleman, for im-
provements in apparatus for removing the tieshy or
pulpy or uon-fibrous material from leaves, stems, or
plants to extracts the fibre therefrom. — June 16, 1896.

No. 506. — To John Melville Boustead, merchant,
Cololmo, Ceylon, for an improved apparatus for desi-
cating. — June 30, 1896.

No. 498. — To Robert Jamieson Browne, electrical
engineer, at present electrician to the British India
Steam Navigation Company, Limited, of 16, Strand
road, Calcutta, in the Province of Bengal, East India,
for punkah pulling or causing any such similar osci-
latiug motion. — June 30, 1896.

The Germans Becoming a Nation of Tea
Drinkers. — The Chemist and Druggist of June
13 says : —

There are signs that the Germans will gradually
abandon their old habit of taking coffee, and become
a nation of tea-drinkers. Tea is already the fashion-
able refreshment of the upper classes, and is gradu-
ally obtaining favour in more plebeian circles. Tuis
is partly due to the deterioration in the quality of
coffee and partly to the increase of coffee substitutes
such as “ malt-coffee,” consisting of slightly malted
and lightly roasted barley, sometimes sweetened, and
retailing at twopence a pound. Few articles, it would
seem, have a bettor future in Geimany than tea.

Sept, r, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

159

CEYLON TEA COMPANIES -UNDER
CRITICISM.

“Ceylon Tea Companies” is the title of an
article in the July issue of the Investors’ Review,
(see below ) which has of late sprung to the front
rank of independent financial and critical authorities
in the Metropolis, through energy, keen intelli-
gence, and tile fearlessness of its editor, Mr.
A. J. Wilson— himself a hard-headed Aberdonian.
Apart from the general article — supplying useful
statistical information ajftd discriminating criti
cism as well as practical suggestions— we have,
under “ Company Notes,” separate treatment of
the affairs of no fewer than four of our leading
plantation Companies in “ Tlie New Uimbula,”
“The Ceylon and Oriental Estates,” “The
Ceylon Land and Produce,” and “ The Eastern
Produce and Estates.” We copy elsewhere ail
that is said under these headings as well as the
main article, save the four yeans’ table of e.x-
port and distribution of Ceylon tea to different
countries already familiar to our readers. It is
of special interest to see what a trained, first-
class metropolitan critic has to say about our
tea industry from the financial point of view, and
of the po.sition of certain leailiug, if not repre-
sentative, company-constituents in that industry.
Remembering that the Investors’ Review and its
editor are “ nothing if not critical ” — “ that ’tis liis
vocation ” to jiick holes, — that directors, mana-
gers and shareholders coming under its or his
ken may be assured in the words of Burns, —

“ If there ’s a hole in a' your coats
I rede, ye tent it !”

— it is satisfactory to find that on tlie whole
the critic is fairly well-pleased, and offers, atlea.st,
more praise than censure in his remarks. Tlie
one element we find wanting in his compari-
sons and criticism is the relation of planted ami
bearing area in tea to the total capital outlay
— in other words the price per acre of the tea
gardens in each Company’s books. Seeing that
the writer must have had before him our
Directory, which is very freely quoted, it is a
pity he did not enter on the consideration of
this part of his subject ; for, although it is by
no means an infallible test — tea in the low-
country of Ceylon, bein", as a rule, far less
valuable than in tlie higher districts — yet it is
a very fair guide — cceteeis paribtts' — to the posi-
tion and future stablity of the Tea Companies.
Next to this point, we should say that the
chief defect in the writings under review, is
the absence of reference to the available forest-
land or other reserve owned by each Company.
This again may be a very important considera-
tion. ’I’ake, for instance, the New Dimlmla Com-
pany : the fact that, be.sides holding 2,200 acres
planted with tea on its one compact, rich, Diya-
gama property, this company has in the same block,
very nearly 1,000 acres more of line reserve, half of
which, at least, could be put into tea if required,
strengthens its exceptionally advantageous posi
tion, its tea area scarcely standing more than £40
per acre on its books. And so, with several other
leading Ceylon Companies noticed, which have
both a good, if not large reserve, together with
a low valuation of its acreage under tea.

But now turning to the article in its .several
paragraphs, we may first notice that rather too
much credit is given to the Ceylon Government
for studying the wants of the tea industry in
railways and roads. The fact is rather that the
railways were sanctioned and made mainly with
reference to “coffee” and “ cinehona,” and that
“ tea” has entered into the inheritance of such
railway extension. Sir Arthur Gordon secured
the sanction of railway extension to Haputale

and to Galle so far back as March 18883
total export of tea» for 1887 being under 14 mil-
lion lb. All that Sir Arthur Havelock secured for
“ tea ” between 1890 and 1895 in the shape of
railways, was the extension from Galle to
Matara— scarcely serving tea at all— and the
short piece of* line from Haputale to Bandara-
wela, a doubtful advantage, seeing how our
late Governor dilly-dallied and bungled in the
matter of the indispensable feeding roads which
were to lead up to, and make the Uva railway
all it might be, in the service of the Planting
industry. Plow, again, the same ruler left the
Kelani Ptailway line — a specially tea planting rail-
way— need not be recapitulated.

“Out of the teeming millions in the Madras
Presidency, the Ceylon tea planters obtain a
plentiful supply of labour,” the critic says, and
truly enough, in a general way. But, neverthe-
less, it is a fact that our tea planters could
do with a good many more coolies, and that if
the time now lost — a fortnight or more per Jiead —
on the journey from village to plantation could
be saved, as it best could be done by an Indo-
Ceylon Railway, the advantage to the Ceylon
tea industry would be very great. It is quite
true, as is urged, that the area under young or
newly planted tea in Ceylon is comparatively
limited, by no means threatening “ over2iroduc-
tion” ; but then, in this matter our Indian breth-
ren have more than made amends — making-
hay while the sun shines” — eagerly planting up
beeause Ceylon planters have been holding back,
so that the result is very much the same as it
would be if we in Ceylon had addeil 50,000 more acres
to our tea area during the past four or live years.

We must leave the financial comparisons made
in the Review: here the editor stands on surer
ground, especially in comparing different Com-
panies, and we feel sure the Directors of certain
Companies .singled out for invidious illustration
will lay to heart the need or advantage of changing
“ methods,” so p to secure the solidity and hio-h
credit appertaining to some of their neighbours.

It is gratifying to note the praise given to
the financial and general management of the
New Dimbula Company, as in a more qualified
way— on one or two points— to the Ceylon and
Oriental Estates Board. The Directors of the
Ceylon Land and Produce Company have rather
more criticism and suggestions meted out to
them, though no more fault than “a lopsided
way of doing business,” is found ; but for the
Eastern Produce and Estates management of
recent years there is only praise extended, while
surprise is expres.sed at an actual reduction of
working expenses between 1893 and 1895 thouo-h
gross income had increased. No doubt, part *of
the explanation is due to the successful way in
which this Company’s staff do a large Agency
business in Ceylon for other proprietors, so Educ-
ing the outlay on its own office account?

The development of the tea industry of Ceylon
has been even faster than that of India although
the start was not made at a , very rapid pace In
the year 1867 the first tea garden was planted in
Ceylon with seed from Assam ; but it was not until
1884 that the tea exports of Ceylon exceeded 2,000,000 lb
Since then the exports have increased at an amazing
pace, so that in the eleven succeeding years their

total has risen almost continuously, until the present

figure of 98,000,000 lbs has been reached. lAere is
little doubt that the island is peculiarly suited for
the growth of tea, as its mild climate permits pluck-
ing almost the whole year round, and the hill slopes
afford that combination of conditions which are most
needed by the tea-grower. The progress of planting
too, has doubtless been rendered more rapid from

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Sept, i, 1896.

1 60

the fact that the ruin of the coffee industry had left
a number of coffee-planters and coffee-growing com-
panies with large areas of developed laud upon their
hands. For these experienced planters to turn to
teargrowing was an easy matter, as there were not
that feeling of forests and other initial stages of deve]
lopment which the planters has usually tro go through.
Their Ceylon is a dependency by itself, and the tea-
growing industry has become the most important in
the island. The consequence is that its needs are
studied, railways are built to serve its requirements,
the coolie question is treated in a manner favour-
able to the companies, and in many wa5's the in-
dustry is assisted by the Government. This is very
different treatment to that meted out to Indian
growers by the Government there, which, having a
a huge area to govern, naturally studies the tea-planter
but slightly. A good example of the paternal manner
iu which the Ceylon Government watches over the
leading industry, is seen in the arrangement of the
export duty upon tea. The rapid increase in the out-
turn has for some time been a source of anxiety to
Ceylon growers, and their chief aim for years past
has been to widen the market for their produce.
The British market, large consumer of tea as it is,
could only take a certain quantity, and to extend
the area of consumption meant a fair amount of
expenditure of a missionary character. For some
time the requisite funds W'ere provided by a voluntary
cess levied upon tea exported, but as a matter of
practice this did not work well. Some growers paid
the cess, while others did not, so that friction and
irritation were caused. About this time the Govern-
ment came to the conclusion that it would be politic
to reduce the freight charges on the railways to tea-
growers by about 20 per cent., and it certainly would
have done this had not leading men in the industry
represented that this proposal afforded an opportunity
to create a fund for trade-extension purposes. Ac-
cordingly the railway rates were retained at their
former figures ; but the 20 per cent., or so, of the
rates that would have been reduced was set aside as
a fund for the spread of a wholesome knowledge of
the qualities of Ceylon tea in foreign countries.
This fund, in itself, did not provide enough for the
purpose, so a tiny export duty of 10 cents per
owt. was levied upon all tea exported. The proceeds
from this inmost, combined with the share of the
railway revenue, amounts to some £7.000 to £8,000
per annum ; and while this is drawn from the indus-
try in the least objectionable form, the expenditure
of this money year by year has had a most favoura-
ble effect upon the consumption of Ceylon tea abroad.
There is a great affinity between the teas of Ceylon
and those of China, and in this respect the consu-
mers of tea in Australasia, Canada, and the United
States and [Russia which represents the commu-
nities using to tea most freely outside the United
Kingdom, have already commenced to take Ceylon
tea rather freely. The result of these efforts is shown
in the following table : —

[Exports of tea from Ceylon to various countries,
already given iu our columns. — Ed. 7'..l.]

These figures show the direct exports from the
island, but the quantity sent to the United Kingdom
contains a fair proportion of tea which is re-exported
to foreign countries. We only have the totals of
such re-exports for each year, and if these be
deducted from the figures for the United Kingdom,
we get the following result ; — lb. lb.

18',)5. 1894.

Retained in United Kingdom .. 78,(559,898 70,224,782

Re-exported from United King-
dom to foreign countries . . 7,098,441 5,123,8(52

Exports direct from Ceylon to
foreign countries .. .. 12,180,532 9,243,070

Total exports . .

Retained in United Kingdom ..
Re-exported from United King-
dom to foreign countries
Exports direct from Ceylon to
foreign countries

Total exports

97,939,871 84,591,714

1893. 1892.

71,434,308 01,307,017

4,0(55,709 3,448,058

8,905,987 (5,338,.582
84,106,001 71,153,057

It appears, therefore, that while in the four years
under review the exports of Ceylon tea increased by
20,000,000 lb. the increased quantity which came upon
the British market was only 17,000,000 lb. the difference
having been absorbed by the greater demand of
other customers. In all the leading tea-consuming
countries abroad, there is still ample room for a
further absorption of Ceylon tea in place of Chinese,
and at the present time the greatest attention is
being turned to the United States and Canada,
where it is claimed a great impression is being made
in turning the public taste from China to Ceylon tea.
Most of the exports to those two countries would be
included in the re-exports, so that the progress shown
in the direct exports to those countries only tells
part of the tale. From the success attained in Aus-
tralasia, America, and iu Russia, those best able to
judge are strong in the belief that there is no
immediate chance of the tea market at home being
glutted through the expansion of tea-growing iu
India and Ceylon.

These various considerations have all tended to
encourage tea-planting in Ceylon, and, as we have
said, the progress of the industry has been simply
marvellous. Prior to 1889 the production of the Island
was not of.general importance, so that in the follow-
ing table we only give the figures for 1889 and suc-
ceeding years : —

<U

cu

0>

o

ci

u

c3

O

<

• tn
C 09

CA

'u

p4

<1>

JX

<0 ^
> ^

'T3

U

o »>>

o

S O'q.

<u

o

&

X

a

d

2

.s 3 a

p”.

w

<■1

5

M

w

lbs.

d.

Acres.

Acers.

1889 , .

31,345,852

Hi

205,000

135,000

220,000

1890 . .

45,799,519

lOJ

220,000

118,000

2.50,000

1891 ..

67,718,372

lOi

250,000

100,000

250,000

1892 . .

72,279,985

n

262,000

92,000

280,000

1893 . .

82,269,353

9

273,000

90,000

280,000

1894 . .

85,376,322

8.i

288,000

83,000

290,000

1895 . .

97,939,871

83

305,000

85,000

290,0C0

It will

be noted

that

during

this period the

immature area — that is, the acreage of plants under
five years old, and therefore not in full bearing
— has steadily diminished. Consequently the increase
in production must be more moderate iu the future
than in the past, as the new acreage coming into
full bearing will steadily diminish. Indeed, the
plantings of the last two or three years have been
upon a very moderate scale, and there does not seem
to be that danger of over-production in Ceylon
which at one time was feared. The laud moat sui-
table for tea-growing has been absorbed, and what
little forest land remains on the hills the Government
refuses to sell, as it is needed for other purposes.
Planting has commenced iu the low country, and
some exceedingly abundant crops have been obtained,
but the quality was very low ; and it is doubtful
whether any extended cultivation iu this direction
would prove a wise investment, for the public taste
in tea tends rather to improve than to deteriorate.
The companies and growers, too, unlike those of India,
have little reserve land, so that their operations are
restricted in this respect. Still, the 85,000 acres of
immature land now under plants must bring a con-
siderable increase in the outturn for some years to
come, while the more extended use of manures will
easily increase the yield per acre, which is low,
if the increased number of pluckings is taken
into account, when compared with gardens
in Assam. The growth of tea-planting in India
has also to be taken into account ; and the
groat development in that quarter certainly raises
unpleasant thought as to tlie future. But oven iu
case of difficulty' from this cause, Ceylon, with [its
low initial cost of production, should be in a fair

Sept, r, 1896.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

position to meet the inevitable competition that would
follow over-production. So far as experience goes,
there does not seem to be any danger of exhaustion
coining over the tea plants in spite of the more fre-
quent pluckings. Tho Loolecoudura tea garden in
Kandy was the first area in the island planted with
tea., this being done by Mr. Martin Leake in 1867
with seed obtained from Assam. The first produce
from this garden was sold in 1871-72, and since
then reports have been continuously received as to
the condition of the fields which were earliest planted.
These show that there is no sign of decay, and that
ill i893 the 20 acres yielded 4711b. per acre ; while
last year, when the trees were feeling the effect of
recent priming, the return was 382 lb. per acre.

So far asonecansee, the industry seems to be a
solid one, and is not likely to be demoralised by
over-production, while it is claimed that tea-
gi'owing is even more profitable in Ceylon than in India.
Besides the fostering care of the Government,
the mere fact that Ceylon is so admirably situated
at the converging point of Eastern trade, gives it a
splendid position for shipping produce, for there is not
the hundreds of miles of carriage upon the Brahma-
pootra Biver, with the subsequent trans-shipment
and carriage across land to Calcutta, which most
Indian teas have to undergo. So strongly does this
freight matter influence the drift of trade, that it
accounts mainly for the fact that all the tea drunk
in the Bombay Presidency comes from Ceylon, its
conveyance costing so little compared with transit from
Calcutta. Then a more important advantage even
than cheap carriage and freight is the lightness
of the charge for labour. Celyon is almost attached to
the southern point of the Indian peninsula, and out of
the teeming millions in the Madras Presidency the
Ceylon tea-planters obtain a plentiful supply of labour.
There is no question of sending sirdars and pay-
ing costly premiums in order to obtain labourers. The
only inducement offered is that sometimes the cost
of travel will be advanced to them, but in this case
it is treated as an advance, and is afterwards de-
ducted from the monthly wage. As a consequence,
the wage of the Ceylon labourer, which was always
1. iwor than that of the Indian tea coolie, has remain-
ed the same, while the Indian planter has gradually
seen the premium for his coolies rise until it amounts
to a sum that virtually doubles the wage of the old
days. This rise in the Indian cost of labour has
been little noticed, but it goes far to neutralise the
much-talked-about benefit from the depreciation of
the rupee. Speaking generally, it may be said that
it costs about 4d. to 5d. per lb. to produce Cey-
lon tea by the larger companies which are at work
in that island, while the still larger undertakings in
Assam find that 6d. to 8d. per lb. is nearer the figure.
The Ceylon grower, however, does not obtain the full
advantage of this difference, as the average price of
Ceylon teas is about Id. to l-}d. lower than that of
India.

Turning now to the companies which work in the
island, it should bo at once stated that far less is
known about them than about those of India. The
usual form they take is small plantations of per-
haps under 1500 acres, worked by people in practi-
cally a private manner. Those companies, too, that
do publish reports accessible to the public are very chary
of furnishing information. Few, indeed, give the
actual amount of tea turned out, while not one
furnishes the interesting table of cost of production,
and other details which are to be found in the re-
ports of the Indian companies represented by Mr.
Earnshaw. There is, therefore, less basis for analy-
sis in their case, and more dependence upon the
rule-of-thumb measurement obtained through mere
statements of net profits and dividends paid in the
past. With this view we have studied the recent
reports of a number of the companies, and find that
the companies are usually small, and that consider-
able use of debentures has been made in obtaining
money for their develepment. At the same time
there appears to be a due regard for reserves, while
many of the companies have redeemed a proportion
of their debentures out of revenue. The following
table gives the capital and other details of the balance
slieets of some of the leading companies ; —

21

Companies.

ts-. ®

5*

g J PI g S 3

5a a go ft

£ £
15,100

CO ^
Q d
^ a
d o

® a
a

Bandarapola . .

Ceylon and Ori-
ental Estates. .

Ceylon Land and
Produce

Ceylon Tea Plan-
tations . . 167,380 81,080
Eastern Produce
and Estates ..298,250
Kelanixissociation 16,265
Nahalma Estate. 14,000
New Dimbula .

Panawal
Scottish Ceylon
Scottish Trust
and Loan
Standard Tea . .

Sunuygama

Q

£

9,000

<D •

> ns

(jj

Ph

fl

a

to

®

>

a

55,264 46,320 65,000
47,950 26,450 33,790 2,000

T3 [>.

>3

P'S

m fl
ce o
P
%

6

20

70,000 71,106 15
753 122,500 15,000 23,171 5

86,200 . .

17.000 5,300

41.000 9,000

12,900 3,000
10,000 1,267

3.000
230

6.000

800

3,000 17i

8

.. 10

230 10
4,992 15

10
15
.. 10

reserves are
does not sav

45.000 .. 12,550 10,000

56.000 . . 7,000 7,500

-.50,000 5,000 10,000 ..

Those companies which show small

usually of recent formation ; but it oa,»

much for their Boards that they pay such higli
dividends and set aside little or nothing for a windy
day. On the other hand, there are some striking
examples amongst them of prudence and foresight,
and the desire on the part of the well-managed concm-ns
to write down their assets, and so place them in a
strong position, was never better exhibited than in
the reports just issued. Last year was a distinctly
favourable one for Ceylon tea-growers, and the
opportunity was therefore taken by the better-
managed companies to lay by for the future. To
show what this means, we have drawn up the next
set of figures, which gives the profit earned by < ach
company after paying working charges, office and
directorial fees, debenture interest, etc., ami the
manner in which this profit has been distributed.
As the reports. differ in their rendering of the accounts
this task has proved a more difficult one than appears
at first sight , but we have endeavoured to make the
comparison as complete as possible.

Distribution of Net Profits.

o

•+3

Companies.

O 'D
ns H

Q

O o

S a

XI o

Bandarapola
Ceylon and
Oriental Bs-
Estates. .
Ceylon Land
and Pro-
duce

Ceylon Tea
Plantations
Eastern Pro-
duce and
Estates...
Kelaui Tea
Association
Nahalma Es-
tate

New Dim-
bula

Panawal Tea
Scottish
Ceylon . .
Scottish
Trust and
Loan
Standard
Tea

Suunygama.

•S u
ta p d
Orp'3

£

■ 851

a

o

•4^

o o

2 d
ft ®

0) +3

P

£

o a >
’-I o

g<D
CO

ou c8 ®

QJ (O
^0)0
c3

£

04

<0

u

<u

ID

O

a

o

u

<v

«4-l

(D

u

p

£

u

ce

d

o

d

o

ns

d

ID

ns

Q

£

ID ns
□0 0,)

2 M
o eg

(D O

P

. S3

d

o

a g

c3 g

§ O

O *4-1

£

9,464

8,836

51,927

44,221

5,063

1,696

17,482

2,833

8,801

9,206

12,296

5,868

• •

• •

• •

883

-

32

500

3,500

1,191

4,421

-

148

• .

2,000

1,587

4,300

X

949

2,000

19,291

5,486 25,107

X

14

4,301

15,189

37

14,956

-6 9,727

678

2,000

• •

2,846

-

459

793

• ■

1,120

-

217

1,750

3,000

796

37'l

12,806

1,700

74

34

838

1,000

630

6,150

X

183

2,247

379

. .

4,500

X 2,081

o
o o

2,500

179

V50

8,400

6,000

103

m

i62

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

A brief study of this table soon enables one to
distinguish between the two classes of Boards. A
glance at the amount spent on ordinary dividend,
and its relation to the profit obtained, generally
settles the matter. And it is an astonishing fact
that if one looks back to the preceding table it will be
found to be precisely those Companies which poss-
ess the best reserves that still continue to add
thereto. Companies like the Panawal, Bandarapola,
and Sunnygama may pay high dividends, brrt they
will never reach the solidity of the Ceylon lea
Plantations or the Standard Tea Company unless
they change their methods. To pay dividends is,
of course, good, but to pay dividends and provide for
the contingencies of the future is far better.
in this respect we should like to point out a rather
unique feature amongst Ceylon Tea Companies.
tables contain the names of the Ceylon and Oriental EiS-
tates, Eastern Produce and Estates, New Dimbula, and
Scottish Trust and Loan Companies which repre-
sent the revivification of a group of coffee and cinchona
growing companies. When coffee and cinchona
growing were ruined in Ceylon, these companies
fell into difficulties, and only by resort to tea-grow-
ing have they got into a better financial condition.
Tne change from one class of produce to another
was costly, and took a long time, so that for years
the majority of these companies paid little or no
dividends, any profits that were obtained being
required for interest upon and redemption of
debentures, or to pay cuinulative interest upon
ference Shares. I^atient work in this direction has
at last effected its object, and all of these companies
have, within the last year or two, worked their way
into a financial position of ease. To demonstrate
their methods all the more clearly, we give a resume
of the working of four companies of this type in the
Company Notes included in this number. Now that
these old companies have cast off the burden of former
troubles, their revenue will be all the more available
for dividend-paying purposes, and consequently their
shares offer a fair medium for investment, especially as
they often stand at moderate prices. As will be seen
in the following table, the yield in their cases, un-
der present conditions, is not high ; but without taking
too sanguine a view, it may easily be assumed that
dividends in the future will certainly be higher,
unless the Ceylon tea industry suffers one of those
calamities which now and then befall a planting
industry. Of such an event there is, however, no
sign at present. We append a table of dividends
for the past five years, with the price of the
shares, and the return on an investment based upon
the distribution for the ffast twelve months’ working
of each Company ; —

<u

p.

Dividends. ^

‘3

.g

1C

o >

Ip

Companies.

rH

05

CC

C:

CO

CO

CO

1-^

rH

rH

%

Bandarapola

o/

/o

%

6

Ceylon and
Oriental Es-

tates

4

30

Ceylon Land

and Produce 10

15

20

Ceylon Tea

Plantations 15

15

15

Eastern Produce

and Estates IJ

2i

3

Kelani Associa-

tion 20

15

15

Nahalma Estate..

. •

8

New Dim- ) A 8

8

8

bula ( B 6

12

14

Panawal

6

8

Scottish Ceylon 15

15

18

Scottish Trust

and Loan 10

10

10

Standard Tea 10

10

10

P8 ■

^4

S'?

1894.

1395.

C n
p c3
o

gm

<0

V

2 §
.i:

<1

PM

%

o/

/o

£

£

.£ s. d.

10

G

10

14

00

5

8

5

7

5

4

0

15

20

5

14

7

2

10

15

15

10

30

5

0

0

3

5

5

H

4

1

7

15

10

25

6

0

0

8

8

1

1-i

6

8

0

8

10

10

21

4

15

3

22

18

10

22

9

0

0

8

10

10

144

6

17

7

15

1.5

10

24

6

5

0

5

10

3

4

7

10

0

124

15

10

26

5

15

0

The New Dimbue.4 Company. — Originally a coffee
and cinchona growing concern, this Company was
foi’ced to resort to tea-planting, and after a hard
struggle seems to have reached smoother water. For-
tunately it had no debentures, or it is hard to say
what fate would have befallen it ; but the cumula-
tive dividend upon the ‘‘B” Shares at one time
was as much as .£22,281 in arrears. Five years
ago some efforts were made to revive the coffee
and cinchona business, but matters went from bad
to worse, so that the cinchona trees have died off,
while all hope of revenue from coffee has been given
up. The Company has therefore become a tea-plant-
ing concern pure and simple, and seems to have
pretty well attained its full development. Of the total
area of 2193 acres planted with tea, 1921 acres were
in full bearing last season, and the remaining 272
acres come to maturity in 1895-9(5. The change from
one form of industry to another naturally led to some
outlay', and this was provided out of revenue. Two
accounts — the factory and machinery and the tea exten-
sion accounts— were established, and these, during the
period of earlier planting, increased, although deduc-
tions were made from revenue each yefar ; but as the
p)lanted acreage came more and more into bearing,
the deductions from revenue became larger, and last
year both accounts were extinguished. During the
past five years the amounts written off revenue were
.t'5,0o9 for tea extension,” and .t‘8,531 for factory
and machinery. At the same time, the increasing
profits permitted the paying 'off of the divi-
dend arrears upon the ‘‘ B ” Shares, and the
whole £22,281 due upon those shares has been wiped
out. The record of the Company in these five years
is given in the following table : —

t3C

a

iS

a

0) .
.C

o5

P

a

(U

>

OJ

Ps

£

1891.. 19,809
’9-2.. 24, 611
.24,110
’94. .29,932
’95. .29,842

a

CD

ft

«

bO

a

£

12,067

11,657

11,851

12,129

11,190

£

1.000 1,900

2.000 2,157
1,500 1,224

500 1,500
69 1,750

p

(5

(2;

£

1901

8,824

9,834

15,802

15,731

I O)

nD Qi
T Vh

.C

035

2 a

d o

a a

£

21,169

22,218

20,055

14,484

6,685

In addition to finally wiping out the factory and tea
extension accounts, last year a reserve fund was com-
nienoed with the setting aside of .£3000. If the price of
tea does not fall, and the rupee exchange keeps steady,
the Company should see some further increase in its
profits, but no new planting seems to be in pro-
gress. Its financial position is an easy one, for the
last balance-sheet show'ed £18,552 of cash, and .£6875
of produce in hand, w'ith creditors to the amount of
only £8515. The share capital paid up is £22,080 of
“A” Shares, £55,710 of “B” Shares, and .£8110 of
“C” Shares. The “A” and“B” Shares receive
8 per cent dividend before the “ C ” obtain any-
thing, the distributions upon the “B” being cumu-
lative. After the “ A ” and “ B ” have received 8 per
cent the “ C ” receives 6 per cent and then an ad-
ditional distribution is made at the same rate upon
each class of shares, so that when profits are good
the “ C ” Shares will always receive 2 per cent less
than the others. Last year, although 8 per cent of
arrears had to be paid off the ‘‘B ” Shares, the Com-
pany distributed an additional dividend of 2 per
cent upon the whole capital, so that the ‘‘A” Shares
received 10 per ceno the “B” 18 per cent (includ-
ing the 8 per cent of arrears), and the ” C ” ■

per cent. Now that the old legacies are written

off, and supposing profits for tiiis year were equal
to those of last, it would be possible for the
Company to pay 12 per cent on the “A” and
”B” Shares, and 10 per cent on the “C”

Shares, and then place .£5000 to reserve, which
fund, by the bye, ought to be invested outside the
bufiuoss.

Sept, i, iSge.j

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

163

The Ceylon and Oiuental Estates Company. —
This is the successor of the Investment Corporation,
and the reorganisation, whicli was effected in 1892,
left traces of the old troubles in the balance-sheet.
With £153,2 29 of paid-up capital, there were no less
than £100,0 00 of six percent Debentures out, which
debentures had been issued at £15,000 discount.
The expenses of the reorganisation were .£3, .509, while
a deposit of .£,35,56 with the New Oriental Bank had
been locked up by the failure of that institution.
Meantime heavy expenditure had to be faced in the
way of outlay upon new buildings, machinery, and
extension of tea, coffee, and cocoa cultivation. The
estates held formed one of the most extensive areas,
under single control in Ceylon being 11,378 acres
of which 4,309 was under tea, and about 2,000 acres
under coffee and cocoa, much of the tea being imma-
ture. The Board, however, has steadily pursued a
course of paying moderate dividends and writing
down the unsatisfactory assets, while each year
£3,500 of debentures have been redeemed. By dint
of this, the debentures in the last balance sheet were
reduced to £89,500, the debentui’e issue expenses, Ac.
account has fallen to .£(5,500, and the Oriental Bank
deposit account stands at £716. The progress of the
Company in this respect is shown in the following
table : —

c5

<0

Q

bo

c

55

n .

<0 r-

1892..

1893..

1894..

1895. .

o

a

d

<0

>

d>

Ph

03 0)

<D

03 d

a -*-»

0) a

P4 o

X -o
iitH S

.9 53

d !3

o ciM

£ £
36,576 31,453
36,631 32,622
39,645 31,6.54
44,160 34,697

a

i S.

q;i

3 OT

P

03 03

.

El

Q

. a .•

CO

s

p

D

’ritten 0
benture
penses.

ebenture
and Ex
Account

0)

>-l r—

a

a

cu CT3

■s '>

is

ft

P P

£

£

£

^ %

5,122

4,378

15,770

100,000 4

4,196

1,740

13,542

96,000 3

7,668

4,042

10,000

93,000 5

9,342

4,000

6,500

89,500 8

It is not clear from the reports whether the redemp-
tion of the debentures was effected out of profits or
not, as there was an increase of £27,000 in the share
capital, chiefly Preference Shares; but some £20,000,
was expended upon new extensions, buildings, and
machinery, while sales and purchases of estates have
led to a nett increase of 710 acres to the area of laud
held. Out of the 12,089 acres now owned, 5,714 are
under cultivation, 5,085 of these under tea. Some 650
acres of this last total have yet to come into bearing,
and a fair share of the portion now being cropped is
imraaturei and should give increased returns in the
futue. The reduction in the debenture issues enabled
the dirctors to reorganise the capital of the Com-
pany this year, and by issuing more Preference
Shares it has been possible to still further reduce the
amount of debentures, and, at the same time, lower
their rate of interest from 6 to 4^ per cent. Under
this arrangement the debenture issue will amount to
£65,000, the Preference Shares to .£46,320, and the
Ordinary Shares to £55,264. The debenture stock
is irredeemable for ten years. This arrangement will
reduce the charges upon revenue considerably, and, at
the same time, profits ought to show improvement,
owing to the large acreage still under mature plants.
It should not be forgotten, however, that the Com-
pany has no reserve, while the ,£20,000 spent upon
buildings, machinery, and extensions would have
been written off out of revenue by a stronger com-
pany, instead of beingplaced to capital. Accordingly,
it will be prudent to increase the amount for de-
preciation each year, so as to bring the valuation
of the block account back to a normal condition.
No doubt, however, the Board, which must have a
keen remembrance of management 'utrder poverty-
stricken conditions, will see that this necessary tafk
is undertaken. Even then, a moderate increase in
dividends seems possible, if events continue to favour
the Ceylon tea industry.

The Ceyi.on Land and Puoduce Company. — This
Company was formed in 1885 when the old Oriental
Bank had its first misfortune. Ceylon properties at
(hat time were not favourably looked upon, and no
doubt the purchase was effected at a moderate

price. A mistake, however, was made in pur-
chasing and developing cocoa-growing properties, but
latterly the Company has turned the major part of
its attention to tea. Dividends were small and un-
certain for some years, but 10 per cent was paid for
1890 Bird 1891. An exceptionally good profit in the
latter year enabled the Board to take in hand the
rvriting down of the cocoa properties. By that time
they had recognised that these were not worth the
money they had paid for them, and, like wise men,
they proceeded to write .£8038 off the book value
of the estates out of profits. Not content with that
they have further paid off a mortgage of £15,0C0
out of revenue. This was completed in 1895. These
necessary deductions have been a considerable drain
upon profits, so that special allocations for the de-
preciation of buildings and machinery have ceased.
The dividend for 1892 also had to be reduced to
per cent, but since then 20 per cent has been paid
for 1893, 15 per cent for 1894, and 20 per cent for
1895, The profits of last year were free from any
deductions to repay the mortgages, and the Board
took the opportunity to commence a reserve fund
with a sum of £2,000. It would be judicious, how-
ever, to return to the custom of writing off a stated
sum each year for the depreciation of buildings and
machinery, and this measure would be rendered more
instructive if it were accompanied by a division in
the balance-sheet of the value of the buildings and
machinery from that of estates and nurseries. The
Company’s progress during the past six years is set
forth in the following table : —

bo

a .

Oi 0)

pH

a

>

0^

^ CO

a o>

Oi

^ a

o

2 ®
C3 rt

W 5
0) ^ ®

.S 0> 1-1

.so

a uW
•3 « o

S a

fc! - O

03 P

O T3

- i m
a

O M ^

.A'73

> a

(D

£

£ £

%

555

5,697 42,997

10

9,233

3,069 39,327

10

4,513

6,119 39,672

1,.592

11,192 36,247

20

1,039

4,196 30,810

15

2,063*

8,836 28,760

20

189C 29,380 19.925 3,201

1891 41, 25 21,012 2,811

1892 33,fi-17 23,215 2,451

1893 38,890 23,587 2,518

1894 28,771 21,332 2,194

1895 35,838 24,735 2,202
* Includes £2,000 set aside to commence a reserve

fund.

The reduction in the interest paid upon debentures
is partly the result of a reduced rate. Tea forms
the staple resource of the Company, 1555 acres be-
ing under bearing ; while 286 acres of young tea are
in process of development. Some 1553 acres are also
under cocoa and coffee, but the revenue from this
source is not relied upon for dividends. It is cal-
culated that the properties have been written down
£20,000 by deductions from revenue in the last six
years, and it is probable that less will be devoted to
this matter in the future. The reserve ought, how-
ever, to be further increased, and this should give
the Company the opportunity to improve its finan-
cial methods. At present, in common with many
other Ceylon companies, its praeCce is to bring the
value of produce in course ct realisation and pnsold
into the profit and loss account and treat it as re-
venue. Like “accrued” interest taken as revenue
by a trust company, it is a device which opens the
way to abuse, and should be discontinued by
strong companies. As corollary to this, we find
that deposits, sundry creditors, bills payable,
and balances due to superintendents in Ceylon,
totalled over .£28,000 in the last balance-
sheet; while cash, debtors, and advances came to
only .£8,200. This is rather a lopsided way of doing
business and when revenue is anticipated up to the
hilt, an irnforeseen contingency might prove awk-
ward. A stronger reserve should provide funds to
remove this danger, and the Board having acted
so vigorously before, will doubtless treat this matter
with becoming energy.

The Eastehn Bkoduce and Estates Comi>anv. —
Apparently this Company succeeded to a poor heri-
tage when it took over the properties and estates
of the old coff'oe-growiug concern known the

^^4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 1896.

Ceylon Company. The debenture issues amounted
to ,tT95,200, and the interest upon them at 6 per cent
in 1890 — the first year of the new Company’s work-
ing— exceeded the nett bajance left after its payment.
A large area of the estates had then been planted with
tea, half of wliich was immature, and as this gradually
came into full bearing the revenue of the Company
improved to a moderate extent. The greatest gain
to the Company, however, has been from the prudent
financial policy adopted by the iloard. Seeing that
the debentures were a heavy drag, they devoted all
their efforts to reduce the total. Each year a certain
sum was set aside from revenue, and realisations
of a part of the estates also took place each year for
a time. So far did this determination to reduce the
chargee go, that it was se*l down in the articles of
association that no dividend above 3 per cent should
be paid upon the shares until the debentui-es had
been reduced to £50,000. This clause, excellent in
motive, proved in practice rather Quixotic, and
has been since rescinded. The realisations of

property in the past five years amounted to

.£68,500, and. together with the sums spent out
of profits, enabled the debentures to be reduced to
£122,500. A great improvement took place last year
when the outstanding Six per Cents were i-eplaced by
a Four-and-a-Half per Cent issue, which will be

paid off by annual redemptions of .£7,500. The work-

ing of the Company in the past six years is shown in
the following taole : —

03

03

O

<0

d

03

u

0)

g

o

Q

bo

a>

gu

X

g

►H

g

o

W)

3

g

g

g

u

63

g

0)

>

o

g

(D

-O

kH

Q

£ £ £

T3

c;

3

w

<£>

s

<0

•4^

o

g

■*3

g

c

o

o

o

c3

Ph

03

g

o

<3

g

o

o

Q

«4H

o

o

.2

6

•4^

ng

■*3

*3

2

04

03

• 3

g

3

>

3

o

g

<33

QJ

0)

S

• li

£ £ £■ %

1890 .. 93,879 71,756 11,712 10,410 6,677 195.200 nil

1891 .. 83,449 71,412 11,393 15,215 6,156 185,190 14

1892 . . 86,206 64,903 10,903 11,090 7,187 175,410 2i

1893 ..102,124 71,716 10,364 20,045 8,719 170,880 3

1894 ..100,923 64,569 9,920 26,466 7,837 149,880 3

1895 ..116,429 68,940 7,577 40,.365 19,115 122,.500 5

The chief factors in the wonderful fourfold multi-
plying of the nett profits in the period have been
the reduction of the interest upon debentures and
the economical working of the estates. Thus, while
the outturn of tea doubled in the time, and gross
revenue rose by about 28 per cent., the working ex-
penses actually diminished by nearly £3000. This
may be partly accounted for by the sales of portions
of the estates, as doubtless the least remunerative
properties would be disposed of. The sums spent on
tea extensions and machinery and buildings have
been carried to capital, but heavy reductions took
place each year in the latter item on account of
depreciation, so that, with considerable additions each
year, the item of machinery and buildings stood on
the last balance-sheet at £7221, as against £9938 in
1890. Doubtless this item will be written off entirely
in a year or two. The tea extension account is mixed
up with the sums spent on fresh land purchased,
and this combined asset figured last December for
.£44,604, as compared with .£26,419 in 1890. It would
b« wise policy to divide up the item, and then the
expenditure upon tea extension could be written
down, if the x^ractice of strong tea companies is to
be followed. The reserve of the Company now
amounts to .£15,000 and it holds £23,171 of
investments, about the composition of which
it would be interesting to have a little infor-
mation. The recent reduction in the interest

upon debentures will further diminish the annual
charge by about ,£2,000, and the cash balances are
very good. So careful is the Hoard of this Comijany
about the chances of tlie future, that out of its nett
profit last year of £40,.365, only .£14,944 was distri-
buted in the dividend of 5 percent. Of the balance
pf £25,421, some £10,189 wag takeu to pay off de.

bentures and meet the expense of issuing new d e-
bentures, £5,000 was placed to reserve, and £10,182
carried forward as a provision for retirement of
debentures in the current year. The area owned by
the Company is one of the largest under one manage-
nient in Ceylon, and as the Company furnishes more
information than Ceylon companies usually do as to
the yield and price obtained for its tea, we are able
to give the following table : —

Total

Under

Tea over
Four

Average

Gross

Year. Area.

Tea.

Y^ears

Y’ield.

Sale

old.

Price

per lb.

Acres.

Acres.

Acres.

lb.

d.

1890.. 17,764

1891.. 16,791

1892. . 16,756

1893.. 17,273

1894.. 17,.323

1895.. 16,6.30

9,266

9,236

9,552

9,7.50

10,048

10,347

5,400
6 700
8,000
8,740
8,970
9,192

1.518.000

2.008.000
2,020,780

2.638.000

2.742.000
3,276,009

llj

n

9i

8i

8i

7|

• thus a lair quantity of plantings to come

nito bearing, and as maturity is not reached until after
the sixth year of planting, the outturn of tea should
increase considerably in the next few yeais if seasons
continue favourable. The price, however has fallen
rather sharply so that the laiger output may not
mean very much increased profit. But without this the

‘o a position to distribute

largei dividends at no distant date.

METROPOLITAN NOTES.

rp, f ■ r London, July 2.

The following are from a London daily’s
“ ( ity article •’

Impoiitant Companies.

THE UllITTSlI NORTH BORNEO COMPANY.

While the Chartered Company of British South
Africa has been forcing the yface and attracting the
attention of almost every man, woman, and child in
the United Kingdom (we know many enthusiasts who
bought shares in the names of their children and
who paid £7 or £8 for them), the Chartered Company
of British North Borneo has fallen out of notice to
such an extent that the transfer fees for the whole
of 1895 amounted to £18 12s 6d, showing that only
149 deeds were lodged during twelve months or
barely more than ten each Stock Exchange Settle-
ment.

In presenting their reports and balance-sheet from
1st .faiuiary to 31st December, 1895, the directors
of the Britisli North Borneo Company have but a
modest tale to tell. The total receipts ou revenue
account amount to £10,210, while the expenditure
reaches £33,260 in Borneo and £1,300 in London. Need-
less to say, no dividend is declared upon the called-un
capital of £497,000. ^

We are inclined to think, however, that the Borneo
Company ba-s a future before it, and that the steady
and withal quiet iiianagemont of the country promises
good results later on. British North Borneo consists
of some 30,000 acres of land, so is slightly larger in
extent than the Crown Colony of Ceylon, which lies in
more or less the same latitude, and grow's more or less
the same tropical products.

During the early days of Ceylon, or, indeed, during
the two centuries when the island nominally belonged
to the Portuguese and the Dutch, the jungle-clad hills
of tlie Central Province were untouched, and even un-
explored. Yet now the greater part of the revenue is
derived from the Central Province. In Borneo the
coast lands have alone been made use of, and the
planters of tea, coffee, and cocoa have yet to be at-
tracted.

The directors are to be commended for the full table
which they give of the imports and exports of the
years 1894 and 1895. From the subjoined examples a
good deal can bo gleaned of the actual development of
the country, the figures speaking for themselves and
requiring no coiiiiiient : — ’

Sept, i, 1896.J THE TROPICAL

Exports.

189.5.

1894.

Camphor

. . $33,900

25,300

Coffee

14,800

1,500

Cutch

. , 114,000

96,000

Gutta

46,800

30,700

India Rubber

49,000

35,300

Sago flour

.. 121.300

122,000

Tobacco

.. 1,176,000

875,000

For 1894 the total exports amounted to ^1,698,000 ;
for 1895 they reach a total of f2, 130,000.

In ihe House of Commons, tliere lias been a
discussion on

“ COCOA nUTTKR,”

(not to be confounded with “ coconut butter,” of
wliich we have also heard). This is most fully
reported in the Morninq Post as follows : —

COCOA BUTTER.

The House then went into Committee of Ways
and Means, Mr. J. W. Lowther in the chair.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer moved the follow-
ing resolution — “ That the duty of Customs now
payable on cocoa or chocolate ground, prepared, or
in any way manufactured, under the provisions of the
Act 42 and 43 Vic., cap. 21, sec. 3, shall be payable
on that product of the cocoa bean which is generally
known as cocoa butter.” The right hon. gentleman
said the matter was a very small one, and could be
easily explained. At the present moment cocoa, raw
or manufactured, was liable to duty, and it had been
discovered that cocoa butter, though manufactured
from cocoa, could not properly be included as a
manufactured article because the process of manu-
facture had not come within the scope of ex-
isting provisions. This article was largely used in
the manufacture of chocolate. Out of every hundred-
weight of raw cocoa 861b. of cocoa butter was mauu
factored. As the law stood the manufacturers of cocoa
butter in this country were liable to a duty of ll-3d
on every pound of cocoa butter, whereas the manu-
facturer abroad could send the article over here with-
out paying any duty. This was protection for the
foreigner against the Englishman — (hear, hear) — and
therefore he asked that the Committee would pass
this resolution.

Mr. Kearley protested that no notice had been sent
to the great manufacturing firms of the country.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer said he had
received communications from Messrs. Cadbury,
Taylor, Epps, Lipton, and Thorn, all of whom
desired this alteration in the law. (Cheers.)

Mr. Kearley noticed one serious omisssion in that
list, and, that was a firm which fiourished in tho
district represented by the right hon. gentleman,
namely, Messrs. Fry, of Bristol. He understood that
they strongly objected to this, and appeared to bo
quite in ignorance of it.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer said he had
received a communication froTii Messrs. Fry, who,
he thought, had not understood the jjurport of the
resolution.

Mr. Kearley asked that the resolution should be
postponed for at least a week in order that Messrs.
Fry and other firms should be able to obtain a hearing.
He maintained that if a duty were imposed on cocoa-
butter the foreign trade of certain manufacturers
would pass away.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer pointed out that
a clause embodying the views of those on whose behalf
the hon. member spoke could be placed on the paper
and discussed on the Finance Bill. That would
give ample time for the matter to be fully considered
in the interval by the manufacturers and others
interested. (Hear, hear.)

Sir W. Harcourt observed that this was purely a
preliminary stage, and he advised his hon. friend to
be satisfied with the assurance of the Chancellor of the
Exchequer.

The resolution was agreed to, and the House resumed.
Bub The Times gives some additional figures ; for
instance, mentioning that apart from English firms
paying duty on the raw product to make this
butter, Dutch and Dermaii houses tliat paid less
duty on the beans actually gob a'dr.awback on
the “butter ’’they exported to England I

AGRICULTURIST. 165

MR. ERNE.ST E. GREEN

writes to me on 1st July as follows, and it is
as well his note should be published to prevent
any misconception : —

“• I have been much gratified by the way the
district associations have been coming forward in
support of my book 011 the Coccidfo of Ceylon ;
but, judging by remarks made in the course of the
discussion at the meetings, I fear that there is some
misconception as to the scope of the work in ques-
tion. There seems to be an impression that the
term ‘Coccidse’ is synonymous with ‘insect pests.’
This is not so. The family Coccidce covers only
one group— namely, the ‘scale bugs’; and although
the greater number of our pests do belong to this
family, there are others — and important ones — that
do not. ‘ Helopeliis ’ is one of the exceptions, as I
have previously explained you. I shall be much
obliged if you will mention this in writing to Cey-
lon. As I should be very sorry to take advantage
of such a misconception and cause disappointment,

I hope that anyone who has been led to subscribe
solely under the wrong impression will withdraw
his subscription.”

For my part, I cannot see how there can be
any disappointment, for Mr. Green's book is
sure to be very useful.

London, July 10.

MR. J. L. SHAND

is back from his mission to Central America—
Costa Kica — chiefly to report on valuable coflee
property in a new district of that rising coffee
state, which the owner wishes to develop by means
of English ca])ital and probably a Limited Com-
pany. I have not seen Mr. Shand yet, but
learn his Report is favourable. In this connec-
tion it is of interest to read what is .said about
“coffee” in the adjacent state of Columbia (South
America) in the course of a recent Consular Re-
port quoted by Commerce : —

COLOJIBIAN COFFEE.

Colombia possesses a large expanse of territory
with the favourable (or unfavourable) circumstance
that, though geographically situate in the tropics
the climate is diversified in all grades, from that of
everlasting snow that covers many summits of the
Andes, down to continual heat and burning sunshine.
The country, says Mr. Consul Mallet, may be said
to be practically uninhabited. The whole number of
inhabitants is supposed to be 4,000,000 souls, but as
no census has ever been taken, any idea as to tho

number of inhabitants must necessarily be speculative.
The whole country is divided into departments and
each department is subject to the Central Govern-
ment which has its seat in Bogota. The machinery
of the Government is managed entirely in that city.

The chief agricultural product is coffee. The belt
of laud lying about 3,000 feet above the level of the
sea is where the greater part of this berry is pro-
duced, though the part grown at 1,000 feet elevation
is of a quality superior to that grown fui'ther down.
Were there sufficient population, there is no reason
why the annual crop should not be much increased
It seems easy enough to remedy this want by merely
promoting immigration from other lands, but there
are many practical difficulties in the matter. The
first difficulty is to get together a certain number of
people suitable for the work. When got they have
to be brought over to these burning shores ; after
arriving they have to be conducted up rivers and
over primitive roads until they arrive at the section
of the country to which they have been destined.
Next comes the housing, clothing, and feeding of
them, and all the care that must be taken of
their health ; next the building of the village where
they and their families are to dwell. Add

to all these the isolated position in which these
immigrants find themselves among people of different
race, language, religion, and customs, and it is easy
to understand the causes of utter failure and indi-
vidual suffering in so many immigration SQli©taes«

i66

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISI .

[Sept, i, 1896.

As a general rule Colombians do not migrate
through their country. The warm countryman rarely
goes to the temperate zone, and those of the latter
seldom descend to the warm climates. Thus the
coffee growers depend entirely on their own hands,
and the result is that no more coffee can be culti-
vated and harvested than what the actual inhabitants
of those regions can accomplish. At present the de-
partments in which the cultivation of coffee is carried
on are as follows Santander, Antioquia, Tolima,
and Cundinamarca. In consequence, however, of the
scarcity of labourers, comparatively few large coffee
estates are carried on. The very great proportion
of the yearly crop is produced on small holdings,
which are worked by the holder and his family.
Last night we had the following : —

“ COCO.t BUTTEU.

“The Chancellor oe the Exchequer moved a new
clause imposing a duty of Id per pound on cocoabutter.

Mr. T. Lough contended that the principle of
the tax was wrong. This was a subtle attack upon
the whole policy of free trade, (Hear, hear.)

“ The clause was added to the Bill.’’

At length our old friend

“ rhka”

seems to have fallen into energetic hands and
Capt. Whitley’s Company is looking up : here is
its advertisement in linancial papers : —

“rhea eibre treatment.

The owners of the Gomess Patents and Eights
for the lollowing countries are prepared to receive
applications from foreign and colonial companies or
linancial houses for dealing with such of these
Patents and Eights as remain unsold, either in the

form of working under licence cr

purchase outright.

*Austria

Tiji

Portugal

Argentine Ee-

Finland

Portuguese

public

•Germany

Colonies

Barbadoes

Guatemala

Queensland

•Bulgaria

Greece

*Eussia

’‘Belgium

Hawaii

•Eoumania

Brazil

Holland

Spain

British Guiana

Hong Kong

•South Africa

British Honduras

•Hungary

South America

Bahamas

•India

•Straits Settle-

Bolivia

Italy

ments

Buenos Ayres

Jamaica

South Australia

Burma

Japan

Sweden

British Co’pmbia

Leeward Islands

•Servia

Borneo

Luxembourg

Switzerland

•Ceylon

Mauritius

Tasmania

Canada

Mexico

•Transvaal

•Cape of Good

Madagascar

Trinidad

Hone

Newfoundland

Tunis

Congo Free State New Zealand

•Turkey

China

Norway

•United States of

Chili

New South Wales America

Cuba

•Natal

Venezuela

Denmark

Orange Free State Victoria

•France

Peru

\v^est Australia

“The Patents and Eights for countries marked * in
the above list are either already sold or negotiations
are proceeding with respect to them.

“Applications to be made as below, where information
can be obtained and samples seen.

“The Foreign and Colonial Ehea Fibre Treatment
Syndicate, Limited.

“17, Shaftesbury-Avenue, London, W.’’

And two London evening papers discuss the
subject as follows : —

“A rhea i’ACTORY FOR LANCASHIRE.

Our old friend rhea has turned up once again,
this time in Lancashire. It is to be manufactured
by a company which has taken over the Castleton
Mills, Eochdale, for the express purpose. The pro-
cess, which will be employed, is that known as the
Gomess process. Lancashire spinners apiiear to be
taking favourably to the new fibres which have been
recently exploited or perfected. More than one mill
in the vicinity of Manchester is occupied with the
preparation and production of the particular fibre,
and from all wo hear they cannot turn out enough
yarn to meet the demand. Moreover, wo hear of
other companies projected in addition to the one

just formed at Eochdale. The capital for this ven-
ture, liy the way, has all been subscribed privately.
There is certainly a big demand for the commo-
dity, and it looks as though it may have come to
stay at last.’’

MORE ABOUT RHEA.

How far rhea fibre is likely to realise all the great
things that its admirers have prophesied for it is
open to question. But evidently there is no inten-
tion of allowing financial enterprise in that direction
to be confined to the flotation of the large Khea
Fibre Company that was offered to the public some
months ago. A company has just been registered to
acquire a private concern hitherto known as the Ehea
Fibre Treatment Company, Limited, and the name
of the new enterprise is the Eochdale Ehea Fibi'e
Spinning Company, Limited. The capital is .£75,000
in 25,000 preferred and 50,000 ordinary shares. Another
interesting registration at Somerset House is that of
James Nisbet & Co., which has been formed to take
over the well-known publishing business in Beniers-
street. It is gratifying to see that the directors’
qualification is fi.xed at £1,200. It is not often that
directors are forced to take so sensible and substan-
tial an interest in a Company from which they drew
their fees.

T’LANTING AND rilODUCE.

Tai.k About the Tea Duty. — The discussion in Par-
liament on the tea duty, a I'eport of which appears
elsewhere, although it came to nothing from a practi-
cal point of view, gave the question airing, and
brought out a few points in connection with Mr.
Chamberlain’s Zollverein scheme and its application
to British grown tea. In discussing the Finance Bill,
Mr. Lloyd-George on the last occasion had moved
an amendment to exempt tea grown in any part of
Her Majesty’s dominions from the tea duty. Since
this amendment was moved Mr. Chsmberlain has
propounded his scheme for an Imperial Zollverein.
The amendment gave an excellent opportunity for
discussing it. The Eadicals, in the interest of pro-
gress, were willing to forego the chance, but Mr.
Lowther — the champion Protectionist — would not let
it slip. He has been organising Protectionist meet-
ings up and down the country, and was back in the
House full of encouragement and enthusiasm.
There were many demands for the “ author,’’ but
Mr. Chamberlain carefully kept out of the House,
although he was on the premises. On the withdrawal
of Mr. Lloyd-George’s amendment, Mr. Lough moved
that Ireland should be exempted from the payment of
the tea duty, a suggestion which, as the Chancellor
of the Exchequer pointed out, would involve the res-
toration of custom houses between Great Britain and
Ireland and a reversal of our settled policy of fiscal
unity. This amendment was withdrawn, and then
Mr. H. Lewis moved an amendment to the effect
that the duties on higher-priced teas should be raised
and the duties upon lower-priced teas lowered. This
also was withdrawn. Mr. Lloyd-George moved to
reduce the tea duty from fourpeiice to twopence per
pound, but the proposal was defeated by 2(1:5 votes
to 96, and the clause was agreed to by 228 votes
to 87. During the discussion Mr. Labouchere was
afforded an opportunity of saying that it gave him
great pleasure to vote in favour of a reduction of
the tea duties, and Mr. Lough, who is in the tea
trade, was permitted to express a trade view on the
question of duty as it affects the price of tea. The
funniest thing in the debate came from that mad
wag, Mr. T. G. Bowles, who delivering himself on
the accident wheeze about the terrible effects of tea
drinking in Ireland, mentioned in his playful way
that “the more tea was drunk in Ireland the more
the Irish population diminished.’’ The debace on the
whole was conducted in a rollicking spirit, and was
not at all a bad advertisement for the tea trade.
As for the rights and wrongs of the tea duty, all the
advocates of a “ free breakfast table ’’ protested
against the maintenance of this tax in a year of
an overflowing Exchequer, and an unprecedented
surplus. 'That the money raised by a 50 per cent
tax on the poor widow's cup of tea had been squau-

Sept, i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS I’.

167

dered in “ bloated armaments '' and doles to rich
landowners gave the Radicals an excellent text, and
they did not fail to improve upon it.

Nkw Indian Tea Company.— The Oodmarie Tea
Company, Limited, Assam, his been formed with a
capital of T40,000 for the purpose of acquiring as
from January 1, 1896, and working as one concern,
the three tea estates known as Oodmarie, Balijuri,
and Lung Soong, situate in the district of Nowgong
and province of Assam, India, together with all
buildings, machinery, stock, coolies under contract, &c.

Gkocbus and Packet Teas. — Some correspondents
have recently called attention to the evils, from the
grocer’s point of view, of the packet tea trade. But
the Grocer gives its readers some advice on the sub-
ject, which they must of necessity ponder on. It
says; “There will be agents, and there will be
packet teas: query, is it practicable for a grocer to
refuse to sell all such goods ? However desirable
the own-blend system may be, you do not get rid of a
danger by ignoring it. The feature of these packet
teas is that they are so easily handled that no
special skill is required in those who sell them. If
grocers generally refused to sell them, the wholesale
merchants would easily enough obtain the services
of confectioners, chemists, or even perhaps tobacco-
nists (who have already somewhat too much ex-
perience of packet goods for their comfort) as their
agents, and although nobody else could be half so
efficient in that capacity as the grocer, the latter
would probably lose a little of his trade, and see
other people gradually extending their encroachments
upon it. Quite so !

Coffee Drunkenness. — Medical men are delight-
fully impartial in their attacks on tea and coffee
drinking. When they have finished for a time the
operation of jumping on tea drinkers, they give the
coffee imbiber a turn. There is an outcry in America
and on the European continent against coffee drunken-
ness, which is said to be one of the latest dangers.
A New York doctor, who has made a special study
of the subject, says his observation has shown be-
yond question that chronic coffee poisoning is much
more common than is generally supposed. “ The
symptoms are usually confounded with alcoholic dis-.
turbance, because coffee dyspepsia bears a striking
resenfblance to alcoholic dyspepsia. There is the
same disgust for food, morning expectoration of mucus,
and marked anorexia. This disgust for food increases in
severe cases until the patient can only take coffee or
bread soaked in coffee Nausea follows, and many of the
other ills that flesh is heir to. Concerning the same
evil Dr. Mendel of Berlin has published a clinical study
ivhich is the most thorough yet made, as he had a
community of coffee drinkers under his constant ob-
servation, the working women in and about Essen. He
found many of these women consumed over a pound of
coffee' , a week. The leading symptoms of the ills that
afflict them were profound depression of spirits and fre-
quent headaches, with insomnia. A strong dose of
coffee would relieve them for a time, then the ailment
would return. The muscles became weak aud trembl-
ing, and the hands trembled when at rest. The victims
suffered so seiionsly they dared not abandon the drink-
ing of coffee for fear of death.” All this worked up
into the shilling shocker form would be thrilling. — II.
and C. Mail, .July 10.

THE GAL AHA CEYLON TEA ESTATES
AND AGENCY CO., LTD.

This company is formed to acquire carry on, and
develop a group of freehold tea estates, two freehold
factiries, and the general and agency business of
Messrs. Chas. Strachan & Co., in Colombo. The
vendor tells us in the prospectus that he estimates
the profits for the next twelve months at .£'13,546.
Why not give the actual net profits for last year or
the year before, as he has managed the estates and
business for many years ? Investors could then see
the increase of profits as the plantations come into
full bearing. Under present conditions we cannot
see anything in the prospectus to recommend investors
to subscribe to this issue. — Financial Bulletin, July 4.

Tea, as a beverage, has been steadily growing in
public favour despite the occasional onslaughts of
various members of the medical profession directed
against its effects on the nervous system. Conse-
quently, it is not surprising that tea-growing is a
remunerative industry, and many of the Indian and
Ceylon companies are very prosperous concerns, and
offer good opportunities for investment to those who
want more than 2.^ per cent or so for their money.
It must not be supposed, however, that every tea
estate pays, and the public must exercise caution and
discreiion in selecting those in which to invest. The
Galaha Ceylon Tea Estates and Agency Company
(Limited) does not impress us as one we can recom-
mend. It is formed with a capital of £110,000,
divided into £60,000 cumulative 6 per cent preference
shares of .£10 each and .£50,000 ordinaiy shares of .£*10
each. There is also a debenture capital of £55,000
paying 5 per cent. The objects of the company are
to acquire certain freehold tea estates, with tea
factories, &c., in Ceylon, and the general agency of
Messrs. Strachan & Co., in Colombo. The estates,
business, &c., are to be purchased for the sum of
.£155,000 and the vendor takes the £'50,000 of ordinary
shares and the balance .£105,000, in cash, so that his
total interest in the concern will be comparatively
small. We do not notice any independent valuation
of the properties, &c., taken over. Another point
calling for remark is that although the businesses
have been carried on sometime, no statement of the
profits earned in past years is put forward. Instead
thereof we have the vendor’s estimate of sales, work-
ing expenses, Ac., from July 1, 1896, to June 30. 1897,
showing, of course, a satisfactory profit. We cannot
say that this estimate will not be realised, but the
intending investor will bear in mind that estimates
of future profits are vastly inferior to statements of
past profits as a basis on which to value a business.
The concern may be perfectly good and sound — we
know nothing to the contrary — but if so, the pros-
pectus certainly does nothing to demonstrate the fact,
— Commerce, Jnly 1.

COFFEE IN THE KELANI VALLEY.

Mr. 11. M. Dawkin, who to a certain e.xtent,
at least, i.s the pioneer of colfee planting in the
Kelani Valley, has kindly furnished our repre-
sentative with particulars regarding an exiieri-
ment he has made on his estate of Kanangania.
A year jiast in April a few bushes were planted,
from a nursery, close to the conductor’s quarters.
Tliese were carefully nurtured, precautions being
taken to ensure that they were properly shaded”
manured and watered. These bushes liave thriven
wonderfully, some of them being between 4 and 5
feet high. Quite recently there was a fair crop
of blossom on them, which “ for the good of the
bush” was plucked off and not allowed to
mature. In September last year Mr. Dawkin
planted 100 acres in liberian coffee. The bushes,
like those first experimented with, have a strong
and liealthy appearance and .some of them have
grown to a height of between two and three feet.
It is Mr. Dawkin’s intention to plant
another 50 acres in liberian coffee shaded
with dadup treAs 20 feet apart. The “ Laird
of Kanangama” is well satisfied wdth the results
of the experiment so far as it has gone,
and he is liopeful that his acreage of coffee ' will
have come into bearing in the course of two and
a half years. At all event.s, he is determined
to give tlie experiment a five years trial, holding
as he does, that previous coffee growing trials in
t!ie K.V, did not get fair play owing to owners
preferring to go in for tea wdiich, at the time
the experiments w'ere made, was realising long
jirices. The Hon. T. N. Christie, we learn, takes
an interest in the departure inaugurated by
Mr. Dawkin and some day intends to have
a look at the Kanangama coffee. We wish
it am! its owner the best of luck.

i63

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

THE KOTMALE VALLEY ESTATES
CX)MPANV OF CEYLON, LD.

The inail has brought us intelligence of the
forniation of this Company with a capital of
i)oU,0U0 (liviiletl into ‘2,0U(J live per cent cumu-
lative preference sliares of £10 each and 8,000
ordinary shares of £10 each. The Company has
been formed for acquiring from the Queens-
berry Estates Coy., Ld., the estates called
Oucensberry and Strathlonacli situated at Kot-
male Valley in e.xtent 1,072 acre.s. 'J'lie con-
sideration for the purchase is £4 *,120.

THE POMELO-COMMONLY CALLEL)
OilAPE FRUIT.

This wonderful citrus fruit was introduced into
Florida about 1839 from .Jamaica and Pernambuco.
It was planted more ns a curiosity and not thought
much of, only being eaten by the' old Floridians as
a Spring tonic and to drive away malaria, until
the live Yankee got hold of it about 1881, and began
to introduce it into the larger eastern cities. As
it has great medicinal qualities the doctors of the
east soon began to recommend it for indigestion,
and as a tonic to tone up the system in the Spring ;
also as an appetizer.

The majority of people who eat this fruit do not like
it at first, and many have not tried to like it on account
of the extreme bitterness of the rink and membrane, or
lining between the pulp. The correct way to eat this
peculiar fruit is to separate, or take away all this lining,
and eat only the pulp ; or better still, cut the fruit
open through the center, dig out the seeds and
core, then sprinkle a little sugar over the pulp (work-
ing it in a little with a spoon or knife), let stand
several hours or overnight; eat just before meals.
This way one soon learns to like and even crave
for it. Unlike strong drink or stimulants that create a
craving appet'te, the pomelo is not only harmless but
beneficial, and will, 1 understand, even alleviate the
rum appetite and if.persistently used cure drunkenness.

There is nothing in the fruit line yet discovered
that has the medicinal qualities of the pomelo.
Hence, the demand will increase from year to year
and take all the fruit that will be grown in the
United States for the next twenty years.

The product of Florida was about wiped out by the
great freeze in that state in 1894-95, and this past
season, what few pomelos the east obtained from the
extreme southern border of Florida and South America,
brought fabulous prices. A few boxes sent from
California sold at from jflO to :gi20 per box in JJoston
and other eastern cities. Very common and poor
fruit from Jamaica sold in Buffalo at from fT2 to
fl5 per barrel. Of course these ’high prices will not
continue when the live California planters get trees
in bearing. There is not, however, any doubt but the
demand has come to stay, and that it will increase
as the fruit becomes known.

Now about varieties. Most people think there is
but one variety. This is a mistake, as all fruits have
different kinds. I travelled over all parts of Florida
during the winters of 1890 and 1892 looking up the
best varieties, and bought trees of what I considered
the four best, and planted them at South Riverside.
I found the Seedless a large fine fruit, having all
the medicinal qualities desired with only an oc-
casional seed ; is a very luscious fririt. The one
I considered next best was the Arantium,
or Sweet Rind, a cross between the pomelo and
orange. It has none of the bitter about the rind or
lining, and only a trace of it in the pulp, and still
much of the flavor of the pomelo as well as that of
the orange, and will suit the taste of all. I do not
think, however, that it has the medicinal qualities
of the bitter rind. I also found a very tine fruit in
St. Petersburg on the Gulf coast called Leonardy’s
Grape Fruit. This has as thin a rind as the orange,
is juicy, tine flavored, with all the medicinal qualities.
I also found the Walters. The original tree was on
the place of a Mr. Walters at Belleview, Florida,
and the fruit is the largest of the bitter rind I ever
saw. The tree was over twenty years old and had
some 5,000 pomelos on it weighing from two to

three pounds each. I secured trees budded from
all four of these varieties, and have them all in
bearing but the Arantium or Sweet Rind, which
will probably bear some fruit this season. I consider
these varieties the best yet discovered. The more com-
mon varieties of seedlings are about all called Triumph,
and will stand in comparison to these varieties as the
seedling orange does to the budded varieties.

The Seedless will undoubtedly take the lead over
all others. The California growers who 'get the fir.st
orchards into bearing will undoubtedly have a gold
mine in the shape of gold-producing fruit that will
outdo all other fruits in this respect. It is no fad,
but the demand has come to stay and will increase
for years to come. It will take at least ten years of ac-
tive planting for California to make up Florida’s loss
in this line. I have given this fruit my especial attention
for at least five years, and if I were to do any more
citrus planting it would be nothing but the pomelo.

The tree is the finest of all the citrus family, is a
thrifty grower, has large glossy leaves, and a tough
wood that will bear its enormous weight of fruit with-
out propping. I have seen as many as (i,000 pomelos
on a single tree that would average 32 ounces each,
or 12,000 pounds of fruit on a tree 22 inches through,
the trunk three feet from the ground, and the tree
over 49 feet in height, and 30 feet across its widest
branches. This tree was 31 years old. The fruit from
this tree sold for such a fabulous pi'ice that I will
not mention it here for fear of being set down for a
combined Florida and California liar.

C. B. Hewitt.

Pasadena, Cal. — Rural Californian, June.

Botanic G.vrdens at the C\pe.—NcUu7-c of
June 25 says : —

The Agricultural Gazette of Cape Colony publishes
a letter sent by Sir Ferdinand von Mueller to Sir
Hercules Robinson, the Governor of the Colony, and
appealing for a reserve-ground for the preservation
of rare Cape plants. As the veteran botanist of
Victoria points out, the vegetation of South Africa
is the richest in the woild, not only as to number
of species, but also as containing an astounding
variety of plants of special and peculiar type, aggre-
gated chiefiy in the south-western provinces and (oc-
curring nowhere else. Hundreds of these are quite
local and restricted to very circumscribed areas. They
are sure to be swept out of existence altogether,
unless special provision is made for their preserva-
tion; and it is on that account that the appeal is
made for a wild-garden or reserve for the conserva-
tion of Cape plants in areas where they can be main-
tained for the knowledge of generations to come.
It may be said that botanic gardens exist already
in several parts of the colony, but in a report upon
Baron von Mueller’s proposal, Brof. Mac Owan re-
marks; “These places can only exist by making
themselves into a lounge or pleasaunce of idle horns
for the population living close by. I speak as one
who knows, for it was my lot to run one of these
tor fourteen of the hardest and most unsatisfactory
years of my working life. The conditions of support
compel the iilace to grovel down into a nursery-garden
in commercial lines, in order to get money enough
to keep it presentable for the daily stroller. Nor
did I ever dare to plant up any single portion of
it with typical representatives of our Flora. The
public would have taken the alarm at once. They
care nothing for the special prehistoric flora of the
land they live in, compared with the newest hideous
abortion in chrysanthemums. ... So that some of
the gardens which we complaisantly call botanic,
have it in them to stand between the living and the
ilead, and stop the slow and sure extinction of the
most ancient and interesting part of our Cape Flora.
This Slate of things, brought home to me yearly
as I traverse the same solitudes each season, and
note the increasing scarcity of rare plants, has been
much in mind ; but I do not see any other way of
dealing with the matter, than by the reserve, now
recommended, of chosoii localities for all time and
inalienable.’’ Hut much as this is to bo desired
I’rof. Mac O.van has to confess that the idea is not
likely of even approximate fulfilment.

Sept,

I, I

896.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

169

TFIE ASSOCIATED TE/V ESTATES OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

The mail lias brought us a copy of tlie pros-
pectus of this Company which has just been
brought out by Mr. W. H. Davies of Colombo
with^a capital £150,000, divided into 8,000 six
per cent Cumulative Preference Shares of

£10 each and 7,000 Ordimary Shares of

£10 each. The Preference Shares are entitled
to a Cumulative Preferential Dividend of 6
per cent per annum, and are also preferential
as to capital. Mr. Davies’ firm in Colombo have
heard by wire from him that the capital olleied
for subscription was over applied for. Mr. Davies
is forming auotuer Company of tlie prospectus of
whicli we are promised a copy shortly. Of the

present company the otlicialsare :

DiRKcroRS.-Sir Alexander Wilson (Chairman of
the Mercantile Bank of India, Limited), Loudon.

•S R Earle, Esq. (Director of Alsiug oJ Company,
Limited), 7. Oxford Court, London B. C.

.John McEivan, Esq. (of the Allynugger Tea Com-
panv, Limited), 5 BUliter Avenue, E,C,

^ • Mr Earle being a Director of the Malabar Com-
pany (fumited), who are the Vendors, will not act

BA^^^The ^ 18- Bishopsgate

®'The’Sori Bank of India (Limited), London

^^^SoLiciTORS.— Messrs. Sanderson, Holland, Adkin
& Co., 46 Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.

Auditor.— J. M. Henderson, Esq., f.c.a., 2, Moor-
gate Street Buildings, E.C. ^ ^

^ Brokers.— Messrs. Milln & Robinson, Austin
Friars, and Stock Exchange, Loudon, E C. Messrs.
Hart & Watson, 63. St. Vincent Street, Glasgow,
mLsis. Higgins N IVrton, 21, Dale Street Liverpool.

Agents in Ceylon.— Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co.,

^ SecTORIEs and Managing Agents.— Messrs. Mc-
Meekin & Co., 5, Billiter Avenue, London, E.C.

Ofitce.— 31, Billiter Buildings, London, L.O.

The Company is formed to take over as going concerns,
and to apialgamate under one management, the tol-
owiug carefully selected tea estates in Ceylon, an
to purchase further estates as opportunity offers :—

Tea in acres.

Name of
Estate.

Districts.

cS

a

<0

a

Chesterford ..Kelani

Valley ..

fDukinfield ..UdaPus-

sellawa . .

Doragalla ..Pussel-
lawa

Horagoda ..Kalutara..

Madultenuc ..Kelani

Valley ..

i Commonly known as “ Silver Kandy.”

The two principal estates to be taken over by the
Company have been carefully investigated and re-
ported npnn by experts in Ceyhm, and their reports,
which are in great detail, may be seen at the Com-
pany’s Offices. As regards the other estate.s the
figures have been taken from the Proprietors Si,ate-
ments.

22

The following is a Summary : —

There is a total area of about 2,789 acres, of which
1,408 acres are in full bearing.

15 ,, 4 years old.

.358

1,008

2,789

and younger.
Foresi, Chena, &c.

^ 2

•— * hr (15 T3 ^ ^

fe- ^ P OC3 o

278 15 266 250 809

210 — 20 54 284

620 — — 371 991

150 — 20 248 418

1.50 — 52 85 287

1,408 15 358 1,008 2,789

The crop for 1895 was 663,628 lbs., yield-')
ing a net profit of.. .. £9,172 1

The crop for 1896, taken on the usual | at Exchange
basis of calculation for new tea )• of 1/2
coming into bearing, is estimated per Rupee,
at 700,000 lbs., to yield a net profit

of £9,461 J

Of the increase estimated for 1896, so far as the year
has gone, the actual result fully justifies the figures
given. The reports referred to have been submitted
to Mr. W. Forsythe, a well-known Ceylon planter,
who is now in London, and he has expressed his
satisfaction with the same, and has estimated that,
when all the young tea comes into full bearing, there
should be a considerable increase in the crop. The
original report of Mr. Forsythe may be seen at the
Company’s office. At the price agreed to be paid for
the estates, taking the Forest Chena, &c., at £5 per
acre, the laud under Tea works out at an average
cost of the Company of £55 8s per acre, which,
considering the high character of the Dukinfield
Estate, is very reasonable. The present average
output of the 1,408 acres of Tea in full bearing is
at the rate of about 450 lb. per acre, and, when
the 373 acres of young Tea come in, there should
be a proportionate increase of revenue to the Com-
pany ; besides w-hich there would be the natural in-
crease upon the Estates generally.

A feature in the selection of the Estates is the
distribution over high and low-country, the pro-
perties ranging from Udapussellawa, at an elevation
of 5,500 feet, to the Kelani Valley with an elevation
of 450 feet above sea level. This should lead to a
more uniform aggregate result than by having a
series of properties all in one locality. There is
ample Factory accommodation for present require-
ments upon the Estates, and there is an experienced
staff of officials and employees, which will be taken
over by the Company, so that the business will be
carried on without any break in its continuity.. The
price to be paid for the five Estates above-mentioned
has been fixed by the Vendors at £103,720, leaving
a balance of .£6,280 out of the present issue
available for working capital, the Vendors agree-
ing to pay all the expenses in connection with
the formation of the Company down to allotment.
The purchase price is payable in Cash owing to the
difficulty of adjusting, on the basis of a payment
partly in Cash and partly in Shares, the interests
of the several individual owners from whom the Estates
were in the first instance acquired. The Vendors and
theu’ friends will, however, apply for a substantial
number of Shares. The Vendors have agreed to make
out a good title to the Estates to be acquired by the
Company to the satisfaction of the legal advisers of
the Company in Ceylon. The following Certificate
has been given by Mr. J. M. Henderson, f.c.a., to
whom the original Reports have been submitted for
investigation : —

2, Moorgatf, Street Buildings,
London, E.C., 30th June, 1896.

To the Directors, the Associated Tea Estates of
Ceylon, Limited.

Gentlemen, — I have compared the tables which you
have prepared and submitted to me, as under, with
the original Reports from Ceylon referring to the
first two estates, respectively, and in the other three
estates with the figures given by the proprietors, and
Mr. W. H. Davies of Colombo, and I hereby certify
that the figures showing the crops in 1895 and the
estimated crops for 1896 are correctly extracted
therefrom. I also find that the profits in 1895 and
the estimated profits for 1896, as given in the said
tables, are fairly deduce! from the said Reports and
statements, and the estimates given therein.

In the estates marked (*) the profits for 1896 are
taken on the basis of 1895.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

170

[Sept, i, 1896.

No provision, however, has been made for depre-
ciation on buildings, plant, or machinery.

No. Estate. 1895 Crop. 1896 Crop

(estimated).

lb. 11).

1. Chesterford .. 172,000 190,000

2. Dukinfield . . 99,610 105,000

3. Doragalla . . 233,988 *220,000

4. Horagoda . . 67,000 *85,000

5. Madultenne . . 91,000 *100,000

Total crop . . 663,623 700,000

Profit . . ,£9,172 0 0 ,£9,461 0 0

Yours faithfully, J. M. Henderson.

Taking the profits for the year 1896 as ..£9,161
it will be seen that the Dividend upon the
Preference Shaves is amply covered, 6 per
cent, on £60,000 absorbing 3,600

leaving for Dividend on Ordinary Shares _
(£50,000), London Expenses, etc., the sum of ..£5,861
besides which there may be reckoned the in-
crease of yield and revenue from the young
Tea, which forms a reserve against con-
tingencies.

The following contract has been entered into, viz.:
— An agreement between the Malabar Company
(Limited) and William Henry Davies of the one part,
and the Company of the other part, dated 16th July,
1896, being a contract for the sale and purchase of
the five estates above-mentioned.

No underwriting of the Company’s capital has been
efiected, and the Shares will he allotted as far as
possible pro rata on the application. It is intended
to apply in due course for a Stock Exchange settle-
ment and quotation.

THE CRAWFORD CUTCH CO.

We are glad to know that this Company’s
business at Trincomalee lias now been thoroughly
established by Mr. C. R Murray, Secretary of
the Company, who left by the last P. & 0.
mail steamer after a three months’ stay in the
island. The works, which are turning out at the
rate of 6 tons per week, are in charge of Mr.
Gillespie.

COFFEE IN NEW CALEDONIA.

Writing to a friend in Colombo, a gentleman
well-known in Ceylon says : —

wrote you from Sydney, since which I was asked
by a firm to come and report on some coffee plan-
tations in this island. 1 have been here a month
visiting a number of places. Coffee grows like a weed
here, and it is grand to see old King Coffee looking
so healthy with deep dark green foliage, and really
good crops. It is wonderful how it does, seeing the
careless cultivation and on land we would not dream
of planting. Just fanej', it grows in the low land ;
the soil is rich chocolate 4 or .5 feet deep, but all
grass land like our patanas. It is first scythed down,
then ploughed 18 inch deep with a team of 4 bullocks
(English); then the grass roots removed, harrowed,
and coffee planted, and with it the blackwood tree
for shade under which the coffee thrives most
beautifully. “Bois Noir” or blackw'ood seems to
kill the grass and weeds once the shade is estab-
lished. Plants are put in about 8' by 6’ and 9' by 5'
and until the shade is established, ploughing is done
between the coffee, the leaf mould formed from
the leaves and seed pods of the Bois Noir are very
great, and in fact in the 5 years no weeding is
needed. Trees (coffee) are topped at 8 feet and no
pruning ever done which is a pity as they are far
too thickly knotted in the centres. I saw one field
last week at Thio and St. Paul's about 25 acres
carrying 12 cwt. an acre, and this on grass land
that was. Government are getting out young men
as planting emigrants giving them 15 acres each on
forest land, and insist on the coffee being planted
under shade, so that only the undergrowth is cleared,
ftO burning, and coffee planted. Plants all , shapes

and sizes are put in by these men and in a few
years this island will ship crops as large as Ceylon
did. At present most of the coffee is dried in cherry.
Some have pulpers but do not know how to set
them. One place I saw pulp and cherry and parch-
ment all coming through together and in some going
into the pulp pit. I set this pulper for them, a
Gordon’s Disc, worked by a 16 foot water wheel.
This wheel also works a set of stampers for
clearing the parchment, a very slow process. The
cisterns are about 4 feet square and high and in
this they also wash or try to wash the parchment
next day. After setting the pulper and surprising
them with the clean way the pulper could work,
I also made them make a washing cistern of planks
and one day washed the parchment, bringing it to
them snow white and no pulp or cherry as they did
and put it to dry, and then picked the parch-
ment out. Coffee is selling at 12jd per lb. here,
and such rubbish, about equal to our native. The
extent of this property is 13,000 acres, of which 500
acres are under coffee and the rest grazing, and
about 2,000 acres good for coffee viz. forest and
river flats. The climate at sea level equal to about
Kandy or Gampola. Very healthy, no fever, in fact
no sickness, and strange to say no animal or rep-
tile lives on the island and very few birds. Lo-
custs are bad at times. A’ou can go through grass
and jungle and no fear of any snakes. The owner
of this land died 6 months ago and they want to
realize coffee crop, 60 tons off 320 acres bearing
and from cattle which gives about £3,000 profit
yearly which pays for coffee cultivation. Last year
they netted .£6,800. The grazing land for stock I
am going to try and get a company up to take it.
Rice and cotton grow well but no labour, and the
French men are too lazy and the kanaka coolies
are good for nothing brutes, get R8 a month and
fed with rice, meat and tea and don’t pick half a
bushel of cherry a day where our Tamils would
bring in I5 to 2 bushels or a box to a box and a
half. There is a fortune here in rice and cotton
and 1 wish I had some one with capital to take it
up ; there is a big fortune here. The island is
full of minerals. On the tops of the mountains they
get Nickel, Chrome, Cobalt, Copper, and Coal. Nickel
chiefly ; there is about 200,000 tons lying here wait-
ing shipment, in fact a small mountain of it ; owing
to low prices the Company will not .ship. Convicts
are hired out by Government at 16s a month and
their feed. Hoping to hear from you in Sydney,
where I go tomorrow per “ Armand Behic.”

The Rhea Fhsre Que.stion.— Our Allahabad
coiiteiiiporary, dealing with this subject, warns In-
dian planters and merchants against lending their
capital to machine-rushing companies and adds : —
It is only fair to warn them that before the machine
is tried the cultivation of the plant sliould be
tried. Rhea is not like jute, which only occupies
the ground for a few weeks. Once down it has
to stay for years, and its value, as grown in any
part of India, can only be tested by experiments
extending over a considerable period. We are by
no means prepared to say that rhea cannot be
raised prolitably in any part of India ; or that
with chea]) labour one or two crops a year could
not compete against the three or four crops in
Java and similar regions where lal)our is com-
paratively dear. Rut it is none the less certain
that accurate knowledge of the workable outturn
of the plant and the cost of rai.sing it should be
obtained in any given locality before capital is
sunk tliere in extensive plantations. If the Forest
Departments in those Rrovinces where conditions
are niost favourable will consent to carry out
experiments wliich will satisfy capiialists that
rliea wands fit for their machine can be grown
at reasonable cost and in sufficient quantity year
after year, tlicn, and tlien only, will they be
justified in inviting the public to embark intlie
siicculation.

Sept, i, 1896.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 171

CEYLON TEA C0?^IPAN1ES AND THEIR
DEBENTURES.

V'^icis.sitncle.s liave, writes a London correspondent,
Ijeen exjierienced of late by Ceylon tea com-
panies at home in the disposal of some of the
debenture stock recently issued by them. It is
not easy to realize wliat has been the cause for this.

It seems only natural to expect that an assured
interest of six per cent would, with the present
value of money as low as it is, prove tempting
to investors. It does not seem, however, that
these are very ready to subscribe for the deben-
tures of newly-started companies. Those com-
panies that hav'e establislied tlieir position do
not seem to find the least dilHcnlty in placing
the whole of such stock that they may desiie to
issue. But in their case it is the shareholdeis
wlio readily snbscribe for them, and they rarely
have occasion to resort to the general public.
It is a curious fact, that while new tea com-
panies have little or no diliiculty in disi)Osing of
their ordinary shares, the same facility is not
experienced as regards those on which a li.xed
rate of interest is guaranteed. The explanation
of this, our correspondent sup))oses, lies in the
desire for a gamble. The jjnblic will ventiiie
freely when a chance lies before it of high,
if risky, profits while it holds back from
the more moderate, though more assured, ])rolit
to be setmred from debenture stock investment.
In a sense this tendency of the present day —
one that is nearly all-perv.ading— is greatly to
be regretted, but there .seems little cliance, at
all events for the present, of its being superseded
by a sounder and, as it seems to us, wi.ser one.
And the subject invites us to consider another
feature in the case of companies formed or in
contemplation for the acciuirement of tea proper-
ties in Ceylon. Every month almost sees more
and more disposition to transfer estate property
in this island into the hands of joint stock
limited enterprise. We hear the rpiestion fre-
quently asked whether this be a Iiealthy sign,
or if it bodes well for the future _ of our tea
Industry? Those who liold that it does rot,
rely grkatly on the argument that there is goiirg
on a steady withdrawal of personal interest in
the cultivation of estates that sooner or later
will be found to ])roduce ill-ell'ects. Certainly
that direct personal interest is becoming greatly
limited. The proportion of acreage that is now
cultivated by resident proprietors is narrowing in
a ratio that seems to threaten such direction
witli almost entire extinction ere very long.
Our correspondent calculates that at the ju’esent
time quite two-thirds of this acreage is directed
by paid sujjerintendence that has no personal
ijroprietory interest in the land (lealt with.
There arc many who hold tliat this fact must
i^rodnce results that niay have a sensible ellcct
on the future of onr chief industry. It is asserted
by these that in the pa.st all the iiioneering was
done and the most favourable results secured by
men who cultivated their own land. That these
loved it with almost a fatherly allection load
much to do, it is contended, with the energy
that has time after time imlled the island
through successive crises. Will, it is asked,
that stimulus be as fully present should we
an-ain have to go through such hard times as
have been again and again experienced in our
plantino- history? It is dillicult to avoid ac-
knowledgments tliat there m.ay be much force
in the apprehension contained in such a qnes-
tion. Time alone can insure it. Meanwhile it
is undoubted that the freedom as to working

capital and the widesjuead interest in the island
l»roduced by joint stock endeavour is a stimu-
lant not to be despised ; and perhaps this ad-
vantage may in the long run fully counterpoise
that which it is urged we are abandoning.

C'

TEA IN AiMERICA.

New York, July 15.

New crop Formosas have been here about a week.
They are Savoury but thin in the cup and not re-
garded as very desirable quality for teas. An in-
voice of 900 half-chests sold at 29c, which is regarded
a very high average. Other Blacks generally are
very dull and steady. Greens are doing little better.
Congous steady. There is a great deal of activity
in the campaign in favour of machine-made teas.
The commissioners here advertise in the daily papers
very liberally and are fostering a demand in this and
neighbouring cities.

Today at noon the Montgomery Auction and
Commission Compaii}^ will sell ,'),00.S packages, viz :
693 half-chests Moyune ; 414 half-chests and

boxes Pingsuey ; 136 half-chests Japan, basket-

fired and sun-dried ; 763 chests Congou ; 3.5 boxes
Capers ; 161 packages India, Java and Ceylon Pekoe,
including all grades ; 7b9 half-chests and boxes

Amoy, an attractive assortment of desirable clean
leaf-teas ; 342 half-chests Foochow ; 1,640 half-chests
and box(S Formosa, including the celebrated “Black
Bear ” mark. — American Grocer, July 15.

THE CA.STLEREAGH TEA COMPANY.

On .3rd August the interim dividend warrants of
7 per cent jiayable on 1st August were sent out
by this Company in respect of the half year ended
the 30th .June la.st. To the 30th June there had
been secured 00,230 lb. tea against the original
estimate of 180,000 lb. for the year, and this has
been sold at the nett average price of 40 '.39 cents
per lb. Although the total amount obtained,
owing to better prices, is almost the same as last
year, the crop secured to t he 30th June was less
than that at the same date in 1895, but on the
other hand 195 acres have been pruned, whereas
in 1895 all the pruning remained to be done ; and
a crop of 200,000 lb. is now looked forward to,
As this is also allowing for 35 acres of tea to be
left alone, as it was over-plucked when young,
the prospect appears to be exceptionally good,
while we hear that tlie estate is in excellent
order. — Local “Times.

THE NEW DUTY ON COCOA-BUTTER.

SiK, — Referring to your article on “ Cocoa-butter "
in the current issm- of tlie Chemiat and Grur/yint, we
beg to poi;:t out ti t, although in our letter of
July 8lh we slated tiiat cocoa-butter formed 50 per
cent of the whole cocoa-beau, we named this as
the exact percentage possible of extraction, and we
regret that we led you thereby into supposing that
it was usu.al to extract all this quantity in the
preparation of cocoa powder, which is not the case.
The actual amount varies with different makers of
pure cocoa, from 23 per cent to 30 per cent of the
whole material.

We also further stated that the husk of cocoa,
which is subject to a duty of 2s per cwt., formed
16 per cent of the whole bean. We would point
out that this is not the only loss in manufacture,
and that 22 per cent to 23 per cent more exactly
represents the whole waste.

If you will compare these figures with the others
you quote you will easily understand the cause of
variation in the percentage of final product obtained
by various makers.— Yours truly,

July 15. C. Barry & Co.

— Chcudst and JJruyijisi , July 18.

172

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, r, i8g6.

“THE INDIGENOUS DRUGS OF INDIA.”

We have received from Messrs. Tliacker, Spink &
Co.^ of Calcutta a copy of the second edition,
revised and entirely re-written, of “ Tlie Indi-
geiious Drugs of India,” by Kanny Lall Dey,
Rai Bahadur, c.r.E., f.c.S., Tlie first edition
of this work was published in 18(i7 ; and as the
author still survives, and continues to actively
engage in scientific pursuits, with the assistance of
Mr. Wni. Mair, A.P.S., he has here brought
together the results of nearly thirty years’ ad-
ditional investigations and discoveries, and has em-
bodied them ill tliis new edition of a book which
is of great practical value for all engaged in
planting as well as for medical men. Among
other plants succinctly dealt with we may men-
tion tea, coftee, cinchona, coconut, palmyra, areca,
cinnamon, coca, "inger, cardamom, plantain,
pepper, »!tc. As a specimen of the style of the
work we quote the following on tea: —

CAMELLIA THEIFEKA.

THE TEA PLANT.

Vern. — huh — Chha, Chai.

A native of China (natural order Temstncmiacece).
The tea plant, as grown in the hill districts of India,
constitutes a very large proportion of the tea sup-
ply of the world. It is of little interest medicinally
except that the dried Leaves (as well as the seeds of
Cojf’ea arahica, q. v.) are the source of the crystalline
principle — Caffeine, also called Theine and (fmranine,
obtained by sublimation of an extract made by
aqueous infusion and evaporation, astringent and
colouring matters having been previously removed.
It might be very profitably manufactured in India
from tea dust. The average yield is 3 to 4 per cent.
An infusion of tea Seeds was lately suggested by
Hooper as a remedy for insect blights.

The sseds contain about 30 per cent, of fixed Oil,
somewhat resembling olive oil.

Medicinal uses. — Tea is seldom used medicinally
per se, except as a stimulant in strong infusion or as
an astringent lotion on account of the tannin it con-
tains. Caffeine and Caffeine Citrate are extensively
used in modern practice and are of great value in
migraine, hemicrauia, neuralgia and similar nervous
affections. Like a strong infusion of tea caffeine is
stimulant, causing wakefulness. It has also diuretic
properties. Physiologically the infusion of tea or
coffee arrests the molecular change thereby instituting
nervous force.

The book contains a portrait of the author, a
memoir of whom is given by Mr. Mair. J)r.
George Watt contributes a iireface.

THE CLUNES ESTATES CO. OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

The directors now have pleasure in submitting to
the shareholders a duly audited statement of the
accounts of the Company for the year ending 30th
June, 1896.

The result of the year’s work, after making ample
provision for depreciation of buildings and machi-
nery, shews a nett profit amounting to R.50,811'69.
An interim dividend of 7 per cent having been
paid on 25th February last, absorbing 1123,100.00,
the balance now available for distribution is R27,711'69'
The directors recommend the payment of a final
dividend of 8 per cent making 15 per cent for the
year, and that the balance of Rl,311'69 be carried
forward.

The crop secured amounted to 345,670 lb. of tea,
being 53,427 lb. in excess of last year. The nett
average sale price was 40' 13 cents per lb., whilst the
cost laid down in Colombo was 23'37 cents per lb.
The difference in average price realized this year,
as compared with last, about six cents per lb., is
mainly attributable to a lower level of sterling
values and a higher range of exchange.

The Directors have considered it advisable to
make a more liberal allowance for Depreciation

this year — it will be noted that the sum set aside
under this head is R4,525 73, against Rl, 38094
last year.

During the year under review Mr. Dove, the
Superintendent, was forced to leave the Island on
account of his health, and the Directors, in con-
sideration of past services, paid his passage to
Europe and also allowed him six months’ half pay,
amounting in all to R2.190. The Estates are now
in charge of Mr. R. O. Steward on Clunes and Mr. R.
I. Mackenzie on Erracht division. The Directors
are pleased to be able to report that all the work
is being carried out to the entire satisfaction of Mr.
S. L. Harries, the Visting Agent.

The Estimated crop tor the 1896-97 season is
375,000 1b. tea on an expenditure of R78 210'00. The
Capital 0 itlay not included in the above is estimated
at R9’960 for additions to Buildings and Machi-
nery and for the planting next season of another 50
acres of Erracht Estate.

Mr. Donald Cameron having left the Island, on
the invitation of the remaining Directors Mr. S.
L. Harries consented to fill the vacancy. In terms
of the Articles of Association, Mr. Wm.
Forsythe now retires from the Board, but is eligible
for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current
year will rest with the meeting.

♦

CAMPHOR LEAF OIL.

The demand for a catch crop to be raised by Tea,
Coffee and Indigo Planters is of so frequent recur-
rence that it may be of interest to republish a paper
recently written by Mr. David Hooper of Madras on
the subject of the Camphor Laurel Tree. The chief
interest in Mr. Hooper’s chemical investigations
doubtless centres on the fact that he has shown that
a fairly large supply of camphor may be obtained
from an oil distilled from the leaves. Hitherto it
has been supposed that in order that India might
participate in the world’s supply of Camphor, it was
necessary to plant extensive avenues or forests and
to leave the ti'ees for 50 or 100 years before look-
ing for any return. Obviously an entarprise on a
large scale of that natui-e could alone be seriously
entertained by Government, and little progress has
accordingly been made, though it has been demon-
strated that the plant can grow almost anywhere
in India. The tiee is an exceedingly elegant one, and
where avenues are required might with advantage be
planted more frequently than has been the
case hitherto. The magnitude of the Indian
import traffic in camphor should, however, in
itself be sufficient inducement to justify the occupa-
tion of useless land by such trees even were half
a century necessary before they could be expected
to give any return. But if Mr. Hooper’s discoveries
be regarded as manifesting a possible new direction,
returns might be looked for within so short a period
as to give the Camphor Laurel Tree a position in
the planting world it has not hitherto enjoyed.
Mr Hooper, it will be seen, has been able to obtain
Camphor in fairly large abundance from the oil dis-
tilled from the leaves.

It may be as well to here briefly indicate the bo-
tanical sources of the chief forms of Camphor met
with in commerce in order to point out more clearly
the particular plant to which reference is made in
Mr. Hooper’s paper. There are at least three plants
known to afford camphor : —

1st. — Chinese (Formosa) and Jaran Camphor. —
This is obtained from Cinnamomiim Camphora — the
Camphor Laurel Tree.

It is the Common Camphor of modern commerce
though not the. article of historic fame. The tree
is a very slow grower and for perhaps half a century
would not very possibly attain greater dimensions
than that of an elegant large bush.

The Japan Camphor is generally preferred to the
Chinese as it is, as a rule, purer. It is prepared by
boiling chips of the wood similar to the method
pursued in India in the manufacture of Cutch. It
comes into India in its crude state and a fairly
large industry exists in refining it, chiefly at Bombay,

Sept, i, 1896.]

TH?: TROPICAL

Delhi, etc. The refiner sells the purified article at
nearly the same price as he purchased it, the profit
being made on its mechanical absorption and re-
tention of a large amount of water.

2nd. — Barus Camphor (Bhimsaiui Camphor) ob-
tained from a tree found in Borneo and Sumatra,
etc., namely, DriiohaUuiops Camphova. This belongs
to the same family as the Indian Sal tree. It is a
large and handsome tree. To obtain the camphor
the trees are felled and cut up into small splinters
and the crystals of the naturally formed camphor
picked out from the tissire of the wood. The crystals
are chiefly found in the interior of the stem i ften
existing as concrete masses which occupy longitudinal
cavities, more especially near the knots and swell-
ings formed where branches issue from the stem.
The old trees are generally the most productive and
a good tree, it is said, will yield about 11 lb. In
searching for good trees the natives are reported to
pierce the trees to the heartwood, but it is stated,
that, if left for seven or eight years after having been
pierced, they may then be found to yield a good
supply. Only about one-tenth of the trees thus ruth-
lessly destroyed are remunerative.

This is the Camphor of the ancient writers, and
naturally from the small amount obtained and the
labour that has to be expe nded on its collection it is
very much more expensive than the “Common” or
“ Chinese Camphor.”

3rd. — Ngai Camphor op Burma and China. — This
is obtained from a species of Blumea and is manu-
factured very largely at Canton. The plant is a
herbaceous or bushy member of the family of the
CoMPOsiT.u. It seems probable that several species
are employed, that most commonly being Blumea
Balsamifera — a species frequent in vailous parts of
India as, for example, on the Eastern Himalaya
between altitudes of 1,000 and 4,000 feet ; on the
Khasia hills, in Chittagong ; Pegu and Tenasserim
to China.

Ngai Camphor is chemically more nearly allied to
Barus than to “ China Camphor,” and it is in point
of price intermediate between these two forms. Good
Barus Camphor may fetch R80 a lb., whereas the
Common Camphor is little more than half that sum
per cwt. — AyricuUural Leilc/er, ho. 5, 1896.

INDIAN PATENTS.

Applications in respect of the undermentioned in-
ventions have been filed, during the week ending 18th
July 1896, under the provisions of Act V of 1888.

Improving the machine known as .Jackson’s standard
cross action rolling machines. — No. 247 of 1896. —
Donald John Macrae, tea planter, of Harmutty tea
estate. North Luckimpore, Assam, for improving the
machine known as Jackson’s standard cross action
rolling machines.

For Treating Vegetable Fibres. — No. 108 of 1890. —
Kenneth Thomas Sutherland’s invention for treating
vegetable fibres. (Specification filed 4th April 1892.)
— Indian and Eastern Engineer, Aug. 1.

♦

TEA IN NEW ENGLAND.

A letter written in England in 1740 says : “ Tea
is now become the darling of our women. Almost
every little tradesman’s wife must sit sipping tea
for an hour or more in a morning, and it may be
again in the afternoon, if they can get it, and
nothing will please them to sip it out of but china-
ware, if they can get it. They talk of bestowing
thirty or forty shillings upon a tea equipage, as
they call it. There is the silver spoons, silver
tongs and many other trinkets that I cannot
name.” (Coffin, Newbury, p. 191).

Tea parties gradually became the fashion in
New England about this period. In 1750 an excise
was granted the King of 12d. per pound on tea.
New Hampshire laid an excise of 2s. 6d. per pound
on green and ‘ Bohea ” tea. In 1763 about a million
and a half of pounds were consumed in this country,
only onc-teuih of which came from England
(Bancroft, iii., p. 59). Tea was a favorite return

AGRICULTURIST. ,7^

cargo with ships in the China trade. In 1793 three
vessels carried 2,532 chests Bohea tea into New
York and Providence, B. I.

Tea and coffee supplanted the use of alcoholic spirits
in New England between 1713 and 1745. Weeden, in
his “Economic and Social History of New England,”
says “ that in this little Chinese leaf was folded the
germ which enlarged into American independence.”
In 1714 Edward Mill advertised tea in the Boston
News Letter-. “ Very fine Green Tea, the best for colour
and taste.” In 1718 it was not much used at Lynn,
Mass., and when the ladies went visiting each carried
a small teacup, saucer and spoon. In 1740 it was a
“fad” among the women of Boston.

In 1666 tea was sold in New England at 68s per
pound; in 1719, at 34s per pound; in 1721 and 1723,
at 25s per pound for Bohea and Green; 1729, 4.5s per
pound ; 1730, 30s per pound ; 1735, Bohea, 26s per
pound; Congou, .34s; Pekoe, 50s; Green tea, 30s;
1737, Bohea, 16s & 26s per pound ; 1745, 35s per pound
1756, £3, 0. T., per pound; 1771,3s per pound ; 1773,
Hyson, 18s, 0. T., per pound; 1774, Bohea, £2 5s,
O. T., per pound; 1780, 3s 9d per pound; 1782, 9s
9d per pound; 1783, 5s lOd per pound; 1784, 3s lid
per pound ; 1785, 3s 2d, L. M., per pound ; 1788, Bohea,
3s per pound.

The history of the tax on tea in 1767 and the
subsequent attempts to have it removed is too famliar
for repetition. A few items, however, will be new to
many. In 1770 there were societies formed to dis-
courage the use of tea. The women of Boston
signed the following pledge :

We, the daughters of those patriots who have, and
do now appear for the public interest, and in that
principally regard their posterity, as such do with
pleasure engage w'ith them in denying ourselves the
drinking of foreign tea, in hopes to frustrate a plan
that tends to deprive a whole community of all that
is valuable in life.

Then it was the leaves of the raspberry plant,
thyme and other substitutes came into use. The
users of China tea were forced to drink the beverage
in secret places.

A memorial tablet has been placed by the “ Sons
of the Revolution” on the site made famous by the
tea party. It measures 5 feet by 3, and is a bas-
relief, representing a full rigged ship, from which
men are tossing overboard chests of tea. Tea chests
and tea leaves form the border of the tablet. The
following is the inscription :

Here formerly stood Griffon’s wharf, at which lay
moored on December loth, 1773, three British ships
with cargoes of tea. To defeat King George’s trifling
but tyrannical tax of three pence a pound, about
ninety citizens of Boston, partly disguised as Indians,
poured the three ships’ cargoes, three hundred and
forty chests in all, into the sea, and made the world
ring with the patriotic exploit of the Boston Tea
Party.

No ! ne’er was mingled such a draught.

In palace, hall or harbor,

A freeman brewed and tyrants quaffed,

That night in Boston harbor !

TEA IN OLD ENGLAND.

In 1746, John Wesley, after twenty-seven years’
use of tea, abandoned its drinking in order to discredit
its use among his followers and resumed the practice
twelve years after by order of his physician. For a
time he w'aged a war against tea drinking, but this,
his biographer. Rev. L. Tyerman, says w'as “ an
amusing episode in Wesley’s laborious life.” Josiah
Wedgewood, the famous potter, made and presented
to Mr. Wesley a teapot which held four quarts. On
Sunday mornings his preachers used to meet at
five o’clock and take tea together. — .Imeriean Grocer,
June 24.

NOTES FROM OUR LONDON LETTER-

London, July 24.

NKW TK.\ COMPANIES

are being largely adverci.sed. During the
w'eek Messr.s. Gow, Wilson & Stanton have
announced that the Gartniore group of e.s-
tate.s in Maskcliya, comprising about 632

174

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

acres and l)elon<,dng to Mr. T. C. Anderson,
liave been placed in their hands for sale. Such
an opportunity for floating a further new com-
pany is not likely to be neglected. The two
new ventures announced during tlie week have
been tlie India and Ceylon Tea Company and
the Associated Tea Estates of Ceylon. Enclosed
are the advertisements made by both of these
That first mentioned you will observe includes
in its direction the name of Mr. Thomas Dickson.
His association with tliis company must certainly
prove a tower of strength to it. The capital
will total £500,000, of which the ])resent issue
is limited to £430,000 The Dooars Tea Company
is tlie iirime mover in this fresh enterprise. Very
little doubt is felt as to the subscription asked
for being fully met, though we find many who
dislike the association of Ceylon with external
interest. A clergyman devoted to Ceylon tea
remarked to the writer yesterday that as a con
sumer of that tea only he thought its reputa-
tion would suffer by the unition of interest.
“Ceylon tea,” he remarked, “ should stand alone.
It i.s .vat rjcncris, and to my mind Indian tea,
such as wo can obtain in London, does not com-
iiare at all favourably with it. The reputation
of the Ceylon growth will suffer whenever the
line of distinction between the two products be-
comes weakened. The public will always dread
the amalgamation of these.” This remark is of
the character of others that one hears very widely
expressed. It is certain that at the very outset
tiiis India and Ceylon d ea Company is experi-
encing a certain difliculty. The Times cii this morn-
in" iiiformed us that the subscription list for
Lemdon was closed yesterday, and that for the
country will close at noon today. But the .same
issue of the Times included the following letter

THE EAST INDIA AND CEYLON TEA COMPANY (LIMITED).

To file Editor of the “ Times."

gir With reference to the advertisement which

appeared yesterday, we beg to inform you that on
representation being made by ns to the Registrar
of Joint Stock Companies of the unfairness to this
company’s shareholders in allowing the name of the
India and Ceylon Tea Company, he has informed
us that the company has not, and will not be,
registered under that name.

We need hardly express our surprise at the directors
of that company advertising before registration was
granted, or wishing to do so with a name so closely
resembling that of this company.

We are yours faithfully, for the

East India and Ceylon Tea Company (Limited).

P. R. Buchanan and Co., Secretaries and Managing

Agents.

■15, Leadenball-street, London July 23.

How far the facts thus disclosed may affect
the iiositiou of this new com]iany it is not for
outsiders to say. Yet it would seem that the
issue of its shares has been notified before even
it had obtained registration, and of course to those
who are not “ in the know ” this has a stange
appearance. Can 'such a course h.ave been legal?
Or whether or not this may be so, is it one that
in the interests of the imblic is to be justified?

'I'he second com|)any above referred to is the
Associated 'I'ea Estates of Ceylon. Of this
venture the public adverti-sement is also
sent you with this. Tu its case, again,
Indian' men are taking the lead — the Chairman
of the Mercantile Bank of India, Sir Alexander
Wilson, who is one of the directors, holds, in
a .sense, a cosmoimlitan posit ion, his bank having
iar"e in’terests in Ceylon. But the other two
directors arc both associated witli Indian tea
ulantiu". Tlie estates to he imrchased in Ceylon
are welbknown ones of much reputation, and em-
brace ‘2,739 acres in Kchini Vhilley, Udapussellawa,

and K.alutara. The ca|)ital in full is £150,000,
and tlie present Issue is 8,000 iireference 6 per-
cent shares and 5,<J00 ordinary shares, £130.000
in all. The purcha.se price of the estates is to be
£103,720, jiayable in cash. It is notified that
letters of allotment and regret have already been
posted, so perhaps it may be inferred that prac-
tically the subscription lists, which closed on
Wednesday, have been filled up, tliough for rea-
sons given in a previous letter it is by no means
sure that this conclusion is to be fully accepted.

GANG WARILY ESTATES COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

Registered July 4, by Harries, Wilkinson and Raikes,
38, Nicholas- lane, E.C., with a capital of £100,000 in
£10 shares. Object, to adopt and carry into effect
two agreements expressed to be made, as to the first,
between John Drummond of the one part and this
company of the other part, and as to the second
between W. W. Nutshell, of the one part and this
company of the other part; and, generally, to carry
on, in all or any of their respective branches, the
business of planters, growers, manufacturers of and
dealers in tea, coffee, cocoa, cinchona, coconuts,
spices, rubber, grain, fruit, cotton, rice, and other
natural products of any kind ; as shipowners, bankers,
engineers, merchants, &c., in all or any of their
respective branches, and any other businesses which
can conveniently be carried on in connection with
such businesses, or any of them, including the buy-
ing and selling of timber and the manufacture and
sale of tea boxes, caddies, and other articles ; to
acquire and turn to account tea plantations in India,
Ceylon, or elsewhere ; as miners and smelters, res-
taurant proprietors, &c. The signatories are : —

Shares.

J. J. G. Knight, M.L.C., Rose-hill, Stock-
bridge, Hants . . . . . . 1

W. H. Anderson, Rupert Lodge, Burn-
ham, Bucks . . . . . . 1

T. Stretch, Billiter-square-buildiugs, E.C. 1
J. E. Hendrick, Billiter-square-buildings, E.C. 1
P. Somerville, Billiter-square-buildiugs, E.C. 1
E. G. Parish, Billiter-square-buildings, E.C. 1
W. T. Wilson, 13, Rood-lane, E.C. .. 1

The first directors — of whom there shall be not
less than three nor more than five — are to be elected
by the signatories. Qualification, £250. Remuneration
to be fixed by the company. Registered office :
Billiter-square-buildings, Billiter-square, E.C.

COFFEE PLANTING IN SELANGOR.

The following notes on Selangor Coffee planting
may be of interest to your readers. The holes are
usually placed ten feet apart and are cut eighteen
inches in diameter and the same in depth. The cost is
about half a cent per hole. Filling in costs nearly as
much. The coffee is topped in the brown wood and
generally at six feet. High trees are not liked owing
to the difficulty experienced in picking the crop. Flat
land is preferred to hill land, but that may be
owing to the laterite coming to the surface on the
hill while on fiat land the laterite is more or less
covered with alluvial deposits ; also coffee on flat
land is more easily worked. The estates are manured
at an early age with mineral manures mixed with
bones and poonac, etc., etc. Some of the planters
have tried the system of leaving two and even
three stems but the general feeling is in favor of
one stem. Advances are not heavy and the coolies
generally have no debt ; if a cooly bolt to Penang,
Malacca or Singapore the planter cannot sue him
in the criminal court but may proceed against him
for debt in the civil court at I’enang, etc. Felling
costs seven or eight dollars an acre, weeding about
seventy cents. This is done by Javanese on contract
and in return for a contract they supply coolies to
the estate. Klings under indenture are not liked
and the planters obtain free coolies cither in Belaugot

Sept, i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. i75

or send a inandore to India to collect coolies. For
the purpose no advance is given except for expenses
and any small advance which the cooly has to
repay is placed on the check roll and the ruandore
has nothing to collect from and has no claim over
the cooly. I omitted to ask what inducement the
mandore receives to collect coolies. The natives of
Selangor are of little use to the planter. Chinese
take holing contracts and Javanese cut the deep
drains on the flat lands at about 12 cents a cubic
yard, the drains are cut before the jungle is felled,
say generally in 10 chain squares and three and
feet deep. Transport is good but expensive. — Briiiah
North Borneo Herald, July 1.

INDIA AS

A FIELD FOIi
MEN T.— TEA.

INVEST-

In our pages some seventeen months ago, we
gave an account of this plant based on a paper read at
the Society of Arts by Mr. Stanton, and we again
turn to that venerable Institution for further in-
formation on the same subject, especially as
regards the development of tea planting in the
Dooars. The paper read on 4th Mav last by Mr.
Geo. W. Christison, before Sir Richard iemple
and others, was good itself and was the caiuse of
eloquence in its hearers ; eloquence to which we
cannot hope to aspire, nor can we pretend to
treat the subject in any way exhaustively, seeing
that it takes up six pages in Balfour’s Cyclopaedia
(who quotes 23 authorities) while Dr. Watt devotes
eigthy-two pages of his Dictionary to the Camellia
Theifera, of which his authorities or references take
up no less than three whole pages. By the way it is
envious [sic, for “curious’ ? En. 7.A.J to note
that both these great authorities give the Ger-
man for tea as Thi whereas it should be
Thee. And further some three months ago we
ventured to give a little advice to the planters, a
thing we had seldom done before, and will be chaiy of
doing too often. Our purpose is now, however, not so
muc)i to give a history of the plant or a faithful record
of work— but to show to those fortunate individuals
who havQ more money than they know what to do with,
that they might invest in worse speculations than m
tea. In fact, that tea-planting has got well beyond the
speculative region and that, given certain well known
conditions, there is nothing pays better and is a more
permanent source of steady income than a good

^^S^RfSiard Temple only did them bare justice
when he described the Himalayan tea planters as
the pioneers of British influence and \\ estern
civilisation in regions adjacent to Tibet and ^e
Chinese Empire. “When I look at him,’ said Sir
Richard, referring to Mr. Christison, *• I recall the
memories of the glorious views, the mighty peak^
piercing the sky, and the snowy summits and the
picturesqne spur on which the Tukvar plantation
was situated right over one of the affluents of the
river the glorious panorama with which it is sur-
rounded, the magnificence of the vegetable kingdom,
the trees, ferns, and flowering shrubs.” The best
soil on these hills is found, as a rule, from 2,.'i00 to
5 000 feet, though the plant does fairly well from
C’OOO to even 7,000 feet ; owing to the broken nature
of the ground the roads are very winding and can
only be used by pack animals and coolies, still
their up-keep is very expensive in proportion to the
area they serve, 4J miles of road to oOO acres
of ground! They are used by the Forest Depart-
ment and serve vast tracts of native cultivation
which in neither case contribute malenally
to their maintenance. Valuable as the Forest De-
partment unquestionably is “ profit should not be
its chief aim ” and if it were charged both land
revenue and road cess it would realise all the more
adeouatelv “its immense reponsibilities in holding
such vast territories.” Of llm 1,231 square niUes
comnosing the entire area of the Darjeeling dis-
trict the Department holds 438; the Government

* March 2nd, 1895, p. 127. Yol. XXIV.

Cinchona Department, 70 ; and native cultivators
have an un-alienable right to 397, leaving only 329
square miles as grants to tea cultivators. Although
hardly any land on the kills suitable and available
for tea remains unplaiited in the old hill District
only “about 7.i per cent, of the entire district is
actually bearing tea at the present time.” Of the
480 square miles forming the new Daling Hill
District no less than 421 square miles have been
reserved by Government for Forest, Cinchona
and natives ; of the remaining 05 reserved
for tea grants only 8 or 9 square miles have
been taken up for the purpose and of thi.s only 1,200
acres, and these close to the Dooars, have been
opened out in spite of the eagerness for these grants.
The 141 square miles reserved for natives and now
largely in possession of Nepalis, who are aliens, and
of aborigines and semi-aborigines in smaller propor-
tion, consists of beautiful slopes, most desirable as a
place of residence for Europeans and is as suitable a
district for European colonisation as can be found any
where in the East. The pity of it ! Noia the land has been
“ tortured, impoverished and bared of forest and
would require to be allowed to lie fallow for many
years before it would be suitable for growing tea.”

The Terai, measuring 271 square miles, was
opened out with “ inordinately sanguine expecta-
tions ” and at present “ has become unduly depre-
ciated in public estimation.” The climate is
undoubtedly unhealthy, but “ under an improved
water supply and sanitation this district should
become more salubrious and with liberal and suit-
able cultivation, and efficient, but economical
management, the Terai should yet compete, not
unsuccessfully, with most other districts.”

It would appear, therefore, that the only exten-
sion possible on a large scale is tow'ards the
South-East, where in the Dooars, there is enormous
areas capable of tea cultivation, where the land is
much more suitable for this purpose than in the
Daling Hills as it piroduces a vastly larger crop.
Here the planter w'ould have the same advantage
with regard to labour as his neighbours. To quote
Sir Steuart Baylcy, ‘‘ The Napalese labourer
had probably more intelligence and industry than
those of any other ^lart of India ; and among the
advantages which the Darjeeling tea-planters had
over their neighbours in Assam — and there were
many — was the fact that they drew their labourers
from the neighbouring country. “ As pointed out
by Sir Charles Elliott,” the two Tukvar gardens,
including the one over which Mr. Christison
presided, were instances of what could be done by
good management. They did not recruit labour;
they bred more labour than they could employ.
The labourers lived upon these estates permanently ;
children grew up there and magnified to such an
extent that one of the chief difficulties w'as to find
employment in the garden for the children bred on
the estates.” The only rift in the lute is that Gov-
ernment, according to the planters’ story, compete
with them in the same recruiting ground and take
the pick of the men for the army and the police,
whereas there are plenty of other places whence
recruits could be had and where planters or their
agents come not. Sir Charles gave the official view
of the question. “ The immigration from Nepal
referred to by Mr. Christison,” he said, “w'as em-
ployed in three different ways — part went on to the
gardens as they were extended, the greatest part went
on to the land, especially independent Sikkim, where
agricultural extension had been very large ; and
a small portion was recruited by the Government
for military and transport service. All that could
be done was to try and arrange that the competition
should not be an unfair one.” In the Dooars then
we have climate suitable to Europeans and to the
growing of tea, we have good soil and plenty of it,
and cheap, abundant, excellent labour, and, further,
every new tea-garden laid out creates a fi'esh de-
mand for machinery. For it is by the use of machi-
nery alone that India and Ceylon has ousted the
Chinese products, and if only this fact should be
driven into the heads of the vast host of tea-drinkers,
the sales of Chinese teas to Europeans at any rate
would dwindle down to zero — that is, as long as

176

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

[Sept, i, 1896.

they continue to manufacture the article in the crude
and filthy way to which they are wedded with char-
acteristic obstinacy.

And here we would venture to make a sugges-
tion, promising that our Indian planters will join
heartily in the Australian and American cnmade,
so pluckily carried on by their confreres in Ceylon.
The continent of Europe is practically untouched,
and vet there are many little colonies of English-
men ' dotted all over it, which should bo moved
to help in the enterprise by precept and example.
Tea is so easily brewed as compared to coffee, and,
if it were made up into sealed packets containing
quantities according to the weights and measures
of the country, these would sell like “ hot cakes,”
especially if in each packet there were enclosed a
litde tract with coloured illustrations of the diff-
erence between the Chinese manufacture by hands
and feet, and the Indian manufacture by m lohinery
alone.

The use of machines begins with the tree felling
and conversion into logs for buildings, battens for
chests or mere firewood. Then comes Jobens’s Trans-
planter for moving seedlings with balls of tiieir own
earth from the nurseries to the field. A straight
digging fork is preferable to the hoe or 1\' d lU for
cultivating. Mr. Christison mentions the c...e of an
estate rejoicing a a head of water of 1,175 feet at
the lowest point, which is only used for watering,
drinking and are extinguishing purposes, with a groat
length of pipes and hose, and there must be many
such places. The plucking is all done by hand, but
the “ operations of tea manufacture are now per-
formed by machinery in all factories of any importance.
Steam is the commonest motor, but water-power (mainly
by turbine) is also in use. In the case of the Tukyar
Company, the turbine is situated in the ravine
about two-thirds of a mile from and 1,500 feet below
the level of the factory, the power being trans-
mitted to the machinery there by means of wire
rope travelling upon pulleys supported on standards
placed at suitable distances apart. The district
owes the conception and accomplishinent of this
bold and arduous undertaking to the ingenious, in-
defatigable, and praise-worthy efforts of the late Mr.
Thonxas E. Curtis, of Tukvar, a well-known and
most able tea planter. On another hill garden,
electricity has for some time been employed, the
turbine and generaiing apparatus being similarly
placed beside the torrent far below and distant from
the factory and machinery to be driven. For this
laudable pioneer object-lesson in regard to the motor,
which I believe to be specially suited and destined
to be the power of the future for Darjeeling, we
are indebted to the late much-lamented Mr. William
Lloyd.” And again we say there must be many such
places where water power could be utilised to

advantage. , , . . ,

After the leaf has been weighed it is withered
on broad shelves of wire mesh, Hessian cloth or
bamboo netting, over which a current of dried air is
sent by means of ventilating fans. Then comes roll-
ing by machinery of which there is an infinite
variety. Mr. Christison swears by Jackson’s “ Rapid,”
which, he says, does the work of 70 men to great
perfection. ” By an ingenious arrangement of
m-anks, &c., an eccentric motion with elastic pres-
sure (re.sembling that of the old hand rolling) is
produced between a table and a box above which
usually contains as much as 300 lb. of withered
leaf at time. This upper plate or rolling box is
generally of metal lined with wood, but also of
granite or marble for greater coolness. The lower
rolling surface or table is usually of wood, but is
sometimes granite or marble-faced. This machine
is beautiful though simple in movement, and is a
roller as near perfection as can well be conceived ”
For sifting, dis-entangling the balls and aerating the
rolled leaf, machines are also specially designed,
” the withered leaf is fed into the hopper of the
roller from the loft above by tneans of a canvas
.shoot, and the rolled leaf is discharged through a
trap underneath into a trolly which conveys it to
and from the sifter, and finally to the fermenting
room ” In this room a refrigerating apparatus

would be useful, as the best quality of tea is made
in the coM season when the oxidation occupies an
unusually long time. Then come into action the
drying-machines ; of these also there are a great
number of different kinds. We gave the essentials
of a good machine, not long ago, in describing
Gibb’s.*

The important process of classification is also done
by machinery aided by some “ light finishing
touches, hardly amounting to handling in any
degree ” given by “ a few bright, tidy Nepali girls.
Then, after a certain number of chests full have
accumulated, comes the packing. Machine-made
boxes are most uniform in tare and the machine-
packing of tea obviates “ trampling, unequal pres-
sure, breakage and discoloration.” The Davidsou-
Maguire patent packing machine is coming into use
on the garden “ and the sooner it is also univer-
sally adopted in the London w'arehouses, the better,
not only for the above reason, but to supply the
only missing link in the entire circle of machine
manufacture.” Wooden chests, although the material
of which they are made has been well seasoned,
will lose in weight during a long journey and
voyage, thus causing confusion at its destination,
but, if the chests were haskinised or vulcanised this
would not happen, or if they were made of tin there
would be no danger of leakage or damage by water.

The tea now falls into human hands again, for of
necessity it has to be carried by coolies to the
Railway Station or steamer. ‘‘Darjeeling tea is all
carried by the hardy hill-men up the steep moun-
tain roads to the nearest railway station on the w'ay
to market. It is no unusual day’s work for a coolie
to carry a tea chest weighing 110 to 130 lb. a dis-
tance of five or six miles, making, at the same time

an assent of from 2,500 to 3,500 feet in sheer verti-
cal elevation.”

We have all heard the tradition of the Bhooteah
who carried a grand piano along 50 miles and up
7,000 feet to Darjeeling. We know that “in the
prosecution of their own trade, or on domestic
affairs, they frequently undertake long, arduous
journeys over ridges and along and across hot

valleys, varying many thousands of feet in eleva-
tion, occupying many days on end, carring heavy
loads of from 150 lb. to 200 lb. and over, and

in addition their own food and bedding most
cheerfully lighting a fire, cooking and eating their
scanty meal, and going to sleep by the wayside.”

We have, we hope, shown sufficiently clearly that
tea-cultivation if cai-ried on with ordinary common
sense, in the right place and with the right men to
work it, cannot fail of success, and as Mr. Christi-
son truly concludes “investors in well-equipped con-
cerns have, in these days of general agricultural de-
pression, landed security of really the very safest
class, from the fact of the tea harvest being over
eight months annually. This secures the crop against
the vicissitudes of season, in the form of a month or
even two of adverse weather at any stage. We have
lately given an abstract of the dividends made by tea-
companies,* and we hope to revert to this subject
again shortly. — Indian and Eastern Engineer, Aug. 1.

A NEW INSECTICIDE.

The higlily poisonous nature of acetylene has
.suggested to M. Chuard the possibility of em-
ploying carbide of calcium as an insecticide tor
agricultural jmrposes. M. Chuard proposes to try
thorouglily mixing the carbide with earth, so
that under the inlluence of moisture acetylene
would be slowly given oil’ at the roots of i)lants,
thus preserving them from attack. At the same
time, the bye-products, consisting of chalk and a
little ammonia, wouM have .a beneficial effect on
the soil. It is proposed to try 1 his method against
])hylloxera. Whether this would succeed equally
well in all weather.s, wet oi dry, is quite .another
(|uestion. — Nature.

* January 1896, p. 21.

AGRICULTURIST.

SEPr. I, 1896.] THE TROPICAL

TEA COMPANY MEETINGS IN COLOMBO.

The following meetings of tci companies took
place on Saturday, 8th August, in the oilice of
Messrs. Whittail & Co., the agents and secretaries
of the respective companies : —

THE MAHA UVA ESTATE CO., LTD.

An e.\traordinary general meeting of the share'
holders was held at 11 a.m. Pre.sent : — Mr. C. A-
Lcechman (in the chair), and Mr. A. Thomson>
directors ; and Messrs. E. S. Anderson, and G. C.
Walker, and James Forbes, by his attorney.

An interim dividend of 4 per cent for the year
was declared and made payable forthwith.

THE GLA.SGOW ESTATE CO., LTD.

An e.xtraordinary general meeting of the share-
holders was held at 11-15 a.m. Present: — Mr.
C. A. Leechman (in the chair), and Mr. A.
Thomson, directors; Messrs. G. C. Walker, E.
John, W. H. Eigg, and Mr. G. W. Carlyon ;
and Mr. W. H. G. Duncan, Mr. A. E. Wright,
Mr. E. C. Baillie by their attorneys.

An interim dividend of 8 per cent for 1890 was
declared and made payable forthwith.

THE AGllA-OUVAH ESTATE CO., LTD.
An e.xtraordinary genci al meeting of the share-
holders was held at 11-80 a.m. Present: — Mr.
A- Thomson (in the chair) and Mr. C. A. Leech-
man, JMr. W. H. Eigg, diiectors; and Messrs.
C. J. Donald, G. C. Walker, H. S. Bix, E.
John, and H. Tarrant, and Mr. A. E. Wright, Mr.
James Forbes by their attorneys, and Mr. G. H.
Alston by his proxy.

An interim dividend of S per cent for 1896
was declared and made payable forthwith.

THE DUN HELD ESTATE CO., LTD.

An extraordinary general meeting of share-
holders was held at 11-45. Present: — ^Mr. A.
Thomson (in the chair) and Mr. C. A. Leechman,
directors ; Messrs. E. S. Anderson, 11, S. llix, and
C. J. Donald ; and W. H. G. Duncan and Donald
Carnet on, by their attorneys.

An inteniu divideiul of 8 per cent was declared
and made payalilo forthwith.

THE CLONES ESTATES COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LTD.

The fourtli annual ordinary general meeting
of shareholders was held at noon, when the follow -
ing were present : - Mr. \V. IJ. Eigg, in the
chair, Mr. S. L. Harries, directors ; rVlessrs. II.
S- Bix, E. John, and A. Thomson ; ami Jas. Forlies
and G. Y'. Carlyon, by their attorneys.

The minutes of the 8rd annual ordinary general
meeting of shareholders held on lOtli Atigust 1895,
and the minutes of tlio e.xtraordinary general
meeting of shareholders hehl 25th February, 1890,
were read and conlirmed.

The report and aceounts were then taken as
reatl.

Propo.sed by tlie ChiAiUMAN and seconded by
Mr. E. .John, tliat the retiort and accounts as
])ublislied )>e adojited.

Proposed by the CiiAlK.MAN and seconded by
Mr. Jas. Fouuks, by his attorney Mr. Walker,
that a dividend of 8 per cent be 'declared and
made payable forthwith.

Proiiosed by Mr. II. S. Bix and seconded by Mr.
A. TitOMSON, that Mr. W. Forsyth be re elected
a director.

Proposed by Mr. Jas. FoI! I’.ks, by bis iittorney,
and secomled by Mr. John, that Mr. lleiculcs J.
Scott be ap)iointed auditor on the same fee as
last year.

■ 28

ij^7

THE YATIYANTOTA TEA COMPANY,
LIMITED.

An extraordinary general meeting of the above
company was held at 12-45 p.m. I’resent : — Mr.
Y'. D. Gil ben (in the chair), Mr. A. Thomson,
Mr. E. y. Anderson, directors ; Mr. H. S, Bix;
and Mes:rs. Y'. H. G. Duncan, G. W. Carlyon,
A. E. Wright, and B. Y'ebster, and Mrs, Carlyon,
by their attorneys.

The notice conveying the meeting having been
read, an inte; im dividend of 10 per cent for
1890 was declared and made payable forthwith.

THE Y'E-OYA TEA COMPANY, LIMITED.

An extraordinary general meeting of .share-
holder.s w'as held at 1 o’clock. Present : — Mr.
E. y. Anderson (in the chair), Mr. VV, J. Smith,
directors ; Messrs. A. Thomson, W. D. Gibbon,
J. A. Martin, G. C. Y'alker, H. S. Bix, and E. H.
Vanderspar ; and Mr Geo. Vanderspar, Mrs. E.
C. Baillie, M.ajor Gw’atkin, and Mr. W. Cookes,
by their attorneys.

An interim dividend of 10 per cent for 1896
was tleclared, and made payable forthwith.

THE UPPEB MASKELIYA ESTATES
COMPANY, LIMITED.

An extraordinary general meeting of the above
company wa.s held on the 8th Augn.st at 1-15 p.m.
when the following were i)iesent : — Mr. W. D.
Gibbon (in the chair), JMr. A. Thomson, Mr. C. A.
Leechman, ilirectors ; and Messrs. G. W. Carlyon,
W'. H. G. Duncan, A. E. Wright, B. Webster,
Cookes, Jas. Forbes, and J. Gibbs, and Mrs. A. N.
Wright, by their attorneys ; and by proxy, Messrs.
G. H. Alston and T. K. ^V'right.

The notice convening the meeting having been
read, an interim dividend of 6 per cent for
1890 was declared and made payable forthwith.

THE xMOCHA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON,
LIMITED.

The ordin .ry general meeting of the sharehol-
ders of this company wa.s hebl at noon on tlie Sth
August at the oilice of the agents and .secretaries
(Messrs. J. M. Bobertson A.Co.), when Mr. F. W.
Bois occui)ied the chair, the others present being : —
Messrs. Edgar \'ander.spar, W. E. Mitchell, W.
Moir, E. Jolin ;uui 11. Gordon Bois (Secretary).

Tlie usmil iormalities over,

'riio ChaIi.man brouglit up the Beport of the
Du-ectors for the season outing 80th June 1896,
w iiidi. lie llionght, taking all things into consider-
ation, .might 1)0 considered a fairly satisfactory re-
pori, the ' Illy unsatisfactory feature in it being the
fall in t .-gc |)rice of tea. This, as they

w'o'.ii 1 : , was almost 54 cents per lb., as compared

with nearly 58 of last season’s ; l)Ut coni)jared with
the season before -last it w'as not so very unsatisfac-
tory. The crop had been in excess o.f the estimate
ami of that of last year. The Directors were en-
deavouring, if po.s.sihlo, to improve the value of
tlieir tea, and lur tiuit pin pose they had before
tiiciii a scheme for the erection of a turbine. With
tho.'^e lew remarks he proposed the adoption of tlie
Beport and Accounts.

Mr. Vanl)I';k.si’.vu seconded. — Carried.

The rc])ort of the Directors was as follow's : —

Your Directors beg to submit their report and
accounts for the season ending the .SOth of June last,
whiclr they trust will he considered satisfactory. Too
total ipiantity ot made tea is 311, 119 Ih. which is
33,‘i. li,. iu o::oi:w of the previous year. This yield
is (ijnal to ilO Ih. per acre iu hearing, and after
deducting capital expenditure, the cost per^ pound
delivered iu Colombo was 25J cents, whilst the nett

<78

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

I Sept, t, 1896,

arverage price realised was 53'Gl cents as compared
with i>7‘49 cents last season. The nett profit for the
year is ElOO,131,73, which is equal to 24’78 per cent
on the capital of the Company, and adding Kl,5(53'71
the balance brought forward, there is 11101,()95’44 to
be dealt with. Out of this, the Directors have already
paid an interim dividend of 8 per cent, absorbing
E32,320 ; a bonus has been paid to the Superintendent
of the Mocha and Glentilt Estates of R2,0t)0 ; there has
been transferred to Depreciation account R7,924‘33;
there has been transferred to Reserve Fund R10,000 ;
leaving a balance of R49,4.51T1— Total R101,G9.'S'44.
It is proposed to pay a further dividend of 12 per
cent, (making 20 per cent, for the year) R48,480, and
to cariw forward a balance of R971T1.

The Company’s properties now consist approximately
of : — 840 acres tea in bearing ; 15 acres under two
years ; 56 acres grass land ; 123 acres forest and fuel
trees ; 21 acres buildings, roads, &c. Total 1,055 acres.

The estimates for season 1896-97 will be drawn up
on a safe basis of crop and expenditure. Mr.
Henry Hois, having left the island, resigned his
seat on the Board of Directors, and Mr. F. W.
Hois was invited to take his place. Mr. J. N.
Campbell retires in accordance with the articles of
Association, but being eligible, offers himself for re-
election. The meeting has also to elect an Auditor
for 1896-97.

J)KCLAl!ATION OF DIVIDEND.

Mr. John pro])o.sed the payment of a dividend
of 12 j>er cent for the half-year, making, with
the interim dividend of 8 per cent, 2U per cent
for tlie year.

Tins w'as seconded by Mr. Mitchell and car-
ried unanimously.

DIRECTOR AND AUDITOR.

On the motion of Mr. Mitchell, seconded
by Mr. JOHN, Mr. J. N. Campbell was re-
elected a Director ; and Mr. H. J. Scott w'as
re-elected Auditor for the season 1896-97, on
the motion of Mr. Vanderspar, seconded by
Mr. John Moir.

♦

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Thursday Evening, July 23.

Business in most of the older and better known
shares has been rather neglected the past week
in favour of the rush for new issues, which are
being freely offered to the public ; some good, others
less desirable, so far as intrinsic merit is concerned.
The generality of the best shares, however, keep
firm in price, the lack of business resulting more
from the firmness of holders than from any weaken-
ing in the demand.

Ckvi.on Siiaues.

C. T. P. Co. Ordinary. — Nothing further done ; but
the Rrefs. have been done at 18.

C. and Oriental f3 paid shares came on a little
cheaper at 3^, but have since been taken at 3J.
Some fully-paid shares might be had at 67.

Ceylon Land shares are being asked for.

Dimbula Valley Ordinary have been done at 5i,
and are firmer, and the Prefs. have touched (ij
and 6 3-l(i.

Eastern Produce shares have touched 6J.

Ceylon properties are being freely mixed with
Indian ones in many of the new issues. — Home and
Colonicl JIail, July 24.

PJ. ANTING AND PRODUCE.

Tun Chancei.lou of the Exciiequku and the Price
OF Tea. — The statement about the price of tea re-
cently made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in
the House of Commons, and reported in our issue of
July lOtb, h.as called forth remonstrances from the
tea trade. Messrs. Moriis and .loiics, of Liverpool,
say on this subject: “It was a pity that when the
Chancellor of the Exchequer made the misleading
statement in the House of Commons about teas some

members who understood the matter did not explain
hoiv the average was made. 'There is a lot of rub-
bish imported into this country and sold in public
sale at about 3d per lb ; common sorts of better
grades fetch 5d to 6d ; medium sorts 8d to 10; and
so on up to about 2s per lb, and some really fine
kinds fetch 3s to 4s and even more. To take one
public sale, say — 3,000 chests at 3s per lb (in bond
duty 4d) ; 8,000 chests at 6d per lb; 12,000 chests at
9d per lb ; 4,000 chests at Is per lb ; 3,000 chests at
Is fid per lb ; 2,0J0 chests at 2s per lb. This will
work out the average price given by the Chancellor,
9d to lOd. Unfortunately the tendency to cheapness
in everything induces the public to purchase low-
priced teas, but those sold at Is and Is 4d have none
of the flavour and aroma and invigorating properties
of the better sorts, and those who love good teas
would never think of using them.”

Tea in Natal. — Tea planting on the coast in Natal
succeeds well, and there is a considerable amount of
capital invested in the industry from which import-
ant results are expected. Natal tea for South Africa
is the idea. A correspondent of the Globe writing
on the subject says ; “ The labour is a very grave

consideration. It has to bo imported; and then it
must be trained. It is infinitely more difficult to
find a market for tea than for sugar. Tea is not a
commodity which improves with keeping, although a
certain time is necessary for it to mature its flavour.
The estates, \vhich are situated on the coast beyond
Verulam, suffer considerably for want of a railway.
The actual freight may bo higher than the cost of the
present waggon transport to Verulam; but in wet
weather the risk to so delicate a product as tea is
very great. Besides, there is the commercial incon-
venience of the delay in delivery, owing to the flood-
ing of rivers. Waggons have been stationary on the
banks of the Unvoti River for two months at a time.
Some years ago a great effort was made by Mr. W.
R. Hindsoii, of Nonoti, to induce the Govern-
ment to extend the railway into the tea district.
His firm undertook to provide the capital necessary
for laying down the new line ; and it is to be re-
gretted that the then Government did not see the
great discouragement which would have been given
to this young industry by such an enterprise. At
that time, however, responsible government had not
been granted to Natal, and the Governor, Sir Charles
Mitchell, did not approve of railways being made
in the colony by private enterprise. Quite recently
— partly owing to the harbour developments at Dur-
ban and the desirability of tapping the coal supplies
near the Tugela — the matter has been pushed for-
ward, and a concession was granted to a syndicate
for the construction of this line at the close of last
yeir. At Mr. Ilindson’s estate at Nonoti there are
.500 acres laid down in tea. The business has only
been in existence twelve years ; and, considering that
it takes five years before tea plants will show a
profit on their cost, it must be owned that a
great deal has been accomplished in the

twelve years. A new industry of the kind
must be experimental at the outset, and pro-
portionately costly. 'J’ho best kind of tea, both
from the consumer’s and the grower’s point of view,
has to be found. Both soil and climate arc distinct
factors in tea-growing. In fact, the influence of soil
and climate appears as marked in tea as in wine —
either prejudicing or improving the flavour. The tea
at Nonoti is known as the Assam Hybrid, but there
is great inequality in the leaf. Mr. Hiudsou is try-
ing the introduction of a new Indian tea, which he
hopes will be an improvement. Perfection has not
been reached, but there is such a steady improve-
ment shown that it is confidently hoped that Natal teas
m y equal those of India and Ceylon. Three things
are evident : firstly, that the natural produce of the
tea-plant itself is far more abundant in Natal than
in India ; secondly, that, oiying to the climate, coolie
labourers can undertake twice the amount of laud in
Natal that they can in india; and, thirdly, that an in-
creasing local market already exists, which is scarcely
the case in India. Mr. Hindson grows all the green
leaf which he requires for his own factory, but the
large mill at 'Thcarsney, belonging to Messrs. Hulett,

Sept, i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

179

though supplied with a very large acreage, also
works up considerable quantities of green leaf from
small growers. As much as 500,0001b. were manu-
factured in one year at Thearsney, The mill has
since been destroyed by fire, and is at present
undergoing/epairs.

Is THE Caiic^asian 1’i.ayi;i) Out? — Whether the
Caucasian is “played out” or not his operations
in tea cultivation are likely to achieve that proud
position. According to news from Odessa the great
expectations formed as to tea cultivation in the
Caucasus are not likely to be realised. A report
from Batoum states that the Minister of Domains
does not feel inclined to continue the Government
subsidies to the planters along (he Caucasian coast,
as the results of their efforts have hitherto not
been satisfactory enough to warrant any further ex-
penditure on their behalf. Neither the quality nor
flavour of the tea grown in this region is satisfac-
tory, and this notwithstanding the fact that one or
two planters have imported skilled Chinese growers
to take the oversight of the harvesting and drying
operations. As the Chinese methods of drying are,
to say the least, antiquated, it is not surprising that
they have failed to teach the Caucasian planters
much. — II, and C Mail, .July 2d.

^

CULTIVATION OF VANILLA IN MEXICO.

The following information on Vanilla is taken from
Sir Henry Dering’s report on the productions of
Mexico, already referred to : — Vanilla is found grow-
ing wild in many disti lets of Mexico, and it is culti-
vated in Michoacan, Puebla, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Vera
Cruz, and other places. There are six varieties of
vanilla known in Mexico, namely the “ mansa,” the
“ cimarrona,” the “ mestiza,” the “ pompona,” the
“ puerco,” and the “ mono.” Of these the mansa
and the pompona are cultivated. A rich vegetable
soil, such as is found in the dense forests of the
Tierra Caliente, is best for vanilla cultivation and
growth, and in such localities the vine grows luxuri-
antly, and gives a large pod. The mouths of .Tune
and July are considered in Vera Ciuz and Tobasco
as most appropriate for planting, and the plants will
commence to flower in the second year after planting,
and full crops may be expected between the third
and fourth year. The Towers appear in March,
April, or May in clusters of 20 to 50. The fruits goes
on growing lor a month, but it will take at least
eight months longer to ripen sufficiently for harvest-
ing. The proper time for the ripening of the vanilla
in the districts of Tuxpan, Mfsantla, and Papantla is
in the mouth of January, February, and March.
The bean, if allowed the necessary time to ripen
properly, is black and juicy, and, when well prepared,
will keep good for many years, but, if gathered before
maturity, is bound to be defective. After the beans
are gathered, they are plunged for half a minute into
hot water that is almost boiling. They are then put
on mats to drain dry, and afterwards are spread out
on blankets and exposed to the sun, and in the even-
ing they are shut up in tight boxes to ferment. The
box in which the vanilla is to be sweated must be
ut in the sun during the day to warm it and it must
e big enough to hold all the vanilla that has been
spread out. The sunning process is continued for a
week, or until the pods become brown and pliable,
when they are squeezed between the fingers, to
straighten them, and to cause the seeds and oily
substance inside to be evenly distributed. After the
operator is satisfied with his w'ork of sweating, the
vanilla beans are then separated into sizes of length,
thickness, colour, and appearance. The Mexican
vanilla dealers have established five glades, namely :
— First, vanilla “ fina ” or “legal,” the beans or
pods from inches long or upwards, short in the
neck, sound and black ; the beans wffiich become
split, or open, provided they have the foregoing
qualities, and the split does not extend more than
a third of the pod. This class is again subdivided
into “ terciada,” which is composed of the shortest
pods ; “ primera chica,” “ primera grande,” “ marca
menor,” and “ marco mayor,” the largest of all.

Second, vanilla “ chica,” those pods which differ
only from the terciada, in being shorter, two of them
counting as one of the first-class. Third, va,nijla
“ zacate,” the pods of all sizes, which are off colour
through being gathered before iDceomiug ripe or being
over cured, “ pescozuda,” “ vana,” “ cueruda,” and
“ apoicoyonada,” names for pods in a more or loss
damaged condition. Fourth, vanilla “ cimarrona,”
the wild vanilla, in good or fair condition, three pods
counting as one of the first-class. Fifth, the
“ rezacate,” composed of the very short pods, of
those split clear up to the stalk, of the badly damaged,
of the very immature, and of the very much over-
cured. After the sizing and classification is finished,
the pods are tied up in bunches of 100 to 150, so
as to weigh one pound, and wrapped up in paper and
tinfoil. Statistics show that there is more vanilla
exported from the port of Taxpan than from any
other port in the world, thus establishing the fact
that the Tuxpau valley is the natural home of this
valuable orchid. As much as 300 per cent, profit
has been made in good years by those engaged in
the vanilla industry in }d.Q\\co.— Journal of the Soeicli/
o/ . I r/s, July 17.

— ■ ♦

LONDON TEA LETTER.

(FUOM OUB OWN CORRESPONDENT.)

10th July, 1896.

L. M. B.

In regard to the Land Mortgage Bank a special meet-
ing of the shareholders was held last week to consider
the offer of £366,000 odd made by Sir John Muir, Bart.,
and Mr. P. R. Buchanan for the properties of the Bank.
This offer the Board of Directors had recommended
the acceptance of by, or rather had actually accepted
subject to the approval of, the shareholders. The
Chairman, Mr. It. J. Boyson, informed the meeting
that the offer he confidently believed would enable
the Company to liquidate, pay off all liabilities, and
distribute £1 per share (or at the least not less than
19s 6d) to the shareholders. Some discussion fol-
lowed, in which it was as a matter of course made
doubly plain that the ,£1 or thereabouts per share would
be all the shareholders would receive, that though
shares had been bought at a premium, as they
had been by many, the £2 par'd, or no portion
of it, would be refunded in addition to the .£1 esti-
mated ; and it was also extracted that under the
conditions of the offer made by Sir John Muir,
the present shareholders of the Bank would have
the privilege or option of an allotment of an equal
amount in any company formed with the gardens of
the Bank, or in any company of whose holding these
estates might go to form part. The resolution anprov-
ing of the sale of the estates was passed without any
opposition or dissent, and now only remains to be
confirmed at another special meeting (to be called for
on the 21st instant), as will doubtless be done. There
was some grumblers among those in the meeting who
had purchased their shares at a premium. But upon
the whoM the arrangement is a very satisfactory one
for the shareholders. The Company, though called a
Bank, has long been nothing more or less than a
large and unwieldy tea company with a Debenture
Debt (though judiciously reduced within the last
twenty years) still much larger than is paid up
CB'pital. There also remained the heavy liability
on the shares, .£18 being unpaid and lia'ble to be
called up. About twenty-five years ago, or even
less, there was a considerable section of the share-
holders who wished to see the Company wound up
and they themselves freed from this liability. Had
this been done then, doubtless there would have
been a considerable call per share to enable the
liquidation to be carried through, instead of any
return of capital afterwards. Through good report
and bad report Mr. Boyson continued sanguine, and
he has to be congratulated, and the shareholders
are greatly indebted to him for his persistency and
courage. Of course Mr. Boyson has been a lucky mani
The mainstay of the Bank was tea, and the fall
in e^han^e and the present boom in tea investments
ha3 vFQUght about a revolution, that the most

i8o

riiE TROPICAl. AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

sanguine had no reason to hope lor and pc-ihapB r.c\er
dreamt of twenty-li\e years ago ( r even nivc}i more
recently. Mr. Boy sen has Uil.curcd ioi’ ihirly years
for the Bank, and is irct a jcung man. lie, more
even than the sliareholdti s, has every ur-LOti lo he
highly gratified with the result. IMay he !(-■ g enjoy
his well-earned repose. It is ijuite tri'e ih '.t j-eihai's
not a single shareholder irr rh.e- rceiiii, 1 ei- lainly
excepting Mr. Boysoir hiirrscit. uhepv;,' were

not present), carr have much idea oi wik-I is the
fair value of the Bank’s gardens, hirt nr;.ny kirow
what the result of working them in tv*- past has
Ireen, and in the firture there wiil be ui .s 8.nd df v.us
in exchange, markets, and all the otlnr I’isks that
have hitherto had to he encountered in r;eroci to
management, labour, blights, etc., (tc. Tin cl ;aiees are
the gardens would be no better rrmnaged /'e/' //» •).■; than
they have been in the past, and, though it is to be
hoped times may be better the chances are, I think
pretty certairr they shall be worse, It is not un-
likely that the practical advisers of the purchasers
know the advantages and capabilities of tho widely
scattered gardens all over a great deal botlci than
anyone else. Be it so. It cannot, hov.ever, be de-
nied they are paying a very fair, what would seenr
even a very full, price for them, and everyone, irr-
cluding the L.M.B. shareholdi rs, nn-.y cordially wish
the purchasers every success in their inveslment,
that can be achieved by more skiltul arrd cfiicient
working of its gardens.

CONSOLID.VrED TJ'.A AND LANDS CO.

Little more has transpired regarding Sir John Muir’s
monster company. I have h.eard it said by those
who should be best informed oui.-udr, that the two
millions of capital was subscribed several times over !

I saw in the morrey colurnrr of one ct our daily
papers, that “the first bat'lr of kttiro of allot-
ment and regrets” had been posted. Tlu irgh that is
some time ago, 1 have noticed or learired of no other
intimation in the Press. It i.s also riuiiourcd that
several large applicants have beerr allotted two or
three shares each, and I have seerr it quoted that
each class of shares, 1st and 2rrd ITefeienco and
Ordinary are already quoted at .tlj to premiums
each ! So much evidently for the increasing eager-
ness of the sanguine investing public for tea shares.

FURXrLEE SALES AND NEW COJU’ANIES.

Nothing seetrrs to trarrspirc as to who arc to be the
bidders for the Dootercah concern to be exposed at
auctiorr in a few days. Messrs. Dirrrcau Bros, were
the highest bidders formerly. It can do no bar m for
me to hazard a few remarks, as long before this can
reach you the matter must bo finally settled. Nolbing
has been mooted in regard to Sir .loin. Muir in this
connection, but if the present owners do not con-
sider it too good a thing to let slip from them, or
even if they do I should he iuclined to back the
chances of Sir John Muir, who up to date has the
record as a purchaser in Barjeeiing since the IStiS
days, to the advantage of ono of the mo.st deserv^edly
respected citizens Darjeeling ever knew. But 1 do
not speculate so much on that, as I rcly^ upon the
universal truth of the saying of a shrowd friend in
one of the tea countries that “when a man once
gets fairly smitten with the land fever (in conpettiqn
with tea sepecially), there is no satisfying him till
he gets laid in it himself.” Of course there i.-> this in
favour of the present partners, that they will only
have the half of the purchase money to find ; and
as the bidding progress, they must know better
than others when the point has been turned that
makes it safer for them to be sellers than buj'ers,
I, however, back the honorable Baronet (if he really
cares for the property) and his frii nds. With tho
“L.M.B.,” “D.B.B., ’ “ K.I'.B.” arul “ 'T.B.B.”

and Bloomfield combined irr one ii'.onster Dar jeeling
Company, it wenki aiiiour;t ainroc! to a monopoly,
and the Darjeeling Ccmj.any, and its tin^c; hoi ored
Managing Director, Mr, llobcrts, would be nowhere.
Of course men of capital and cnloi prise like Sir
John Muir do an immcnce deal of goou to tho
natives of India and the country, and in the long
run even to the tea industry, which the weak, timid
and narrow-minded fear he is about to swamp through
tho inoguitude of his undertakings.

The prospectus of the Darjeeling Consolidated Tea
Company, Limited, that has been formed, as I before
mentioned, to take over your Calcutta, Balasun, Gyaba-
ICC, Sii gLulli and Miurnah and Ting Ling Companies
of Darjeeling, is expected to bo issued daily. The ca-
pital is to be .£120,000 lialf in 5 per cent, cumulative
preference shares, half in ordinary shares.

Another new company is reported as boing_ formed
to purchase the splendid estates of the Borjuli Tea
Company and the Dapoota Tea Comprany in Assam,
and certainly extraordinary general meetings of the
shareholders’ of these tw o companies have been sum-
moned to take into consideration the proposals to
purchase the properties of these two companies as
going concerns from 1st January 180(5. The prices
named are .£188,945 for the former and .£(5:4,000 for
the latter, the respective capitals for which the con-
cerns were floated for about two years ago being
.£120, Coo and .£41,000 respectively.

What is to be the next surpirise? Or is tea cotn-
parry promotion destined soon to have some
pite? May all end well for the confiding inv^®ting
public. Up till a very few' years ago it could be as
serted that almost as much had been lost as ever
was made irr Indian tea, and that the larger propor-
tion of the gains had been through coirrpany-promo-
tiou and the “ turn-over ” of companies and shares
May the same not have to be said four or five years
hence ? — Indian Planters’ Gazette, Aug. 1.

THE

TEA ESTATES
LIMITED.

OF

ASSOCIATED
CEYLON,

With a caprital of £150,000, divided into 8,(X)0 six
per cent cuirrulative prrefererree shares of £10 each and
7,000 ordinary shares of £10 each, the Associated
Tea Estates of Ceylon, Limited, has been forrrred
to take over as going concerns, and to amalgamate
under one management, the following tea estates
in Ceylon, arrd to prurebase further estates as oprpor-
tunity offers: Chesterford, Kelaui Valley; Dnkiu-
field, Uda Bussellaw'a; Dors'galla, Pussellawa ; Ilora-
goda, Kalutara; and Maduitenne, Keiani Valley.
The prospectus states that a feature in the selection
of the estates is the distribution over high and low
country, the prroprerties ranging from Uda Bussellawa,
at on elevatioir of 5,500 feet, to the Kelaui Valley
with an elevatron of 450 feet above sea level. This
should lead to a more uniform aggregate result than
by having a series of properties all in one locality.
There is ample factory accommodation for present
requirements upon the estates, and there is arr ex-
perienced staff of officials and employees, which will
be taken over by the company, so that the busi-
ness will be carried orr without airy break in its
continuity The price to be paid for the five estates
above mentioned has been fixed by the vendors at
£103,720, leaving a balance of £6,280 out of the pre-
sent issue available for working capital, the vendors
agreeing to pay all the expenses in connection with
the formation of the company down to allotment.
The directors of the company are : Sir Alexander
Wilson (chairman of the Mercantile Bank of India,
Limited), London, S. II. Earle, Esq. (director of
Alsiug and Co., Limited), and John McEvvan, Esq,,
(of the Allynugger Tea Company, Limited.) — JI. C,
JIail, July 24.

INDIA AND CEYLON TEA COMPANY,
LIMITED.

With a capital of .£609,000 in 300,000 prrcferenco and
30,000 ordinary shares of £10 each, tho India and Cey-
lon Tea Company, Ijimited, has been formed to
acquire, and combine under ono management, the
following going tea concerns, whicli, cxcoptiiig the
Ceylon properties, are taken over from January 1
last:— (1) In Assam: The properties of tho Borjuli
and Dapoota Tea Companies. (2) In tho Dooars :
The piroperties of the Good Hope and Kiimali Tea
Gompanies and tho llaiha I’atlia and Dangua Jhar
I'lbtxtcs. (3) In Ceylon: Tho Lebanon group of tea
gardens and Iho Knuckles group. Tho total area of

1

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTCRIST.

i8t

Sept, i, 1896.]

these properties is nearl 18,000 acres. The pm chase
price is .t418,000, of which ,£:)4G,‘280 is payabie iu
cash, £4,000 iu fully-paid prufereuco shares,

and £67,720 iu fully-paid ordinary shares of this
company. The present issue is of 24,000 preference
and 21,900 ordinary shares. The directors of the com-
pany areW. H. Veruer, Es(p (chairman), Sir W. W.
Hunter, k.c.s.i., C. A. Veruer, Esq., W. S. Wells, Esq.
(chairman and directors of the Dooars Tea Company,
Limited, and the Single Tea Company), W. K.
Barley (managing partner of Haiha Patha Estate),
Thomas Dickson, Esq. (director of the Scottish Trust
and Loan Company of Ceylon, Limited), and 11. N.
Gladstone, Esq., director. Single Tea Company, Ltd.
— H. and C. Mail, July 24.

TEA IN THE INDIES.

HOW THE PLANT IS GROWN AND THE
LEAVES CURED.

CONSUMPTIOK OF THE BEVER.4GE IS INCREASING — MODES OP
CULTIVATION AND CURING ALWAYS IMPROVING.

Only a comparatively few years ago the people of
the United States knew little of the teas that have of
late years made such wonderful strides iu displacing
China and Japan teas in British markets, and which
have recently shown such a large increase in consump-
tion in this country. Notwithstanding that tea is a
household beverage, not many know much of its
cultivation, either in India and Ceylon or in Japan and
China, or that for years, through governmental instru-
mentality, experiments have been going on in this
country, principally in North Carolina, Florida, and
California, looking to the propagation of tea in the
United States. Regarding the latter, the cost of labor
and unfavourable climatic conditions are hard nuts for
the experimentalists to crack, and it cannot be said
that the work so far has been at all satisfactory,
althongh tea of good quality has been grown, but not
for commercial purposes.

To those who know little of the actual work of tea
raising or the various processes the leaf must go
through before it is ready for use on the table, a short
history of the tea plant from its inception will be both
interesting and instructive.

As a matter of fact, lea is indigenous to India
and was transplanted to China and Japan, as well
as to Ceylon, the latter place having been a large
coffee producing country, and would probably have
so continued had not the leaf been attacked by a
scourge which sapped the energies of the plant.
The growers seeing starvation staring them in the
face, then turned their attention to the cultivation
of tea as a means of livelihood, although at lirst it
must be confessed with not great hopes of success,
although tea was being cultivated in India, a climate
very much similar to that of the island of Ceylon.

TEA SUCCEEDS COFFEE.

The tea seed was first planted in the fields upon
which the coffee trees were growing (dying, per-
haps, would be the better word), although the
plantation owners still had hopes that the disease
would be checked. As the tea bushes approached
maturity, and the chances of success improved,
the coffee trees were uprooted and the tea
plants were left in full possession of the field.
Three or four years are required before a tea
plant becomes productive, the plant in those
climates requiring no moisture other than that pro-
vided by [nature. After a growth of fifteen months,
the first important work must be done, and this is
called “ topping,” the object being to keep the plant
(it would grow to a tree) at an average height of
four feet. All the surplus branche.s are laken off ex-
cept the stem and short ones, the siuface of the
plant being flattened. The work is done by coolies,
and that the task is a hard one i.s shown by the
fact that a field of fifty acres will have between
175,000 and 200,000 bushes. After the plants have
matured, the leaves are plucked, and this is a task
that requires deftness, as well as care and judgment.
The early growth of the leaf makes it firm, and it

is iu the selection of leaves for the different varieties
that the judgment must be shown. If fine qualitie.s
are wanted, only a small number of leaves from each
shoot will be taken, while if quantity is the priucipal
thing wanted extra leaves will be taken from every
shoot.

So expert do the native work people become that
it is only necessary to tell them the special grades
and they will quickly pass over the bush, selecting
only such as arc needed. Great care must be taken
that the eye or bud shall be left unbroken on the
branch.

FAR ABOVE SEA LEVEL.

In Ceylon the tea plant flourishes from 100 to
7,000 feet above the level of the sea, if the soil is
rich and the climate favourable, butmostof the gardens
are laid out on the slopes of hills and mountains.
The higher the altitude the less the yield, but the
greater the fullness and flavor.

In picking the coolies carry baskets hung from their
heads by ropes, the leaves, as picked, being .ti>Fown
over the shoulder. Each picker’s basket has a capa-
city of about ^fourteen pounds, which, when full, is
emptied into a larger receptacle set at the end of
each row'. Every plantation of any size has its own
factory, a two-storey building with heavy roof, run
either by steam or water power, so that the tea in
all its processes is handled exclusively by machinery.
This use of machinery is one of the real reasons for
the enormous increase in the consumption of British-
grown teas, as it entirely obviates the use of the
hands and feet employed by the Celestials in the
rolling processes.

Withering is the first process the leaves undergo
upon reaching the factory. Long shelves, covered
with Hessian jute, are arranged about the room,
and the green leaves' are spread upon them and
then subjected to a current of dry air. Next
comes the rolling, which twists the leavjs,

breaks their cells and facilitates the process of
oxidation. When green tea is required, of which there
is comparatively little shipped from eitf.er India or
Ceylon, the process employed is different.

The rolling being comjileted, the leaf is distributed
in trays to undergo the entire oxidation process by
exposure to the air. Then come the firing and drying,
and this work is accomplished through the medium
of machines, which dries and extracts all the mois-
ture. Tho sifting and sorting into different grades
are next in order, and then the packers take hold
and the tea is ready tor shipment to any and all parts
of the world.

In India the various processes are similar, Ceylon
having followed the lead of the former country in the
use of machinery, tea having been a commercial pro-
duct there long before it was thought of in Ceylon.

European capital has developed these countries,
and th • push and energy of the Anglo-Baxou is
gradually leading the world in the production of tea.
The figiit will indeed be an interesting one for
supremacy, if it can be demonstrated that tea
may be successfully and profitably grown in this
country and the English colonics will have to look
to their laurels.

TEA GROWN IN AMERICA.

In this country the introduction of tea received
its first real impetus at the Chicago World's I'.Jr
although some desultory work had been done prior to
that. Enterprising planters sent commissioners heie|
and a vast outlay of money was made, and ihe lesnlt
attained was so satisfuctory that tho work has bet n
carried on sy^tcmaticaily since, and each year has
shown an increase, the last report show'iug the
stupendous gain of 72 per cent.

The English producer claims for his tea first that
it is absolutely pure, and secondly that it is all
machine cured.

Tho large importers of those teas into this country
have been against the proposed logi.slatiou, which
makes a standard that allows a lulteia'iou. They
claim that the use of Prussian blue and other sub-
stances is detrimental to public health and should
be stopped. Absolute purity is their aim, and it
seems that they have the best of the argument when
the records of every port of entry in the United

:82

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, r, 1896.

tates fail to show that a single pound was ever
ejected for any cause, while it is a common oc-
currence for teas from other countries to be refused
admission. — Mail and Ex2)ress, July 11.

DETERIORATION OF INDIARURBER BY
KEEPING.

We are asked to publish the following copy of a
letter dated the 11th May 189(5, from the Reporter
on Economic Products to the Government of India,
to the Inspector-General of Forest, Simla;—

“ Replying to your demi-official dated 21th ultimo
on the subject of the Assam rubbers, I am glad
to find that you underestimated them. That gives
a better token of the future, than if you had gone
to the other side. As to the want of uniformity in
Carritt and Co.’s valuation, so much depends in the
eves of brokers on external characters, that the
sample that had got a little more oxidised through
more direct exposure to air than another would at
once get a lower price assigned to it. It is wonder-
ful how rapidly indiarubber in its crude state suffers.
Some of our samples in the Museum have become
liciuids, devoid of all elasticity . Uus, I think, should
give the practical suggestion »uat tue sooner rubber
leaves the producer’s ban -'■ud la . taken over by
the purchaser the better. No consignments should

be delayed in India.” ,

“But besides oxidization there are niany other
wavs by which one parcel drawn from identical trees
and prepared by the self-same process will fetch a
lower price. But I think the Assam Conservator told us
that the samples were obtained fromseveral recog-
nised races of the rubber tree. So that there may
be a botanical reason for the variation in the valu-
ation. I am promised botanical samples of each form,
and will, I hope, soon be in a position to express an
opinion upon this feature. I hope Assam may be able
to furnish us with larger samples. We could easily
find willing buyers, as there is a distinct demand
for Assam rubber.”— /nJi'aii Forester.

flowering of STROBILANTHES [NILU]
IN BOMBAY.

Strobilanthes caUosis fiowered along the Western
Ghauts in the Belgaum District in 1887 and in 1895,
showing an interval of 8 years. The flowers appear
in the month of August but the seeds do not ripen
till the following May.

Strobilanthes scssilis is very common along the
Western Ghauts at an altitude of about 2,8tX)tt.,
and flowered in 1888 and in 1895, showing an in-
terval of 7 years.

THE NYASSALAND COFFEE
COMPANY, LTD.

An adjourned meeting of the Nyassaland Coflee
Company, Ltd., was held at noon today iii the
office of the agents and secretaries (Messrs.
PArson &Co.). Mr. Macindoe presided, and present
were Mr. E. R. Waldock G. J. Jameson (by
his attorney Mr. Macindoe), Messrs. Carson &
CM..pa»y (Vesentea bv Mr. Macmloe , Mr.
\V. Sliakespeare, and (by proxy) Mi. G. K.

^^n^tiie motion of tlie Chairman seconded by
Mr Waldock the report and accounts as
appended were taken as read.

4nPEniNTENDENCK.-The Directors have to report

i Mr G Mortimer Crabbe was appointed Manager
rrrnpeedod last year to Nyassaland to take
and romnanv’s land. In order to develop

charge J' , j i/was considered advisable that

til Si,, ,h»uld *0 b« aud

Messrs. L. T. Moggridge and S. Robins were ap-
pointed. They arrived at Chinde on 15th May,
1896.

Progress of Work. — The latest advices dated 8th
May, 1896, report that 55 acres had been felled, 15
burnt and 12 holed, in addition to the 10 acres planted
December, 1895. At the time of writing, Mr. Crabbe
had 210 people working, and if labor continued plenti-
ful he hoped to have about 200 acres opened this
year.

Seed. — So far the Directors have been unable to
procure any from Brazil but efforts are still being
made to got some. At present the plants and seed
have to be bought from neighbouring estates in
Nyassaland.

Purchase of Land.— Only the 1,500 acres block
has up to date been transferred to the Company.
For the other block of 2,000 acres referred to in the
Prospectus and the circular dated 7th June, 1895, a
proper title has not yet been received, but it is hoped
will arrive shortly.

It has been suggested to the Directors that an
Estate, part of which is in bearing and which ad-
joins the Company’s land, should be acquired.
Negotiations are in progress, and if it can be bought
at a reasonable figure might prove a valuable ad-
dition and enable the Company to give the Share-
holders an immediate return upon their invest-
ment.

It will be necessary to elect an Auditor.

Mr, Shakespeare proposed and Mr. Waldock
seconded the adoption of the report. Agreed.

On the motion of the Ch.airmaN seconded
by Mr. SHAKESPEARE, Mr. E. R. Waldock was
appointed auditor for tlie ensuing year at a
remuneration of R50 for each audit.

Meeting adjourned.

JOHN COMPANY.

Whatever may be thought of the policy of governing
vast expanses of barbarism by tlie agency of private
trading corporations, there can be no doubt this empire
owes its present commercial pre-eminence in a large
measure to the enterprise of the chartered companies
who first settled most of the Greater Britain of today
and exploited the natural riches of our colonial soil. The
reign of tlie great East India Company, tlie largest
corporate body the earth has ever seen, was the Golden
Age of “ Mincing Lane,” and the rise of our Eastern
drug and spice trade is directly due to the pioneering
enterprise of the East India, the Turkey, the Russia,
and tlie Cathay Companies. Indeed, it is a commonplace
that it was largely for the sake of securing tliis trade
that we tir.-^t ventured in tlie Indian seas and fought the
Dutcli and the ‘ Portingales.’

It seems to us that more might have been made of
this very interesting branch of trade in Mr. Geo. Cawston
and Professor Kean’s ‘ Early Chartered Companies,’ which
has just been published ; but perhaps the authors re-
quired all the space at their disposal to deal with the
political and economic aspects of the chartered companies
from Henry III. to Charles II., and were thus compelled
to restrict themselves to the smallest compass in referring
to actual trading operations.

How' many people are aware that there was a ‘ Made
in India ’ agitation two centuries before anyone had heard
of ‘ Made' in Germany ’ ? 'That is a fact nevertheless. In
1681 the Turkey Company, a rival concern of the East
India Company, bi ought a cliavge before Parliament through
a Mr. Polexfen— wlio appears to liave been the Sir
Howard Vincent of liis generation— accusing the India
Company of ‘ exporting immense quantities of gold and
silver with but little cloth, bringing back calicoes, pepper,
wrouglit silks, and a deceitful sort of raw silk,’ the
importation of manufactured goods from abroad beiiur
' an evident damage to tlie uoor of England.’ 'The East
India Company were furtner accused of encouraging
manufacturing industry in India, and tlie same dire con-
sequences were predicted to our liome iiulustries tliat
are now prognosticated from German rivalry. Nobody,
however, seems to have been one penny tlie worse in
the end.

This great East India Company, which for several
generations stood for the name of BriUiin in tlio East,
wliich brouglit million.s upon millions of money into
this country, and founded an empire in Hiiulostan, wa.s
established by a Royal Charter of Elizabeth in 1699
with a capital of only72,000f. Four years later the fir^

Sept, i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

1 83

cargo of pepper and other spices was imported into London
by the adventurers ‘ after a prosperous voyage of two
years and seven months,’ and sold, no doubt, to their
own exceeding profit. What gains were made on im-
ported produce in those days is shown by iNIalyns in
his ‘Centre of the Circle of Commerce,’ a contemporary
work, from which it appears that the difference between
the cost and tire sale price of some of the Company’s chief
iiuports in 1623 was as follows

Pepper
Cloves
Nutmegs
Mace
Indigo
Raw silk

What the City middlemen made in those days one can
only conjecture. The mere enumeration of the figures is

Mincing Lane man’s mouth

Cost in

Sold in

India

England

per lb.

per lb.

s d

s d

0

1 8

0 9

5 0

0 4

0

0 8

6 0

1 2

0

8 0

0

India w'e naturally ' expect
discredited poison-antidote
tw the derivation of tlrat

enough to make a modern
water.

In a book dealing with the early British trade with

to find a reference to the now
bezoar. Mr. Cawston gives,
word, the Persian pad-zahr
(lit., ‘ poison-expelling ’), meaning “ antidote.” The Per-
sians employed the name specially for the balls of silicious
matter occasionally found secreted in the intestinal canal
of the Persian wild goat, but the East Indian bezoar,
as we now know, was mostly derived from monkeys.
'The popular delusion of the efficacy of the drug in the
mental, as well as in physical, afflictions is shown in the
line from a contemporary author, where ‘ the healing
bezoartical virtue of grace ’ is mentioned.

Less accurate is Mr. Cawston’s reference to ‘ worm-
seeds,’ which were among the first orticles imported from
India, as ‘short for wormwood-.seeds, the seeds of Arte-
misia maritima, still used in India as a stomachic tonic.’
The seeds brought over by tlie early Indian traders un-
der tliis name were probably the Indian variety of Semen
Ciiire, the worm-seed which is now chiefly imported from
Russian Central Asia for santonin-manufacture. ’The seeds
of the wormwood, or absinthe plant, have no connection
with them except that both plants are Artemesim. 'The
spice-trade of tlie Company received a heavy blow' in
tlie early years of that corporation’s activity by the ex-
pulsion of the British from the Moluecjis, or Spice
Islands, by the Dutch ; and from that time may be
reckoned the definite establishment of a competing spice
and drng market at Amsterdam, which is today a serious
rival to London as it has ever been before.

The long duration of the lucrativeness of the Indian
trade of the Bast India Company is shown by the fact
that in 1726 it was computed that of the Company’s
annual imports, representing an aggregate value of
22,000 00'' f , not less than 8,000, OOOf. was clear profit.

'I'e:! became a trading article of the East India Com-
pany about the year 1645. It was first introduced into
this country by the Dutch, and sold then at from 120s
to 200s • a pound. In 1660 the Company presented
Charles II. witR 2 lb. 2 oz. of the herb— a liberality w'hich
was probably wCH calculated, for shortly afterwards ‘ tay ’
became a fashionable beverage w-ith the Upper Ten. A
four-shilling duty did not prevent the spread of that
popularity, and in 1745 Parliament passed an Act threat-
eniiig the Company with the forfeiture of the charter if
they should fail ‘ at any time to keep the London market
supplied with a sufficient quality of tea at reasonable
prices, to answer the consumption thereof in Great
Britain.’

The East India Company’s monopoly of the Indian trade
was abolished in 1833 ; but the Corporation itself survived
until the Mutiny in 1867, after which it was taken over
by the State— a fate that has recently also overtaken its
East African successor.

It is interesting in the present day to note that tlie
first real trading company which received a Royal charter
in Eii'^land was not a British, but a German, one. It w’as
composed of traders of the Hanseatic Le.ague, who esta-
blished a kind of depot in the City of London, at the
place where Cannon Street Station stands now. For nearly
three centuries the ‘ Germans of the St( elyard ’ were one
of the most powerful corporations in England, and it was
partly apprehension of their growing influence that caused
Elizabeth, in 15«7, to revoke their privilege and turn them
owt.— Chemist and Dru<j(jist, July ‘25.

are not surprised that the varying accounts of what
the Chancellor of the Exchequer said or did not say
on that occasion caused such bewilderment that it
is thought expedient for the Grocers’ Federation to
take the matter up and find out the real truth of
the case. If Sir Michael Hicks-Beach has been
rightly reported, it will be seen, on referring to
another part of this Journal, that he stated in the
House that ninety-five per cent, of the duty on tea
was derived from leaf sold wholesale at less than a
shilling a pound ! To put the same fact in another
way, the tea which commands a wholesale price of
over a shilling is, according to the Chancellor’s
statement, only 1-7 per cent, of the whole; while
the wholesale price of the bulk of the tea sold in
1895, varied from 7|d. to 91d. per pound. Unless Sir
Michael’s observations are capable of some other
explanation they certainly form a serious indict-
ment against the trade, who might obviously be
accused of making enormous and unfair profits on
on their higher-priced teas; so that in iheir own
interests and for the satisfaction of the public such
insinuations should at once be repudiated. Fortu-
nately there need be no difficulty in removing any
false impression which may have been caused by so
strange an assertion. According to official figured
now before us, it is plain that in 1895 the whole-
sale price of tea in London ranged from 5d to 2s
6d per pound, and choice parcels brought even more
money than the latter quotation. It seems evident
that Sir Michael was speaking on Tuesday without
his book, or he meant to say something different
to what he is reported to have said. Anyhow, the
trade will not be content until the matter has
been fully explained. As to the various propositions
which were forthcoming why the tea duty should be
lessened, differentiated, or altogether abolished, we
leave it to our readers to consider them at their lei-
sure. They are all so manifestly impracticable at
the present time that it seems little better than
childish to have wasted many hours of the precious
time at the disposal of the House in bringing them
forward. With the heavy expenditure sanctioned by
the Legislature to ensure the safety of this country
and her vast dependencies, there is no prospect what-
ever of any remission of existing taxation, and the
tea duty cannot be said to press heavily on any class
of the community. The trade themselves are in no
way desirous of a change which would cause an
immense amount of trouble and anxiety with no pro-
bable adequate return. “ Let well alone” is a safe
motto in this instance, and one which all parties
concerned will be disposed to adopt. — Grocers’
Journal, July 11.

PLANTING OF BUCKLANDIA AMONG TEA.

Dear Sir, — Will you be so good as to inform me
through your columns as to the suitability of plant-
ing the BucJd'india tree for shade, timber and fire-
wood on a Ceylon tea estate, elevation about 3,(XX)
feet, in a dry climate, that is to say, planted in
the tea at intervals and along the roads, also for
timber clearing alone, on the estate. Also as to the
planting out of the seed in nurseries: whether it

requires any special soil or preparation of the soil
for rearing plants in the uurseiies.

I have never seen the seed, so have no idea
what quantity (weight) to order to raise, say, 10,000
plants. Can you inform me ?

Will you also kindly insert advertisement—

Wanted— /luc/ufaarftd seed, suitably packed, for
transmission to Ceylon. State price for large and
small quantity.

THE TEA DUTY.

Some of the statements which were hazarded in
the discussion on the tea duty, when in the ordinary
course of business the Finance Bill came to be con-
sidered in the House of Commons on Tuesday last,
are calculated to till the mind of those engaged in
the tea trade with wondering amazement ; and we

Some trees have a marked injurious effect on
the tea, whereas GrevUlea rohusta does no injury
but rather the reverse. ^

I should like to know what you think would be the
effect on tea if interplanted with BucMundia.

Botbschild ; I

Pussellawa, V w. H. Hannam.

Ceylon. J

184

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTUKIS T

[Sept, i, 1896.

Ao/e.— Perhaps some of our Darjeeling subscribers
could kindly forward the required information. Tlie
JluckUaulia seed, so far as we know it, is very small.
\ve think it would have much too heavy a foliage
and be too shady for planting in tea.— Hon. Ed.—
Indian Porctster.

THE YATADEULV TEA COMPANY OF
CEVl.ON, LTD.

An exLraordin.ary general meeting was held on
the 15th Ang. at 12-30. Present: — Messrs. H. V.
Maselield (in the chair), John H, Starey, D.
Fairweatlier (Directors), D. G. L. Bremner, Secre-
tary ; C. M. Gawtkin and J. A. Martin, and by
attorney O. 11. Warren, W. W. Clmrcli and A.
11. Dingwall.

The Secretary read the notice convening the
meeting. It was proposed by the Cliairinan and
seconded by Mr. J. A. Martin : — “ That an ad-
interim dividend of 12i per cent for the lialf-
year ended 30th June 1890 as recommended by
the directors be declared and made jiayable
forthwith.”

The Managing Director, speaking to the reso-
lution, said tliat first of all he had to point out a
misprint in the last annual re()ort where the
cost of the tea for 1895, inclinling everytliing,
was stated at 25’9 cents instead of 20’51 cents
per ib. This error did not all'ect the accounts
or results in any way. Up to 30th June last
about 40 jicr cent of tiic crop estimate for tl.
year bad been secured, while pruning was
rather in advance of Last year. He hail visited
the estate this week and had found it in good
order, and managed with the usual good care,
llalher liner plucking is being tried.

After a few ipiestions had been answered the
Kcsolntion was nut and carried unanimously.

- - 4- —

yr. IIELIEIFS TEA COMPANY, LTD.

A meeting of the .shareholders of this Company
was held in the ollice ot the agents and secretaries
(Messis. Hois Bros. & Co.) on the 15th Aug. The
Directors’ report, which is appended, was adojited
and its recominendalioiis given ellect to : —

The Directors herewith have the pleasure to sub-
mit their Fourth Annual Report, wtiich, they trust,
will be considered satisfactory by the Bhareholders,
shewing, as it does, a nett profit of about 2(> per
cent on the year’s working.

The crop, which was estimated to be 05,000 lb. of
made tea to HOth June, has turned out 98,371 lb., and
has realised an average price of 15-88 cents per lb.

The cost of the tea in Colombo, exclusive of the sum
of K052‘‘2'2 expended on a now clearing of 29 acres,
works out at 2101 cents, showing a margin of prolit
of 21-81 cents ))er lb., which may be looked upon as

very satisfactory.

The total acreage under tea is now 220 acres m
bearin|, 21 acres 1 year old, and 29 acres being

*^'^he Directors make the following recomuionda-

That a final dividend of 15 per cent should be de-
clared, which, with an interim dividend of 1.0 per cent
already paid, makes a total for the year os 25 per
cent leaving the sum of ll887-i)7 to be carried forward
to next account.

Mr Stanley Bois retires from the board by rota-
tion- but, being eligible, offers himself for rc-election.

The sliarebolders will also have to elect an Auditor

for season 189l>-97 .

INDIAN PATENTS.

Vniilications in respect of the und. rnieiilioncd iii-
Uions have heen filed, durmg tho week cmlmg
h July i89C), under the provisions of Act V ot 1888.
mproveiiieiits in apparatus f^or packing tea or
lor Bubstaucos. No 255 of 189(i.-,Samuol Clelaud

Davidson, merchant, of Sirocco works, Belfast, Ireland,
for improvements in apparatus for packing tea or
other substances.

Improvements in tho manufacture of tea chests. —
No. 250 of 1896. — John Goryton Roberts, planter, of
16, Cromwell Grove, West Kensington, in tho county
of London, for improvements in the manufacture of
tea chests and other packing cases or boxes. — Indian
and Eastern Egineer, Aug. 8.

INDIA AND CEYLON OUSTING
JAPAN TEA.

As already mentioned in these columns, the de-
pression in the tea market has resulted in many
tea-growers resolving to abandon this year the pick-
ing of second crop leaves. Such a resolution on the
part of manufacturers is said to be inevitable, for
present quotations really entail loss. A report for-
warded from a district in Shizuoka in the middle
of last month to the Central Guild iu Tokyo, puts
tho situation thus : —

ESTIMATED COST OE MANUFACTUUE PER KWAMME.

Sen.

Raw loaves, 1 hwamme . . . . 792

Pickings expeuse.s . . . . . . 372

Cost of curing , , . . . . 680

Total yen.. 1-821

Tea of a given quality is now quoted at 1'50 yen
or so, hence in manufacturing one Icwaininc of this
tea, manufacturers are actually losing -321 yen.

In a previous issue we noted how markedly the
quantity of tea exported has fallen this year com-
pared with last season. The Kohmiin says that the
attention of the authorities has been drawn to tho
matter, and they have caused inquiries to be made
into the subject. According to their investigations,
one of the causes that has i-esulted in the diminution
of export is believed to be the over-abundant stock
held in New York and Chicago. Another is the
gradual encroachment iu the American market of
the Indian teas. British tea-merchants iu India
are sparing no pains to push their product in
America. Iu the press, iu social conversation,
and in almost every conceivable way, the
-British-Indian merchants are speaking ill of
Japanese tea, and are doing their utmost to ex-
pel it from the markets of Ameuhxt' Japanese tea-
men are entirely indifferent to, or ignorant of, these
things. Tho moment they deliver goods to resident
merchants in Yokohama or Kobe, they consider their
iutenst closes, and they do not even take the
trouble to ascertuin the destination of their goods,
or whether they are favourably received or not iu
foreign conutiics. Under the ciicnmstances, tho
gradii.ii ousting of Japanese tea by Indian in the
maikct') of America i-i not strange. Another point
wliicli Japanese tea iiiereliants and ni'anufaclurcrs
ought to bear in mind, is this. Tliey must dis-
tinctly understand that cheapness is the only quality
that recommeuds Japanese tea to American con-
sumers. Theroforo, when Formosan or Indian tea,
which generally command higher prices in theAmeri-
ean market, can be sold as cheaply as .Ta)iaiieso tea,
the middle and lower classes of America, thejniiici-
p.il buyers of Japaiieso leaf, at unco transfer thoir
patioiiago to the products of India or Formosa. In this
repoct, Japanese tea-growers are placed iu a very pain-
ful situation this year, for while the cost of production
has risen considerably, market values have moved in
a contrary direction. Any temptation towards dete-
rioration in quality must ho resolutely faced, other-
wise Japanese tea will bo speedily driven from Ame-
rica by its Indian and Formosan rivals, and then its
fate will he sealed. The prospect of tho election of
Mr. McKinley a.-i I'rrsidciil of the United States, must
place .lapaiiese Loa-grow i is more on the alert, for,
with Ills election aiui the imposition of a higher pro-
tective tariff, the inspection of imported tea will
become more str-ingcut. — Japan Weekly Mail, July 11

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Sept, i, 1896.)

185

PUKE MACHINE-MADE TEAS.

INTEllVIKW WITH MR. R. V. WERSTKR.

There sailed from this port on Saturday last a

presentative planter of Ceylon, Mr. K. Valentine
Webster, of the Ceylon Tea Gardens Company, of
Colombo, Ceylon (formerly known as Ceylon Co-
operative Tea Gardens Company), and through whose
courtesy we are permitted to present some facts of
general interest about Ceylon and its greatest and
most prosperous industry. Mr. Webster, called by
many the “Prince of India,” on account of his
travelling all over the globe in the interest of Ifritsh
grown tea, states as the result of his s x years’
experience that Ceylon and India teas are steadily
gaining favor with consumers in all tea using
countries'

“ Within six years,” said Mr. Webster, “ India
and Ceylon teas have come into general use in
Australasia, New Zealand, South Africa, the West
Indies, Egypt and Canada, while there is an increas-
ing interest manifested in Ceylon and India teas in
France, Spain, Italy and in liussia, which takes the
higher grades. Australasia takes the cheaper grades
and thereby makes a great mistake. It is folly to
attempt to bring Ceylon and India teas into perma-
nent tfavor unless it is by cultivating a demand for
the high grades of tea.

“ Four years ago, during my visit to the United
States, I could get nobody to listen with patience
to my advocacy of Coylon tea, either in bulk or
packets. Your dealers claimed that the United States
was a user of green tea, and therefore would never take
kindly to machine-made teas. I explained that other
countries which had been partial to green teas had made
the change and that I could see no reason why the
United States should be an exception. This, they claimed ,
was because other countries had been using Oolong
tea and not Japan and China greens, as was the
case in this country. I maintained, however, that
the United States was the only exception in the
W'orld, and that within three years the United
States would be importing large quantities of Ceylon
tea ; that Ceylon could manufacture underferraented
tea in obedience to the demand of the American
market quite as readily as it could change the charac-
ter of tea to meet the requirements of London. My
prediction has come about and in short time. Why,
last year the sales showed an increase of 72 per cent,
over 1894, while up to date this year my company
alone has sold four times the amount of tea that it
did last year, and the general demand is steadily
enlarging.

“ I would remind my American friends that in
Ceylon and India trvo distinct varieties of tea are
made, the one, ‘‘ mild flavored,” is grown on the
higher elevations, and where tea is produced better-
suited to the American market than the stronger,
more pungent teas grown on the lower elevations,
which are better adapted to the English, Irish,
Australasian and Canadian markets. But I would
remind you that America is not the only country
which goes in for these light-liquored teas, for in
Italy, France, Egypt and Germany they are pre-
ferred to the heavier bodied teas so popular in the
United Kingdom.

“ I have been frequently asked by people in the
States whether I can send samples of first crop of
Ceylon teas. Now, there is no such thing as first
crop of Ceylon tea. Ceylon is only four degrees —
or, strictly speaking, three and a half degrees —
north of the equator, where wo have perpetual
summer, and pick tea all the year round. In
Assam, in the northern part of India, the tea
plants do not ‘ flush ’ (tea planter’s term for sprout-
ing) during the winter. There they begin to pick
tea about May 1st and keep it up till about Janu-
ary 1st. The 1896 crop of India tea will be on the
English market this month.”

In reply to the query if it were possible for Indian
planters to manufacture a grade of tea similar in
character to that now largely used by American
people, and to maintain uniform grades year after-
year with tea from the same gardens, he siid

“ Yes, it is possible, and we can so manufacture
it that it will keep good and in souud condition. If
24

a.ny of your tea jobbers in the United States would
Ike to secure any particular style of tea, I would
be very nmeh pleased if they would send a sample
to tne Ceylon Tea Gardens Company, Colombo,
Ceylon, and if it is not possible to procure it from
tea grown on its estates, I will advise them where it
can be procured.

“ piere are teas grown and cured on certain
^tates that vary very much from season to season.
I his 13 partly due to the manager changing the
make of his teas to suit the demand of the London
inaiket. I here are certain companies that only go
in for standard teas, and do not study carefully the
peculianties of the various markets of the world.

i'*I“®sitatingly state that dealers can procure a
si,andard grade of tea in Ceylon and India, if they
will take the trouble to find the parties. The varia-
tion in rainfall, or changes in the soil, have very
little effect on the products in any garden. What-
ever variations occur arei chiefly due to changes in
the process of curing and attempts to meet instruc-
tions from London factors.

During my present visit to New York I came
across a sample of tea from my own estate, in a
one-pound packet, which had been two years in
this country, and the flavor of which was fully as
good as when it was packed, thus demonstrating
that Ceylon teas, when properly fired, will keep,
ihe underfired teas of Ceylon are like the under-
fired teas of Japan and China, and will not keep
tlieir flavor for any considerable length of time.

1 teel satisfied that when American consumers
become adepts in the use of straight Ceylon and
India teas, they will use no other. They have yet
totearn that it is three times the strength of China
and . Japan leaf. Our greatest trouble has been to
teach consumers to use much less in making an
luriisiou than they have been accustomed to of
other sorts. When they become convinced of the
great sa^^ving to be made by using machine-made
teas, I feel certain that these will take precedence
over China and Japan sorts, and challenge the
supremacy of coffee as the favorite beverage. It
IS at present a campaign of education, and it is
making gratifying progress, and is destined to make
rapid and wonderful strides in popular favor.

At the present time Ceylon is enjoying a period
of marked prosperity, chiefly through its tea in-
dustry, which has made its way into all parts of
the world. The coconut industry is a large and
profitable interest. A large business has grown
up in de.siccated coconut. The present export of
tea from Ceylon is 103,000,000 pounds, and I look
increase to 140,(100 jiounds, which may prove
t e imit. In Inuia there is a large area suitable
for tea cultivation, but want of labour will restrict
e very rapid extension of the tea industry in
that country. In Ceylon labourers on the plan-
tations receive 8 cents per day, and on this
getting all that they need in the way
01 food and clothing, with something to spare for
trinkets, of which the natives are very fond, par-
ticularly the young women. Those working on the
estates live principally on rice, which they cook with
curry and herbs, and are quite content.”

We nrade bold to refer to Ceylon’s having the
silvei standard, and asked Mr. Webster as to its
bearing upon its position. He said ;

we have a silver standard and Iwould’dis-
hke to have it changed. It enables Ceylon to com-
pete for the markets of the world. The rupee has
^ measured by gold it is only

about half its former value, but the rupee buys just
as much in Ceylon as ever. There has been an ad-
vance in labour, but this is due to an increasing de-
mand. Many of the natives are averse to working
on the estates, preferring life in the towns. If rice
has advanced the rise isduetoothercondit-ons than any
change in the value of the rupee. Were the value of the
lupee to rise to Its par, we could not raise our pro-
ducts and get them into the markets of the world.
I believe the silver standard is best for Ceylon, just

TT.,> ‘he best interest of the

u.iited otates, or a tariff for revenue is best for the
United Kingdom.

i86

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

Mr. Webster is also the pioneer coffee planter of
Australia, where he started the first coffee planta-
tion in Queensland, in ISO.'l, where climatic condi-
tion* are favourable to the growth of Coffee Arabica
fctid where his experiments for the past four years
have been very promising. — American Grocer, July 15.

[The above article is accompanied by an
excellent portnait of Mr. Webster seatetl in
a drawing-room and enjoying a cup of tea. —

Ed. T.a.}

«

OUK NEW CEYLON.

It is most satisfactory to note that the Ceylon
papers seem satisfied that British North Borneo
will, before long, become a coffee-growing

country, and are no\v willing to give it

the advertisement of favourable notice in this
respect. This is no doubt owing to the fact that
two of our coffee growers, Messrs. Henry and E. R.
Walker — unconnected by relationship, but having
the common bond being e.x-Ceylon planters — have
both been successful. Their reports have so tho-
roughly confirmed the reality of the results ob-
tained on the Development Company’s estates
that any lingering doubts seem to have dis-
appeared ; and the wi.se policy of the Court in the
matter of free grants for experimental purposes—
if indeed 500 acres can be termed only an experi-
ment-will, it may be confidently anticipated, pro-
duce before long most satisfactory results.

Mr. H. Walker drew the attention of his
Ceylon friends to one important point — the ab-
sence of those hit'll winds in British North Bor-
neo which prevail during the monsoon in the
Spicy Island. But he might have alluded to
another matter of not inferior importance--the
non-appearance of any fatal form of blig.'it.
Here and tliere, at the Byte for instance, an oc-
casional tree will be found with a few of the
lower leaves showing somethin" like the black
siiotted appearance so dreaded by coffee planters.
But, oddly enough, the.se appear not only to
have had no effect upon the bearing of the in-
dividual trees but have never spre.ad. The
general opinion therefore is that this is not the
bliglit which lias occasionally proved so disas-
trous elsewhere. Such trees, moreover, have to
be looked for and do not catch the eye of the
casual observer. After some ye.ars’ experience,
therefore, the manager of the est.ate in question
considers himself justified in stating that bli"ht
is unknown. , . ,

Considering the success that has been achieved
by the adoption of hand-pulpin" only, the intro-
duction of proper maciiinery will probably give a
vigorous spur to the industry. Mr. AValker does
not, we observe, allude to this. He lays much
stress upon the necessity of roads to and through
the coffee-growing districts, and with this opi-
nion everymne muH concur. But it would
b® impossible, with the .small staff at the dis-
posal of the Government, for it to undertake
•uch work in isolated localities. The solution
of the local question- the Government making
and up-keeping the trunk roads— will probably lie
in some form of assistance being given to plant-
ers whose selections are outside the main routes,
either by additional grants of land or otherwise.
Mr Walker states that Dusun labour can be ob-
tained in Membakad district at about 16 cents a
day— a boon for which Sandakanites would be
devoutly thankful ! At this figure, at all events,
road-making would not be a very expensive un-
dertakin". The Dusun is undoubtedly impatient
of fixed hours for labour. He likes to go to
worH wd leave off at his own time, but will work

well enough when disposed to accept employ-
ment. The best way is to contract with respon-
•sible head men, taking care never to let the con-
tract be broken without the exaction of an ample
penalty. The bane of the labour market hitherto
— especially^ amongst wood-cutters — has been the
payment of large advances to the labourers.
Tills can be avoided when they are recruited upon
the spot, and have not to be induced to leave a
settlement for the jungle. One reason for the suc-
cess of the Byte, for instance, has been the fact
that the employes are free settlers on the ground
around the plantation.

Mr. Walker’s estimate for bringing coffee into
bearing is ten pounds sterling (say $90 roughly)
per acre and the estate seems a fair one
if it includes all expenses of management.
Mr. Fryer’s estimate for 400 acres up to 36
months (when a fair crop may be expected), was
$35,965 which also gives between .$89 and $90
(these figures appeared in the i/emfrf of 1st Dec.,
1894) so that the estimate is probably as near the
mark as estimates are likely to be. But the
latter gentleman is most careful to explain that
this result can only be looked for if a supply of
cheap labour can be relied on. Weather, too,
has an important effect on the preliminary ex-
penses of cleaning and burning. A wet season
costs much more than a dry season ; but, taking
one year with another, his figures seem fairly
correct. It would be interesting to know how
these compare with the Ceylon expenses.

One other point may be referred to — the sale-
able price of the parchment berry as delivered
in Sandakan, compared with its actual cost of
production. In the Herald above quoted Mr. Fryer
puts the figures for estates in this neighbour-
hood as $5 and over $25, or five hundred per
cent jirofit. Such figures could not of course be
taken to represent probabilities ,as regards estates
in tlie interior, or even near the sea where transit
facilities are less a\ailable. But they may serve
to indicate to our Ceylon friends the fact that
“there is money” in judicious Borneo estate in-
vestments. \Ye liave an object le.ssoii in Klang as
regards too hurriedly considered enterpri.se, and it
is not likely to beignoiel by any sensible pros-
pector. But given suitable soil and the existence
of a fairly cheap labour supply, there is no reason
why numerous coffee growing centres should not
be established in the Territory. — British North
Borneo Herald, July 16.

FLANTING AND FKODUCE.

The “ Boom.” — In financial circles the “ boom”
in new tea companies is attracting considerable atten-
tion, and pious wishes are expressed that tea com-
pany promoting will not be overdone. It is usually
safe to be pessimistic and to be wisely critical about
popular tendencies. So long, however, as thare ia
a plethora of money and an absence of “ gilt edged”
securities except at prohibitive quotations the public
will seek an outlet for their spare capital. Joint
stock enterprise therefore is rampant, and we wish
that one half of the projects now seeking capital
offered as reasonable a prospect of remuneration
to the investor as tea companies. Wo do not
say that every new tea project offered to the

Fublic is likely to prove a source of profit,

nvestors must use their judgment in the

selection and endeavour to gauge the position
for themselves. The tea industry is a genuine
British enterprise which was up to a year or
two ago suffering neglect at the hands of the
investor. It is now in a fair way to loom large in
the financial world, and some of the promises made
on its behalf may not pan out, but for all that the
industry is in a healthy state, and there is no need

Sept, i, 1896.J

THE TROPICA!

AGRICULTURIST.

187

to drop teas over it yet. If the demand for tea falls
oft and the supply increases, it does not require a
sage to tell us that the outlook will be less pleasant.
All industries are subject to vicissitudes and the pro-
phet will always find plenty of wilderness to cry in.
There is at this stage no special occasion to decry
tea, or to lament that wisdom has gone from us,
because the public are making up for lost time by
showing a disposition to rush in where they formerly
feared to tread. There is a limit, however, to the
development of tea enterprise unless new markets
are opened up, and it is but natural that some ot
the proprietors in the older concerns should view
with apprehension the increase of new ventures.
Certainly the activity in the bringing out of new
companies should lend aid to the work of finding an
outlet for the increasing output of tea which will
sooner or later result.

An Old Story Ee-Told. — It is historically useful
to learn from the official “ Statement exhibiting the
Moral and Material Progress and Condition of India
during the year 1894-95” — the year, that is, ending on
March 31, 1895, that the tea exports were increased
by Rx970,00J in value, and most of them came to the
United Kingdom. It is noteworthy that while we
took 93 per cent of our tea from China in 1865, and
onlj 2 per cent from India, and not so much as 1 per
cent from Ceylon, in 1895 we took 46 per cent from
India 32 per cent from Ceylon, and only 16 per cent
from China. The importations from China have
steadily dwindled. — H. and C. Mail, July 31.

♦

INDIA AND CEYLON TEAS.

From the well-known “ T. A. C.” we have
received a profusely illustrated copy of the Sun-
day edition of the Ne^o York Herald containing
the following parody in the shape of an appeal
to buy India and Ceylon Teas : —

Portia : — The quality of those teas is not strained.

They are pure as gentle dew from heaven.

They are twice blest ; both blessing him
who sella,

And her who buys ;

Bring bliss to her who pours and him who
quaffs.

They’re purest of the pure.

The advertisement is accompanied by an illus-
tration of Portia in gown and trencher sipping
the fragrant beverage.

— -♦

BURNSIDE TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON,
LIMITED.

The mail lias brought us a copy of the prospectus
of this Company which has just been formed
with a capital of £50,000, in 5,000 shares of £10
each : —

Issue of 1,400 Shares of £10 each— £14,000; and 5 per
cent Debentures — £7,000 ; — £21,000.

Besides the above-mentioned amounts, 600 fully-
paid Shares will be issued to the Vendors of Burn-
side and Midlothian Estates on account of purchase-
money. The total issue at present, therefore, will be
2,000 Shares out of 5,000, and £7,000 Debentures.

It is not intended to call up more than £5 per
Share. The remaining £5 per Share, total £7,000,
will be specifically charged to secure the Debentures,
the amount of which is limited not to exceed the
• uncalled Capital of the Company for the time being,
and which will be furthar secured .by a floating
charge upon the other property of the Company.
The Debentures carry Interest at 5 per cent, per
annum, and are payable on 31st December, 1901.

Subscriptions for the £7,000 Debentures are pay-
able : — 10 per cent, on Application and the balance
on Allotment.

They will be issued for sums of £50 or multiples of
£50 each. The Interest upon the Debentures will
commence from the date of Allotment, and the first
payment will be due on the 1st of January, 1897.

Directors. — George William Paine, Cotswold Lodge,
Upper Norwood (Chairman). Sir George Augustus
Pilkington, Belle Vue, Southport. Robert Porter
(Midlothian Estate, Ceylon), 37 Chalmers Street,
Edinburgh. George Gray Anderson (Lyall, Anderson
& Co.), 16 Philpot Lane, London, E.C.

Bankers. — The National Bank of India, Limited,
47 Threadneedle Street, E.C.

Solicitors. — Murray, Hutchins, Stirling & Murray,
11 Birchin Lane, E.C.

Auditiors. — Cape & Dalgleish, 8 Old Jewry, E.C.

Ceylon Agents. — Whittall & Co., Colombo.

Secretaries and Office. — Lyall, Anderson & Co.,
16 Philpot Lane, E.C.

This Company has been formed primarily to pur-
chase the following Estates : —

Burnside, situated in the District of Rangalla, Cey-
lon, from Messrs. Robert and George Porter and the
Rev. A. R. Cavalier.

Heeloya also situated in Rangalla District, from
Messrs. Matheson & Co.

Midlothian, situated in the District of Maskeliya,
from Mr. Robert Porter.

Burnside and Heeloya Estates have been secured at
prices approved by Mr. Joseph Fraser, of the Pita-
kande Group, and Midlothian Estate has been pur-
chased at the figure placed upon it by the Vendor,
Mr. R. Porter.

The following statement is based upon information
received from the Vendors : —

Burnside Estate consists of 178 acres in all, and the
elevation is 4,000 to 4 500 feet. According to the Cey-
lon Directory it contains : —

100 acres Tea in full bearing.

24 „ young Tea.

54 ,, Forest.

178 acres.

There is a permanent Factory with a Water Whee
and sufficient supply of water, and a Simplex Roller
and Sirocco Drier.

There is a small Bungalow with several sets of
lines. A new permanent set has just been built.

Heeloya Estate. — The acreage is as follows : —

380 acres Tea in full bearing.

10 „ Planted in Timber.

30 ,, Grass.

40 ,, Waste Land, &c.

460 acres.

The Factory is very complete, with two Rollers,
two Driers, Tea Sifters, &c., and there is a Water
Wheel with abundant Water-power.

The yield of Tea on Heeloya is not so satis-
factory as it might be, but the soil is good ; the
bushes taken as a whole are well grown, and in
Mr. Fraser's opinion the Tea would respond to
cultivation as well as it has done on the
Pitakande Group, and it is the Directors’ intention
to follow the system so satisfactorily adopted by Mr.
Fraser on the Estates named.

Midlothian E^t • e lies between the well-known
Ormidalc and M iu, Estates, at an elevation of about
4,500 feet.

It is about two miles from the Cart Road, and
can be easily manured.

The acreage is : —

170 acres Tea in bearing.

40 „ „ 3 years old (coming into bearing.)

30 ,, „ 2 years old.

240

Say 4 „ Planted in Timber.

244 acres.

There is at present no plan of the Estate, and
these acreages are therefore approximate.

The young tea is fine Jat from Mount Vernon and
Brunswick seed chiefly, but some of the old tea is
not very good .Jat, and the worst bushes are being
replaced with fine Jat plants.

There is a permanent Factory with a ,S0-ft. Iron
Water Wheel, 3 Rollers, a Double Desiccator, a Tea

i88 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, i?g6.

Sifter, aud a iloll Breaker and Sifter, and the ac-
commodation and Machinery are lit to turn out
100,000 lb. of made tea per annum.

The Bungalow and several sets of Lines are
permanent.

Cuop, — The estimates for the current year are.
Burnside . . 3(1,000 lb. made tea.

Heeloya . . 80,000 ,, ,, ,,

andSO maundsof tea seed.

Midlothian . . (50,000 ,, ,, ,> , . t i

The Estates will be taken over as from 1st July,
1896, and the prices agreed upon for the properties

are : —

Burnside

Heeloya

Midlothian

£2,000

5,250

10,000

£17,250

The Vendors of Heeloya are to be paid in cash,
but those of Burnside and Midlothian accept ,

half in fully-paid Shares of the Company an d halt
in cash ; and Mr. R. Porter, the Vendor of Mid-
lothian, guarantees a return on that Estate
first 18 months at the rate of 10 per cent per annum.

THE KINTYRE TEA ESTATES COxMPAN\-

Biuectous -G. A. Talbot, Esq., 21, Minciug Lane,
F? (Dhrctor Ceylon Tea Plantation Company,

T imitedl A A. Baumann, Esq., 109, Queen’s Gate

5 W (Chairman, Consolidated Trust, Limited, and

(Messrs. Nevett, Oswald A Co., loO, Fenchmcti

^^Se?aSies and AoENTs.-Messrs. Nevett Oswald

6 C^, London ; Messrs. George Steuart & Co., Colombo.
Visiting Agent in Ceylon.— E. S. Grigson.

prospectus.

This Company has been formed to acquire a,s
/>oi.na thv'e Tea Estates, situate in (^eylon, and
“,o“ris ‘St EsfCte, Ih. Elicits Estate,

“Iht'’ toe' eSS ' .ill be .e,,ited by tbe Coe.-
panv as going concerns, as and from ^

JMy^ I89I, and will include all live and dead stock

*‘'??ivm‘'b\fee^lSy^rlL^^^^ the enclosed reports
that the crorfoi^he current year is estimated a
of ?iiade tea ^ho.dng a^n-ob^
on the season’s operations of £.),80U sterling.

After providing therefore for interest on the 1 le-
ference \3l1ares and Directors’ fees the bahance sho«ld
be sufficient for a handsome return on the ordinaiy

that^the Ayr Estate is a first-class low countiy pio-

^%ne terms upon which the Company acquires the
threrirStaJs from the vendors, are incorporated

itniuiinoiul Eoai’ic of llie one pait, and tbn> Eoni-
panyof the other part, another

(tpoffrev P'ort of the one part, and this Compaii) of
the oilmr part, and the other made P Vnl f

Isabella Gibson of the one part, and this Com
nlnv of the other part. These contracts provide
For the purchase pime being £(>2,000, payable £2,000
!n Preference Shares, £22,000 in Oramary Shares,
nnd the balance of £38,000 in cash. ...

After payment of purchase money this issue will
nrovide £^i5,000 available as Working Capita^ and tor
Fimther purchase of land as opportunity offers.

The Preference Shares will be ontitlea to a Cumu-
lative Dividend of five per cent per annum, ''hich
will take priority, both its regards Dividend aud

u‘ has “b'i^en'' aininge^^^^ MesVrs. Nevett Oswald
V^Co^ shall act as the London agents ot the Com-
pany reliving the usual mercantile commission of

2g per cent on sales, aud which conimissioii cove^
office room in London, and the nccess.try clerical staff
to do the work of the Company in England. The
agents in Ceylon will be Messrs. George Steuart & Co.

No promotion money has been or will be paid.

There are numerous Trade Contracts in existence,
and the subscribers will be held to have notice of
such contracts, and to have agreed with the Com-
pany as Trustee for the Directors, and other persons
liable, to waive any claims against them for not
more fully complying w'ith the requirements of Sec-
tion 38 of the Companies Act, 1862.) JfiB Jlllfi

NOTES FROM OUR LONDON LETTER.

London, July 1.3.

We had hoped that for .some time at least
there \vould be an interval of re.st from fresli
application to the public on behalf of
NEW TEA COMPANIES.

There is a very general feeling here that the
thing is being overdone. Not only every
week, but nearly every day, the daily and other
papers contain advertisements of fresli companies
prepared either for India, Ceylon or for botli
countries combined. The Saturdai/ Review and
several other leading papers have been of late
giving expression to tlie tired feeling — one might
almost say the “bored” feeling — with which
these oft-repeated advertisements are regarded.
There is a very generally expressed opinion that
ere very long these applications for public sub-
scription will fall very Hat on the market, and
that the fact w'ill have an injurious ellect upon
the public conlidence in tlie luture of the tea
enterpri/.e. And the conclusion will certainly be
ilrawn that there must be sometliing hollow iu
in it when sucli a large jiroiiortion of private
proprietors are hastening to disburden themselves
of their holdings. But apparently tlie end
is not yet. SVe have just received tlie
prospectus of

“ THE liURNSIDE TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON,”
tlie subscription lists for which were to close
yesterday. Of this prospectus a copy is sent
you witli this. You will see that it proposes
a capital of £.5O,(J00, of whicli £21,000 is to be
first issued in ordinary shares and debentures,
the interest jiayable on the last being experi-
mentally reduced to live per cent. The ruling
rate of tlie.se with other tea companies has been
six per cent, and even that rate has not proved
in all cases to be sufiiciently attractive. The
board of direction embraces names that will be
well-known to you in Ceylon, Messrs. M'hittall
A Co. being tlie Ceylon agents, and Messrs.
Lyall, Anderson A Co. the .secretaries. Tlie estates
to be acijuired are “ Burnside” in Raiigala,
“Heeloya” in (lie same district, and “Mid-
lothian ” in Maskeliya. £2,000 is to lie paid
lor the liist of tlic.se, tT>,2.50 for the second, and
£10,000 for the third. It yet remains to be
seen if the Burnside Company will lie tbe
first to illustrate the feeling referred to above
that these tea companies are being overdone.
We are by no means confident that it would
not be better for Ceylon in the long run if
some check wc.c experienced in the lloating of
these imimerable tea comiiaiiies.

Recent letters of this series have mentioned
the dispute as to the tide ot

the INDFA AND CEYLON TEA COMPANY.

The following letter addressed to the Times ex-
jilains the iiaUire of the error committed w’ith
respect to this. We do not quite understand,
however, ho>v a title could be provisionally

Sept, i, 1896. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

189

accepted foi’ tlie rej^istration of a company. If
it be legal to ilo this, tliere must maiufestly be
some degree of uncertainty as to tlie perma-
nence of the name of any of the many com-
panies that are daily floated. Anyway it seems
a very extraordinary circnmstance that a name
should in this case have been selected which was
manifestly open to the objections raised by the
older company.

INDIA AND CEYLON TEA COMPANY (LIMITED.)

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.

Sir, — The above name was selected by my company
as indicating the position of the company’s proper-
ties, and was provisionally accepted by the Registrar
of Joint Stock Companies at Somerset-house. As
soon as it was known that objection was taken to
the name on behalf of the East India and Ceylon
Tea Company (Limited), we instructed our solictors
to arrange for an alteration of the name, and, with
the approval of the Registrar, we have now altered
the original name to —

Empire of India and Ceylon Tea Company (Limited )
Yours faithfully,

H. F. Turner, Secretary, Empire of
India and Ceylon Tea Company (Limited), 60, Grace
chur-h-strett. London, E.C.

July 24.

“ HIGH-CLASS TEAS.”

The following letter, addressed to our “senior”
at home, will be read with much interest by all
concerned in the prosperity of our tea enterprise : —
Analytical Laboratory, 79 Mark Lane,

London, E.C., July 29th, 1896.

I was very much pleased with your intere-sting
editorial on High-clas.s Tea and think the practical
remarks which it contained should be highly ap-
preciated by planters, a.s well as by all holders
of share.s in tea companies.

I fully appreciate the kind reference to the
numerous letters which, since my first official
visit in 1877, I have contributed to the pages ot
the Ceylon Observer.

It is a satisfaction to myself to see that my
suggestions respecting the importance of chemical
investigat'.on ini.o the vai'ious o[>erations involved
in the manufacture of tea, are at last authoritatively
recognised.

If the' various [irocesses which the leaf under-
goes from the time of jiicking to the time of
packing are to be carefully and scientifically in-
vestigated, tlie inquiry must be locally carried
on at the tea factory.

No great expense neerl be incurred : a junior
assistant well qualified in general Organic
Chemistry should be attached to each factory,
and a careful inquiry instituted into the
original composition of the fresh leaf as received
from the pickers, and sub.sequent analyses should
be made of, the leaf during the various stages
of manufacture.

The making of good tea is no doubt an art,
but the various processes through which the leaf
passes aie controlled by chemical principles, and
It is most important to ascertain on the spot to
what extent the several processes may be varied
with advantage.

Of course soil, season, and elevation will mate-
riallj allect the general character and (juality of
the tea, in the same way that wine varies ac-
cording to the locality and season.

It is, however, most important that the manu-
facture should bo aided by chemical knowledge,
and the future success in m.anufacture will doubt-
less largely ilcpend upon the iihility anil practical
skill with whicii chemical knowledge is applied.

As regards manuring 1 think that I)r. Voelcker,
iu his remaiks following Mr. Christison’s lecture.

was misinformed in stating that “ there appeared
to be an absence of knowledge upon points of
cultivation, for example, as to what manure should
be used and what should be avoided in order to
produce the best tea.”

I believe experienced planters do know some-
thing definite about manuring tea by this time.

At all events I have letters by me giving very
satisfactory reports of certain manures of definite
composition which have been used on soils of
known compo.sition, with such favourable results
that fresh con.signments have been sent out at
regular periods.

You are aware what a number of samples of
soil from Ceylon estates were submitted to me
for analysis during my official visit in 1877,
and since then numerous other samples have been
sent year by year.

Having carefully analysed the soil, and with
a knowledge of the requirements of tea derived
from numerous analyses, it is possible to com-
pound a manure that shall under favourable
seasons yield a satisfactory and economical result.

Planters are in this respect already availing
themselves of the aid that Chemistry can afford
in the jireparation of fertilisers suitable for tea,
and will doubtless do so more fully in the future.
— Yours faithfully, JOHN HUGHES.

^

CITIIONELLA GRASS CULTIVATION.

Since the late boom in the price of citronella oiJ
the Sinhalese in the Galle District have gone in
extensively for the cultivation of this grass. Planta-
tions are springing up daily in Gangebodde Pattu,
Akmiinane and Talpe Pattu. The area under cultiva-
tion last year in Galle was according to Mr. Elliott’s
Administration Report about 1,500 acres, which
will no doubt be materially increased by the opera-
tions of the current year. — Cor.

COFFEE IN COSTA RICA.

Costa Rica has long been noted as an im-
portant coffee-growing country. In our latest
summing-up of the Coffee Production of the
World, Costa Rica is put down for a total ex-
port of 325,000 cwt., and the crop has ranged
between 300,000 and 400,000 cwt. for some time.
It is evident that there is room in this State,
as in other Central and South American States,
for a large expansion of the area under coffee!
but two, if not three, factors ojierate in delay-
ing this process:— (1) the limited and uncertain
labour supply, (2) the difficulties and costliness
of transport, and (3) in some cases the want
of settled government. As regards the last it is
of interest to learn from Mr. .1. L. Shand— who
has been over to report on Costa Rica coffee
lands— that there is no prospect of trouble in
the State under review ; while he considers the
two other obstacles may also be overcome in
respect of the large enterprise which has been
the subject of his inspection and report. In
the lirst place it is ivorth noting some respects
in which Costa Rica and the Ceylon hill-country
may be compared. They do not differ much in

latitude, both on the north side of the Equator

Ceylon about seven and Costa Rica ten degrees
north. The hilly country may be said to lie
between two seas or oceans, lind rise.s in both
cases to 7,000 or 8,000 feet at the highest ; and
although full and reliable meteorological returns
are wanting for Costa Rica, the seasons seem
wonderfully to agree in both countries: the dry
season in both being from January or February
till May, the rest of the year wet with occa-

igo

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTUKIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

sional dry intervals in August or September.
In some parts the rainfall, inust be more abun-
dant in the far West State, for Mr. Shand
speaks of one extensive forest-covered plain in
the Concession he went to report on, whicli he
compares to the Dumbara Valley— a tliousand
feet above sea level — but with 150 inches of
rainfall. And this brings us to tlie one great
factor on wliich the two countries ditt’er : the far
richer soil and consequently bigger forest, larger
and stronger cotl’ee bushes or trees and immensely
superior coti’ee crops per acre, gathered in Costa
Kica. On this point there can be no mistake ;
all evidence goes to show such returns up to a
ton or two tons of cotl'ee per acre (from limited
areas) as fully justilies an estimate of 15 cwt. per
acre average over no less than 1,500 acres, wliich it is

Soposed to open and plant on the Concession
r. Shand has inspected. For ourselves, who
have never seen Costa Rica — and with the ques -
tion of sufficient labour to be considered — we
sliould have been ready to put the estimate
down at 10 to 12 cwt. ; but the return, as
estimated, shows so large a margin of profit —
the estimates being by mercantile men who liave
anotlier independent report besides Mr. Shand’s
to guide them— that, even if half were taken off,
there would still be ample justification for going
on. Then, as regards the iiiode of planting, cul-
tivation, harvesting and especially of preparation,
it is interesting to learn that Mr. Shand does not
really tliink there is much to be taught the Co.sta
Ricans. The Ceylon system of clean weeding is quite
inapplicable. The soil is so rich as to bear any
strain put on it. From 300 to 400 coffee trees per
acre are enough to yield the crops spoken of : and
to clear and help ' up the earth for a limited
space round each tree seem (piite enough. In pre-
paring coffee, especially, the people with the aid of
“OorTlon Pulpers” chiefly — the late John Gordon
at one time had a factory in Kandy,— extensive
stores and barbacues (all called “ beneficios ”)
excel, Costa Rican coffee selling up to 107s. per
cwt. The great difficulty is in the “ harvesting”

since, owing to the scarcity of labour, there

is only, as a rule, one “plucking” when ripe
and unripe cherries are all pulled off together,
so making the outcome often very unequal.
In this direction there is room for reform if only
the needful number of “hands’ can be got.
It is surprising to learn that the native Indians
do no work on the plantations, only the Costa
Ricans who pride themselves on being pure
Spaniards ; and the President and his^ Cover n-
nient are very anxious to have more Europeans

poorSpaniardsor Italians— introduced anti settled

in the country, to develope coffee lands while
supplieil with huts or cottages and gardens for
their own use.

So far, the part of the country chiefly planted
with coffee has been that called “The Interior’
surrounding the capital, San Jose, and along.side
the railway. In many places such gardens or
fiehls have been used up .so far as coffee is
concerned ; and then the trees are pulled up,
gra.ss or jungle encouraged for a few years, and
then sometimes coffee planted again. Rut Mr.
Shand found also a good deal of the old cotlee
country yielding such poor results, that it is
thoimlit very likely the people working on it
would be glad to be transferred to the Sarapiqui
ConcessioiC where they could earn more an<l be
better off.

Pendiim the publication of the reports referred
to and t7ie Prospectus of the Saraiiiqui Estates
Company-which is likely to be supported by
several Ceylon men in liondon— we need not

enter more into detail. The Company is to
have a capital of £120,000 and deals altogether
with a Concession exceeding 22,000 acres, most
of it magnificent forest-land for cofiee, and run-
ning from 1,000 to 7,000 feet above sea-level.
Cacao, sugar, bananas aud tobacco are spoken
of as subsidiary products ; but it is possible sub-
sidiary separate companies may be formed for
the.se. In respect of saving of labour, “snoutiim”
(or “flumes” as locally known) is likely to
largely used in Sarapiqui ; and no less import-
ant may be the utilisation of river carriage
to brin^ the crops to the sea, boats already
plying for a considerable distance.

VVe liave said enough, however, to show that
the Sarapiqui Company, established in London,
to develope coffee in Costa Rica, is likely to be
an important, and we trust, for the sake of
enterprising countrymen taking it up, a very
successful undertaking. Ceylon can have no
jealousy in respect of “coffee-crowing’’; while
there is no chance of “tea” oeing entered on
(profitably) in any part of the Americas.

THE NEW DUTY ON COCOA-BUTTER.

On Thursday last the House of Commons, after
a short debate, but without a division, adopted the
following Government motion : — “ That the duty of
Customs now payable on cocoa or chocolate, ground,
prepared, or in any way manufactured, under the
pro>isions of the Act 42 and 43 Viet., c. 21, s. 3,
shall be payable on that product of the cocoa-bean
which is generally known as cocoa-butter.” As the
House of Lords no longer interferes with questions of
Ways and Means, the adopted motion has now the
force of law, and accordingly a doty of 2d per lb., equal
to about 15 per cent ad valorem, is now levied on
cocoa-butter, as it has long been on imported ground,
prepared or manufactured cocoa, while the raw cocoa-
beans used by British cocoa manufacturers pay, as
heretofore, a duty of Id per lb.

At first sight the contention that cocoa-butter,
which is the fatty oil extracted from the cocoa-bean
in the preparation of the commercial product known
as pure cocoa, and therefore essentially a product
falling under the denomination of “ cocoa, in any
way manufactured,” should pay the same duty as
foreign prepared cocoa appears entirely reasonable.
That was the view of the Chancellor of the Exchequer
and of the House of Commons. It would appear, in
fact, that cocoa-butter has hitherto been admitted
duty free by a pure misapprehension on the part of
the Customs officers, who have looked upon it as a
vegetable fat or wax. In all probability its duty-free
importation might have continued to the Greek Kalends
but for the action of the Geiman Government who
have recently extended to the cocoa manufacturers
of the Fatherland a drawback bounty on exported
cocoa-butter equal to that which they have already
been in the habit of allowing those gentlemen upon
exported cocoa. This step has called forth remon-
strances on the part of certain British cocoa manu-
facturers, who contend ihat the German bounty-fed
cocoa butter competes unfairly on the British market
with their own product, and the Chancellor of the
Exchequer’s motion is the result of the British makers'
complaint.

If this were the whole of the matter there would
scarcely be room for doubt that the action of the
Government was justified and no one, we fancy,
would have objected to it. But the question is much
more complicated, and the British cocoa manufactnrers,
it eems, are not quite unanimous in welcoming the
duty. The great firm of Fry ifc Sons of Bristol,
for instance, are understood to be hostile to it, and
their opposition was voiced in the House of Commons
by Mr. ,T. Hudson Kearley, the Liberal member of
Devonport, who, as a partner in the wholesale tea
and coffea firm of Kearley A Tonge, may be ex-
pected to know something about cocoa. Another
Liberal, Mr. Thos. Lough, the member for West

Sept, i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

191

Islington, who happens to be chairman of the Tower
Tea Company, also took part in the debate, thoi^h
on which side is not clear from his remarks. We
have been at some pains this week to collect the
views of the leading British and foreign cocoa ma-
nufacturers on the matter, and find, as we expected
that the first-named w’ith the single exception of
Messrs. Fry, are strongly in favour of the duty.
Not all of our informants care for the publication
of their names in connection with the expression of
their opinion, but their arguments for and against the
duty may be summed up as follows : —

The two principal cocoa-manufacturing countries
are England and Holland. Germany, in spite of the
bounty-allowance to which we have referred, takes
quite a back seat. Now there are, both in England
and in Holland, manufacturers whose output of cocoa-
butter as a by-product in the manufacture of “pure
cocoa’’ is larger than their requirements of cocoa-
butter as an ingredient in confectionary (which is
the purpose to which the article is mainly put, the
pharmaceutical use suppositories and the like being
comparatively small), and who are therefore com-
pelled to throw their excess on the market. This is
mainly done by public auctions, held once a month
in London and Amsterdam. About 400 tons of Cad-
bury’s cocoa-butter alone are disposed of in this
way in London every year, and a rather larger
quantity of Van Houten’s cocoa butter is similarly
■old at Amsterdam. The Chancellor of the Exchequer
gave certain figures showing the percentage propor-
tion of cocoa-powder, cocoa butter, and manufacturing
waste yielded by the roasted beans. His figures are
considerably at variance with those supplied us by
Messrs. C. Barry & Co. of Finsbury, and by Messrs.
C. J. van Houten & Zoon, the leading Dutch cocoa
manufacturers, and we hope, for the sake of the
British cocoa makers, that the Chancellor was mis-
informed, and that more cocoa-powder can be made
out of a given quantity of beans than he seems to
think. Here are the figures : —

Cocoa-

Cocoa-

powder

butter

Waste

Beans

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Sir M. Hicks-Beach 44 '5

32'5

23 =

100

Messrs, van Houten 55

23

22 =

100

,, C. Barry & Co. 34

50

16

100

Now, raw cocoa-beans are admitteed into Holland
duty free, while the British manufacturer has to pay
a duty of Id per lb., or say, about 18 per cent, ad
valorem on the raw beans, which is equal to a duty
of IJd per lb. on the roasted article. To that ex-
tent, therefore, the Britisher is already initially
handicapped in competing with the Hollander in
neutral markets, and it therefore, speaks volumes
for the excellence of Messrs. Cadbury’s manufactur-
ing arrangements that they should still be able
largely to increase their export trade year by year,
as they assure us they do. In addition to this initial
vantage ground, the Hollander has hitherto been
able to send his cocoa-butter into the British market
duty free, while the British maker (who is allowed
no drawback or bounty) really pays from one-third
to one-fourth of the whole duty on that percentage
of cocoa-butter contained in the bean. In other words
if, say Messrs. Cadbury Brothers were to establish
a branch of their cocoa works in Holland, they would,
under the old arrangement, have been able to import
that portion of their cocoa butter made across the
Channel into Britain duty free, while on that made
in Birmingham they would have paid an equivalent of
about lid per lb. in duty.

The chief argument of those who oppose the
duty is that cocoa-butter is employed in very large
quantities in the prep (ration of confectionery, and
that it is therefore to the interest of that industry
to obtain it as cheaply as possible. The first effect
of the new duty will be to diminish, if not to stop,
the importation of foreign cocoa-butter in this country;
the next, to increase the price of the English product
■old by such firms as Cadbury Brothers, Epps A
Co., Taylor Brothers, and other.s. The total quantity
of cocoa-butter now produced in England is believed
to be barely sufficient to meet the requirements ;
but the output is probably increased somewhat faster
than the demand. The new duty will, it is argued,

come out of the pockets of the British users of
cocoa-butter, who will thus be handicapped in their
competition with those British confectionery manu-
facturers who themselves produce cocoa butter. It
is further argued that foreign “ pure cocoa ’’ or
“ cocoa-powder ’’ already pays 2d per lb. duty, against
Id per lb. paid by the British cocoa maker for
his beans, and that this difference more than
countei'vails any advantage the foreigner may have
reaped from the free importation of cocoa butter,
inasmuch as the English maker only pays 9s 4d
duty per cwt of beans, while the foreigner, at the
rate of lb. of cocoa powder yielded by 1 cwt. of
beans, pays lOs 3d per cwt. and'that therefore, so long
as the foreign manufacturer does not send more
than 23 lb. of cocoa butter to every 45 lb. of cocoa
powder, the Britisher has nothing to complain of.
But the advocates of the duty contend that only
about 20 per cent of the cocoa powder made in
Holland is imported into England, while the pro-
portion of Dutch cocoa-butter which has been sent
hither is much greater. This the foreign makers
deny. They say that the proportion of foreign cocoa
butter to cocoa powder imported into England is
much less than 45 : 100, and they maintain that
while benefiting only at most half-a-dozen British
cocoa manufacturers, the new duty will not interfere
with their trade to any large extent. — Chemist and
Druggist, July 11.

^

COFFEE IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA.

“It never rains but it pours” may be the
thought of our readers when, after hearing of a
great coffee planting undertaking proposed for
Costa Rica, they are asked to consider what is
being done in British Central Africa. But in
reality, the Nyassaland State— under the wise,
energetic administration of Sir Herbert Johnston—
has a nearer and dearer interest for Ceylon plan-
ters and merchants. First of all, it is British
territory under a permanently peaceful and stable
as well as liberal Government ; and seeing how
lamentably “coffee” growing has decayed within
the British Empire — as we made plain in our
recent letter to the London Times, which has
attracted much attention in “the City” and
indeed all over the planting world — it is of pecu-
liar interest to find one new Dependency with
a fair prospect of redeeming the balance. For,
if only the transport question be solved, by a
railway being made from tlie coast to near the
coffee region within a reasonable time as Sir Herbert
Johnston remarked, we can see no reason why the
historv of Nyassaland, or the Shire Highlands,
should not in the next twenty to thirty years,
parallel that of the Kandyan country of Ceylon in
the “forties,” “fifties” and “sixties” of this century.
Already a fair beginning has been made : there
are several scores of European coflee planters
(some of them ex-Ceylon men) at work ; the
area planted must equal 2, 000 acres chiefly young,
and the year’s export of the fragrant bean is
already over 6,000 cwt. There is a vast extent
of suitable forest-land untouched, purcha,seable at
public auction at from 2s 6d to os upset price. Of
the labour supply being sullieient and at wonder-
hilly cheap rates, Sir Herbert Johnston has no
fear, and the climate— though there is always a
certain amount of risk in pioneering— is really
no such bugbear as many parts of the Ceylon
hill-country were fifty and forty years ago when
fever and dysentery so often laid low Dumbara
and Matale and Yakdes.sa planters. Here there
is a field for “ me younger son” tiained in a
good school as a hard-working, self-reliant planter
with the proper amount of patience and tact to
work native labour, kindly and considerately
but firmly; and with the requisite amount of
backing in “ capital”— say from £1,000, or better

192

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

£2, OX) upwards. Already, as we have hinteil,
Ceylon has a direct interest in >iyassaland sepa-
rated only by tlie Indian Ocean — in tlie fact
that the lirst “Nyassalaiul Coffee Estates Co.”
was founded and supported in Colombo, and is
worked by Ceylon men as well as capital. More-
over, we have given surveyors, draftsmen, bota-
nists as well as planters to the new Dependency ;
only given the Railway, we may well expect to see a
veritable El Dorado for coffee speedily developed
within easy reach of the coast and of the European
markets. No “leaf” or other disease has as yet
appeared in Nyassaland. The greatest care has
been taken about the seed, and Sir Herbert
Johnston has a theory that the fungus is not
likely to penetrate so far into the interior.
Be that as it may, we are clear that Lord
Salisbury may well — with the facts before him —
give his best support to his able lieutenant, the
High Commissioner, who is so bent on making
the road easy to his rich, healthful, liiglihuid
country. For our part, we think it a great pity,
from a planting and commercial as well as social
point of view, that the railway from th" coast
into British Cenlial Africa is not to take pre-
cedence of that very long, costly and uncertain
line through ‘ British East Africa” to Uganda.
But a.s a Company has been formed f^r the
former, let us hope that no time will be lost in
starting and constructing this indispensable line,
which is certain to prove more and more useful,
and prolitable, as years roll on.

«

THE ACME PACKAGE CO., LTD.

Report by tha Directors to the second ordinary

feneral meeting of the Acme Package Company,
iimited, to be held within the registered office of the
Company, No. 82, West Regent Street, Glasgow, on
Tuesday, the 28th day of J^uly, 1896, twelve o’clock,
noon. The directors beg to submit herewith the
balance sheet of the Company’s affairs as at 30th June,
1896.

As will be seen from the balance sheet, the profit,
together with £107 13s. lid, brought forward from last
year, is £3,533 10s. 9d. Out of this sum the directors
propose to pay a dividend of 124 per cent, on the
capital of the Company as called up, including the
interim dividend paid in April — carrying forward a
balance to meet bonus to Manager and Directors’ fees.

The Directors are pleased to state that the pros-
pects of the Company are exceedingly gratifying, and,
to cope with the increased output, they have ac-
quired the Glasgow Steel Works at Polmadie on
favourable terms.

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Thursday Evening, July 30.

A quiet tone has prevailed during the past week,
the tendency being to curtail commitments for the
present, in view of .the near approach of holiday
time. Attention has also been rather diverted to
dealings in the new issues, announced in our last
week’s report. There have been some exceptions, not-
ably in the case of Lungla Ordinary and Chargola
Ordinary, which have touched 121 up and part
respectively.

Mincing Lane has again been characterised by a
firm tone. There are indications of the season being
one more for quality than quantity of produce.

FRKSH ISSUES.

Consolidated Tea and Lands Co. — This company
has made formal application to the Stock Exchange
for an official quotation and a special settlement for
all three classes of its shares. Business has been
rather more curtailed, but the Second Pref. are still
asked for at 2i premium and the Ordinary at 1§
premium. The Firsts are “ a shade ” easier at about
Ijj premium.

Empire of India and Ceylon. — This is thename
of the new Company whose flotation we an-
nounced last week as the India and Ceylon

Company. The name had to be altered so as
to avoid clashing with the existing company called
the East India and Ceylon Company. Quotations
for the shares are : —

Preference . . i; | prem.

Ordinary .. ..11 IJ prem.

Associated Tea Estates of Ceylon and British Cey-
lon Tea Company. — We do not hear of many dealings
in the shares of these two recent issues.

ItEPOllTS.

Bor’uli and Dapoota Companies now issue their re-
ports, which have a special interest owing to the fact
of these two properties now forming the piece de resis-
tance of the Empire of India and Ceylon Company’s
Estates.

CEYLON SHARES.

C. T. P. Co. Prefs. have again been taken at 18.
Nothing in the ordinary.

Ceylon and Oriental £3-paid shares are wanted at
3L but ask 3-J up to £4.

Dimbnla Valley Prefs. have changed hands first at
6 1T6, and then successively at 6j and 6j, while the
Ordinary have been done at up to 51.

Lanka Plant. Ordinary have been taken at £7, and
the Prefs. at lOJ or thereabouts.

Standard Tea Co. £6 changed hands early ending
week at 15i, but are now wanted without finding any
more shares. — II. and C. Ma /, July 31.

MEDICINAL VALUE OF SUGAR.

The grocer who has a good candy trade, but who is
told several times a day by anxious parents that chil-
dren would be healthy if there was no confectionery
on this earth, might find it to his advantage to cut out
a part of this article and paste it on the side of the
“ candy case.” The language as well as the ideas are
borrowed from The Helper, which takes the ground that
“ the general public has a wrong impression as to the
actual advantages of sugar in the preservation of the
human frame. Harm may be done by eating sugar in
excess, just as the excess of anything else is pernicious
to health. In the stomach it is in part changed to
lactic acid ; and the latter acts upon calcic phosphate
and permits their assimilation. How frequently a mild
case of indigestion could be relieved, if not cured, by an
occasional drink of sugar and water.

“ Do our readers realize thelimportance of a few bon-
bons after a healthy meal ’? The fatty substances that
might otherwise overload the stomach then become
harmless. '1 hose who enjoy coffee and tea at night,
yet hesitate drinking these beverages, can partake ©f
the same in moderation without fear of sleepless night,
by the liberal use of sugar. The recent experiments
previously mentioned in these pages, showing that
sugar increases the muscular power possible to deve-
lop during a given period, are only a scientific determi-
nation of what is already known. One need only visit
a sugar cane plantation in the West Indies to appre-
ciate that the “ nigger ” can develop more work in a
given time, if allowed to eat the cane freely than during
any other period of the year. Sugar has its advantages
for stout people, a fact known to both of us, but uie
advantage to be derived from a moderate introduction
of sugar as a means of retaining health is too frequently
overlooked.” — Interstate Grocer.

HORNSEY TEA ESTATES CO., LTD.^I
The share capital of thi.s Company is £50,000
divided into 4,000 cumulative .si.x per cent pre-
ference shares of £5 each and 6,000 ortlinary
shares of £5 each. Debentures £20,000
in 400 live jier cent mortgage debentures of
.£50 each. First issue .£30,000 1,600 cumulative
6 per cent preference shares of .£5 each, 2,400
ordinary shares of .£5 each, and 200 5 per cent
mortgage debentures of £50 each. The Com-
pany is acij^uiring Hornsey and .Vbercairney
estates in Dikoya, ami the inice for both estates
is £30,000. The London agents are Messrs. L.
Reiss Bros., and the London solicitors Messrs.
Harwood A' Stejihenson, and Messrs. De !8aram
act as legal ailvisers in Ceylon.

Sept, i, 1896.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

19}

THE “ THIRTY COMMITTEE.”

Minute.s of proceediiiys of a meeting of the
“Thirty Committee” held at Colombo on Satur-
day, the 15th August 180'.', at 12 o’clock noon.

Present : — Me.ssrs. A. W. S. Sackville, Chair-
man ; A. Philip, Secretary; F. C. A. Lane,
R. A. Galton, Cordon Fraser, E. Rosling, F. M.
Mackwood, John H. Starey, H. V. Masefield, R. S.
Duff Tytler, J. N. Campbell. C. W. Horsfall,
H. J. Vollar and F. F. Street, visitor.

The notice calling the meeting was read.

The minutes of proceedings of a meeting of
the Committee held at Kandy on Saturday, the
nth July 1896, were submitted for confirmation.
Resolved: — “That they be and they are hereby
confirmed.”

Submitted letters, Ac., from the Manager,
National Bank of India, Limited.

Submitted letters from the Treasurer of the
Colony.

Read letters from the Manager, National Bank
of India, Limited, with statement showing tiie
letters of ci’cdit issued by the Bank in favour
of Mr. Wm. Mackenzie, and the amounts drawn
agfflnst these credits which have been debited
to the Ceylon Tea (New Markets) Fund.

KKPRESENTATIVK IN AIvIICEICA.

Read letter fro7)i Government confirmatory of
previous communication as to the Governor in
Executive Council having been pleased, with the
advice of the Executive Council, to sanction the
expenditure of a second sum of £3,000 sterling
in the United States of xAmerica in advertising
Ceylon tea.

Read letter from Government acknowledging
receipt of copy of minutes of proceedings^ of a
meeting of the “ Thirty Committee” held at Kandy
on Saturday, the 13th June 1890, which were
confirmed at a meeting held on ihe 11th July 1896.

Read letters fi om Mr. Mackenzie to Mr. Sack-
ville dated London, 25lh and 26th June, and New
York, nth July 1896.

Read letter 'from Mr. D. B. Wallace dated
Chicago, June 6th, 1896. Resolved : — “ That the
matter be left in Mr. Mackenzie’s hands.

Read letter from Mr. S. El wood May dated
New York City, 8th July 1896.

Read letters from Mr. Mackenzie to the Secre-
tary dated London, 26th June 1896, and New
York, 13th July 1896, the former asking that
six sets of photographs illustrating tea garden,
factory, plucking, manufacturing, new clearing,
&c., &c., might be sent him.

The CiiAiitMAN intimated that he had per-
sonally made a selection, and hoped that the
photographer ivouhl have them ready for for-
wardment Avithout further delay.

Submitted and laid on the table for the in-
spection of the Committee the Statements of
Accounts as received from Mi'. Mackenzie.

Submitted and laid on the table for the in-
spection of the Committee Abstract of the Ceylon
Tea (New Markets) Fund as from 1st January
to .30th June 1896.

GREEN TEAS FOR THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA.

Con.sidered Report of the sub-Committce of the
“Thirty Committee” aiipointed to're])ort on the
question of the exiiort of Green Teas to America.

Considered letter from Messrs. Whittall A Co.,
Agents and Secretaries of tiie U]iper Maskeliya
Estates Company, Limiteil, submitting copy of
Resolutions passed on tbe subject. Resolved:
—“That the following report of the Subcom-
mittee as amended be and the same is hereby
adopted.”

REPORT.

The Sub-Committee have the honour to sub'
niit the following scheme for the approbation o*
the “ Thirty Committee ” : — That the “ Thirty
Committee” be recommended to offer encourage-
ment to Producers and Shippers of Green Teas,
and Oolongs to be consigned direct from Ceylon
to the United States or Canada, by granting the
value of presentable samples for ilistribution at
destination of the shipment, quantity not ex-
ceeding 5 per cent of invoice of same ; provided
that the results of such shipments as receive
assistance from the “Thirty Committee” be
placed at the disjjosal either of the Ceylon Com*
missioner or the “ Thirty Committee ” and pro-
vided that the “Thirty Committee” restrict
the outlay necessary for such a scheme to a sum
not exceeding £1000 sterling in the first year out
of the funds derivable from the Tea Cess. The
Sub-Committee further recommends that the
“Thirty Committee” be represented at the place
of export by an Agent, who will be relied upon
to draw and to jiack the proposed samples
affixing such label as may be approved, the
cost being chargeable upon the Funds of the
“ Thirty Committee.”

CEYLON TEA AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION
AT GENEVA.

Read letter from the Secretary, the Ceylon
Association in London, stating that Messrs. J.
Tetley & Co. in acknowledging receipt of £200
being the vote allowed them for the Geneva Exhi-
bition, write that after a visit to Geneva they
will furnish full particulars of what they are
doing there to push Ceylon tea for the information
of the Committee.

CEYLON TEA IN RU.SSIA.

Read letter from Mr. Rogivue dated Moscow
.June 6/18, 1896, enclosing a list of the news-
"pajicrs and illustrated periodicals in all of which
he has had advertisements of Ceylon tea regularly
inserted for the last six months as per his last
accounts.

CEYLON TEA IN BELGIUM.

Read letter from Mr. E. R. Tern pier making
an application for a grant of Ceylon tea, and of
a sum of mone5' to enable him to ]nish and ad-
vertise pure Ceylon tea in Belgium and Holland.

Read 'etter from Mr. R. D. Orm.sby commending
Mr. Templer’s application to favourable comsidera-
tion. Resolved: — “ That Mr. Temjiler’s offer be ac-
cepted, and that a grant of 1,0U0 lb. of suitable
Ceylon tea be made together with a sum of
£2 5sslerling for advertising Ceylon tea in Belgium
and Holland.”

CEYLON TE.\ I'.' AU.iTRIA AND HUNGARY.

Read letter fni.:i Uuoper, Cooper A Co., Ld.,
London, asking for a grant on behalf of Gvo
gentlemen Avho would use it sdely to push pure
Ceylon tea in Austria and Hungary. Resolved : —
“That the letter be acknowledged, and that
Me.ssrs. Cooper, Cooper A Co., Limited, be in-
formed that the matter will have consideration.”

CEYLON T1-',A IN NORAYAY.

Considered letter from Mr. C. I’alliser. Re-
solved : — “That 250 lb. of suitable Ceylon tea,
at from 50 to 60 cents per lb., duty )>aid, be
granted in such (piantities as may be desired by
Mr. Palli.ser for tree distribution, and that Mr.
Palliser be requested to furnish particulars of
the towns and districts in which the samples
have been distributed.”

The “Thirty Committee” then adjourned.

A. PHILIP,

Secretary to the “ Thirty Committee.”

194

THE TROPICA!

AGRICULTURlSr.

[Sept, i, 1896.

OllIEKTAL ESTATES COMi’ANV.

Loudon, -July lU.

At llie meeting yeslenlay of tlic above Com-
pany, the report ami accounts were receiveil but
not adoi)tetl. A general committee of live, viz., three
representing tlie i)refcrence sbareliolder.s and two
representing the ordinary sliareliolders, was ap-
pointed to draw up a scheme of reconstruction,
in conjunction witli the directors, to lie pre.sented
to the shareholders as soon as possible, access to
all books and documents being provided for, and if
found necessary the committee was authorised to
a])poiut competent valuators to value the assets.
The three gentlemen appointed to re])resent the
preference sliareliolders are l\Ir. Claude Bishop, ^Ma-
naging Director of the Consolidated Trust Limited,
Mr. McCaskie, Q.C. , and Mr T. J. Lawrance, the
two for the ordinary shareholders being Mr. Slaugh-
ter and Mr. Touch.

From the Tunes of the 1st inst. we take the
following : — The tenth annual general meeting
was held on Thursday at Winchester-house. Mr.
Quintiii Hogg, who presided, remarked that the
year’s working had lieeii fairly favourable. A
jirolit had been made both in Mauritius and
Ceylon, while the cost of production had been
lower ill both places. At a recent meeting of
preference shareholders a committee was appointed
to consiiler the (piestion of reducing the capital
ami to confer with the directors, and, if neces-
sary, with the ordinary sliareliolders. The
directors had had one meeting of the committee,
who had met them in a very friendly spirit,
and ha<l proposed an alternative scheme. It
had, however, been thought that it was only fair
that the ordinary shareholders should have a
voice in the matter, and it was therefore jiroposed
that two ordinary shareholders should be appointed
with three jireference shareholders, so that both
sides should be repre.sented. The committee would
then go fully into matters and report to another
meeting which would be held as soon as possible.
He did not intend to ask them at that meeting to
adojit the report, as they would no doubt jircfer
1 1 receive the committee’s rejiort first. He would
therefore propose that the directors' report be
received, but that its further consideration should
be postponed until the shareholders had had the
committee’s rejiort. The directors wanted to see
the company’s interests in Mauritius considerably
reduced, and steps had been taken in that direction.
They contemplated putting some land under coflee
cultivation in the Malay Peninsula, but tliey
would not do .so if it were not the general wish
of the luoiirietors. They thought, however, that
it would be wif-e to add a further string to
the company’s bow. Sugar was a very sjicculative
article, ami tea deiicnded very much im exchange,
whereas colloe was mu eh more jirolitablc. Mr.
A. M'. Crichton seconded the motion. A discussion
followed, at the close of which a committee
was appointed, formed as liatl been proposed.

THE SOUTH TKAVANCUUE TEA COM-
PANY, LIMITED.

Share Capital f.'>0,000, in 5,000 Shares of tlO each.
Diiu-'croiis.— T. C. Owen,E.^cj. (Messrs. Jtowc, White
&Co.) K), rbilpot Lane. A. V. ffollaml. Esq., 13,IIigli-
lands ’Gardens, St. Lconard’s-on-Sea. Neill Graeme
Camnbell, Esq. (Messrs. Campholl Brotheis A Co.),
Eastchcam E.C. »H. M. Knight, Esq Ventme
I’jstatc, Travancoro, Southern fiulia. \\ ill join the
Board after allotment. . , „ , .. ,

Aon.xTs.— Messrs. Itowc, White & Go., Ki, Philpot

Lane.

rilOSI'ECTUS.

This Company has been formed for the purpose of
taking over, as a going concern, the “ Venture”
group of estates in South Travancore, Southern India,
comprising “ Venture,” “ Arnichardi,” and “ Ned-
dumpara,” consisting of a total acreage of about
801 acres, of which about .'iOO acres are in Tea, aver-
aging 5 years of age; about 125 acres in Liberian
and Arabian coffee; about 6 acres in Nutmegs ; about
100 acres in Virgin Forest ; and a few acres in
grass.

The estates are in a very effie’ent state of cul-
tivation and lie at an average elevation of about
1,100 feet. The factory, which is well built and fitted
with machinery worked by steam power, is within
three miles of a Government road, to w'hich it is
connected by a good cart road. Fuel is abundant on
the property. Tea can be manufactured and put
f.o.b. at Tuticorin for 20 cents per lb., the equivalent
for which, at ls2d, is.3id. The total cost in London,
after payment of all charges, is about 4|d per lb.

Judging by past results, the tea may be expected
to realize an average of 7|d gross, after making
allowance for lower markets than are current at
present, The tea crop for the current year, the
Vendor, Mr. H. M. Knight, estimates at 2(X),(X)0 lb.,
and. therefore, the net profit from tea alone should
be about £2,500 per annum. *

The coffee is mostly young and should give regular
and substantial returns, which should increase as the
trees mature. For this year, the Vendor estimates
the profit will be £700. The tea is now in full bearing.
The profits for 1881 and 1695, the last two completed
financial year’s, average over .£2,500 per annum. The
Vendor estimates that the profits for the current
year will largely exceed those of 189-1 and 1895. The
rainfall on ths estates is about 100 inches, and is
fairly distributed.

Arnichardi and Neddumpara are freehold, direct
from the Government. Venture is held under a lease
at a nominal quit-rent from the Government, and is
renewable at the option of the Company.

No Debentures will be issued against the property
except with the as.sent of a majority of two-thirds of
the Preference Shareholders. The estates will be
taken over as from July 1st.

The amount required to meet the yearly interest
on the Proference Shares is £825. After making an
ample allowance for London expenses, and basing the
calculations on the av. rage results of the last two
years, there should remain sufficient to pay more than
ten per cent, on the Ordinary Shares. In this cal-
culation no account is taken of the fact that the
coffee, being mostly young, should give much better
results in the future than it has in the past. Mr.
Knight has expressed his willingness to undertake
the general management of the Company’s estates
in Travancore. The purchase price of the estates
has been fixed at .£26,000, payable as to £10,000 in
1,000 Ordinary Shares of .£10 each, and £3,250 in
325 Preference Shares of £10 each, and the balance,
viz., .£12,750 in cash. The present issue of capital
amounts to .£27,500, which will allow a sufficient
margin for working expenses.

<j>

THE ACIME PACKAGE CO.

The Herald of the 2ntli ult. says: —

'J’he Acme Pacdoige Company (Limited) have de-
clared a dividend of 7^ per cent, which, with
tlie interim dividend of 5 per cent, makes 12J
)ier cent for the year. A planter in forwarding
the extract f.iys I enclose a jiara to hand by
toilay’s mail wliicli sbow.s that the Acme tea
chests must be more generally used than Ceylon
planters are aware of. A company declaring
a dividend 12.^ per cent must be doing a good
business, ami in these days of .scarcity of Moi.ii
chests, the Acme package might be worth more
iiJtention from Ceylon growers. Cannot you
lind out the opinion of the Loudon buyers on
these i)aekages‘'

Sept, i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

195

THE DICTIONARY OF ECONOMIC
PRODUCTS OF INDIA.

Tins majj;iiilicenfc work, l>y Dr. Ocorge Watt,
C.I.E., &c., and runnerous contributors, wasi in-
tended, wlien tlie lirst volume was Issued in ISSn, to
consist of six vohin\es ; but Vol. \T liad to be ex-
panded to fourparts, tlie last of winch waspublished
in 1893 ; and now we have received from the Gov-
ernment of India an additional volume, contaiii-
inj' an index to the work. This has been pre-
pared by Mr. Edgar Thurston, Superintendent of
the Government Museum, Madras ; assisted by
Mr. T. N. Mukerji, f.l.s., Assistant _ Curator,
Indian Museum, Calcutta. The index is a poly-
glot one. First we have an English list, in-
cluding classical or foreign names in familiar use.
Next conies a list of Sanskrit, Arabic, and Per
sian names. Then conies a lengthy list of names
in all the “Aryan” (or “Gaudian”) dialects of
India, including the transfrontier districts. Next
we have lists in the languages or dialects of
the hill-tribes, the Dravidians, the Mongo-
lians, Burmese, Andamanese, and lastly “ Cingha-
lese.” (Why loill Mr. Thurston adhere to this
atrocity?) The spelling of the Sinhalese names
is in many cases pretty correct ; hut in very
many by no means so. For instance, we have
such fearful and wonderful forms as calnhecde,
corallia, clungazha{\), hcemarago, kawhy-ya,
kokabd-larz ( ! ),’ kokuhulurz ( !), malia-erraminza,
maha-maram (\), penqmn{\), and, to end up with,
ziniagaha ! Of course the compilers of the in-
dex iiave .simply copied the forms given in the
body of the work ; but surely Dr. Watt might
with very little trouble have obtained the correct
spellings of the Sinhalese words. This “ Cingha-
lese” list is a blot on an otherwise excellent
work. The Dictionary of Economic Products is
a perfect treasurehouse of useful information ;
and under the title of The Agricultural Ledger
the Government of India continues from time to
time to issue pamphlets furnishing 'information
supplemental to that given in the Dictionary.

THE DOOMOO TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON
LIMITED.

The first ordinary general meeting of the
shareliohlers of this Company was held in the
oliice of the Agents and Secretaries (Messrs. J.
M. Robertson & Co.) today at noon. Mr. F. W.
Bois in-esided, and present were Messrs. W. D.
Gibbon, W. B. Kingsbury, £. John, C. Minto
Gwatkin, Moir, Gordon Frazer, and J. B. Mason
(Superintendent) and Gordon Bois (Secretary.)

THE REPORT.

The report of the Directors, sulmiitted by the
Chairman, was taken as read. Itis iu the following
terms : —

The Directors have now the pleasure to submit
their Report and Accounts for the year ending 30th
June, 1890.

The quantity of Tea received from the two Estates
was 150,092 lb. against 150,000 estimated. an.I the
price realized for that sold locally was 50 cts per
lb. The Tea shipped to London amounting to
35,060 lb. has been estimated to realize a sum which
the Directors consider safe.

During the year about 120 acres of ColTee on
Verellapatna have been planted up with Tea, and
the acreages of the Upstates now stand as follows:
Doomoo . . 100 aciTfS tea 5 years old and upwards.

30 ,, 4 ,, ,,

20 ,, 3 ,, ,1

3 ,, planted amongst coffee

23 „ Timber

. 63 „ Grassland

Verellapatna 180 acres Tea 5 years old and upwar

120 „ Tea and Coffee

10 ,, Grass

213 ,, Waste and Chena

088

Tho result of the year’s working, after writing off
R5,911'23 for interest due to the vendors of the pro-
perties, show a profit of R26,751'49, and the Direc-
tors recommend that a dividend of 0 % on tho capital
of the Gompany-ll400,000-be paid ab-
sorbing .. .. .. ..1124,000 00

That a sura be transferred to de-"'

preciation account of . . R2,500 00

and that a balance bo carried for-
ward of . . . , . . R251 49

R20,751 49

It should be noticed that the profit shown is really
the result for 9 mouths only, as the share capital was
not finally called up until the end of Sept. 1895.

In accordance with the articles of association all
the Directors retire, but being eligible offer themselves
for re-election.

It will also be necessary to appoint an auditor for
season 1896-97. — By order of the Board of Directors,
J. M. Robertson & Co., Agents and Secretaries.
Colombo, 15th August, 1895.

The Chairman said he regretted that the
accounts were not (piite so good as they ex-
pected them to he, arising from the fact that
the coilee crop had fallen short of the estimate
—it Avas not much more than half — and this
made a difference of 1^ per cent on the divi-
dend. Then again interest on the purchase
money made another 1^ per cent on the divi-
dend, so that the two together would have made
a nine per cent dividend for the year indepen-
dent of the fact that the shareholders did not
pay tho value of their shares until the end of
September, and, therefore, .so far as they were
concerne.il, the working ivas for nine months only,
the dividend of 6 per cent being for that period.
Shareholders ■would notice that there was a very
large quantity of young tea. The tea Avhich was
higher up did not mature so quickly as that at a
lower elevi'vbion, and the yield from the four-year-
old tea was not much more than suJficient to
pay expenses, but as it gob older it would
show a larger profit. In addition to that
there wms a large quantity of young tea which
gave no yield at all. He did not know' that he
had anything further to say, hut he himself
considered that the future of the Company was
satisfactory. The estimate for the present year
which would he shortly before the directors (it
had only just been received) showed a rather
larger te.a croj) and <a rather larger coffee crop
than they had realized during the present year ;
hut he thought the latter must he considered
as very douhtiul a.s coffee wms evidently on its
last legs ill Madulsima. They must not depend
on that in future, and the Company must he
entirely' a tea company. He should be glad to
answer any (questions that miglit he asked by
shareholders.

Mr. Gowdon Fr,\:^er What w'as the rate of
interest ])aid to the vendors ot the estates?

T'he Cil.UU.M.VN : — Eiglit per cent.

Mr. Gordon Frazer asked, with reference to
an item in the accounts, at wdiat rate the
company had taken over the stock of tea.

The Ch.virman repliel, at a value of 48
cents. The average for the year was some-
thing like 50 cents. They had heard of a sale
in the home market before the recent rise which
fully bore out their valuation.

299

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, i8q6.

It; 6

Mr. Gordon Bois said the sale t-liey had heard of
was 4 cents per lb. over the rate they had taken.

Mr. Gwatkin asked for an exjtlaiiatioit of the item
“ llents collected in (!)oloniho U.'lUO.”

The CliAiDMAN said they collected in Colombo
the rent of the po.st oHice on the estate. He then
proposed the adoption of the report, amotion which
was unanimously a<;reed to.

Mr. John Jtroposed and Mr. MoiK seconded : —
“That a dividend of G per cent on the capital
of the Company be ]>aid.”

The Chairman said they now had to appoint
directors. According to the articles of asso-
ciation the three directors, Messrs. F. W. Bois,
W. D. Gibbon, and W. B. Kingsbury, retired,
but they were eligible and oll’ered themselves
for re-election.

Mr. Moiu said he had much pleasure in pro-
posing that the retiring directors be re-elected
for tlie present j'ear.

Mr. Gwatkin seconded, and the motion was
unanimously adopted.

The Chairman said they had to appoint an
auditor to audit the accounts for the year 1896-
97. The directors had ap])ointed Mr. John Guthrie.

Mr. Gwatkin proposed and Mr. Ma.son secon-
ded the election of Mr. John Guthrie, as auditor
for the year 1896 97 at a fee of K.50. Agreed.

Mr. MoiR : — Could you tell me what the
estimates are ?

The Chairman replied that the directors
were rather against giving estimates because
they were disappointing unless realized. As a
matter of fact, the estimates only came down
yesterday, and they had not gone into them.

Mr. Gordon Frazkr asked how much of the
130 acres bracketed together in the report was three
years old and how much lour years old tea.

The Chairman replied that they were sorry
they ivere obliged to bracket them together. It
was quite impossible to tell the difference in
age. Mr. Mason, whom he had consulted, told
him it was very difficult to tell the propor-
tions, and for that reason they were bound to
bracket them. Mr. Mason would confirm what
he had said.

Mr. Mason remarked that the land was ojiened
in little pieces, and that if he could have told
the proportion of three year to four year old
tea he would have put it in.

The Chairman:— Mr. Mason says thefour year old
tea is giving from 200 to 220 lb. an acre. Al-
though the yield at that rate did not pay ex-
penses it was the yield above that that would pay
the profit. 1 may mention as of interest that
all the young tea coming on is superior to the
old — it is a better jat.

Mr. Mason It is a better jat and in very
much better soil.

Mr. Gwatkin asked what was about the elevation.
Mr. Mason replied that the elevation of
Verellapatna was from 4,200 to 4,500 feet and
of Doomoo from 3,500 to 4,200 the average was
about 4,300 feet.

On the motion of Mr. Gordon Frazer, a vote of
thanks was accorded to the chairman, and this closed
the proceedings.

PINE HILL ESTATE COMPANY.

(By Tdegraj)h.)

Kandy, Aug. 22.

A meeting of this Conqiany was held in the
olllce of Messrs. Borrett & Fisher this afternoon
at 12-30. Present Messrs. Mackwood, Bowie
Evans, Prance, Trimen, Wright, Borrett, and by
proxy Mr. Waddilovo. The Tost re.solution rc
selling Nahakettia estate M-as passed, the purclmser

being Mr. Lipton for the amount set down in
the resolution. Regarding the second resolution
it was decideil that K40 per share be used for
reducing the capital, utilizing jjart of the money
received by .selling Nahakettia, the balance to
be placed in the suspense account till the di-
rectors decide what should be done with the
same. No other business Avas transacted. The
directors’ meeting immediately followed the Com-
pany meeting, when the accounts were examined.

Tlie resolution referred to is as follows : —
To authorize the Directors to sell Nahakettia
estate, .situated in the district of Haputale, be«
longing to the Company, at or for the price or
sum of one hundred and ninety thousand rupees
(11190,000) as from the 1st day of July 1896,
as per jiowers conferred under clause No. 100 of
the Articles of Association ; and to decide on
the best mode of dealing with the money re-
ceived by sale of the Nahakettia estate.

THE PACKING OF TEA.

A friend writes asking us if the pre.sent system
under which tea is packed for shipment can
be considered altogether satisfactory. In his
opinion it seems to be capable of improvement,
and he suggests certain directions in which he
thinks it possible that this might be effected.
We are not preji.ared to ourselves offer any
opinion upon the suggestion he has made. But
we feel, that, however crude, however impracti-
cable they may be, any contributions upon the
subject might set more practical minds think-
ing with advantage, and we, therefore, while
declining any responsibility for them, proceed to
recite brielly what has been written to us on
the topic. The argument used as the basis
for the discussion is that, ])ractically, under the
present system, tea is packed in two cases,
one metallic, one wooden. The objection, it is
pointed out, to metallic casings of all kinds is
their liability to injury by rough handling.
The casing of tea lead is open to this liability,
hence it has to be iirotccted by wood. The
present operation is therefore a dual one, and
necessarily therefrom costly. In theory the
perfect system would be a single metallic case.
But if this is cubical there must be
straight edges, and it is these that are the
most open to injury. The solution to this
ditliculty would be to make such metallic cases
circular in form. But to this our friend ac-
knowledges a fatal objection. It would add, he
thinks, fully 25 percent to the space required
for ship stowage, and this Avould mean an
addition in a corresponding ratio to freight
charges. But if the present dual casing is to be
abandoned, it involves for the protection of so
perishable an article as tea a single metallic
case of some sort or other. We are asked whether
it would not be jiossible to use two forms of
such cases, the one having concave facings, the
other convex facings. In stowing the form of the
one would lit into the form of the other and so
effect solid stowage. It is suggested that plates
of some suitable metal, ready stamped with the
concavities ami convexities and with tail and top
ends included in the form of the sheets, could be
readily and economically shipped to us. All that
would have to be done here would be to solder
the single edge and the cut portions of the
ends. The meaning of our correspondent seems
to be that the sheets should be corrugated in
such a formas when beat into cubical, or nearly
cubical sha))e, there should not be any dclined

Sept, i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

197

angle that would be liable to injury. We offer the
suggestion witliout expressing any opinion as to
whether the idea could be practically worked out.

THE ROYAL BOTANIC CARDENS,
CALCUTTA.

By Wm. Mair.

Calcutta’s Botanic Carden would gladden the
heart of Examiner-Piofessor Patrick Ceddes,
foremost in the Renaissance of Botany, the
growing school of bionomics or plant-life study,
“ Prianzenleben,” as they call it in the botanical
atmosphere of Strasburg. The “ mercurial pro-
fessor ” — to quote an apt cpitliet which the ver-
satile Zangwill lately apjilied to the founder of
the newer Renaissance of Celtic culture, would
find that for once the canons of taste in garden-
ing he admires so ill, that find expression in
crewel-work patterns and in schemes of colour
that might as effectually be wrought out by
the judicious use of pots of paint in ])rimary
colours, had been quite departed from. There
are picturesque groups of closely -allied families
of plants, clumps of bamboos and other genera
of tropical monocotyledons, mostly evergreens of
vivid hue ; green lawns interspersed with sheets
of ornamental water, gorgeous with Victoria regia
or the white-flowered Padma water-lily (Nebimbium
speciosum) beloved of the gods ; splendid avenues
of palms, “ their tilted heads like draggled plumes
against the sky”; and stately Indian trees and
elegant shrubs affording necessary shade in a
land where it is summer every Aay, for more
delicate members of the great floral community.
There also pretty borders of annuals which blos-
som gaily in our cold weather months, happy
remainder of home gardens. But there is no
attempt at arrangement in the natural orders
of the books : it would be impracticable with
such a profusion of variety ; the fifiant teak and
the slender verbena, for instance, would hardly
make graceful consorts. The attempt was once
actually made by a young superintendent of the
garden, whose botanical zeal exceeded his good
judgment, to convert the garden into a botanical
class-book. Sir Joseph Hooker, K.c.s.i. , records
(Himalayan journals) that when he visited the

fdace in 1848 “ nothing was to be seen of its
ormer beauty and grandeur but a few noble trees
or graceful palms rearing their heads over a low
ragged jungle or spreading their broad leaves or
naked limbs over the forlorn hope of a botanical
garden, that consisted of open clay beds, disposed
into concentric circles, and baking into brick
under the fervid heat of a Bengal sun.” The
general scheme of the garden has always been
economic as much as purely botanical and orna-
mental, but in its present highly efficient con-
dition, to which it has been brought by its present
superintendent. Dr. George King, c.i.E., F.R..S.,
although only a suggestion of what it will become
it is one of the brightest spots in the East.

The garden is quite modern. It was founded over
a hundred years .ago by the Honourable John
Company, but tlie cyclones of 1864 and 1867 made
a clean sweep of everything in it except the
great banyan tree to be described hereafter, some
sacred peepuls, and a few mahogany trees. It
is 272 acres in extent, just about as laige as
Kew now is, and lias exactly a mile of frontage
to the river Hooghly. It is four miles out of
town, and is a favourite rendezvous witii jieople of
the “City of Palaces” — which are mostly stucco
ones, by the way — on the numerous holidays
bestowed by the Hindu and Christian calendars
upon Anglo-Indians, pharmacists, of course,
excepted.

It is classic ground to the botanist. Roxburgh,
father of Indian botany (the Indi.an Linnams),
was su|)erientendent here, and Wallich, Falconer,
.lack, Grillith, and Royle are among the many
great names that are perpetuated in its memorial
monuments or its avenues ; while one or two of
the latter are name in honour living botanists,
the Hooker Avenue after tlie distinguished author
of tlie “ Flora of British India,” grand old veteran
still at 80 ; and the Dyer Avenue, in some
measure of acknowledgment of the good friend-
ship of Kew and its learned director.

Although the range of cultivation is naturally
very extensive, and the utility of the garden
botanically, horticulturally, and agriculturally
correspondingly great, amongst its greatest triumphs
may te considered the introduction of tea to
Assam and the Lower Himalaya from China,
and acclimatisation of cinchona in British Sikkim,
it is remarkable that the climate of Lower
Bengal is quite unsuited to the growth of very
many, even tropical, species. One of the greatest
benefits bestowed on India by the garden in
its early years was the demonstration by prac-
tical exi^eriment that many desirable economic
products and exotic plants of econom'c interest
cannot be grown in that portion of the Gangetic
delta represented by its soil. Thus, one of the
things the honourable merchantmen had in view
at its foundation was that the spices, the pepper-
vines, the nutmegs, and the cloves, which had
once made the trade of the company with the
Moluccas so valuable, might be cultivated in
Bengal as an additional source of wealth to
that resourceful province, but this was soon
proved to be impossible. Similarly, the teak tree
[Tectona grancUs) proved a disappointment. In
later years an anticipated .scarcity of ipecacu-
anha, so indispensable in dysentery in India,
led to the attempt to establish that humble
creeper in the garden and in India. The “ Phar-
macographia” recoids that up to 1879 success
was still “problematical,” and it cannot be said
even now to have passed out of the experimental
stage in which it h.as been for thirty years.
Coca and one or two species of strophanthus
are at present under trial ; one of the latter,
S. (hchotovms, a climbing-plant, has curious, long,
ringlet-like tassels hanging down from the edges
of the corollas.

The m.ateria-medicist finds much that is in-
tensely interesting and much that is complementary
to the text-books in a visit to such a garden
as this. Here are Cassia fistula, the Indian
laburnum, uncommonly beautiful in its long
jiendulous racemes of large bright-yellow flowers
or with its familiar legumes a yard long ; the
gurjun tree {Dipterocarpus alatus), straight as a
shii»’s mast and branchless for 60 feet, and ,a
small specimen at that ; the s.acred bael (^qle
Marmelos) ; the nux-vomica tree, with its lozenge-
like seeds emheddetl in the pulp of its beauti-
ful orange-coloured fruit which contains strych-
nine, but is nevertheless eaten with avidity by
the liornbills and the monkeys ; the hand.some
evergreen, lamaiindns inclica ; Butea frondosa,
the Bengal kino and the real kino tree of Ma-
labar {Pterocarpus Marsup! um), which might easily
be cultivated extensively in Bengal and thereby
make the drug less luxuriously expensive ; and
(piite a museum of o', hers. An interesting group
of myrtaceous trees on one of a number of
.artificial mounds, for the ground naturally is ns
flat as a pancake, includes, be.sides such species
of micalyptus as will grow in the, to them, un-
congenial clim.ate of Bengal, a number of healthy
specimens — all are well and prominently labellecf

198

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

•Sept, i, 1896.

of the eajuput tree, remarkable for the peculiar
structure of its bark. It is not unlike that of
birch externally, sometimes an incii thick, but
formed of layer upon layer of easily-scpaiable
papery-lookin" tissue.

The pride and glory of the gartlen is the w(»i Id-
famous banyan tree {Ficus heuqalensis). It re-
sembles a small forest rather than a single tree,
and throws an area of 1,000 feet in circum-
ference into dark, cool shade, a “cloistered
labyrinth,” richly garlanded with creepers and
orciiids, planted, .as was the banyan itself by
the birds. Milton’s picture of the “ fig tree,
not that kind for fruit renown’d,” is realistic; —
Branching so broad and long that in the ground
The bended twigs take root, and daughters grow
About the mother tree, a pillar’d shade,

The three splendid conservatories have not .an
inch of glass in them, but are constructed of a
framework of iron covered with wire netting,
on which is stretched a thin layer of thatchlng-
giass, while leafy creepers are trained round the
sides— a system which has proved completely
successful in the cultiv.ation of many tropica', .-pecies
that would otherwise perish in a climate that
can vary from between 40deg to llOdeg. F. in
the shade, cu.Huring, as it does, a fairly equable
temperature, access of rain ancl a gentle broken
shaue from the relentless sun. In the largest,
known as the “Orchid House,” 200 feet long,
the royal family of plants makes quite an im-
posing show each year, in the month of March
when all Calcutta and his wife go to see them.
In this house may be seen line growing speci-
mens of vanilla, which has to be fertilised arti-
ficially, and of s.arsapaiilla, a pretty creeper.
The Palm House is built on the same principle
and is devoted to such species of equatorial
palms as do not take kindly to life out of
doors, and here again is a wise departure from
the usual order of things for every plant is esta-
blished in the ground— an obvious improvement
over the plan of growing them in tubs. The Her-
barium building, which embraces the Library
and the L.aboratory, is built on the same prin-
ciple as that of Kew, with the .addition.al
feature that it is fireproof. Its hortus siccus is
one of the most complete in existence, and in-
cludes, besides the flora of the Indian Empire
and that of Asia outside India, a fair collec-
tion repre.sentative of Europe and of Australia,
and in a less degree of Africa and Americ.a. No
other herbarium in the world, Kew not excepted,
has an equal record for distribution, .so lavish
in the early years that this herbarium does
not possess a single specimen of the priceless
collections of Roxburgh, although there are a
few at Edinburgh and elsewhere. Distributions
are now made each year to thirty-eight of the
principal botanical establishments and notable
herbaria of the world.

And now a word about the eminent custodian
of this great treasure-house of botany. Brigade-
Surgeon Lieut. -Col. George King, C.l-E., F.R.S.,
the greatest botanist in all Asia, has, during
the twenty-five years of his incumbency of the
superintendentsliip of the garden, immensely in-
creased the iilant-wealtli under his care, and
maintained and enhanced the re))utatiou of the
establishment as an important centre of botani-
cal industry. During tliose ye.ars has been
growing slowly and silently uiuler Ids c.are, and
authorship for the most part, the “ Annals of
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta,” st.ately
tomes, in quarto, monographs, chiefly of specially
diflicult Indian natural orders, every line of
which represents hours, d.ays, of patient research,
authoritative contributions to botanical literature.

The pdates illustrating each individual specimen
enumerated in these volumes are drasvn from
life, lithographed, and coloured by h.and by
Bengali <irt-students %vith a devotion and a pre-
cision which is marvellous to those unacquainted
with tlie faculty of imit.ativeness innate to the
educated native of Beng.al. The latest of these
volumes — the seventli — has just been published
by the Government of Indi.a. It treats of the
JkiinOuste— the bamboos of British India. But
what has won for Dr. King the title of one
of India’s benef.actors has been the phenomenal
success of tlie cinchona-plantations in Briti.sh
Sikkim, for which he has been in gre.at me.asures
respon.sible. Their .administration is still ]>art of
his duties. The Government of India has not
only adojited his recommendations, but has
carried them out with a liberality that has
been comjiletely justified by results. Figures
are tedious, Imt it is sullicient to s.ay that the
considerable initial outlay incurred in the under-
taking has been rejiaid several times over, while
something like 40,UU0/. a year h.as been s.aved
to Indi.a by the substitutionofeountrymade quinine
and “ Government cinchona febrifuge,” an un-
purilied “(luinetum,” for the imported articles,
while the uistribution of quinine in unheard-of
numbers of 5-gr. doses, which may be purchased by
the very poorest for about half a farthing, is
as great a boon as has ever been conferred on
India’s malaria-soaked millions. — Chemist and
Druf/gist, July 25.

Riie.a Profits.— In discussing the financial as-
pect of rhea cultivation Capital argues that with
.anything but first-class soil the outturn Avould
not exceed ten maunds which would not pay at
all. The price which was re.aliscd for Assam
rhea (dried ribbons) in small quantities was £16
per ton which paid a fair dividend. Reducing
this to ru])ees, the price works out a fivaction
over 119 per maund. But we see it stated, says
the Pioneer, that a Mr. Frederick Pineott has
contracted to supply 15,000 tons of rhea ribbon
at £7 per ton, or as it is put there, in rupee.s,
IIBIO F.D.B., and we .scarcely see how this c.an
pay, as freight, insurance, &c., to export ports
will make a big hole in it alone; R130 per ton
works out R4-10 per maund, and, by the cal-
culation made .above, our readers will notice that
119 only gave a fair dividend ; so the rate of
R4-10 per maund from Assam would never cover.
The steamer freight comes to R2 ))cr maund,
including boating to the shipping mookh, leaving
R2-10 for cultivation, cutting, and c.arrying, .and
pressing. Doubtless, with a good press, the freight
might be considerably lowered, if the Inland
Rivers Company could be got to go by measure-
ment, but then these surmises are not safe to
calculate upon, and all our figures are b.ased on
actuals. Supposing one could get, s.ay 11180 per
acre for the iiroduce, the result would not be by
any means to be despised, but if this figure is
reduced by about half, it does not re.ad much.
To cut, strip, and carry a maund costs about
Rl-8 to R2 ol the dried ribbons, and when to this
is added inland frcigiit we fail to see where the
profit comes in. ’I’is true th.at by the Goimss
system there is a saving of 30 per cent in weight,
.so that we .have to add this on to profits, or de-
duct it from the .above working exiienses, but,
even with all that, we fail to see where the jirofits
can be made, and when we say profit, we mean
a decent jirofit, such as all agricultural follow-
ings should give, i.c., an average of lU per cent
over a series of years.

Sept, i, 1896 ]

THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS I'.

>99

YAEIOUS rLANlJKG K01ES.

The Indian Forest Departmen'I'. —The
Forest Administration Report for the whole of
India, is, we see from Indian contemporaries, on
the whole distinctly favourable, the net revenue
being considerably in advance of the revenue re-
ceived in 1892-93 and 1893-94. On the whole,
there is a slight increase in the net profits al-
though much new country has been opened since
the publication of the last Annual Report at no
inconsiderable cost to departmental funds.

Tea Grown in North Dakota.— The Phila-
delphia Grocery World of May 25 says ; -

When asked what products are grown from North
Dakota soil, one thinks readily of wheat, rye, oats
and flax, but who in the world would name lea as
one of the cultivatable crops ? Yet tea is grown, and
giown successfully, 'n North Dakota. State Com-
missioner of Agriculture Laughlin has made the dis-
covery that a colony consisting of twenty Russian
families in Mercer County raised lea last year from
seed obtained from Russia. The experiment is re-
ported to have been a decided success, and tea cul-
ture will be tried on a much larger scale in that
State this year. It is known as the Asiatic-Russian
tea-plant, and the quality is said to be every way
superior to the black tea sold by merchants.

The Orange Beetle Tea Pest.— Mr. S. R.
Peal writes from Sib.sagar to the Englishman : —
I understand that a correspondent of the Planter
refers to the above. I think he will find it figured
and described by me in the “Tea Encyclopaedia,'’
many years ago— under the rather elaborate name
of the “ Dinpromorpha Melanops." It is naturally
a grass feeder, and is becoming a tea shoot eater,
and in some cases can cause serious damage, by
eating the stem of the soft shoots, thus causing
them to fall over and die. But it can be eradi-
cated by a little perseverance, by means of a few
smart little boys with butterfly nets, made of
strong “Marking Kapra ” a foot in diameter 20
inches deep, and handles 4 feet long. The net
s’'ould have a pointed, V-sliaped bottom, and each
boy has a wide-mouthed bottle, half full of water.
As a rule each boy can catch and drown 1500 to
2000bee..les per day, and being slow fliers, they
are easily captured. It does not jirojiagate
rapidly, like “ green fly ” or the ‘ mosquito ” (tea
bug), and is not found in forest, but where there
is some gras.s, such as “ulu” and the small
“ kagra.”

Coffee Planting. — Thus the Pioneer : —

Almost every year the Chancellor of the exchequer
remarks that the consumption of coffee in the
United Kingdom has been either .stationary or
shows a decline, being supplantetl in popular favour
by tea and cocoa which, as popularly prepared, are
niore jialatable and refreshing beverages. But it
does not by any means follow from this thatcolfee-
planting is au un))rolitablo occupation ; on the
contrary the enormous reduction in Ceylon,
Southern India, and the West Indies of the area
under colfee and of the exports of the berry owing
to the devastation of the leaf disease that attacked
the trees, have resulted in sending u]) the price and
keeping it at a high level. Brazil has seized the
opportunity to largely extend her plantations and
is now the chief source of supply, the exports from
Ceylon, once the great centre of production, having
fallen from over a million to about fifty thousand
hundredweight in the last eighteen years, and the
smaller quantities from South India and the West
Indies having diminished by .about fifty jier cent.
In the two first named districts tea has usurped the
place once occuiiied by coffee, but a new coffee-

growing enterprise has sprung up in Coorg, and
plantations are also being opened out in Java. But
the supply as yet is barely equal to the demand,
and so long as that is the case prices will remain
high and co(fee-]ilanting be anything but a ruinous
occupation.

Bananas in England. — Says the Fruit-Grower ot
Julyl: — From time to time we read of the con-
demnation of large bunches of bananas which have
been seized by the sanitary inspectors of the Local
Authorities as being unfit for food. It would be
interesting to have a case stated settling the point
as to when a banana is in this condition. This is
a peculiar fruit, and if exposed to the wind or wet
will immediately become discoloured on the outside,
while the interior fruit is perfectly good and eatable.
Fruiterers make the mistake of hanging their bun-
ches of bananas in prominent, exposed positions
entirely unprotected. We advise them to use a
semi-circular shield, which could be made of straw-
board or of thin tinned iron, and which would be
promptly supplied by fruiterers’ and greengrocers’
sundriesmen. The shield, if made of tin, should
have a turned edge round, and should hang well
above and below the bunch of fruit.

A Mammo’i’h Planting Concern.— Our Coo-
noor confcemporay says Messrs. Finlay Muir
& Co., of the North and South Sylhet Compa-
nies, had not been long in Southern India, when
it was recognized that their unlimited capital
and enterprise would soon be a powerful faccor
in the .shaping of the future of our planting in-
dustry. But neither Ave nor any of our con tern pora-
ries, in India or in Ceylon, were prepai-ed for
the very big thing they have just floated suc-
cessfully in London. The Consolidated Tea and
Lands Company, Limited, is indeed a mammoth
concern, but the app.arent ease with which it
lias been floated is another case in point of the
large .amount of idle capital at home, idle only
for want of snllicient outlet. The capital of the
Company is two millions sterling and the pro-
])erties proposed to be acquired consisted of

180.000 acres of land in Northern and South
India and Ceylon ; the cultivated area beiiK'
31,120 acres, two-thirds being in bearing unde*r
tea, coflee, cocoa and coconuts. Of tlie hu"e
reserve, 90,000 acres are on the Kan an Devans
two-thirds of which are computed to be at between

4.000 to 6,500 feet, a grand elevation for the best
(]ualities of tea and coffee. We are glad to note
that coffee is to be taken in hand vigorously
if only for the fact that it will leave less to be
planted up with tea. The Assam and Ceylon
reserves, 19,000 acres, are to be planted up
rapidly ; avo suppose at least tAvo-thirds will be in
tea. Of the tAvo millions of capital, £1,600,000
are to go in the purchase of the lands to be
acquired, at the rate of £48 per acre for the
cultivated and .£1 per acre for the reserve. VVe
are not accustomed to large Companies in South
India, and we fancy more regret than apprecia-
tion Avill be felt on the part of i>roprietors. The
swalloAving up of the little by the big i.s inevi-
table perhaps, but distinctly to be regretted for
many reasons. On the other hand, such a lar^e
influx of capital and enterpri.se must do a lot
to infuse prosperity in a humlred diflerent Avays
into the members of our body politic. It is
useless to mourn over the change that Avill , surely
take place ; let it rather be our object to strive
to benefit thereby as much as Ave can. For o-ood
or for ill, all the Avorld oA’er, big Companies
have come to stay, and small holdings, the dream
of statesmen and philanthropists of all nations
Avill ore long fade utterly aAv.ay, despite all pious

aspirations and legislation to the contrary.

Planting Opinion, July 18.

200

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, j, 1896.

Balata Concessions in Guiana.— The United States
consul at Cayenne, Mr. Leon Wacogne, writes in
a recent report : “ An interesting point for the

future development of French Guiana was debated
some years ago without any practical result, viz. :
the working of balata gum, similar to, and even
better than, the ordinary India-rubber. A scheme of
regulations for grants of concessions was elaborated
in 1892 bj' the director of the interior ; but they were
soon found to be defective, and a new plan, stimu-
lated by the discussions of the council-general, is
now being perfected and it is thought it will answer
all the requirements of future grantees in helping
forward their searches. On December 5, 1895, thirty
concessions for the balata industry had been granted
to people in the colony and two or three granted in
France and F/urope. A concession has just been
given to the representative of an important company
of New York (Franco- American Rubber Co.) under
special conditions agreed upon between Mr. Joseph
M. Jean and the director of the interior. Up to the
present, the above company is in the ‘ prospecting’
stage ; however, it seems to be satisfied with the
first results, and was able in a very short time to
ship to New York about 308 kilograms of India-rubber
[(fomme de balata).” — India Rubber IFor/fZ, June 10.

Cacao Production and Planting

Opini'rn of July 18 says: — The pre.sent jirice.s
for tills product do not make its cultivation very
alluring to planters, but though tlie profits just
now are small, a cocoa plantation is a thoroughly
good investment. It has few or no insect enemies,
and planted in suitable soil and climate has a
bearing life almost equal to that of tea. People
in “the know” declare that the low prices are
artificial, that is to say the manufactured article,
cocoa, chocolate, etc., is priced so high that
demand is much restricted. Be that as it may,
it is a noteworthy fact that the demand is
almost stationary, while cultivation is yearly
extending. Were it not for the present small
crops in South America, where a yearly increased
acreage is being brouglit into bearing, prices
would be even lower than tlicy are. If cocoa
ever establishes itself in South India, we hope
that a chocolate and cocoa factory will be si-
multaneously started. Certain it is that, unle.ss
organized eilorts are made by the growers to
stimulate consumption, no rise in the market
will take place.

Tka Cultivation in Japan.— Mr. James
H. Veitch, of the famous Chelsea firm of nursery-
men, has just printed for private circulation
his notes of his travels round the world in 1892 ;
and in writing of Japan he says: —

About ten miles due south from Kyoto is the vil-
lage of Uji, surrounded by tea plantations, long fa-
mous as producing the finest tea in Japan. The tea
plant is cultivated in a way different from what I have
Bsen elsewhere. In nearly all the fields the plants in
the rows, ranging from 2j to 4A feet high, were so
old and so inter-grown that each row was a thick
hedge several feet through, and only once did I notice
solitary specimens. Picking commences the second
week in May, after which tire tea is cleaned over by
girls in the peasants’ houses, and then subsequently
rolled between the hands of coolies. There are, of
course, no great drying or cleaning establishments,
each peasant's house, working independently in a
small way. Many fields were entirely covered with
straw mats on a low scaffolding of poles, and if looked
at from above, such as from a high part of the
road, one looked down on several acres of mats. I
assume that this is done on account of the plants
having reached a picking stage, and, it being
impossible owing to the cost of labour to pick all the
fields at once, the owners endeavour to retard the
further growth of the young shoots. Rain and sun
are excluded, and almost all light, for even from the
roof of mats a row is hung down all round each field, the

tops of the plants being hidden from view. One of the
choicest kinds is the Gyokuro (Jewelled Dew), varying
in price from 5 to 7.J dols., equal to 11s 3d and 21s
3d par lb. The Uji plantations are said to date from
the end of the twelfth ceutui'y, though it is believed
tea was introduced to .Japan from China by a Buddhist
Abbot— Dengyo Daishi — as far back as the
year 805.

The Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta,
— We give elsewhere Ur. King’s report on this
warden for the year 1895-96, which, though not
lengthy, is interesting. PToni it we learn that
the season from October to March was abnormally
dry, and many plants and trees perished or were
damaged by the drought. Steady progress has,
however been made in improving the Botanic
Garden, not only as a scientific centre for bo-
tanical students, but also as a pleasure resort
for the public. The steps leading to Col. Kyd’s
monument were renovated and paved with marble;
and a cutting from the sacred Bo tree at Bud-
dha Gaya was presented by Mr. Grierson, late
Magistrate of Howrah, and jilanted in the Gar-
den. Attention was as usual given to the cul-
tivation and distribution of plants of economic
value. Among these the skla, a fibre-producing
plant, and the Adhatoda vasim, a decoction of
wliieh is popularly believed to be a powerful
insecticide in tea plantations, were cultivated at
the instance of the Reporter on Economic Pro-
ducts. The decoction of Adhatoda va.<tica was
submitted to a test, but the results are reported
to have been of a .somewhat doubtful nature. In
Ceylon, says Dr. Trimen in his Handbook of the
Flora of Ccglon, this plant is much cultivated
by the natives as a fence, and is largely grown
.about Jaffna .as a green imanure for tobacco gar-
dens. The Sinhalese names are agaladora,
wanepola ; and the Tamil udatodni, pavetlaii A
jiortion of tlie Sibpur Experimental Farm was
devoted to raising whe.at from samples of seed
supplied from the various wheat-growing districts
in Bengal, and Dr. Pr.ain, the Curator of the
Herbarium, is now preparing a report on the
races grown and on their relations to the names
they be.ar in different districts. The collection
in the Herbarium was incre.a.sed by more tlian
17,000 specimens, the chief contributors being the
Director of the Royal Garden, Kew, and the
Keeper of the Botanical Department of the
National History Museum, London. During a
])ortion of the year Dr. Prain was deputed to
the whe.at-growing districts of Upper India with
the object of emiiiiring into the “ host” or vehicle
by w'hich the blight affecting whesit and barley,
commonly known as “ rust,” is propagated from
year to year. The matter is one of the utmost
importance, and it i.s lioi)ed (hat Dr. Prain’s in-
vestigations may render it jmssible to take eflec-
tive measures for the prevention of the.se destruc-
tive blights. During the year tw'o volumes were
added to the interesting series of G.arden Annals,
containing monograidis by Sir Joseph D. Hooker
on Indian Orchids and by Dr. D. D. Cunniii"-
ham on the obscure phenomena knowm as sleep
and sensitivity in plant, most of wdiich he traces
topurcly phy.sic.al proce.'^ses. Both Dr. King and
Dr. Plain also contributed valuable papers on
botanical subjects to various scientific journals.
The Lloyd Botanic Garden at D.arjeeiing was
ill charge of Mr. Kennedy, who carried out various
imiiroveiuents in the roads and conservatories
of the Garden. A gigantic .s])eeimen of the beauti-
ful Austr.ali.au fein, Todca bai bara, weighing up-
w'ards of half a (on, was pre.seiHed to tlie'tlar-
den by the distinguished botanist, Baron Von
Mueller, iv.c.M.u , e.r.s.

Sept, i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

201

$ot]respond6no0.

To the Editor*

SILK IN CEYLON.

Kandy, July 23.

Dear Sir, — As promised in my letter of
19th May, I now send you further particulars
regarding other species of .silkworms lately
introduced.

The hist which occupied my attention, after
the castor-oil worms, svas Antlicrcea Assama,
the ‘ Muga’ of Assam. This worm is only partly
domesticated, the worms being reared, by the
Assamese in the open air, in the same way as
the Tusser in many parts of India. From the
cocoons seat mo a ferv moths emerged on the
way, and laid their eggs in the bo.x. The
worms hatched six days later, but though I
ottered them leaves of fifteen difterent kinds, of
such trees as .seemed likely to suit them, tliey
ate scarcely any and I was obliged to throw
them away. We do not seem to have in Ceylon
any of the trees on wdiich this worm feeds in
Assam, though there are many closely-allied
species. The Muga worm gives live broods in a
year, and if it can be domesticated will prove
a very valuable acquisition. The demand for
its silk in Europe is already very large, as it
dyes more easily than Tusser and yields much
finer fabrics.

The next species introduced was one of the
many varieties of the Bombt/u mori, the mulberry-
feeding silkworm, from Bengal. This, like the
castor-oil worm, is very prolilic and gives eight
broods in the year. The worms spin their
cocoons about three w^eeks after hatching, and
the moths emerge ten or twelve days liter. I
cannot say j-et whether it is adapted to our
higher elevations, but up to 2,000 feet it should
do very w’eli. Owing to our more equable tem-
perature in Ceylon, the cocoons produced locally
already show a very marked improvement on those
reared in Bengal.

A third, species, also a mulberry-feeding worm,
and 2ifoducing about eight broods in the year,
seems more likely to be adapted to our higher
districts, though often reared in the plains of
India. My worms are being reared at an eleva-
tion of about 700 feet (temperature 75 deg. to
90 <leg.), and the moths are very vigorous, but the
w’orms may be found to produce larger cocoons
ill districts with a cooler climate.

As regards the disposal of the silk there is no
ditticulty. Until a silk Filature is established
here the cocoons can be shipped to London or
Calcutta. They should be dried, in the sun, if
possible, a few days after spinning, to prevent
the moths emerging, and packed in bales
of 50 or 100 lb.

As I am anxious to resume experiments in
domesticating the Ceylon Tusser worms, I shall
be very much obliged to anyone who will send
me a few live cocoons of this species. They
may be fouud, at varying elevations, on the country
almond, casliew, weralu, loquat, avocado pear,
kahaata (patena oak) and other trees. The collec-
tion of wild cocoons in India, for weaving or
export, has fallen off considerably, owing totlie
decrease of jungle through extended cultivation,
and the demand is steadily increasing.

I am sending you siiecimens of difterent co-
coons and a rough sketch of the Tusser cocoon,
which I hope may be of use. — Yours faithfully,

B.

SILKWORMS AND RHEA OK RAMIE.

Colombo, July 28.

Dear Sir, —Those who are experimenting in
sericulture will find an interesting paper on the
subject with a history of the Tittle that ha.s
been done in silkworm rearing in Ceylon— by
Dr. J. L. Vanderstraaten in the G. B. R. A. S’s
Journal, No. 23 of 1881. Some extracts from it,
giving the ex^ieriences of Father Falla and Mr.
Alex. Geddes should prove interesting to the
readers of the Observer if reprinted.

I see from the last T.A. that some Ceylon
planters ha\'e begun growing Rhea, and also
that the operations of the Rhea Fibre Treatment
Co., have been attendeil with a large measure
of success.

I may mention that within the last year some
2,0!)0 Rliea cuttings have been ilistributed by the
Colombo “ School of Agriculture.”

By-the-bye, a good deal was at one time written
about the value of Ramie leaves for feeding silk
worms. Any one wishing to try tlie experiment
can have parcels of leaves free of cost at the
school. — Yours truly, C. D.

BAMBOO DOGCARTS.

Diudigul Club, 28th July 1896.

Dear Sir, — -Mr. W. Turing Mackenzie can
obtain “ Bamboo Carts ” from Eduljee & Co. and
Nowrojee & Co., both of Lucknou', Oudh, India.

Eduljee & Co. make them from RlGO upwards,
and as they jiack very well the freiglit upon
them is little as compared to other carts.

The cheaper Bamboo Cart has no springs, the
bamboo shaft acting as such, but much the
better cart to have is the “Bamboo Muster”
Cart, with C springs and horizontal springs.
These are, of course, more expensive. I have
one of the latter kind, sjiecially built to hold
one person, with lancewood shafts and springs,
“Bamboo Muster” — but no bamboo about it, and
it is a first-class cart and has stood no end of
wear, it was built by Simpson & Co., Madras,
and cost about R4-50.

For ordinary use the £160 cart of Eduljee &
Co. is very good and serviceable. — Yours faith-
fully, G. M ENG EL.

THE COST OF COCONUT CULTIVATION
IN CEYLON.

Northern Province, August 1896.

Sin,— I have road with interest what literature I
could get hold of during the last ten years or so
on the subject of coconut cultivation in Ceylon ; but
I have never yet come across any article which
gives you some idea as to what the upkeep of an
estate of say 350 acres in the Northern Province
would cost per year.

I think it will be interesting and instructive if
some of your numerous correspondents will give the
benefit of their experience for the guidance of those
who wish to keep within reasonable limits in regard
to expenditure.

I give the ordinary heads of expenditure below ;
but the list is by no means complete ; —

1. Management. 10. F'ences.

2. Overseers. 11. Hoeing say l-5th of the

3. Picking ; assuming the total area.

6.

7.

8.
9.

annual crop to bo say
■100,000 nuts.

Copra making.
Dispatch of crop ; in-
cluding bagging,
weighing, &c.
Collecting and carting
nuts.

Stock-keepers.

Cattle food.

Horsekeep.

12. Ploughing say l-5th of
the total area.

13. Buildings.

11. Tanks, wells and roads.
1.5. Weeding.

16. Manuring.

17. General transport.

18. Nurseries.

19. Domestics.

20. Tools, itc.

26

202

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept.

1896.

Such a table of calculations drawn up in accor -
dance wi'h the present, enhanced rates of payment
will, I venture to think, prove eminently ustfnl. —
Yours faithfully, KOGATUS.

AN INSECT ENEMY OF TEA.

Woodisloe Estate, Wenda, Au<^. 12.

Slit, — I <ain .sondinff you this ilay a parcel con-
taining a few worms witli some tea leaves, as
they were found on the bushes. These I found
attackinpc my tea bushes and destroying them
to some e.vtent.

Therefore would you be kind enough to observe
these destructive insects and suggest a remedy
against this me my of (he tea hush, through your
valuable journal or otherwise. — Yours truly,

H. D. MARTIN.

[Our entomological authority writes: — “ I iiave
e.'camined the tea leaves you sent me yesterday.
The ‘ poochies’ rolled up in the tip of .some of them
are cateri)illars of a minute moth. In large num-
bers they would do harm to the tea bushes. The
upcountry friend who sent tliem to you must
know more about it than we can by a mere
e.xamiiiation of the injured leaves.” — Eo. C.O.]

AN INSECT ENEMY OF TEA.

Woodslee Estate, Weuda, 22nd Aug. 1896.

Ok.'ii: Sih, — I am very thankful to you for
the interest you have taken in examining the poo-
chies I sent yon the other day and giving insertion,
in your i)ai>er, to the opinion of your entomo-
logical authority about the same. Sorry I am
unable to make any better observation of tlie
insects, as I cannot pretend to know the natural
characteristics of these, in order to suggest a
favourable remedy to destroy them altogether,
before they can increa.se in large numbers, in
wliich case “ they would do harm to the tea
bushes.” But as far as I can observe the insects,
they don’t seem to be very rapid in their propaga-
tion. Tlicreforc, I think, tliis enemy will not he
able to destroy tlie tea bush to any appreciable
extent. Still, I get them picked daily otl my
bushr's and destroy them, this being the only way
I could adopt in |)utting an end to this iii-
scet eiicmu of tea. — Yours truly,

II. D. MAUTIN.

.iy

Till-: C()COA-BUTri*:i: Duty.— There seems (says
the Chemist ami Druijuist of July 18th) to be a strange
confusion about the cocoa-butter duty. On July 2nd
the House cf Commons resolved that a duty of 2d
per lb. should be levied on it. On Thursday, July
9th, after a further debate, it passed a resolution
deciaiing that ‘‘a duty of Customs of Id shall be
charged on that product of the cocoa-bean which is
generally known as cocoa-butter,” the Chancellor of
the Exchequer declaring that Messrs. Fry & Sons
and other dissenting linns had declared their acqui-
escence in that moditied duty. The presumption was
therefore that cocoa-butter imported between July
2nd and July 9th was dutiable at the rate of 2d
per lb., and that imported after July 9th at the rate
of Id per lb. But upon making inquiry at the Cus-
tom House this (Thursday) afternoon, we were in-
formed that no ollicial order imposing a duty had
yet reached that department, and that any cocoa-
butter iup'orted at this moment would still bo ad-
mitted dut\-frec>, uidess indeed an order to the
contrary should be received from headquarters before
the lot was cleared. How to reconede this state-
ment with the House of Commons’ resolutions we
fail to understand. Is it possible that the official
order giving effect to the resolution has become lost
somewhere in the Circumlocution office 't

DRUG REPORT.

(From the Chemist and Dnajgist.)

Loudon, Aug. (3th.

C.VMimoii (Crude).— The L(Uwlon market is quiet. At
the end of last week tliere were .sellers of Formosa for
Augusi.-October shipment at 95s per cwt., c. i. f. terms,
l)Ut quotations vary a good deal. At auction today 149
pickages of Forino.sa camphor, itupo ted via Hamburg,
sold at a decline of 7s od to 10s per cwt. compared
with tlie last auction ratci, but at about steady prices
compared witli tlie private quotations. The first 99 cases
of the parcel realised 110s, and for the remainder 107s (id
per cwt. was accepted.

C.VMPHOR (ilEi'i.NED).— Unchanged. At auction today

there were ii packages of .Japane-‘<' refined. For 1-lb.
sablets a bid of Is 4d per lb. wa.i rejected, and I oz.
quares Is 7d would have been taken, b it] he e
were no buyers ; j-oz. squares were bouglit in at 1st
8d per lb.

Oils (Essentui.).— Clove oil, owing to a further de-
cline in the raw material, has again been slightly
lowered, the present quotation from the English manu-
facturers being from Is lod to ?s per lb., according to
quality. On the other hand, there has been an advance
in English Oil of cinnamon, which now stands at 7s
to 7s (3d per oz. Citronella oil dull of sale, at Is 4d to
Is 6d per lb. on the spot, according to p.tcking. Lemon-
grass oil 2jd spot, and 2 23-32d. per oz. c. i. f. Cinnamon-
leaf oil is extremely scarce ; bids of 4*1 per oz.
have been rejected this week. Patchouli oil extremely
scarce. The English distillers ask Is lOd per oz., and for
Fisher's Singapore oil as much as Is 8d is asked.

Seeds (Various). — Thirty-five packages damaged dull
Coriander seed from South .4merica sold cheaply at 5s
per cwt. ; fair Malta cumin seed was bought in at 36s
to 37s, and for fair bright East Indian aunatto, a bid
of 2^(1 per lb. was refused.

V'axilla. — Eighty-three packages were offered today
and mostly sold. Good qualities, which are scarce,
realised steady prices, 2Js Cd to 26s per lb. for fine six
inch, Mauritius, 15s 6d to 19s for mixed sizes. A large
proportion of the supply, however, consisted of very
badly-cured mouldly Seychelles vanilla imported via Bom-
bay. The shipment of this has apjiarently been unduly
hurried, and the result was that it has sold at the low
price of 3s 6d to 7s 3d per lb.

Various Uruos.— Cubeb.s are quite neglected. Seventy-
four packages at auction were bought in ; fair, partly
stalky, from Singapore at 35s; ordinary, very small dmsty
and stalky mixed, at 25s per cwt. A case of two 45-lb.
tins of very astringent Kino from Bombay was bought
ill at 12s per lb.

«

Rue.v FiltRK. — Capital lias the following re-
marks .about rhea : — It is a stintless nettle tliat
will grow in .almost any soil that is not inun-
dated. It is indigenous to Assam .and can be
traced away, we believe, right tlirough Burma
and the >Slian States into China. That it has been
long known in China is beyond a doubt ; but the
curing of it lias not received much attention at
John Chinaman’s liands, although rude ajipliances
liave been in use for scraping the gum from the
fibre for many years, and these crude implements
can be seen at tlie British Consul.ate if any one
is anxious to see tliem. In Assam the so-called
Assame.se silks .are largely mixed with rhea. The
great v.alue of the lilas.se is that it retains its
lustre and shines just as the silkworm silks does,
until it has been several times subjected to the
treatment of the Indian dhobie ; wear out though
it won’t but siniidy loses its lustre, and those who
have been in the habit of wearing Assam silk suits
can distinguished the rhea lilasse which has been
mixed by the tiny knots into which it forms
after several thrashings of the Hindu washer-
man.

/ G1A”'ED skin, biles, SCALDS, bruises,
U2 C U TS, S TINGS, N E U llALG IC and RH EU-
MATIC BAINS, SOKE EYES, EAR-ACHE,
TlIROAd’ ('OU)S, and SKIN AIL.MENTS quickly

''lisrof'’*^' CALVERTS CARBOLIC OINTMENT-

Large Bots l.’Lpl. each (English rate). Sold at
Chemists, Stores, Ac.

F. C- CALVERT & C0-* Manchester.

Sept, r, 1896.] THE TROPICAL

TEA CULTURE IN ASSAM.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1895.

The following report has begn issued by the Assam
Administration : —

As in previous years, in the statement appended
to this Repoit, figures are given for each sub-division
separately in addition to the totals for each district.
The statement has been modified in accordance with
the instructions contained in circular letter No.
3070IS., dated the 1st July 1895, from the Director-
General of Statistics. Silchar continues to head the
list in regard to the number of tea gardens and the
area under tea cultivation, and the Dibrugarh sub-
division still shows the largest outturn.

OAUOKNS OPENED AND CLOSED, EXTENSIONS, AND

REI.INOUISHMENirs.

The total number of gardo is at the close of
1895 was 812 against 828 in 1891 showing a decrease
of 11 gardens. Details are given in the following talile; —
N umber of gardens.

District.

Cachar
Sylhet . .
Kamrup
Darrang
Nowgong . .
Sibsagar . .
Lakhimpur...

Total . .

f"

cn

a

<x>

>

o

6

7}

S •

d

s

o

p

u

ns

O Q*

u

O

^ O

S bC

a

Q)

o

Closed

ns

a

d

<1

Total.

a

0)

o

p

HH

1

5

3

—

8

— 7

6

—

—

—

—

.. 6

4

6

1

—

7

— 3

2

4

1

—

5

— 3

—

1

—

—

1

— 1

2

—

3

—

3

— 1

—

1

1

—

2

— 2

15

17

9

26

11

During the year 15 gardens were newly opened
against 48 in the previous year ; 17 were closed

against 7 in 1894, and 9 gardens were amalgamated
with other gardens, against 10 in 1894.

Number an-d area of Gardens and area of all
L V.NDS HELD BY TeA PLANTERS.

The following statement compares the number of
gardens in each district and the area of lands held for
purposes of tea cultivation, and also the total area
of all lands held by tea-planters for the past two
years ; —

Total area of

Total area of tea grants. Increase all lands held

in acres.

or

by tea-

decrease

planters in

1894.

1895.

in acres.

1895, in

acre**.

283,097

283,194

+97

283,194

180,399

131,544

— 48id55

200,107

100

100

—

100

852

852

—

852

19,518

18,798

— 720

24,122

104,716

92,956

— 11,760

105,294

50,144’^

60,404t

-t- 260

53., 592

228,851

2.30,3,50

—1,499

- 241,451

187,315

187,.589

-274

187,589

1,054, 992t

995,7871

— 59,205

1,096,301

* Includes one unworked garden,
t Revised figures.

I Includes 1,286 acres of land not fit for tea culti-
vation and not included in column 10 of the statement
appended to the Report.

RICULTURIST.

203

Number of tea

Increase

District.

gardens.

or

1894.

1895.

decrease.

Cachar

206

199

— 7

Sylhet

Kbasi and Jaiutia

127

133

— 6

Hills

1

1

Goalpaia

3

3

Kamrup

32*

29*

— 3

Darrang

87

84

— 3

Nowgong

55t

54t

— 1

Sibsagar

170

171

— 1

Lakhimpur

143

141

— 3

Total

829

818

11

The large decrease in the area of tea granis is
mainly due to the decrease of 48,855 acres in Sylhet.
The Deputy Commissioner explains that the figures
shewn in column 0 of the above statement were ob-
tained from the managers of tea estates, and are
not reliable, lie estimates the area of tea grants
in his district at 159,959 acres. The decroaso in
Kamprup is duo to the closure of some gardens,
while in Darrang it is attributed to greater accu-
racy in the figures now furnished. The total area of
grants is the same as the total area of all lands
held by planters in the districts of Cachar the
Khasia and Jaiutia Hills, Goalpara and Lakhimpur.
The corresponding totals in respect of the other
districts differ considerably. Steps were taken during
the year to ensure greater accuracy in respect of
the figures contained in this statement, and the
matter is still nnder consideration.

RETURNS AND ESTIMATES.

Some improvement has taken place in the number
of gardens furnishing statistics. Out of 812 gardens
statistics have been furnished in rtapect of 717
gardens, against 698 in the preceding year ; estimates
had to be framed for 95 gardens, against 125 in
1894. The Chief Commissioner’s thanks are due to
those managers and agents who have furnished the
required information.

NUMBER or PERSONS EMPLOYED.

The table below shows the total number of per-
sons employed permanently and temporarily on tea
gardens in each district;

Total number of persons employed

District.

during the year.
Permanently. Temporarily.

1894.

1895.

1894.

1895.

Cachar

. . 64,183

66,229

10,616

6,320

Sylhet

. . 72,369

85,094

.34,550

10,951

Goalpara

275*

262

15’"

34

Kamrup

. . 1,1.51

2,915

2,671

372

Darrang

. . 22,386

45,972

31,386

6,404

Nowgong

. , 15,331

18,663

3,684

2,656

Sibsagar

.. 65,117

77,343

11,447

3,554

7,597

Lakhimpur

. , 90,602

96,864

5,044

Total

.. 331,914

393,342

97,923

39,278

* Revised figures.

The total number employed permanently shows
an increase of 61,428 persons. The decrease in the
number of temporary hands is attributed to the new
method of calculation adopted in accordance with
the instructions contained in Circular No. 53 — 51,
dated the 14th of November, 1894, from the Govern-
ment of India in the Revenue and Agricultural
Department. It has not been found possible to
reconcile the figures with those in the Provincial
Labour Immigration Report. It may, however, be
remarked, as in paragraph 5 of last year’s report,
that of the two sets of figures those in the Immigra-
ton Report should be accepted as the more correct.

AREA UNDER MATURE AND IMMATURE PLANTS AND TOTAL

AREA OP TEA GRANTS.

The following statement gives the areas under
mature and immature plants and the total area hold
by tea-planters during the last fifteen years : —

Including six unworked gardens in 1894 and fivo
unworked gardens in 1895.

t Includes one unworked garden.

204

THE TROPICAL AGRICCLTURIST.

[Sept, i, ii;96.

(1) Under

mature plants.

(2) Under

immature

plants. (8)

Total area of tea

grants.

Year.

(1) Acres.

(2) Acres.

(3) Acres.

1881..

. . 133,293

25,134

706,649

1882..

. . 156,707

22,144

783,362

1883..

. . 161,707

27,746

922,664

1884..

.. 158,158

31,694

913,476

1885..

.. 159,876

37,634

921,891

1886..

.. 170,138

33,8od

934,134

1887..

. . 177,900

33,179

950,171

1888..

. . 188,329

28,347

955,499

1889..

. . 196,689

30,560

1,000,665

1890..

. . 200,658

30,380

994,497

1891..

. . 208,407

33,416

996,746

1892,.

. . 213,525

33.667

1,044,984

1893..

.. 221,368

35,257

1,042,277

1894,.

. . 229,316

39,480

1,054,992*

1895..

. . 234,909

41,105

994,501

• Revised figures.

OUTTURN BY DISTRICTS.

o

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IREA UNDER TEA CULTIVATION IN EACH DISTRICT.

The following statement compares the total
area under tea cultivation for the past two years, dis-
trict by district:—

Total area under mature

Increase

District.

and immature

or

plants.

decrease.

1894. 1895.

Acres. Acres.

Acres.

Cachar . .

.. .59,586

58,216

— 1,370

Sylhet , .

. . 54,926

62,979

plus 8,053

Khasi and .Jaiutia

Hills.,

30

30

• •

tioalpara

380

400

plus 20

Kamrup

4,534

4.953

„ 419

Darrang

. . 33,101

28,750

— 4,351

Nowgong

.. 11,837

12,239

plus 402

tjibsagar

. . 59,925

63,264

,, 3,339

Lakhimpur

. . 44,477

45,183

„ 706

Total

. . 268,796

276,014

„ 7,218

The total increase of 7,218 acres, as compared
with 12,171 acres in 1894, is distributed among all
districts, except Cachar and Darrang. In Cachar
it is stated that new extensions have not kept pace
with the areas of old tea abandoned, and in Dari’ang
the decrease is said to be more apparent than real,
being due to greater accuracy in the figures forcer-
tain gardens for which estimates had to be framed
in previous years.

AREA TAKEN UP FOR PLANTING, BUT NOT YET PLANTED.

The following statement shaws the total area of
lands taken up for planting, but not yet planted : —

District

Acres.

Cachar

. . 224,978

Sylhet

. . 68,566

Khasi and Jaintia Hills

70

Goalpara

, ,

452

Kamrup

• •

. . 13,815

Darrang

• •

. . 64,206

Nowgong

« •

. . 36,876

Sibsagar

• ,

. . 167,086

Lakhimpur

Total

. . 142,406

. . 718,487

THE TOTAL OUTTURN OF THE PROVINCM.

<D

The total outtnvu of tea during the year was C

99,524,674 lb., against 91,829.059 lb. in 1894, showing ^

an increase of 4 695,615 lb. The table given in the next S
•olumn oompares the figures furnished by theindian Tea ^
Association and the figures of the Trade lleturns with
those reported by the Deputy Conimissioners in their
annua* tea reports ; —

<s

CQh>

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Sept, i, 1896.]

THE I'ROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

205

The statement below shows the outturn of tea in
each district for the past two years; —

from the Lushai Hills and 877 from Manipur. The
price ranged from R20 to EGO per maimd.

District.

Rate of outturn per acre.
1894. 1895.

lb. lb.

Cachar

. . 339

393

Sylhet

. . 470

485

Khasi and Jaintia Hills

.. 200

133

Goalpara

.. 343

377

Kamrup

. . 194

136

Darrang

. . 487

455

Nowgong

.. 352

350

Sibsagar

.. 402

389

Lakimpur

. . 165

480

Total

.. 414

424

There was an increase of 4,095,515 lb., or 4‘95 per
cent., over the figures of the previous year. Increases
occurred in Cachar, Sylhet, Goalpara, Nowgong,
Sibsagar, and Lakhimpur. The districts of Kamrup
and Darrang alone showed a decrease in outturn.
The Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup reports that
six gardens were closed during the year, and that
there was no cultivation in five other gardens.

The Deputy Commissioner of Darrang attributes
the decrease in his district to the unfavouraple
weather which prevailed during the year, and also
to mosquito blight and red spider, which did much
damage to some gardens in both subdivisions of the
district. Floods, too, during the rainy season did
some damage on certain gardens in Darrang. The
increase in outturn in Sylhet and Goalpara is not
explained by the Deputy Commissioners. In Cachar,
the increase was ascribed to the weather having
been more favourable and blights less severe than
in the preceding year. In Nowgong, the increase
in the outturn is attributed partly to extension of
cultivation and partly to favourable weather; in
Sibsagar, an increase in the outturn was obtained
because a large area under tea came into full bear-
ing ; and in Lakhimpur, though there was an in-
crease in outturn, the planters consulted by the
Deputy Commissioner were generally of opinion
that the year was not a prosperous one ; the
season was unfavourable, and most gardens

were unable to work up to their estimated
outturn. In this connection, it must be remem-
bered that variations in the system of plucking of
tea cause considerable difference in outturn.
Planters frequently change from fine to coarse
plucking, and vice versa, according to the prices
ruling, or -expected to rule, in the market for fine
or coarse teas, and such changes are sometimes suffi-
cient to cause considerable differences in outtuui
independently of the adverse or favourable character
of the season.

YIELD PEK ACRE.

The yield per acre for the Surma Valley, the
Brahmaputra Valley, and for the whole province,
according to the district returns, is shown below : —

Cost of Production.

As ill previous years, Deputy Commissioners failed
to obtain any reliable information regarding the cost
of production. The Indian Tea Association have
also expressed regret at their inability to furnish
any statistics.

Prices.

The district reports are equally defective so far as
the prices of teas are concerned. The statistics fur-
nished by the Secretary to the Indian Tea Associa-
tion for 1895 are shown below: —

As. P.

7 4 per pound.

^ ”u ”

lower than those

Surma Valley teas . . . .

Brahmaputra Valley teas
These figures are considerably
for 1894, which were as follows : —

As. P.

8 8 per pound.

10 5 „ „

that prices
figures for

Surma Valley teas
Brahmaputra Valley teas
It should be remembered, however,
ruled exceptionally high in 1884. The
1892 and 1893 were —

1892.

As. P.

Surma Valley teas .. . . 8 IJ

Brahmaputra Valley teas . . 9 9

Distribution of Rainfall.

The rainfall at each district headquarters
the last six years is given, in inches, in the
ing statement: —

1893.
As. P.
1) 5
8 0

during

follow-

O

00

:Ovfir-(C5C<lO'^C5
P OO p O L'' cq o

t>C_g g

2 'g; > 3

Cj'^OOOi-HOOtH
p<>ipOOOiCCOC5
«b 05 CTi o 00
Tj1C0O5xr5CCi:CiC5r-l

05

CO

•^^OrHO^OfNC^

Ol ^ O
CO 00 05 CO

CO

05

CO

covoiHOcooocq

p p tH p p to CO oi
»OrH»^65Q0«jD'^O5
r:lO5C5Tt<:£)CDCOC0

05

00

cq 1-- to CO CO CO CO
ppppppC5lO

^ do cq i CO i5o
LO 05 cq CO CO o CO

05

CO

I>0t^i:-<NC005CO
O P to rH I-H CO to

do oi do r- cb do

OXl>»Tt<t0t0C005

1894.

1895.

lb.

lb.

o

C5

Surma Valley

396

437

CO

rH

Brahmaputra Valley

426

414

For the whole province

414

424

1 yield per acre, as furnished by the Indian Tea
iation, is given below

fl

1894.

1895.

o

lb.

lb.

c3

Surma Valley

407

420

•4-3

CO

Brahmaputra Valley

414

418

For the whole province

411

419

As regards the

05 CO o 1-1 to 1-H C5 CO
i^po5cq^pi^p
iHfHood5wdo(Nio
cqcooioot:^C5cq

u Q c3 wL

g = N p
sc cu o ^

CO m H [z; cc Q

TEA-SEED.

The following statistics relating to the import and
export of tea-seed for the past two years, are repro-
duced from the Trade Returns : —

Imports. Exports.

1894. 1895. 1894. 1895.

Mds. Mds. Mds. Mds.

Surma Valley . . 2,227 3,469

Brahmaputra Valley . . 2,483 9,858

For the whole province. . 4,910 13,327

Most of the district reports furnish no details
under this head. The Deputy Commissioner, Cachar,
reports that 43 maunds of tea-seed were imported

crop, the Deputy Commissioners report as follows :

Cachar. — There was one hailstorm during the year
From the 5th of June until the end of the month'

DEAFNE88,

Ringing in Ears, &C., no matter how .severe or lo;i"--
staiiding, will be sent post free.— Artificial Ear-
drums and similar appliances entirely superseded
Address THOMAS KEMRE, Victokia Ch.vmI
BERs, 19, Southampton Roiluings, Holborn
London. ’

An essay describing a really
genuine Cure for Deafnes.s,

206

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sept, i, 1896.

the weather was rather too dry for tea, and red
spider was prevalent. In July and August the
weather was variable and at times too cool, and
mosquito blight was prevalent.

Sylhet. — The weather was on the whole not favour-
able. It was too dry at the beginning and end of the
season, and too wet in the middle — from June to
September. There were also in places disastrous hail-
storms, and the cyclone of October did some damage.

Kamrup. — The year was noticeable for the early
close of the rains, and the consequent early stopxjage
of tea manufacture.

Darrang. — The year was remarkable for its very
short rainfall, and this seriously affected the outturn
of tea. This was notably the case, on some of the
finest estates in the district.

Sibsagar. — The weather was on the whole unfav-
ourable to the crop, the rainfall beiug generally
short and badly distributed. The early part of the
season was unusually dry, while cold dull weather
in July injuriously affected the flushing of leaf and
manufacture, and the season closed earlier than
usual in November.

Lakhimpur. —The season opened favourably. There
were heavy floods in the beginning of July. Tem-
perature was low in August and caused a check
throughout the district, fl ue rains ceased in October,
and this brought the He.i,sou abruptly to a close.
Prices were much low r than in 1894, and the year
was an unhealthy one. A leading planter in this
district reports that blister blight, followed by cater-
pillar and mosquito blight appeared early in the sea-
son ; mosquito blight attacked the gardens much
earlier than usual, and lasted in some cases until
the close of the season. A new blight was discovered
by Dr. Watt. This blight attacks the indigenous
plant only, the mites attacking the edges of the leaves
and working their way gradually through the veins
to the centre, the colour of the leaves so attacked,
being of a pale yellow ; if not checked, it would spread
over the whole bush, prevent its giving any leaf, and
possibly kill the plant. Dr. Watt suggested a remedy
in the infusion of Adhatoda vasica, which he found
most useful in preventing and exterminating the
blight — Englishman, July 28.

INDIAN PATENTS.

No. 2136 P. — Applications in respect of the under-
mentioned inventions have been filed, during the
week ending 1st August 1896, under the provisions
of Act V, of 1888.

Improvements in or connected with machinery for
rolling tea leaf. — No. 261 of 1896. — Nathan William
Horatio Sharpe, engineer, of 26, Perth road, Stroud-
green, London, for improvements in or connected
with and for chlorine machinery for rolling tea leaf.

Improvements in apparatus for packing tea or such
like substances. — No. 262 of 2896.— Nathan William
Horatio Sharpe, engineer, of 26, Perth road. Stroud-
green, London' for improvements in apparatus for
packing tea or such like substances.

Improvements to tea equalising or cutting mills. —
No. 266 of 1896.— Samuel Cleland Davidson, merchant,
of Sirocco engineering works, Belfast, Ireland, for
improvements in tea equalising or cutting mills.

Improvements in the process of, and machinery
or apparatus for, decorticating, preparing, twisting,
and winding, peat fibre or other fibrous n;aterial. —
No. 76 of 1896 — Gustave Adolphe Cannot, merchant,
of No. 20, Bucklersbury, in the city of London, for
improvements in the process of, and machinery or
apparatus for decorticating, preparing, twisting, and
winding, peat fibre or other fibrous material. (Speci-
fication filed 14th July 1896.)

The fees prescribed in Schedule 4 of Act V of
1888 have been paid for tl'.e continuance of exclusive
privilege in resj)ect of the undermentioned inven-
tions For the periods shown against each

For a machine for decorticating or extracting the
fibre from the leaves of the aloe plant and other
fibre bearing plants. — No, 220 of 1891. — llaribai

Khanduji, contractor, residing at No. 13, Bhandup
street, Mandvi Bunder, Bombay, for a machine for
decorticating or extracting the fibre from the leaves
of the aloe plant and other fibre bearing plants,
(Prom 21st April 1896 to 20th (Ypril 1897.)

Whereas the inventor's of the undermentioned in-
ventions have respectively failed to j>ay the fees
prescribed it is notified that the exclusive privilege
of making, selling, and using the said inventions in
British India and of authorising others so to do has
ceased : —

An improved punkah-pulling machine. — No. 129 of
1891. — Neil Douglas’ invention for an improved
punkah-pulling machine. (Specification filed 28th
April 1892.)

Improved method for preserving India Rubber,
gutta-percha and goods made therefrom. — No. 266 of
1891.— Herbert Samuel Elworthy’s invention lor a
novel or improved method for preserving India rubber,
vulcanized india rubber, gutta-percha and goods made
therefrom. (Specification filed 30th April 1992.) —
hulian and Eastern Engineer, Aug. 15.

— ^

INDIAN TEA SALES.

(From William Moran tfc Co.'s Market Re2)ort,)
C.MCUTTA, August 18th, 1896.

TEA. — During the fortnight 40,750 packages have
been offered and sold. For some of the better grades
prices have been a little irregular but not quotably
lower. Medium sorts have been steady at previous
rates, while all common tea has been well com-
peted for and shows some slight rise in value.

This week the sales will be large, aggregatin'^ nro-
bably 30,000 chests. & > e n f

Total quantity of Tea passed through Calcutta
from 1st April to 15th August.

Great Britain
Foreign Europe
America
Asia

Australia

1896.

1895.

1894.

37,407,642

34,365,964

.34,321,216

101,813

118,846

72,820

189,947

204,927

107,237

1,200,593

1,298,221

914,736

1,723,659

1,913,217

1,402,120

40,623,654

37,901,175

36,818,129

(From Watson, Mibthorp di Co.'s Tea Report)
Calcutta, Aug. 25.

27,739 packages of tea changed hands in the sales
held on the 20th inst. In sympathy with London
the market was not so active as it has been lately
and prices, although very irregular, generally dis-
played a downward tendency. The demand for the
Colonies, Bombay and other places was strong and
kept the range of rates for suitable grades very
steady.

'The average price of the 27,739 packages sold is
As. 8.0 about 8Jd. per lb. as compared with 15 513
packages sold on the 22nd August 1895 atAs.7.11 or
about 8^d per lb. and 18.994 packages sold on the
23rd August 1894 at As. 9.0 or about 9Jd per lb.

The exports from 1st April to 22ud August from
here to Great Britain are 41,143,.365 lb. as com-
pared with 40,073,207 lb. at the correspondent period
last season and 38 473,925 ib. in 1894.

Notk. — Last sale’s average was As. 8'5 or nearly
9Jd. ^

Teleou.^ms.— Reuter telegraphed from London on
the 17th inst.— “ Type ” 7 lo lOd.on the 18th— ‘'Tyne”
7 13-16d on the 20th,— Offered 35,000, sold 3'2(^
packages. Rather less request and prices irregular
Average 10.1. ” Ty pe ” 8d, and on the 21st— “'i\ ne”

E.’cciianoe.— Document bills, 6 months’ sight, Is ff^d

Fkeioht. — Steamer — A‘1-3-9 per con of 50c. ft.

Sept, i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

207

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

{Fmtiished by the Chamber of Commerce).

Colombo, Aug. 31st, 1896.

Exchange on London : Closing Rates, Bank Selling
Rates : — On demand 1/2 3 32 to 1-16; 4 months’ sight
1/2| to 3-32; 6 months’ sight 1/2J to 5-32.

Bank Buying Rates : — Credits 3 mouths’ sight 1/2R
6 months’ sight 1/2 9-32. Boots. 3 months’ sight
1/2 9-32 ; 6 months’ sight 1/2 5-16.

Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot
per bus., RIB’OO to 17.00. Estate Crops in Parchment,
delivery E85‘00 to 87'50. Plantation Estate Coffee,
f .o.b. on the spot per cwt, no quot. Liberian parchment
on the spot per bushel R13’00. Garden and Chetty
Coffee, f.o.b. per cwt. R73'00. Native Coffee f.o.b.
per cwt. — No buotations.

Tea. — Average Prices ruling during the week ; Broken
Pekoe, per lb 55c. Pekoe per lb 40c. Pekoe
Souchong, per lb 31c. Broken mixed and Dust, per
lb 27c. — Averages of Wednesday’s sale.

Cinchona Babk. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine,
per lb 014c. to 034c.

Cabdamoms. — per lb R150 to 2’00.

Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. No quotations.

Dealers’ oil per cwt. R13‘874 to 13'624 Coconut oil in
ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton. E315'00 to 310000

CoPKA. — Per candy of 560 lb R38'00 to 46'00

Coconut Cake ; (Poonac) f.o.b. per ton, R55 to 65.

Cocoa. — Unpicked and undried, per cwt. R30 to 37’00

Com Ya».-No., I .0

Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 64gC.

Ordinary Assortment, per lb 604c.

Ebony: per ton. — R75'0J to 195'00.

Plumbago : — Large Lumps per ton, R150

Ordinary Lumps per ton, R130 to 290.

Chips per ton, R80 to 140. Dust per ton, R30 to 90
continued better demand for fine qualities.

Rice. — Boolye per bag, R8‘25 to B9 25.

Pegu and Calcutta Calunda per bag R8 75 to R9.25.

Coast Calunda per bushel, R3 20 to R3'40.

Muttusamba per bushel, R3 25 to R3'40.

Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel — No quotations.

Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag R9 00.

Cargo.

Tea

Coconut Oil
Plumbago
Coconuts in bags
Other Cargo
Broken Stowage
SAILERS.
Coconut Oil
Plumbago

Freights.
9 0;-:

B o +0

j-i 9 >-i

(j) o aj

ft

s. d.

10/

10/

7/6
7/6
Ij^

5/

1^'

<D .

03 .

0) M

Q> 03

CO

Eh o

fer-l <u

* ^

s. d.

S- d.

s. d.

17/6

15/

25/

...

15/

25/

15/

25/

. .

15/

25/

• •

15/

25/

27/6

27/6

••

••

'S ®
o a o

m n

* m

s. d.

LOCAL MARKET.

By Mr. A. M. Chittambalam, 7, Baillie St.,

Garden Parchment
Chetty do
Native Coffee
do f.o.b.

Liberian Parchment,
do Coffee
Cardamoms.—

Cocoa. — (nominal)

PacE. — Market Steady: —
Kazla
Soolye

Callunda Scarce
Coast Callunda

Fort.

Colombo, Sept. 1st, 1896.
Scarce per bushel
do do

71 '00 to 72*00 per cwt
76*00 to 77*00 do
12*60 per bushel (nominal)
63*00 to 64*00 per cwt
1*00 to 2*00 per lb (nominal)
32*00 to 40*00 per cwt do

R6 75 to 7**25
7*60 to 8 *.50
8*25 to 8*50
3*00 to 3*20

per bag
do

pci* bushel

Kuruve (Scarce)

Muttusamba 3*25 to 3*50 do

Cinnamon.— Quoted Nos. l to 4, at 62candNo.s. land 2 a
65 cents per lb (nominal)

CHIPS.— R75*00 to 80*00

* Direct. Antwerp 7/6 ; Hamburg 10/ Genoa 12/6

Coconuts.— Ordinary

do Selected 43*00 to 45*00

Coconut Oil.— is*87 to 14*12

Copra. — Mark Steady: —

R38*00 to 42*00 per 1,000 (nominal)

.5.00 ...oo do

per cwt do

Kalpitiya
Marawila
Cart Copra
Poonac.— Gingelly
Chekku
Mill (retail)

Ebony. — quotation.s at
Satinwood.— cubic feet

H.4LMILLA.— do

R46*00 to 46*50 per candy
44*00 to 45*00 do
39*00 to 42*00 do
70*00 to 80*00 per ton
70*00 to 75*00 do
65*00 to 75*00 do
RlOO to R185 (nominal)
2*00 to 2*25 do
- -- 1*25 to 1*50 do

Kitul Fibre. — Quoted at R28 00 per cwt (nominal)
Palmyra Fibre. — Quoted nominally: —

Jaftna Black. — Cleaned (Scarce)

do Mixed R18*50 to 19*00

Indian do R7*00 to 9*00

Do Cleaned 10*00 to 14*00

Sapan AVood.— Quoted 55*00 to 60*00
Kerosine Oil — American 7*50 to 7*55
do Russian 3*39 to 3*44

Kapok.— Cleaned f. o.b :— R27*00 to 30*00
do Uncleaned (new) 5*75 to 6*00 per cwt

per cwt.
do

per ton
per case
per tin

Croton Seed
Nux. Vnomica

13*00 to 17 00
2*60 to 3*00

do
per cwt

CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION
1895-1896.

^ -J

05 1:
CO >

o

o

05 >
00 >

o ^

Q O

CO lO lO ci r-( . lA

O 1-- O Tji o :0 (M C5

*0 • O o CM U”; . ,-H

C-1 • O C*-) I-H

O IC rjl (M
CO CJO CO O
lO CO to
CO CO

o

CO 0® o
rH (M GQ
t- (M CO

00 00 to to

O rH 1^ O

• CO *»n . ^ ^

• CO JO • CO

05

CD

to Ci
I-' lO rH

C5*^OOOI>»OCO(M
— ‘COOO<MOO

05 W 01 -35
05 (M CO *^
05 CO
JO O CO i-H
05 r-l CO

CQ I— ' CQ “M

O O CO O !M
O CO O <M
CO r- r-( UO CO
tH CO CO CO rH
t- GO CO rH

05 01 CO O
<M CO CO 00
rH -s* >1
W UO O
00 rH O CQ
rH fig CO (M

00 CO rH CO

1 •- I'- Iv.

GO r}< CO
05 fig. O O
O J'- to
to *^ CO CO

13 .

a

o

a

O

O O O O rH

00 o o o o

I-- CO fi-J CO CO
Cf to CO 05 P*-
05 CO N?i CD
^51 CM

CO O O CO

00 O O r1

O O O (M

rH eg CO fig

00 • CO

O 05
CO 05

• 00 <M

• 05

CO

CO

05

O 05

o o

CM

O

o

o 1'- fig 00 CO
CO 05 CO l-- JO
'rf. C<3 CO

fig

OO O rH t>.
rH O CO
P;- rH O uo
tC5 CO ufi lO

tC05P-rH
03 rH (35 O

05 to O O
lO 05 00
eg (50 o ^
p o to
CM to o
eg fig (M <M

■ r. COI-rH

CN lO CO rH
to <M CO
O to
fig o

CM fi^l rH ^

.

1) A

H

I o

CO fM ,M
CO

12 ^ ^ ® I" CM O *0 lO t *• lO C5 rH to —( rn

CO to O -J* o: GO «c CO r-i U5; uo n S 2 S S

22 CM *COrJ«COrH »H

CO

l'.

® 35* ‘O CO
CO O rH
I-' CO C5

rH fig o O
O (M CO »0
I- r^ CO
tfo 00 o eo
i'- CO CO to

W 3
§H

CO X'- 1*- (35 05

CO CO fig lO CO

CO TJ1 o

1-H CO (05
CM fig rH

• fig to CO

•

CO 00 X'-
CO fig rH
p CO <M

o (05 eg i>.

CO fi^l o CO
C30 X^ rH «
IM (M

lO (M fig CO
O 00 03

Tti Pr

1-, CO r-i CO
rH to fig

to

o

O

a ^

So

^ I o

CO I-- <35 CO

CO 00 C-1 to CO
CO ^ to

wo
^ 05 CO
O o to

I

rH (05 <55
fM lO
• 0*1 05 CO

OJ

M

O

o

B

o

r>

bio

W

*5.'J I '

§ a

C^j

p3

'J*' eH .Oi CJ CS in- -J** rti LT r* _»

& c s iS t>> JO .S ^ ^ S § ^ ‘ ^

43 0}

O.S

.

o t
H

p to O CO

5T C5 05 ^
00 CO CO 05
O ^ o rH

rH Tji (M -j,

— • CO *o
C 05 05
C3 00 00

J-SrHrH

S' CO

S ^

09 CO

s ^

o ”

-w

l^co

O

H

o o

2o8

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Sept, i, 1896.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS.

(From L"wis <£ Peat's Fortmghtly Prices Current, London, Auejmt 12th, 1896.)

ALOES, Socotrino

Zanzibar ic Hoi<vti(
BEES’ WAX,

Zanzibar & < White .
Bombay 1 Yellow...
Mauritius .'t .liailairasear..
CAMPHOR, China
Japan

CARDAMOMS, Malabar..

Ceylon.— My.sore

,, Tellicherry...

„ Long ..
,, Mangalore
I ■ A bTO R OIL, Calcutta . .

Madras

CHI I, LIBS. Zaii/.iliRi ..
CINCHONA BARK.—
Ceylon

01 N.N A.MOb , Ceylon Istr
diul.-
Mr b

4tli8 and 5ths

C'lllpr

1,'LOVES, Penang

Amboyna
Zanzibar \
and Pemba /
Stems

COClILirs I.NDICU.S ...
COFFEE . ••

Ceylon Plantation

QUALITY.

Native
Liberian
COCOA, teylon

C lIiOMBO ROOT..

COIR ROPE, Ceylon
Cochin

FIBRE, Brush

QUOTATIONS.

Cochin ...
Stutling

COIR A’ARN, veylon ..

Cochin ..
do.

croton SEU.iS, s IL'cl...
OUlCH ... •••

UINUKK. Bengal, rough
Calicut, Cut A
B & C
Coebin

Japan

■JII.M AM.UUiNlAOU.M ..
ANIUI. Zanzibar...

-Madagascar ...
aRaUK; E. I. A A 1 n ...

Uhl ti ..
Kurrachee

Madras ...
A ss.\ I'CE rn' V

KINO

.MYKIUI. oickel ..

Aden .sorts
OLIBANUM drop

pickings

siftings

js 111 AKUniiKR, As.sam

Rangoon

Borneo

Fair to line dry
Ooinuioa tO good

Ct .(111 to fine
Fail-

Dark to good palish .
Fail average ipiality ...

» • • I ■ » • •

Clipped, bold, briglit fine
-Middling, stalky & lean
Fair to fine plump
See 's

Go-j 1 to fi Ill-
Brownish
Shelly t) good
-Med brown to good bold
Ists and -2nds
Ists and -2nds
Dull to line iirig'it

Ledgeriana Chips
Crown, Renewed . .

Org. Stem
Hybrid Root

( hip

Ordinary to fine quill ..

Woody and hard
Fair to g od

Dull to fine bright bold
Dull to tine
Good and tine bright
loir.inou diT; to fair
Fail-
Fair

Bol l to liuoboM c-iloty
-Midding to fine mid
Low mill ■ and low grown
.Smalls

Good ordinary

Small to I old

Bold to tine bold

-Medium and fair

Triage to ordinary

Fair to good

Ol d. & middling wormy

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to tine long straight
Ordinary to good clean
lonimou to tine
Jominoii to .siiperior

,. very tine ..
Roping, fair to good
Fair to good
F.iir to tine dry
Faii-

tiood to tine bold
Small and medium
Common to tine bold
Small and D's
Unsolit

Sm. blocky to tine clean
Picked tine pale in sorts
Part yellow ami mixed
Bean and I’ea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
-Med. -V bold glassy sorts
Fair to good pa,lish
., , red . .

Ordinary to good pale
I’ickings to tine pale ...
( lood and fine pale
Reddish to pale selected
.'ark to tine pale
Clean fr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine bright
Fair to hue pale
-Middling to good
Good to tine white ...
-Middling to faii-
Low to good |)ale
Slightly foul to tine ...
Good to tine
Common to foul & mxd.
Fair to good clem
Common to fine

44s a lOUs
11s a 7Cs

CT a .€8
TO a T7
TO 5s a T6 15s
107s Od a 110s
l-2‘2s Od a 12as
Is Id a 2s 8d
Is .5d a Is 9u
Is 8d a 3s 7d
2s 9d a 2s lOd
Is 8d a 2s
Is 3d a Is 8d
Is Od a 3s
-2s 4d a 3s Od
2R1 a 3R1
2id

2.5s a 35s

Id a 3Jd
2d a 4.1(1
lid a 3d
2id a 2,kl
lid a 2d
lOld a is Id
9.?d a Is
Ijd a lljd
8id a 9id
3d a 33d
7d a lid
3d a 4d
-2 MOd a -2id
l|d a 2id
3d

7s Od a 8s

110s a 118s
lOOsa 103s
9.5s a 100s
37s a 9;S
70s a 78.S
70s a 80s
53s a 7 1 s
50s a 50s
20s a 50s
12s a 17s
9s a lls
nominal
£10 a T15
CIO a C-24
Cl-2 a Cl 7
C 5 a CO 10s
C12 a C-20 10s
Cl2 a C34
,C1 1 lOs.a .£15
00s

1 7s a 32s Od
Us

00s a 73s Od
4-2s a 50s Od
32s Od a 34s
28s a 3',)s
I5s a 10s
I7s a 3Gs Od
CIO 7s Od a £13
C7 17/0a,£10 lOs
70s a £7 12/0
£4 5s a CO
90s a 137s Od
£4 8s a £0 15s
£5 a £7 .5s
50s a 70s
25s a 75s
05s a 75s
35s a 55s
45s a 05s
40s a 70s
15s a .'i is
£20 a £25
30s a 90s
:J3s a 05s
35s a 00s
20s a 3 Is
7s a I5s
Os Od a lls
Is lOd a -2s 3^d
3d a Is Od
Is Id a Is Hid
Is a Is 7d

INDIARUBBER, (Contd).
Java, Sing. & Penang

Mozambique

Madagasear
INDIGO, E.I.

M.ACE Bombay, % Penang

-MYRABOLANES, Madras
Bombay ..

Bengal

NUT-MEGS—

Bombay & Penang

NUTS, ARECA
NUX VO-MICA. Bombay
Madras

OIL OF ANISEED
CASSIA
L E-MONGRASS
NUT.MEG
CINNA.MON
CITRON ELBE
OR HELLA WEED-
Ceylon
Zanzibar.

PEPPER (Black)—

Alleppee & Tellicherry
Singapore

Acheen & W. C. Penan
PLU-MBAGO, lump

chips

dust

SAFFLOIVER

GUALITY.

Foul to good clean
Good to tine Ball
'rdinary to fair Ball
Low sandy Ball
Sausage, fair to good
Liver and livery Ball
FT- to tine pinky & white
Fair to good black
Niggers, low to good
Bengal --

Shipping mid tend violet
onsuming mill, to gd.

Ordinary to mid. good
-Mid. to good Jvurpah ..

Low to ordinary
-Mid. to good Madi-as .

Pale reddish to tine ..

Ordinary to fair
Chips and dark
Dark to line pale UG ..

F’air Coast
Jubblepore
Bhimlies
Rhajpore &c.

Calcutta
04’s to 57’s
llO’s to 80’s
lOO’s to l;i0’s
Ordinary to fair fre.sh
tbdinary to middling
Fair to good bold fresh
Small ordinary and fair 4s Od a 7s

QUOTATIONS

I s 3(1 a 2s 3d
2s 2d a 2s 5d
Is -2d a 2s If (I
lOd a Is Id
Is 4(1 a 2s 5^(1
Is 3jd a 23 2.id
Is lljd a 2s 5d
is 3(1 a Is 10(1
lOid a Is 0]d

4.S 0(1 a 5s 2(1
3s 9(1 a 4s 4(1
2s lOd a 3s 8d
2s Od a 3s 3d
Is a Is Od
Is 4d a -2s lOd
Is 7d a 2s 2(1
Is 2d a Is Od
Is

;s od a 4s Od
.. 4s

...'Ss 9(1 a Os
... 3s 9(1 a 7s
...j3s 0(1 a 5s Gd
.. ,3s Od a 5s Od
.. 2s 11(1 a 3s 2d
...lls 2d a 2s lOd
... 9(1 a Is
|8s Od a 12s Oil
,4s Oil a Os
Os a 7s Od

F'air merchantable
According to analysis
Good flavour & colour
Dingy to white
Ordinary to fair sweet
liright (K good flavour ..ils Od

(S Od
l4s 8d a 7s 0(1
•2.1(1

3i d a 4(1
|4d a Is 3d

-SANDAL MOOD—

Bombay. Logs
Chips
JIadr.as, J-ogs
( hips

N.VP.XN 'WOOD, Bombay
Madras
-Manila
.Siam

SEEDLAC
.SFINNA, Tinnevelly

SHELLS, -M. o'PEARL-
Bombay

Mussel

TAMARINDS, Calcutta .

-Madras ...

TORTOISESHELL—

Zanzibar and Bonibay

TURMERIC, Bengal
-Madras
Do.

Do.

Cochin

V.ANILLOES-

M.ini-itin.s and I Ists
Boni-bon ... / 2inls
3rds

-Seyclielies

VERMILION

Mid. to tine not ivoody . :Hs a 15s
Picked clean fiat leaf . ! 10s a 20s

wiry Mozambique! L5s a 17s Gd

Fair to bold heavy ... 2|(la2fd

Fair |2 -5-lOd

Dull to tine .. I "2(1 a 2 Jd
Fair to fine bright bold 15s a 17s Gd
'iiddling to good small Od a 13s
■ ‘Ull to tine bright Is Od a 8s 9d

Oi-din,u-y to fine bright 2s a Os

Good to line pinky
-Middling to fair
Infei-ior and pickings

F’air to line Havour

-I

|85s a 90s
80s

00s a 05s

£30 a £50
5.S a -C3
£30 a £50
£4 a i.'S
£i a Co
C4 a .£5 noni.
£4 10s a £5 15s
£0a.C7

F'air to good flavour ..

Inferior to tine
Lean to irood
Good average
i Rough it rooty to gooil

I bold smooth ..

Ord. dusty to gil. soluble “O-s a 95s
(oG(l to title bold gi-eeiiiOd a 8d
F’air middling mediuni'’2.}d a 5fil
Common dark and small id a 2d

Bold and A’s j»4 10sa£4 12sed

i )’s and B’s £4 5s a £4 15s

Small 7.5s a S5s

Small to bold ...'10s a .5()s

.Mid. to tine bl'k notstony'Os
Stony and inferior .'.|osa7s

-Selected ... ... 5ts

.Small to liold dark
iiioUle part heavy !!!'l7s a 23s
Fair .. j“s od

Fineer fair to fine boidlSsaPsOd
Mixed midliig. [briglit 7s a 8s
Bulbs .. .. "

Fiiiger
Biilbs

Os Oil a 7s od
7s I 7s Od
5s 0(1 a 7s Od

Gd. ci-ys-illized 4 a 9 in.
F'oxy it reddish 4V a 8
Lean and iiiferior
I Infei ior to line ciys- 1
I tallized 3) a 9 ill. /
Fine, [mre, In-iglit ...

!7s n 32s
Us a 1.5s
7-s a 10s

8s a 31s

2s 8(1 a 2s yd

TSEIE

COLOMBO.

Added as a Siqivlement MontMu to the TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST:’

The Collowing pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine
for September : —

Vol. VIII.]

SEPTEMBER, 1896.

[No.

SEASON EEPOllTS FOR JELY.

ESTER-N PROVINCE.— Yala paddy
croficS tlifiving well, and harvest
pi’ospects good ; dry grains sown
to a small extent, but good ; rain-
fall deficient, but better towards
end of month ; fruits and vege-
tables scarce, e.xcept in Rayigam Xorale.

Centual PxioviNCE. — Malia cultivation com-
menced in Kandy district, fair yala crop; in
Mataleyala cultivation very successful ; in Nuwara
Eliya ploughing and sowing going on ; prospects
of dry • grains, where cultivated, good ; rainfall,
generalfy sufRcient; fair supply of fruits and
vegetables in Nuwara Eliya. Stock. — Some foot
and mouth disease.

NoutukuN Province. — Paddy crops, good
average; tobacco harvest over in Jaffna, prices
low' ; rainfall deficient.

Southern Province. - Paddy fair in Galle
except in Hinidum Pattu ; poor in Hambantota,
except under Tissa ; but good in Matara ; dry
grains, good or fair; fruit and vegetables, fair
supply; some rain in Galle, very slight in Ham-
bantota ; a few cases foot and mouth disease in
Wellaboda Pattu.

EA.STERN Province. — Paddy prospects in Trinco_
malee good ; tobacco stock sold for good prices and
e.xhausted; rainfall very heavy in Batticaloa ;
fisheries good ; health of stock satisfactory.

North-Western Province. — Paddy crops and
prospects good in Kurunegala, but want of rain
has interfered with cultivation in Pnttalam ; good
crops expected in the central Chilaw division, but
;)u> wp.i)t of rain is felt in the southern division,

and many fields have consequently been aban-
doned; foot and mouth disense in some parts,
murrain decreasing in Katugampola but prevailing
in Dnmbadeni Ifatpattu.

North-Central Province. — Weather dry ; yala
crop being reaped in Tamankaduwa, in other
parts in various stages; murrain among cattle
decreasing, foot and mouth disease broken out.

Province op Uva, — Maha harvest good or mid-
dling; weather dry ; vegetables scarce, and fruit
scarce except in Wellassa: foot and mouth di.sease
in some districts.

Province of Sabagamuwa. — Prospects of yala
paddy crop good, preparation for maha ci’op
commenced ; weather favourable for all crops ;
foot and mouth disease on the decrease.

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OP
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH

OP

AUGUST

1896.

1

Saturday . .

•21

19

Wednesday .

•10

2

Sunday

•36

20

Thursday

•08

3

Monday

•68

21

Priclay

Nil

4

Tuesday

•55

22

Saturday

Nil

5

Wednesday . .

Nil

23

Sunday

Nil

6

Thursday . .

•04

24

Monday

Nil

7

Friday

•03

25

Tuesday

•15

8

Saturday . .

•45

26

Wednesday .

•24

9

Sunday

•05

27

Thursday .

•81

10

Monday

•09

28

Friday

•78

11

Tuesday

Nil

29

Saturda-y

•07

12

Wednesday . .

Nil

30

Sunday

Nil

13

Thursday . ,

Nil

31

Monday

Nil

14

Friday

Nil

1

Tuesday

Nil

15

Saturday , .

Nil

16

Sunday

Nil

Total

.4^J8

17

Monday

Nil

Mean .

•14

18

Tuesday

Nil

Greatest amount

of rainfall in any 24

lioura

on the 27th, Thursday, '81 inches.

Recorded by JM. W. K. Banhaiu,

210

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist^

[Sept. 1, 189G,

TllINNl^HJ OF FUUIT.

The thinning oi fruit is an iiuporUinl ()i)cialion,
particularly \vhen. the individual fruits in a bunch
are, as often happens, much crowded toget her. One
of the chief results of pruning is I hat the sap v\ hich
is dissipated over a large luunher of branches is
reserved for the developement of a few chosen
ones, with the result that the latter are rendered
more robust and fruitful. A similar result fol-
lows the operation of thinning fruit, for by the
removal of surplus fruit, what is left is allowed to
develope more perfectly. Again, where there is
overcrowding in bunches, light and air are not
equally supplied to the individual fruits, some of
■which become totally shut out from the influence
of these necessary agents, which control proper de-
velopement and maturing.

Some object to thinning in vine cultivation
on the score that a bunch of grapes is itself a
fruit, and therefore wdll not suffer being interfered
with. This is a fallacy, which those who are
unacquainted with structural botany are apt to ac-
cept as fact. A bunch of grapes is no more a fruit
than a bunch of plantains or a bunch of coconuts.
A fruit is the product oi a single flower, and the
fruits of the grape vine are true berries. There are
such things as collective fruits which result not
from a single flower but from a number of flowers.
Instances of these are the fruit of the tig, jak, and
pineapple- Botanists are careful to warn us
against the fallacy above alluded to. For
instance, in the te.vt-book oi structural and
physiological Botany by Thome and Bennet, special
reference is made to the fruits of the grape vine
as follows: — “The product of an inflorescence such
as a bunch of grai)es is not a fruit but rather a
group of fruits, eacl> separate berry or grajie
being a distinct fruit.” Those of our readers who
have seen the marvellously i)orfect grapes to be met
with in fruiterers’ shops in London, and are aware
of the high prices they realize will not readily
condemn the jjrocess of thinning which, as
a rule, the English gardener adopts. A gentle-
man wliG has had great experience in growing
table fruit writes to us “Thinning is a very
necessary and important o])eration in grape-
growing, if handsome bundles and good-look-
ing and well-flavoured fruit are desired.” In
"rowing for wine, the necessity for thinning
does not arise.

Mr. P. M. Bailey, f.t. s., the well-known
Colonial botanist, in his “lialf-Century of Notes
for the Guidance of Amateur Botanists” has the
following note on tliinning of fruits : — “If we
were noraware of the fact, a glance at tlie bulk of
fruit brought into the city of Brisbane for sale
would at once show to the practical gardener or
fruit-grow'er tliat little or no attention was being
paid Tn Queensland to this most inportant opera-
tion. The exhaustion consequent upon tlio
production of seed is a chief cau.se of tiiu decay
of plants. This exiilains why fruit trees are
weakened or rendered temporarily unproductive,
and some killed, by being allowed to ripen too
large a crop of fruit, or to ‘over-bear’ themselves,
as it is termed. It is to be sincerely hoped that
amateurs, who one may hear often boasting of the
breaking down of these trees from the weight of
fruit will bear this in mind. All wlio under.-stand
anything of the subject of fruit-growing con- id r

that thinning is one of the most important of
opei'ations. It shouhl be done with a bold and
fearless hand, and llii> perfection of that which is
loft on the trees will ami)ly leward the owner at
the harvest time ; and his reward will not only
be in t lie sujie! ior fruit, for the trees being kept
un weakened from over-bearing will be enabled to
mature their wood, and deja sit tlieir store of
sap to aid in the production of the following
year’s crop. Allow the air and light toget round
each fruit, and less harbours w'ill be found for
the lodgement of insect life.”

[Since the above was written we have been
favoured with a communication (which we also
publish in the present i.ssue) from Mr. W. Nock,
Acting Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens,
and a horliculturist of large experience, whose
opinion on the subject of thinning grapes should
dispel any doubts as to the efficacy of the proce-^s
from the minds of local vine growers. — Ed. A. A/.]

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

The article on “Ceylon Bee Culture ” gives a
record of what has been hitherto done inthei.«Iand
in the way of bee-keeping, and should prove inter-
esting to iiitcnding apiarists. So far atlemi»ts at
improved bee-keeping cannot be said to have been
attended with marked siicces.s, but that i.- no reason
why the industry, which has been established else-
where, should not with greater care and perse-
verance than has hitherto marked attemi)ts at
bee-keeping in Ceylon, prove both pos.sible and
remunerative with us. In our next is.siie we ho])e
to refer to the experience of another Ceylon ajn-
arist, and also touch on the subject of hives.

We have been favoured with a co])y of the
Annual Report of the Sericultural Exjieriments for
1895-1896, undertaken at the iustunce of the De-
partment of Land Records and Agiiculture, Bengal,
and a number of other periodical reports by Mr. N.
G. Mukerji, spcciali>t in sericulture. We'hope to
deal With these papers in our next issue.

By arrangement with the Hull Oil Manufactur-
ing Crmpany, Limited, we shall shortly undertake
a series of experiments with the highiy-.qioken of
Jlomco Raj)oMeal Manure so well rejiorted uj)on by
Dr. Bernard Dyer. The manure (to which reference
■was made in our last issue) is well suited to take
tl'.e place of castor cake, and we shall be glad to
have the co-operation of coconut idanters and
others in giving the fertilizer a fair trial.

The I’utent Sultan Water-lift wliich we leleired
to and de.scribed in our issue of Febiuary, 1895,
ajipears to be rapidly gaining ])cpularily. A com-
munication from the Superintendent of the Govern-
ment Gardens, Bangalore, speaks in high terms ef
the lift, which we should greatly desire to see gium
a trial in Ceylon.

In our last issue, Mr. E. T. Iloole refers to the
desirability of introducing some improved f uni uf
Sowing IMaclnne to the notice of the grain cultiva-
tors of Ceylon. Some time ago we conuniinicated
with Jlessrs. Lanka.ster & Co., the web-kno \n im-
plement makers, with reference to their broad-
cast hand seed-sower. The Manager of the firm,
in replying to us, wrote “ We have no doubt
that this machine would suit the needs of the rice

Sept. 1, 189G.]

211

Supplemont to the " Tropical Agriculturist.'’

growers of Ceylon.” lie informed u.s, further,
Mmt tiic machine, which costs ■ one guinea in
England, can be sent by parcel post for about
5 shillings.

That a beginning h.as been made of Entomo-
logical work in Ceylon is a matter to be tliank-
ful for. The co-operation of foreign e itomologists is
not wanting, and we ourselves have received letters
from Jingland with reference to entomological re-
search in the island. Miss Eleanor Ormerod, writ-
ing to ns a few years ago, strongly ni'ged the
necessity for noting down the habits of the most
injurious insects in the island, and collecting
these notes in a report with figures and correct
scientific names as well as popular names ; giving
ns the .a.ssurance “If I could, I would most gladly
lielp you.” Lately, came a request from Mr. G. E.
Strawson for information as regards insect and
fungoid pests, with the remark, “Tlie request I
make would probably prove of advantage to your
growers, as I devote the whole of my time to these
subjects, and 1 should like to have the fullest
information as to what is going on in Ceylon.’

A fresh demand would appear to have arisen for
ploughs, not for use in paddy land, but on coconut
estates particularly. During a late tour in the
Kiirunegala district we saw a number of Englisli
ploughs which are drawn by elei)hants on one of
the many estates belonging to the De Soysa family
in that district. On ai)])lication for ploughs being
made to the Scliool of Agriculture, some of the
larger implements which were given a trial in the
early days of the school and found too heavy for
work on paddy land, were sold with the sanction
of Government. A coconut j)lanter in the Kurune-
gala district ])urcha.sed fonr Swedish ploughs, and
another in the Mirigaina district tooh over three
turn-wrest ploughs. Since then a planter in
Nuwara Eliya has taken a couple of ploughs on loan
for use in the cultivation of corn as food for sheep.
We have had some light ploughs made locally.
Weighing about 21 lbs., and costing less than Klo,
which liave w^orked and worn well at the
school.

THE i:<SPECTION OP MEAT— II.

13y G. AV. Stuiigi?.ss, m.r.c.y..s., &c.. Government
Veterinary Surgeon.

{Continued.)

Horse Pi-ESu

is rather coarser in texture than beef, dryer,
and darker in colour. It has rather a sw'eet taste,
and it po-sses-es a peculiar sickly odour which
becomes more ])i'onouncod in two or three day.s.
Sometimes the bones are taken out in order to
deceive people and make it n'.'jemhle beef, the
term “Honed 1 lovselle.sh ” heiiig then apjilied.
The fat is a very gooil guide being of a deeper
yellow colour and softer in consistence than the
fat of the ox.

It is not unlit for food when fresh and the
animal healthy previous to death. On the Conti-
nent it is largely consumed as food, and to a great
extent in .some of the large towns in England.
It is allowed to be sold, but the person selling
must put up a notice to that effect over his shop
printed in letters not less than four inches long,
^t is illegal to sell it for any oilier tlesh.

Regarding the age of the animal a note may
not be out of place. If the carcase is whole (wdth
the head on) of course indication of the age is
afforded by the teeth, otherwise only an approxi-
mate estimate can be formed from the appearance
of the bones. In rather young animals the bones
are comparatively larger, the ends more expanded,
and they are softer and more easily ent than in
older animals. Also, they are slightly darker red
in colour, esjjecially at the ends. In the case of
poultry the leg bones break more easily in young
than in old, and the beak is not so hard and tough
as in older birds.

Marketable and Unmarketable Jlcsk.

I'lesh may be said to be unmarketable wdieii it
presents any abnormal appearance, although it
may not be nntit for food. It may be used pri-
vately. Por instance, a comparatively thin circase
might be consumed privately, but should not be
exposed for sale to the public. In one part of the
country flesh is eaten that would be refused in
another. Any flesh that is likely to produce harm-
ful results in human beings should be condemned,
also the flesh of any animal that has suffered from
any disease transmissible to maii.

Flesh that should be Omdemned.

The flesh of an animal that has suffered from
inflammation of any important organ, esp>ecially
where it has led to mortification, or from Pyaemia,
septicaemia, poisoning), Erysipelas, uraemia,

(m ine poisoning). Anthrax, variola, (cow-pox or
sheep])Ox), Trichiniasis (a disease caused by minute
worms lodged in the muscular tissue, especially
in the pig).

Plesh of animals that have suffered from
Glanders or Farcy, and from Hydatid disease
(resulting from tapeworms where little bladders
containing a clear or straw-coloured fluid are
found in the internal organs and tissues)/ advanced
stages of sirine fever, cancerous diseases, tuberculosis
(or cor.sumption) ; flesh shewing advanced stages of
muscular disease, or that has undergone putrefac-
tion ; or flesh that gives evidence of dropsy.

The administration of certain medicines to
animals imparts an odour to the flesh and renders
it unfit for sale ; for example, such medicines as
ether and turpentine give their characteristic odour
to the flesh of an animal that died or is killed soon
after a few doses.

In the examination of meat the internal organs
must, if possible, always be obtained and their
condition compared with that of the flesh.

There are vnri ms other organs and glands,
whose examination is of the greatest importance,
such for instance as the Lymphatic glands and
the Ilaemolymph glands in certain animals. These
can only be found and examined by an expert,
and i.heir eidarged, softened, discoloured or drop-
sical ajipearance determined by those conversant
vfith I he healthy or normal appx^arance.

The lle.sh should be carefully examined for
dro])sy, any undue moistness exciting suspicion.

Lining the inside of the cavity of the chest and
the abdominal cavity a thin glistening membrane
will be found. It is nearly transparent when
healthy and slightly moist when the animal is
freshly killed. In cases of pleurisy or tuberculosis
this membrane is generally diseased.

In ])leurisy it becomes thickened, opaque-red
in colour, or it may be covered with coagulated

Siqjjiloncnt to the “ Trojncal Agriculturist."

[Sept. 1, 1896.

010
/W I -J

lympli. Ill tuberculosis it is iiUo thickened and
pre, seats a warty ai)i)oarance, little growths lieiug
found all over it, .soinelimes in bunches.

Tliis lueinbrane should be looked for becansi a
dodge called “.stiipping” is practised, that is,
carelully peeling it off to liule indications of
disease. (Stripping must always be regarded with
suspicion, it is eitlier perfmaned to hide tlie dis-
eases just mentioned or to remove the green stain
causeil by food which has escaped fnim the
stomach or intestines. Again, it is I'esorted to, to
remove the green colour arising from putrid'action.

The i>ro])er ‘‘setting'’ of the carcase is inter-
fered with in disease, and in warm damp weather,
or when the animal has been exerted or exhausted
before death.

Abnormal Appearances of Flesh.

WhitK I'T.Esii.

Very white flesh may be an evidence of bad
nutrition, dropsy, anaemia or of general fatty
disease. It may generally be taken as an indica-
tion of interference with the pro]ier oxidation
of the blood, ])rf)bably some chronic lung disease.
A localised white appearance may be tlie result
of a muscular strain, and does not render the
remainder of tlie flesh unfit for food.

Pallor of the flesh is also seen in animals that
have died from choking, or from being over-driven
indor to slaughter.

(7b be continued.)

“NITRAGIN,” OR THE USE OE PUKE
CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA FOR
LEG UMINO US CROPS.

The last number of the “Journal nf the Royal
Agricultural Society of England” contains an in-
teresting contribution by l)r. Voelcker on tlie
above subject.

How cultivated leguminous crops obtained
their supplies of nitrogenous plant food and
enriched the soil in these constituents for the
succeeding croj), while themselves apparently
independent of nitrogenous manuring, was, until
the recent di.scovery of Jlellriegel, a (piestion that
haflled scientific investigators. While the earlier
experiment's ol Boussingault, conliimcd as they
were by those of Lawes, Gilbert, and Pugh in 18o7,
led to the conclusion that jilants could not
assimilate tlie free nitrogen of the atmosphere, it
remained a fact well-known to practical men that
a crop such as clover, under favourable conditions,
grew well wit bout nitrogenous manuring whatever,
and that nothing proved such a good iirejiaratory
crop and manuring for a cereal such as wheat— an
esscii daily nitivgon-reiiuiiing cr)ji— as did a
leguminous crop. As long ago as 1 8t>8 1 he late
J)r. Voelcker .showed as the result of direct
experiments that during the growth of clover
nitrogenous organic matter was stored up in the
soil ; that this increase took place where root fibres
Were most abundant; and that the nitrogenous
matter gradually decayed and formed nitrates,
in which state they were ready to be taken up
bv fbe succeeding cereal crop. He further indi-
cated his belief that in some as yet unexplained
\vav the atmosjjhere contributed directly to the
.accumulation of nitrogen in the soil in the case
of those nitrogcMi-Mipiilying crops. In 188(i, how-
tjver Ufllii'.‘gvl, with his fellow-worker M ilfarti),

supplied the true explanation, viz., that certain
leguminous crops are !ibh,>, by means of “ nodules ”
which form on their roots, to fix the free nitrogen
of the atmosphere. The precise nature of the
nodules was further ascertiiined by Beyorinck,
who found that the nodules of even the most
widely different kinds of legnminoiis plants con-
tained bacteria, which agreed so nearly with one
another in their external jiroperties, that he des-
cribed them as belonging all to one species, to
which he gave the name of liacillus radicola.

(Such a discovery as that of Hellriegel, natu-
rally turned the tlionghts of investigators to the
coiif-iileration of tlie bearing it would have upon
the iiractice of agricultuie, and how' it might he
utilised. The name of Dr. Nobbe, the distin-
gnisbed scientist, has been chiefly associated with
this doveloi>ment, particularly after Helliregel’s
death. If the conditions had been discovered
under which leguminous crojis could assimilate
the free nitrogen of the atmosphere, was it not
jiossible to ensure that these conditions should
be alway.s jiresent, and that the atmosphere sliould
be, as it were, laid under c ntrihution to snpjily
f/ratis, for the benefit nf crops that nitrogen which
it contains in such abundance, but wdiich is practi-
cally sealed to all crops, save those leguminous
ones which possess the jiower of fixing it ? This
was the question which Nobbe set himself to solve,
with the result that as recently as February 19th
of the present year, at a meeting of the German
Agricultural Society held in Berlin, Dr. Theil
was able to make the intere.sting communication
that Nobbe’s w'ork had culminated in the produc-
tion, on a commercial scale, of bacteria for ngri-
cultual purposes. It was further announced that
arrangements had been entered into with one of
the largest firms of chemical manufacturers in
Germany wdiereby the preparation of sjiecial
inoculating materials for particular leguminous
crops ivas to be carried on at these w'orks, and
that in a short time the works would be able, as a
matter of business, to siqiply the preparations to
anyone who might ajiply. To the leguminous
inoculating mateii il the name “ N’i tragi n ” was
given and the designation duly ri'gistered. The
word should therefore not be confounded with
the English word “Nitrogen,” since “Nitragin"
applies generally to all the inoculating materials
emidoyed for sjiecial leguminous croqs.

When the news of this discovery reached Eng-
land, the Royal Agricultural Society felt much
interested in it, and directed Dr. J. A. Voelcker
to investigate the matter on the spot, and to
obtain wdiat information he could about it.
Accordingly, about tho middle of April, he went
to Huchst, and also subsequently visited Dr.
Nobbe and others wdio had been at work on the
subject. At the Hiichst Fabrik he w’as given
every facility for obtaining the required informa-
tion, and there saw the .actual preparation of tho
“ Nitragin,” and its jirodnction on a commercial
scale, and in a form in wduch it could be put on
the market and bo utilised directly by agricul-
turists. The material had for only a w'eek or two
previously been thus jirepared, but it was then
obtainable for general use, and at one or two
places had already been tried on ordinary agri-
cultural soils and on a )ir.actical farming scale.

In our next issue w(‘ shall give further details
with reference to the nature and preparation of
“ Nitragin,"

Sept. 1, 1896.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist."

21.3

PRUNING.

( Continued. )

When a brand) is very weakly in appearance
and there seems little hope of improving it.s co))-
clition, or if it is badly attacked by some fungoid
disease, it is advisable to remove it at once
instead of allowing it to die on tlie tree. By
such interference the neighbouring branches will
be benefitted, for tlie sap which had been appro-
priated by the weakly or diseased brancli, and
was practically wasted before will go to furtber
nonrisli and help in the development of the
remaining branches.

1 have .‘•o far ende.avoured to show how I’ational
pruning will add greatly to the vujour of the
tree which should have our first attention. This
result obtained we are free to think about and
operate for fruit. But we must first recognise
the fact that an exuberance of sap in a branch
tends to force its buds to produce wood. Hence
it is that those branches where there i.s an
afiluence of sap lu'oduce more wood, while those
which have a more moderate supply ])voduce
mo)-e fruit and less wood ; therefore, when we
notice a branch producing too much wood we
must artifically ob:truct the too free circulation
of .sap in its direction by, for instance, bending the
branches towards the horizontal so as to force it into
fruit by this means. On the other hand if wood
is desired let the branch be bi-ougbt to as ver-
tical a position ns possible, and the su])ply of
saj) confined to two or three buds only. The
greater the obstacles to the free circubilion of
sap the greater will be the production of fruit
in that branch or plant. Ti-ees begin to form
buds for fruit after a certain number of years.
AVhat the fruit grower has to do in order to
check the free circulation or dissipation of sap
atid to induce production of fruit is to prune
short at laterals and long on secondary bi-anches.
He should also arch or bend the vigourous branches
as much as possible, occasionally e.xpo.-e the
roots and fearlessly mutilate the thickest and
most vertical roots which go deepest into the
ground.

The more we force our trees into bearing the
more we weaken them,w’hile the more we treat
them for wood, the more vigorous we make them.
It is hence of the first importance to the fruit
grower to know how to maintain the proper
mean between fruit and wood, the health and
durability of a tree depending upon the treat-
ment directed towards this end. In doubtful
cases it is better to give up pruning a branch for fruit
than one for wood ; for what we may lose t his
year will be gained in increased fruitfulness in
the future.

Where buds that produce wood are more
numerous than those which produce fruit, na-
turally a lai-ger proportion of sap will go to the
former, and tlie crop will suffer.^ This is why
in plants of modetate vigour we find better
specimens of fruit than in very vigorous or rank-
growing trees.

Trees or their branch to which light, air and
heat have not free access will be found to be
wmak. They will only grow in stature and pre-
dnee neither now wood nor fruit. This is why
it is advisable to give tree a symmetrical form,
so that all the component parts of the tree may

benefit by the action of light, air and heat, which
ai-e necessary agents for their health and strength.

All wood will not produce buds unless forced
bv the knife or by some interference with the
new wood it carries. This is why orange and
lemon ti’ees, as grown here, bear good w-ood
only froni 11’ to 20’ from the ground, wdiereas
if properly treated they could be made to do
so at 6’ with much iidvantage.

C. ZANETTI.

BEE-KEEPING IN CEYLON.

In his work entitled “ Eight Y'ears in Ceylon,”
Sir Samuel Baker refers at some length to Ceylon
honey bee.s, of whicli he himself recognised four
distinct varieties. He describes the Bambara as
the largest and most extensive honey-maker, and
refers to its comb as hanging from the bough of a
tree like a Cheshire cheese, being about the same
thickness but 5 or 6 inches gi-eater in diameter,
ne goes on to say that the honey of this bee is
not so much esteemed as tliat from the smaller
varieties, as the flavour partakes too strongly of
tl)o particular flower which the bee has frequented,
so that the honey varies in different seasons, and
is sometitnes so highly aperient that it must be
used with much caution. So partial, he says, are
these bees to particular blossoms that they
migrate from place to place at different periods
in quest of flowers that are then in bloom. The
next honey-maker lie recognises as very similar
in size and appearance to the Idve-bee of England.
This variety, he remarks, forms its nest in hollow
trees and in holes in rocks. Another bee he des-
cribes as similar in appearance bnt not more than
half the size of the last-named, suspending a
most delicate comb to the twigs of a tree. The
nest he says is no larger than an orange, but the
honey of the two latter is of the finest quality and
quite equal in flavour to the famed “ miel vert ”
of the Isle of Boiu’bnn.

Referring to wax. Sir Samuel Baker states that
in 1853 the export amounted to more than a ton,
and he considers that a great deal more might be
exported, but for the habit which the natives have
of consuming the wax with the honey.

The honey bees of Ceylon are the Mi-messa
{Apis indica), Bambara (Apis dorsata), Danduwel
(Apis Jiorea)—u\\ belonging to the family
Apidfc — and the kana-veyiya which belongs to the
family Trigome.

Tl'.e last-named does not demand much notice
as it is practically of no value as a honey

gathei-er. Mr. Benton* describes them thus :

The worker of this bee is inch long, has a
large head and a small blunt abdomen, the wings
being longer than the latter. They are black with
one light-coloured ring on the abdomen, which
is also light-coloured underneath, stingless, very
active, and gather pollen and honey. The strenath
of the worker is very great. The' queen is dark
yellow, and has an immense abdomen, her wings
not being strong enough to lift her body into the
air when the ovarie-s are filled with eggs. The
worker cells of this bee are abouc half the size
and of the shape of short, plump grains of wheat,
and arc placed in irregular bunches with x’assages
between ; the pollen cells or honey cells are fully

* An American apiarist who visited Ceyloa,

214

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.''

as large as good sized peas, and eacli forms a
group of its own. These bees are said to some-
times build a tube a foot long and 5 to |
inches in diameter, composed of particles of wood
glued together with some re.^^iuous gum. Through
this tul)e the bees enter. The kana-veyiya,, accord-
ing to Jayatilleke iludaliyar, produces a .'^^mall
quantity of honey which it collects in tlie
liollows of old bees and crevices of rocks or dila-
pidated buildings. The combs do not yield more
than a tea-cupful of honey wliich has rather an
acid taste and is only used for medicinal purposes.
The combs are generally about 4 or 5 inches in
circumference. They are said to be perfectly
barmless and easily handled. Tliis is no doubt
the same bee referred to by Sir Samuf“l Baker as
little smaller than a house-fly and building in the
hollow of a tree" where the entrance to his man-
sion is a hole no larger than would be made by a
lady’s stiletto.” The honey. Sir Samuel de.scribes
as “thick, black, and rather pungent but highly
aromatic molasses.”

Of the genus Apidae, the only species that is in
any way cultivated, is tlie mi-raes.sa, the common
honeybee of C.jylon which is too well known to
need minute description. The tollowiirg is the
method of bee-keeping in vogue among the nativi!o
as described by Mudaiiyar Jayatilleke in the paper
he read before the C B.R.A.S. some years ago: —
They sweeten the pot to be used as a hive by
fumigating it with resin and islace it in a cool
elevated position, smearing the mouth of the pot
with a little honey during the swarming season.
The wild bees take to them without the least
trouble and begin building their combs and lilling
them. When the proper season comes round the
j)Ots are broken and blown into to drive out the
bees and all the honey as well as the brood combs
abstracted. Tlie honey is of course retained but
he c ombs thrown away with the result that a
great waste of material and reckless destruction
of bee-life is caused. When the ne.’ct swarming
soa.son comes round, which is between March and
April, a fresh pot is set up in the manner de.scribod
and in the same position for the ne.vt supply of
honey which is obtained in July or August. The
largest supply obtained by the natives in this way is
said to be about d or 4 bottles. The wild bees
build in the ci’evices and hollows of rocks and trees,
and if the combs are not abstracted by hunters at
the proper season, they them.-:elves consume the
produce and abandon the empty comb.s, betaking
tliemselres to the woods. It is firmly believed
by the natives that when the swarming season
comes round the bees return to their old haunts
and set to work ag.ain.

Tlie Danduwel (Apis flove%) is called by Muda-
iiyar Jayatilleke an unprofitable bee ju’oducirig
very little honey. It attaches its .solitary combs,

in. by 5 in., to the branch of a tree. The honey
from this bee is esteemed by the natives as being
coot and nice, but the .species is not con.'idered
to bo at all adapted for rearing purposes, as its
produce is very .scanty.

Mr. Benton mentions that ho did not see this bee,
but that a piece of its broad comb which ho secured
w'as half an inch tliick and showed hexagonal
wax cells eighty-one to the sipiare inch of worker
comb, while tlie drone comb had twenty-live. 'I’lio
workers, ho concluded, mustthen be about t he size of
Apis indica, but much more slender, being in fact
quite wusp-Iiko in shape, allliough the drones are

[Sept. ], 1896.

oil doubt quile ns large, if not slightly larger, than
those of Ajns indica. This bee is said to build a
single comb wdiich it attaches to the branch of
some tree or to the horizontal timber of a building.
1 think, says Mr. Benton, that under favourable
circiun.stances it will, like other sptcies of the
same genus, build additional combs parallel to
the first.

It wa.s in 1881 that Mr. Benton visited Ceylon
with tile object of studying the characters of
Ceylon lioiiey bees and securing .<^tock.s of them,
lie declared that the Bambara (Apis dovsata) as
“ the most wonderful bee in the world,’" and
recognised in it a splendid hoiiey-mnker. Through
the help of Mudaiiyar S.uuuel Jayatilleke of
Kurunegala, Mr. Beuton secured the stocks which
ho was in need of. He seemed to have sati.sfied
himself that the Bambara is so much feared by
the natives of Ceylon owing to its being confused
with the Debara or large wasp, but that if
intelligently managed in a manner which ac-
cords with its peculiar traits it will be found to
be no more dangerous than the other species of the
.same genus.

Ihe f.ate of the stocks ( f bees taken away by
Mr. Benton from Ceylon is narraced in a letter writ-
ten from Cyprus by the Apiarist to Mr. John
Jerguson of the Ceylon Observer, where Mr. Benton
states: “Upon my arriv.al in Beyrout the large
bee.s. Apis Dorsata (Bambara) were still alive
having withstood their long hot journey wonder-
fully well, showing great tenacity of life, so great
as to surprise me. The bo.x of little ones Apis
Jioreu (Banduwel-messo) were also in good orrier.

1 had fed both kinds with sugar during the
journey. In Beyrout both were permitted to
fly. Ihe large bees seemed restless even when
the air was cool towards night, and many came
out and died, while the small ones were more
prudent and only flew out when the air was warm.
As a result the former dwindled away, while the
latter were still in good order when arriveil
in Cyprus two weeks later. But an accident
hap])ened, soon after my arrival here, to the
queen of my little bees, and now they arc no
more.”

It is curious that Mr. Benton should have taken
away with him a .stock ot yl, Jlorea (Ikinduwel ),
toe least important cf Ceylon bees, as he himself
has stated, and not of A. Indica (.Me-messa) the
common honey bee of Ceylon, wdiich is the only
one at all cultivated. Indeed, the Editor of the
Ceylon Observer referring to .Mr. Benton’s visit

writes : (1) Mr. Benton returned to Colombo... .

with some colonies of Bambara (.\pis dor.sata)
as well as ot the small A, Indica," And again
(2) “We hope to hear of hi^ (Mr. Benton'.s) safe
arrival there (in Cyprirs), and also of the safe
arrival ot his interiisting charge, wdiich wdll then
]>robably be f.iie first introiliietion of the A/>is
Dorsata and A. Indica into Eurojie ; " wdiile in a
contribut ion written by jMr. Benton to an Ameri-
can Journal ho Inm.self states : “ 1 did not see the
bee which the natives call by this name (Uandu-
wel-messo, the name heading the paragraph).
On the occasion of Mr. Benton’s visit to Ceylon he
introduced some Cyprian bees into the Island.
These bees are reiiorted in the Tropical Ayricul-
fiiiisf ot .1 uiu', l881,to be flourishing weli wdth
Mr. W. II. Wright (at the Aviary, Colombo,) and
JUudaliyar Jayatilleke (Kurunegala). Mr. Wright’s
e.xpei'iments were not attended with success, lie

Siqrplement to the “ Jropical Af/ncuttunst.”

Sept. 1, 1896.]

good enough to inform me in reply to a
letter I wrote him. that he purchased hives from
Mr, Benton at UoO each, and also kept several
native liives, but regrets to say that he has not
been successful in geUing much honey. lie fears
the climate in Ceylon is not very favourable to
apiculture. Ilis experience is that the bees gather
honey to be consumed by them during moon-lit
nights, leaving only some of it for the use of
their young during dark-night seasons, which is
tlie only time the honey can be gathered, and what
is secured is not very much. Mr. Wright still
keeps a few hives on his Mirigama property, but
gets no more from one jnnt to a'quart at a time.

Ill 1882 some German bee-keepers addressed a
letter to the Imijerial German Con.sid at Madras
applying f^r stocks of the Bambara bee to which
their attention had been drawn by Mr. Benton,
with the object (1) of domesticating it, and (2) of
crossing it with, the Apis mellifera. The possi-
bility of this crossing was, however, scouted by
ilr. Benton himself. There is no evidence forth-
coming as to whether the required stocks were
supplied.

A correspondent signing iiimself “Iloneydew”
details his ex[)eriences in his attempt to domesti-
cate the Bambara in the Tropical Agriculturist of
September, 1882. Though he had a hive made, as
he describes it, “ after the .English pattern with
sliding frames, glass top. See." he did not meet with
success, for while the bees fed heartily on the
honey supplied to them during the dull weather,
they all took wing on the first bright sunny day.

“ lloneydew’s ’’ way of securing a swarm is amus-
ing enough, lie advises that you should [)roceed
at night wiih a servant and a pair of pyj.imas: —
‘■First, tie up the legs of the article of apparel, then
gently put the top pirt over the bees close up
against the rock, then with a stick cut away the
bees as they hang and Ih.ey all fall down in a mas.s,
when l)y pulling the tape of the pyj.'imas the top
is clo.'od ami there you have tluim.” Having
removed them they are let oat of caxHivity into
the hives by one of the legs.

In 1890 Mr. A. W. Jayawardene, late headmaster
of the School of Agriculture and now a notary
practising at Mada’.npe in the Chilaw district,
contributed some notes on Bee-culture to the
A (jricultural Magazine,

Not long after the publication of Mr. Jaya-
wardene’s notes, a letter was contributed to the
Oerjlon Observer of 18th June. 1890, by Mr. Joseph
Holloway of Wattegama, who referring to the
statement made by Mr. Jayawardene that the
Bambara cannot be domesticatetl, gave his own
e.xperience as follows : — 1 had a swarm of Bambara
in 188o for months in a hive (latter made and
sent out from Germany) kept in the verandah
of my bungalow on Maria Estate. These got as
tame ns any bee ever will be, made their comb,
deposited their honey in the upper, and had
their brood in the lowtr part of the hive. Many
visitors came and inspected them.^ The hive was
always open, and the bees could easily' have got

away Unfortunately they' swarmed during

my absence from the estate, and the cooly-gardener
was frightened to catch them again as 1 ordered
him to tlo, and lost them.

Mr. Hollow'ay mentions that Mr. 11. Dathe of
Estrup, Hanover, the largest bee-keeper in the
world, came to Ceylon to secure a swarm of the

21.^.

Bambara in 188.3. This apiarist stayed with Mr.
Holloway, and after remaining some two months
left with about seven hives full. Alost of the bees
died on the way to Jaffa, and the balance which
were fed on sugar, honey ana water iifter leaving
the hives and returning to it on two occasions
abandoned it entirely on the third. “Since then,”
say's Air. Holloway, “iMr. Hathe of Estriq) and
Air. Zamalior of Jaffa have pressed me much to
send them a swarm of Bambara which they' say
would be worth Ii-jO in Germany. The difliciilty
is to get someone who understands how to feed
them and keep the hive free from insects, and would
not be afraid of a sting. It is on account of the
latter that 1 had to give up bee-keeping, though I
made a good start with Egyptian bees brought
over by' Air. Dathe and our own bees.”

THINNING GllABES.

On a recent visit to the Agricultural School I
was much struck with the fact that no attempt
had been made to thin, either the bunches or the
berries in the experimental plot of vines, and
knowing from practical experience how the
neglect of this work tells on young vines — or in
fact on all young fruit trees — 1 have been led
to make the following remarks which I trust may'
be of some use to those now ex[)erimenling with
the cultivation of grap»es.

In order to obtain healthy’, well-developed
and good-flavoured fruit for the table, it is
absolutely necessary that the bunches and berries
be early and carefully thinned. This operation
requires patience, boldness, and a light .steady
hand. ' ^

The proper time to commence is as soon as
po.ssible after the fiowm-s have .set. The work
when done at this time will save much wasteful
expenditure of energy on the part of the vines,
and will prove of great adv’antage in the making
of large and handsome fruit.

The iirst thing to consider is whether the
variety about to be thinned has long or short
foot-stalks. If the latter, the thinning should be
more liberally and evenly done. The berries of
those varieties with the greatest length of foot-
stalk should be left much closer together at the
shoulders, as the berries will force each other
upward.s and outwards as tliey increase in size.

The tools required are a pair of grape scissors
a clean light stick and some good tying material!
Tile inner bark of Hibiscus tiliaceus, the ‘‘Beli-
patta” of the Sinhalese is just the right thino- for
the purpose. This material was brought to my
notice by Air. Charles Byide of Ambalangoda, and
through his kindness in sending me a su’piily
1 have been able to experiment with it and have
proved it to be excellent in every' way and a first-
rate substitute for the “Cuba Bast” so much used
by horticulturists in Europe. It is a common
wild plant in the low-country' near the coast and
the fibre is easily prepared.

lo commence the actual work of thinnino'
wo should begin by tying up the shoulders,
bringing each up to a horizontal position and,
arranging them at equal distaimes all round!
These will require 1, 2, 3, or more ties accoi'diug

Supph77ient to the “ Tropical Agriculhmst.”

[Sept. 1, 1896.

210

to their size and estimated ultimate weight. The
ties should be about an inch apart so us to give
full support and prevent the shoulders from be-
ing broken off (when the berries swell and gain
weight) where the tying material is fa.stened.
Should the bunches be large, the second tier of
shoulders must be tied up in a line willi the
centres of the angles formed by tho-e above, and
so on until the bottom is nearly approaclieth
This tying up which is only required in large bun-
ches is the most tedious part of the w«rk,
.Commence thinning the berries from the base,
gradually working up to the top, and cut away
all the smaller and inner ones until the berries
left are about an inch aj)art, wdiich, in most cases,
wiU be found to be about the right distance 10
allow for the full developement of the berries.
Great care must be exercised in guiding tlie
scissors, so that the points do not prick the fruit,
and the central berry of each small cluster must
be caiefully preserved. At the lower part of tlie
bunch this is generally the only one necessary to
leave. The thin smooth stick may be used with the
one hand to steady the bunch, while the other
guides the scissors in cutting out the berries. It
is better not to touch the berries at all with the
hand.

If the vines are weak, or it the bunches have
set too thick, the bunches will also require to be
thinned. If the Vine is healthy about 1 lb. of fruit
may be left to each foot-run of rod.

In England, where grapes are grown largely
for market, the thinning of the fruit often makes
the difference between a paying and non-paying
crop, especially in a wet season when an extra
thinning is beneticial, as itcr.usi's tlieair to circulale
among the berries and allows water to i)ass off
without lodging and causing decay, as it would do
if the bellies weie pressing hard on one another.

W. i\OCK.

SEKICULTUEE.

Before giving a short account of some of the
better wild silks in India, it w'ould be well
to mention that experiments have been carried
on in Ceylon from time to time both in raising
the wild silkworm as well as the dome>ticated
varieties. But these e.xperiments it would appear
have not been followed with any ajipreciable success.

Dr. J. L. Vanderstraaten, in a paper contributed
by him to the Journal of the Ceylon Branch
of the Eoyal Asiatic .Society in 1881, makes
mention of some of these attempt.--. So far
back as 1663 it appears from Valentyn’s History
of Ceylon, that “iu Jaffnapatam experiments
are made to nourish the silk-worm and obtain by
it a source of livelihood. Mulberry trees have
been iilanted here and in many other places, and
they appear to thrive well. In January and
February worms are transported from Jaffna, and
other small insects can be collected here. These
are occupations which are interesting and can be
undertaken with little pains and at small cost.”

Ur. Vanderstni'jteu also gives extracts from
other works on Ceylon which have reference to
Sericulture. In March, 1740, Governor Van
Imhoff left the following memorandum on silk.
“Silk has not been so successful as we anticipated
when we began to grow it here.” It is also men-
tioreil that on the site of the village now known

as Sedawatto, the first experiment in Seri-
culture was made by the Portuguese. The
name .Sedawatte meins silk garden. Later
on in 1879 Eev. Father Palla of the Eoman
Catholic .Mission made attempts to raise the mul-
berry silkworm at Galle. In November, 1879,
Father Palla a])plied to His Excellency the
Governor, Sir J. E. Longden, to use his inliuence
in obtaining a supply of eggs from China or
Japan. In December, 1880, the first supply was
received from Yeddo and handed to Father
Palla. They began to hatch a few days after
they were exposed to the air iu a ventilated room.
The caterpillars were)kept in little paper boxes
containing tender mulberry leaves.

The late Jlr. Geddes, who was the Editor of the
Catholic Meifsenyer, carried on experiments in
raising silk-worms at his garden at Parratte in
Moratuwa. It appe.ars from a letter which is
published in the Hoyal Asiatic Society’s Jour-
nal already referred to, that he succeeded in
obtaining silk from cultivated as well as wild
varieties, but it is doubtful whether the under-
taking was a commercial success.

1 have already noted in my previous paper
that the three important varieties of wild Indian
silks are the Tusser, the Muga, and the Eri
worms.

7'he Tusser silk-worm is the most important
of the Indian wild silks; it occurs in the forests
of the lower plains. The Tusser goes through
its metamorphosis twice a year. The worms hutch
out from the eggs about the ninth day. They live
and feed for from thirty to forty days jiassiug
through five moults at intervals of from five to
eight days. After twenty-one days from the com-
mencement of the spinning of the cocoons the
moths come out. The cocoons are very compact
containing a large amount of coarse buff-coloured
silk. They aie often of a very large size
attaining nearly 2^ inches in length and 1^ inches
in diameter. Dr, Watts, in his Dictionary of
Economic Products of India, gives a list of the
])rincij)Ml trees on which this worm feeds, and
among others he mentions: —

Jiassiu latifolia ver. Mahawa, a tree closely
allied to the Siidialese Mi.

Jiomba.v malabaricvm, Sing. Katu Imbul.

Carcya arborea, Sing. Kahata.

Celastrus paniculatn, Sing. Duhudu

Chloro.vylon swietenia, Sing. Buruta.

Euyenia jambolana, Sing, Maha-dan

T'iciis reliyiosa, Bo.

Layerstrcemia indica and L. parviflora, Sing.
Muruta.

Jlicinus communis, Sing. Endaru.

Shorea robusta, Sal.

Tectona yrandis, Sing. Tdkka.

Terminalia balerica, Sing. Hulu.

7'. catayya, Sing. Ivottamba.

Zizyjdius jujuba, Sing. Masan.

Mr. Geddes in a letter regarding this experience
of tlie Tusser silk-worm at Moratuwa, mentions
that the worm also feeds on Kaju {Anacardium
occidcntale), Weralu (Kleocaryus serratus), Am.
Another plant which he mentions ns Katakaluica
must be the Sing. Bovitya f Mela-'-foma mala-
bathricum).

W. A. D. S.

(To be con t inn'' ','

Sept. 1, 1896.]

Sui^plcment to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. ”

217

FKUIT CULTURE IN WESTERN INDIA.

The fruit-grower finds a ready market for his
produce in Bombny. The large number of steamers
that call at the harbour as well as the wealthy
European and native population of the city readily
purchase the large quantities of fruit that are daily
brought to the city and offered for rather high
prices.

Bombay is famous for its mangoes ; in fact they
are par excellence the first of the indigenous fruit
of Western India. The best varieties are the
Alfonzo or Appus which is classed as No. 1, and
the Piry which is No. 2. The latter fetches from
E8 to R12 per 100, and the former R12 to R15 ; and
so a gardener who possesses a few dozen trees of
these varieties can make his fortune in a few years.

A typically good mango should be sweet, fibre-
less, thin-skinned, fairly large but small-stoned,
and have as little as possible of the turpentine-like
flavour in it. All these qualities are jwetty well
developed in the two varieties mentioned above,
especially in the Appus.

It is by grafting that the excellence of these two
varieties is preserved, as it is too commonly found
that seed -grown trees do not prove true to their
kind. The method of grafting adopted by tlie
Bombay gardeners is that by “ approach,” seed-
lings which are a year old being used as stock.
They are grown in pots and bung on the branches
for the purpose. The grafting is done pretty much
in the same way as that adopted in Jaffna.

One should be very careful in the selection of
mangoes, for neither their colour nor their smell
is a test of their good qualities. Indeed, I might
gay that the proof of the mango, as that of the
pudding, is in the eating ! Some inferior kinds
give out a better aroma and have a more tempt-
ing colour than the superior varieties. Strangers
are often misled in this way, and new arrivals
from Europe, when they once happen to be so
duped, contract a prejudice against mangoes in
general.

Mangoes even of the best variety must be fully
matured and perfectly ripe before they are eaten.
Some of the best kinds are quite sour before
properly ripe, and if gathered before they have
matured and kept to ripen, they do notdevelope
their best flavours and are often insipid.

The question ns to the relative e.xcellence of the
Bombay and Ceylon mangoes is rather a difficult
one to decide, and some of my Bombny friends would
not tolerate the idea of the latter being considered
superior in qualitj'. It may, however, be safely
said that a few of the Ceylon varieties, especially
certain grafted ones of the North, compare very
Livourably with Bombay mangoes. The real

Japana ” mango, so well-known in Colombo, al-
though it is so modest-looking and unassuming in
apjiearance, is not a variety to be despised. The
onlj' objectionable feature in it is that it has a
little too much of the turpentinelike flavour, and
1 have seen some fastidious persons soaking the
pulp in coconut “milk ” or juice before eating it,
so as to get rid of this flavour.

A Ceylone.-=e visiting Bombay will be sur-
prised to find how much is made of the custard
apple. Soon after the mango season is over in
Bombay, custard aj)ples begin to come in and
take the place of the former fruit to a large extent.
A custard apple tree is considered second only to

the mango as regards profit. The price of a dozen
custard apples ranges from twelve annas to a rupee.
The tree bears better in Western India than in
Ceylon, because more care is taken about it there,
and it is attended to almost as much as the orange
or any other fruit tree that is usually grown in
orchards. Considering the fact that this tree can
be easily grown and wuthout any great e.xpense, it
will be to the interest of the Cejdon fruit-grower
to take to its cultivation ; and once the general
public acquire a taste for custard apples,
there will be a constant demand for them. The
custard apple is a much more agreeable fruit than
the other two allied fruits of the Nat. Order Ano-
nacece, viz., the “sour-sop” and the “bullock’s
heart,” the peculiar smell and sour taste of the
former, and the rank, coarse flavour of the latter
being objectionable to many. There is besides a
common belief among the natives that the latter
fruit w hen consumed largely brings on boils. None
of these objections apply to the custard apple, and
a stranger takes a liking to it very soon. But the
fruit as we find it in Ceylon is small and requires
much improvement which must be effected by
careful selection and cultivation, and by intro-
ducing superior varieties from India or elsewhere
if necessary.

Other fruits grown in and near Bombay in
considerable quantities are the bananas, oranges,
guavas, melons, the papaw, &c. The vine is
grown at various altitudes, and the Black Ham-
burgh is reputed the best variety as regards
flavour and regularity of bearing. English fruits
such as applies and pears are brought chiefly from
upcoLintry.

All these fruits find a ready sale in Bombay
and here, in Ceylon, there is no reason why the
case should be otherwise. AFith the large number
of steamers that now call at Colombo, and with
the increase of the wealthy European and native
population in the metropolis, and the large towns
in the Island, there is bound to be an ever-growing
demand for fruit; and the supply must keep pace
with it. Superior varieties of fruit if produced
in abundance, especially in those parts from which
the produce can be transported to the large town
markets by rail, may be counted uj)on to yield
good returns. By a system of careful selection,
suitable cultivation, manuring, pruning and
thinning out overcrowded fruits, many of the
indigenous varieties of fruit can undoubtedly be
improved and made to fetch higher prices in the
market. Some trees that fruit earlier and later
than the usual fruiting season should also be
grown, if possible, .so as to distribute the crops all
through the year as far as practicable. Superior
foreign varieties should be introduced in cases
where the indigenous ones are poor ; and grafting
and budding should be resorted to as a moans of
improvement.

AVhen we note the great strides made in America
and Australia in fruit-culture, we cannot but ad-
mit that there are vast possibilities for a tropical
and fertile Island like Ceylon for improving and
developing the cultivation of fruits. And for
some time to come, at least, there is no fear of
the fruit-grower overstocking the home-market.
But when we are threatened by such a crisis,
then it will be time to think of sending out our
fruit, preserved and tinned, to the foreign markets
of the world.

E. T. IIOOLE.

218

Supplement to the ^'Tropical Agriculturist.” [Sept. 1, 1896,

THE ^'UTRITIVE PROCESS IN PLANTS.
(Prof. J. Reynolds Green, D.Sc., f.r.s.)

Turning to more permanent stores than the cells
of the leaf afford, how, for instance, is the struc-
ture which we know by the name of potato formed ?
When we cut it we find that, though bulky and
solid, it is not woody but is of a succulent
consistency, its firmness being largely due to
distention of its substance by water. If we cut a
thin section of it and look at it through the
miscroscope we find it tc be made up of nothing
but cells, and that the greater number of them are
gorged with grains of starch. These are much
larger than the grains in the leaf and have a
complicated structure, they are in shape irregularly
oval, and their surfaces are marked by nearly
concentric lines of striation, dividing them
apparently into layers. The centre of these cells
is not the geometrical centre of the grain, but
lies near the smaller end, and the rings or laj'ers
are much narrower at that end than at the other.
How did the starch get there ? There is no
chlorophyll in the part known technically as the
tuber, nor has light access to it during its forma-
tion and growth.

The appearance of the starch there coincided in
point of time with its removal from the leaves,
which we have seen first formed it. To remove
it a process of transformation was necessary, of
just the opposite kind to that which led to its
transitory appearance. The chloroplastid con-
verted starcli into sugar, something else must
have again converted the sugar into starch. This
was the first and essential step, for the solid
grain of starch could not pass through the wall of
the leaf cell and so travel from place to place in
the plant. It has been ascertained in the last
few years that this change is brought about in
the leaf by the action of a so-called enzyme, or
unorganized ferment, known as diastase, the same
body as has been known for so many years to
be the active agent in the saccharification of
malt. The identification of euzj’me in the leaf
was difficult, but there is now no doubt of its
presence. By its agency, particularly during the
hours of darkness, when the constructive activity
of the leaf was suspended, tlie transitory starch
in the leaf-cells was converted into sugar. This
sugar which is known as maltose, or malt sugar,
made its way from the leaf down the stem into
the tuber, which is really only an underground
branch which becomes very much swollen and does
not increase in length. It found a convenient
path in those vascular bundles which supplied the
leaf with water from tlie root, and whicli serve
therefore as the channels of conduction not only
for water but also for the elaborated products
which the leaf has found. On reaching the cells
of the tuber a conversion of the sugar into starch
again took place. In these cells there are a
number of small protoplasmic corpuscles, much
like chloroi^hyll grains, only without the
colouring matter. They are called leuco]} last ids
because they are white or rather colourless. In
their nature they resemble chloroplastids very
closely, turning green when exj^osed for a consider-
able time to light. They not only resemble
chloroplastids thus, but they behave very much
like in relation to the stream of sugar solution
which reaches them. Absorbing them, they form

in the substance of their bodies starch, which they
pour out from some portion of their surface. Thus
a little profusion of starch appears at one side of
a leucoplastid ; soon another outpouring takes
place which flows round the first one ; a third
follows, and a fourth, and so on, the successive
layers causing the striated appearance we have
seen to be characteristic of the adult grain. Their
activity lasts much longer than that ot the
chloroplastid, and the starch grain is therefore
much larger. Their activity continues, indeed,
till they are completely used up and disappear.
It is not very easy to see these leucoplastids in
the potato ; they can be aeen, however, more
easily in other plants where they are larger and
not round [e.y., the cells of some orchids). In a
few places, such as some pollen grains, starch
grains are found in large numbers without the aid
of leucoplastids so far as we know at present.
They seem in this case to be constructed by the
protoplasm of the cell.

GENERAL ITEMS.

The following, wdtli reference to ticks perhaps,
the most troublesome pest of cattle in the tropics,
is from Nature. In Ceylon, tlie favourite remedy
against ticks is coconut oil with wliicli infested
animals are smeared, generally a mixture of
common salt and oil being used for the purpose : —
“Dr. M. Francis, Veterinarian of the Experi-
ment Station, has drawn our attention to an
account by him of the method of destroying
ticks on the cattle of Texas, and, as the study
of the tick pest is one of his principal duties,
this description is of great value. After several
unsuccessful attempts to destroy the pest by
various means, the dipping process has been
adopted in Texas with very gratifying results.
A large vat of five thousand gallons capacity
is used, and the cattle are forced to swim
through it. Various carbolic and arsenical sheep-
dips w'ere employed as solutions in the vat, but
the results were not satisfactory ; either the
cattle had to be kejit in the dips for too long
a time in order to kill all the ticks, or they
were irritated by the solutions. This led Dr.
Francis to try the ell'ect of oil in destroying the
ticks. It is well-known that grease or oil, of
almost any kind, is fatal to insects, lice, &c.,
and knowm facts as to the life-history and struc-
ture of ticks gave presumptive evidence that oil
might be successfully substituted for the various
commercial dips which had been employed. A
layer from three-quarters to one inch in thick-
ness, of crude cotton-seed oil on the w’ater in
the vat was first used, the cattle being forced to
swim through the vat, so that wdien thej' emerged
they were covered perfectly wdth oil. This had
no apparent ett'ect on the cattle, but was found
to be exceedingly fatal to the tick, and was
very much superior to any other treatment tried.
Dips of different nature w'ere experimented with,
but none as yet used has given such satisfac-
tory results as the cotton-seed oil. Kerosene
emulsion was found to have no practical value ;
crude petroleum irritates the skin, and emulsifies
■with water; resin oil is useless for the jnirpose ;
corrosive suldimate is too dangerous and is not
very fatal to ticks even in solution l'2o0 in waiter,
an(t tobacco sheep-dips have no jiractical value.
Dr. Francis is at present studying the cfl’ects
of other oils, the most ])romislng being We.st
ATrginia Black, a mineral oil.”

Sept. 1, J896.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist."

219

If wool-growers, horse-breeders and dairymen
were to select their stock in the haphazard
manner that many farmers select their seed grain,
giving no subsequent attention towards selection
and improvement, it goes without saying that
several specialities for which our stock are be-
coming famous would deteriorate in quality with
far greater rapidity than it has improved in the
time spent in establishing the present standard
of excellence. Careful natural selection and
breeding are absolutely necessary in every branch
of husbandry. By no one is the want of selec-
tion and improvement more severely felt than by
tlic grain-grower. Every year the difficulty of
obtaining good seed is increasing. Wheat-growers
will bear this out. Varieties true to name are
almost impossible to obtain. Good-looking seed
is sometimes purchased under the impression
that it is of the variety desired, but when the
crop matures, the seed turns out to be a mix-
ture of perhaps half-a-dozen different varieties.
Perhaps not two of these varieties ripen at the
same lime. With a mixture of this kind an

average ripening is impossible, and a decreased
yield the inevitable result.

Why should the farmer depend uj)on the
retailer for his supply of seed grain ? Every
farmer should make it a point to grow his own
seed. If lie has to purchase he should endeavour
to personally inspect the crop while growing, so
that he can satisfy himself not only as to its
purity, but also as to its yielding capabilities.
A change every third or fourth year will be
quite often enough. It does not take long to
grow a sufficient quantity of grain for seeding
purposes for the whole farm. The main thing
is to begin properly. By carefully selecting the
best sample of grain it is possible to obtain seed
possessing a producing power of fully 50 per cent,
greater than under ordinary circumstances. Plx-
periments in this direction have borne out the
truth of this statement. “Like begets like,”
and when we are so careful in the matter of
constitution and vigour in the animal kingdom
why shou’d not similar watchfulness be displayed
in the selection of seed grain ?

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^ MONTHLY. I>^ '

Vol. XVI.] COLOMBO, OCTOBER ist, 1896. [No. 4.

PLANTING IN VENEZUELA : COFFEE,
COCOA, &c.

OMMEECIAL intereats in Vene-
zuela are suffering from the by
no means uncommon, but none
the less unpleasant, experience
of reaction after a period of
undue inflation, this latter resul-
ting from large amounts of
foreign capital being drawn
into the country for the construction of railways
and other public works.

Commerical business is, however, on a fairly sound
footing in Venezuela. Merchants who give long credits
seldom do so without some solid security for the
debt. As a rule when owners of coffee or cocoa
plantations obtain advances it is on the condition of
the crop being consigned to the merchant who makes
the loan, and the principal with interest at the rate
of 12 per cent, per annum, is deducted from the
proceeds. Then, again, the currency is on a sound
basis, gold coin being the standard of the country
though the bolivar, equal to a franc, is the monetary
unit. Moreover, the two principal banks, the Bank
of Venezuela and the Bank of Caracas, are managed
on sound business lines, and are in a perfectly sol-
vent condition. It is difficult to understand why
under such conditions money is so dear. The rates
vary from 12 per cent, to 15 per cent annually, even
when secured on easily realizable real estate or other
tangible assets. The very high rate of interest un-
doubtedly checks the development and progress of
the country, and the only plausible explanation for
it is the constant fear of revolution and the want of
confidence in the ability of any administration to
conduct satisfactorily the internal affairs of the
country. There is a lack of moral responsibility
towards Venezuela amongst the Venezuelans that
breeds an ever-present feeling of distrust and uncertainty
amongst business men, and many years of peace and
prosperity must successively occur before this feeling
is eradicated, or even mitigated to any marked
extent

As regards the trade of Venezuela with the out,
side world, the value of English goods imported is
greater than that from any other country. Next
comes that of the United States, then Germany,
France, and Spain in the order named, England
supplies cottons, wollens, and general merchandise ;
the United States breadstuffs, oils, and provisions ;
Germany cutlery and general merchandise ; Prance
silks and fancy goods ; Spain and Cuba wines and
tobacco. As traders throughout Venezuela the Germans
are certainly first in importance and numbers, and
German merchants are found in every section of the
country. Next in order come the Venezuelans in
every class of business, then the French, and, lastly,
the Spaniards and Italians. As merchants or traders
the English and Americans are hardly existent; a
few of either nationality may be established here
and there, but the number is so small, and their
influence so slight, as to call for no special com-
ment.

The value of the produce exported shows the balance
of trade to be slightly in favour of Venezuela. Coffee
forms the principal item, the total shipped being some

51,000 tons during 1894 ; of this, however, about 5,000
tons, though despatched as Venezuelan, came from
Colombia and must be deducted. The following is
an approximate list of the exports and the values
at the port of shipment: —

Coffee
Cocoa
Hi ’cs
Gold

Other products

46.000 tons. £3,680,000

7,000 „ 60,000

170.000 „ 90,000

50,000oz. 180,000

— 100,000

Total £4,110,000

I do not vouch for these figures being absolutely
accurate, statistics being difiScult to obtain in Venezuela
but they are as nearly exact as careful inquiries can
make them. Thanks to the initiative of Sir Vincent
Barrington, a Chamber of Commerce has now beeen
established in Caracas and at other places. A special
point aimed at is to compile accurate statistical returns,
and in a year or so such information will be available
for public use.

The principal industries of Venezuela are the
cultivation of coffee and cocoa, cattle-raising, the
growth of sugar-cane and its manufacture into sugar

223

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Oct. i, 1896.

and ram for local use, gold-mining, and the collection
of natural products, such as vegetable ivory, ebony and
other woods, dyewoods, and a variety of articles ot
minor importance for exportation. Coffee is the main
staple of Venezuelan wealth, the cultivation extending
in more or less degree to all districts of the llepnblic
where soil ard climate are suitable. The port of Mara-
cayboships annually some 30,000 tons from the Arn'i^
States adjoinim- Cdlnnbia, Puerto Gabe-llo abo ut i
tons from the country round about Valencia, and ira
Guayra from 12,000 to 13.000 tons from the districts
withia reach Caracas. Venezuelan coffee deserve y
bears a high reputation, and would gam still more
in favour if greater attention was paid to the method
of cultivation and preparation for market, i-im
total area under coffee is estsmated at f>;om 33^
to 200 000 acres, and the average yield at a little unae
5cwt. per acre. The plantations have neglected
appearance generally-knee-deep weeds and the

trees unpruned and nncared for. Tne coffee is giown
under shade trees, forming a strong protection trom
the hot sun. The total cost of cultivation and othei
charges up to the time of the delivery of the bean
in a marketable state in Caracas or elsewhere is
calculated at about 35s. per cwt., thus leaving a
considerable profit the grower at
values. But naiiy drawbacks exist to deter Europeans
from embarking in the enterprise. A revolution breaks
out, and the male labourers “’e ^requisition^ to
serve as soldiers on one side or the other. Other
difficulties incidental to these South American conntne
are always liable to crop up. In the sitting room
of Mr. Middleton, Her Majesty’s former Ministei

Resident to this country, are two large water-coloius.
The one represents a coffee plantation at H a. m.,
everybody smiling and happy, and the routine work
in full swing , the other shows ine same P^

>S n 111 with dead and wounded men on all siae,.,
and tierce tiring going on between the Government
troops and the insurgents. I know of no better exainple
of the risks to which the owner of a coffee estate
is constantly liable. All these dangers are equal y
present to the grower of cocoa, and, indeed, to any
undertaking necessitating the employment of laige
numbers of labourers. Under such circumstances it
it is not a matter for wonder that merchants or otoers
making advances against crops should ask and obtain
unusually high rates of interest. I he coffee ar cocoa,
once ready for the market, is despatclied on the backs
of donkeys or mules to the nearest conimorical centre,
and there bought for shipment to Europe or the

United States. . . , .

The sugar industry only survives iii Venezuela owing
to the fact that the importation of foreign sugars
is absolutely prohibited. The result of this extreme
form of protection is that a pound of coarse brown
sugar costs from 8d. to lOd. in Caracas. Neither
soil nor climate is specially adapted to the growth
of sugar-cane, and without the help of Pi'otcctive
legislation the industry would immediately be ki led
bv foreign competition. Of other branches of agriculture
the most important are the cultivation of Indian
corn, beans, and the ordinary tropical fruits and
vegetables for local consumption. In the western
portion of the Republic a little wheat is grown,
but the area is extremely limited. Tobacco is
produced in some districts; the amount is however,
insufficient for local needs, and none is exported.
Of the remaining sources of wealth cattle-raising is
the most important. Whilst it is impossible to
obtain any reliable data as to the number of animals,
the generally-accepted estimate of between 4,000, OOJ
and 5,000,000 is probably not far wide of the mark.
In the long civil wars and constant rovolutious
which have so completely devastated Venezuela
during the past 70 years tlie cattle industry has

suffered severely, both sides invariably taking prompt

advantage of a supply of food so reiyly to hand and
easy to utilize. The distncls devoted to cattle-breed-
ing are the vast plains reached after the mountain
ranges near the sea coast aro passed. Theso plains
stretch away to the southwards as far as the banks
nf the Orinoco. The climate is hot and malarious,
and offers small inducement to European settlors.

Very little has been done to improve the breed of
cattle, and they are mostly long-horned, small-bodied
animals of no great value except for their hides.

An approximate estimate of the nuniber of la-
bourerss employed in the industries which I have
mentioned is as follows

Industry.

Average

Daily

Wage.

Number’d

Employe.

Total Yearly
Eariiigs
(300 days.)

Coffee, ocoac,
and sugar
plantations

3s.

41,000

1,000

£1,845,000

Gold mining. .

Gs.

135,000

Cattle ranches

■ £2 lOs.
per month

1 8,000

240,000

Other fnrming

[ ann food.
1 3s.

1

1 10,000
1

450,000

Total . . 50,500 | i^2, 670,000

At tirut sight the rate of wages may appear high
to Europeans, but when the cost of living is con-
sidered the value earned is by no means too great.
The necessaries of life are costly to purchase on
account of the high protective tariff, the duty on
flour being over lU. per 100 lb. for the ordinary and
sdditional Custom-house charges.

Of manufactures the only important ones are boots
and leather work of all kinds, hats, and soap and
candles. The manufacture of these articles is en-
tirely for home use. A little cocoa is refined and
made up for foreign markets, but the quantity is
small.

One great hindrance to the speedy settlement
and development of Venezuela lies in the physical
features of the country. The great mountain ranges,
beginning close to the sea shore and extending some
hundreds of miles inland, make all transport a long
and tedious matter, and to overcome these difficul-
ties by extending the existing railway system is
beyond the present means of Venezuela. To-day
the patient and haady donkey is the sole medium
of carrying merchandise from the fringe of the cost-
line tapped by the railways to supply the needs of
the inhabitants in tha far interior, and the produce
of the interior is sent down in a similar manner
to meet the railways. Roads, with few exceptions,
do not ezist, or only as represented by donkey tracks
along the mountain aides. On she other hand, this
mountanious country makes life possible for the
European in these latitudes, the climate of the high-
lands being temperate and fairly healthy, whilst that
of the plains and lowlands is quite the reverse.
The Orinoco may in the future provide a more easy
means of access to many portions of the intetior,
but it is little used at present, and haixlly likely to
be so for many a long year to come, unless thrown
open to free navigation.

There are now 406 miles of railway open for
traflic. The lines are all situated on the northern
coast, the obj et being to provide transport over
the precipitate mountain ranges immediately adjoin-
ing the cost-line. In all there are 11 separat'^ com-
panies. six of theso being English, three' native, one
German, and one French. In most cases the Govern-
ment subscribed a portiod of the capital for cons-
truction, and to seven of the companie.s further
guaranteed 7 per cent, annually on a capital not to
exceed .t‘10,000 per mile of railway built. Th s
5uarauteed interest is now a bone of contention
between tlie Government and the companies, the
former allegiiis the inability of the country to meet
such heavy obligations, and the latter being unable
to pay dividends to their shareholders unless the
Government fulfils tho terms of its contract. In
the case of the La Guayra and Caracas Railway,
which has no Government guarantee, good dividends
have beun earned in the past and should contiirue
iir the future if no uuforeseeir circumstances arise.

width from 2ft. to 3ft- 6in.

- - — circumstances arise.

The r-ailw.ays are all of irarrow gaguo, varying tu

ab

- j- P<

by an English company, the La Guayra llarboul;

VYlblbll iLsjtik niu.

Ol’ other public works the labour at Lii Guayra
is the most noteworthy. The port was constructed

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

223

Ocr. I, 1896.]

Corporation, at a cost of £1,100,000. The wharves
and warehouses at the port of Guanta are also in
English hands, whilst those at Puerto Cabcllo belong
to the Government. The national telegraph system
bonnects all parts of the liepublic with Caracas, the
total extension of the wires now exceeding 4,000
miles ; it does not, however, work in a very satis-
factory manner, and the complaints of delay and
interrupted communication are contaut ank numerous.
In Caracas telephonic communication is established
throughout the city and suburbs, and connexion is
made with La Guayra and Valencia, the latter city
also having a widely-extended system. The water-
works for the supply of the city of Caracas have
passed into the hands of the Goverunment during
the past fortnight. They were built by a Belgian
company, who have now disposed of them for a sura
of 8,000, OOOf. in bonds specially secured on the works
and bearing 5 per cent, interest.

The main facts of the economic conkition of
Venezuela being as I have described, the natural
question is, what is the future likely to be? The
prospect is not a very bright one. Until the manage-
ment of the country is in the hands of more res-
ponsible administrators than those who have directed
the destinies of Venezuela for the past decade there
cau be slight hope of any permanent progress. Until
such time as tranquillity in internal affairs is
assured foreikn capital is unlikely to embark fur-
thur in enterprise tending to develop the natural
resources. Small inducement is given to immigra-
tion, and, apart from the obstacles of climate and
difficulty of transport to where the national lands
are situate, the offer of a free grant of one hectare,
ezual to 2’47 acres, of land to each immigrant is
clearly inadequate to compensate for the hardships
of life under the conditions entailed. The evolu-
tionary changes must rather be looked for from in-
ternal sources than external influence. Until effec-
tive measures are taken to break through the dbnse
ignorance of the mass of the population and the
people are educated to a stanlard far above their
present one, there is small prospect of any change
for the better. The advent of another Simon
Bolivar might accomplish the desired end, but where
is the man to be found in Venezuela? We are not
living in an age of miracles, and the plain facts
of the case must form the basis of any opinion
about Venezuela. The plain facts now before me
indicate clep.rly that rapid development of the
country’s wealth or startling advancement in the
social condition of the people is. to say the least
of it, very 'improbable. — J.ondon Times.

B1BL10GK.A.PHV OF COFFEE.

( Continued from j)uye 151.)

Kafe. Der Kaffee, oder Abhaudlung iiber den
Ursprung, die Geschichte und Zubereitung dieses
Getriiuks. Ulm und Stettin. 1804. 80. [ ? 1814.i

Kaffe. Die Kunst guten Kaffe zu bereiten, &c.
Nbrdl. 1827.

Kafce. Kaffee iiber den deutscben, als cine hoohst
wichtigen Gegenstand fiir Deutschland, &c. Leipzig. 80.

Kafee. Kaffee, Zucker und Syrup, der neue
wohifeile, oder deutliche Anweisung zur Bereitung,
&c. Pirna. 1808. 80.

Kaffee. Kaffee ur.d Zucker Abhaudlung. 1844.

Kaffee. Coffee, die schdnste Panacee, in einem
Lobgedicht iiber die wunderbare Heilkraft des uec-
tarischen Caffeetranks. 1775. 80. See Lolxjedieht.

Kaffee. Kaffee, Thee, &c. [See under Tea.J

Kaffee-haus. Das Caffee-Haus, odor die Schottliin-
derin. Ein Lust-Spiel.. .] by yl/oite? de I b/OaVc, trans-
lated by J. J. C. llode.] Berlin, Stettin and Leip-
zig. 1761. 80. [Another edn. Berlin. 1766, I60.J

Kaffee-kande. Samtale imellem Kaffeekanden, &c.
[See under Tea.]

Kaffee-Ioqia. Caft'ee und Tho-logia, Ac. [See under
Tea.J

Kafee-Schale. See 71., F..1. Die Caffe-Schale : ein
Lust-Spioli Ac- 17-18. 80.

Ka/)etist. Der Caffetist. Ein Lob-Gedicht auf den
Caffe. 1747. 4o. See Lob(jedicht.

Kaffee und Thee Welt. See Koffie en Thee-Wereld.

Kalm, r. Om Caffe’ och de inhemska viixter, som
pliiga brukas i des stiille. Aboae. 1755. 4o.

Kapp, (JhrClian Kuhard. Ueber die Wirkungen
des Katfees auf den meuschlichen Kdrper. Niirnberg.
1814. 80.

Kelterhorn, It. Die gestdrte Kaffee-visite. Schwank
in Basler Miindart. Aarau. 18 — . I60.

Kemp, r. H. van der. Die registreering der gere-
serveeerdo gronden ten behoeve van de Gouverne-
ments-koffiecultuur. Amsterdam. 1881. 80.

Kemp, F.H. van der. De regeliug der statistick bij de
Gouvernements-koffiecultuur. Amsterdam. 1881. 80.

Kihlmann, ./. 11. Kaffe’. Stockholm. 1828. 80.

Knoll, Johann Christian Gerhard. Sendschreiben
von den Wirkungen des Kaffeetranks. Quedlingburg,
1752. 4o.

Koffie eh Thtc-Wereld. Die verschlemmerte, Ac.
[See under Tea.]

Koffichuis. Het nieuwe vermaakelijke Koffiehuis,
waarin verhaald worden veele aangenaame historien.. .
Alles uit verscheidene schrijvers bijeen versaameld.
Amsterdam. 1748. Sp.

KoffJ-huis. Het Koffij-huis. Vruchten van den
wijustok eu den jenever-boom gegaard. Schetsen en
verhalen. ’s Hage. 1847. 80.

KoffJ-veilim/en. lets over de koffij-veilingen der Ne-
derlandsch-Handelmaatschappij. Rotterdam. 1847. 80.

Koopman. De Java koffij-veilingen der Neder-
landsche Handelmaatschappij beschouwd door een
koopman. Amsterdam. 1857. 80.

Kortum, Carl Arnold. Der Kaffe und seine Stell-
vertreter. Elberfeld. 1809.

Kraus.se, G. C. Traite’ du Cafe’, Ac. Halae. 1744,
80. [Also 1746. j

Krueger, .Johann Gottlob. Gedancken Ac. [See
under Tea. |

Kuchnel. liesp. See Geyer, E. E. Fraes. Disser-
tatio an j)otus Coffee dicti vestigia in hebraico S.S.
Codice reperiantur. Wittebergae. 1704. 4o.

Kuneman, Julius. De Gouvernements Koffie-cultuur
op Java, Ac. ’s Gravenhage. 1890. 80.

7y y, J..11 C r Fraes. See Edinburgh

Incorporations. Coffee House Chit-Chat, Ac.

Lahorie, P. J. An Abridgement of the Coffee Plan-
ter of St. Domingo... By W. G. Maclvor. Madras.
1863. 80. [Second edn. 1877.]

Laiirnc, C. F'.van iJeldcn. Brazil and Java. Report
on Coffcc-culture in America, Asia and Africa. The
Hague. 1885. 80.

Laerne, C. E. van Delden, Le Bresil et Java.
Rapport sur la culture du cafe’ en Ameriquo, Asie
et Afrique. La Haye. 1835. 80.

Laerne, C. h . van Delden. Brazilie en Java, Verslag
over de Kcflie-cultuur in America, Azie en Afrika-
’s Gravenhage. 1885. roy. 80.

Lagrive, Jo.sephus de. liesp. Quaestio medica.
J. 11. Eernielhui.s. Fraes. An apotu Caffe’, frequentior
apoplexia ? [Paris. 1718. J 4o.

Lalou, Jeune. Du Cate’, sou origine, le temps de sa
decouverte, Ac. . . .Aux amis du cafe ,’,Ac. Rouen. 1844. 80.

Lamare-Ficquot, h . V. De Paction dynamique du
Cafe’ et de sou emploi dans les hernis etranglees.
Corbeil. [1862.1 80.

Lamare-Ficquot, !•’. V. B’tudes experimentales.. .
contenant des observations sur Paction dynamique du
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Lampadius, li'ilhelm August. Stiirkezucker und
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Landarrahilco, Osmin. Du Cafe’ vert envisage’ au
point de vue de ses applications therapeuiiquea Ac.
Montpellier. 1866. 4o.

Lange, Johann. Naturgemiisse Ac. [See under Tea.]

Lanygaard. Theodor J. 11. Die Caffeiuwirkuug .1886.

Lanqstedt, F r. Lud. Thee, Kaffee, Ac. [See under
Tea.]'

Lapeyrhre, J. Etudes sur las principaes culturels
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La Itoque, .lean de.' Grundliche sichere Nach-
richt vom Cafoe und Caffee-bauin. . .Nach dem
Frauzbsicheu.. .ubersetzt. Leipzig. 1717. 4o.

224

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[bcT. r, 18915.

La Roque, Jean de. Abhaadlung vom Caffe, au3
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La Roque, Jean de. Voyage de I’Arabie Heureuse
...avec...un Meinoire coucernant I'arbre et le fruit
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La Roque, Jean de. Voyage to Arabia the Happy...
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1726. sm. 80.

Lascelles, Arthur R. )P. A treatise on the nature
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management and purpose of Coffee Estates. London.
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Laubender. Der Kaffee und seine bisjetzt bekannteu
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Jjavedau, Antonio. Tratado de los usos &c. [See
under Tea.]

Law, Witliain. Coffee Merchant. See Reid, J. Re-
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1831. 12o.

LaiO, William. Coffee Merchant. Hints on the cook-
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Law, William. Coffee Merchant. The history of
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Jychlond, A., M.D. E’tude sur la Cafe'ine. 1883.

Le Carteron, Claude. Des proprietez du Cafe’ sim-
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Lederc, Antonius, M.D. Resp. Qusastio medica.
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Le Comte, C. E. A. Culture et production de Cafe’
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Le Conte, Amedee Henri. Emploi du Cafe’ en
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&c. annee 1859. 1799. &c. 4o.

Le hevre, J. F., M.D. Opera, &c. [See under Tea.]
Lehmann, Carl. Die P'abrikation des Surrogatkaffees
und des Tafelsenfes. Wien, Pest, Leipzig. 1887. 80.
Lentilms, Rosinm. De potu Coffeae.

Lepage, Augude. Les Cafes politiques et litteraires
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Le Pie, Amedee. Le Cafe’. Histoire — Science — Hy-
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Leporati, Wolfgang Annihal. De nonnullis Coffeae

DOxla.

Le Tonnellier, Petrus. Resp. Quaestio medica.
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Lettsom, John Coahleg. Geschichte Ac. [See under
Tea.]

Leuchs, Johann Carl. Der Oichorien-Kaffee und
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Leuchs, Johann Carl. Der Kaffee, seine Eigen-
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Leuchs, Johann Carl. Darstellung der neuesten und
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Leupe, Pieter Arend. De invoering der kofBj cultuur
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Leupe, Pieter Arend. Aantekeniug betreffende de
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Lewis, R. E. Coffee Cultivation in Ceylon ; Past
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Legl. Wilhelm. Epistola Ac. [See under Tea.]
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London. Produce Clearing House Limited. Regula-
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Manget, J. J. [See nuder Tea.]

Mappus, M. [See under Tea.]

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3Iarsigli, Jjuigi Ferdinando, Count. Bevanda Asia-
tlca, Ac. che uarre 1 historia medica do Cave’. Vienna.
1685. 89.

Martin, Robf. Montgomerg. [See under Tea.]
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Maschenbauer. Referendarius.. . Sur le Cafe'.
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— Paris — Acad. Fraui,’-. Poetaruni ex Acad. Gallica, qui
Latine aut Graece scripserunt Carmina, Ac. 1740. 80.

Massieu, Guillauine. Carmen Caffaeum. [Another
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edn.] See Eclogae recentinm aliquot poetarum, Ac.
1783. 80.

Massieu, Guillaume. Carmen Caffseum. Traduction
d’un poeme latin sur le Cafe’. Lat. A Fr. See
E'trenncs a tons les amateurs de Cafe’, Ac. 1790 Ac
12o.

Massieu, Guillaume. Carmen Caffieum. I Caffe’ :
traduzione dal Latino di G. Massieu. See Italian
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Masson, J. Le parfait Ijinionadier, Ac. F See under
Tea.]

Masson, I'. /’. De I’usagc Ac. fSco under Tea.]
Mauduyl. Du bon usage Ac. | See under Tea.]

Oct. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

225

Mededeelinycn. Eenige Mededeelingen over het
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maatschappij. Eotterdam. 1878. 80.

Medical Standard. Coffee as a nerve-tonic. [Extr.
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Medicus, G. F. Auacrisis medico-hlstorico-diaete-
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Mefre, Barthelenuj Joseph Pierre. Quelques recher-
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dea Roggen-Kaffees von Dr. Meinecke. Braunschweig.
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Menier, E. J. Cafe’, Ac. See under Tea.1
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Multatuli, pseud. [Edw. Douwes Delchcr.~\ Max

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80. [8de. druk. Rotterdam. 1891. 80. 1

Multatuli, pseud. [Edw. Douioes Dehher.] Max

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Multatuli, pseud. [_Edio. Douwes Dehher.] Max

Havelaar. Par Multatuli. Traduction de A. J. Nieuw-
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Multatuli, pseud. \Edw. Douwes Dekker.l Max

Havelaar: oder die Hollander auf Java. . . .Deutsch
von T. Sfromer. Berlin, Leipzig. 1875. 80.

Mundy, Henry. Opera Omnia, Ac. [See under Tea.]
Munier, Joannes Claudius. Itesp. Quaesto medica.
Praes. L. 11. Cosnier.. .K\\ Omni sexui, omui aetati et
Omni temperanento salubris Cafe’ potus ? [Paris.!
1743. 4o.

Munier, -loannei Claudius. [Another edition] [1760.]
See Sifpvaert, G. F. Quaestiones medicae Parisinas,
Ac. Fascic. 2. 1759. Ac. 4o.

Munnick, de. Handleiding voor de Kultuur en de
bereiding der Kof&j. Batavia. 1845. 80. [1863. 80.]
( To he continued.)

A COFFEE PLANTER ON NYASSALAND
SiK, — As Britis’n Central Africa seems to interest your
readers, I venture to give you a few of my experiences
in this country.

On my arrival at Chiiide, I was informed of the s:d
news of Mr. John Buchanan’s death, which occured
a few days before my arrival. As one of the oldest
and most respected residents in the country, it seemed
to cast a gloom over the whole place. Fortunately
there was a special boat leaving the next day for
katungas’ which is the terminal station of the river
journey

Our voyage up the river 1 must confess was very
monotonous. The scenery of the Zambesi is by no
means picturesque. Beyond seeing large numbers of
beautiful water-fowl tliere is a sameness about every-
thing which one soon gets wearied of The heat was
intense, the thermometer standing at 100° fahr, ia
the shade, and our saloon, which w^s something resemb-
ling a third-class i-ail — way CHrriage in Ceylon, made
it almost unbearable. But one of the chief annoyance
was the continual flight of sparks from the engines
which prevented us sitting outside when it grew cool’
and most of our coats at the end of the journey were
only fit to be given to the niggers. P’or the trip up
the river one is charged £13, and, considering we
only took five days, it seems to me to be most exorbit mt
us everything on board was bad. I reached Blantyre
on March 29th and the change to a higher climate
was indeed most enjoyable’

Blantyre is a pretty little place, and I should say
fairly heatlhy. although many instances have occurred
to prove the reverse. Until quite recently Blantyre
has been practically only a Mission Station, but
commerce and the development of the country are
fast making the place into a commercial town, and
I tliink it is only a matter of time before the
missionaries retire to a more savage and wilder
part wl ere their energies may be appreciated,
I was sorry to hear before leaving Blantyre that
the Commissioner was in the doctor’s hands with
Blackwater fever; this seems to ba the dreaded di-
sease out here, and from all accounts seems
very prevalent and from my exper.ence it appears
t) 1 ave a worse name here than on the West
Coast of Africa. I left Blantyre, for Mlanji at
the eiid of March, and stayed a short time with
niy friend Mr. Crabbe The Mlanji climate although
it bears a good name, evidently does not agree with
him, for during my stay ho had repeated attacks
of fever, which he attributes to t e turning over the soil
whilst cutting holes. He has already cleared 100 aci-es
of land’ and is making preparations to build a brick
house, as the present one is only a grass hut, and
has but three small rooms. There are few comforts

226

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTQRIS L

[Oct. I, 1896

to be had in Mlauji, an 1 tlie living consiste of fowls,
pnnipkins. and sweet potatoes with an oecasi mal tin,
which is looked upon as au extravagaace and a
luxary. The puo-ipecjS of coffee ia Mtiiiji are ex-
celleut, judging from what I have soen at Mr.
Bradshaw’s place, Monnt Zion, and equals anything
I have seen in Ceylon, India or Brazil. The s >il,
although it has an absense of rock or stone, and
is of a chocolate colour, seems to be admirably
adapted for coffee. lu my opinion Liberian coffee
would do extremely well here and would not be
here so much effected by borer and insects which
are the pests of the country.

Tea also would grow well, but would bo greatly
handicapped by the labour supply, which is always
short during the wet mouths.

Cardamoms grow wild in abundance, but as yet
I have heard of no one giving them a trial, but
Mr. Crabbe tells me he has written to his firm for
a shipment of seed.

Tobacco is also cultivated by Buropeans out here,
Messrs. Buchanan Bros, have gone in for this in-
dustry on a large scale; it is usually smoked by
the residents, and has a very nice flavour. Another
gloom was cast over t'ne whole country the other
day by the sudden death of Mr. Bobert Buchanan
from blackwater fever at Blantyre. It is indeed
sad that tsvo brothers and members of the largest
linn should die within a mouth of each other.
This is the third Buchanan who has met his death
from fever in this country. I certainly should ad-
vise no one to come out here unless they are
provided with a good consideration, and prepared
to lead a lonely life, for it is an undeniable (act
that fever is prevalent throughout the country, and
especially where new land is being opened, and
although I fully believe B. C. A. is bound to go
ahead, yet I should recommend no one to come
out on spec. — I am, &c ,

AN INDIAN BLANTEE.

Nyassaland, May 2iiad, 18'J(5.

THE COFFEE PLANTEU

By W. W.

The life of a coffee planter i i the Mysore Province
has very much to recommend it, in spite of the
vexatious labour (uiestion. What, after all, are the
planters’ cares, compared with the positive hard-
ships of existence endured uncomplainingly by the
settlers in the bush of Australia, or the sheep farmers
of Newzealand '!

Is the labour tiuestion hero equal in importance
to the rabbit pest, drought, bush lires, hnrricanos,
and floods with which the Colonists have to recon?
Then there are, in the Colonics, discomforts of no
trilling nature to the man brought up in a good
En<^lish home, to which perforce. Im must submit.
These embrace the necessity of doing everything
for oneself — where servants are but a name, and one
must rough it generally with the paid hinds.

Contrast this with the condition.s under wiiich the
coffse planter vvorks. In his case there is the com-
fortable bungalow, always adequately furuislioJ, and
not infrequently a luxurious residence, reared upon
some commanding site, giving a p.inoramio view of
the encircling lulls with their glorious, ever-changing
depths of colouring ; the breezy downs, and the
dense primjval forest, in clearings of which are
the close ranks of tlie coffee plant — scenting the
air with sweetness from its dainty white blossom.
A home amid surroundings such as would delight
the soul of ths poet !

The planter is not so tar remove 1 from iMilway
communication that ho need deny hims.df any of
the pleasure.s of life. His bungalow is usually well,
if not liberally, supplied with oreaturj comforts,
which co.st him but a trifle more than they woii.d
do in B.ingalore— not a matter of much consi ler-
alion to the man who soils his crop at some iiinety-
kvo shillings per hundred weight, and realizes au
iuoomo of thousands of pounds annually 1 There

are fairly goodroads round and about the estates,
enabling the planters to visit oach other as often
as they wise, so that no feeling of isolation need
be thought of as a factor in the life, whilst there
is a fl nuisliing and commodious club at Chickma-
galur, where many a jovial evening is spent. Noi-
ls the coffee planter’s work of an incessant nature.
He has all his energies exercised to the full during
certain seasons of the year, and much auxiety as
to crop prospects, leaf disease, and the dreaded
“ borer,” but when the harvest is in and despatched
for shipment, and the coffee has been pruned and
otherwise treated for the ensuing season, the planter
has his holiday and may have a run home at the
most enjoyable time of the year — for England, or
enjoy tne term of his freedom in travelling about
the country. What rest has the Australian squatter,
or the New .Zealand sheep farmer ? Tne man “ in
indigo,” on the Baugal side, has, perhaps, a pretty
good all-round time of it. He, too, has his time
of work and tlien of rest, and his cares are for
the crop and market rates of the dye. He is not,
we believe, distressed on the score of labour, and
in this respect has the pull over the coffee planter.
The Assam tea-man is a martyr ! his life isn’t
worth living. A trip by river steamer as far as
Dibriigurh, will convince anyone that the pestilen-
tial jungles of Assam, whilst contributing largely
to the output of Indian tea, are accountable for
a fearful deatlirate amongst the planters. Certain
places along the banks of the treacherous upper
reaches of the Brahmapootra are pointed out to the
voyaging stranger as The white man’s grave,”*
meaning that in those particular districts no white
man could live for any length of time. Then, planters
who hoard a steamer for a day’s riiii to some other
landing place will toll the stranger that" they come
abroad for breath of fresh air to knock the fever
out of them. Poor fellows, they look as though a
puff of wind would knock the life out of them.
With these brief comparisons before us, how much
better is the lot of the Mysore coffee planter ? ex-
cepting the *' man in indigo,” but even he works
in the hot plains, and has no elevated site for his
bungalow.

The labour question for tho coffee planter will,
ajapareutly, soon be solved, and with the regulations
which will then come into force, one of the chiefest
obstacles of the industry will be removed. With
labour arraugerneuts then offering no difficulties,
wc wouhl suggest that the planters might and it
very distinctly to their interest, and a guard against
adverse seasons with, possibly, lower rates in the
near future for coffee, were they to utilize such
portions as their holding which are unfitted for
their staple crop, in raising some other marketable
commodity. Were tliis suggesiion carried out, the
plant r, could face a bad season, or a fall in
prices, with comparative equanimity. A i-efcrence
to the .'\Iadras Agri Horticultural Society would elicit
sufficient informatiou for practical experiments. Why
not raise the sugar-beet ? Tho country is well ad-
apted for its growth, and it has many claims over
cane, which it has, to au enonnuus extent, crowded
out of the market. — Planters’ Gazette.

--

CETLON TE.\ IN AMERICA.

AN' ICXl’ERIEXCl'.D J’E.VNTER AND CHIN.V lUJVER
ON THE .SURJECT.

Sir,— Having just returned from a trip through
the Eastern States and Canada, I thought your
reader.s inigiit be interested in hsaring the result
of my observations on the subject of tho demand
and use of, Ceylon teas there. To commence with
San Fruicisco, 1 find the sale of your staple i.s
but very slowly increasing tho reasons bein‘>- that
the deinind here rum principally on stron coiu-
nion cheap teas, ami teas of a finer grade’ havind
a good deal of “stylo" about them and not too
sfronij.

ill the lirst grade Ceylon cannot compote with
China as a “good leaf for tho money” goes, say

Oct, I, 1896.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

227

8 to 11 cents gold per lb,, and in the finer grade
yonr teas, though attractive (I refer to the better
kinds of pekoe and broken pekoe), are too strong
for they, as yet, uneducated taste of the American
public, and China can, and does, send teas of the
second and third crops, costing It! to 1-1 cents,
gold, which possess a tippy iippearauce, and that
light smooth liquor which is liked here. Al^o what
tuilitates against its faster increase, is the small
amount of your teas which find their way to this
market on consignment. And the difficulty of work-
ing a Ceylon tea business on standard samples is
very great, for it has been found that orders
sent to Colombo to duplicate a previous shipment
have, when executed, often failed to give satisfac-
tion. The hotels here, it is true, offer the visitor
a choice of India and Ceylon tea as well as of
teas from China and Japan, but for the reasons
I have given I incline to think that the increase
in the consumption of the region tea on this
coast will be slow.

1 journeyed hence to New York via the “Sun-
set” route of the Soiithern Pacific, which service
certainly deserves praise. The train consists of
sleeping cars, a ladies’ drawing room car with li-
brary and female attendant (a“darky”), gentlemen’s
smoking car, with barbers shop and bath room
The scenery as far as New Orleans is mostlj de
sert of a vex-y tame character, but from that place
becomes more interesting passing through Virginia,
Georgia Kentucky, &c., and landing you at Jersery
City within a ferry ride of the heart of New York.

In New York and Boston I found the Ceylon
staple being pushed vigorously and with some suc-
cess— one of the most couspicuosly successful firms
in the enterprise (through their agents) being a
somewhat recent addition to your mercantile houses,
whose name I will leave you to guess.

P'rom Boston I entered Canada ; but whilst on
the subject of the United States I would here
add that, returning from Canada to San Francisco,
via Chicago, St. Paul, Omaha, and Denver, I found
in each place that Ceylon tea was known, but not
being (except in Chicago) vigorously pushed. In
Chicago it is being well advertised, but mostly in
“blends” of India and Ceylon.

I would here record the fact that the States are
a coffee-drinking people, that in nine out of ten cases
an American prefers coffee to tea, and that in the
tenth case he usually prefers Japan tea, or Formosa
oolong. I am also of opinion that it vull take a
very large expenditure of time and money in adver-
tising Ceylon tea to materially increase its con-
sumption, and I am sure that the same amount
of time and money spent in Russia would result
ten times more favourably.

In Canada, the case is very different. In the
Western Provinces visited by me, that is St. John,
New Brunswick, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and the
country known as the ^lal■itilne Provinces, it is
true that Ceylon tea is but making slow progress,
because the China teas used there are those kinds
which possess a strong rough flavour, and at the
price obtainable, that is, from 11 to 16 cents gold
per pound, are fully as cheap and as good value
as Ceylon Pekoe Souchongs and the lower Pekoes.
Very little tea is used costing over 18 cents gold
(say 9d.). Some progress, however, is being made
by ihe introduction from London blends of In-
dian and Ceylon (with doubtless some China), which
are put up in metal chests, and in tasty paper
packets, as well as in prettily got up canisters holding
half pound to 5 pounds. It is tire opinion of those
in the trade that these blend.s wi 1 gradually give
way to “ straight ” teas from Indirf and Ceylen.

Leaving this part of Canada we come to Quebec
and Montreal, and in these districts I found more
inquiry for Ceylons, though the trade has not yet
begu to use them largely.

It was in the districts comprising 'i'rontoi Hamil-
ton, London (Ontario^, and the country around
Winnipeg and the North West that I found the
greatest demand for and life in your staple. I'ra-
yelling as I was in the interests of China tea, I

was in an exceptionally good position to judge of the
hold which your teas had taken in the districts
named, and 1 may say that I found that three-
fourths of the trade had been appropriated bv
Ceylon and India. ^

In Tronto I had the p’ea.urc of meeting Mr
Mackenzie and his Indian confrere, both seemingly’
well content with the progress of their staples.

I also had a long chat with Mr Lai ken, of
Messrs. C. P. Larkan & Co., who is most energeti-
cally pushing Ceylon Tea, and is making it a
gi'tat success so far as his own trade is concerned
and whose “ hvo ” advertisements (specimens of
which, as shewn in the local papers, were mailed
whilst I was present, to your city) are having a
telling effect on the consumption of your teas.

Just here (as the Americans put it) I would
call attention to two points on which I heard a
great deal. Firstly it is a curious thing that Indian
teas, notably pekoes, shew a finer-made and more
tippy style than Ceylons of same grade, and yet
whether from inferiority in liquor or from some
other cause, they are not saleable at as hioh a
price as the latter by quite two or three "cents
gold per pound. This disparity of value has led
I am told, to a reprehensible practice, and that
is that in many cases the name of the Indian garden
or such words as would indicate an Indian origin
have been scratched oft or erased in some way
and a Ceylon equivalent substituted. This passes
detection amongst the retailers of the tea, as they
know little of the article they sell, but it acts to
the detriment of Ceylon tea. It waa suggested to
me that every chest of tea shipped from Ceylon
should have put upon it by your Government a
stamp ill paint or burnt in, sliewing that the chest
had really been shipped from Ceylon. This could
easily be done at the time of shipment, and would be
of great use.

The second point I would mention is, that to
cultivate an increased trade in your teas, as little
du.it as possible should be in them. I ha.ve seen
samples of Broken Pekoes which, otherwise good’
have been thrown aside on account of the bi-oken
condition of the leaf, and I have often been asked
w'hy it is that nearly all Indian teas are, in
make and twist of leaf, superior to Ceylons. The
question is one w'hich I could not answer, but which
IS a pressing one and well worth inquiring into.

To conclude, I would again state, and in a most
emphatic manner, that whilst I would not hint at
a large curtailment of the money now being spent
in exploiting the United States and Canada I
would suggest that more attention be given ' to
Hiissia. J.he United States are a colfeo-Uriiikiug-
people, ana no matter what amount of money be
spent on pushing it, Ceylon tea will be but slow
in gaming ground. That it is coming into use is
certain biit slowly. Canada, on the other hand
IS a tea-drmkmg country, but I would venture the
opinion that the “booming ’’ of Ceylon tea as now
carried on by private firms ;,nd companies, is of
itself almost sufficient to cause a rapid increase in
its use, and that some of the funds now beiiicr
spent in assisting its increase might be much more
advantageously applied to Russia. The latter coun-
try IS essentially a tea-drinking one, and would I
am convinced, repay such expenditure sooner and
more liberally than the United States.

I found 111 my travels that “hard-times” were
noticeably present both in Canada and the United
States, but especially so in the latter, and every
American is impatiently awaiting the end of the
icign of the present occupant of the Presideutal Chair
convinced that witli the advent ot a “Republican’’
President (and a higher tariff) prosperity will once
more shov/er its gilts on the grandest, biggest, best
and most luf/lilg-llaBored country in the world (So
say they all). ' '

I trust that this short sketch of my experiences
on this Continent, in iv Ceylon tea may prove of
interest and use to your readers. I can but say
that from my intimate knowledge of the trade they
may rely upon it as a faithful picture. F.

Occidental Hotel, San Francisco, March 25th.

2z8

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Oct. I, 1896.

COMMERCIAL FEDERATION OF THE
EMPIRE.

Mr. J. G. Colmcr's, C. M. G., prize essay on the
Commercial Federation of tea Empire has been
published in The statist, and the following is a
synopsis of the essay.

The scheme may be divided into four parts : —

1. The granting of preferential treatment to
Colonial and Indian products in the United Kingdom.
2. Preferential treatment of British products in the
Colonies and India. 3. The additional revenue so
derived to form a fund, if the Mother Country and
the Colonies and India agree, with a view to im-
prove and supplement the defences of the Empire
outside the United Kingdom. 4. The formation of
a Colonial Council to give the Colonies a greater
voice in Imperial affairs, and to provide for the
administration of the fund.

1. It is suggested that in the United Kingdom
small specific duties should be placed on certain
enumerated articles, about twenty in number, when
imported from foreign countries — similar imports
from the Colonies and India to remain duty free,
as at present. These duties, it is anticipated, would
realise about £2,700,000.

The enumerated articles are live animals, meats,
cheese, butter, wheat, flour, hemp, and other fibres,
ivory, undressed leather, sugar, unrefined and re-
fined,’ wool, tallow, seal skins, fish oil, long wood,
mahogany, and nuts and kernels for oil.

It is also proposed to reduce by one-half the ex-
isting duties on imports from the Colonies and India
of cocoa, coffee, and tea, the duties on the foreign
imports of those articles to remain as at present.
This re-arrangement of the existing traiff, with a
reduction of 5 per cent, in the duties on tobacco
from all countries, would mean a decrease in the
revenue to the extent of about £2,000, 00. It will
be seen, therefore, that the scheme involves, roughly
speaking, a net increase in the revenue of llie United
Kingdom of about £700,000.

It is urged that an increase in price is not likely
to result from the placing of duties oO foreign im-
norts of the enumerated articles, at any rate to
the extent of the proposed duties In every case
there would still be a considerable importation of
the different commodiliea from the Colonies and
India As they would lemuin duty free, the supplies
coming from within the Empire would dominate
the market, and, with the foreign compciiiiou, have
a tendency to prevent the increase in pi ices uhich
perhaps might follow if duties wore placed upon
such imports from all c un tries.

2 As the fiscal system of the Colonies and India
are so varied, and the nature of their trade exchanges
so different, it has apparemly been found difficult to
make any proposal giving preferential treatment of a
uniform character to British imports in those markets,
in return for the concessions suggested on the part
of the United Kingdom. It is, therefore, recom-
mended in the essay that the Mother Country should

take the initiative in the matter, ^^9 <-olonies

and India what advantages the United Kingdom is
prepared to offer to the imports of the articles
inunierated from within the Empire, and ask what
concessions of a preferential character they would be
prepared to extend to imports from the United
Kingdom over imports from foreign countries. It
is believed that correspondence of this nature would
nave tnc way for an Imperial conference, at which
the details of the proposals could be discusse ■, and
definite arrangements agreed upon, by which in every
nart of the Empire there would be a pieferential treat-
ment, on a moderate scale, for inter-lmperial

t.iade.

•1 Assuming that the Colonies were prepared to
grant preferential treatment to Britiish trade (upon

which no doubt appears to exist, in view of the reso-

lut ons of the Ottawa Conference), assuming also that
Tndin was readv to follow their example, and tha
K rearranged^heir tariffs iu favour of British trade

in a manner satisfactory to the United Kingdom ;
and that the formation of a fund lor defence purposes
was agreed upon as part of the scheme, it is fair to
suppose that the Colonies and India would be able to
contribute, as partly or entirely the outcome of their
preferenttal treatment of British imports, according
to their local circumstances, a sum equal in the aggre-
gate to the net amount of the additional revenue
(£700,000) to be raised in the United Kingdom. In
one of the appendixes of the essay a suggestion for
the apportiontment of the £700,000 among the
Colonies and India is offered. This would provide a
fund of nearly £1,. '500,000 per annum, the joint con-
tribution of the Colonies and India and the United
Kingdom, which it is suggested could be used to
supplement and improve the existing defences, in-
cluding graving docks and coaling stations, in the
outlaying parts of the empire. Among other things
the maintenance of guard-ships in the leading ports
of the empire is proposed. These vessels would be
useful not only for harbour defence, but in connection
with the training of naval militia, whtoh it is believed
could readily be formed in the leading martime ports
of the Empire. This force would not only be valuable
locally, but would be available for drafting on Her
Majesty’s ships that n.iglit be operating in the neigh-
bourhood of the Colomob in time of war,

4. In order to give the Cojonies a large voice in
the affairs of the Empire than they now have, and to
enable them to participate the administration of
the proposed fund for defence, the formation of a
Colonial Council is suggested. It would consist of
the Secretaries of State for the Colonies, Foreign
Affairs, India, and War, the First Lord of the
Admiralty, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
the Colonial Secretary being president. The High
Commissioner for Canada and the Agents-Gcneral
of the self-governing Cofonies — or such persons as the
Colonies might appoint — would be members of the
Council. It would be, as its name implies, a Council
in which the Colonies would have a voice throuh
their representatives in regard to any matters arising
out of the preferential trade arrangements, and upon
all other subjects in which the Colonies they repre.
seuted had the right to consult, or to be consulted
by the Imperial Govdrnmeut.

Retaliation on the part of countries foreign is not
anticipated as the result of the adoption of the
scheme, because their import duties are now as high,
generally speaking, as they can be made, and any
increase would react on the countries themselves.
Besides, with the Imperial Customs Union in exist-
ence, a policy of retaliation would hardly be lightly
undertaken.

The following are some of the advantages which it
is claimed would be derived by the Mother Country,
on the one hand, and the Colonies aud possessions
on the other, from the adoption of scheme of com-
mercial federation. It would bring the Mother
Country into closer union with the Colonies. By
giving preferential treatment, on a moderate scale, to
British trade within the limits of the Empire, the
bond of unity would be material as well as senti-
mental. By such preference the doctrines of free
trade that prevail in the United Kingdom would not
be seriously endangered, and freer trade than at
pre.sent would be made possible within the Empire.
On the other hand, the British manufacterer would
retain the control of the rapidly increasing Colonial
Council for mutual consultation on matters of general
interest. Greater attention than ever would be
attracted to the Colonies. Emigration would flow'
in larger number to their shores, and increase the
demand for British goods. The investment of capital
in the Colonies would bo encouraged, and their powers
of production be so increased that the United King-
dom would year by year depend less upon foreign
sources for her food supplies.

Attached to the essay are several statistical appen-
dixes, illustrating the commercial affairs of the Empire,
aud showing that, relatively speaking, the trade of the
United Kingdom with the Colonies lias been increas-
ing in a greater ratio than the trade with the other
parts of the world.

Oct. I, i8g6.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

229

CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA.

It is of interest at a time wlien we may lio[je
that Ceylon Tea lias taken a real lioUl of the
Russian market with the prospect of a steady
increase, to recall the clay of small things —
the very beginning of the attempt to get the
Russians to drink onr teas. This is done in the
appended letter from Mr. W. B. Steveni ad-
dressed to onr senior in England. The latter
lirst met Mr. Steveni — a Scandinavian English-
man if we may say so, and hrother-in-law of
the well-known English artist, Mr. T. B. Ken-
nington — at Vichy in 1887, and there endeavoured
to interest him in Ceylon tea, of wliidi samples
were provided. What followed, so far as Mr.
Steveni is concerned, is best told in his own
words ; and there can be no doubt tiiat he is
deserving of the thanks of Ceylon producers for
what he did in tlie early years in Russia to-
wards the mission so energetically promoted
since by M. Rogivue in a thoroughly business-
like and successful way. May this enterprise,
and all other attempts to extend the use of
Ceylon tea in Russia, continue to prosper — and
more especially the efibrts of Russian tea linns
to trade direct in our staple — until its good
qualities become duly appreciated in every Rus-
sian household.

Meantime, the following resume of the early
history of the campaign is well worth putting
on record, and we may hope that Mr. .Steveni
may yet do further service in making known
Ceylon products — and especially tea — in Northern
Europe, seeing his peculiar oiiportunities as a
writer and journalist. Eor, it should be known
that our friend, who has altogether lived twenty
years in Russia, ha.s occupied responsible jiosi-
tions as contributor to the London Times, the
Contemporary Review, Nineteenth Century, United
Serviee, aiul American periodicals. lie also
wrote a book about the great Russian famine,
the scene of which he was the lirst to visit
among English correspondents. All this should
increase our interest in the writer, who tells the
story of how he first introduced Ceylon tea to the
notice of the Russian dealers and people ; —

How 1 INTKOUUCKD CKYLON TKA INTO RU.S.SIA.

It is now about nine years since I lirst con-
ceived the idea of introducing the fragrant teas
of your island into Russia. Like many brilliant
ideas that have come to us poor benighted mor-
tals, this one came to me by a mere accident.
It happened that on one wet drizzling afternoon
in the City, when all nature seemed to be in
mourning, that I took refuge in the office of
an old City friend, Mr. Robert Heinekey of
Beething Lane. Whilst waiting there until the
weather had cleared up, Mr. R. tleinekey, the
head of the linn of that name, asked me if I
would not have “ a cup of first-class tea — Ceylon
tea ! ” Curious to know whether that beverage
compared ivith the much-vaunted Kjachta and
China teas we got in Russia, 1 immediately con-
.sented. The lirst time 1 drank this new
kind of tea I wf.s, to say the least, con-
.siderably astonished. It w;is so delightfully
aromatic and refreshing that, like David
Cojiperlield, 1 ventured “ to ask for more.”
1 am glad 1 did ; for I not only renewed
the pleasure of drinking whaL I believe to be
one of the linest teas in the world, but learnt
that^this new aromatic tea w.as grown on the
island, of Ceylon, on the estate of a relative of
Mr. Heinekey.

29

For about a year or more I thought no more
about Ceylon tea, tvhen, by another freak of
fortune, I found myself in Aloseow, one of the
greatest tea marts in Europe. It then occurred
to me, that it would be a grand thing to intro
duce Ceylon tea into Ru.ssia, and, if possible, to
drive out the Chino.se tea, as I found that a
comsiderable quantity of the tea consumetl in
Moscow was of the most wretched quality ; in
short, that the good reputation the Chine.se
once had for their teas was no longer merited.
Acting on this conviction, I immediately im-
ported through Mr. Heinekey’s son, about half-
a-dozen chests, and sold their contents to my
friends, mostly members of the English Colony
in M0.SC0W. The tea, however, did not please
my countrymen ; as they were used to the
weaker Chinese infusions. I therefore decided
to try the wealthy Moscow grocers ; but here I
had even still worse luck. The majority of
them would hardly look at the samples, and
those who did gravely assured me that my tea
was artilicially scented, whilst others, who were
more sensible, said that the te.a was too strong
for their customers. In fact, nobody would look
at Ceylon tea ; and I was on the point of
throwing up tlie business, when I made the
aciiuaintance of a verj' intelligent tea taster on
the Moroseika Sc. — not far from the Kremlin.
This Muscovite, who was well uj» in his pro-
fes.sion, immediately recognised the S])lendid
qualities of Ceylon tea, and ordered three or four
boxes on trial. He, however, assured me that
the tea was too aromatic for his customers in
its pure state, and that it would be nece.ssary
to mix it with mild China tea. This he did
ivith considerable success, and brought out a new
bleml, with some unpronounceable name, rvliich
could hardly be pronounced by Westerners,
Thanks to the numerous advertisements I and
my friend inserted in the Moscow papers, the
name somehow caught the fancy of the [urblic,
and many, who rvould not look at the tea in its
natural state, came and bought it under its new
title. In f.act, my friend made a large itrofit on
the few chests he took oil my hands, but, as
Ceylon tea Avas only bought by the curious and
unconservative, I did not grow fat on the pro-
ceedings. I therefore attempted to try the native
tea merchants and imported still more tea, but
all with poor success. Everywhere I uent I was
stopjied by a wall of Muscovite suspicion, obsti-
nacy and conservatism, which, with all my en-
thusiasm, I cmild not surmount. 1 also found it
extremely difficult to sell Ceylon tea at a pro-
fit ; firstly, because it was pure and unadulterated,
and, secondly, because I could not alibrd to pur-
chase it in large quantities.

In the course of my operations I, how-
ever, made a great many discoveries respecting the
mysterious drugs of the Muscovite tea merchants,
.and became convinced that it would be impossible
for an honest trader — without support — to com-
pete with the crafty orthodox-church-going
“ koopzce,” who were my most dangerous conn
petitors.

1, amongst other discoverie.s, le.arned that some
of them mixed their tea with “ lv.aj)orka,” a
kind of shrub that grows around Mo.scow and in
a[ipearance— but not in taste— strongly resembles
the tea jdant.* Other “ .saints,” famous for
their donations to tlie churche.s, smuggled

* Shortly after my departme fro;n Moscow several
of those gentlemen were arre.sted by the police and
compelled to pay heavy lines. The majority, how-
ever, principally residing in the interior, are seldom
caught.

'230

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST

[Oct. I, i8g6.

large (jiuintilies of tea over the PolLli and
Persian frontiers, lliu.s Having a portion of tlie high
iluty, which in Kussia almost amounts to “2s.
per Ih. This inactice of smuggling leads to fre-
(juent and often hloody conliicts with the Im-
Jierial frontier Customs guanh;. Persians and
Jews freipiently get killed in these encounters.

Another dodge, formmly much practised in
M0.SC0W, wa.s for the tea merchants, i. c. the
more unscrupulous of them, to huy U|) all the
“leavings'’ from the Trakters, or teashups, to dry
the same and then mix this rubbish with cheap
China tea. This compound was then sold to the
ignorant Moujiks for about 3s. to 3s. Od. per lb.,
for which price tliey would in England be able
to purchase genuine good unadulterated lea.
The majority of the poorer classes in Russia
can hardly ever afford good tea, seeing
that the duty and expenses on this necessary of
life is from three to four times as much as it
is in England. * In consequence of the high
duty, and the w'ant of principle among many of
the tea merchants, one can safely say that the
poorer classes in Russia do not even know yet
w'hat good tea means. It is also dillicult for the
tea merchants — even when ihey wish to be
honest — to sell their tea chea)) umier the condi-
tions at present obtaining in Russia.

In the coui-se of my frequent journeys through
that country and w’hilst witnessing the terrible
devastation caused by Vodka amongst the
peasantry, 1 came to the conclusion that, if the
Minister of Einance would increase the duty
•n spirits and, in proportion, diminish the
present excessive duties on tea, colfee, and
cocoa, he would be the indirect means of
saving thousands and jrerhaps hundreds of
thousands from death, disease and poverty —
.in short all those mi.scries that arc caused l>y
the abuse and use of spirituous drinks.

Whilst engaged in the work of introducing
Ceylon 'lea in “ WhitcsLoiie Mo.scow’,” I had
the pleasuie of making the acquaintance of
bir Craeme Klphinstone, who, liearing what I
was about, came all the way from Petersburg
expressly to see whether business operations
might not bo continued on a more hopeful foot-
ing. Sir Craeme produced on me such an
agreeable impression, that 1 should have been
glad to re|)resent him and the other ])lanters of
Ceylon, had not fate willed it otlierwise. In
fact, if, I remember rightly, you, as well as Sir
Craeme suggested that I should accej)t this post
of trust. Rut this w-as not to be. My health,
which had been gradually undermined by an attack
of inilamniation of the lungs and a se\ ere cattarih,
at last com})elled me to return to London, where
1 remainetl the whole winter under medical care.
During my absence from Russia the business natu-
rally ])asseii into othe)' hands.

Tlie Ceylon ti;a planters, apparently acting on
the suggestions made by me in my early letters to
the CcijloH Oii.s-i'rrrr, deci«le<l to establish the
business on a. pi-o|>cr footing ami commissioned Mr.
ItogiviK'. Under tiiat gentleman’s able manage-
ment,and with the (,>;i planters’ support, the busi-
ness seems to have prospered. 'I'here are now
shops engaged in selluig Ceylon Leaallover Knssia:
in Mo.scow, I’eterslmrg, \ itebsk, ^'ilno, Odessa,
Rostotl', Kharkoir and other iihiees.

d'lie business is, howe\(;r, still in its iid'ancy, and
much hai'il work vemaiTis lobedome When I c.all
to mind that about eight yeai-s ago, when I was in
Moscow, the public would .‘careely look at Ceylon
'I’ea and that now seroral million poiitids ol it

♦ Til i.J practice, 1 am told, is still in existence.

are annually imported into Russia, I cannot but
think that there is for the high-class teas grown on
your island a great future in the vast Russian
Empire. That future will not however benelit
my pocket ; for although 1 conceived and com-
menced this busine.ss, its completion and
establishment is being left in other hands.
]\Iy friends in Moscow and elsewhere, who, in
1SS8, amused themselves at my expense lor
entertaining such a mad idea as the above, will
now' see that I w-as right and that on this, as
well as on other occasions, I have seen far
ahead of others. I have in fact been a pioneer,
and, like many pioneers, have sowm that others
may rea[>. — Yours respectfully,

WTLLIAM R. STEV'ENI.

PLANTING OF SHADE TREES.

The following is a tabulated statement of the
number of shade and fruit trees growing at the
close of 1895. Shade is now given to the weary
traveller along many of the most ex])osed roads
of the country.

Shade-giving Trees. Fruit Trees.

<

Province. Inga-

Margosa &

Iron

Various

samam.

Suriya, Ac.

Bark.

kinds.

Western 5 525

432

, ,

697

Central 5,9S1

12,081

27,304

3,658

Northern 1,979

Southern 3,750

5,157

46.S

7

^ ,

462

Eastern 5,9fi()

110

718

North-Western 5,000

41

213

North-Central 3,IG3

, ,

, ,

617

Q va 5,585

174

, ,

354

Sabaragamuwa 5,150

4

1,509

— Public Works Adminutralion llejwrt.

— 0

COST OF PRODUCTION OF TEA ON
THE NILGIRIS.

[Contnbufed.)

The cost of laying down our Nilgiri Teas at the
Shipping Port or on the London Market is of such
irnportajice to planters that I may perhaps be ex-
cused for addressing you at some length on the sub-
ject. In doing so 1 hope it will be understood that
my chkf oljject is to gain information from those
whose residence and experience on these hills make
their opinion of special value in this respect, while
at the same time the views of a planter trained in
another country and a different school may be of
some benefit to them.

'With reference to some recent correspondence in
your journal on the subject, it would appear that
the fact of most, if not all of the estates in this
district packing a proportion or, in some cases,
nearly all their crops, in 1 lb. or i lb. packets has
been overlooked, their so doing increases the cost
of production per lb. considerably. This does not
of course interfere with the profits, provided a
corresponding enhanced price i.s obtained for such
packet teas, but the comparative cost of produc-
tion with otlier Tea-producing countries such as
Ceylon, where with very few exceptions the tea
is packed in Inilk in che.sts or half-chests, is
obviously unfair. The cost of making up tea in 1 lb.
lead ])ackcts with wrappers, Ac., and putting same
in c.liest, is 1 anna (i pio per lb. above the cost of
packing in the o..iiuary lead-lined chests in bulk.
Suppose two gardens working under equal conditions
and turning out say loO.OiX) lb. of made tea each, one
of which puts halt its crop in lib. packets: this
means that the garden so doing would have an ex-
penditure above its neighbour of 117,000 odd, or the
equivalent cost of about ‘.I pics per Ih. over the garden
packing all its crop in tmik in chest.s.

All tilings considered tlio Nitgiris ought to bo able
to hold its own with Northern India and Ceylon as
regards cost per lb. of placing its tea f.o.b. Calicat

THE TROPICAL AGRICUI-TURIS T.

23T

Oct. t, 1896]

which I nmlcrs'and is the port the greater part, if
not all, of the produce is shipped from. The Wynaad
with a larger yield per acre and from the fact of
that district being in a position to dispense with
railway freight ought to be in a better position
still as regards cheap production in tlie keen
competition which all tea planters are undoubtedly
entering upon. I an; sorry we cannot congratulate
ourselves on having cheap or even reasonable freiglits
from our chief shipping port (Calicut) to the Con-
tinent, Loudon or other important towns in the
United Kingdom. Tea freights are excessive, if not
exorbitant, and our Planters’ Association miglit well
address itself to getting them reduced, no easy task
I admit when the apparent combination existing be-
tween coast agent and steamer lines is considered.
The following figure.'! will show under what a dis-
advantage the Nilgiri producer labours in this respect.
The rates ruling for freight (via West Coast for trans-
shipment at Bombay) have been for some time b.ack
and are at present as follows : to London .d5/s, to

Liverpool .55/s, to Continental ports i55/s per ton of 40
cubic feet, which is equivalent to about 8001b. Tea
freight from Colombo to London has varied within
the last six months from 12/s to 20/s per ton of
50 cubic feet, equivalent to something over 900 lb.
tea, and freight from the same place to continental
ports has been proportionately cheap. I cannot say
what the exact rates at present from Bombay to
London are, but some short time back they were
as low as from Colombo; from this it will be seen
that the Nilgiri producer is paying more than twice
as much as his Ceylon “ brother planter” for freight
on tea to London and other ports. Pi-rhaps our
West Coast friends can give some explanation as
to the cause of this. “ Home charges,” that is to
say freight, landing, housing rent, fire insurance,
sale expenses, brokerage, commission, interest and
petties, should not exceed Id per lb. of tea, but
owing to dear freights the “ Home charges” on
Nilgiri tea amount to over Ijd per lb., which in
these days when profits are Small and the strict-
est economy necessary means a great deal. I have
dwelt longer than I intended on the subject of
freights ; it is one which calls for the special atten-
tion of our Planters’ Association, seriously handicap-
ping as it does the “ Tea Farmer ” here. In
other respects, however, he has many advan-
tages over his brother producer in the '■ Spicy
isle,” not the least of these being cheap

though perhaps not so highly trained labour. I hope
on a future date (with your permission Mr. Editor)
to draw some comparisons between the cost of indi-
vidual w’orks on these Hills and in Ceylon ; meantime
I would draw attention to the benefit arising from
keeping tea estate accounts on such forms as show
at a glance the cost per lb. of tea of each work,
which is undoubtedly the right way of looking at it,
as xvell as the good to be derived from comparing
notes on these, and mode of manufacture, which for
some unaccountable reason does not appear to
be in vogue here. The age of secrets is past ;
it should be kept in mind that Northern India
manufactures some l!50 millions of lbs. of tea
and Ceylon about 100 millions lbs., and that these
countries have the most suitalde buildings and
appliances for turning it out good and cheap,
whereas I think I am correct in saying that with
the exception of a well-known estate in the
Ouchterlony Valley, most of the gardens here are
far from being ‘‘up to date” as regards their
factories. From some interesting statistics lately
compiled by the Hony. Secy., N. P. Association, there
are said to be 6,015 acres under tea on these Hills
and the working expenses on this acreage is said
to be 116,01,500. Presuming this to be all in bearing
and yielding say SOOlbs. per acre, our total crop is
180,0001bs: and it costs to lay down f.o.b. about 5
annas per lb. These figures must be looked on as
approximate, as whether the amount mentioned
includes Rail and Shipping charges or only actual
estate expenditure I cannot say, but even if it docs
not, the cost per lb. is by no means out of the
way for a high district such as this, more especially
when it is considered that perhaps as much as 60%

of the total quantity is made up in 1 }b. packets
Pacts are however what we require — doubtless in
some cases managers arc hampered by the estates
under their control bjiug burdened with charges
which correctly speaking should not go against cost
of production and which jn-ovent chem turning out
their tea a.s cheaply as might otherwise bo the case.
I can hardly im.'gine, however, that proprietors in
such instances could be so inconsidciate as not to
bear this in mind. I have ijefore mo the results of
carefully kept statistics (the accuracy of which I can
vouch for) by a Nilgiri Manager of several years’
experience on a garden of nearly 100 acres, yielding
.500 lb. per acre made up for his last financial year
to the 80th -lune, which show that the crop was
placed f.o.b. (all charges on this side included) for
the very reasonable figure of 4 as. 9 pie per lb, 20%
of the crop in question being placed in 1 lb. packets.
The garden referred to is by no means favourably
situated as regards transport, but has the advantage
of water power for driving its machinerju The
fact of tea from a compartively small acreage such
as this being laid down at so low a figure goes con-
clu.sively to prove that tea plantor.s on these Hills
can hold their own with what are looked on as more
favoured countries in point of cheap production, if
not in high prices. F. T. Turpin.

— riantiiuj Opinion, Aug. 15.

HORTICULTURAL GARDENS, LUCKNOW.

From the report on the Government Horti-
cultural Gardens, Lucknow, for the year ending
31st March 1896, by Mr. M. Ridley, the Super-
intendent, we quote the following:—

I. — Fxiuix Culture.

The mango crop was again a light one, but pine-
apples, which grow below the mango trees, yielded
well. Peaches and «?wiM/.7;aras gave good crops ; also
loquats and lichis. The crop of jack-fruits was the
worst I have known.

2. The orange and lime cro])s were light : in fact
alt the citron tribe yielded poor crops. One excep-
tion was a seedling orange tree of the Malta type:
this bore a very fair crop of fruit, which, both in
size and quality, was equal to any of the named
kinds in the Garden.

-1. — Improvement of incliycnous or acclimatized kinds.

3. A small plot has been planted with forty plants
of the garden variety of alubukhara, which, so far,
is decidedly superior to any other variety yet tried.
I hope to extend the area of this very useful fruit,

4. On a small plot of ground which was found
available, 55 seedling peach trees were planted ; these
seedlings are from the seeds of selected fruit.
Owing to injury from the flood in 1894, nearly
all the seedling trees of this class which were under
observation have died — several this year.

5. There is nothing requiring special record in
connection with the Arabian date palms.

B. — Introduction of neio kinds.

6. Nearly all the orange trees imported in 1887
fruited this year ; with the exception of the kind
named Dulcissimo, all yielded slightly. They were
closely observed, and, when ripe, a careful comparison
of the several kinds was made with each other and
also with the old kinds in the Garden of the same type.

7. The following are the notes recorded : —

Dulcissimo. — Fruits varied greatly in size, some

large, some small ; skin a little thicker than Emhiguo ;
flavour supei’ior, rich and sweet; and excellent orange.

Dulcis. — Slightly smaller than a common Malta ;
skin thinner, flavour slightly more acid.

Emriguo or Marvel. — Fruit the size of an ordinary
Malta; skin medium in thickness ; flavour fair.

Excelsioil— Fruit somewhat smaller than the
common Malta ; slightly oblong, skin thinner tlian
Malta; flesh orange yellow with a slightly acid flavour.

Euo. — Fruits variable in size, large and small ; skin
rather smooth and thin. Fruits h.ave a good appear-
ance and ai’e also of fine flavour. This is the best
orange, so far, of his batch.

Long Orange.— Very like a common Malta, both
in size and appearance, thickness of sldu, flavour, &c.

232

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct. I, 1896.

St. Michael’s, — A good-sized fruit, a little over the
common Malta in size; has a thinner skin excel-
lent flavour ; a good orange.

SiLVEu. — Bather a small fruit ; skin a pale orange
colour ; hence probably the name “ silver.” Skin
thin, flesh juicy, of moderate flavour.

8. A plant of the China bitter orange bore several
fruits : they were most taking to look at, being large
and well-formed. When ripe tliey were highly charged
with juice, but too bitter in flavour to be at all pala-
table.

9. A Japan orange, named sr^-in-kom, also fruited.

It seems to be nothing else than what has been
long in the garden under the name of the Mandarin
orange.

10. Ten of the strongest plants of the Malta lo-
quats were planted out, and are, so far, doing well

11. A few years ago a packet of loquat seeds was
received from California; the trees raised from this
seed fruited this year. I regret to say the fruit
proved to be very small and very much inferior to
varieties long grown in the garden.

12. The plants of the Mauritius Ber have not
made much progress, and arc still being grown in
pots ; so many as room can be spared for will be
planted out in the coming year.

13. Plants were received of the following new
kinds of mangoes from the Government Agri -Horti-
cultural Garden, Lahore : —

1. Mango Erinnura. | 2. Mango Alphonsa.

3. Mango Khusi.

14. There is still hope of establishing the straw-
berries imported in 1894, as plants of all are still
existing in Mr. Beid’s garden at Naiui Tal, and also
in the Muktesar Nursery, Naini Tal.

15. At Naini Tal they have not done well owing
to having been planted in poor shaley soil ; in a
suitable soil they would no doubt do well enough.
At Muktesar some fruit was obtained and efforts are
now being made to increase the stock of plants.

II. — Vegetable and Fabm Culture.

20. The usual selection of country vegetables was
grown for the purpose of yielding seed.

21. The hot-weather section did well, with the
exception of “ kakri ” {cucuniis melo var ulilisaimus),
the fruits of which suffered severely frem disease,
which attacked and destroyed them when at a mature
stage of growth.

22. Imported vegetables were also grown as in pre-
ceding years ; pears did moderately well only , the
excessively dry atmosphere which prevailed all through
the cold weather was most unfavourable to this crop.
Carrots were to a large extent a failure, owing to
the seed germinating badly. With these exceptions,
the results obtained with other vegetables were
satisfactory.

23. As early vegetables are usually in request

by the general public, it may bo stated that
Sutton’s earliest cabbage proved itself the earliest
out of the undermentioned kinds by fully two

weeks : all were sown at the same time and re-

ceived identical treatment afterwards : —

Cabbage, Sutton’s Imperial.

,, Wheeler’s Imperial.

,, Sutton’s All Heart.

,, Sutton’s Earliest.

24. Through the kind offices of Ur. Bonavia, I

received a large packet of onion seed from Egypt,
but I am sorry to say none of it germinated. In
forwarding the seed Dr. Bonavia expressed the opi-
nion that it was prob.ably the same variety (silver-

skin) which has been so long cultivated in this

Garden. It is matter for regret that this could not
be ascertained.

25. The non-success of previous years has again
been repeated thi.s, in tim attempt made to raise
sugarcane from seed. Tho repe.ited sowings made
all ended in blank failuies. Tlio plantation made
in 1893 having exhausted tho soil and got into an
unsatisfactory condition, a now one has been made
of the same kinds.

23. The Japanese fodder plant, /‘oli/yonuni sacha-
linanse, has so far proved a failure, the plants got
sickly in the rains and died down to the ground be-
fore the cold weather set in : growth commenced
again in February, and the plants have a few weakly

stems upon them now. The appearance of the plants
afford no ground for thinking that this plant will be
of any use as a forage-producer in a climate like
Lucknow.

27. Two consignments of Bum plant {Strohilanthes
flaccid ij'olius) wore received from the Assistant Direc-
tor ; the plants in the first consignment all died, but
from the second lot eleven are alive ; nine plants in
the ground under lichi trees, and the other two in pots.
They are only a few inches high and not vigorous,
but appear healthy and afford some hope of succeeding.

28. Sufficient seed has been secured of tho Italian
grams mentioned in last year’s report at paragraph
•12 to admit of a sowing being made of each on a
scale large enough to afford a fair test of the out-
turns they are capable of yielding. This I hope to
carry out next year.

29. The plants, or rather roots, raised last year
of “ canaigre” survived the hot weather and rains
underground, and started into vigorous leaf growth
as soon as the cold weather arrived. They were
much stronger and more robust than last year, and
again have seeded freely.

30. From the seed secured last year a number of
young plants were raised and planted o it on a plot
measuring 33 square yards ; this contains 259 plants ;
they have done well and give promise of a good
yield of roots ; it has been considered advisable to
let them have a second year’s growth before test-
ing the yield.

31. Anyone wishing to experiment with this plant
can be supplied with seed for the purpose. So far
as the trial with it here has extended, there is good
ground for thinking that it can be successfully
grown in this climate.

32. The clover seed sent by the Assistant Director
was sown in the horticultural garden on good, well-
cultivated soil. The seed was sound and germinated
satisfactorily, but proved to be largely mixed with
*■ kasni ” {Cichorium iiUyhus) the proportion of clover
plants in the crop appeared to be about one-fourth
of the whole.

33. Both plants reached full growth early in April,
when the entire crop was cut ; it was weighed at
once while green. The total weight was 7j maunds,
or at the rate of 95J maunds per acre.

34. Comparing this with lucerne, which is said to yield
3j tons or 8,400 lb. per acreat onecutting, the yieldof
this clover and “kasni” crop is less by 589.2 lb. per
acre. The season was not very favourable ; but,
after making due allowance on that account, it may
still be safely assumed that lucerne would give a
higher yield, and I should certainly think lucerne
vastly superior in nutritive qualities.

35. There is nothing in this experiment to justify
the belief that such a crop can be usefully grown
for fodder in this part of India.

33. A plot of ground partly vacant and partly
planted with Eucalyptus trees has been cleared,
levelled, and made available for the cold weather
crops : this will give some relief, as often difficulty
was experienced in finding space for crops of an-
nuals and vegetables. The area made available is
3,133 square yards.

IV.— Arboriculture.

53. The demand for Eucalyptus leaves was nearly
the same as last j^ear. Forty-seven maunds of leaves
w-ei'e sent out during the year against 37 maunds last
year.

54. The effects of the flood of September 1894 are
gradually disappearing ; and as no damage was done by
flood-water this j'ear, the young stocks of trees have
had nothing to impede their growth.

55. As shown in column 4 of the following statment,
distribution during tho year was very small ; this is due
to the want of trees of a size large enough to plant out
not being available, owing to the destruction of all trees
of a useful size by the flood of 1891. This year trees of
several kinds are availahh', so that 1 anticipate a larger
issue during the coming year.

53. '.L’he trees enumei-ated as missing in column 5
were, chielly overgi'own trees which had become loo
largo to transi)lant, so wmv upi'ooted to clear the s])ace
they occui'.ied.

57. Attention is given to raise only sucii number of
each kind as are likely to be required each year ; on this

Oct. r, 1896. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

233

accornt, the increase for the 3’ear is not so large as it
might easily have been. As nearly as can bo estimated,
there will be (barring loss by flood) siiflicient for all de-
mands in the future.

58. The total numher of trees in stock at the end of
the 5’ear is more than double what it was at the end of
last j'ear.

69. The ground unoccuiiied hy nursery was croxiped
with oats : the gram-yield was fairly good, but the straw
u'as short, due to the excessivelj" dry atmosphere which
prevailed all through the growing period.

Exotic Plant.vtion.

63. The following additions have been made to the
trees previously under trial in the Exotic Plantation :
Teconio serratifolia, four trees ; Jlcmifiot glaziovii, six
trees.

64. The blanks caused by the flood among those pre-
viously planted have all been filled up except iu the
case of Aleurites molluccana, of which no plants are j'et
available.

65. The plantation of Divi-Divi remains very much
in the condition it was last year. One of two things
should be done ; either to reduce the plot to the three
good rows on the west side w'here the trees are doing well
under the shade of the rain trees, or to plant some quick-
growing tree among the others to afford them shade. It
is quite clear that thej' thrive best w'ith a certain
amount of shade and shelter from tall trees.

66. The rain trees are in better condition this year ;
the diyer state of the air and soil, which has obtained
since September, apipears to have benefited the trees. A
small supplj' of seed is now obtained yearly from the
largest trees.

Date Plantation.

69. There has been a loss of 100 in the number of
date trees previously planted, and as the young
trees on hand were considered too small and weak
to plant out no blanks were filled up this year. The
number of trees now planted out and living is 700.

70. A few look healthy and are growing slowly ;
but the majority are not doing well, as previously
explained : this is chiefly due to the shade caused by
the Eucalyptus trees among which they are planted.

71. The Eucalyptus trees are in a fairly satisfactory
condiciou, and give promise of developing inte useful
building poles in time.

72. The trip of vacant ground bordering the public
road on the east side was planted up during the year.
The soil iu several places is heavy and hard, and on
these spots the young trees have died out in large
numbers. The result of this year’s planting is 5,000
young trees added to the plantation.

73. There is a small blank on the west side planted
some years ago, on which only a few trees survive :
this has been trenched and a stock of seedlings is
being raised to replant it this year. When this is
done, the planting will be completed, so far as
eucalyptus trees are concerned ; the available aroia
will then bo filled up : all that will remain to be
done will be to fill up the blanks among the date-palms

INDIA AND GREEN TEA.

To the question of the advisability of reviving the
green te.a trade in India a most interesting con-
tribution has been made by Mr. Ringler Thomson,
British Vice-Consul for Khorasan, in a report upon
the trade of that region which has just been pub-
lished under the auspices of the Government of
India. In his report for 1894-95 Mr. Thomson
touched upon the subject of Indian trade with Persia
and Central Asia, and referred to the prohibitive
tariffs with which it had to reckon. The present
report deals with 1895-96, and the Vice-Consul takes
special notice of the tea trade, showing the relative
positions of India and China in this part of the
world, and endeavouring to assign a reason for the
change which has come over them during the last
twenty years. It certainly seems strange, as Mr.
Thomson remsrks, that “ while Indian black tea has
been steadily driving the Chinese article out of most
of the far-distant m.nkets of the world, Chinese
green tea, in a short space of time, and apparently
without an effort, drove the Indian article clean out
of its own market.”

How completely this has been done is manifest
from the statement that whereas twenty years ago the
whole of the green tea trade with Khorasan was iu
the hands of British Indian tea planters, to-day they
“ do not supply a leaf.” It must be admitted that on
this point Vice-Consul Thomson’s observations are
not borne out by those of the Collector of Customs,
Bombay. That official describes green tea as the
most important branch of the trade between Bombay
and the Russian possessions iu Central Asia, all
Chinese tea being, of course, iu the first place
shipped to Bombay, and thence re-exported. Compar-
ing the quantity ihus dealt with daring the last
five years with that exported from India to Persia
the Bombay Collector of Customs shows that the
quantities of Indian tea varied considerably from year
to year, but that in 1894-95 they reached a total of over
two million pounds, while the Chinese article was
placed upon the same markets to the extent of nearly
four million pounds. In the first nine months of 1895-
96 there was, according to the Collector of Customs, a
large falling-off iu the trade between China and Per-
sia, and a corresponding increase in the export of
Indian tea. The totals were : China tea 1,193,0901b. •
Indian tea 3,750,685lbs. India also did well, during
the period mentioned, by the new Batum route,
exporting 121,7711bs. in 1895-96 as against nii
the previous year. The Collector of Customs con-
eludes, therefore, that Indian tea has benefited, and
that China tea has suffered by the new Gusto
regulations enforced by the Russian authorities*
Vice-Consul Thomson differs from him. He main-
tains that if the Collector’s figures are accepted they
amount to saying that India alone is now supplying
Central Asia annually with more green tea than
that district formerly received from India and China
together. Mr. Thomson considers this highly improb-
able, and adduces the evidence of British planters
at Kangra and Kumaun and of Messrs. Balmer
Lawrie and Co., to show that “ no green tea is
manufactured by Europeans in Northern India and
only little by Natives.” How is this discrepancy be-
tween Mr. Thomson’s figures and the Collector’s to be
explained ? Mr. Thomson has a convenient method of
accounting for it. He points out that the Collec-
tor has said a great deal about green tea and about
other exports to the Gulf, but that he nowhere
makes mention of hlacJc tea. ‘‘ Therefore I imac'ine ’’
writes the Vice-Consul, ‘‘he has mixed his Hidia’n
teas, and has included black with green, which would
account for the error.” Large quantities of tea go to
Bandar Abbas, a million and-a-half pounds being
taken by Bushire alone. That is how the Vice-
Consul gets rid of the difficulty. Ic would be in-
teresting to hear what the Collector has to say on
the subject. Going back over the history of the
transfer to China from India of this important
trade Mr. Thomson says that two things happened
simultaneously: trade left the Afghan route

and China absorbed it. The writer does

not attempt to connect the two events
because, as he says, while he is able to explain the
reason of the first, he is still doubtful about thp
causes of the second.

As to the avoidance of the Afghan route that was
brought about partly by the heavy import duties
levied by the present Amir, and partly by reason
of the unsafe, because unsettled, condition of the
country at the lime of his accession. All independent
merchants forsook it, of course, and it would have
fallen into complete desuetude but for the compulsion
put upon Afglian merchants to carry on their busi-
ness along the routes of Afghanistan. These facts
are sufficient to account for the diversion of the
traffic to the Gulf, but obviously they throw no light
ou the concurrent transference of the trade iu ^reen
tea from Indian to Chinese hands. Mr. Tho'inson
suggests as a possible explanation that prices had
been falling in Nortliern India for some time and
that the European jdauters at last refused togo any
lower, and turuc.l their attention to black tea. About
the same period, he supposes, “ .some enterprising
China or Bombay merchant read the signs of the
times and began to place the Chinese article on
the Bombay market for despatch via Meshed ”
This a charming theory, the parts of which dove*

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct. I, 1896.

234

tail into each other with perfect ease. We wonder
what the Bombay Collector of Customs thinks
of it. Mr. Thomson, it is interesting to learn,
finds that prices are now good again, and
thinks it possible that Indian planters ii!.i,y come to
renew their interest in the green leaf. Tiie.e i.^, he
says, a British Consul at Batuni, and there are sl veral
respectable merchants of various nationahti.s there
who would be delighted to act as agents. The
country, too, is being opened up by the new railways
which are iu course of construction. There would
be some consolation in the engineering activity of the
Bussian Government, if its policy of piling Pelion
upon Ossa in the matter of railways should result
in facilitating the development of a British Indian
industry. — Knrjliiihi)mn, Aug. 11.

FOBEST WEALTH OF BKAZiJ .

An interesting report on the forests of Bra/,d has
recently been presented to his Governm mt l y the
French Consul at San Paulo, who calls a' triiLion to
the wealth of timber in them, more particulariy iu the
forests situated in his own consular district. M.
Georges liitt says that among the sources f ^'atnral
wealtli in the province . f San Paulo, one or ihe most
interesting, but unfortunately, somewhat neglected,
is the timber of which the immense virgin forests are
composed. The recent industrial exhibition at llio
de Janeiro, where a considerable number of samples
of Brazilian wood were on view, was the means of
calling attention to the value of these produc s and
to the advantages to be derived from a regular and
systematic working of the forests. Tne most im*
portant, as well as the most common, tree is the
which is found in great abundance in the
State of Parana also, and where it is known as the
araucaria. In San Paulo the pinho has been
sacrificed to coffee cultivation, and a large number
of these trees have been destroyed, and the forests
themselves burnt in order that the laud might be
prepared for the coffee plants. The puiho is, never-
theless still found in great profusion in the western
and southern parts of the province. The tree grows
easily and rapidly, and attains a height of 45 metres.
In twenty years it can supply large planks, which
are used for sleepers, doors, and windows, axle-
trees etc. After the 2>inho or araucaria, the acacia
which is known by the Indians as curupai/, is one of
the most useful woods of San Paulo. This wood is
particularly hard and able to withstand the effects of
the weather. It is used for carriage building, and
for making drays and the rough carts of the country.
The acacia is also employed in ship building and in
making railway sleepers. This tree attains a heiglit
o/from 12 to 15 metres, but it is of slow growth.
Much interest is devoted to this tree, not only on
account of the usefulness of its timber, but also
because its leaves are said to have some medicinal
property similar to that of the eucalyptus. Another
interesting variety is the guajuvira ( Patagonula
Americana), a tree which is found growing through-
out the whole of Southern Brazil. The wood is very
hard and durable. It is eminently adapted to car-
riaee making, and also furniture and other articles ;
it is also used for rail a ay sleepers ; it grows to a
height of about 12 metres. The soita cavallo, or
aconta cavallo, is a wood of very good quality, it is
hard and not easily split. It is used for yokes, saftots,
and broom handles. It also serves for piano making,
and is used for furniture, and one establishment on
Santa Maria the aconta-cavallo is specially used for
makin<' chairs. In addition to the above-mentioned
trees which are the most common, and the most ge-
nerally used, there is a large number of other varieties
which altho.igh not worked, might be so with advant-
age and profit. There are the following:— Ga/nraya
iiic hum ’, ca.-ijerana, tajuha, jacariiwhi, Jujurira hranca
Ivvhite i\atrcr)-,urocira,!>ucuiiira,pcreira, batulha, canellu,
ya^saruioa, cedra, carroba, caniia hi.'tla, nuiliam, and
others The cachoracn and the do Ilraxd, which
„,e found in great profusion in the forests, are much
appreciated by dyers for the beautiful red colour
yielded by the bark. An idea may be formed, by the

above enumeration, of the abundance nnd variety of
useful trees in the province of San Paulo. Unfortu-
nately, as M. Georges Ritt observes, everything iu
Brazil is sacrificed to the coffee industry, all other
pi oductions only appe.u ing to be of secou lary interest.
Sylviculture has always been neglected, and this to
such an e.xtent that in the neighbourhood of cultivated
districts a large number of forests have been rutlilessly
destroyed, to make way for coffee plantations. The
consequence of this is the increasing rareness of indi-
genous woods on the market, and tin ir high price.
Moreover, it necessitate-!, iu spite of the natural
resources of the country, a considerable importation
of foreign timber, particularly from Sweden and Nor-
way and California, these importations being required
for building purposes. These foreign timbers, not-
withstanding the distance from which tliey are brought
are placed on the market in Brazil at a cheaper rate
than the Brazilian woods themselves. One explana-
tion of this is that the high price of Brazilian wood
is caused by the difficulty and cost of transport in the
inteiior of the province. The majority of the railway
companies only serve the eoffee districts; in fact, it
was iu view of this industry that they were originally
established, and it is, therefore, perhaps only natural
that at certain periods, more particularly during che
coffee harvest, the companies devote all their energies
to its transport, which is a lucrative one for them,
and that the carriage of timber is neglected, stocks
of which are allowed to accumulate and to remain for
long periods exposed to the inclemency of the weather
and to the risk of robbery, which is by no means
infrequent. It is owing to these disadvantages, and
the insufficiency of the means of transport, that the
owners of the forests have been induced to destroy
their property rather than to saddle themselves with
heavy expenses which they could not recoup them-
selves for, by a rapid sale of their products. More-
over in San Paulo, although there are many streams
and waterways, the advantages enjoyed in other
countries in the way of floating the timber to its
destination are not available, the streams in question
flow towards the western part of the province (the
basin of the Parana), which is the sparsely-populated
district, all the towns and the centres of industry
and activity being situated in the elevated regions of
the interior, and at the source of the rivers. The
virgin forests being found in the lower plains of the
West, it is impossible to utilise the stream for
floating the timber to the places where it could be
delivered for consumption. In conclusion, M. Ritt
says that unless the Government takes steps to put
an end to the difficulties which hedge round the
timber industry in Brazil, the time must soon come
when an industry which could easily be made an
inexhaustible source of wealth to the country will
entirely cease to exist. — Journal of the Society of Arts,
July 31.

FACTS ABOUT TE.A. MAKING AND
WATER.

(By a Professional Analyst.}

It used to be a common thing with our grand-
mothers to put a little soda in the teapot when
making the daily “ brew,” and the custom is still
pretty widely existent. This practice of water-
softening was not without its justification in the
days when China teas alone were imported; but at
the present time, with Indian and Ceylon teas iu
such preponderance, some discrimination is desir-
able iu suiting the water to tea, or the tea to the
water, as the case may be. Ordinary potable water
contains small quantities of organic matter, and
much larger but very variable amounts of inorganic
bodies ; the latter it is which determine whether a
water is “hard” or “soft.” Practically the “hard-
ness” of a water is the only thing to be considered
in regard to its tea-making properties; the organic
matter, though of the first importance in judging of
the fitness of the water for drinking, is usually alto-
gether too minute to effect the quality of the tea
infusion. With the hardness, however, the case is
different. A tea suitable for soft-water infusions will
give a different result when made with hard water,

Oct. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS 1\

235

Broadly speakiug, the substances extracted from
tea by the water, are — (1) the alkaloid theiue, to
which the chief stimulant and refreshing effects of
the tea are due ; (2) the oil of tea, which confers much
of tile characteristic fragrance and aroma; (3) the
tannin, importing astringency and bitterness and
acting prejudicially on the digestive system ; and (4
the residual extractive matter, including albu-
minous and other compounds which help to impart
“ body,” flavour and colour to the infusion. Phy-
siologically the thcine is the most important con-
stituent, and either hard or soft water extracts it
almost equally well if sufficient time be allowed,
though soft water appears to act more readily at
first. Roughly, about 50 per cent, of the total theiue
is obtained in the beverage as ordinarily made, or per-
haps a little more. It may be asked whether much
of the remaining 50 per cent, cannot be extracted.
By further “drawing" this is quite possible, but the
amount of tannin is also increased, so in practice
we have to effect a compromise. With respect to the oil
of tea, little is definitely known as regards the com-
Ijarative efficacy of hard and soft waters. This is to be
regretted, since much of the flavour and “ bouquet” de-
pends on the constituent in question. Appreciably more
tannin is dissolved out by soft water than by hard, at
all events from some kinds of tea. Many laboratory
determinations made with distilled (perfectly soft)
water have shown that the amount of tannin ex-
tracted depends on the time of infusion, consider-
ably more being present after ten minutes than after-
five ; but experiments made by Geisler indicate
that with moderately hard water the increase is
much less than with soft water. The proportion
of residual extractive matter is also affected by the
hardness of the water. A soft water will extract
more albuminoids than one which is hard ; and,
in fact brewers, who are aware of this general pro-
perty, make a point of using hard water for dear-
ales, but a soft one for thick porters. 'Which, then,
should one use — a hard or a soft water ? It depends
upon the kind of tea. Indian teas, being of rough
and pungent flavour, are better made with hard
water ; soft water yields a stronger but less
agreeable infusion. China teas, on the other hand,
are more suited to localities where the water is
soft; their more delicate flavour allows of the
fuller extraction given by the soft water, without
the beverage becoming unpalatable. Frequently,
however, as will be known to many readers of The
Grocer, China teas are blended with Assam or Indian
teas in different proportions to suit the water of a
particular district; for insta-ices, Glasgow, supplied
by the very soft water of Loch Katrine, would
require a large proportion of China to Assam
than would, say, Birmingham, where the water is
hard. Ceylons and Darjeelings are of an inter-
mediate character, aird are suited to moderately hard
waters.

It is, of course, usually easier to choose the tea to
suit the water than vice versu ; but if vve desire to
drink, say, a delicate China tea and have only a very
hard water supply, we may soften the water in a
rough-and-ready manner by the old-fashioned device
of putting in a little soda. On the other hand, a
water that is too soft for Indian teas could be
hardened by the addition of a small quantity of
calcium sulphate, but practically it is better to blend
the tea in this case. Waters that have a largo
proportion of “ temporary ” hardness can be consider-
ably softened by half an hour’s boiling ; but it is
an article of faith with tea-tasters that w-ater, whether
hard or soft, should not be thus boiled— the tea should
be made immediately ebullition commences. There is
a consensus of opinion on this point, though the scienti-
fic reasons are not w^ell known. Probably the small
quantity of dissolved gases still remaining in the water
but which w-ould be expelled by continued boiling, have
an aerating effect on the beverage, or possibly some con-
stitmmt of the tea may bo more completely oxidised.
Wiil'-rs naturally alkaiino, or made so with a slight ex-
cess of soda, give a more nutritious infusion than ordi-
nary water, since they extract the gluten of the tea. In
Europe, where tea is only valued as a stimulant this is
a matter of merely theoretical interest ; but in Thibet

the fact is particularly applied in preparing a kind 0
food, which is said to be very nourishing. "tVaters con-
taining iron in solution should be avoided. Iron and
tannin together form ink, which does not improve the
flavour or colour of the decoction. — Grocer.

^^’ANARAJAH TEA COM PANT, 1AM I TEL).

The fourLli ordiimry general meeting of tlie
shareholders of tlie Wanarajah Tea Company of
Ceylon, Limited, w-as held in the ollice of the agents
and secretaries (Messrs. Baker A Hall), t^ueen
Street, today. Air. T. Mackie presided, ami
pi-esent w’ere Messrs. A. Cantlay, .1. W.
Tanderstraaten, T. W. Hall, F. \V. Burt, and (by
pro.xy) H. L. Baker and E. S. Anderson.

Notice calling the meeting, which -was pnldished
in the Gazette, was read, and minutes of the
ordinary general meeting held on August 30th,
1895, were read and confirmed.

The Chairman submitted the report, wdiicli is
in the follow'ing terms : —

ACREAGE.

Tea in bearing

. . acres 541

,, planted 1892

„ 300

„ „ 1893

„ 124

„ „ 1895

.. 72

—

1,037

Timber and Grass

. . acres

57

J ungle

• • >»

40

1,131

The directors have pleasure in submitting to the
shareholders their report, balance sheet, and profit
and loss account for the past season. The coffee
crop, as anticipated in last year’s report, proved a
very small one, only 99 bushels 1st parchment, 0
bushels 2nd, and 40| bushels cherry. The season
has been a favourable one for tea, and the yield
has reached 258,701 lb., against an estimate of
170,000 lb. The average nett price realized for the
teas, sold to date, has been a little over 02 cents
per lb.

In last year’s account the tea in store and
balances on unsold shipments were estimated at
R9,000'37. These realized 1111,084-85, and the sur-
plus has been included in tliis year’s proceeds
of crop.

During the year, 205 acres were manured, with
very satisfactory results ; and the directors propose
to continue their policy of a liberal outlay on this
work. The reserve set aside to provide for manur-
ing has been exhausted, and the additional expen-
diture has been charged to working expenses. This
will be continued in each year.

The ordinary working of the estates shows a balance
at credit of profit and loss account of 11105,383-91.
Of this sum an interim dividend of 8 per cent was
Xraid in January last, and the directors now suggest
that a final dividend of 12 per cent be paid, mak-
ing a total of 20 per cent for the year, and that the
balance of R28,271-91 be carried forward.

The estimate for season 189G-97 is 290,000 Ib. Tea
and 200 or 300 bushels Coffee may be secured ; but the
Directors do not anticipate any material increase to
the leccipts from this product in the future.

The expenditure on Capital Account for the present
year is estimated at some Rs. 24,000, which inchides
additional machinery and withering accommodation
and new lines.

Special attention will be given to planting up ravines
etc., which will materially add to the appearance and va-
lue of the property. It is proposed to plant 13 acres of
this land this year, and the balance next year. The
Visiting Agent reports very favourably on the general
condition of the estate, and his report can be seen by
Shareholders at the Company’s Office.

The Directors who retire hy rotation, Messrs. Tho-
mas Mackie and B. S. Anderson, being efitfible offer
themselves for re-election. ’

Mr. Guthrie, the Auditor, also offers himself for
re-election.

236

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct. I, 1896.

The CiIAIUMAN, ill moving tlie adoption of tlie
report, congratulated the siiareholders on tlie
satisfactory footing of the Company, lie pre-
sumed that the report might be taken as read,
having been in tlie hands of the shareholders
for .some time. The outturn for the season
under review contirnied the remarks made by
the Chairman at the meeting held a year ago,
resulting in some 68,0n(J lb. in excess of the
estimate. As illustrating the progressive in-
crease of yield, the follosving figures might be
of interest to the shareholders:

Crops for 1892-3
„ „ 1893-4

„ „ 1894-5

„ „ 1800-6

and for the current

290,000 lb. He

regretteu

53,995 lb.

. . . . 86,657 do

. . 117,697 do

238,761 do

season the estimate
to say that

IS

so

far as coffee was concerned no material help
could be expected in the future, and before long
this heading would cease to exist in the books of

The young fields of tea planted
were most promising, and, being
jfit, would doubtle.ss, when in full
most satisfactory results and add
the prosperity of the Company by
yield as well as improving the

the Company
on forestland
of a superior
bearing, give
mateiially to
increasing the _

(piality. Tor further details the Chairman placed
tlie visiting agent’s last report on the table to
be at the disposal of shareholders.

Having invited discussion, those presentremarked
that the full information afforded left nothing to
iiuiuire about, and the adoption of the report having
been seconded by Mr. II. L. Haker was carried

unanimously.

On the motion of the CHAIRMAN, seconded by
Mr. F. W. Hurt, it was resolved that a divi-
dend of 12 per cent be paid forthwith, making
20 per cent for tlie year.

Proposed by Mr. J. W. Vanuerstraaten,
seconded by IMr. ’I . W . Hale, that Me.s.srs.
Thomas Mackie and E. f8. Anderson be re-elected

Directors. — Agreeil.

Proposed Viy Mr. II. L. BAKER, seconded by
Mr. F. W. Burt, tliat Mr. John Gutlirie bore-
elected Auditor at a fee of lllOO per annum.
— Agreed.

The Chairman having spoken in commen-
dation of the able services of the manager and
his staff in bringing about such favourable results,
the meeting unanimously recorded its apjirecia-
tion of their servicc.s.

A vote of thanks to the Chairman anil
Directors closed the proceedings.

INDIAllUBBER AND BANANAS IN

MEXICO.

Sir Henry Dering, in his report on the procluc
tions of Mexico (already referred to) describes the
cultivation of India-rubber and bananas. The rubber
tree is indigenous to Mexico and is found growing
wild along both coasts, below 22 degrees north lati-
tude, from sea level to allicudes running from 1,200 to
1 500 feet, and principally by the river meadows.
Rubber is essentially a tropical tree, hence it requires
a hot and moist climate. The temperature best
adapted for its vigorous growth is above 96° Fahren-
heit and the rainfall should bo at least 60 to 70
inches per annum. There are eight kinds of rubber
trees that grow wild in the country, but the kind
known under the name of “ Gastilloa elastica ” is the
most imoortant and the best, as it is very much
sought for, for its sap and for propagation. Uegard-
incr^ the work of extracting the rubber one m in will
tan from 20 to 25 trees a day if the operation is per-
formed carefully and methodically. In most places
the tappinK is sometimes again in

October, but it is not advisable to repeat the opera-
tion as often as that. The process generally consists
in making two or three incisions in the lower part of
the tree and collecting the sap that flows from them on
clay vessels placed next to the trunk. The process
can be repeated every year for 25 years or more
especially if the wound is covered with wax or clay
after the flow of the sap has ceased. When there is
a large quantity of milk gathered it is placed in a
barrel having a faucet and a solution of five ounces of
chloride or sub-carbonate of sodium in sufficient water
to cover the whole mass, which is agitated with a
stick every now and then. After lapse of 21 to
36 hours the water is allowed to runout through the
faucet ; this operation of washing is carried on until
the rubber becomes white. About 44 per cent of
rubber remains from the original amount of milk
after the water and other matters have been eliminated
by evaporation. Trees planted on lauds having the
soil, climate, and elevation adapted for the culture
will produce from 5 to 6 lb of juice on the first year
that they are tapped, which amount is equivalent to
2’4 lb of pure rubber. This product will bo gradu-
ally increased every year for the next four or five
years, and sell 50 cents per lb on the plantation.
The total expense for a rubber plantation of 100,000
trees will not exceed 25,000 dollars, and as the yield
sf 100,000 trees will be about 240,000 lb at the first
year’s harvest, this will bring the planter 120,000
dollars, besides the product obtained from the side
planting. The net profit on the investment, after
deducting the entire cost of the land and all expenses
up to the first year of harvesting, will be 95,000
dollars, and each of the succeeding harvests for
25 or 30 years will bring a steady income of over

100.000 dollars.

The Banana grows spontaneously and in very
great abundance almost everywhere on the Mexi-
can coast region and on the lower borders of
the temperate zone. The plant is cultivated in all
the States, excepting in the Distrito Federal, Baja
California, Sonora, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Agreas
Calicntes, Mexico, Tlaxcala, and Campeche. Its
cultivation is easy and cheap, and when properly
carried out, the first crop may bo gathered in ten or
tw'elve months from the time of planting. As to the
expenses, large plantations can be made at a cost of
34 to 5 cents per plant, if planted 1,000 to the acre.
The cost of clearing the ground is from six to eight
dollars per acre; the price of 1,000 suckers or shoots
from 2 I to 25 dollars ; staking, holing, and trans-
planting will costs dollars 25 cents per 1,000 dollars ;
weeding and trimming, 6 dollars 25 cents per acre ;
and gathering the fruit, 6 dollars 25 cents per acre.
At the end of the first year, 1,000 plants will yield

1.000 bunches, which sell at the plantation at 25
cents a piece, producing 250 dollars. The following
year the yield is double that amount, and the ex-
penses less than half. — Journal of the Societn of ArU,
July 24.

CONEECTED Toracco. — At present a duty of
11130 and K60 ])cr candy is imposed on dry and
confected tobacco, respectively, iiniiorted from
Tinnevelly into Travancore, The Tra\ancore
Durbar has now' found that, says a Madras contem-
poi-ary, tliis inocedure is an inducement for fraud
and invasion of duty, as tlie imjiorters have
established a confccliiig factoiy at l^anagudi, in
British territory, near the frontier of the State
where the dry tobacco is subjected to a
show of confection and the iiujicrfectly confected
tobacco is brought into the Native State and
passed oil' for purposes of duty as fully confected
stulf by bood-wiuking or buying oil tlie t'ustoms
and Bankshall authorities. This has resulted in
a considerable fall in the quantity of dry tobacco
imported and to a conseqneiil loss of re\eiiue to the
•Stale. In order to du-ek this the Madras
(loi'ernmeiit has accepteil the proposal of the
'rravancore Durbar to impose a uniform duty
of Bi)U [ler candy on all 'rinnevelly tobacco iiu-
[lorted into that >State.

Oct. I, 1896.] THE TROPICAL

UOVEllNMENT BOTANIC CARDENS,
NILCIKIS.

Erom the annual Adininistnition Report of the
Government Botanical Cardens and Parks, Nil-
^iris, for the year ending 31st March 189(3, by
Mr. David Hooper, Covernment (,,!uinologist, M’e
make the following extract.s : —

Notes on Plants of Economic Inthiiest — (1)
Ipecacuanha. — The cultivation of Ipecacuanha does not
succeed so well at Nilambur as was at first antici-
pated. Out of 249 plants put out in 1887, only 149
were alive last .Tune; but they were flowering fairly
well and were in a healthy condition. It seems that
they require a moister climate than Nilambur, for they
die' down annually during the dry months between
January and May, and sprout up afresh at the first
burst of the monsoon. Mr. Malcolm in the Vellara
Mulla Hills has discovered that a light shade under
tig trees and a, moist situation are more suitable for
the plant than thick forest shade. Some young plants
have been sent to applicants in tlie untried districts of
Peermaad, Travancore and Coorg, and reports upon
their progress have been promised.

A few flowering specimens of Ipecacuanha are
being sent from India to London to have their
botanical features investigated. A dozen plants were
sent to Kew about a year ago, and reached their
destination in good condition.

(2) .falap. — Five hundred pounds of jalaj) tubers
from a stock of lb. 1,200 tvere supplied last .Jcuuaiy
to the Medical Storekeeper, Bombay, and the balance
of lb. 700 will be divided between the Medical
Stores of Bombay and Madras, as application has
again been made for the drug this year. A large
order for jalap from Calcutta could not be comp)lied
with, as the xu’esent crop) is not mature enough for
lifting. For some years piast the wdiole of thejalapi
has been grown in the Cinchona Plantations at
Dodabetta, and it is intended this month to plant
it out also on the terraces above the glass houses
in the gardens.

The private planters on the Nilgiris are still hold-
ing back from cultivating this useful drug, and are
not able to place any of it on the market.

(3) Ilandclion {Taraxacum Otiicinale). — The crop of
Dandelion near Orewe Hall has not been taken up)
yet, as the roots have not grown much during the
dry weather, and are still very thin. After another
wet season it is hoped that the plants will be suffi-
ciently robust to yield a large quantity of matured
roots.

(4) Sweet Jhaj (Acorus Calamus). — The sample of oil
distilled from the fresh plant and sent to Surgeon-
Major Parker of the Medical Stores, Bombay, for
experiment, was tried by him, but he reports that
the results of its clinical administration were not
satisfactory. The fresh root is no doubt the best part
of the plant for medical pui-poses.

(5) l)i(jitaiis. — In February last the Medical Stores
Department, Bombay, asked to be supp)lied with lb.
30 of these leaves, which were sent there and charged
for at the rate of As. 4 a pound.

(fi) yil'iiri Nettle (Cin'rclinia palmata). — The Re-
porter on Economic Products, on behalf of the Im-
perial Institute, has been making enquiries regarding
a fibre suitable for the manufacture of hat.s. A
specimen of the Nilgiri Nettle fibre, j)repared by
Mr. Mclvor in 1867, was forwarded through the Board
of Revenue, and enquiry was made as to the cost
at which a similar material could be supplied. A
small quantity of the fibre, about half a pound, was
prepared from some of the nettles in the Government
gardens at the cost of R3. The Nilgiri Nettle is not so
plentiful in the neighbourhood of Ootacamund as it
used to be, and the Todas, around whose munds it
is generally found, do not appear to utilise the fibre.

(7) JAtsaca Xcijlauica. — The Litsaeas grow in piro-
fusiou on these hills, and the trees are related to
the cinnamon. The Reporter on Economic Fro-
ducts, through the Board of Rovenue, applied for
some of the essential oil of the leaves for the Im-
perial Institute. Tlie oil exists in the loaves in a
minute proxiortion which made the process of distilla-
tion very tedious. The oil possesses the jicculiar
30

AGRICULTURIST. 237

fragrance of the tree, but it has the remarkable pro-
perty of resinifying or drying up like a varnish when
exxiosed for a short time to the air.

(8) Indian Jladder {fluhia cordifoiia). — In Decem-
ber 1894, some roots of this plant collected at Naduvat-
tam were sent to the Rexiorter on Economic Products
at Calcutta, and in March last another consignment
followed of the roots taken when the x^lants were in
their fruiting stage. The authorities at the Imperial
Institute wish to determine the difference between the
varieties of this plant established in the Khasa Hills,
Sikkim and the Nilgiris. The botanical characters
are veiy slight, but it is considered that the quality and
quantity of the colouring matter of the root vary
according to local or climatic conditions. The liuhia
cordifoiia on these hills is a straggling shrub with
long wiry stems penetrating the jungle for a great
distance, which makes it a difficult matter to dig
out the root.

(9) Camphor tree {Cinnamomum Camphora). — A cer-

tain amount of interest was shown last year in the
intrcduced camphor trees of Ceylon, and a discussion
was raised as to the value of the leaves and twigs
in affording camphor compared with the stem and
root. As the question could only be settled by actual
experiment, the leaves from trees grown on this
plateau were examined and the results published in
a paper entitled Camphor Leaf Oil. The leaves
from trees growing in the Government gardens
yielded an oil containing about 15 per cent
of camphor, and some oil distilled from

the leaves of trees growing at Naduvattam, at
an altitude of 6,000 feet, contained 50 x^er cent, of
camphor.

(l()j H'iUl coffee (Diplospora nplucrocaipa). — This

jilaiit has- again beeii sent by two x’lanters on the
Nilgiris for identification. It belongs to the same
natural order as the true coffee, and bears a round
fruit containing flattened seeds which at once dis«
tiiiguished it from its allies. Colonel Xenney-Herbei't,
ill 1890, made an infusion of the roasted seeds pre-
Xiared from this plant in the Quinologist’s labora-
tory, and he pronounced it to be very xialatable
and similar to, but slightly W'caker than, that made
from ordinary coffee.

(D) Seriuoia semperrirens. — A young tree of this
species was xAaoted last .July bj' His Excellency Lord
Wcnlock above the Tennis courts near Government
House and is now in a thriving condition. This is a
Californian plant which yields the redwood of the
timber trade, and, in its native climate, attains vast
dimensions. The tree has been raised from seed
in the Government gardens with some other ooiurers
from North America, but the one planted by Lord
Wenlock was presented by Mr. A. Lascelles.

(12) Adhatoda Vasica. — In 1888 a chemical exami-
nation of this plant was made by the writer and the
active principle was found to be an alkaloid named
“vasicine." Experiments were made with the plant
and its alkaloid, and it was proved that the loiver
forms of animal and vegetable life were killed when
brought into contact with the solutions. At the
suggestion of Dr. Lauder Brunton, i.r.s., the
dried loivo:; of tlic wove sent last year

to 1 iofci'sor Giacosa of 'J'lirin for investigation; ho
fouiul them to be )ich in nitrate of potash
but failed to find an alkaloid. As these results were
conflicting, fresh samples of adhatoda leaves were
obtained from Madras, Calcutta and Punjab, and the
enquiry was renewed in the laboratory. The existence
of an alkaloid in all specimens was proved, and
a sample of acetate of vasicine in a crystalline con-
dition and soluble in water, was sent for exhibition
to the Indian Museum in Calcutta.

(l.S) Eucal;iptv,s species. — A number of specimens of
eucalyptus leaves were sent jfor identification, but
it was impossible to determine the species from the
leaves only. Flowering and fruiting specimens should
always bo sent if plants arc to he satisfactorily namedi
A few enquiries wore made with regard to the boiler
fluid manufactured from blue gum leaves; but the
correspondents were referred to eucalyptus oil dis-
tillers in the neighbourhood.

(14) Datura Straiiwniuni. — .\ qmuitity of the roots
of this poiso))ous plant collected on the hills was
sent to Bombay for the p^n'D^^c of testing the activity

THE 'iROPICAl, AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct, I, 1896.

238

ami C'oiiipariug it ^viUl lhat o[ tlu' root, of Ahvpa
Bclladoiiini, with \s hioh it is allied. The Medical
Storekeeper of Dombay has iuv])ared a Jiiiinieiit,
alcoholic extract, tincture and plaster from the roots,
l)uthe is not at ]ires;-ii| able toi’eporton theirlhera'iien-
tic value, as the elinie.d ex))erii;ieiits are not linished.

(15) I\’oiu/aua pulloo. The Assistant Sui\t(eon of
Caniuinore i’or\\ard( d in krareh to this ottice a weed
called “js'onfiana pulioo." It was said to be used by
the people of Is'orth Malabar as a remedy for ele-
phantiasis, and as a substitute for tobacco. It was
indeiitilied as FiwhrisliiHs n:itlivulis, a small plant be-
longing to the rush family (Cyperaceie).

(1(5) Foli/gonum Sarhulimme. — The plants of this
fodder, which were raised from seed obtained by this
oilice from .laijan and mentioned in the last year’s
report, have nearly all died ; so the results of this ex-
periment may be said to be a failure.

(17) Bandalirood {iSonUthim album). — Some billets of
sandalwood were sent by the Forest Department
for the purpose of determining the difference in
the amount of essential oil yielded by two kinds
known as “ male ” and “ female ” sandal. A third
specimen received at the same time, afrom a tre
grown in the plains, gave a most remrkable resulte
in not yielding a trace of volatile oil and being
without odour.

(18) Indian Dccl- {liunicx. nepat the cinchona
report of last year reference wa.- made to the Indian
Dock, and tiio probeble presence in it of chryso-
phanic acid. Dr. 0. Hesse of Stuttgart has kindly
examined some root sent from the Nilgiris, and
fomid in it three colouring principles —

1. Golden yellow spangles melting at ISCdeg.,

with a composition expressed by the formula
ClallioOi . , . ,

2. Orange red needles, melting at l;56deg., with
a composition of C17H14O1 .

Greenish-yellow prisms, melting at 158deg.,
and composed of ClsHicOt .

The first of these substances is an iusomer of cliry-
B iphanic acid ami may prove to be useful on some
future occasion in medicine and the arts.

(11)1 Trees. ■mi/ able for introduction as an er peri, ne.nt on
the jVil/jiris. — In paragrapb 3 of G O., No. 5046, lie-
venue, 'dated tbe 1 1th December 1895, Goverumeut
desired the submission of a general list of trees which
were considered most suitable for experiment witli a
view' to ac.climatixation on these hills ; and also called
for another list of such trees as have been proved by
experiment to tlourisb here, and would likely to bo of
value if introduced on a larger scale. These lists have
been drawn up and submitted to Government.

THF CO F FEE POT.

Tlie plaiiter.s assembled in conclave at Dangalore
have been discussing a very interesting quosiion,
namely, the why and the wherefore of tlio decrease
of the consumption of coffee in Great Dntain, and
they would seem very reasonably to have found
one cause of tlm tbi'ng m tlie fact that the mak-
ing of coffee is an art that the chcl of the English
household seems unable to got round. The making
of lea is a ninj])io art. Itceipe : Ect the water be

on the geiiuinu boil ; warm the pot ; put in the tea,
nour on the water, ‘ and we tlo the rest. ^
making of coffee, however, like the making oi salad,
ia a real art, and it is not everyone, even though
))L'Ovkled wilh llic beat colTcc-pot in Uiu world, unit
will turn out a good honest nup of coiToo such as shall
verily cheer. A cup of colTeo supplied by citizen
U’Angclis or by any other of the “ makers ” is one
thing, and a muddy infusion of the berry that some of
our '“boys” dare to disli u]) as cal, fee is altogether
another; and it is assuredly this ignorance of the right
way to make coffee that has a great deal to do with
inducing people to prefer the liomely tea. A cup of
coffee in tlie early morning is a particuliul}' good tonic.
In'tbo early morning it ),roduccs a liigbJy exhiiaia-
ting and refrcsliingclfecf, and the infusion of the berry
is goueriilly rccommuuleit us a more appi'Ojn iate matu-
tinal pick-nie-u)) thun an iiiftision of the k-af; and
it was not by mere cli.-imo that tlic colter:-))ot be-
came the recognised appendage of the ISrUish break-
fast table along with the eggs and the rolls, and that

“ coffee and oppers ” still hold morning sway with
the Madrassi crowd. It would undoubtedly be
ail excellent idea for coffee planters, for the
sake of their own interests, as well as for the
public good, to give the public a few general hints
as to the proper method of brewing the berry.
Tea-planters have done it, not only in the shape of
Siegel-like “ directions” on pound packets, but in the
2>,'opria persona ol dainty tea-making damsels at colo-
nial shows.

Another of the why’s and wherefore’s has been
rightly found in the rapid decline of the price of tea.
Tea and coffee started pretty fair and square in the
race. Tea, indeed, is said to have been drunk in
China as long ago as the 5th century; but it was not
till the 16th century that it became known to
Europeans. Coffee was not drunk by the Arabs
themselves, as far as is known, until the fifteenth
century, but, as with tea, it was first introduced to
Europeans in the sixteentli. But then came the rub.
Tea was for a longtime regarl as a medicine, while
coffee began to be used as a beverage from the
beginning, and the consequence was that tea, like
any other drug, remained a costly thing, while
cofee became cheap. Old Samuel Pepys relates
that the “ pothicarj'” had recommended the use =
of tea to his wife as beneficial for cold and for
fimiinine complaints. Locke, the philosopher, on
returning from a trip to the continent, counts it
worth recording that he liad brought had: a yiound
of tea, w'hich, for the low price of seven guineas,,
lie had purchased in Amsterdam. In the nume-
rous coffee-houses, however, that rapudly sprang up'
ill London and in all conliiiental cities, cups of
coliee were of small exyiense, and the colonial planters
supplied the berry in as large quantities as were
wanted ; whereas it was not till the end of the
seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth
that we find lea being indulged in as an aid to social
small talk, as at that memorable tea-party in 1811 at
Hampton Court, where

. . . thou, Great Anna, whom tliree realms obey,

Dost sometimes counsel take — and sometimes Tea.

The price ol tea in 1657 ranged as high as
ten guineas per pound ; in 1710, by which time
the drinking of tea Jiad become fairly common, the
price ranged from 7s to 24s a pound. Exactly a cen-
tury afterwards, in 1840, Indian tea offered for
public sale in Loudon fetched no more than from
2.-S 6d to 3s per pound. Since then things have
rushed. Groat advertisers like Lipton have stormed
the market, inissionaiies have gone abroad preach-
ing the gospel of tea, and ofieriug it, if not without
price, at least very near it, and it is small wonder that
homely housewives, who can buy the refreshing be-
verage cheaply, can- make it easily, and can use the
tea-leaves afterwards for cleaning the lioors of their
sitting-rooms or their kitchens, have gone over
from coffee to the sister drink. There is perhaps
another reason that ai'plies especially to Indian
lioiisewives, namely, that tea is ready for use, and
the housewife can dole it out straight from her
caddy into the pot. Coffee, however, has to be mani-
pulated. It call he bought, to he sure, ready ground
and roa ted, hut the fulness of the llavour in that
case is liable to have goue out of it. Between buy-
ing the berries and handing them over to the servant
to he roasted and ground tiie housewife, if she looks
upon her servants as pilferers, is))nmc to believe that
tlie )uepared powder is iiol; by any means the sum
total of the berries.

But it is pushing and advertising tliat tlie coffee
planters assuredly need. Tea planters have recog-
nised that in this great advertising age tlioy must wag
with the rest of the world, and their campaigns have
proved a success. Coffee iilaniers have been inclined
to think that they have iloiic onougli when they
have giown a good article and put it on the
market, and waited for customers. But the pre-
sent competitive ago demands something more. A
coffee eanqiaign, on linos such as might he deemed
most fitting, might assuredly go a long way towards
restoring coll'oe to it.s rights at the* liritisli hreuk-
fast-table, and if popular “ directions ” could really
be given for making colfco after a duly approved

Oct, i, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTL'RIST.

239

fashion there are no doubt very many who would
be converted to preferring the juice of the hcrry
to the juice of the leaf. — d/. Times, Aug. ‘21.

THE DECLINE OE COEFEE.

F,XTIl.VOKmN.\KY ACTION BY THE OOVEUNMENT.

ALLt'.GEn OFFICIAL PATIIONAGE OF FHAOD.

We all know that coffee as a beverage has bee'i
declining in popularity in England for the last
five and twenty years. The quantit}' of coffee
now consumed here is less than half that which was
drunk in 187;-1, but the price is probably twice as much
now as it was tlien. You cannot buy a pure coffee
in this country for less than Is. 2d. a lb., and even
then it is of very poor quality as a beverage. Tea,
on the other hand, has fallen in price to an enor-
mous extent. When fine coffee could be had at a
ehilling a pound fine tea cost four shillings ; now
coffee has enhanced its value, and- the average price
paid per pound for tea, even by the fairly well-
to-do classes, is not eighteenpsnce. Tea is more
than ever a national beverage; coffee is a receding quan«
tity, chiefly, as the experts will tell you, because we
hardly know how to make it in hhigland. For the
matter of that, we luirdly know how to make a well-
seeming tea, but that is another story.

Years ago, wdien tea was oven more a luxury than
now, the coffee- grow'ers of the hot climes regarded
London as their market or clearing house for the
world. They mortgaged their crops to London houses
in consideration of advances given, and shipped
the coffee to London to their order as return for the
money. In those days they would not deal with
any other than a London house. But, by and by
as commercial credit became established in other
countries, a draft on a Dutch or a French house
gi'ew to be as accej)table as that on a London
establishment, and worth just as much. Then the
growlers, began to dally with other traders, London
lost its monopolist position, and the coffee natur-
ally gravitated in largo part to the ports nearest
to the area of consumption. Holland, for instance,
got the greater part of its coffee to its ow'n ports ;
France did likewise ; and though the coffee con-
sumed in England naturally came to our ports,
that which England used to export dwindled in
quantity before the direct consignments to the
Continent.

The English traders then began to find that they
suffered through their own honesty — don’t smile, that
honesty was compulsory ! The foreigners had no
scruple in packing inferior samples in the casks or
bags bearing the marks of much more valuable brands;
and putting them on the market at vastly enhanced
rates and at great profits to themselves. Their
Governments made no effort to stop this fraud ; in
fact, I daresay, a bland official smile at the discom-
fiture of English is still its reward. But in En-
gland it was difficult to do this successfully in
the free warehouse, and quite impossible in boud —
up to a short time ago. True, even well-known
firms have been suspected of palming other marks
of coffee on their customers as br^uas of fine qua-
lity, but only when they themselves had cleared
them from bond. If the customer himself went to
the trouble of effecting the clearance he knew that
the coffee ho obtained was exactly that which had
been cleared from the ship according to the warrants.
To buy coffee fiom bond was a guarantee of true
description and quality, until the Government made
an order, a month ov two ago, by which it practi-
cally becomes the patron of fraud, and lends its
warehouses to the swindling of the jniblic.

I ought to explain several things about !he
coffee trade before I go further. Coffee comes
into the market from many sources. There is
the Mocha coffee, the taste for wliich is prob-
ably, in most cases, acquired, because there is a pecuH;ir
rank flavour about the beverage, which does not com-
mend itself to everyone. Then there is the Mysore
coffee, which gives a rich, thick liquor, as though
you had infused too much of it } and . the Jamaica,

very thiiiinliqiior, hut very fragrant; and Die Costa Ricri
coffees, very plentiful and fine in quality; and the
Ceylon coffees, decliuii,g in quantity every year,
owing to the duvasiafious of the leaf disease or blight,
from which tlie Costa llicas ere yet free ; aud the
Guatemala and other Central American growt’ns, as
well as large quantities of Brazil coffees aud se-
veral others. Hiirtfly any • coffee of these coun-
tries could be sold direct for oonaumption, ex-
cept, perhaps, Costa Hicas ; tliey have all marked
characteristics, but very few imleed have, of them-
selves, precisely the desirable flavour or qn'lit.y. It
i.3 the duty of the expert coffee blender to take a
coffee with one characleristic, another with a quality
lacking 111 the first, oud anoiher with a fl.avour yet
lucking in the other two, and mix them a:l together
to get the properly fr.sgraut bhind whicti the coffee
drinker likes. Tli-o coffee blender in large houses^ acta
upon his knowledge acquired by long study of coffees,
Bat the grocer who sells coffee generally makes his
own blend according to a more or less fixed foniiula ;
he may send out Uie two 01 three bags of each sort
he buys to be ground, but probably h ; inalces his
popular blend of a portion of Plantation Ceylon coffee,
so much Jamaica, and so much Co.sta.

Plantation Ceylon coffee comes over here in large
casks weighing 10 orl2cwts.; but it is now a scarce
commodity, and the piice is p.ccordingly greatly en-
hanced; Jamaica is imported in barrels of about 2
cwis., is more plentiful than the other, and accord*
iugly is cheaper — though it must not be forgotten
that Jamaica is considered to be the finest coffee
grown, and a choice lot will always bring a big price :
the scaicity of Ceylon alone -makes it dearer. Costa
Eica, having complete freeJom from disease, grows
many fine coffees, quite as good as .Jamaicas in
many cases, quite as skillfully grown, and as well
cured, but owing to the plenitude of the supply, the
price of Co.sta Eicas may be some 16.s. less per cwt.
than Jamaicas. These marks will suffice for illus-
tration. There are tricks in all trades, aud
there are some in the coffee trade. It is a profit-
able trick, for instance, to sell Costa Eicas as
plantation ; and it has been done. Coffee has
been shipped from Costa Rica to Ceylon, iu its
“ piw’chmeut,'’ or husky stage, cleaned in Ceylon, and
prepared for market, packed in Ceylon casks, and
shipped to England and sold as “ Plantation ’’
coffee. It paid to take all that trouble and cost to
secure tho enhanced price. Again, the Jamaica coffee
berry has a very delicate bloom, which, might al-
most, it seems, be rubbed off by a touch of the
finger ; the Costa Ricans have invented a method
of drying their coffee seeds which produces an
exact imitation of the Jamaica bloom, so that even
an expert may oft-ou be deceived by a sample of
coffee thus faked, unless he is able to trace the
cargo to the port of issue. This is done to get
tho higher price for Jamaica coffee. There are
other ways of faking, such as that practised abroad,
of dyeing the berries with indigo to give them
the blue hue which is indicative of the “London
cleaned ’’ coffee, but we must let this pass with
the explanation that the Loudon cleaned coffee h s
not the same quantity of water dried out of it as
coffee clean abroad, and when polished has a deeper
colour consequent on the moisture left in. The
point is that by trickery even experts may be de-
ceived ; and that by false marks, without auy faking,
the nou-expert grocer may be done again and agiiin
in his pur.fliases.

The Goverunieut was besought some time ago by
the coffee merchants and exporters iu London to
give them concessions which would uut teem on a
level footing with foieigucrs in their trickery. The
Govern luetu consented, as tho following order I'ela-
tive to the Imiking and mixing of coffee and cocoa,
jirintcd in the ‘‘Public jjodger’’ show.s. The order
is dated May' 1.5 l i.st Iroin llio Cu t itn House, and
amends the fcxi.-,tiiig regulations thus: —

“ Coffee or Cocoa, whether from the same or diffe-
rent countries, or of the same or different impona-
tious, may be bulked or mixed for home consump-
tion, exportation, or ships’ stores, 011 condition that

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct. I, 1896.

240

the original marks be obliterated. The remarking
of the packages may be carried out in accordance
with the wishes of the parties concerned.

“ That in cases in wnich packages belonging to a
particular consignment of Coffee or Cocoa are im-
proted by different vessels at reasonable interva’s,
the original and the subsequent consignment may
be operated upon together without applicaton to
the Board, under the following arrangements,
viz.

“ That, on request to the Surveyor of the station
at which the Coffee or Cocoa is to be warehoused,
the bringing to account of the first and subse-
quent consignments may be deferred until the ar-
rival of the quantity necessary to complete the
parcel, when the whole may be weighed and
bulked, the w'eights being brought into one account
in the same manner as if the whole had actually
arrived by the vessel which brought the original
consignment.”

This is to say, the holders of coffee in bond may
manipulate as they like to suit the market, under
Government protection. Already, I am assured by
experts, casks of good marks are worth money, for
they may be taken into bonded warehouses in
London — not as yet in Liverpool — filled with a mix-
ture, or with some cheaper Costa Rican brand, and
sent out as Plantation Ceylon or .Jamaica. The
Costa Rica substitute may, as coffee, be as good
as the Jamaica it purports to be, but the regula-
tion will permit a merchant to palm off a coffee
worth 16s a cwt. less in the market, and to de-
fraud the buyer of that sum. It is as though you
had some cheap, though passable cigars in bond,
and the Government pennitted you to take in 1,000
boxes of a popular and dearer brand, fill them
with the cheaper cigars, and send them out as a
grand new consignment of Marias, say, just cleared
from bond. If the faking or mixing be done in
bond, the original marks must be destroyed ; but
any other mark may be used, and obviously, what-
ever the other mark be, it cannot accurately des-
cribe the contents of the package. This not only
opens the way to the palming of cheaper coffees for
dearer ones upon larger dealers; but it makes it
quite easy to foist upon the man who buys a smalt
parcel a very inferior coffee, deliberately prepared
under lying marks to deceive him. Thus the re-
tailer is likely to suffer, and through him the con-
sumer— who drinks enough poor coffee as it is —
that the large export houses may be in a position
to manipulate, fake, and cheat as easily as their
foreign rivals. The “ bought from bond ” phrase will
be a mere deception, for Government has deliberately
shut its eyes and opened its warehouse to pos-
sible fraud. It is a very disgraceful policy, it throws
principle to the winds, it may involve the Govern-
ment in connivance in many a swindle, and destroys
the value of the security of bond.

Thus we have had a glimpse into some of the
secrets of the coffee trade, which, I think, is in-
teresting, and wo have seen the great English
Government, reputed for honesty at least in some
things, willingly making itself a partner in a scheme
to meet foreign trickery with home made trickery.
Some M. P. w'ith a desire to be useful ought to take
a few moments of the time of this wearisome
session to make some pointed inquiries on this
matter. — Manchester Sunday Chronicle, July 2(i.

INDIAN TEA SHARES.

A great deal of interest is being taken just now
in the shares of Indian tea companies, and it be-
hoves us in the interests of the investing public to
give some little attention to the matter, especi.allv as
there is some probability of a lot of rubbish being
foisted on the market. It is no secret that when-
ever the investing public want a new kind of invest-
ment the promoting world is always ready to
supply them, and at such times it is neees.sary to
be very careful in making a selection. We give below
a table of what may be regarded as tho beat
companies at the present time, taking into con-

sideration the quotations of their shares. It will be
found that we have excluded several well-known
concerns, for no other reason than that either their
shares are difficult to get, or that they have been
raised to such a level as to make it impolitic to
buy them. For instance, the Dooars Company may
be regarded as the very doyen of the business, yet
it can scarcely be denied that the shares are as high
as they should be. Of course, the Ordinary shares
return about 6 per cent, on the money, but these,
we believe, are scarcely obtainable. If they can
be got they are good enough to keep The
Preferences yield something less than 4 per cent.
Among the Ceylon companies there is greater
scarcity, and possibly the very best concerns are
quite beyond the reach of the investing public. The
following list of companies, with their capitals, may
be regarded as including those concerns whose shares
are not too high, and in which there is a fairly

free market : Capital.

■b

Assam .. .. 187,lti0

Chargola .. .. .. l.')3,010

Darjeeling.. .. .. 135,420

^ Doom Dooma . . . . 149,270

Jokai . . . . , . 300,000

Jorehaut .. .. 100,000

Lebong . . , . . . 65,656

Lungla . . . . . . 200,000

Jhanzi .. .. .. 83,500

Scottish Assam . . . . 79,590

Ceylon Tea Plantation . . 248,460

mi r 11 • ill • • . . n »

The following table gives a list of what may be
regarded as the best and relatively cheapest Tea
shares at the present time, w'hich are for the most
part pref erable to those new issues which are of the
nature of blind pools. The prices that a.re given
are those which should not be exceeded by purchasers,
and if the shares cannot be got at these figures, then
they had better be left alone : —

At not over

Assam . , 59

British Indian . . 4g

Cachar and Dooars . . 12

Doomes . . 18

Jorehaut . , 57

Lungla Ordinary . . 12

Scottish Assam . . 10^

Chargola . . 4-1

Majuli .. 8

Chargola Pref. . . 30s

Lungla Prefs. . . 135

Assam Mortgage Prefs. . , 13^

Dumbula Valley Prefs. .. 6J

If the investing public, with a w'eakness for tea
shares, will confine themselves to the securities that
we have mentioned, they will not go far wrong. —
Bullionist, 'July 2.

THE EILA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON
LIMITED.

An ordinary general meeting of this Company was
lield on tlie 29tli Aug. at noon in the office of Messrs.
J. M. Robertson & Co., agents and secretaries*
Mr. Heniw Bois ine.sided, and pre.sent were
Me.ssr.s. W. E. Mitchell, F. Lie.sching, .1. M.
Mason, and Gordon Bobs (Secretary), and Sir. A. E.
Scovell (as a visitor).

The Skcrktaky read notice calling tho meet-
ing and minutes of last half-ye.arly meeting, which
latter uere confirmed.

TTIK, ANXIT.U, REl'OUT
is as follows : —

The Directoi's have tho pleasure to submit their
Report and Accounts for the year ending 3()th Juno,
1896.

The crop ou Eila Estate has slightly exceeded
tho estimate, but the Crop from Ivanangaina was a
little under that estimated. The total crops from
the two Estates amounted to 358,066 lb. against an
estimate of 360,000 lb.

Oct. I, 1896.]

THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

241

The price realized for the Tea was not altogether
satisfactory and the net average of the Tea sold
from the two Estates was 37-97 cts. against -12-8.-5
cts. last year.

The Net profit for the year, after allowing RC,100'-19
for depreciation, is R44,657T1 (equal to nearly 15 per-
cent on the Capital of the Company) to which must
be added the balance brought forward (after pay-
ment of the dividend for 1894-95) of R2,095'13
together aggregating R46,752'24.

Out of this an interim dividend of 4 per cent has
been paid leaving R34,752 24 available for distri-
bution.

The Directors recommend that this be disposed of as
follows, viz :

That a final dividend of 9 per cent
be declared on the share Capital
of R300,000, making 13 per cent for
the year . . . . . . R27,000 00

That a sum be carried to Reserve
Fund of . . . . . . 6,000 00

Leaving to be carried forward to
next account .. .. 1,752 24

R34,752 24

The Estates on the 30th June, 1896, consisted of —
Eila 410 acres Tea, 5 years old and upwards
50 ,, ,, 2 ,, ,, ,, ,,

105 ,, ,, 1 ,, ,, ,, ,,

62 ,, ,, under 1 year

330 „ „ Forest.

957

Eanangama 200 acres Tea 5 years old and upwards
15 „ „ 4 years old

108 ,, ,, Forest

323

Mr. H. Tarrant retires in accordance with the
Articles of Association, but being eligible offers him-
self for re-election.

The shareholders will also have to elect an Auditor
for Session 1896-97

By order of the Board of Directors,

J. M. Robektson & Co., Agents & Secretaries.

Colombo, 13th August, 1896.

The Chairman, in submitting the annual report
of the Directors for the season ending 30th June,
said as it had been in the hands of the share-
holders for some time, he concluded it might he
taken as read. The Directors regretted the fall-
ing-off in the average price of the tea, which
was very considerable, and, seeing that one cent
per lb. on the price of the tea made a difference
of no less than one and a fifth per cent on the
capital of the Company it was all-important
that the average should be kept as high as
possible. Up to the end of the year, that was
the half year from June to Decembe>-, the average
was a very good one, but unfortunately a large
proportion of the Coni])any’s tea came into the
second period of the season from January to
.June, Avlren the prices of tea were very low.
The Directors had given careful attention to this
and were doing all in theii- |iower to ])revent such
a low average in future. The Kanangania tea
was of ,a low quality, but they were inclined to
think that tlie Eila tea ougiit not to come into
the ruck of low teas and they hoped, if possible in
future, that tliey would be able to prevent it.
Notwithstanding this falling -off in the averagei
which maile a ilifference of nearly 6 ]>er cent on
the dividend, he thought they might consider
th.at tlie Company had done fairly well. Regard-
ing the crops they came out very nearly to the
estimate. The Kanangania estimate was 1.50,000
11). and, notwithstanding that a small acreage had
to be cut down unexpectedly owing to heloiieltis,
the result was 146,000 lb. ; or only 4,000 11). below
the estimate. He miglit mention there was
very little helopeltis to be seen now and that a
small amount was provided each year for catching

the insect, and he thought it had been kept down
very w'ell. ^Ir. Dawkin was in the office that morn-
ing and had said that tliere was very little indeed
noticeable and that the >ield for thelast two months
had been very satisfactory. The Eila cro)i was
slightly over the estimate, which was 210,000 1b.,
ami everything was going on sati.sfactorily on the
estates. They were in good order and the esti-
mated crop for the coming year was favourable.
He moved the adoption of the report and accounts.

Unanimously adopted.

On the motion of IMr. MiTCHKfii.,, seconded by Mi.
Liesching, a dividend of 9 per cent was declared
for the half-year.

The CiiAiRM.-VN said the next thing was to
elect a Director in |)lace of Mr. Tarrant. Mr,
Tarrant retired last year, but the articles
of association provided that the director
longest in office should retire. This hap-
])ened to l>e Mr. Tarrant, so that therefore he
again retired.

Mr. Liesching proposed the re-election of Mr.
Tarrant.

Mr. Mason seconded. Agreed.

The Chairman intimated that Mr. Shat-
TOOK, the auditor, had gone home, and in the
meantime the directors had thought it ad-
visable to elect Mr. .John Guthrie, and he
trusted this would have the approval of the share-
holders.

On the motion of Mr. Mason, seconded by
Mr. Mitchell, Mr. Guthrie was elected auditor
at the usual fee of RoO.

This was all the business.

THE RHONDURA VALLEY TEA COM-
PANY OF CEYLON.

An extraordinary meeting of the shareholders of
this Company was held at noon on the 31st Aug. in
the office of the agents and secretaries, Messrs. J,
M. Robertson & Co. Mr. A. E. Scovell the
Chairman presided, and present were Mr.F. W. Lois,
Mr. W. Moir and IMr. Henry Bois /jo- Mr. H. G. Boi.s!
The meeting resolved to purcha.se 666 acres of
land from Mr. Scovell, and the Directors were
empowered to raise the necessary capital for this
purpose. The land in question is .situated above
the cart-road, and practically connects the Com-
pany’s estates, Broadlands and Rhondura, which
abut on the cart-road. The land is in jungle
and steps will be taken without delay to
have it cleared and planted in tea. A wire
shoot will be constructed forthwith at a point on
the cai t-road dowm to the factory on Broadlands,
By it leaf plucked on Rhondura and on the ex*
tended portion of the Company’s land when i^
comes into bearing will be sent to the factory.

THE INDIAN TEA CROP.

The unusual dryness of the present year through-
out the s))ring and early autumn w-as known to
have told .seriously against the tea cro)) all over
north-eastern India, in Assam, Cachar, the Dooars
and Darjeeling. The unfavouiable character of
the season is brought out by the figures of the
export trade, for the July clc.arances from Calcutta
only amounted to 24 million lb .as against 284^
million lb. in 1895, and nearly ‘26 millions lb. in
1894. The weather, however, impro\'ed in the tea
districts as the season advanced, and it is to be
hoped that by the end of October it will be found
that the later months have made up some of the
earlier deficiency. — Mcidras Mail.

242

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. i, 1896.

MARAtiOUlPE COFFEE ; A (^UEUY.

A planter asks : — “Does Maragogipe coll'eo grow
in Ceylon, and is tliere a inarket for same in
London ?” Ferhajis some of our readeis will In*
able to give full (.letails. We bave seen tlie seed
•advei-tised for sale in Ceylon.

FORESTS IX INDIA AND THEIR Rli-
VENCE.

A short lime baek we ilrew attention to the
handsome snri)lus aecruing to the State from
forests in the year JShd-DU, and the eoniparative
tigui'es may now he given in detail. The ])ro-
vinces under the control of the Oovernment ol
India, Madras and Romhay being e.\cluded,
yielded the following surplus during the (juin-
(piennial i)eriods inentioned : -

1870-71 to 187-1-7")
1870-70 to 1870-SO
188U-S1 to 1884-8.')
188.')-80 to 1889-9(1
1890-91 to 1894-9.')

Rs. 11,12,000
„ 17,18,000
,, 2:5,80,000

,, 158,42,000

„ .')3,.') 1,000

In the year which has just passe<l the surplus
W'as Rs. 08.41,000. Madras and Rombfiy may
be taken as givin.g at least 22 lakhs, so we
have a net surplus for all India and Rurma of
about 80 lakhs of rupees. In years to come it will
doubtless rise to a erore, for Upper Rurma has
by no means reached its limit of production, and
as the country is opened out the revenue must
e.xpand. The Forest Officers, to who.se enen.’^y and
ability this development is due, as a whole lead
hard lives, with a good deal of e.xposure and a
good deal of .solitude, often pn unhealthy climates.
Rut even if their lines were all cast in as pleasant
places as those of the lucky few, it would be no
reason for meanly wriggling out of a concession
that has ))ublicly been granted and announced.

A NEW INDUSTRY FOR INDIA ;

RHEA EIRRE AND DRUGS.

The remarkable development of the Rhea fibre
throws for the moment all tariff differences
between Romhay and Manchester into the shade.
The Indian Government has long been aware that
in this widely spread variety of the nettle family
its provinces possess a source of unused wealth.
In 1809 it offered a reward of £5,000 for the in«
vention of a machine or process whiL-h sfiould
separate the delicate fibre from the bark atacost
consistent with the rei,uirements of commerce.
An offer of R5U,000 was renewed in 1877.
Various machines were submitteil under these in-
ducements, but they failed in regard to the
essential element of cheapness, and after many
trials the offers were withdrawn. The eflectually
attracted, however, the attention of e.xperts in
Great Rritain, Europe, and America. Rhea
became recognized as one of the most valuable
fibres known to the ancient or modern world. Its
use in Egypt, India, and China dates from befoie
the dawn of history. Rhea cloth is unrolled from
the mummies of the Nile and unearthed in the
burial mounds of Assam. 'J'he nets and lines spun
from it had, for strength, fineness, and durability;
no riv Is among the iishermen of ilengal and the
Malay Archipelago. As “Cliina grass” it won
its way about the !)eginning of thi.s century into
European commerce.

The dilliculty is to separate the strong silky
fibres of the bark from the outer cuticle and the
tenacious gums in which they lie embedded. In

the past, when labour was of little .account, the
wives or d.aughters of the hush.andmen and fishing
communilies scraiJCil and washed small quantities
of the bark till, by the |)ejsistent toil of many
days, each family produced a few handfuls of the
much-prized fibre. Rut the cost of this manual
process proved an insnpeiable dilliculty in the
adoption of Rhea for modern textile niannfac-
tnre.s. Dr. Royle, as industrial .advi.^er to the
India Oflice, showed that the Rhea Ubics “are
exceeded by none in finenes.s, excel all others in
strength, and may be fitly compared to the trunk
of an ele])hant which can jiick up a needle or root
u[) a tree.” He declared that, if the difficulty of
sei)arating the fibre can be overcome, “ the bene-
fits to Imlia and the world will he inc.alculable.”
It is this ))roblem that the chemists ami m.achi-
nists of Europe and .America har e during the ))ast
.■>() years been endearouring tn soh e. I*'r.ance anti
Germany at once entered the field with factories
for the extraction of the fibre, 'i'hey rvorked it ti|>
into many forms, from ropes and sail cajivas to
))lushes iiml dress-pieces resembling silk gootls in
apitearance. They failed, however, to ]tit)duce <a
lilasse, or clean libre, rvhich should be at once
cheap and serviceable. No machine or juerely
mechanical operation elimiiiated the resins with
a perfection rvliich yielded line yarns, except at a
cost prohibitive of their general use.

The chemists seemed for a time to be more suc-
cessful. They produced by means of various re-
agents a lilasse which was at once cheap and
apparently sound. Beautiful fabrics were woven
on the (:ontinent, and the inventors l.aid out a
large capital, in the belief that they had
solved the problem. Rut by tlie time the fabrics
came into the hands of the consumers, indeed
often before they passed from the shops of the
retail dealers, it was found that the chemicals
had injtirod the fibre, .and the goods were often
returned to the makers. Process after process and
niiichine .after machine failed to extract a Rhea
libre which should be both durable and cheap.

The honour of solving the problem has fanen
to an English chemist, born, we believe, in
India. Mr. Gomess after many exiierimetits
elaborated ,a proce.ss which the Indian Govern-
ment is .at length able to pronounce a complete
success. “The difliculties which previously ex-
isted,” says the’ ollicial memor.andum lately
issued by its Inspector-General of Forests, “in
leg.ard to the extraction of th.e valu.able textile
fibre from the bark of the Rhea plants have been
entirely overcome by what is known as the
Gomess ])rocess, and a large dem.and has s]irung
up for ribbons of dried bark with every )iroba-
bility of its increasing to enormous proportions.”
After referring to the operations of the Eliea
I'ibre 'i'reatment Companj^ in London and its
dependent associations now being established
throughout India, Europe, and America, tlie
ollicial memorandum inoceeds to indicate how
the iiroiluction of the fibre m.ay be increased in
lu'.actically unlimited quantities to meet the de-
mand. “'I'liese facts seem to point to the conclu-
sion tluat we are on the d.awn of an industry which
even ]>romises to rival jute cultivation.” The
fn.spector-Gencr:,l then draws out a scheme for
aiding the culti\ afors by ollicial information as to
the areas most suitable, fm- the growth of the jilant
and the r arie'.ies best adapted to each locality, and
by Govei nment experiments as to the best modes
oi' stripjiing, <hying, and baling the bark. 'I'he
subject, he insisi.--, “ becomt.s all the more impor-
tant and urgent as reporls reach us from the French
colonies of considerable activity in the Rliea fibre
trade, and as it would not be convenient to bo out-
stripped by them,”

Oct. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICA I

AGRICULTURIST.

243

'Die (ioiuoss ]ii'ocess iidopts zi)u-atc of soda for
tile elimiiiatioH of tlie resins, and ellects it witii-
out the s!i;j,litest injury to tiie lihre. After the
“ rihlions" or strips of iiark lia,\e heen freed from
dirt tliey are idaeeii in Moak acid liatiis for a niyht.
Next niornin”' they are passeil tlirou^^li a mild
alkaline hath, and then lioiled in weak solutions
of caustic soda to whicli zinc has heen added.
AVlien M aslied ami dried liy the usual mechanical
means the lihres emerge as a long, silky filasse,
entirely free from tlie cuticle and resinous gums
in wliich they were eniliedded ; clean, wliite
and ready for tlie comh of the si»inner. They
take the most hcautiful dyes and can he worked
into every variety of fahric from gorgeous
vehets to cheap drills and delicate laces.
The combined lightnes.s and toughness of the
libre render it jieculiarly suit.ahle for tents and
ship canvas. Three-fifths mors cloth of equal
•strength can ho made from Hhea than from the
same weight of linen. That is to say, 1,000 yards
of the Khea canvas weigh only as much as 600
yards of linen. Its durability and resisting
power to strain arc also much greater. The
Government of India is taking eflectual stejis for
the rapid extension of the cultivation. If its
forecast bo, correct, we may congratulate ourselves
that what promises to become a great new in-
dustry has been rendered possible by the science
of an English chemist and has bi'cn practically
inaugurated by an English company.

Of scarcely less importance to India is the
development of its indigenous drugs. If the
Gomess process is the imention of a chemist
honourably connected by family ties with India,
the exploitation of the indigenous drugs has
Iioen chielly the work of an Indian native cliemist.
Professor Kauai Lai Dey, of the Calcutta Uni-
versity, and formerly chemical examiner to the
Government, has just issued an enlarged edition
of his treati.-^e on the medicinal products ol
British India. It brings to completion the re-
.searches of Ain.slie in 1826, of O'Shaugnessy
in 1S44, and of Waidng in 1868. It supplements
them with a wealth of luactieal knowledge which
could only iiave been accumulated by <i chemist
who has [lassed his life in the country, and who
is intimately conversant with the languages, the
customs, and the requirements of the peojde.
British physiciams in India are aware of the vast
uos.sibilities lying aiouiul them in the shape of
nau^® drugs. The Governor-General in Council
lately /‘^sued a resolution with a view to more
fulh' utiliz'''^fl indigenous medicines, and

pointing out :.'>e.dilliculties in the way. 3Vhat
It demands are di-’igs stable character, free
from adultcratien, aik'! <at a price not exccc.ling
that at which they can be imi.ortod. I role.ssor
Dey’s work will form a laf.'dmark m the accom-
idishmcnt of this object. Not should the labours
of Mr. T. N. Mukharji, K.L.S., lately of the
Inuierial Museum, Calcutta, be forgotten. His
accurate woik, painstaking attention to details,
and ailmirablc e([uipment of the international
c.xhibitions in Great Britain and Euiopc have
slowly but surely com]ielled recognition of the
medicinal remedies msed forages l»y the East.
At one time it seemed cas if our Ipdian Universi-
ties vv'cre only to juoducc lawyers and litciaiy
men. Tlicy are now producing men of resoarch,
whose work takes a distinguished position in tiie
scientilic journals and libraries of Europe. They
are also disclosing, in no small measure, that
rarer iiuaiily by wliich men of science bring tlieir
labours to hear on the wants and the welfare of
their own coumry. Kapid .ns has been the
growth of Indian vernacular literature under
British rule, the progre,ss of India science and

technical knowledge, repremsented by investigators
like Professor K. 1.. I)ey and Mr. T. N. Mukharji,
is pel haps even more striking. — London Timen,
Aug. 10.

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

Li Hung Chang and the China Tea Ttude, — In
the list of presents which Li Hung Chang distributes
during his Western pilgrimage chests of choice
China tea are conspicuous. The Chinese Chancellor
would like to see life restored to the China tea trade,
and it would be very agreeable to him if he could
help to give it a fillip.

China Tea and the Likin Duties. — Indian and
Ceylon tea planters are not particularly anxious that
the restrictions which handicap the tea trade of
China should be removed, but it is interesting to
know how these restrictions affect the tea trade
of China. Mr. Allen, the British Consul at Fuchau,
in his last report on the trade of that port, says
that “ an obstacle to the development of commerce
in China, less easily remedied than bad roads, is a
faulty, not to say an utterly rotten and corrupt
system of collecting revenue, wherein the vested
interests involved are so enormous that
nothing short of the reform of the whole
fiscal arrangements of China can set it right. Ai*
though the evils of this system are patent everywhere
in the empire, there are two places where they are
seen in their most aggravated form. One is Canton,
the other Fuchau. The system of fanning the taxes,
or at least making the official in charge of them re-
mit a certain sum every year, while he puts the
balance into his own pocket, insures the largest
possible collection at the greatest possible cost and
the least possible benefit to the Government. It is
said that the cost of collecting likin is 70 per cent
of the total sum realised. The tax farmers are not
low class pariahs like the publicans of Judea. On
the contrary, a tax farmer may be, and often is,
a mandarin of the highest rank. In Fuchau there
are four separate establishments levying taxes
on merchandise, eacli one competing with the
others, and looking on the revenue collected
by them as a loss to itself. The Maritime
Custom House levies duties on all goods im-
ported or exported in foreign bottoms or in Chinese
steameis. Tnese press lightly on trade, except in
the cai-e of tea, which pays 2-50 taels a picul, which
in 1858 was supposed to represent an ad valorem duty
of 5 per cent. This, then, makes the average value
of tea .50 taels per picul. It is novv only 15 taels,
so that the proportion of duty has risen from 5 per
cent, to IG.t per cent. Indian and Ceylon teas pay
no export duties, so that this impost alone is enough
to handicap the China trade. ’

A Suggestion. — We publish a letter from a cor-
respondent, who writer, apropos the Assam and the
Siuma Vhtlley dinners, suggesting I hat an annual
gatheiing of Indian tea planters, comprising all dis-
tricts, be held in London. The Assam dinner was
instituted as a gathering of planters and their friends
from Assam, including Cachar and Sylhet. Whether
its scope could be widened so as to take in In-
dian tea planters generally is a iioint for the
committee to decide. We agree with our cor-
respondent that a thoroughly representative Indian
tea planters' annual dinner is very desirable if it can
be managed. Each district could, if it wished, have a
dinner on its own account, but an annual meeting of
planters representing all the tea districts in India
would prove impressive, lend additional importance to
the tea industry generally, and also promote a feeling
of good-fellowship between all districts. There may be
ser ous difficulties in the way of carrying it out, but the
suggestion is worth the consideration of those immedi-
ately concerned.

The Standakd of Quahity in Coffee. — Someone
has suggested that “ holders of coffee in bond may
manipulate as they like to suit tiie market under
Government protection. '' This has brought the
(Iroeer on the track of the author of the state-
ment, and leads our contemporary to say that state-

244

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct. I, i8q6.

ment is “ totally uutnie.” It remarks that “it is au
invariable rule with the Customs authorities at the
port of London not to permit the bulking or mixing
of coffee excepting it is done under their own super-
vision, and even the privilege of ‘roasting, when it
is conceded, is extended to only one individual him,
who have a special license for the same. As to a
merchant palming olf a colTee worth His per cwt. less
in the market ’ than the description the buyer sup-
poses he is receiving, with the intention of ‘ defraud-
ing him of that sum,” it is sheer nonsense to say
so The fullest particulars of the parcels in public
sales are printed in the brokers’ catalogues, and when
the wholesale dealers, as purchasers, are experts in
iudging of the value of the article, such gross frauds
and deceptions are impossible. Moreover, the re-
tailers who follow the market pretty closely know
well enough that there is a vast difference between
the qualities of coffee at 80s and 96s or 90s
and 106s, and they could not by any kind of mani-
pulation, even if there were attempts to practise it,
be deceived in the lots they buy. A uniform standard
of quality in coffee is most difficult to maintain, as
the same growths do not arrive regularly all the year
round, but only at certain seasons, and there are
few articles of commerce so cramped in supply as
coffee Since the production in Ceylon has fallen
from 1,000,000 cwt. in 1870 to a mere trifle, the im-
ports of coloury sorts suitable lor home consumption
have been seriously reduced and are very precarious,
coming at various intervals from Central America.,
when not obtainable from older ports of shipment.
Thus business between the wholesale dealers and
the retailers is rendered extremely awkward m
times of scarcity. Hence the high prices paid
for desirable qualities year after year. Lyen the
plentifulness of Hrazil coffee has been of little or
no avail, as it is not exactly the sort that is
required for domestic use in tnis country; and
Santos— a superior description of Hrazil which
has been tried as the nearest substitute for planta-
tion coffee when the latter has not been procurable

has been given up as a failure by connoisseurs

in the ait of making a truly delicious cup of coffee.
Experienced judges in “ The Lane ” have been heard
to Ly that the rarest kind of coffee is a blend of
Cannon’s Mysore or other choice East India, coloury
plantation Ceylon, and rich old yellow Mocha; or
a combination of mountain-grown Jamaica and bright
blue Costa Rica. Rut how are these favourite des-
criptions to be obtained in requisite abundance to
keep the trade going steadily on throughout he
season? That is the question; and here begins the
supreme difficulty of getting really fine coffee always
uiimixed, and without one distinct class being used
instead of another, as the closest approach to the
style and quality wanted by the fanciful consumer.
In seeking to supply what is required no fraudulent
practice isMutendkl. Dealers simply endeavour to suit
purchasers of coffee as nearly as they possibly can
during periods of dearth. — H- u>id C. Jhitl, Aug. 14.

^

STRAITS SETri.KMCNTS RAMIE EIRRE
CO., LTD.

Registered AUh July by (irundy, Kershaw A
Co 4 New-courb, IJncoln’s-inn, W.C., with a
capital of £50,000, in 4S,i>50 £1 shru'es, and

H5 000 shaies of Is each. Objects : To adopt

and carry into ellcct two agreeinents, the hist
expressed to he made between J. M. Macdonald
ami H 11- of the lirst i>art, and tins

coniDany of the other part ; the second made
between tlie Roylc Fibre Syndicate (European
l>atent.s). Ltd., of the lust part, and J. M.
Macdonald of the second jiart ; to acquire tlic
Macilonald-Roylc invention for the treatment ol
ramie or rhea lihre for tlie Straits Settlements
and elsewhere ; to carry on jmsincss as ramie
olanters and dealers in and planters and maiiii-
■acturers of all the kinds of vegetable products;
as merchants, importers, e.xpo) ters, sliipowiicrs,

forwarding agents, mider-writcrs, <&c The sig»
natories are : —

Shares.

R. J. Rroadbent, 34, Royal Exchange

Manchester . . . . . . 1

F. 0. H. Rowmau, Knutsford, Cheshire.. 1

J. Wade, Alma-terrace, Manchester .. 1

J. MacCallum, 11, Mosley-street, Man-

ch03^61* « • • X

T G. Scarborough, J.P., Halifax .. 1

W. S. dtostron, Lyndhurst, Whitelield .. 1

J. S. Rixton, 12, Half Moon-street, Man-
chester . . . . . . 1

The lirst directors — of whom there shall be
not less than three nor more than ten — are to be
elected by the signatories. Qualifications, 500
shares. Remuneration, to be fixed by the coin-
puny. — Fi nancial Ti mcs.

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

Rhea EThre. — E’rom onr leading English con-
temporary we also give an extract dealing with
the rhea fibre industry in India. The cultiva-
tion of rlica is, we believe, being tried certain in
estates in Ceylon, and we should like very much
to hear the result so far.

Coffee in Coorg. — E'rom the official forecast
of the coll'ee cro]) in Coorg for I89G-97 w'c learn
that an indill'erenb crop estimated at 24 ewts.
an acre on Eluropean plantation is anticipated.
A yield of 1 cwt. an acre is estimated for Native
ganlens. The total estimated crop is given as
4,21 IJ tons. The estimated average yield per
acre of ordinarily well cultivated coll'ee in full
bearing for 1896-97 was 3 cwt. Taking the aver-
age or rupee crop at 3,569 tons per annum, the
forecast of 4,211 tons for the coming season re-
presents a 19 annas crop, the anna equivalent
being “jQ, or nearly ‘222 tons.

Wild Tea Seed. — The Indian Affriculturist of
Aug. 1st says : — Those w'ho have made forward
sales of tea seed, for tlie next tw'o or three years,
have reason to congratulate theni.selves on their
fore.sight. We learn from an authentic source
that wild tea, of which the best variety covers
considerable tracts in the Lusliai and Chin Hills,
is likely to come into the market. Our erst-
w’hile unruly neighbours are now convinced of tire
futility of further resistance, and doubtless will
turn tlieir attention to tlie collection of tliis
valuable forest product. In fact, a commence-
ment was made last year, but the gathering
was begun too early — in September — wlien the
nuts liad not matured. These wild tea tracts
need conserving, as in some instances the men
wlio hronght in the seed admitted tliat they
had felled the tree to obtain it. Indigenous
tea in Caciiar very rarely seeds after being
out down to a heiglit from tlie grouiul wliicli
allows of the leaf being plucked. 4Vliat our
lilanters call Mniinipoori iiuligenons seed is in
reality a liyhrid, and yields prolilically when
jdanted out and kept at the desired heiglit, like
the rest of the mixed plants raised on the older
gardens. No doubt, the seed from thi.s hybrid
is of superior clas.s ; but still it is not so ]iro-
lific in leaf as the pure indigenous variety.
We know that large tracts of wild tea exist in
the IJnkong Valley and the Naga Hills, subject
to and north of Munnipoor, .'^o tliat it is not
mere speculation to .surini.se that the mountain
ranges in the valleys of the (.’hindwin, Magluiig,
and basin of the lirawaddy may prove equally
rich in this i c.spcct. 'Ehe country is quiet enough
now, and iieitlier Sing|)hoos nor Ivlianiptis object
to the European traveller, though cherishing a
mortal dislike of the Marwaree,

Oct. r, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

24s

SOIL INOCULAIION.

For very many years past medical men liave
practised “ iiiocnlation ” against some of the ills
of tlie flesh, bnb inoculation of tlie soil for the
purpose of allbrding to plant life its food in a
suitable form is a comparatively new idea.
Agriculturists are now to have an innings, and the
question is one in which, no doubt, ))tanters and
agriculturists generally will feel keen interest.
Equally should it prove interesting to that useful
body of men the manufacturers of manures, who
may very possibly have to vary their labours of
steaming and crushing bones, milling poonacs,
converting lishinto guano and grinding phosphates,
by turning their attention to the supplying of
pure cultivations of different forms of bacteria !
How soon may it not be before a planter in
ordering his annual requirements of, say, bones
and poonac will add a request for so many
bottles of a suital>le culture of bacteria ? Plant-
inri Opinion has been touching the fringe of the
matter in the correspondence that has appeared
in its pages about the cultivation of coffee without
manure, in connection with the shade-tree Enj-
thrian lithospenna ; and enquiry has thereby
been aroused into the question of the fer-
tilising qualities of the loppings of the
leguminous tree, and of leguminous crops.
It is now well known that plant-life, with
the exception of the legumes, does not
avail of the free nitrogen of the .air ; .and th.at the
legumes can only do so by me.ans of the b.acteria
in the nodules of their roots. Nitrogen is not
assimilable in its free form, but the bacteria in
some unknown w.ay convert it into nitrates, in
which state it can be t.aken u]) by the plant. It is
suggestive that, as we understand in the case, in
soils that are rich in nitr.ates the nodules do not
appear on the roots to anything like the extent
they do ivhen the soil is poor. Of course to the
Ooff'ee-i)l.anter tl.ie particul.ar benefit of leguminous
shade-trees is tli.at the loi>i)ings return to the soil
more plant-food than they have taken out of it
for in their conq)osition are nitr.ates th.at they liave
obtained from the nitrogen of the .air that is in
the soil, -through the agency of these wonderful
b.acteria.

Now if coffee trees were legumes it would lie
easy to stimulate and jiromote their growth in soils
poor in nitrates, for we read in the August num-
lier of the (Jontemporar]] Remew in a most interest-
ing article by Mr. C. M- Aikman entitled “ Ni-
tragin,” that pure cultures of the nitrogen fix-
ing b.acteria have been prepared, by the usual
bacteriological methods, suitable for the commoner
leguminous crops grown, which are preserved in
glass bottles containing agargelatine ; but — and
this is a point of signilicance to the Indian agri-
culturist— “they have to be kept from the in-
lluence of liglit, and core must be letkcn not to cx-
])Ose them to a tcinperutuvc cil>ovc !>8 ahrenheit.
There are two ways of affecting inoculation of
the soil, either by putting the seed in a watery
solution of the preparation, drying and then sow-
ing, or by wetting fine earth or sand with the
solution and spreading it over the field, after-
wards workim.’’ it into the soil to a depth of
about 3 inches. Tlie expense of this latter niethod
is said to be the modest sum of five shillings
per acre. But coffee is not of the leguminous
order, and how then, it may be asked, is the
planter to be benefited. Mr. Aikman tells us on
the authority of M. Pasteur that soils teem with
bacteria which may be present to the number of
l,2b0 luillions in an ounce of earth, and that these
convert the complex forms of food material in the
soil into simpler ones easily assimilable by plants }

thus there are bacteria that turn the nitrogen that
is in the soil in the form of ammonia into nitrates.
Liven a soil rich in its natural state, or enriched
by the addition of fertilisers, with food materials
which are not .assimilable by plants owing to the
absence of bacteria that may be necessary to effect
the conversion of such materials into proper nutri-
ents, it will at once be seen how valuable would be
the inoculation of the soil wdth the desired bacteria
of the right type. May it not be the case that
enormous quantities of manures are annually
Avasted owing to the soils to Avhichthey have been
applied having in some way or another lost their
Supply of certain forms of micro-organic life?

The following passage from Mr. Aikman’s
article will be appreciated by those wdio have
watched the discus.sion about tlie nodules of legu-
minous pl.ants: — “The details of the proce.ss of nitro-
gen-fixation, as it is called, are not as yet known
wdth any accuracy. That the organisms found in
these nodules invade the roots from the soil and
thus give rise to the formation of the nodules
seems to be clearly proved. There they multiply
with great rapidity and stimulate the growth
of the plant cell. Living at first at the expense
of the plant, as parasites, they gradually be-
come passive, .and the cells then become filled
with bacterioids or bacterium-like bodies. It is
when this period is reached that the plant
absorbs the contents of the nodules, and leaves
the cells, out of wdiich they are formed in a
limp condition. It seems doubtful wdiether there
are several kinds of fixing bacteria, or Avhether
the organism becomes so altered in its growth
with the plant that it is not .suited for promot-
ing the growth of other leguminous plants. What-
ever the explanation may be, it has been found that
the oig.anisms suitable for effecting the fixation
of nitrogen for certain plants are not able to
act in the same capacity for other plants.”
In addition to the prmi.ary object of the Pasteur
Institute in India, — the tre.atment of rabies by
inoculation, the programme of the Committee
includes the treatment of cholera, di]ihtheria,
anthrax, etc., and the promotion of independent
b.acteriological rese.arcli. In connection wdth the
he.alth of the immigrant army of about half a
lakh of coolies .annually into Assam, the Indian
'I’c.a Association has not been slow' to recogni.se
the importance of the Institute, the usefulness
of which will be limited only by the funds at
its (lisjiosal ; .and the time may not be far off'
when the jdanters of Southern India through
their IL P. A., ni.ay see the desirability of
supporting it with the view of investigation
being made into the liacteriology of their soils.
— M. Mail, Aug. 29.

^

BANANAS, THF FRUIT OF PARADISE.

[liV “KL I’EIUTAI’.A,” IN POPULAR .SCIENCE.]

Bananas w'ere little known in northern lands two de-
cades ago. There are even now many small towns in
the United States and Canada in which only a few
bunches v/ill supply the demand for a month. There
has been, nevertheless, a great growth in the habit of
eating this fruit. It has been truly said that the
banana has made over the appetite of races who a few
years ago had never tasted it, a conquest) quite as re-
markable and far more rapid than that formerly
made by the potato.

“Why not!” exclaimed the jolly Vallejo, when I
read this to him : “ That is as it should be. Surely
the gnieno is the best gift to Nature to man, fordoes
it not promote leisurely meditation and peace ? Don't
my people plant a few' «uras with the mafas of the
bananas, and >:o escape the curse which befel man-
kind because of Adam's transgressions?”

246

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Oct. I, 1896.

“ So it is. Your psople arc lazy I” tlie governor
retorted. *• So I cannot mend the roads you com-
plain about. Your people will not work, for they
have only to plant a little today, and then for years
pluck and eat. If they were hungry, perhaps they
might work a little.”

“They have the contented mind with the con-
tinual feast,” said the consul.

“ It is right,” replied Vallejo, laughingly, “ for was
it not with the banana that tlie evil one tempted
our mother Eve ? The sly rascal knew that the
ease with which she could make it ready for the
eating would tempt a housewife when nothing else
could. Wasn’t Adam led to his downfall, to the
lasting regret of all who hate work, not by the blan-
dishments of Eve — for she was already his spouse —
but by the tempting appearance, by the charming
fragrance, and the bewitching flavour of this fruit?”
“ That the banana w'as the true tree of knowledge
is shown by its name,” the consul remarked
gravely. “ 3Iusa sapientuni can surely mean
nothing else than the ‘fruit of wisdom.’ And
that it was the tree of paradise is further
proven by the name which men of science
have given it; Mitsa imradisaica can mean nothing
else. Less evidence than this has served well enough
to burn many a heretic at the stake in the good olden
times.”

“If such doubters do exist,” he continued, “they
may satisfy' themselves as to the truth by simply cut-
ting across a ripe banana and finding in it the sign
of the cross. I doubt if better evidence was ever
shown to prove that it is in very truth the forbidden
fruit of the tree of knowledge which has been called
the ‘apple of Eden.’ ”

In the homes of dwellers in tropical America and
other tropical countries always hang bunches
of bananas, some of them ripe and sweet,
moi'e of them so green as to be fit only
for boiling or for baking, in which state they are
to these folk what potatoes are to inhabitants of
northern lauds, as they may well be, indeed, for the
chemical make-up of one is very like that of the
other, being :

Water

Bananas.

75.71

Potatoes.

75.77

Carbonaceous or fiesb-making
material

‘20.1d

20.70

Albuminoids or
matter

fat-making

t • •

1.71

1,7;)

Woody fibre ..

• • •

. 1.74

.75

Ash

. . •

. .71

.1)7

For uncounted

centiuies bananas have

been the

chief food for

millions of

people, as

they are

this day of multitudes of dwellers in India,
in Asia and in Africa, in tropical isles and
in the three Americas. And everything cats the
banana — chickens, cows and pigs, cats, dogs and
cattle, mules, horses and babies, all kinds of live stock ;
in short, the very birds, and beasts of the forest and
the fishes in the streams, all eat the banna when they
can get it. And it is good for them that this is so,
for it is an exceedingly healthful food, which prevents
constipation and resultant evils.

PlatiHOs, which English folk misname plan-
tains, are a kind of bananas for cooking-

Most platinos are firm of flesh, thick

of body, and not good to eat raw. Some of these
varieties are big, yellow fellows, as thick as one’s
wrist and nearly as long as a man’s forearm. Others
are short and thick as to body and thin as to skin.
When fried these taste like fried green apples ; when
stewed with a dash of lemon or of limejuice, their
flavor is like that of stewed peaches ; when roasted
they are tender, juicy, slightly tart, yet sweet enough
they are when baked in an oven with a dressing of
butter. All these are yellow or red.

Soups, porridge and puddings, bread, cakes or bis-
cuit may all be made of banana flour, which is said
to be BO easily digested that it may be safely fed
to babes 1 ml invalids. I’ies have been made of
platinos with a slice of lemon, of limo or of pine-
apple, to give more tartness than the

banana pofscsscs A syrup equal to that of

jh^ maple of the Wwth is of banauas,

and the fruit stewed in syrup of the sugarcane
makes a conserve found on many a table in the
tropics. That variety commonly seen in the North
is often stewed and stirred until it becomes like a
thin apple sauce. Taken before dinner it dulls the
keen edge of that unscrupulous appetite which comes
of a day 01 canoeing, or of tramping through cool and
pleasant forests that roraancists have deceived us into
believing are tangled, steaming jungles.

Those who best know the different members of the
Musa family will have no difficulty in remembering
several other uses to whicli they are put. The ten-
der, unopened leaves make a soft, bland dressing for
blisters of scalds or of burns, and the old leaves make
fair thatching for temporary roofs. The dried leaves,
torn into shreds, are used as a packing for merchan-
dise, and the ashes of leaf and stock are used as soap for
washing clothes and inmany of the processes of dyeing.

The leaves of the “ wax banana” are coated under-
neath by a white powder, which is a wax that has
long been a valued commodity.

Eanana leaves serve a few- other useful purposes, for
of them are made tough paper, from the thickness
of thinnest tissue to thickest cardboard ; clothing,
hats and brushes, mats and hammocks. Millions of
pounds of banana fibre, misnamed Manila “ hemp,”
are each 3'ear brought to the United States
or taken to Europe and spun into cordage
from the fineness of silk up to the size of the twine
with which mvriads of farmers in the States bound
millions of sheaves last harvest, to the bigness of
mammoth cables; and many a dainty handkerchief
and bit of fine lace has been woven from the fibre
of banana leaves by the deft fingers of the women
of South America and the far East.

THE INDIAUUBBEU INDUSTRY.

The United States Consul at Barmen, in a recent
report to his Government, sa5's that the world’s con-
sumption of india-rubber has been growing so enor-
mously during the past few years, that the time does
not seem to be far distant when the demand will
greatly exceed the supply. Already the difficulty of
getting a sufficient quartity of rubber to meet the
current needs, has led consumers to fear that there
will be au early famine. One of the chief causes of
this heavy increase in consumptio:; is of course the
employment of the material in the bicycle trade, and
long before the limit has been reached in this direc-
tion, another field is being opened up in the use of
pneurnatic tyres upon vehicles of all descriptions.
The United States is one of the largest consumers of
india-rubber at tlie present time, but that country is
followed pretty closely by Great Britain. The other-
markets follow a lorg way behind, but the quantity
imported by France and Germany is a no mean pro-
portion of the trade done in this material. It is
certain that the threatened famine in india-rubber —
or, moi-o properly speaking, caoutchouc — would not
be so imminent as it is, if the owners of the planta-
tions in West Africa and elsewhere had been a little
less reckless in their methods of tapping the trees.
In order to more easily get at the milky juice, it has
long been the custom in West Africa, and in some of
the South American States, to cut down the trees
bodily, so that the collectors secured only one lot of
the caoutchouc from each tree instead of a large
niunber of periodical yields. The prevalent idea that
this policy was justified by the almost unlimited range
of forests producing caoutchouc, was very soon found
to be groundless, and stringent regulations have been
made to prevent the cutting down of the trees in many
countries, and owners are going to a great deal of ex-
pense by laying out new plantations, which must take
several years to come to maturity. In the mcantimo
efforts arc being made to compensate for these limited
supplies by producing artificial india-rubber, and
several new processes have lately been brought out in
France and Germany, though without as yet pro-
ducing india-rubber of a suitable quality upon a com-
mercial scale. The most obvious way of meeting the
demand for this material is to give more attention to
some of the other rubber-producing trees that are tij

Ocr. r, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

247

be found in considerable quantities in South America
and elsewhere. At the present time French capitalists
are trying to make profit out of the scarcity of india-
rubber by utilising the balata, which, for many years,
has been employed upon a small scale for a variety of
purposes. There at least two descriptions of
balata, one white and one red, the latter being known
as the “bullet-tree.” The species being exploited in
French Guiana is the Jlimussops balata^ a imignificent
tree which is peculiar to all the Guianas. It attains
a height of from 90 to 100 feet. The wood is very
much sought after the cabinet making, on account of
its beautiful colour, while it has also the property of
resisting the depreciation of insects. These merits
are almost fatal to the existence of the tree as a
rubber producer, and in some of the South American
States, forests are being cut down without any regard
to the profit that can be secured by tapping them in
an intelligent manner. In Venezuela the tree is
also to be found in great abundance., and it grows
very freely in the mountainous districts of the northern
states of South America. In British Guiana immense
forests are found in the low-lying districts of swampy
Cauje. In a report on the balatas, published recently
by M. Hayes, a colonising agent, it was said that
there was a sufficient expanse of forest in the Guians
to allow of the exploitation of rubber being carried
on for centuries. It was however, necessary that
something should be done to prevent the whole-
sale destruction of the Mimusops balata, which
would very soon disappear, if alloweed to be
cut down indiscriminately for its wood, and one
of the richest and most prolific resources of South
America would thus be destroyed. In fact, both in
Venezuela and the Dutch Guiana the trees are cut
down with a view to collecting as much of the juice
as possible, and in French Guiana the same process
was for a long time t mployed. When the trees are
thus felled, circular cuts are made every 12 inches,
and receptacles are placed underneath to catch the
juice. The bark is also removed from the tree and
juice extracted from it by presses. In British
Guiana it is only permissible to tap the trees with-
out felling them, and a similar restriction is now
imposed in the neighbouring French colony. The
English method of collecting the rubber is to make
horizontal incisions halfway round the tree, and con-
nect them with a vertical channel to allow of the
fluid flowing down into the receptacle, but a better
method is said to consist in cutting out rectangular
pieces of bark from which the juice is exracted by
presses. Alternate rectangles must, of course, be left
on the trunk, and these can be removed at the next
tapping, when the exposed parts of the tree are
sufficiently healed. To secure perfect vitality
in the tree, it is preferable to tap it
only over a third of its circumference every five
Tears. If properly carried out, the collection of
balata rubber is a very profitable industry. One
traveller in French Guiana, who was accompanied
by three men, collecte 1 GtiO litres of juice in 119
days, which produced, on coagulation, 720 lb. of
rubber. It is estimated that a single balata will
supply 2 lb. of rubber eveiw year without suffering
to any appreciable extent from the tapping. The
system usually employed for securing coagulation is
to pour the liquid into large shallow pans, about
4 inches deep. A hard crust very soon forms at the
surface, and this is removed to allow of another crust
forming, and so on until the whole of the juice is
solidified. The crusts are then hung on lines to dry.
The balata rubber, though perhaps slightly inferior
to caoutchouc for certain purposes, and notably as an
insulating medium, is yet specially adapted for a
great many uses, such as machinery, belting, mackin-
toshes, surgical appliances, &c., but its merits are so
far recognised that a considerable trade has grown up
during the past two or three years iu the Guianas.

V hile the exports of balata rubber .from British
Guiana in 1881 were only 41,000 lb., they were no
less than 3G8.480 lb. in 1889, and though the total
fell to 287,450 lb. in 1892-98, the value has been
rapidly increasing. In Dutch Guiana the industry
has not been carried on in such a systematic manner,
nevertheless two .American companies are exploiting
the balata on a large scale, and are sending the

product to the United States. That the industry
can be made a very profitable one may be seen in the
price paid for the rubber, which varies in Paris from
three to eight francs per k logramme (kilogramme —
2'204 lbs. avoirdupois), accoiding to quality. It is
evident that, while industrial ente) prise, says Consul
Meriitt, is Ijing under a cloud iu South America, it
may be to the interest of capitalists to turn these
balata resources to account. In this connection, a
few notes are added to show the condition of German
rubber companies. The new buildings of the German
Rubber and Guttapercha Goods Company (formerly
Volpi and Schluter) at Berlin, erected during the
latter part of 1894, are now occupied. The dividend
for 1894 was 4 per cent. The products are mainly
supplies for rai'roads, and the capital is 1,400,000
marks (£70,000). At the general meeting of the
Mannheim Rubber, Guttapercha, and Asbestos Fac-
tory, it was resolved to pay at once a dividend of
8 per cent. The dividend declared on the business
for 1894 of the United Berlin Frankfort Rubber
Goods Factory was 8 per cent., and the same for 1895.
An exceptionally good showing is made by the Han-
over Rubber Comb . Company— a joint stock com-
pany. Their profits for 1894, after ample provision
had been made for the usual reserves, permitted a
dividend of 21 per cent, to be declared. The divi-
dend for the preceeding year amounted to 17 per cent.
— Journal of the Hocietp of Arts, Aug. 14.

THE FUTURE OF COFFEE PLANTING :
LAUY-BIRD BEETLES FOR. COFFEE-
BUG, cC'C.

Among tlie editorials in the latest file of a
London leading financial paper— the Financial
Times of August 13th— is one on “ The Brazilian
Outlook,” giving an account of the failure of
a well-known and old established Rio firm with
liabilities of over £600, OCO ! And although our
contemporary does nob take a gloomy view of
the future, it admits that “ a mild commercial
crisis ” is nob unlikely, and we know w'hat a
disturbing inlluence that must have on a great
jilanting industry, and especially on the develop-
ment and extension of planting— on which the
continued prosperity of the Brazilian coffee
enterprise so greatly depends. Here then we
have a new and strong argument for faith in
the future of “ coffee” as a product not likely to
be over-supplied from any quarter for a long
period to come. We have already given our
reasons for this faith in respect of the Eastern
hemisphere, and if any check should be placed
on the Brazil enterprise, the encouragement to
try our old staple freely not only in Africa and
Jav.a, but in the Straits and once again in Ceylon
would be \ ery great indeed. We had the other day
an interview at Cambridge with Professor
Marshall Ward — now permanently attached to
the Scientific Staff of the Cambridge University
after some eiglit years’ work in connection with
Cooper’s Hill College. It will be remembered
that Professor Ward (who is still in the prime of
life) won his spurs as a scientist, by his careful
observations and able working out of the Life
History of Hcniilcm Vastatrix, the fungus which
pr.actically destroyed the Coffee Industry in Ceylon.
Professor Ward, who recalls with pleasure his
stay in our midst and the many valued friends
he made among the planters, was much interested
in hearing of the marvellous development of our
tea planting, and still more at its so entirely
superseding coffee in all the Kandy and higher
districts. Like every one else who recalls the old
conditions, he deprecates the universal and con-
tinuous Jilanting of “ tea.” “ Why can’t you
have it broken up ?” “ Wh}^ entirely abandon
coffee ?” — were some very natural questions ; bull

248

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct. j,

the fact that the tea plant was uiore healthy and
profit-yielding, wliile coilee continued to shew
the disease and to he very uncertain

in profits or to yield none at all, were
suHicient answers. Moreover, Mr. Ward was
reassured by learning how very hardy the tea
plant with its deep roots into the subsoil
proves with us in Ceylon and its special suit-
ableness for our leaf-growing climate ; while, so
far at any rate, no dark cloud a]>pears on our
horizon. Nevertheless, no one with the welfare
of tea and of the colony at heart can do other-
wise than desire, with Professor M.arshall Ward,
to see our tea plantations or districts “ broken
up,” that is to have something else besides a
continuous expanse of the one product. We
have, of course, in the high districts far more
of tree belts, boundaries and groves than in the
coffee days ; but Mr. Ward would evidently
like to see every tea estate, if possible, marked
oH’ from its neighbourhood by goodly belts or
groves of fuel or timber trees — or why not, in
some cases, by fields of India-rubber yielding
trees or vines’' This is a subject on wliich we
have to write separately very soon ; for there
can be no doubt that there is a great future
before “rubber” — indeed the demand for cycles
alone is increasing every day and the price of
the raw product is rising. Ceylon tea jdanters
should take the hint betimes as far as i)ossible.

But none tireless may we commend the bold and
enterprising few who have been of late replanting
coft’ee in some parts of Ceylon, and we would ask if
more cannot be done in this direction ’? In Uva,
weknow, planters are not so much afraid of the
fungus, as of the coccus, bug-insect ; and in this
connection we have to introtluce to special notice,
a letter from Mr. E. E. Green which— to our
great regr et — has been delayed nearly three months
in delivery, through an oversight at one of our
old addre.sses. The letter is as follows : — ■

Bearsted, Maidstone, Kent, 17 May— 96.

Dear Mu. Ferguson, — On back you will find ex-
tracts from letter from Mr. Kcebele — re the importa-
tion of Lady-bird beetles from Ilonolulu.

He seems to think we should get them direct from
Australia. But here again is the difficulty that —
unless very great care is exercised — the parasites
of the beetles may be introduced as well ; which
would completely nullify the utility of the under-
taking. It would require an experienced man to col-
lect the beetles and keep them under observation
for some time before liberating them. From the
tenor of his letters I gather that Mr. Kcebele him-
self might be willing to undertake this work — for a
consideration. — Yours very truly,

E. Ernest Green.

(Copy of letter from Mr. Albert Kcebele to Mr. E. E. G.)

Honolulu, 21st April,— ’96.— It will be useless to
attempt sending living specimens of Coccinellidae
(Lady-bird beetles) to Ceylon from here. Of the
many sent from here to California, none arrived safe.
Why not get them at their home in Australia ?
Later I may be able to do the work for the Ceylon
planters. Surely it would not cost them much if
all help together. And I could guarantee that the
work would be ]properly and successfully carried out
without any mistake. All things look well here : the
coffee trees are now practically clean.

The fact that the lady-beetles have cleared the
coffee trees in Honolulu of bug, i.s a great en-
couragement to planters in Ceylon and India and
the Straits to take steps to introduce them into
their plantations ; but how is this to be done ?
We fully agree witli Mr. Green that the wise
plan would Ire to employ Mr. Kicble himself to
do the work — as indeed he oilers. On the other
liand, there are so few proprietors now with any
appreciable area under coli'ee in Ceylon, that the
needful contribution might come rather heavy

1896,

on their acreage in comparison with tire pro-
spective return. Miry not, therefore, ask coffee
estate proprietors in Coorg, the Straits and even
Java lo join in the mission Mr. Kieble, on his
way up from t,*ueenslaiid, could deliver a jrortion
of iris consignment at Batavia (or wherer er fixed)
and to an agent for the Straits at Singapore or
Peiiiurg, before coming on to Colomlro. Who
will move, among the Uva jrlanters interested,
to make the necessary inquiry — or perhaps the
first (or a simultaneous) move would be for Mr.
Green to get an estimate of cost from Mr.
Ko ble — his own salary or allowance,- travelling
exi)en.ses and contingences, and then to invite
contributions from all coffee irroprietors or intend-
ing planters in the countries or districts named.
Mr. Kmble’s mission might, possibly, mark a
new' era in the history of coffee in Ceylon —
marvellously chequereil and romantic — full of ups
and downs — as that history has been in the
past. j. K.

FARMING IN .SOUTH AFRICA.*

Professor Wallace has done something to be
proud of in this work. After his annual course of
lectures at Edinburgh clo.sed iu Marcli, fStfo, Ire,
at the invitalion of the Governnient of Cape Co-
lony, started on a four months’ tour in .South Af-
rica for the purpose of investigating its agi’icultu-
ral condition and resources. Every facility was
granted him for carrj'ing this out eirectually. J'he
literature of the subject was placed at his dispo-
sal, introductions to the leading farmers were
given him, through the fruit and wine gi’owing
districts of tire w’est he was accompanied by a
horticultural expert, as coiiqianion in the stock-
rearing districts he had Dr. Hutcheon, the well-
known colonial veterinary surgeon; and even nature
favoured him, for he tells us that although tire
nights were chilly his journeys w'ere performed in
bright clear winter days. The chief danger — and we
confess that it made us eye the book askance
for many days as it lay on the table — was that
he would compile one of these huge mountains
of dry fact and ariil disquisition wliich the agri-
cultural mind so often builds up. But, luckily
for the reader, Profe.ssor Wallace lu-efen-ed to
write a book. He has many sympathies outside
of tillage, and he gives one the impre.s.sion of an
intelligent open-minded explorer keenly intent on
farming, yet with an eye that seldom mi.s.ses
anything of human interest. The volume has
also the advantage of being in the best sense of
the word illustrated. For instance, you may fol-
low the author’s account of the I'oute on an ex-
cellent .series of maps produced by Mr. Bartho-
lomew, and one is helped to realize the des-
criptions by excellent photograj.hs of scenes
and homestead.s, of carts and markets arid
rivers, of all that comjtoses Ali-ican rural
life. Tire plan, after a number of preliminary
chaiiters devoted to the ])hy.sical features
and geology of the district, is to deal with
the various branches of faiining in succe.ssion.
One of the most interesting of these is the chap-
ter on viticulture. The Huguenots, who arrived
iu 1088, brought with them vine-sticks fionr the
South of F’rance, where the heavier clus.ses of
wine are maile, and (he colony soon ol>tained
a repruation for its sweet wine.s — sweet Cons-
tantia, for instance, was at one time a favourite

* “Farming Jndustric.s of ('ape Colony.’’ By
Bobert Wallace, F. E. S., i(.c. (London; I’. S Ki..,r
and Son.)

Oct. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

249

•lelicacy of tlie London season. Only recently
have light wines been produced from grapes im-
ported out of Northern Prance. A great deal
of harm was done to the industry by the fate of
tlie wine consigned for competition to tlie i’aris
Exhibition of 18S9. Barron A, von Babo had
been appointed “ (Jolonial Viticulturist” in 188-t.
He did a considerable amount of good l>y in-
sisting on cleanliness, but made the mistake of
persisting in an attempt to make low percent-
age beverage wines of the stamp of vin ordi-
naire, and the couse<]uence was they wouhl
not stand the eciuatorial heat of the voyage,
but were spoiled oy a secondary termencalion
on the way. The discouraging ell'ecls of that
bluntler are still visible in the colony, though
undoubtedly it has the means of retrieving its
old reputation. The chief wine districts are
situated in the divisions of the Cape, Btellen-
bo.sch, I’aarl, Robertson, Worcestor, Uudtshoorn,
and Ladismith.

(Jstrich farming is a prominent South African
industry, and into a score of pages the author
has comi)iesseil as lucid and concise an account
as we have read. But he does not recommend
any one to place his chief dependence upon it.
From the bi-monthly sales held in London he
shows the extraordinary lluctuations iti price
which make ostricdi keeping so much of a
speculation. The results of it must always de-
pentl on the whim of fashion. The record year
was 1882, when the declared value of 2o4,UOo lb.
was £1,094,000. Last year the declared value
of So.'LGOO lb. was only £527,700. At pre-
sent the tendency is for the largest ami
linest feathers to decline in price, while those
with this, mention is nuule of a piactice common
on some farms of keeping geese for the purpose
of plucking them live or six times annually — a
custom repugnant to one’s notions of kindness to
animals.

Professor Wallace is nothing if imt an autho-
lity on stock, and the practical farmer will line!
the chapters on sheep, cattle, and horses of the
utmost value. In each case photographs of typical
animals are given with the text. 'I he two most
popular breeds of European cattle are the Holstein
Dutch or Friesland and the Shorthorn. A keen
rivalry e.^Cists between the advocates of the
two, but it simply comes to this, that the Dutch
Will stand hard times better, while the Short-
horn is m ;re prolitable where the so.l is rich
and the climate favourable. Dairying is ad-
vancing rapidly, and thougb, according to the
last statistical returns, l,782,4GHb. of butter was
imported into the colony, Professor Wallace looks
forward to the time when it will be an exjiorting
country. iSouth African opinion is in favour of
(iovernment otl'ering a bounty on e.xportation, as
was done in V'ictoria. ^Ve ha\ e not space in
which to follow our author into his most interest-
ing history of the various attempts made to im-
jir’ove the breeds of horses, or his c,(|uall_y thorough
accorrrrt of the sheep. Irrdeeil, it has not been pos-
sible to do more than glarrce su])erlieially at one
or two aspects of a most complete arrd ever enter-
tainirrg book. It irronrises for lorrg enough to be
the standard work on the subject. — Pall Mall
Gazette.

Coffee in Beng.vl. — It is mentioned that the
eflbrts to introduce the cultivation of coll'ee into
Bengal, in the Chittagong Hi 1 Tracts and
Hazaribagh, ap[rear not to have been very success-
ful, as from ten acres under cultivation in 1888
there are now only two. — Madraa Time's, Sept. 7.

LONDON TEA LETTER.

(Fiioji OuK Own Cokresi'ondent.)

31st July, 1896.

I.ABOUR QUESTION.

Apart from the iucreasrng mornentousness of this
subject, owing to the pr-ssure for extensions every-
where, the increased requirements for fully develop-
ing the existi g areas by more thorough cultivation,
and finer and at the same time the closer plucking
in most instances practicable, in many cases rendered
a matter of life and death by over-capitalising as
with new companies generally, there has recently
been no lack of matter loading to its consideration.
In the first place we have had the opinions expressed
by Sir Charles Elliott (fresh from consultation in
Calcutta) and Sir Steuart Bay ley in the discussion which
followed Mr. Christison’s paper read before the Society
of Arts on “ Tea Planting in Darjeeling.” Both these
eminent officers have been Chief Commissioners of
Assam as well as Lieutenant-Governors of Bengal.
As i-eferred to in my last, Mr. W. H. Veiner dealt
witli the subject in an able and exhaustive address
as Chairman of the Annual General Meeting of the
Single Tea Company ; and last week at the Annual
Meeting of the Indian Tea Association (London), Mr.
Berry White, as Chairman, and other leading mem-
bers expressed their views, all agreeing that of the
many important subjects under consideration “ the
most important was the Labour Question.” The
two ex-Governors were in accord as to the
evils of the present system and their causes
and their descriptions were equally graphic. As
pointed out by Sir Chailes Elliott, the tea industry
incurs an unnecessary outlay of 50 lakhs of rupees
annually on the coolies imported into Assam, owing
to the suicidal comjpetition of employers ’in the
labour market. He contrasted the colonial emigra-
tion, which was effected iiL a cost of 15 rupees per head
compared with R150 for Assam. The difference be-
tween the actual cost of conveying the labourer from
his home to Assam and the actual cost to the em-
ployer is very great, and this difference does not go to
benefit the coolie but goes into the pockets, of the mid-
dlemen. And as Sir Stuart Bayley puts it, “inevitably
there is a fierce struggle fer this margin. ‘ Where the
carcase is there are the eagles gathered together
a whole horde of middlemen, contractor.s and their
agents, licensed recruiters, unlicensed recruiters
gaidens sirdars, and whatnot, all contending for the
corpus vile vvhich was to yield his profit, and syste-
matic recourse to fraudulent recruiting and even kid-
napping became common, sufficiently common to be
felt as a discredit to ihe administration and one
not easily to be put down.” Sir Charles Elliott’s
words were : — “ The great evil which had arisen with
regard to the competition for labourers had arisen
from the immense number of different per.- ons which
vveie competing with each other— deceiving each
other, stealing each others coohes, kidnapping women
and children, or enticing them by false pretences
and even using force and wrongful confinement so that
they constantly figure in the I'olice Courts.” The
remedy for all those evils lowgeueiallv recommended
and believed in is a central lecruiting agency under
Government control. It is believed that this will
be recommended by the Commis.siou recently ap-
pointed by the Government of India. Constituted as
human nature is, we know from experience that
it is impossible to get the majority to realise and
act upon it, that what is lor the common in-
terest is for the individual good in the long run,
and subordinate private needs to the good of the
industry, or prevent one employer trying to steal
a march upon his neighbour. Hence, all considered
this scheme of a common agency is the best practi-
cable, though not without drawbacks, most of which
were reviewed in a very fair and proper spirit by
Mr. Verner in the address referred to. He pointed
out that such an Agency might lack the energy to
recruit so as to meet all the requirements of the
industrv, and provided it did no", how were the
coolies to be fairly distributed among the applicants ?
All but the authorised agents found recruiting are to
be prosecuted as criminals and punished accordingly

250

IHK TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST,

[Oct. I, 1896

It is understood however, that garden sirdars

will be permitted to recruit for the iJooap and
other districts not under the Act. It is ad-
mitted that a great deal of the evil is due to the
rascally set called “ Arkattis,” and that they must
be got rid of. But will not these Arkattis and
other evil-doers endeavour to make out that they
are garden sirdars? Mr. Veruer did not in his last
address allude to this aspect of the difficulty at-
tending the proposed Central Agency, I suppose
because the Ccinpany meeting he was presiding over
was an Assam one; but on a former occasion, I
think at a meeting of the Indian Tea Association,
he dwelt prominently on it. It is to be presumed
the eaiden sirdars must be under control of the
Central Agency in the collection of cooiies, but
cannot be so in regard to their destination or dis-
tribution. With all precaution therefore the recruit-
ing by garden sirdars, a necessity for the Dooars,
may lead to misrepresentation, recrimination and
serious complications. This point certainly demands
careful attention.

SCIENTIFIC EXPERT.

At the Association Meeting referred to, there
seems to have been some discussion as to the desi
ableness or otherwise of such for tea. No doubt
with the cost of pushing for new markes, it may
seem beyond the power of the tea industry to pay
a competent expert adequately and retain his services
long enough. 1 am not so very sanguine of a greai
deal being accomplished beyond what has already
been done bv theso-called “ rule of thumb” experiments
in manufactures, because I do not believe thar
chemisirv is calculated to do so much for tea as in
many other processes of manufactures. Still it is
but science should work hand in hand with practical
men and in the course of years— it might be very
soon— be productive of great results even 111 manu-
factures. Neither michi science soon do much for
the case blights and po ts, hut it could hardly fail
to do something, but i think it is in the analysis
of soil’ to ascertain what manure or application is
required to yield or improve quality, most that is to be
expected In regard to this vital matter practical man
are entirely in the dark, and experimenting is of
little avail. Of course in regard to manuring ucco/-
dorinq to soil for healthy plant erowth generally also,
a competent agricultural chemift could not tail to
to be of the greatest s:-rvice. The Association engaged
an expert (Mr. Bamber), but did not continue hisseiyices
a sufficient time to give a chnne. I le was only allowed time
to ascertain his position and be prepared to make
a fair start He only visited t.vo out of the many tea
cuuntries of India and nev.r set loot in the oneconsp;-
cous above others for quality. But we must atimit that
be perhaps did all that was possible in the time aud for
tha\ he should have full credit. IBs report is the
only standard work upon Indian tea since Colonel
Money’s. He gave the various opiiiions held^ or
expressed by planters on dilferent sub.iects, descriocd
or referred to all the. bests and blights tnat tea is hear

to; but without aiding much as to their eradication
of cure, and whatever was added to our knowledge of
the chemistry of tea, nothing was contributed to
improvement iii the practice of inanufacture. Had
Mix Baiiiber’s services been retained loi a coupli
of years longer, I am sure the result would have been
very different. Allusion was made to some
of Dr. Voelcker recently made before the Koyal
Society (?) that such a scientific emiuiry should
extend over a period of twenty years and that can-
not be denied by anyone taking an intelligent view
of ihe matter. But one speaker asks how m.my
proprietors of tea gardens could bo found who were
so considerate for posterity as to spend large sums
of money annually from which they themselves could
derive no bonelit ?” But with a long-lited crop
like tea especially, this is just what must be done
in the interests of the present proprietors quite as
much as in the interests of posterity. i here is
often short-sighted procedure m regard to the
management of tea property, that is quite as much
Laiiist the interests of the present as futfuriy it
StlY Viewed. The same applies to the coiiquciing
of new markets, and the employment ot scientrli o

experts. The fruits of such labours should all be
duly estimated, or in the absence of them discounted
in regard to the presreiit value of tea property.
Of course, ns in America, Geimnny, etc., the Govern-
ment ought to stimulate tea proprietors, and con-
tribute liberally towards the funds for continuing
the services of competent scientific experts year after
year in the interest of an industry that contributes
so much towards the prosperity of the Empire as
the tea industry does.

To those who can realise the difficulties attending
the chemical investigation of lea culture and manu-
facture, and the nature of scientific research in con-
nection with agricultural chemistry in ^this country,
so far from thinking 20 years too long would fear
it moie likely not to prove long enough to obtain
really valuable results, not to speak of exhausting
the subject. M'e have only to think of the con-
fliotiug opinions and results of agricultural chemists
in different countries to bear this out. And still
we are doubtless bound to steadfastly prosecute
scientific experiment and analysis. Sir John Bennet
Lawes has for over 50 years been conducting scienti-
lic experiments with manures, and in agricultural
chemistry geneially, aided by that eminent chemist
Dr. (now Sir) J. Henry Gilbtrt. They do not con-
sider tlie subject exhausted ; so far from it. Sir John
Jjawes, who has all these years conducted these ex-
tensive and costly experiments and maintained a
fully equipped laboratory at his own expense in
1889 set apart i; 100,000 under the necessary trust
deed in order that the experiments may be continued
after his death. Such is his idea of the time neces-
sary for such investigations, and our duty to posterity
in such a cause I have for over thirty-five years had
my attention directed to Sir John Bawes’ experiments
and recently paid a visit to Eothamsted, and had the
advantages of having the experiments and labora-
tory shown me and much valuable information
supplied by Sir Henry Gilbert. On some other
occasion I may have more to say on the subject of
a scientific tea expert, the llothamsted investigations
and kindred subjects. Ceylon is not only urging the
cmplojment of a scientific expert for the island,
but that tea manufacture be taught systematically
in their technical schools. — Indian Hanters' Gazette,
Aug. 29.

• ^

INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION.

Abstract of Proceedings of a Meeting ot the General
Committee, held on the 5th Aug. 18911.

Proceedings of a General Meeting of the Central
Travancore Planters’ Association, held on the 11th
July, were submitted to the Meeting. In these pro-
ceedings the Committee noticed that the following
Besolution had been carried unanimously : —

“ That steps should be taken for commencing an
agitati n for the removal of the three months’ prompt
for tea sold in London, and for the substitution i f
a one month’s prompt as in the case of coffee, and
that this Resolution be sent up to the United Plan-
ters’ Association.”

The Cominitteo were of opinion that this was a
matter which might also be taken into consideration
by this Association, and it was decided to draw tho
attention of the London Committee to the proceed-
ings of the Central Travancore Planters’ Association
in connection with it and to enquire at the same time
whether any alteration in the prompt would interfeie
with, or be detrimental to, the smaller buyers.

The Report of the Special Committee which had
been appointed to investigate the question of the
handling of tea at tlie Tea Warehouse and Jetties,
was confirmed. Tho Report had been divided into
two portions, one of which formed the subject of a
representation to the Port Commissioners, and the
other was embodied in a Circular letter addressed
to all member.s of the association on the packing
of tea at gardens.

A note made by Mr. G. 13. Paris now came up for
consideration. Mr. Paris suggested that all shippers
of tea should issue a circular to the liners autnoris-
ing ship’s officers to refuse all chests they are not
perfectly satisfied with, the result of which would
be that shippers would bo in a position to enforce
their claims on tho steamers.

FHE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURTSr

251

Oct. I, 1896.J

Mr. Paris having explained the full purport of
such action, stated that he himself had got a gua-
rantee from one line of stoaiiiers that all claims for
dainage would be paid in England without any
question under this arrangement.

Mr. Paris then refeiu-ed to a Circular letter which
had been issued by the Committee of the Tea Traders’
Association to Erokers requesting them to mark in
their catalogue all slack-packed and cross-cut pack-
ages. He laid on the table Brokers’ catalogues for
the previous week’s sale, and drew attention to tho
very large percentage of slack-packed packages in
the sale.

Mr. Paris further produced a list of invoices each
of .800 chests of tea shipped to London, showing
losses in weight averaging from to 3 per cent., and
also two invoices each of 300 chests of tea shipped
to Manchester, one of which showed a gain of j per
cent, and the other a loss of i per cent. The 5lan-
chester shipments had been specially selected before
purchase on account of their being in good strong
chests and it was fair to deduce from this that with
good chests, loss in weight can be reduced to a
minimum.

The attention of the Committee was also called to
the damage to the Indian tea industry in America
and elsewhere by purchasers receiving teas in chests
so markedly inferior to those of China and Ceylon.
Nearly all buying instructions received from Ainei'ica
and the Colonies now contain directions to “ select
only packages that will reach their destination in
good condition.”

Mr. Paris finally drew attention to the diffei'ence
in losses in weight between Ceylon and Indian tea
which was fully J per cent, in favour of the former.

The Committee having thanked Mr. Paris for the
valuable information given them, pi'oceeded to discuss
the question of recommending shippers to issue a
Circular to the liners sirch as he suggested, and it
was decided that a Ch’cular should be sent to all
Members of the Association in the first instance asking
for their opinion on the proposal.

Letter's of 12th, 19th and 26th June from the
Secretarj', Indian Tea Association, London with i'i‘-
ference to the American Market Fund, which had
been previously circulated, were now brought up for
final consideration. 'The Committee noted that Mr.
Blechynden arrived in Loudon from New York on
tho 7th June, and that the Committee had liad the
advantage of conferring with him on several matters
of importance, such as the work in the United States,
prospect.s- in Canada and the Southern States, the
question of Green Tea and other matters, also that
Mr. Blechynden was calling on the principal repre-
sentatives of the tea industry; especially those who
had not hitherto supported the ikurd. Mr. Blechynden
left again on the 27th June for New York in company
with Mr. Mackenzie, tho Ceylon Commissioner.

A letter was read from Mr. j. Buckingham, C.I.E.
Chairman of the Assum Branch, stating that at the
Annual Meeting of the Branch a contribution of
112,000 was voted to the American Market Fund.
The Committee had duly acknowledged this com-
munication, and now placed on record their obliga-
tions to the Assam Branch for this substantial ad-
dition to the fund.

A letter was also read from tho Honorary Secre-
tary, Central Travancore Planters’ Association,
stating that his Association having been under the
impression that the campaign in America W'as going
to be discontinued at the close of the current year,
had passed the following resolution at a general
meeting : —

“ That this Association is fully in accord with the
Indian Tea Association in its determination to carry
on the campaign for pushing Indian tea in America
for another year, and, moreover, considers that the
work should be carried on from year to year until
such time as fully one-half the consumption of
America is British-grown tea.”

Copy of this resolution was to be forwarded to
the London Committee, and the Committee of tho
Central Travancore Planters’ Association were to be
informed that no such decision as they referred to
bad been arrived at.

Statement of accounts of the American Market
Fund to 31st July was submitted to the Committee
from which it appeared that the total amount of
contribution advised to date amounted to 1168, 407-10-6,
and that there was a balance in Bank and in cash
of 1121,777-2-10

Considered letter of the 27th June from Dr. Geo.
Watt, lleporter on Economic Products to the Gov-
ernment of India asking to bo furnished with any
information on the su'q'ect of Let Pet 'Tea, w'hich
the Committee might happen to have and also
enquiring as to tho amount of Chindwin tea seed
imported into Assam, and the quantity of Assam
indigenous seed annually turned out from the seed
gardens of the province. 'The Committee were un-
able to furnish any information with regard to Let
Pet 'Tea, but they had ascertained from the Chair-
man of the Assam Branch that certainly under 10
per cenf, and probably not more than 5 per
cent of the extensions in the Assam Valley
had been opened out with Chindwin seed. The in-
formation furnished by Mr. Buckingham had been
passed on to Dr. Watt.

Considered letter of the 24th Julj^ from the Secretary
Bengal Chamber of Co)umerce, replj'ing to the Com-
mittee’s letter asking for the opinion of the Committee of
the Chamber, on a proposal to ask the Government of
India to levy small export tax upon tea as is done in
Cej'lon, the proceeds to be disbursed in connection
with the exploitation of the American and other
markets. The Committee of the Chamber in this let-
ter pointed out that there would he verj' great difficulty
in the way of any such impost being levied in India,
as all the various Governments would have to be con-
sulted and various contingencies might be raised.
The Committee of the Chamber deprecated the idea
and considered that whatever liad to be done in the
direction of opening new markets for tea should be
done voluntaril}-.

After consideration of this letter, the Committee
were of opinion that it was not worth while pursuing
the matter further in face of the difficulties in the
way of carrying out the proposals.

('onsidered memorandum of the 25th July from
Chairman with reference to the establishment of a
Pasteur Institute for India and asking for the opinion
of the General Committee as to the most suitable site.

'The Cliainiian having explained that the present
intention of Government was to place the Institute
in Kasauli in the Simla Hills, but that both Professor
Hadkine and Dr. Banking were now in favour of
its being located somewhere in Bengal, the following
minute was recor’ded unanimously, and ordered to
be sent to Professor Haffkine, who was leaving for
Simla that evening: — ‘‘This Committee having con-
sidered the question of the locality to be selected
for the head-quarters .of the Pasteur Institute for In-
dia, and having in mind the requirements of tho
large labour force estimated at 50,000 auuually pro-
ceeding to Assam, as well as the increasing demands
of the Uooars and Darjeeling districts, are of opinion
that such head-qu.arters should be located in Bengal,
viz., as near as possible to the possibly greatest de-
mand which may arise for assistance from the In-
stitute.”

Consideration of a memorandum prepared by the
Secretary, Bengal Chamber of Commerce, with refer-
ence to the proposal recently made in the House
of Commons, for the abolition of the duty on British
grown tea was ordered to stand over until the next
meeting.— Planters' Gazette, Aug. 22.

TEA SHOOKS.

liave been favoured with an inspection
of tea sliooks importeil from Austria for tho
litcal market by Mr. (J. .\. Marinitseb. Tlie
sliooks are of white iiino free from knots so tliat
there slionhl lie little liability to split. 'I'hero
is also nil entire alisenco of resin or of odour
likely to tiiint lea. 'I'he sliooks ai'c dovetailed
and when ]iut 'Logetlmr should make a very
s('r\ieeable chest, \\hi(di in jmint of lightness
and rmst should compare favourably with chests
at present oll'ered foi sale on the local niarkott

Oct. t, 1896.

252 THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

THE

CEYl-ON PKOVINCIAE ESTATES
COMPANY, iOMlTEl).

GKNTRAI. MEKl'ING.

The liTst ordinary general meeting of the share-
holders of the Ceylon Pro\ incial Estates Company,
Limited, rvas held on the 7th Sept, at the oltice of
the Agents and Secretaries, Messrs. Ceo. Ste\iart
A Co.' Mr. t'. L. (,'lements presided and i)resent
were 11 on. M . \V . .Mitchell, c.M.(!., and ..Messrs.
T. S. Crigson, d. I’aterson, E. John, E. J. de
Saram and A. Murray ; also Mr. T. S. (Jrigson
represented Mr. E. S. (Irigson, Mrs. A. K. \Vise,
Mr. J. M. Smith, Mrs. Esther Crahhe, and Mr.
J. L. Gordon ; Mr. C. (roi'doii was rejiresented
1)V Mr. J. I’aterson, Mr. John .Vnderson and
Mr. A. M'. S. Sackville hy Mr. E. L. Clements,
anil Mr. H. D. Deane hy Mr. F. J. de Saram.

Mr. Ci.EMENT.S, in moving the ado)ition of the
report, made a few preliminary remarks on the
satisfactoiy working of the Comiiany during the
seven months ended 31st July last, up to wliich
date their total earnings were lM2,9iy'77 of
which U32,4S7‘o3 remained for disposal after
paying for ex[>3nses which were e.xtraordinary.
i'lie pi'olits represente 1 an e.xrning of 8 per cent
on the seven nioii hs or 14 jier cent per annum,
which was very satisfactory. The crop for the
year was estimated at 323,000 lb. of tea of
which they had gathered 217,000 lb. up to the
end of August last, leaving nearly one-third of
the estimate to be yet realized. The average
cost of tea per lb. was 20 cents and the sale.s aver-
aged 50 cents Out of the prolits Directors recom-
n7ended the payment of an ad interim dividend of 4
per cent which absorbel 1121,120, and 111,010 to
the Directors as remuneration, carrying forward
1110,367 -5.3.

Mr. E J01I8 seconded the motion, and the
report was adopted.

It was unanimously agreed to pay the interim
dividend of 4 per cent, after which Mr. F. J. Dk
Sauam pi’nt>3-53<-l. and .Mr. E. JoilM sec )uded, that
111,000 be paid to the Directors as remaneration
for services rendered.

On the iiDtiou of Hon. \Y. W. ^ftTCiIEEL,
C.M.G., seconded by Mr. E. Joiiv, the Directors
were re-elected.

This was all the biisine.ss.

The following is the

lieport of the Directors for presentation to the
first ordinary genoriil meeting of the Shareholders
to beheld on S itarnay, 5th September, 18')i), at noon.

Directors :—E. S. Grigion, Eiip, F. L. Cleniouts,
Esep, John Paterson, E iq.

The Directors have the pleasure to submit their re-
port, together with a statement of accounts to 31st
Julv, 18'J6.

The property of the Company consists of the Glas-
sauMi estate in Dimbula and the Brownlow estate
in Slaskeliya. The former was purchased for .£13,000,
of which £12,000 was jpaid in cash and .£5,000 was
left on Mortgage; and the latter property w.is bought
for .£20,500, of which £10,500 was to be paid in cash
and the equivalent of £10,000 in shares of the Company
tgio actual sum paid in rash was £3,500 an exist-
ent mortgage for £2,000 not having been paid off,
and the Directors are now in correspondence with
the mortgagees with a view to keeping it on for a time.

The Acreages of the Estates now stand as follows: —

Glassaugh.

acres.

Tea in bearing . . 270
, not ,, ..21

„ planted this year 13
Forest • • 21

Waste and Grass 13

Total. .314

Brownlow.

Total

acres.

acres.

400

570

21

50 . ,

53

52

72

85

85

584

•)28

The Company’s financial year doos not end until
gist Deoemoer next, but to comply with the Ordinance

it is necessary to hold the first general meeting
within 12 months of the incorporation of the
Company.

The accounts now presented show only 7 mouths’
working of the Estates, and the Directors are pleased
to be able to say that the results obtained so far
come up to their expectations.

After providing for interest on the Glassaugh and
Brownlow mortgages to the 31st July a sum of R3,814‘56
paid the vendors of Brownlow for interest on purchase
money to date of transfer, all preliminary and mis-
cellaneous expenses incidental to the formation of the
Company, and all legal e.xpenses in connection with
the transfer of tlie Estate, the 7 months’ working shows
a net gain of 1132,437'53 which the Directors propose
to dispose of as under:

To pay an interim divided of 4 per cent R21, 120.00
,, pay the Dii-ectors’ remuneration ,, 1,000‘00

„ CaiTy forward . . . . „ 10,367'53

E32, 487-53

111 accoi’dance with the Articles of Association all
the Directors i-etire but, being eligible, offer them-
selves for re-election.

By Order,

Geouge Steu.iut & Co., Agents and Secretaries.
Colombo,] 25th August, 1805.

HORNSEY TEA ESTATES COMl’ANV,
LIMITED.

Registered, July 28, hy Hirwood anil Sbeplien-
s-m, 31, Lomb.inl-street, E.C., with a capital of
£50,000 iu £-5 sliare.s — 4,0)0 cumulative six per
cent preference sliare.s ami 6,000 £5 ordinary
sharo.s. Object, primarily, to adopt and carry
into effect certain agreements e.xpre.ssed to be
made by this Company with W. S. Saunders
ami Mos.srs. L. Reiss Brothers Sc Go., to acquire,
hy purchase or otherwi.se, lands, factorie-s, build-
ings, &c., in Ceylon, or elsewliere, iu particular
the estates known as the Hornsey Estate and
t'.ie .Vherc.urney Estate, situate in the ilistrict
of Dikoya, in the Island of Ceylon; to develop
and turn to account the lands, buildings, and
rights for the time being of tlie Company in
such manner as they shall see lib, by clearing,
draining, planting, cultivating, farming, grazing,
mining, bnilding tiiercon, Ac.; to coiistnict and
maintain, in Ceylon or elsewhere, roads ways,
rail and tram roads, telegraph lines, telephones,
electric liglib, heat and jiower works, canals,
reservoirs, waterworks, wells, aqueducts, water
courses, furnaces, gasworks, piers, svharves, docks,
quartz, saw and other mills, hydraulic works,
facborie.s, warehouses, &c. ; .as cultivators .and
dealers iu tea, coffee, cardamoms, and other
crops; also as miners and smelters, shipowners,
merchants, exporters, and importers, carriers,
agents, brokers, storekeepers, builders and con-
tractors, company promoters. See. The signa-
tories are Shai-es.

H. A. Hancock, 28, Mincing-lane, E. C I

A. Zimmern, 51, Lime-street, E.C 1

11. S. Hancock, 28, Mincing-lane, E.C 1

1) B. Crane, 4, IVoodview-terrace High-

gate, N. 1

A. B. 'romkins, lYalmer House Surbiton ... 1
H. \V. Hubberb, Lincoln House, Cat-

ford, S. E I

G. E. Elvisb, 96, Embledon-road, Ladv-
wcll, S.E [

Tbe number of directors is to be nob less than
three nor more than live. The first are C. A.
Reiss, H. A. Hancock, W. S. T. Saunders, and
\V. S. Sichcl. t^iialilicatiou, £300. Remunera-
tion, 100 each ])or annum. Registered office : 51,
Faun-street, E.C,— Financial Xews, Aug. 15,

Oct. r, i8g6.]

thp: tropical agriculturist.

253

CEYLON TEA IN IlUSblA.

Evidence lias been [ilentifnl that iJie eflbrts
made liy Mr. liogivne and his partners to intro
dnco C'oylon teas into tiie empire of the White
Tsar liave not lieen without result. It is dilticult
ti) say witli precision, however, the e.xact extent
of this. Tlie returns available thronph Messrs,
(row, Wi Ison A Stanton, admirable as these ai’e,
would not seem to atlbrd an exact indication ot
the (piantities of our teas that lind their way into
Russia. It is believed that a large pro[)ortion
of the re-exports from (treat Britain to Germany
are destined for Russia and eventually lind their
way there by routes that cannot be reported upon.
Anyway, the latest accounts are to the ell'ect
that J\Ir. Rogivne feels- well satis.Hed with the
progress achieved. It is aihlitional evidence to
that available by customs returns that the
Russian tea dealers now feel coerced into keep-
ing stocks of our teas. But we are told that
their doing so arises out of no friendly feeling
towards Ceylon, liuleed, it is asserted that while
meeting any demand for our island jiroduction,
they endeavour to weaken that demand by more
than insinuating comparison disadvantageous to
it between their well-beloved (diina teas and those
of Ceylon. This need not surprise us. The same
thing, we know, has been experienced in America, in
which country the tea vendors have also felt them-
selves compelled in self-defence to bo ready to sup-
ply our teas to their customers, But time has ap-
parently broken down much of their ])ractice
of dissuading these from the purchase of Ceylons.
It may well be expected that the same result
will ere very long be apparent among the tea
fraternity in Russia. Indeiiendently of this
parallelism another is to be found between the
two countries mentioned. Both are vast in ex-
tent, and the areas to be fought upon are so
large as severely to tax the energies of those
engaged in the struggle. But Russia is even
more dilHcult to attack on this special ground
than is America. In the United fStates, at all
events, as in a considerable degree also through-
out Canada, railway communication is widely
spread. In Russia this is not the case, and it
may readily be understood how exceedingly
difficult it - must be to foster and supply the
very many distant agencies established by Mr.
Rogivue’s eilbrts. He is lighting our 'battle
even under greater disadvantages therefore than
have been experienced in America. \Ve under-
stand that on this ground he asks for further
assistance from here. AVe do not pretend to say
how far this should he granted ; but it is easy
to realise how great are the diHiculties he has
to surmount in a country so spar.sely supplied
with rail A'ay facilities as is Ru-ssia.

NOTES FROAI THE METilOPOLlS.

London, Aug. 14.

The Financial Times on Tuesday this week had
an important article on

“ INDIAN TKA COMTANIKS AND TROSPECT.S ”
—sure to attract much attention, which I send
you

INDIAN TEA COMPANIES’ PROSPECTS.

It is not surprising to find that with the present
demand for sound commercial investments, the at-
tention paid to Indian Tea Companies’ sliaro.s con-
ti' ues to show an increase. Even now, it may be
said without hesitation that people on the look-out
for an industrial lock-up, yielding what, in these
days of low interest upon capital, may be described
as a handsome return, might with advantage devote
some attention to tho attractions afforded by this

market. Tho results certainly compare very favour-
ably with those of other industrial investments, and
as we have pointed out previously, it is possible by
making a good selection to secure substantial divi-
dends and at the same time to reduce to a minimum
the amount of risk attaching nece.ssarily commercial
holdings. A purchase of Assam, Jorchaut, Chargola,
or Le'ooug ordinary shares at present prices would
show a return of fully seven per cent ; Jokai,
Dooars and Doom Dooma bring in six per cent, or
thereabouts ; while newer, and therefore more specu-
lative, varieties offer still greater temptations in the
way of interest. When in February we dealt with
Indian Tea Companies’ Preference shares we ventured
to predict that the next few months would see a conti-
nue.! appreciation of prices. Although a slightly easier
tendency is now apparent, our forecast has been none
tho less borne out — not to a sensational degree, for the
very circumstances of the case render advances by
leaps and bounds extremely improbable, but by steady
advances that indicate healthy conditions. And the
increased activity has not been confined to shares of
well-known and old-established companies, but has
been apparent, too, in the recent outburst of industrial
promotions. During the past mouth or two new com-
panies whoso aggregate capitals runs well into millions
have been pub'ioly floated ; aiid tho aucess with which,
as a rule, tho issues ha,vo been made indicates
not only that this field of enterprise is coming into
favour, but that befor-o long the market is bound to
show a wider teudeney, and t’nat the greater popu-
larity will in all probability tend to raise the level
of prices all round.

The large amount of this class of share capital now
quoted in the “ Official List” will before long be
swelled to five or six millions as a result of the re-
cent promotions ; and in addition there are unquoted
securities, consisting largely of Ceylon descriptions,
accounting for another couple of millions. Under
these circumstances it is the more satisfactory
to find that the present position of the industry is very
satisfactory' and that the prospects for the current
year are decidedly favorable. In 1895, as we stated
some time ago, the results were not quite so good
as those of the previous twelve months, when
the conditions were particularly good. The
trend of prices was in the downward direction,
and competition was much keener, but in spite of these
adverse circumstances dividends were on the whole
well maintained. The current year, according to
present expectations, will probably witness a partial
return to the prosperity of 1894. The early pickings
of the new crop that are now coming to hand
indicate that the season will be one for quality
rather than quantity of produce. The anticipations
of an excessive supply are therefore not likely to
be realised, and the consequent improvement in
prices should have an important effect on the net
earnings of the companies. Not only is the out-
look satisfactory in this direction, but other favour-
able influences are at work. Tea plantations, like
Kaffir mines, have their labour difficulties, and if
the repoits that the rice and other crops in some of
the most important agricultural districts of India
are likely to prove very poor be correct, the tea xilau-
tatious in Assam will find less difficulty in obtaining
labour, and will secure it at less expense, xbnother
reason for encouragement is supplied by tho fact
that the demand for Indian and Ceylon / tea is
constantly growing, owing largely to tho comparatively
low prices now ruling, and there is no si^n of a
reaction from the phenomenal advance of the past
few years. The increase is not confined to this
country, for planters are showing great enterprise in
their efforts to open up fresh markets. Vigorous
steps have been and are being taken to stimulate the
trade with the United States, and the Ceylon traders
are also devoting special attention to the cultivivtion
of Russian custom. f

Tea companies, like all other concerns, mus^have
their critics, and, of course, like all other coiSoerus,
are not always invulnerable. The article fitself,
taken in largo doses, is generally understood tL pro-
mote dyspepsia, and the same effect seeiis' to
have been brought about in some quarters by

i

254 ' THE TROPICAL

exiimination of tho accounts of the prin-
cipal producing compauies for 1895. The cur-
rent number of “ The Investors’ Review’’ has
tome very hard things to say about the group,
and though some of tliem are perfectl3' roa.ioiiablo.
some of them appear to us to be unnecessarily des-
pondent, if not a trifle unfair. Our contemporary
auggests that the delay in the publication of Indian
tea companies’ reports baa been caused to some ex-
tent by “ preparations for ‘ consolidation’ — a term
which appears likely to bear in the future as ill a
name in tho tea share market as in the Kaffir circus.”
Wo have already drawn one comparison between
the Indian plantations and South African mines,
but the points of resemblance are surely few in
number, and in tho present case we fail to see the
reason for the association of the two classes of enter-
prise. Kaffir consolidations are “another story,” but
consolidations are not necessarily bad, and in
many ways are productive of excellent effects.
The whole question rests on the merits of
individual scbemes, and our contemporary,
while peering into the future, when “ consolidations ”
and their accompanying evils have done their fell
work,” makes no attempt to show that the various
plans that have been carried through recently have, as
a whole, involved unfairness to shareholders, or that
they have made loopholes for plunder. Most of them
indeed, have been framed on equitable lines, and have
been justified by the appreciation in market values.
The criticism that some of the companies show a
regrettable inclination to divide their profit right uj)
to the hilt is certainly justified in some cases; but
here again there is something to be said on the other
side. Many of the concerns whose financial methods
are questioned in this respect have devoted large
sums from revenue to betterment purposes, and
although the possession of large reserves is obviously
an advantage, and the equalisation of dividends an
eminently desirable policy, it cannot fairly be said
that the companies have been altogether indifferent
to future needs.

It lia.s brought forth the following letter and
furtl'.er editorial comment: —

INDIAN TEA COMPANIES.

(To the Editor of the Financial Times.)

Sir, — Your carefully-written article of 10th inst. is
calculated to lead many investors to pay more at-
tention than they have hitherto done to tho tea in-
dustry ; and as it is difficult for anyone outside the
trade to get tho materials for forming a sound
judgment when choosing a company in which to
invest, it may be useful to your clients to have a
standard, the more so as all tea plantations are not
equally good or safe.

The best criterion is the average price por planted
acre which a company’s capital shows, taking the
share at its market quotation.

Let me take as an illustration two of the concerns
you name in your article, namely, the old Assam
Company and the Leboug Company in Darjeeling.

The Assam Company’s capital of .£187,000 at £59
■per share equals £555,000, less £50,000 reserve fund,
equals £505,000, for its 10,100 acres of tea, that is,
about £50 per acre. The Lebong Company’s capital
of £05ifi60 a,t £18 per share equals .£118,000, lessre-
£18 000 reserve fund and working capital, equals
£100,000 for its 1,550 acres of tea ; this i.s, about
£(55 per acre.

Ttese two companies represent the oldest planta-
tiom districts which produce the finest

^ea’^^fbeir produce commands a higii premium in
and they may, therefore, be safely taken
as tie standard by which other concerns should be

YQ^ed.

Mie reason why these and several other old com-
^aies are now paying such high dividends, in spite
of he comparatively low piice of tea, is that in
b-yone years, instead of dividing all their profits,
the have largely extended their plantations out
of ivenuc, of which policy they are now reaping
thJjenefit. This, of course, is not generally known.

X investor will naturally desire to know what is
tlj^rospect of the value of tea holding up ; having,

AGRICULTURIST [Oct. r, 1896.

no doubt, heard tho foreboding repox'ts of over-
production.

At the moment it is doubtful if the supply will
equal requirements, which arc constantly enlarging,
as the weather in ludia has shortened the quantity,
while giving finer quality than last season ; not in all
districts, but in Assam to a marked degree.

The immediate effect has been to raise the price of
the best growths in Mincing-lane pence per pound, as
compared with last season’s value ; and we find the
buyers, not the producers, showing some anxiety as to
the future.

It is desirable when investing in tea-planting com-

fianies to discriminate between those which have their
and in the districts which have proved their ability to
yield fine tea during a long period of years, and those
which have not ; and to examine the record of each
company during the last five seasons, which have in-
cluded bad as well as good harvests.

The details are now compiled and published by your
weekly contemporary, the “ Home and Colonial Mail.”
—I am, i£c., A Tea Bhokeu.

11th Aug., 1896.

Investors who have turned their attention to the
market in Indian Tea Companies’ shares will find
some good advice in our correspondence columns
from “ A Tea Broker.” Our correspondent agrees
with the views expressed in the article on the sub-
ject that appeared in Monday’s issue, and points
out the importance of intending purchasers studying
the average price per planted acre shown by the
capital of a company. The point Is one that we have
previously emphasized, but with tho increasing popu-
larity of the market, it is well worth repeating. Our
statements concerning the probable course of firices
for the Indian produce are confirmed, and our cor-
respondent adds that it is doubtful if the supply-
will equal requirements, and that buyers are showing
some anxiety as to the future. 'This fact can hardly fail
to produce a cheerful effect on the quotations for shares,
especi-illy those of the better-known companies.

So that tlie ba.sis on which Tea Companies are
formed is likely to be carefully scanned in future.
Still, the great difference in the real value per acre,
of different proj)ertie.s in ditt’erent, or even tlie
same, districts, is what home investors can never
judge, by mere ligure comjiarisons.

Among new tea companies, or rather busine.ss,
— is the e.xtension of tlie

“ nURN.SIDIC company’.s”

imrcliases and capital. No doulit you have pub-
lishcd the original iiro.sjiectus : here is the snp-
[ilementary one : —

BUIINSIDE TEA company OP CEYLON, LIMITED.
Incorporated under the Companies Acts, 1862
to 1890.

Capital, in 5.000 shares of £10 each . . £.50,000
Original Issue . , . , 20,000

Balance Unissued . . . . £’30,tX)0

The £15,000 shares now to be issued will make with
the £20,000 original issue the present ishied share
capital £35,000.

'The £7,500 Debentures now to be issued will
make with the £7,000 Debentures original issue the
amount of the Debentures issued £14,500.

The 1,500 Shares now offered for public subscrip-
tion are to be payable as follows : —

£1 on Application; £3 on Allotment; and tho
balance when called for with an interval of not less
than two months between each call.

It is not intended to call up more than £5 per
share.

The remaining £5 per share, total £7,500, will bo
specifically charged to secure the Debentures of the
Company, the amount of which is limited not to
exceed the uncalled Capital of the Conqiany for the
time being and which will bo further secured by a
floating charge upon tho other property of the
Company.

'The Debentures carry interest at 5 por cent, per
annum, and are pryabfo on 31st Docombor, 1901.

Subscriptions for tho ,£T,.500 Debentures aro
payable ; —

AGRICULTURIST.

Oct, I, 1896.1 THE TROPICAL

10 per cent, on application, and the balance on
allotment.

They will be issued for sums of £50 or multiples
of £50 each. The Interest upon the Debenture will
commence from the date of Allotment, and first
payment will be due on the 1st of January, 1897.

PROSPECTUS.

Since the Burnside Tea Company of Ceylon Limi-
ted, was registered the Directors have been able to
secure the firm offer of Wattagalla Estate, adjoining
Heeloya, in the district of Rangalla, Ceylon, from
Mr. C. Tottenham for £12,000 cash ; crop and ex-
penditui'e to be taken over as from 1st April last.

The following particulars are taken from the Report
of Mr. Joseph Eraser, dated 10th March, 1896,

WATTAGALA ESTATE.

Elevation from 2,000 to 4,000 ft. above sea level.
The actual area cultivated in Tea is now .802 acres
in full bearing, and 80 acres of young Tea.

There are 180 acres of abandoned Tea that may
now be looked upon as valueless, though portions might
be cleared up and planted with Greviilias.

There are 10 acres of young Cardamoms, but I put
little value on those, as the area is too small to make
it worth while cultivating. The land is, however,
suitable for Tea. Portions of the 90 acres of patna
and scrub are suitable for planting up with timber

The yield of the upper division (203 acres) is very
satisfactory, having given an average of 536 lb made
tea per acre all round in 93/94, while the lower
division, allowing for the 13,000 lb. made tea secured
from the abandoned area during the season, gave an
average of 270 lb. or an average all round of close
on 450 lb. per acre. Finer plucking the past two
seasons has reduced the yield to barely 400 lb.

The tea is looking in excellent condition, and is
capable of giving 550 lb per acre all round, with culti-
vation in the shape of manure.

Though portions are rather steep for cultivation,
a large area of the cultivated fields are quite suitable.

The facilities for transport are greater than I
expected, as the upper fields almost touch the Nitre
Cave Gar: Road, and would therefore make manuring
a simple matter.

Some arrangement could no doubt be come to for
the use of the cart road.

There is a complete system of wire shoots to convey
leaf to the Factory, and manure, ifpreed be, to lower
fields.

The Sinhalese have taken to the transport of tea
chests from the Factory to the cart road at Udas-
pattu, so that the Tamil labour is not affected— an
important matter.

The Factory and Machinery is ample and com-
plete for present requirements, no steam power
necessary, water being quite suHicieut during the
driest weather.

The Bungalow is in good order and the lines are
sufficient and permanent, a good many being iron
roofed.

The following is the acreage according to Mr.
Eraser’s renort : —

'302 acres old tea.

80 „ young tea.

180 ., abandoned tea.

10 ,, cardamoms.

90 ,, patna and scrub,

662 acres total area.

The acquisition of this estate by the Burnside Tea
Company of Ceylon, Limited, will give the Company
1,126 acres in tea, costing, exclusive of ail the other
lands, about £26 per acre.

To provide funds for the purchasd' of the estate
and for its proper cultivation, it is proposed to make
the above-mentioned further issue of 1,500 shares
and £7,500 in Debentures, ,

The terras of offer of Wattagalla Estate are con-
tained in a letter from Messrs. Lyall, Anderson A'
Co., to Mr. C. Tottenham, dated 3lsk July, and his
reply, dated 2nd August, 1896.

Copies of the above-mentioned letters, the report of
Mr. Fraser, of 10th March, 1896, the Memorandum

^55

and Articles of Association, and the Form of Debea*
ture may be inspected at the office of the Company.

With this circular is enclosed the original Prospectus
of the Company, the First Issue of Capital which
has been fully subscribed, and Applications for Shares
and for Debentures of the New Issue should be made
on the accompanying relative forms and forwarded
to the Baiikers of the Company, together with the
amount paj'able on application.

If no allotment is made the deposit will be returned,
and where the amount of Shares, or Debentures
allotted is less than the amount applied for, the
surplus will be credited in reduction of the amount
payable on allotment of the Shares, or of the balance
of the Debentures as the case may be,

10th August, 1890.

Here is good new's for Ceylon and India in
regard to

CHINA TEA,

and surely also in reference to opium too — for
the sooner we are done witli it the better ! — ■

NEWS FOR TEA PLANTERS AND THE ANTI-OPIUM SOCIETY,

The Anti-Opium Society has directed its efforts
in recent years more particularly against the export
of opium to China. It looks as if its occupation in
this respect will soon be gone. Chinese native opium
last year became an article of export, and Consul
Gardner of Amoy, in his annual report, says he has
no doubt it will ultimately replace all foreign opium.
“ The heavy import and transit duty on foreign
opium, which is rigorously collected, and the ease
w’itli which native opium evades the natives dues,
will and must render the latter far cheaper, and
the Chinese growers will doubtless continue year by
year, as they have dooe hiiherto to improve the
quality of the drug.” The extinction of the import
of opium into China, as of the export of tea from
China, is in Mr. Gardner’s opinion only a matter of
time. j. F

THE BIG TEA COMPANY,

A fortnight ago we announced that a big
allied tea company, with a capital of £1,000,000,
would shortly make its appearance, and this week
the prospectus of the Amalgamated Tea Estates
Company, Limited, has been published. No fewer
than ten undertakings will be acquired, and these
include the estates ot the Land Mortgage Bank of
India, an estate in Darjeeling, one in Cochin,
three in Ceylon, and four in Assam. They com-
prise in all 43,302 acres, of Avhich a little over
10,000 acres are under tea.

'Ihe vendors state in the prospectus that they
have ])urclia.sed the properties at a total price
of £493,093, exclusive of certain miscellaneousassetf%
wliicli will be separately realised on behalf of the
Company, and they go on to declare that they
will transfer the whole of the property to the
Company at the actual price paid, plus 5 per
cent as a commis.sion for negotiating the pur-
chase, ■which will total up to the very respect-
able sum of something o-, cr £24,000; but out of
this they Avill pay all c.xpenses incurred up te
the date of the agreement for the inspection and
])urchasing of the estates.

We suppose that there is not much to find
fault with in this rvay of doing things, but in*
asuiuch as the majority of the estates which are
to be included in the Amalgamated Tea Com*
pany are not known, it might have been better
to have givtm fuller pariiculars as to their past
doings and their present value. It is estimated,
after an examination of the accounts and figures
“ supplied by the previous owners ” (whiem is,
perhaps, scarcely such a satisfactory state of
things as might have been hoped for), that there
will be yielded an .annual profit from the present
bearing area of the estates of £40,000, and this
estim.ate, if realised, would, after paying ther
interest on the Preference shares, leave a bala,uCC

256

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

I Oct. I, 1896.

of £20,u00 for ilivLion among the Ordinary
shareholders.

The caj ital i.s, a.s we were enabled to anti-
cipate, C1,UUU,UUU, divided into e<|ual propor-
tions of live per cent. Cunuilati\e i'rei'erence
shares and Ordinary .sinues of 10 each. At pre-
sent it is only )>roposed to is.siie 40,000 iTe-
ferences and 40,000 Oulinary shares, wliile on
the latter only £2 is to be called n]>. ^V e are
sorry that no more satisfactory ligiires could
be given than those “ supplied by the previous
owners,” since, however much it may be taken
for granted that people who want to sell tea
estates ))ut the e.xact particulars before the pur-
chasers, it has become a general rule to take
independent valuations of concerns which are
being bought at a large outlay of money.

The fact that over 10,000 acres of the 43,000
acres being aci{uircd are already planted with
tea is a good point, but it might have been better if
some information had been given as to how much of
the remaining 33,000 acres would be available lor
tea planting. It is always possible that little
of it might be adapted tor the pur])ose. ihe
Company intends to go in for coil'ee, while itvyill
also cultivate coconuts in Ceylon ; but a period
of nine years must elapse before the coconut
trees now planted will yield a sullicient crop to
earn dividends. Their ultimate cultivation is said
to be prolitable, and the cost of planting and main-
tenance is comijaratively cheap.

The Directors arc probably acting wisely in not
calling up much of the Ordinary capital until it
can be seen how much it will cost to increase
the cultivated area ; but, on the whole, it seems
to us that it might have been advisable to start
with a smaller capital or with limits to the
power of calling it up without taking the
opinion of the shareholders. The Directors and
oliicials of the Company, hovvever, are much the
same as those of the Consolidated Tea and Lands
Company, Limited ; and while wc are calling at-
tention to one or two weak points of the prospectn«,
we do not wish it to be understood that we take any-
thing but a hopeful view of the prospects of the
undertaking.

There are some faults to be found with the jiros-
pectus, and lack ofinformation isoneof them ;but
as this prospectus has only been privately issued to
the shareholders of the North and youth yylhct
companies, the Land Mortgage Lank of India, and
the Consolidated Tea and Lands Company, wesnp-
‘ pose it is amatter which more directly concernsthem
than the rest ol the public. Lut for an undei taking
with so big a capital wc cannot help pointing out
that the jiavticulars are nut sullicicntly anijile.
— JJiilliunidt, Aug. 15

<j

PLANTINC AND TKODUCE.

TEiiKiBLE Eefects OF CoFFEE DiUNKiNG. If there
Bhould be any difficulty in finding: a sujiply of O'J'go-
ments in favour of tea drinking as conix'ared with
coffee, the Paris correspondent of a daily paper sup-
plies a few. It probably is not generally known
that coffee caused the Trench llevolution. Lut
I'Tench doctors have discovered — they appear to have
been some time about it, by the wa>— that cottee
caused the excitability of the geuenvtiou of writers
who were the precursoi-s of the lievolutiou, and
of advocates who accomplished it. Aoltaire and Lo-
besvierre were intemperate drinkers of colfeo. Miche-
let savs that the want of coffee, consequent upon
Napoleon’s Continental blockade, so depressed
p'lance as to make tho return of the Lourbona
not only possible but welcome. Ihore had
been for soino years before a colleo famine.
t< Those used to coffee were out of their wits with

joy when they could have it cheap again.” This
line of argument is perhaps a little farfetched, but
that is the fault of the I'Tench doctors who have made
these important discoveries. Now is the time to push
the sale of tea in Fiance.

Coffee Pi.anting in Biiaeil. — An official report
lately issued fiom the Foreign Office refers to the po-
siiiou of Brazilian coffee and the condition under
which it is grown. In his report on the trade of
Bahia, covering the years 1803-35, Mr. Nicolini, the
British Consul, makes some interesting remarks on
the decline in the Brazilian e.xchange. The
low rate which has prevailed for the past two
or three years, he tells us, has had consider-
able influence in inducing capitalists to invest
money in coffee plantations, the producers bene-
fiting to the extent of about 70 per cent, on the
prices in Brazilian currency realised at the recent
rates of exchange, as compared with those obtained
when exchange ranged from Is lid to 2s .3d. With
regard to the causes of ihe decline — the latest tele-
giaphic quotation is 9 3-l(5d — Mr. Nicolini says that
the constant disturbances occiuring in mo.it of the
Northern States, coupled with the enormous cost of
the civil war which for several years raged in liio
Grand do Sul and the naval revolt at Rio de Janeiro,
together with the efforts of the monarchical party
towards a restoration of the Empire, have greatly
tended to destroy confidence; and, notwithstanding
the exceptionally enormous natural resources of the
country, it is tho general opinion of those most inter-
ested that for years to come exchange will Huctuale
between 9d and Is. Brazilian coilee growers, by
the w’ay, ai’e taking measures for an active propaganda,
one plan being to establish cafes and permanent exhi-
bitions in Europe in order to demonstrate the “deli-
ciousness” of Brazil coffee when properly supplied
and prepared.

The Mysteiues of the Cocoa Tkade.— At Lough-
borough, Leicestershire, recently, Dr. Dyer, the
county analyst, stated that of the twenty-seven sam-
ples of cocoa which came before him nine consisted
of genuine cocoa — that was to say, of cocoa par-
tially deprived of its fat, but containing no material
addition to its bulk. The other eighteen samples all
consisted of mixtures of cocoa with various propor-
tions of sugar and starch, the starch used being
generally some variety of arrowroot. In all but three
cases the fact that tho articles consisted of mixtures
of cocoa with other ingredients was declared on labels
attached to the packages or parcels in which the
mixtures were supplied. In the otlicr three cases tho
admixture was either not declared at all, or not de-
clared until after the vendor had been informed of
the purpose for which tho sample had been pur«
chased. Seeing that “ cocoa ” was tho article de-
manded in each case, he had in his official schedule
enumerated all the mixtures as “ adulterated ” — i.e.,
as not of the nature, substance, and quality de-
manded, although, as already said, the fact of the
admixture was in most cases actually declared by
label, and in such cases the sale was not to
be regarded as fraudulent. The prices of tho
various “ mixtures ” in the market were very
variable, and, generally speaking, might be said to
correspond fairly with the proportions of cocoa
present, so that the purchaser could not be said to
bo defrauded in purse. It appeared desirable, how-
ever, that the public should know that in purchasing
mixtures, or at any rate tho lower class ones, they
were buying chielly sugar and starch, with only a
small quantity of real cocoa. 8ugar and starch wore,
of course, nutritious, and the mixtures were, in most
cases, intrinsically worth the prices charged for
them. Cocoa, however, was an article which was not
used merely for actual food purposes, but also, like
tea. and coffee, for the sake of the stimulating pro-
perties which it possessed ; and if the consumer was to
get the full stimulating benefit as well as the mere
feeding value, of a cup of cocoa, ho must u.so several
times as much of tho cheap mixture as he would of
pure cocoa, so that he does not gain in tho end, but
pays for sugar that ho could just as well add himself,
and for starch which is not more nutritious
than broad These starchy inixtiuos of coiu'scj

Oct. I, 1896. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

257

produce a much thicker beverage than pure cocoa,
as well as a much sweeter oue, and no doubt for
this reason mixtures are relished by many persons ;
but it appeared desirable, from a dietetic point of
view, that some more x^recise information should be
given on the labels as to the xnoportion of actual
cocoa x>reseirt than is provided by the mere state-
ment that the cocoa is “combined with other in-
gredients, the purity and wholesomeuess of which
are guaianteed in accordance with iho Act of Par-
liament,’’ or similar inscriptions. The best mixtures
were two samples representing a well-known make
of mixed cocoa, consisting of 50 per cent of cocoa
from which none of the original cocoa butter had
been removed, the remainder being sugar and starch
(arrowroot) in equal parts. Six more samxjles re-
presenting other makes contained not more than
40 per cent of cocoa partly deprived of its fat, the
remaining 00 per cent being sugar and starch. One
sample contained not more than 30 per cent of cocoa,
and two not more than 25 per cent, while five sam-
ples contained not more than 20 per cent of cocoa
or less, the remainder of the sample in every case
consisting of sugar and starch in about equal pro-
portions. With a few exceptions the cocoa present
was partly deprived of its fat, though in some few
cases the whole of the original cocoa-butter was
present. This, however, seemed to be the exception
and not the rule, although one plea put forward
for the manufacturer of cocoa mixtures in preference
to real cocoa was that the admixture of sugar and
starch obviated the necessity of removing part of
the original fat. From the foregoing remarks it
would be seen that in the case of cocoa mixtures
it was necessary to purchase from 2 lb. to 5 lb. of
the mixture, according to quality, to obtain 1 lb. of
real cocoa — a fact which should be borne in mind
in comxjaring prices. — Jl. <0 O. Mail, Aug. 12.

GRAPE CULTIVATION AT THE
AGRICULTURAL .SCHOOL.

Wo have today seen a sample of the giapc.s
grown at tlie Agricultural School and can testify
that they j)resent a very promising apiiearance,
justifying tlie Government in continuing the
expeiiment which has been carried on during
tlie xiast year. They have a nice flavour and in
the opinion of connoiseurs are up to the average
of grajie.s grown in Australia. The variety

shown us is what is called the “Golden Chasselas”
and the crop numbers about 2.50 Imnches. Amongst
the grapes grown is a blade variety, but they
are not rxuite mature. It is hoped, liowever,
that they may be ready for plucking within a
week or ten days. The experiment so far can only
be characterised as successful and it has had the
ellect of encouraging others to enter upon viticul-
ture. We trust the Government will sec its way
to continue the experiment which promises so w eli.

-e>

“NITRAGIN : AN IMPORTANT ANDVANCE

IN THE SCIENCE OE AGRICULTURE.”

The above is the heading of a brief but
im]iortant jiaper in the Contemporary lievicir for
August, by Mr. C. M. Aiknian, D.sc. It is of
more practical interest to agriculturists in the
mother country, and indeed is not applicable to
planting in Ceylon (unle.ss in some parts of the
lowcountry ?) ; but its xierusal cannot but prove
XU’oli table : —

Among the many important results which have
followed from the brilliant researches of Pasteur,
not the least interesting has been the discovery of
the highly beneficent role performed by micro-organic
life in agriculture. ^Vo now know that in nearly every
department of farming the “ubiquitous germ’’ plays
its part ; and that to the presence on his farm of

different kinds of microbes the farmer is almost as
much indebted as to the presence of his larger stock.
The functions discharged by bacteria in the dairy
are now recognised to be of the most valuable order ;
wliile in the bacteria of milk the bacteriologist is
finding an ever- widening field of investigation. The
various changes which tuat invaluable article of food
undergoes are all to be traced to the action of its
microbic denizens ; and it is no exaggeration to say
that the knowledge thus gained, during tlie last few
years, has done much to revolutionise the dairyman’s
art. With the information we at present possess on
this subject, there should be no difficulty in keeping
milk perfectly fresh, even in the midst of summer,
for any reasonable x^eriod of lime. Of course this
involves the expenditure of a certain amount of care,
and the application of precautionary measures; but
these latter are so simple in their nature that they
cannot be regarded as offering any serious obstacle
to their satisfactory accomplishment. The timely
application of the process of Fasteur^sa! i .n* is all
that is required ; and we may confidently look forward
to the time when, in the w'ords of another, “the
purveyor will bring his supply of milk round in
bottles at any hour of the day that may be conve-
nient, exchanging the full bottles for the empty ones,
as does the vendor of beer, aerated w'aters, and other
similar comestibles; and the housewife will keex) them
to use as she needs, with the certainty that when
the bottles are opened the milk will be as pure and
as tresh as it was when it left the cow'.”f We need
scarcely s.ay that such a result is calculated to in-
crease very largely the cou.sumption of milk by the
public. It v/ouUl also render its use very much safer.
There can bo little doubt that the well-known dangers,
connected with the spread of infectious diseases, as-
sociated with t'ae use of milk, prejudice many people
against it.

Rut a still more striking result of the application
of bacteriological science to the xiractice of dairying
has been afforded by the recent introduction of the
use of “ pure cultures” of bacteria in butter-making.
In this respect dairying has followed the example of
brewing. Many of our readers are doubtless aware of
the enormous service which the introduction of the use
of pure yeast cultures has effected for this latter in-
dustry ; and, while the use of pure lactic cultures but-
ter-making can scarcely be said to have done as much
for the dairying industiy as pure yeast cultures have
done for brewing, yet it promises to do much to im-
prove the manufacture of butter, and to helxi the
dairyman to secure that uniformity of quality on
which the success of his business so largely depends.

'The object of this paper is to bring before the
readers of this Rccienj the latest application, in the
domain of agriculture, of the great principle of in-
oculation, and which, in many respects, is of a more
striking nature than anything yet accomxrlished by
this line of research. It consists of the inoculation of the
soil with pure cultures of bacteria for the purpose
of promoting plant-growth. Indeed, since the intro-
duction of the practice of artificial manuring, it seems
to the present writer to be the mo.st important ad-
vance made in the art of husbandry in recent years.
The full economic value of this important inno-
vation can only be realised by those familiar
with the scientific and economic x^i'oblems of
agriculture ; but some conception of its import-
ance may bo afforded by the statement that it
offers a practical solution of the great xiroblem of how
to utilise for vegetation the boundless stores in the
air cf one of the most important of all plant-foods—
viz., nitrogen— a problem which we may add, has long

■” Pasteurisation, a process named after the dis-
tinguished French chemist, consists in the application
of temperatures considerably below boiling temper-
ature, yet sufficiently high to destroy bacterial life.
Milk may bo Pasteurised by heating it, for twenty
minutes, to a temperature of about 150° Fahr. The
flavour possessed by milk which has been boiled,
so disagreeable to many people, is thus avoided by
such treatment.

t Dr, Loud, in Royal Agricultural Society’s Joumal.
June 30, ISUO,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct. I, 1896.

258

exorcised the minds of the plant physiologist and
agricultural chemist.

It is only a few months ago since an announcement
was made to the German Agricultural Society that
certain highly interesting experiments carried out by
Professor Nobbe, of Tharand, in Saxony, a well-known
and distinguished authority on plant physiology, had
culminated in the production, on a commercial scale, of
cultures of bacteria for use in agriculture; and that
arrangements had been made with one of the largest che-
mical manufactories in Germany — the very same, indeed,
which has already undertaken to supply the medical
world with the antitoxic serum for use in
the treatment of diphtheritic cases — to supply
these cultures to any who might disire to use
them. To these cultures the title nitragin has
been given ; and at the present moment many
experimental trials are being either arranged for, or
are in process of being carried out, with a view
to test its efficacy. With the object of explaining for
our readers’ benefit the significance of this new de-
velopment in agricultural science, a short account of
the experiments which have led up to it may be
given.

It is now a number of years ago since Pasteur showed
that the process of the decay or putrefaction of or-
ganic matter, constantly going on on the earth’s sur-
face, was due to the action of miro-organic life.
Subsequent research has demonstrated that the soil
of our fields is literally teeming with bacteria, which,
according to some recent experiments, may be pre-
sent to the extent of forty-five millions per gramme
(the l-28th part of an ounce) of soil ; and that
these bacteria are largely instrumental in con-
ducing to the successful growth of vegetation, by pre-
paring, in forms suitable for assimilation by the plant,
the different food substances it derives from the soil.
Most of these substances are required in vegetable
life in a simpler form than that in which they are
originally present in the soil ; and it is in converting
these more or less complex forms of food material
into simpler ones, that the useful role of the soil-
microbes consists. With regard to the nature of this
minute life we have but scant knowledge ; but we
have lately become acquainted with some bac-
teria which are concerned in the preparation of that
higfcly valuable plant food, nitrogen,* in forms suit-
able for assimilation by the plant. It has long been
known that the plant absorbs most of its nitrogen
in the form of nitric acid, or, more correctly speak-
ing, as nitrates. It has also been long well known
that nitrogen, in the form of organic compounds and
ammonia, was liable, under certain conditions, to
be converted into nitrates in the soil ; and this
knowledge was put to a practical application,
in the manufacture of saltpetre, in the earlier
days. In the year 1877, however, it was discovered
that this process, to which the name nitrification was
given, was caused by the action of micro-organic life.
Since' the year mentioned, further research has revealed
that at least two separate forms of bacteria are impli-
cated in this process. The result of these interesting
investigations has been to show that the fertility of a
soil depends, to a very large extent, on whether or not
it is properly stocked with the nitrification bacteria.
But a still more interesting discovery wdfs made in the
year 1886, by the late Professor Hellriegel and Dr.
Wilfarth of a class of bacteria which infest certain
nodulos, 'or fleshy excrescences, to be found on the
roots of leguminous plants, and which are able to
render the free nitrogen of the air available to the

^^For many years the question, — can plants utilise
the free nitrogen in the air ? — was a keenly debated
one. The discussion of this question dates from the
beginning of the present century. Elaborate experi-
ments by French and English chemists were supposed

* Nitrogen, it may be mentioned, for the benefit of
those unacquainted with the science of plant-physiology,
is for many reasons one of the most important of all
nlants-foods. It may be described as the regulating
factor of plant growth ; and tlio question of its supply,
^n forms suitable for assimilation by the plants is, for
the fanner, of the highest economic importance.

fo have decided it a number of years ago: and it
was believed, till the startling discovery already re-
ferred to was made, that plants were unable to
utilise the nitrogen in the air. In justice to the dis-
tinguished experimenters* whose experiments seem
ill contradiction to the facts of the case as we now
know them, it may be explained that their experi-
ments were carried out under conditions which ex-
cluded the agency of bacterial life. It should also
be added that the power of utilising the free nitro-
gen of the air only belongs to certain plants, such as
clover, peas, beans, &c. — these generally grouped
under the term of “ leguminous crojps.” This inter-
esting discovery serves to throw light on the power
possessed by certain crops of resuscitating soils
on which other crops had been grown, and which
had thus become impoverished. Even at so remote
a period as the time of the Komans this fact had
been observed ; and the adoption ol the practice of
the rotation of crops, a very old custom, may be
said to be based, to a certain extent, on the re-
cognition of the same principle. The existence of
nodules on the roots of leguminous plants was a
fact which had also been long known; although
their true function had been for long little suspected.

The details of the process of nitrogen-fixation, as
it is called, are not as yet known with any accuracy.
That the organisms found in these nodules invade
the roots from the soil and thus give rise to the
formation of the nodules, seems to be clearly proved.
There they multiply with great rapidity and stimulate
thegrowth of the plant-cell. Liviugat firstat theexpeuse
of the plant, as parasites, thej' gradually become pas-
sive and the cells then become filled jWith bacteroids
or bacterium-like bodies. It is when this period is
reached that the plant absorbs the contents of the no-
dules, and leaves the cells, out of which they are
formed, in a limp condition. It seems doubtful
whether there are several kinds of fixing bacteria, or
whether the organism becomes so altered in itsgrow'th
with the plant that it is not suited for promoting
the growth of other leguminous plants. Whatever
the explanation may be, it has been found that the
organisms suitable for affecting the fixation of nitro-
gen for certain plants are not able to act in the
same capacity for other plants.

We need not enumerate the experiments carried
out to test the accuracy of the above theory.
Those interested in the question we would refer to
two interesting papers on the subject, in the lately
issued Journal of the Iloyal Agricultural Society of
England, by Dr. Miller and Dr. Voelcker. The early
experiments on a practical scale were made by inocu-
lating soils, ou which leguminous crops h.ad been
found by practice not to do v/ell, with soil from fields
containing tho nitrogen-fixing bacteria in large
numbers. To effect this satisfactorily it was found
that 110 loss a quantity than 16 cwt. of soil had to
bo used per acre. 'This method, besides proving
cumbersome, is not free from other objections, since
organisms other than the nitrogen-fixing ones — orga-
nisms which may exert a distinctly unfavourable
action on plant growth, as well as induce fungoid
diseases of parasitic growths — may be present in the
soil thus applied. Professor Nobbe consequently set
himself to obtain pure cultures of the fixing bacteria by
the usual bacteriological methods. Inasmuch as the
different leguminous crops require, as we have already
explained, either separate organisms or else different
modifications of the same organism. Professor Nobbe
has prepared a large number of pure cultivations suited
for the commoner leguminous crops grown. These
cultures are preserved in glass bottles containing
ayra-fjclalinc — a commonly used developing medium
— and arc of eight to ten ounces’ capacity. They
have to bo kejit from tho inlinenco of the light,
and care must be taken not to expose them to a
temperature above <.»8 deg. Fahr. Inoculation of a
soil with these cultures, on a practical scale, may
be effected in cither of two ways. First, the seed
of the crop it is desired to inoculate may be inocu-

* 'The experimenters referred to arc M. Boussiu-
gault. Sir J. B. Lawos {of Kothamstod) Sir J. Henry
Gilbert, and Dr. Pugh,

Oct. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

259

lated before it is sown. This is effected by mak-
ing a watery solution of the pure cultivation, im-
mersing the seed in it, and subsequently drying
it; or Secondly, it may bo effected by inoculating a
quantity of fine sand, or earth, in the same way,
and then spreading it over the field and subsequently
working it into the soil to a depth of about three
inches.

Naturally, a point of considerable interest is the eco-
nomic question of the cost of such treatment. is in-
teresting to learn that this is extremely moderate, as
the expense of inoculating a field in this way amounts
to the very modest sum of five shilling per acre.
This cannot be regarded as expensive, and contrasts
favourably with the expense of nitrogenous fertilisers.
No doubt there are many points in connection with
this interesting discovery which can alone be answered
by the test of experience. All that we can at present
say is that it seems to promise great things for
agriculture. It furnishes another example of the
beneficent functions discharged by micro-organic life,
which is in pleasing contrast to those performed by
the disease-producing germs. Not more than a year
ago the general application of the principle of soil
inoculation was talked about as likely to be made in
the future ; now it is within measurable distance.

C. M Aikmax.

On reading the above we referred it to Mr.
John Hughes (Consulting Analytical Chemist to
the Planters’ Association) for his opinion and
Mr. Hughes — now as at all times ready to help
Ceylon industries — has been gootl enough to reply
as follows : —

“ As regards Nitragin or the use of bacteria for
leguminous crops I fear it will not apply to tea or
coffee.

“You will understand that leguminous crops have
been known for many years to have the property of
assimilating free nitrogen from the atmosphere.

“ In 188t) Helhiegel discovered that this was brought
about by means of nodules which form on the
roots of such crops. These nodules contained bac-
teria which could be specially cultivated and when
associated with the seed or soil of a field tends to
increase the growth of leguminous crops in soils
which would otherwise not produce these crops in
economic quantities.

“ Of course as thi.s peculiar development of bac-
teria would only produce an increase in leguminous
crops, it cannot apply to other kinds of crops. Thus
it would bo no use applying the bacteria generated from
nodules on the roots of leguminous crops for the
purpo.se of increasing the growth of other crops.
Hence I don't think planters can expect any benefit
from the discovery.”

It seems elear, unfortunately, therefore, that
Ceylon planters cannot prolit by “Nitragin” as
at present described ; but are there not legumi-
nous crops of importance to the natives in the
low'country, which may well be brought within
the scope of the discovery? This will be a matter
for the intelligent head of the (School of Agri-
culture in Colombo to take into comsideration,
and we feel sure that Mr. Hrieberg will not be
behind in making experiments, nor in making
the result known for the benefit of the commu-
nity. J-F.

PLANTING IN TRAVANCORE.

In the extensive area of land owned in the
Kanan Devan district by Messrs. , Finlay, Muir
& Co. nearly 1,500 acres have been or will be
planted in tea during the present (the ISouth-
VVe.st) monsoon. This looks as if labour was
fairly plentiful. A small area has also been
planted in Arabian collee. The work is under
the supervision ol xMr. Milne, late of Warwick
estate, whose headquarters at present are in the
Munaar Valley.

TEA IN MELBOURNE.

Sales include 300 chests of Ceylon at 9d, 200 half-
chests of Panyongs at G1 to 7pl, and 70 quater-
chests of S. O. P. at S.yd; .500 quarter-chests Kaisow
buds. At the auction on the l.'ith August 3,153 pack-
ages of Indian were offered, of which (532 packages
were sold up to the following prices : — For Darjeel-
ing Pekoe 7d ; Darjeeling souchong 6d ; Darjeeling
pekoe f. 5|d ; Darjeeling orange pekoe 8d ; Darjeel-
ing pekoe souchong 6jd ; Assam pekoe 9^d ; Assam
orange pekoe lOid ; Assam pekoe souchong 7Jd ;
Cachar pekoe souchong 6j-d ; Gachar souchong Gd ;
Terai orange pekoe lid ; Terai pekoe souchong 7jd;
Dooars pekoe 10}d ; Dooars pekoe souchong 7d; Ku-
maou orange pekoe 7jd. Biddings were not brisk,
and the bulk of the lots submitted were withdrawn-
At the auction sales of Indian held on the 18th Aug-
buyers’ ideas of value were not as a rule in harmony
with those of importers; hence a large proportion of
offerings were withdrawn. In all 1,172 packages were
submitted, and 592 packages sold, Terai pekoe up
to GJd ; Dooars pekoe G^d ; Dooars orange pekoe at
8Id ; Assam pekoe souchong 8d ; Assam orange pe-
koe lid ; Assam pekoe Hid ; Cachar orange pekoe
9|d souchong 6|d ; pekoe 8d ; and fanning at G^d. —
Leader, Aug. 27.

TEA.

Glasgow, 15th Aug. 189G.

Siu,— Your correspondent, Mr. Jas. Barlow, seems
to know very little about the tea trade, and is
evidently under the impression that the grocers are
making large fortunes. I will enlighten him a little on
the subject. Take his last quotation for an illustra-
tion, namely, Ceylon, 6 to G 13-lGths ; that is what is
c.alled in the trade short price. Add your 4d per lb. of
duty and i per cent, then the carriage from London,
which amounts to a.jd per lb., a total of 10|dto Hgd.
Now, he will buy that class of tea in any first-class
grocers at Is per lb. I have an old official London list
before me dated 9th May 1896. The prices range from
3i-d to Is lOd per lb., duty, and ^ per cent over and
above. If your correspondent watches the London
markets, he will find quotations as high as 3s to 4s
per lb., short price. I think the above is quite
sufficient to set your correspondent’s mind at rest.
If ho still thinks that there are such large profits I
would advise him to start a shop, and he will find
if any trade is cut keen, it is the grocery trade. To
say thathe can only get fair tea at 2s per lb. is absurd,
as ho will get a fair tea at Is 4d per lb. from any
first-class grocer.— I am, Ac., Tea Merchant.

Glasgow, August 15, 189G.

Sir, — Mr. James Barlow and the public in general
seem to look on the tea world as a world of mys-
tery. As one who lives by it, and unfortunately has
a great deal of tasting to do, I would like, had I
the ability to write down my thoughts, to bring the
question down to the level of the ordinary untrained
mind. Common Congue tea is the cheapest put on
the market, and can be had wholesale in Glasgow at
about 4)S, on which you have to pay 4d per lb. of duty,
and carriage from London. This tea is not sold retail
in Gla.sgow. Indian is 7^d to 8d short price (that is
without duty and carriage); Ceylon Gd to GUd s p,
From many grocers you can buy Indian, Gey
Ion, or Indian and Ceylon blended at Is, duty
paid, retail. This tea is fairly strong, sweet
and quite palatable. At 1s 2d and Is 4d

D.P. you can get a finer grade of the same class
of teas. These teas are good enough for anybody
who wants strong tea with a fair flavour In fact
it would please anyone who has a plain, ordinary
palate. Teas that are sold retail from Is 61 to 2s
are on the same lines as the Is 4d, but are finer in
quality, thicker, and have more flavour. I might say
in passing that teas from Is 4d to Is Gd are the
best value in the market. The reason is that the
great tea estates in India and Ceylon produce gr< ater
quantities at this than any other price, hence tlie
wholesale buj er has a large selection to choose rom.
But I would like you to understand that there

26o

THE TROPICAL AGIUCULTURIST.

[Oct. I, 1896.

are tea drinkers and tea drinkers — people that
are pleased with cheap tea know nothing of the
pleasure' of a good cup of tea. If you would excuse
a vulgar comparison I should compare tobacco and
tea. The man that smokes a lino delicate cigar
could not tolerate the flavour and strength of
common twist, nor could the great mass of men, who
enjoy thoir siuoko of cotunion twist, be bother.ul
with the delicate cigar; they want something that
will pinch the tongue. In the one case the palate
is cultivated, in the other destroyed. The smoker
of cominou twist has so destroyed his palate that
if the tobacco does not bite his tongue ho does not
enjoy his smoke. It is the same with tea. You can
take my word for it; if you give the p-ice your
grandmothers gave you will get the tea they drank.
A fine tea is one full of flavour, quality, strong and
juicy, and can’t possibly be had anywhere under 2s
fifl to 3s per lb. ret.ail. I hope I have cleared the
air for Mr. James Barlo.v and others. — I am, &c.,
Glasfjow l[eralil, Aug. 8. Young Hyson.

NOT MADE IN ASSAM.

No. 27 of the “ Ariciiltural Ledger” is an
exceptionally interesting one. It contains a re-
view by Dr. George Watt, Reporter on Economic
Products, of the recent correspondence on the
Letpet tea and the tea plant of Burma. Die
number may be said to snmniari.se the argu-
ments that have been used on one side and
the other with reference to the connection of
the Burma plant with that grown and culti-
vated in Assam. Mr. C. W. A. Bruce, writing
on the subject last year, seated that “all the
extensions of the Assam gardens liave been
])lanted witli Chindwin seed for the last ten
•'ears at least.” Commenting on this Dr. M[att
questioned the accuracy of the observation,
unless Cachar alone was referred to by Mr.
Bruce. The now tea garden.s and extensions
of tlie past ton years were, lie continued niainly
in the so-called “Indigenous Assam” obtained
from the Assam tea-seed gardens. Dr. Watt’s
opinion was subsequently borne out by that of
Mr. J. Bnckinghani, Chairman of the A.ssam
branch of the Indian Tea Association, who wrote :
“Some Chindwin sued may possibly have come
in to Assam under the name of Manipur Tea-
seed, but I think I am within the mark in
saying that certainly under ten per cent, pro-
bably” not more tlian live per cent, of tiie clear-
ances have been opened out in the Assam valley
with this seed.”

The weight of opinion would, therefore, ap-
pear to be decidedly against the Assistant Con-
servator of Forests in Upper Chindwin on this
iniiiortaut point, anti bis other statement affecting
Assam, namely, th.at there is no indigenous
(wild) ’tea to' be found in the country west
of the Irrawaddy, is also subject to criticism.
This of course, touches on tlie old controversy
•as to whether tea is indigenous to Assam. Dr.
Watt sums up the matter by saying, “ All
writers arc agreed that it is indigenous to tlie
tract of hilly country that constitutes the border
land of Assam and Burma with China.” The
inethods of preparation employed by the natives
of tliis country may. Dr. Watt thinks, interest
as well as amuse planters on this side of the
Irrawaddy. At the same time he avonld not
be surprised if the .S3'stem of steaming the
leaves were found adaptable to the Euro-
pean method ot manufacture. The follow-
ini' description of the 81uui jirocess is given
Mr. W- A. Graham, who, when he speaks
of “Leppet” tea, inobably. means “Letpet.”
'.'1 ■- word ]>y the way, is said to be a corrup-

tion of “ Let-tit-pet,” meaning one Iiand, the
fanciful name given to tlie preparation from
some legend a.s.sooiated with its introduction into
the Shan country. 3Ir. Graham tells us tliat the
•‘leaves, while still green, are boiled in large,
narrow-necked pots made for tlie pnriiose. When
tliorongh!_y boiled the contents of the pots are
turned into large pits dug in the ground. The.se
pits arc .s([iiare, and about six feet deep ; the
sides and bottom are lined with thin walls of
plantain leaves, wiiicli keep ilie tea pure from con-
tact witii the earth. Tiie pit being full of boiled
tea and t!ie jiiice.s from the (lots, a top
made of plantain leaves is placed over it,
and earth is piled above it, big stones and
other Iioaiy weigiits being linally placed on
top.” For .some months the tea remains in these
pits, being thus [ireserved. Then when the
trading season comes on the pits are o])ened,
and the tea is sold to traders who convey it
by Inillock caravan to the market at Mandalay.
The tea loses weight in transport, lint this
ciriimstance is compen.sated for in a very simple
wa>'. On nearing tiie market the traders tlirow
tlie baskets for a day or two into the nearest
stream. The article regains its lost dampne.ss,
and the weight is the same^as when it was originally
(uircliased. Mr. Graham adds that in Upper
Burma and tlie Shan States this tea is largelj'
consumed as a drink, hut that in Lower Burma
it is eaten. “ Leppett,” he saj’.s, is a tradi-
tional food among the Biinnans, playing an im-
portant part in ceremonies connected with birth,
marriage and death.

Mr. J. C. Mnrraj', Deputy Conservator of
Forests, Mu Division, .says the practice is to steep
the leaves in boiling water for a sliort time only.
The leaves arc tlion taken out, and, cufter being
rolled by hand on mats, are allowed to cool.

“ Tlie next process is to ram the leaves down
riglit into the internode of wabo bamboo, a wooden
ramrod being used for the purpose. A stopper
is tlien made of jack or gnava leaves, and the
bamboos with the letpet are stoppered up.” Ashes
are put in at the top of the bamboo in order
to prevent insects getting to the letpet. The
people in tliese parts are, it appears, very
badly off, and cannot afford to keep the letpet, but
sell it for wliat it will fetch — which no doubt
accounts for tlie fact that letpet from the Shan
Hills east of the Irrawaddy sells for double the
jirice of the Maingthon letpet. The villagers at-
tribute the superior price of tlie one article to
the fact that the Shans east of tlie Irrawadily
steam the leaves while those on the western bank
boil them. The latter have, of course, a tradi-
tional reason for employing the boiling process.
Aliont tliroe centuries and a half ago a Shan
woman who had married a native of tlie trans-
Irrawaddy district, was about to acconiiiany
her husband to his home wiien some neigh-
bours observed that she was carrying off <a
luimuer of tea seeds. It was seen that if tea
culture were introduced on the western side of
the river the Shan industry would have to face
an undesirable competition. The woman was,
tiierefore, only allowed to take the seeds awaj’
on giving a promise that any tea made on the
western side should not be steamed, Imt boiled.
She took an oath to this effect, ami called down
curses upon the liead of anyone who broke the
undertaking. The people on tlie west bank,
therefore, boil the leaves to tills day, under the
inqiression that if steaming is re.sorted to it will
be the worse for them, d’lieso arc only a few of tlie
many interesting features of Dr. 'Watt’s latest
paper. — Englishman. Se]it. 1.

Oct. I, i8g6.]

TilP: TROPICA!

AGRICULTURIST.

261

THE NEW DIUECTOK OF THE ROYAL
r.OTANlO CARDENS.

Dr. Trimen’.s .successor will be well 011 lii.s w.ay
to (!eylon before tlie.se lines come befoi'e our
readers. Mr. Willis was to have left Ijondoii by
the Orient ss. “ Orotava ” on the 21st August.
We have bad some pleasant correspondence with
Mr. Willis; but were unable to meet him in
London before bis departure. At Cambridge,
however, whore Mr. W'illis is well-known ami
iniifdi esteemed, we learned a good deal about
the new Director, and all telling in his favour
as a practical as well as scientilic Rotanist, and
one well-lilted to do justice in the responsible
post be is calle<l on to 1111 for the Ceylon Gov-
ernment and publie. After a disiinguisned eareer
at the University Mr. W'^illis went to Glasgow
where be has given oreat satisf.-iction in bis
post as Rotanical Assistant at tlie University
and very mucb e.xtended bis e.xperiemte
and knowleilge. Mr. Shipley, Science Lecturer,
connected with Christ’s College, Cambiidgo,
spoke in high terms of Mr. Willis, and told us
about a very useful Pocket Cyclo])iedia of Rotany
(to be published in connection w'itb a series of
which, we believe, Mr. Shipley is editor) for the
compilation of which Mr. W'illis is mainly re-
sponsible. Mr. Shipley, in fact, was c.N|)ecting
final “ proofs ” back from Naple.s. Profcs.sor
Mar.sball Ward who knows well, from j)ersonal
experience, the kind of man wanted at
PdJ’>‘ideniya, had only good to report of Mr.
\V illis and his litne.ss to succeed Dr. Trimen. He
thinks Mr. Willis’s Encycloicodia will prove a
ery u.seful little work, and its value had, })os-
.sibly, something to do with the ap[)ointment to
Ceylon. In economic matters, there is every
likelihood of Mr. W'illis proving e([ual to the
occasion; while be will certainly do all in his
power to get (piickly acipiainted' vvith local con-
ditions and re<iuirenieiits. Finally, some one re-
marked to us in Cambridge: — “ l)o not make a
mistake through Mr. W'iilis’sajiparently juvenile ap-
pearance, because \\q looks like 19 or 20,' in place of
his 28 to .10 ye.ars.” Mr. Willis is in attainments
and experience <iuite np to bis years ; and long
may lie retain bis youtliful apjtearance, say we,
although we daresay Ceylon will soon ettect a
change. At any rate, no one in the island is
likely to take objection on the above score ; and
we bespeak for j\Ir. Willis a hearty welcome on
the ])art of the Ceylon public ami es[)ecially the
planters, as well as from bis otlicial superiors.

THE “ MAZAWATTEE ” TEA COMPANY.

At the present time there are ter companies with
out number. Almost everyone drinks tea — in point
of popularity it stands bead and shoulders above
every other beverage. Next to tobacco, indeed, it
yields the largest customs revenue. Speaking roughly
the country makes about £5,000,000 off tea every year’
spirits coming next, and wines next.

Mr. John Lane Densham is verily a King of com-
merce, since he shart s with his brother the task of
ruling ever the destinies of the “ Mazawattee” Tea
Company. The house of Densham — started by Mr.
John Densham s father thirty-three years since — is
an old and respected one. For years the Denshams
sold tea and coffee (wholesale) just like anyone else,
but 12 years ago they were struck by the quality of the
tea which came from Ceylon. They were the first of
all their fellows to recognise what Ceylon might de-
velop into as a tea-growing country,

THE ORIGIN OK “MAZAW.STTEE.”

So, selecting the yields of the best Ceylon gar-
dens only, and allying thorn with the choicest teas
and C-iint, tiijy ojiaiuoJ a blend of ex-

ceptional value, exqui.site in flavour and aroma
a blend grateful (o the palate, and of uniform
.strength and quality, which they called “ Maza-
wattee” (pronounced “Mizawotty.”) Adverli.sed right
and left, and pushed witli the greatest vigour
‘‘ Mazawattee” soon became the best-known tea
in the three kingdoms, to say nothing of the prin-
cipality of Wales.

^Iazawattee ” caught on. If it had been a bad
tea people wouldn’t have paid the price demanded
for it, no matter how much it had been advertised.
The public soon distinguished between a commodity
that is of real, and a commodity that is only of
meretricious, value. But the Denshams’ blend was
good.

‘‘ Tho Ceylon tea-planters,” said Mr. John
Densham to the writer, “ look upon us as tho best
friends they ever had. Our action, you see, caused
a revolution in the tea trade. The China trade is
now as near as possible (so far as the English tea
trade is coiicerned) a dead letter. Some old stagers
drink China teas but the rising generation hardly
dreams of touching them.”

Mr. Densham here got out a great ledger.

A KEW KlGUllES.

“ I want to show you a few figures,” he said,

“ which will iirove to you how wonderfully the con-
sumption of Ceylon tea has increased since we first
drew the attenUon of the public to it. In 1884-85
Ceylon exported 2,500,000 pounds of tea, and China

100. 000. 000 pounds. In 1881-05 Ceylon exjiorted

7 1.000. 000, and China only 40,000,000 pounds. 'Thus, in
ten years, the consumption of Ceylon tea has increased
by 72,000,000 pounds, while that of China has decreased
by almost 100,000,000 pounds.”

From which figures it is evident that if the
Messrs. Densham went out, to China as missionaries
their lives would not bo worth mauy moments’ pur-
chase.

‘‘And where,” we enquired, ‘‘does the discarded
China tea find a home ”7

“The best of it,” was the reply, “goes to Russia,
the inferior sorts to other European countries, and
the commonest of all to Canada and Australia.”

WHAT 'IIIF, NAME MEANS.

“How did you come to fix upon the name ‘Miza-
wattee ’ ” was our next question.

“It is a curious jumbl ; formeh from several Cinga-
lese words,” explained Mr. Densham; “it is meant
to denote a Htanianl hiijk-cla.ts brand. I need hardly
tell you that from the very c ommencement rival
merchants have been endeavouring to copy it. We
are constantly opposing names which bear too great
a similarity of ours. Among imitations that we have
had to squash are Myawattee, Nysowatte, Mallewattee
and Ganmaz.i. We bad to stop the last-named be-
cause to the trade our tea is largely kuown simply
as ‘ Maza.’ ”

Asked to supply the names of any famous folk
whom he supplies with Mazawattee, Mr. Densham
explained that in order to do this he would have
to send a circular letter to his agents, “ since ours
is an entirely wholesale trade. Rut,” he added, “I
can tell you this, and you can take it for what it is
worth. Our agent at Hawarden only sells Maza-
wattee. I mustn’t commit myself. Mr. Gladstone
may or may not drink us. How can I say '? I can at
any rate,” he went on, “ testify to the fact that at
least one member of the Episcopal Bench drinks
‘ Mazawattee,’ for not very long ago we received a
visit from the Bishop of Gloucester who told us
that when at home he invariably drinks our ‘ four-
shilling ’ tea, and so, when he came up to London and
found that he could not get it at his hotel, it struck
him the best thing he could do would be to come
and buy some himself. Of course we would not hear
of his paying for any, but, later in the day, sent him
a present consisting of a 61b. tin of his favourite blend,
Our ‘four-shilling ’ tea, I should tell you, is very
popular. Curiously enough, we send an enormous
quantity of this tea to such wide apart places as
Finland and Cape Colony.”

£26 10s. Per Pound.

Mr. Densham has still got some of tho tea which the
company gave such a fancy price for a few -years agOi

a62

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct. I, 1896.

By way of satisfying o\u- curiosity he took a square
wooden box out of liisdesk, and opening tliis, displayed
to our view a very fine, light, golden-brown blend
of tea, with an enchanting aroma. “ Only twelve
pounds left now,”he said. We bought fifty pounds of
it at £25 10s. per pound. Most of it we sent about in
small quantities to our agents for ‘ exhibition’ purpo-
ses. After great pressure for a sample we sold half-a-
pound of it to an Australian merchant for £15.”

Mr. Densham next touched on the pictorial ad-
vertisements which have done so much towards
making “ Mazawattee ” a household word. The ma-
jority of these have been executed by well-known
artists — among them I'red. Morgan, (i. Sheridan
Knowles, R.I., and Ambrose Dudley. Who is not
familiar with the picture of the dear old lady drink-
ing her “ Mazawattee ” by the side of a great-grand-
child who has mischievously donned her aged rela-
tive’s spectacles? Another famous Mazawattee pic-
ture is borrowed from the ‘‘Vicar of Wakefield,”
and represents Olivia showing her mother the love-
knots in her cup. The fact that Mazawattee Tea re-
calls the delicious blends of thirty years ago is so
well-known that Mr. Densham quite apologised for
introducing the fact into his conversation.

SO TONS l‘KU I).\Y.

One might ramble, during the whole of an ab-
sorbingly-interesting afternoon, through the famous
Donshain warehouses on Tower Hill. The walls are
of an astonishing thickness. There are eight floors
to the warehouses. On one we watched the great revolv-
ing mixers, each capable of holding about a ton of tea;
lower down were gigantic reservoirs into which the
blended tea passes after having been thoroughly mixed
above. In close proximity to the reservoirs long lines
of boys (‘‘we do not employ a single girl in the whole
place,” explained our guide), were filling tins and
packets with a rapidity that clearly manifested that
they were ‘‘ paid by the piece.” Still lower, the engine-
room presented a wonderful sight. Three enormous
gas-engines, capable of producing something like 110
horse power, are used for turning the ‘‘ mixers ”
which are studded all over the building. When the
tea-mixers are running at full loads their capacity
for blending is something like seventy to eighty tons
of tea per day.

A special block of the massive Tower Hill ware-
houses is laid out for ‘‘ Mazawattee coffee.” The ex-
tensive coffee ‘‘ plant ” is driven by electrical power.

The ‘‘Mazawattee” printing works are situated in
East Smithtield, and the offices proper are in East-
cheap. The ‘‘Mazawattee” employes coin-poae quite
a formidable army, and it is hardly necessary to point
out that the generals commanding it are two of the
clearest-headed men in this London of ours. — Success,
Aug. 15.

PALLEGAMA GRANT ASSOCIATION OE
CEYLON, LIMITED.

The ordinary annual general meeting of the
Pallegama Grant Association of Ceylon, Limited,
was held today at noon, in the office of the
Agents and Secretaries (Messrs. lJuchanan,
Frazer & Co.). Ihe Hon. W. W. Mitchell,
presided and present were : — Messrs. E Rosling,
A. Rosling, D. R. Ruchanan, W. Bowden-Smith
(representing W. S. Bennett) and Mr. Gordon
Frazer as a shareholder and as representing tlie
the Agents and Secretaries.

The Skckktary (Mr. Gordon Frazer) read the
notice calling the meeting, and minutes of last
ordinary meeting, wdiicii latter were conlirmod.
THK mREOTORS’ REPORT.

The Chairm.vn submitted tlie report of the
directors for the past year which is in the fol-
lowing terms : —

The Directors have pleasure in submitting the
balance sheet and profit and loss account to 30th
Juno 1890, didy audited.

During the pa.st year 210 acres have boon felled
and planted, wmich brings the total area now under
•cultivation up to 503 acres.

The growth of liberian coffee and coconuts is
encouraging, although depredations by wild animals
still continue to give some trouble.

The Directors aitd the Agents and Secretarys
have agreed to waive their fees for the past year.

In terms of the articles of Association all the
Directors retire, but being eligible, offer themselves
for re-election.

The meeting will also have to elect an Auditor
in the place of Mr. J. Guthrie, who retires, but is
eligible for re-election. — By order of the Directors,
Buch.vnan Fkazer & Co.,
Agents and Secretaries.
Colombo, 15th August 1896.

In moving tlie adoption of the report, tlie
Cjiaium an .said : — As the report has been in the
liands of tlie shareholders for some time, and as
it is not a very long one, I presume it may be
taken as read. 1 cannot say I have very much to
add to the information that has been given in the
report, but, w'ith your permission, I will read
extracts from a report of the Superintendent of
date 5th Seiitember, which brings us well uji to
date : —

Coconuts. — Individual coconuts have all been fenced
in and are looking well. Plants in the •* 98 Acre
Field ” are much more sturdy than those in the
“ North East Field.” The reason for this is that
they were younger plants when put out, neither had
they such heavy shade in the nursery. There are,
I regret to say, many vacancies, but with careful
supplying and fencing in, I hope to have those clearings
even by the end of the year. It is useless planting
coconuts down here unless they are fenced imme-
diately they are planted, otherwise wild animals will
not give them a chance. During the drought water-
ing has been resorted to in some parts of these
clearings, principally in ‘‘ The Bungalow Field.”
Liberian Coffee. — I am pleased to say that ‘‘The
Forty-five-acre Clearing,” planted in November and
December last, has stood the drought well without
being watered and looks most promising There are
very few vacancies. In the best parts the plants are
from 18 inches to 2 feet high. The growth is not so. good
in the hollows, but will greatly improve when they are
drained, which work I hope to commence next week.

Cacao. — This product has not stood the draught
well, but, having been constantly w.itered, it has
pulled through. Taking the 13 acres all over, I
should say there were 30 per cent, of vacancies.
The ‘‘ Pour-acre Field ” is decidedly the best, most of
the vacancies being in the nine acres.

Nurseries. — 1* bushels of Liberian seed has been
received from Wiharagama estate, and is now in
the Nursery. This I expect to be ready for planting
out in November. 6,181 coconuts are in the nursery
to date and 6,400 more are now on the way down
from Rattota. Till within the last fortnight, I have
not been able to induce the Matale or the Rattota
•carters to cart to Leloya, and the tavalams all
having had murrain the transport of these nuts has
been delayed a month and the nuts that are now
arriving would not be ready for planting out, at
the earliest, before the end of December.

Timber. — A contract has been given out for the
felling, squaring and transport of UX) tons of ebony
delivered in Matale. About 30 tons are now ready
to be transported and I am expecting the carts down
dailju

I do not know I have anything else to add
beyond pointing out to the shareholders the ex-
ceptional difficulties that have had to be contended
with in opening new land in such a district, so
inaccessible, and where the dilliculiics of tiuns-
poi tareso great. We have every reason to believe
that Government will lender substantial as.sist-
ance this year in bridging the culverts between
I’allcgama and Flleheira, and also we arc look-
ing forward to having a ford constructed over the
Ambanganga. This is a river in Hood at
certain times of the year and at other times
with hardly any water in it at all, and the
Director of Public Works believes a ford would

Oct. I, 1896.] THE TROPICAL

l)e least expensive, and most suitable, in the
meanliine, at all events; and I can only hope
that Government will see their way to expend
some of the money that has been indicated
as the cost of the ford. With these few remarks,
I beg to move tlie adoption of the report.

Mr. W. Bowden Smith If this is the pro-
per time for asking questions, and I am not out
of order T should like to ask one or two ques-
tions: first, as to whether the district has be-
come more healthy now it has been opened up ;
and second, as to whether there is any improve-
ment in the labour supply.

The Chairman I am glad to say the dis-
trict has become much more healthy. All the
superintendents we have had— and we h.ave
had a number before the present one — were being
constantly laid down with fever and had to bo
removed. The Superintendent who is now there,
and who has been there for a considerable time,
I believe I am right in saying, has not had an
att.ack of fever.

Mr. W. Bowden Smith I suppose since it
ha-s become more healthy the labour sup)ily has
improved ?

The Chairman Thelaboursupply is fairly good
and we have enough for our req^uirements. There
have been only three deaths during the last year.

Mr. W. Bowden Smith : — It is wonderful that
it is so healthy. I gave it about four years before
it would have become so healthy a place. I
shall be happy to second the adoption of the
report.

Mr. E. B.O.SEING I may mention that one of
the three deaths in the labour force was due to a
liospital falling down. That was hardly due to
climatic causes.

By W. Bowden Smith : — There is no tea
planted there at all, I presume it is chiefly
coconuts. The report does not show what the
acreage planted in different products is. I think
it would be an improvement if the report gave
the acreage of each crop. It is valuable informa-
tion to the sharehelders to know how much
there is of each product.

The Chairman That is a matter that \'ill
receive attention. We have had a good deal
of tronldc with wild animals. We have had to
fence in almost everything and their dejireda-
tions have become a regular pest, though, I
suppose they will be got rid of in time
((Jontinuing) the Chairman said : — Mr. E. Bos-
ling ha.s supplied me with the informalion
necessary to answer the question regarding
the acreage under different products. In coco-
nuts there are, approximately, 393 acres ; in coffee
94 acres ; and in cocoa 13 acres.

Tlie report was then formally adopted.

RE-ELECTION OF DIRECTORS.

Mr. Bowden Smith : — I have much pleasure
in proposing the re-election of the retiring Di-
rectors : — The lion. W. W. Mitchell, Mr. E.
llosling, Mr. E. Gordon Beeves and Mr. A.
Bosling.

Mr. (lOKDON Era/.ek I .second the motion.

The retiring Directors were re-elected.

APPOINTMENT OF AN AUDITOR.

The Chairman : — The next business is the elec-
tion of an auditor. Mr. .John (iutlirie is the only
applicant for the post.

Mr. Gordon Frazer:—! ]mq)ose that Mr.
Guthrie be appointe<l auilitor for the current year
at the usual fee of BlOO.

Mr. A. 1! OSLiNO seconded, .and the motion M as
unanimously adoptcil.

A vote of thanks to the Chair, proposed by
Mi-.W'. Bowden Smith, tenninated the proceedings.

AGRICULTURIST. 263

THE GOVERNMENT CINCHONA PLAN-
TATIONS IN MADRAS.

The Administration Report of the Govern-
ment Cincliona Plantations in Madras for 1895-96
is of particular interest, for in the first place it
is a record of the first year when the whole out-
put of the quinine factory was disposed of — in
fact, more than disposed of, former stocks of the
sulphate having to be draivn upon ; and, secondly,
appended to it is the Report made on these
plantations by Brigade-Surgeon Lieutenant-Colo-
nel W. G. King last year, a summary of which
is given on another page. As a good deal
has been written in our columns concerning the ap-
pointment of Mr. Standen to the Directorship of
the Cinchona Plantation.s — or the Cinchona De-
p.artment as it is now calleil — Dr. King’s views
in tlie matter are of interest. It must be re-
membered that tlipy were written over twelve
months ago in the prospect of the late Mr. Law-
son’s retirement at the end of the official year.
Dr. King, having laid down that the officer
selected to succeed Mr. Lawson should be an
educated man, -with a suHicient knowledge of
agriculture and horticulture, both theoretical and
practical, proceeds to say : — “ It might and I dare
say M'ould be impossible to get a man with a
sjiecial knowdedge of cinchona cultivation
clearly meaning that if such a man, suitable
in other respects, were available, he would be
the right person for the post. Knowledge of the
culture of cinchona, Dr. King considered to be
more necessary for the new Superintendent than
a knoM'ledge of chemistry. He further wrote : —
“ One qualification whicli the Superintendent of
these plantations should most certainly possess
is a cap.acity for estate man.agement and for the
organisation and control of labour.” From these
remarks it will be seen that the Madras Gov-
ernment, in appointing Mr. Standen to the
Directorship, was only following the advice given
by the Government expert specially deputed to
report on the subject. Mr. Standen’.s qualifica-
tions tally M’ith every one of those specified by
Dr. King, ivho, moreover, deemed it a most im-
portant point for the future management of the
plantations to secure a continuity of policy. This
was also assured by the appointment of the pre-
sent Director. For many years he had been
a near neighbour and close friend of the late
Mr. Lawson ; he w.as acquainted with his
methods of ivork and knew his views and
oinnions reg.arding the administration of ihu
plantations. We remarked some weeks ago that
the appointment of Mr. Standen iv.as an .admirable
one, .an opinion which we now find fully confir-
med by Dr. King.

Some interestiiig •.iifi>rmation regarding the
financi.al result o: the working of these plantations,
is furnished by Dr. King. It appears that accor-
ding to the Accountant-General’s calculations, the
total cost of the estates, plus annual interest at
4^ percent., amounted to Rs. 13,04,360 at the end
of the official year 1875-76. During the seven
succeeding years such large quantities
of bark were sold in England that the sur-
plus of receipts over expenditure totalled in
round numbers R 1 8, .39,000, so that at the
end of 1882-83 thcie was, after fully allowing for
interest, a surplus of R5,.34,640. After this date
a steady loss resulted. The net receipts for the
next twelve years, ending 1894-95, fell short of
the expenditure by R2,81,644, so that on the
31st M.arch, 1895, the balance in favour of the
Ginehona plantations w.as reduced to a little
o\er 24 lakhs. Dr. King, we notice, proposes
to writp off B2 lakhs of this credit balance foi,'

264

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct. r, 1896,

iiitcrest during these twelve year!?, tliougli hy
wh.ic manner of hooIc-kee|iing any intei'est can
be shown to liave accrue(l in tliis peiiod when
a large s\ini was eontiimously .stan ling to tlie
credit of the plantalions, we fail to mulei stand. Tlic
estates should have been earning a con.siilcrali'e
sum of interest on their une.xpendeil balance all this
time. The Madr.as Government h.as apparently ac-
cepted Dr. King’s tignres. Whether M’e write
oil' these R2.\ lakhs prolit as dne for interest or
let them stand as clear piolit iloes not signify,
for this imiiortant fact remains. On the 1st
April, ISO.'), Government owned, free of all cost
and charge, 800 acres of cinchona, a quinine
factory in good working order, to say nothing of
bungalows, stores, cooly lines, tools, cattlc-grnz-
ing grounds, &,c. “The e.stvic.s,” wrote Dr.
King, “ are in my opinion a valuable property. ’
The property in itself, quite apart from the
cultivation and factory, we may add, i.s very
valuahlev At .any moment now Governnumt can
capitalise and retire from the .active life of a cin-
chona ))lanter .and (piinine ni.anufctuier, with a
comfortable little sum to its credit, gained in this
very unconventiomal branch of .administration.
We do not desire Government to retire at
the present time; but we do wish to most dis-
tinctly emph.asise that it is in a i>ositi >n to re-
tire at any time now to its pecuniary profit.

We have alre.ady mentioned that tlie sales of
quinine during the year under review e.xceedcd the
output of the factory. The .actual amount sold
w.as 0,644 lb. sulphate and 2,666 lb. febrifuge,
against .3,600 1b. and 2,284 lb. in the previous
year. These figures aie most satisfactory and
bear eloquent testimony to the splendid way in
which the late Mr. Lawson had worked up
this branch of the business. We merely reconl
these figures here; Government issues a jiapcr
annually detailing the manner in which its
quinine is distributed, and when this comes
to h.and we sh.all have an opiiortunity of going
more fully into the figures. In the Administra-
fion lleiiort, the full v.alue of their sales is
credited in last year’s accounts although the
output of the factory fell short of tlie sales by
some 2,000 lb. of suiphate and 400 lb. of febri-
fuge. Isatur.ally a prolit is .shown, which is set
down at l{26,13.'5-2-8. Government in its order,
states that it “notes with satisfaction that the
net result of the operations (during the year
under review) was a gain of about 1126,13.).”
This does not say much for Government’s criti-
cism of the figures. We will give e.x.actly the net
results of the operations in ISO.a-OO. The amount
of bark harvested was 229,700 lb., the amount
treated in the factory was 233,800 lb. For all
practical purposes we may say that the whole of
the year’s harvesting went through the factory.
The result of this was 3,600 lb. of quinine
which realised K.")3,600, this after making due
allow.ance for the iiroportion sold to Government
institutions at K14 per lb. .and to judvate parties
.at U16 per 11). There were also manufactured
2,284 lb. of febrifuge, v.alue 1122, 840 ; so the total
value of the year’s outinit from field .and f.actory
was K76,440. The cx])enditure for the year .ag-
gregated K82,r>60, consef|uently the net result of
the operations w.as a loss of 116,120. We .are
fully aware that it is ])ossible to .argue that ex-
traneous circumstaticcs .accounted for this .small
deficit. At the same time, we do not believe
th.at .any explanation can be foithcoming tosliow
how this <lefi d(. could beturnctl into the substantial
ju'ofit, whiidi, ri‘ganled from a commerci.al si, and-
point, should have resulted. Government occupies
diia-1 jjositioii of cinchona planter and

quinine maker, and in both cases is situated
almost favourably. As cinchona planter, it is
able to <lisi)ose of the whole of its ))roduce
straight from the field. There are no tiainsjioit
expenses, or c.x|)cnses for baling and sliiiiping ;
freight, marine insuiance and London charges are
also saved, .and Governmenl’s margin of i)rolit is
consequently far l.arger than the ordinary |danter’s.
In .a similar manner as (juininc-maker it is sp.arcd
all the expenses on the raw m.atcrial between the
market and the factory, and it is moreover aide
to dispose of .as mucli of the manufacluicd art iede
as it turns out at the same wholesale ja'ice .as
Messis. Howard and Sons. We do not write
with any technic.al knowleilge of quinine making,
.and it m.ay be that the utilisation of waste
l)rodiicts and the facilities for obtaining (dicmicals
places ,a Kuropcan lactory in a more .advantageous
jiosiiion than one in Indi.i. Hut the f.act re-
mains th.at a concern, able to do without the
middleman cither in the imrcliase of the
raw material or sale of the manufactured
.artiide, and situated close to its source of
su|>ply and in the centre of the markets it feeds,
occupies ,a most favour.able position. I’res)'.ming
that Government pays no more for its bark than
do the London and contim.mtal manufacturers,
there should be .a large prolit annually on its oper-
ations.

The .accounts furnished with the Administra-
tio.i Report .are tabulated in such a manner .as
to su])ply the least information possible to the
oulside public. Were these plantations the pro-
perty of a private Com|»any, the acconnls of
cultivation and of manufacture would be kept
s“|)arately, ami establishment and superintend-
ence fair'y apportioned between the two. 'J'hi.s
item is and has been an exceedingly heavy one,
anti in the year umler review out of a total
oxj)enditnre of R82,.560, no less than H.34,429 ap-
pears under “ establishment including Superintend-
ent's salary,” Now that the appointment of Govern-
ment Quinologist has been abolished this expense
will be lightened butit will still remain heavy. 'J'hc
one thing we wish more i)articul.arly to know
is what does the factory pay for its bark
licr unit? 'I'lie (ignres wo have ipiotcd seem to
point to ,a considerably higher price than
the one ruling in the Lf)ndon market, or, to
l)ut our meaning in other words, there is rea-
son to believe that Government ca,n buy its
bark cheaper in the ojien market than it can
grow it. That this is not unlikely may be
gathered from the fact th.at Mr. L.awsou
considpred two fifths of the i)lantations hardly
worth cultivating, ami Dr. King conlirmed bis
view. Theoretically Government h,as no more right
to cultiv.ate cinchona and make quinine than it nas
to grow barley and brew malt-liquors. Practi-
cally the two cases arc not on the same fooling,
and so long as the quinine is distributcil
among a fever-stricken population, m Iio could not
otherwise obtain the drug, so long, we main-
tain, is Government justified in its action. Hut
at the same time the work must be c,arrie<l on on
strictly commercial princii)les, ami the annual
accounts ought to be drawn up in the same way as
though the undertaking were in private hands.
The most important work in the future will lie in
the field r.athcr than in the factory, and rc<iuires
the services of a practical ])lanter. The art of
successful planting lies in obt.aining the
maximnm croj) with the minimum cx-

))cnditure without any deterioi ation of the

plant. To this end a ])lanter continually
works .and it is only long experience that
ensures success. Unless the very closest supervi-

Oct. t, 1896.1

THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

26j-

sion is maintained over tlie cultivation for the
ne.\t few years we sliall either see the i)!aiitations
kept nj) at a cost whicli entails an annna.1 loss,
wliicli is not justiliahlc, or else nei^lected with
the result that there will be a serious deteriora-
tion in their valvie, which would be de)ib)rable.
There is a nappy mean between those two coursi;s ;
Ave have no doubt about it ; and we are eipially
certain that only a person experienced in the
cultivation of cinchona will be .able to juirsue it
so long as the market price of the unit of (piinine
remains at its present low level. — M. Mail,
Sept. 4.

«

RHEA CULTIVATION^.

According to hast years report of the Agri-
Horticultural Society of India, the culti\ aliou of
rhe.a h.as been taken u]> extensively in Lower ai.d
Eastern Bengal, and on many tea gardens in As-
sam. No less than eighty-sev' n persons m.ade
three Iiundred and seventy-one refcicnces to the
Society for information reg.aniing cultivation,
manufacture, and nnachinery, but the greatest
secrecy has in all cases been maintaineil, both
as reg.ards localities Avhere rhea is cultivated,
and the m.arkets to which the liln-e is su])-
plied. It is to be feared that many contem-
plate taking up the cultivation of the idant in
very unfavorable districts. It is curious to note
that thef references now being made to the Society
regarding cultivation of fibrous plants, etc., are
identical with those submitted thirty and forty
years .sgo. Some very line samples of uncleaned,
cleaned, and l)leached ribbons and floss have
been submitted. In some cases it has been men-
tioned that there are buyers in Europe of bleached
ribbons at £4d to £.50 per ton, and £,S0 per ton
for degum med fibre, — Indian Agriculturist, Sept. 1.

GERMAN SANDALWOOD OIL.

Whatever may be the excellence of German
cider, it appe.ars that sand.alwood oil “made in
Germ.any ” does not meet with much apprecia-
tion in the East. At first, its cheapness brought
it into .some vogue in Western India ; it seemed
to be the right thing, .and substantial (irolits
.accrued to its imimrters. But discovery was
made before long that the scent h.ad far less
permanence than th.at of oil ni.ade from My-
sore sandalwood. The latter lasts for years,
and comes in very usefully to iiup.art the
eculiar perfume to other woods used in Bom-
bay art Avork. There is, of course, something
of fraud in that, but it is of very .ancient
origin, and only the guileless believe that
article labelled “ sandalwood ” are always
genuine. The erfterprizing Teuton, hoAvever,
app.arently c.ame to the conclusion that there
was room for still further so])histication, and,
acting upon that appetising notion, supplied him-
self Avith inferior sandahvood from other countries.
Whether he .added other ingrerlients may be left
an open (juestion ; possibly, the knoAvledge of
applied chemistry on Avhich he prides himself,
Avith such good reason, in.ay h.ave come to his
aid in this matter also. At all events, it is
oflicially reported by the Mysore Forest Depart-
ment that the introduction of this Germ.an decoc-
tion diminished, for a time, the sale of the genuine
article. But the Latest report from Bombay
states that the spurious oil has largely gone out of
favour among merchants avIio have h.ad experience
of its inferiority, and we m.ay take it, therefore,
that imports Avill groAv small by ilcgrccs and very
beautifully less,— x\ug. 22,

THE CUTCH FORESTS OF UIT’ER
BURMA.

The pco])le of Up|)er Burma are beginning to
realise what a mine of Avealth lies in the cutch
forests, and they run the risk of punishment by
illicit tr.aflic in the product. The Last Forest
Administration Report shoAvs Iioav cleverly the
Burman works, and Iioav lenient are the magis-
trates in dealing Avith him. He invariably sets
up the plea that he has simply cut down
cutch trees to make a clearing for cultiva-
tion, .and, it is most difficult to obtain good
evidence ag.ainst him. In the Western Circle
the number of oll'ences is steadily increasing, and
until forest reservation has been carried out on
a large scale matters will continue in an un-
satisf.actorj tatc. The Conservator points out
that the ciu,.l exports from this circle aie Avorth
eleven lakhs per .annum, .and that the Govern-
ment are losing a large amount of revenue OAving
to the Avidespread evasion of the reguLations.
Moreover, it is remarked that the jieople are now
claiming as private land Large tr.acts over Avhich
they never dreamed of asserting their rights be-
fore, .and these claims, if not upset, are likely
to give much trouble hereafter. It is suggested
that the only elfective measure Avould be the
.absolute prohibition of cutch-boiling on private
land, until it lias been decided Avhat is private
land and Avhat is not. It is not only the villager
Avho sets the law at defiance, but the licensee
also. Tlie demand for cutch is so great, and prices
rule so high, that the men avIio take out licenses are
tempted to make illicit jirolits. The forfeiture of
bonds of R1,000 each h.as followed in c.ases of
detection, and this should have a Avholesale
efl’ect. The ordinary offender usually gets off with
a small fine, if he is convicted at all, and this
he pays quite willingly, as his gains are large.
It Avould seem that the m.agistrates err on tlie
.side of leniency, and the cutchthief is encouraged
in his evil courses. The Burmans give trouble
also in the matter of forest-fires, and great efforts
are being made to save valu.able teak forests
from dam.ago due to incendiarism or to careless-
ness of jieojilo in camp. In the Minbu Division
the forest staff have had an unpleasant expe-
rience, as the Tichaungwa reserve Avas twice
ravaged by lire, .and in one instance the vill.agers
refused to "ive any help in checking the flames.
There is evidently much to be done in Upper
Burma before the forests can be projierly pro-
tected, and the Government have acted Avisely in
inci’easing the establishment Avhich can make
protection leal and effective. — Indian Agricul-
turist, Sep. 1.

♦

WANAnA.TAii Tea Company.— W'e heartily
congratulate the sli.areholders u|)on receiving a
dividend of 20 per cent for the p.ast year, and
trust that the returns nuiy long continue to be as
satisfactory as those Avhich Avere presented at
the meeting tod.ay. Tlie directors are justified by
results in having so much confidence in manur-
ing, .and it is to be hopeil th.at the liber.al out-
lay Avhich they projiose to continue to m.ake
on this work Avill prove as satisfactory as it h.as
done in the ]>ast. Tlie figures given by the
Ch.airm.an .are interesting and instructive .as
shoAving the progress th.at has been m.ade in the
field of crop, and the jirospects for the future
arc very hopeful indeed, le.aving out of sight, of
course, the coffee yield Avhich is diminishing at
such a rate that it is expected to disappear
altogether shortly, 'riie estates are admirably
managed, and the Company’s affairs Avell looked
after by the agents and secretaries.

266

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

COFFEE rLANTINC IN SOUTHERN
ASIA AND THE NEED OF IM-
PORTING “LADYRIRDS” TO
CLEAR AWAY INSECT
ENEMIES.

II was suj^'j'esteil in these columns very re-
cently, that the comparatively few coll’oe planters
or proprietors in Ceylon now-a-days should unite
with their brethren in Southern India, the Straits
and Java to commission Mr. Kcehele once more
to visit tiueensland and bring over another con-
si'mment of “ladybirds,” the enemies of all
varieties of “bugs'” and other evils on collee.

It was pointed out that the importance of taking
care that no parasites accompanied the tiny bug-
eaters, almost necessitated the eini)loyment of
some one as ex])erienced and skilful as Mr.
Kccbele, and he has clearly expressed his readi-
ness to serve planters in Southern Asia as he
has already done the fruit-growers of California
and the planters of Honolulu. In a letter dated
14th August from Devonshire, Mr. E. Ernest Green
supports the proposal as follows :

With respect to your remarks on Mr. Koobele and
the ladybirds, I agree with you that we sliould find
it difficult to raise by ourselves a sufficient fee to
compensate Mr. Koebele for his trouble : but I note
in last No. (July) of T.A. that the Nilgiri planters
are moving in the matter and petitioning Government
for assistance in procuring the beetles. Could we not
make a joint fund— which, with some possible added
assistance from the two Governments, might make
it worth Mr. Kmbele’s while to help us in the same
wav that he has already helped the Californian fruit-
growers and the cofiee planters of the Sandwich
Islands? As you suggest, .Java and the Sti'aits plant-
ers might join too ? It is all on the way.

In uuother column will be found a communi-
cation from a correspondent adverse to the in-
troduction of the ladj'bird, but in view of all
the scientilic evidence we have heard in favour
of it, we are still iuclined to the opinion that
in the interests of “ collec,” the Secretary of the
Ceylon Planter.s’ Association might aj)proach the
representative body of Southern India as well
as tho.se of the Straits and .Jav^a, to sound them
as to co-operation in so eminently commendable
an enterprise, and if tlie planters do their i)art,
we may feel safe that the authorities will not
be bcldnd in giving some aid ; while we might
also exiiect the steamer Companies concerned to
be specially liberal towards an undertaking,
whicli, if succes.sful, is calculated to revive and
extend an industry tliat did so much for Eastern
frei'dits in days gone by. It only remains then
that a start' shouhl be made, and obviously
that omdit to come from the Ceylon Associ.ation
if ' Mr. "Philip, under the sanction of his Com-
mittee can find tium to add to his many good
deeds by sounding the sister Associations in the
other coffee countries named on this subject of a
jiroposed mission for Mr. Rccbele.

^ — ♦- — —

THE LADYBIRD A HUiMBUG.

(/b/« Correspondent. )

Notwithstanding the interesting comments of
the absent editor, backed by a brace of special- .
ists I am very much disposed to think the lady-
bini is a bit of a humbug, and, for any practical
purpose, valueless, for Ceylon.

This I say deliberately after several years
ob-servation in Australia, where I saw more scaly
bii"' th.an ever I fouml elsewhere in the world.
'I'hat the ladybird feeds upon bug, plant-lice and
other enemies of planters and gardeners every-
body knows who has taken the trouble to study

[Oct. r, 1896.

the habits of the pretty little creatures, but that
their appetite is .so voracious— or tliat they would
multiply to such a degree as to clear Ceylon
of green bug, seems extremely improbable. Of
course the brief report of Mr. Kcehele that the
few eolfee trees in Honolulu are “now practi-
cally clean” looks encouraging, but we must not
shut our eyes to the fact that from elsewhere
we have the best authenticated reports of her
ladyship’s complete failure to answer the pur-
pose for which she was introduced at consider-
able expense. Take the following from the
Ontario Observer, May 30, 1896 : —

While it has been given a fair opportunity to de-
monstrate its worth as a scale devourer, yet its
failure has been sufficiently marked in this county,
as to render its efficacy a matter for serious doubt.
But it would be unwise not to give it every po-ssible
show to vindicate the claims of its friends, but pen-
ding such experiments the work of fumigation should
be vigorously prosecuted in all infested orchard.s.
Then

Commissioner Van Kirk of Riverside county, in
his animal report, says of the work of this ladybird
in his district: — This parasite has been fostered and
pushed upon the growers, with the understanding
that as soon as colonized, they need have no further
fear of the ravages of the black scale. Hence they
have been given full sway in several sections and
the results (where they have been depended upon
entirely) have proved almost a failure on the orange
trees. On the olive trees their work is more satis-
factory, but is hardly sufficiently marked in any
line to justify us in giving them any further con-
sideration.

Ami finally read what the Ojai of July 4th saith: —

When the ladybird was introduced in the valley,
it was proclaimed that we had secured an ally
which, alone and single handed, would speedily re-
move the pest from our orchards. For a time the
ladybird did her work with satisfaction. But she
has gone off duty, with no immediate prospect of
going on again. * * The ladybird is not the
exterminator she has been ‘‘ cracked up ” to be.
Bhe does n’t extirpate the fungus. She devours the
precise number of scale that suits her appetite, and
she then ceases to devour until a strange feeling
comes over her and reminds that she is again
hungry. * We said formerly the ladybird to be worth
her weight in gold. Wo still give her credit for
being worth her “scale” weight in silver at 1 to 2.
But we have become conservative in our opinion
as to her ability to totally destroy the scale. She
is an enemy of the scale and consequently our
friend. We want to give her full credit for all she
docs. Yet we feel that, after all, she does only
as much in the way of freeing our orchards of the
scale as does the gopher snake toward removing
from the earth the gopher, the cat the mouse, and
the birds the insects. * * It is a duty each

grower in the valley owes all the other growers to
send the Board of Supervisors a sample of his
schiography on that petition.

After whicli it will probably occur to the judi-
cious planter tliat it wouhf lie unwise to incur
any extraordinary outlay in that direction.

With regard to collee leaf blight and its sequel
green bug, my impression is that so long as there
is a coli'ee tree in the island there will be leaf
disease. If it were possible to pass an edict to
stami) out every coffee tree .and keep them out
for a few years, then it might be re-introduced
with some hoiie of success, as the fungus must
die as did the ]>otato blight when deprived of its
natural food. ^Vhether it would return again is
another question. The occasional return visits
of the iiotato fungus have never however been
so serious ,as the first inlliction in KS46.

Few have a greal.er respect and admiration for
the labours of jirofessor Marshall Ward than I
have, but (he question is did he suggest anything
to “ ward ” oil' the disease ?

Oct. I, 1896.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

267

The life history of IlemUeia Vantatrix is all very
ntei'esling, ljut it is its dcaih we most dcsicleraie.

The life history of iiilluenza or smallpox would
be of small accont without a suggested remedy,
The poor Matabele chieftains as they struggle
manfully against the British brigands might be
interested to the life history of their enemies, but
they naturally desire something more than this.
They have their fly but that seems not sufficient
to protect them. Neither will the ladybird save
our coffee bushes. A poor result surely of all
our boasted researches and resources if at this
time of day all we can do is to simply place our
implicit faith in a pretty little beetle !

THE SUPPLY OP PEARLS.

When we .speak of the profusion of jewellery
at the present day we refer to diamoiul-s. Otlier
gems are scarcely more common than formerly,
e.xcepting those of a low class such as garnets,
topazes, peridots. Fine pearls, they say, are
not to be procured. Why does not Spain work
that enormous bank which stretches hundreds
of miles to the north east of Borneo, now that
she has possessed herself of the Sulu Islaiuls ?
Its wealth is beyond dispute. For ages it has
been the last resource of ruined gamblers and
desperate men wlio braved the risk of working
there — upon the high load, as one may say of
the pirates; and if they saved their heads they com-
monly retrieved their fortunes. “ The pearl
banks,” says 8ir Spencer St. John, “ are per-
haps more numerous there than in any part of
the world, .and rf properly developeil would no
doubt be e.xceedingly productive.” When Mr.
Edwards w.as Governor of Labuan, he bought a
pearl found there “ which w.as pronounced by
all who saw it in the East as the best that had
ever been brought under their notice.” Historic
specimens nave been traced to the spot. The
terrible Ijabuan jiirates are homeless wanderers
now. The Sulus arc subject of Spain. But,
still, so far .as we have heard, no European has
visited those banks. — Torres ‘itraits Pilot, Aug. 8.

BETEL BLIGHT.

Dr. George Watt, who was deputed to enr|uire
into the cause of the blight whicli attacked the
betel plantation in Eastern Bengal, has completed
an exhaustive Report on the subject, which will
shortly pass through the press. He has ascertained
th.at the blight is caused by a very low parasitic
organism which by some specialists is considered
an animal, by others a vegetable growth. No
satisfactory remedy has yet been ili.scovered. — •
Madras Mail, Sept. 7.

— — «■

NATAL TEA GARDENS.

We recently baa occasion to mention the interesting
fact that coffte planting was a growing industry in ilio
Shire Highlands of South-East Central Africa. In
this marvellous continent the cultivation of tea has not
been neglected, and a certain measure of success has
attended tea planters in Natal, which might easily
have been greater had the Government extended its
assistance to them, had they not been quite so jealous
of each other, and had they named their teas properly
and sent only the superior sorts to market. Despite
these drawbacks they have managed to do fairly well,
although those who are acquainted with the size of
Indian ami Ceylon garden.s will, doubtless, smile
when they learn that there are barely 3,UU0 acres of
laird under tea cultivation in the entire colony, and
that tire number of tea gardens is five. It i.s only
since 1891 that tea cultivation in this part of the world

has made any perceptible progress, although a com-
mencement was made so far back as 1882. The tea
district lies within six miles of a place called Stanger,
amid beautiful scenery and a fine view of the sea can
be obtained from many points in the plantation.
As regards the total output of tea from the
colony for the present season, the Tropical

Agriculturists states that the result will be below that of
last year. In December, 1895, the colony experienced
sad disaster in the burning of the large central factory
at Kearsney, by which one hundered thousand pounds of
tea was destroyed at the same time. It cannot after this
loss be responsible for more than 300,0001bs. for the
season of 1895-96, and so the total crop of Natal tea this
season will not be more than 700,0001bs., but next year
they hope to reach so high as one million pounds weight.
The greater portion of this tea is consumed in Natal
itself. Fields, further ahead, to the South and inland,
are yet practically untouched ; but those who would
secure them must do so at once, as the industry with all
its drawbacks is rapidly spreading. It must, however,
be some consolation to Indian and Ceylon growers to
learn that their own trade does not appear likely to
suffer from this competition, for Johannesberg does not
take to Natal tea, and it is mentioned that Indian
and Ceylon teas are getting very firmly established in
all parts of South Africa. Like other planters, those
of Natal are troubled concerning their coolies. Their
discomfitiu'e does not appear duo to the causes that
vox and irritate planters in this part of the world, but
to the cost of oooly labour which is far too expensive,
and no wonder if the coolies ai'e imported from India.
It is very interesting to hear of this budding industry,
but it is somewhat doubtful whether it will ever attain
sufficient proportions to bo included as an important
factor in the tea trade of the world. — Madras Times,
Sept. 5.

INDIAN PATENTS.

Specifications of the undermentioned inventions
have been filed under the provisions of Act V of 1888:
—Machine eou Plucking on Cutting the Leaves or
THE Tea Bushes,— No. 319 of 1895.— Henry Fischer,
manager of the Central Duars Tea Co., Ld., in the
Alipur Dual- sub-division of Jalpaiguri, Bengal, for a
machine for plucking or cutting the leaves of the
tea bushes and for collecting the same. {Siiecification
filed 9th June 1896.)

♦

THE KLANG PLANTING AND ESTATE
SYNDICATE (LIMITED)

has been registered, by Timbrell and Deighton, with
a capital of jt6,000 in T1 shares. The object is to
enter into an agreement with J. E. Rodgers, and to
carry on business as tea, coffee, cocoa, tapioca, and
pepper planters and growers in the Straits Settlements
or elsewhere. The directors are to be elected by the
signatories. Qualification, TIOO. Remuneration to be
fi.xed by the company. Registered office : 25, Bochurch-
lane, E.C. — L. di C. Exjjress, Aug. 14.

Ceylon Sets an Example to South Indian
Planters.- The Madras Times, after quoting
remarks made by Mr. Rogivue’s recently published
letter regarding Ceylon tea in Russia adds
Remarks of this kind should be of interest to
South Indian jilanters, who are understood to
have recognised the necessity of developing all
available markets for their Tea ami Coffee. It
is to be hoped that, like their Ceylon brethren,
they will provide funds sufficient to back up
enterprise, and wdll thus find a way to improve
the already large demand for their products.
The example that Ceylon Tea has set in Russia
and^in Anieiica is a capital one, and the progress
of Ceylon tea there should be closely observed
by South Indian planters.

268

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct, t, i8q6.

PLANTING AND PKODUCE.

Tka and thk Revenue. — la tlieir annual report
for the year ending March 31, 1896, the Customs
Commissioners take the opportunity of endeavouring
to cool the ardour of those who advocate a free
breakfast-table. The consumption of tea has deve-
loped still further, there being an increase of 4'4
per cent. “ over the produce of this source of revenue
in 1894-5,” but the excess in the consumption
reaches the handsome total of 9,492,066 lb. This
advance, it is pointed out, is “ very remarkable in
the absence of any reduction in the rate of duty, espe-
cially when it is noted that in 1890-1, following the
reduction of the rate from 6d to 4d per lb. the
adjusted the figures, showing the estimated true
increase of consumption, recorded an advance of only
11,053,000 lb. in the quantity used.” The Commis-
sioners suggest apparently that it is not worth while
to reduce the duty any further when the nation
goes on drinking tea at such a gratifying rate.

The Same Story. — Consular reports from China
have but one tale to tell about tea. The British
Consul at Amoy says : ‘‘ The tea season of 1895-6

has, owing to the unfortunate war, with Japan, been
fraught with many vicissitudes, and must, on the
whole, be regarded as an extremely unsatisf-ictory
one to all engaged in it, foreigners and natives
alike. The season in Tamsui opened in April
— an unusually early commencement, due to
the island being threatened with an attack by
the Japanese. All concerned in the trade were
anxious to get their teas away for fear that
war and its attendant troubles might possibly
prevent shipment. This naturally tended to high
prices and hasty preparation. In the meantime the
consuming markets failed to respond in any way to
the high prices paid in the East for early teas, but
rather, on the other hand, have fallen below their
previous level, and were dull and dragging for the
Formosan staple throughout the year, and the losses
on shipments are supposed to bo not inconsiderable.
Chinese holders in Amoy W'cre not willing to face
the losses entailed upon them, and at the close of
the year were left with a stock of 166,000 half-chests
on their hands, a state of affairs unprecedented in
the history of our trade. Now’ that Formosa is ceded to
Japan, the futm-e of the Amoy-Tamsui trade is a source
of considerable anxiety to those engaged in it, and
divergent opinions exist as to whether the first-
mentioned port can still remain (as it has done for
the last 25 years) the practical headquarters of the
Formosa tea business. The Amoy tea tlistricts,
which likin and excessive export duty have thrown
out of cultivation, and have almost depopulated,
arc amongst the finest in the world, and with the
enlightened methods of cultivation adopted in India,
Ceylon, and Japan, and such limited taxation as
exists in these countries, need fear no rival. Now
that at our very doors almost, Japan is about to
conduct tea cultivation on enlightened lines, surely the
time is ripe for China to follow suit, abolish likin
and export duty, and admit machinery. Twenty-five
years ago 3,000,000 dols was the annual income of
the Amoy tea districts ; today it is not 350,000 dols.
Tfikin has done it. The quantity of Amoy and For-
mosa tea for the year 1895 was Amoy teas 2,124,400
lb.; Formosa teas, 16,170,667 ; total, 18,295,067 lb.”

Cocoa and Cofi^ee. — Cocoa and chocolate continue
to be in increased popular favour. Tea years ago
they brought in £73, .593 to the Exchequer. In 1885-96
their yield was £124,745, an increase of 76’9 per cent
while the estimated growth of the population during
the same years has been about 8'6 per cent. Coffee
has been less in favour than it was last year, and
very much less than it was in the earlier years of
the century. Its gross yield in 1895-96 was JE170,959,
or £2,301 less than in the previous year. In 1840 it
yielded £921,000, so that the change in the popular
taste has been very marked indeed.

Natal Planters and the IjAbour Question,—
Planters everywhere have their little troubles, and
those in Natal are not exempt. A telegram from
Cape Town says that “The Natal artisans are agi-
tatin" against the continuance of protection for tea

and sugar because the sugar planters have tried to
introduce Indian artisans.” We presume the term
artisan is a courtesy title for coolie labourers.

The Inc!!i:ase in the Consumption of Tobacco.—
The use of tobacco is shown to have been gaining
ground. That the receipts from the duty cn tobacco
rose in 1894-95 by £296,810 above those for 1893 94 ad-
mitted of being explained as due to the check caused by
the great coal strike in the ear.ier year. But in the re-
ceipts for 1895-96 there is no such allowance to be made,
and th’‘y increased by no less a sum than £336,730.
amounting in all to £10,933,413. The total amount of
tobacco in all its forms — raw. manufactured and cigars
— on which duty w’as paid in 1895 96 was 67.551,95 lb, as
against 65,528,385 lb. in 1894-95. — IT, ani C. Mail, Aug. 28

VARIOUS PL.VNTING NOTES,

Tka Cultivation in South Akrioa.— from
contemporaries we see tliat some interesting
samples of tea ft om N;ital have readied London —
entered for competition at the IMetermaritzbnrg
AgricuUnral E.xhibition and sent to London for
adjudication. They are superior in quality and
value to tliose hitlierto .seen, and re.semble In-
dian tea of gooil medium grade, witliont the
same distinctive strength or flavour, .and in some
respects like liigli-grown Ceylon tea. They come
from e.states .situated do.se to tlie sea-coast, their
elevation.s r.uiging from 100 to oOO feet above
sea level ; the unusual rainfall helng about 4S
indies at the lower level and about 4) indies at
the higher. The temperatures are stated to be a.-*
follows. Ill winter at sunrise .50’ to otP ; at 11
a.ni. 80° to 84°. In summer at siinri.se 64° to 70" ; at
and 1 1 a. 111. 92° to 96°. Tlie estate.sare well wooded
and w.atered. There is a ready sale for the pro-
duce locally, ami as it is good and palatable,
and has thehenellt of the protective import duty
levied on tea in South Africa, it may lie
assumed that this Native industry is a profitable
one, though, in the absence of details respecting
cost of ciilti\atioii and manufacture, this cannot
lie stated ilefiiiitely. It is not considered pro-
able that it can be exported with profit in
view of the low price of tea in all the markets.

Camimior Cultivation in India.— xCttention
w.as drawn the other day to the lavourahle
IH'ospects tliat seem to be before camphor eulti-
v.at/ion in India, if it could lie successfully started,
owing to tlie iiicreas'j in tlie value of tlie
commodity and the exhaustion of the supply,
wliicli portend.s tli.atthe rise in ]iricewill coiitiiiu'e.
From an intere.sting extract which tlie Ptoncer
imhlislies out of an old Report of tlie Cliiiiese
Imiierial Customs, it appe.ars that so far hack
as 1869 the decline in the prodnctiveiie.ss of the
Formosa forests owing to the wasteful methods
by which tlie camphor was obt.ained, liad been
attracting notice : and it is therefore pretty

clear tliat the present high prices are not due to
the disturbed state of the island, though this
may have temporarily aggravated matters, hut
liave a deeper foundation. In i860 cam|>hor was
oblainalde in Tamkui at 7-80 dollars per picul
(U>;>|: Ih.) : in tlie last Hom/kong price currents
it is ([noted at 86 dollars. Tne destruction of
the trees lias now been going on for so many
years that niile.ss the Japaiie.se cpme to the rescue
very speedily, they will find liefore long that
tlie camphor export trade which has been the
great stand-by of tlieir new possession is a tiling
of tlie past. Meanwhile, says our coiiteinporary,
this is clearly a case where the Indian Forest
Deiiartment should .see wlietlier they cannot
anticipate tlie future wliicli seems likely to oiler
such a great op^iortunity. Exjierts aie inclined
to believe tliat in Sikkim especially the chma-
momum camphom would llonrisli magnificently.

Oct. I, 1896.] THR TROPICAL

Cor.rcspcndon oe.

To the Editor.

CITRONELLA CULTIVATION IN THE
SOUTHERN PROVINCE.

Dear S[R, — Your correspondent’s note in regard
to tlie above in a recent issue is misleading in that
he quoted only a portion of Mr. Elliott’s report
— giving the extent in the Galle district at about
I, '702 acres —and omitted the important fact that
in the Matara district Mr. Elliott states the ex-
tent is no less than 17,352 acres, and that citro-
nella boiling apparatus have increased in number
from 290 in 1886 to 476 in 1896. The latter too
are many of them of much better make and
larger size than in 1886, I understand, and able
therefore to turn out a much larger quantity.

It may interest your readers moreover to learn
that the grass now so extensively cultivated is
somewhat ditlerent from that originally used.
The leaf is much narrower and the general ap-
pearance very like the mana grass found on
patauas upcountry. It is said this variety is
much more hardy and requires less care than
the old-fashioned citronella grass. The latter is
still cultivated by Messrs. Winter &, Son at
Batldegama, and is said to yield a superior oil
and one wbich commands a higher price.

Tiie cultivation as carried out by natives en-
tails very little outlay, unless there is competi-
tion for the land, which is frequently the case,
but R52 an acre is freely given if necessary.
The cost of manufacture is also small ; the used
grass being dried and utilised as fuel and the
ashes applied again to the soil. Very large sums
of money have been realized during the recent
boom in prices by producers, and tbough the
)irice has since fallen, the production has by no
means ceased, nor will it prove unremunerative
. as long as it biings 50 cents a bottle. —Yours
faithfully, S. MELLS,

THE LIMITS OF SMALL BREAKS OF
CEYLON TEA.

Kandy, 2lst Aug. 1896

Sir, — At the request of the Committtee I
enclose for [lubhcation copy of correspondence
between tbe Ceylon Association in London and
the Tea Brokers’ Association of London on the
subject of the increase of the limits of “ small
breaks ’ of Ceylon toa at public sale in London.
— 1 am, sir, yours f.aithfully, A. PHILIP,
Secretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon.

(Cof.y.)

Mincing Lane, London, E.C., 3rd July 1896.

A. Philip, Esq., Secretary, Planters’ Association.

Kandy, Ceylon.

Dear Sir, — I have the pleasure to enclose copy of
correspondence with the Tea Brokers’ Association
of London on the subject of the increase of the
limits of “ small breaks ” of Ceylon tea at public
sale in London.

As the proposed increase may take effect from
1st October next, the correspondence should be
published without delay for the information of
Ceylon shippers. — I am, &c.,

(Signed) Wm. Martin Leake.

{Copy.)

The Tea Brokers’ Association of London, Dunoter
House, Mincing Lane, E.C., 26th June, 18^6.

34

AGRICULTURIST. 269

W. Martin Leake, Esq., Secretary, the Ceylon
Association in London.

Dear Sir, — I am instructed by my Committee to
forward to you the enclosed copy of letter addressed
to it by buyers of Ceylon Tea, and to inform you
that at a meeting held today it was unanimously
resolved to recommend the increase of the size of
“ small breaks ” to 18 chests, 21 half-chests and 10 boxes
to take effect from 1st October next.

My Committee considers that the large increase in
the import of Ceylon tea fully justifies the pro-
posed alteration which, in all probability, would be
attended by the attainment of better prices in
consequence of a longer time being available for
valuation.

I am also to ask the special attention of your
Association to the paragraph relating to the sale of
duplicate invoices on tbe same day which, in the
opinion of the Committee, it is very desirable to
avoid. — I am, &c., (Signed) W. C. Price, Secretary.

{Copy.)

Ceylon Association in London,

4, Mincing Lane, 2nd July 1896.

\V. G. Price, Esq., Secretary, Tea Brokers’ Asso
ciation of London.

Dear Sir,— I have laid your letter of 26th ult,
before my Committeee. The recommendation for the
increase of the limits of ‘‘small breaks” of Ceylon
teas to 18 chests, 24 half chests and 40 boxes is ap-

E roved provided that satisfactory arrangements can
e made for the “ small break ” sales at some time
other than immediately after the “ large break ”
sales. — I am, &c.,

(Signed) Wm. Martin Leake, Secretary.

{Copy referred to.)

12th .Tune 1896,

To the Tea Brokers’ Association.

Gentlemen, — We the undersigned, buyers on the
Ceylon tea market, beg to call the attention of your
Committee to the urgent necessity of taking steps
to increase the size of the small breaks for public
sale to at least the same limit as now prevails in
Indian tea on the following grounds.

1. The increasing difficulty, if not impossibility, of
accurately valuing so many samples for one day’s sale.

2. The saving of time to be effected in the auction
room, which would be invaluable to all concerned,
and would admit of buyers being able to have their
purchases sampled and sent out on the same evening.

3. The extra expense and labour involved in
sampling so many small lots after purchase, and in
furnishing samples of them all to our agents.

We desire also to take this opportunity of expres-
sing onr opinion that the number of grades into
which Ceylon tea is sorted might advantageously
be curtailed, more especially as regards the pro-
duce of the smaller gardens. We also think that
the smaller gardens might be advised not to des-
patch their produce more frequently than once a
fortnight, instead of weekly, and we also depre-
cate the practice adopted by some, even of the
larger gardens, of offering duplicate invoices on the
same day.

(Signed by) Peak Bros. & Winch, Ltd., Appleton
Machin & Co., Joseph Tetley & Co., I. J. Batten &
Co., and 38 other firms.

RAPE SEED.

Sept, 4.

Dear Sir, — Can you or any of your corre*
spondents give me any information about rape
seed and the production of rape-seed cake for
manuring purposes? Would rape flourish at a
high elevation, hosv long does it take to crop,
and where can the seed be procured from ? —
Yours faithfully, PACHCHEI,

270

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS F

CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA.

PKOGRESS RKPORT I!Y MU. ROGIVUK.

From Mr. Pliilip, Secretary to tlio “ Tliirly
Coinniittcc,” we liavc roeeived tlie ft>llowing copy
of a letter from Mr. M. Ro^ivue reporting fur-
ther with reference to Ids AS'ork in pusldng the
sale of and advertising Ceylon tea in Russia : —
(Copy)

Maroseika House, Lebed ic£f.

Moscow, 18/30th .TulylSOG.

A. Philip, Esq., Secretary to the Thirty Com-
mittee,’’ Kandy, Ceylon.

Dear Sir, — I beg to confirm my last respects of
the 6/18th June. Everything is now in order at the
Nijni Novgorod Exhibition, and I think that no one
can visit that place without seeing something about
Ceylon tea, and all who have been there to whom I
have spoken tell me that it is so. The double pa-
vilion, which everyone who enters the Exhibition
must pass, is very handsome, and, being quite a
different style from any other building in the place,
is bound to catch the eye. In the grounds of the
hotel, to which our pavilion forms the principal en-
trance, is a largo museum, immediately behind our
place, where a mechanical organ plays most of the
day to attract people’s attention, and when the passers-
by look round, as almost without exception they do,
they see our pavilion and archway with ‘‘ Ceylon
Tea” in huge letters on it ; and it is quite re-
markable to see how many stop to have a good
look at the place and read our signboards, etc.
I have already had many inquiries from dealers
in the country who have visited tlie Exhibition
and tasted our Ceylon tea there, but, until the
annual fair, which opened on the 15/'27th inst. is
more frequented, there will not be many merchants
about the place. Every day, however, numbers of
the general public come to try the tea ; aud the man,
the young lady and the boy whom I have in charge
of the place are all smart enough aud able to talk
with would-be customers very persuasively. The
man who had formerly been in a tea business, speaks
well Russian, German, and French. I had him for
some time, before going to Nijni, in my place
here, tasting with me, learning the chief features
about Ceylon tea, so that he is well qualified to look
after the place when I am not there. At first
owing to slovenly work in the painting and finishing
of the pavilions, I had a great deal of unpleasant-
ness with the contractor, but by sticking to it and
constantly standing over the workmen 1 got all I
wanted done and well done. I am having photos
taken and will as soon as possible send you copies,
but I wish some Ceylon people would visit the
Exhibition and see for themselves.

In addition to the advertisement already men-
tioned in a previous letter, on both sides
of an electric car inside the Exhibition, I
was able to secure at exceptionally low terms,
besides placards and transparents inside all the
cars, the whole side on two other cars where the
words: “Drink pure Ceylon tea; economical; the

best tea in the world,” etc., in large white letters
on a red ground are to be read. As these trains
run continuously the whole day round aud round the
grounds along the principal pathways and past the
chief entrances of all the different sections, people
must continually see “ Ceylon Tea ” and these words
in its praise before them.

I have had a large number of new “brochures” speci-
ally printed (exemplary enclosed) to be freely distri-
buted by hand among those entering the Exhibition,
also at the Fair and in the Pavilions.

One big poster, 7 ft. by 7 ft. bearing the word—
“ Tea from the Island of Ceylon. Apply to M.
Rogivue, representative for Russia of the Ceylon
Planters’ Association, Moscow, Maroseika nousc,Lebe-
’dieff. Tasting and free distribution at the Nijni-
Novgorod Pavilion close to the Exhibition I have
had made on metal and placed in a splendid posi-
tion in the town near the approach to the bridge
on the river Ora connecting the town aud Fair
and where all going from one place to the other
must pass.

[Oct, I, 1896.

As I told you before, I have placards in the
windows on the walls of several of the chief hotels
and restaurants and have arranged with some
of them for the supply of Ceylon tea. In the Nijni
newspapers I am having frequent advertisements
inserted during these three months of the Exhibition
and Fair. Thus all the plans I made for advertising
Ceylon tea at Nijni this year are now in working
order and as good in evei’y way as I could, with
time aud personal attention, make them ; but owing
to the exorbitant prices for material and labour
ruling there this year, which were quite unprecedented
in the place, T have had to spend a great deal more
than the sum granted to me by the “ Thirty Com-
mittee” for the purpose. I think, however, the result
should justify it, as far as the increased knowledge
of and demand for Ceylon tea goes. To continue
advertising and pushing pure Ceylon tea in the way
I have been doing, I shall require more assistance,
— not only pecuniary but also working assistance.

I have read in my Ceylon paper lately several sug-
gestions that more money should be spent in Russia,
and somebody in addition to myself, be appointed to
do the work. ’iV'hether the “ Thirty Committee” hold
this opinion or not I cannot s.iy, but it struck me
that if a man with the necessary qualifications
could be found aud your Committee wished to
spend more money on the work, something might
be done by his travelling aud working in co-
operation with me. If a Ceylon man so much
the better, but w'ithout some knowledge of
Russian and the ways of the country it would be a
pure waste of monevs sjieakiug from my own hard ex-
periences during the piast six years.

Since Mr. Dowling joined me, it is true, I have been
much freer to get about, but someone to visit the more
distant places would certainly' be an advantage.

If your Committee wish to adopt more expensive
measures for pushing Ceydon Tea here I am prepared
to lay my plans before you on moi-e extensive but
similar lines to those I have hitherto found successful
and would include one or more special travellers.

1 think you cannot deny that for the money expended
through me you have got good measure, for not only
has eve,y penny been spent actually in advertisements,
without any personal or management expenses,
(beyond certain travelling charges specially incurred),
but 1 have also added a considerable money of my
own and 1 do not think anyone can say that the result'
has not been satisfactory as far as the demand for and
import of Ceylon Tea into Russia in any criterion. I
do not think anyone has better facilities or more quali-
fications for doing the work you require than I Inive
now for the best advantage of Ceydon wdiose interest
I have never j)laced second to my own since I was re-
quested by the Ceydon Planters’ Association to do what I
could in Russia for thengwdth the result that a great part
of the business accruing through my' advertisements
goes to other firms dealing in Ceylon tea, as it is
that and not M. R.’s tea, 1 always jnake the object
of my' advertisements, as you know, a result, per-
haps, not bad for Ceydon, but which retards what
I looked to as the reward of my hard work ; i.e. the
establishment of a well-known and successful busi-
ness in Ceydon tea which would also be one of the
most convincing advertiseinentss for your produce in
this country'. It has been evident to me all along
that the only way to introduce Ceydon tea hei'e
was to create the demand among the general public
by 'giving them the opportunity of trying it for
themselves and procuring a supply, as the established
ti^a firms would have, nothing to do with Ceylon tea
and I did not wish to, but have on the contrarv
greatly opposed it. My ])lans have, how(>.v(‘r, heeii
so far successful that many of the formei- detractors
of tleylon tea have been obliged to tleal in with the
result the figures of which y ou already know. J hear
from all sides hero that tlie demand for Cevlon tea
and import of it into lliissia.has greatly increased
this year, hut unfortunately it is impossible to get
any iigures from the Cu.stoms, ail tea laung classed
together, wlndlier it be China or C<'y lon, or other
sorts, under the general heatling of “ 'Tea.” Speak-
ing the other day with the agent of the Fnglish
Lloyd, who is also the Rritish Consul here, ho told

Ocr. I, 1896.]

TFIE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

271

mo that ho was much astonished to note tlio largo
proportion of Cp.ylon tea imported this year by Kiis-
siau firms in Moscow wlio insure thi'ough liini. — I
remain, etc., (Signed) M. itoeavun.

SIR II. JOHNSTON ON CENTRAL AFRICA.

The Report by Comnii.s.sioiier Sir H. Johnston
on the trade and general comlition of theRritish
Central Africa Frotectorate, for the year ending
March 31st, has been issued as a Farliainentary
paper. The writer e.stimates the population of the
Procectorate at 844,955, compo.sed of 259 Briti.sh
subjects, 30 non-British Europeans, 2G3 Indians,
23 half castes, and 844,420 natives. The latter
represents a considerable increase over former
years and the Commissioner divides them
among si.\ tribes. He reports that satisfactory re-
sults iiave been met with in employing natives
of India, as men better able to stand the
climate, in minor capacities where in ])re-
vious years it would have been necessary to use
more highly paid Europeans ; and he wishes
that Indian traders who are not satislied with
their condition in the Transvaal and Natal
would give British Central Africa a trial. The
year 1895-G had been exceptionally bad for health
among Europeans and Indians, owing to an epi-
demic of malarial fever whicli had ranged as
far as the Zambesi valley'. Black-water fever
was responsible for many deaths, and no other
disease was so serious in its effects on the Eu-
ropean settlers. But Sir H. Jonston tliinks that
when a railway is constructed from t^iiibniane
to Blantyre they will hoar very little more of
the unhealthiness of British Central Africa. On
this general subject he observes : —

“Undoubtedly another cause of ill-liealtlr liere
is the increasing consumption of alcohol, which
is too obviously prevailing amongst many of
the more recently arrived Europeans. Tlie

chief bane of Britisli Central Africa is that
accursed spirit whiskey. Good wholesome wine
and light lager beer do no one any

harm, and taken in moderation probably do
good ; bub whiskey is always noxious, and in
this climate consumed daily in considerable
quantities, even though much diluted with water,
is singulary prejudical to health. I concentrate
all my abuse on this one form of spiritous
liquor because scarcely any other is drunk ex-
cept in small medicinal doses. Brandy is im-
ported, for u.so as medicine, bub rum, gin, and
other spirits are scarcely used at all. It is
whiskey which is at the bottom of much of our
ill-health ; it is whiskey which is answerable
for many of our deaths. I do not mean to say
that a man who eschews the daily use of whiskey
or any other spirit thereby enjoys immunity
from malarial fever ; such is not the case, as I
can unfortunately a.ssert in my own experience;
but what I would like to impress on those who
are studying African questions is this— that the
man who does eschew the drinking of si»irits in
Africa is generally much better able to resist the
effects of malarial poisoning, and re(;overs very
markedly and rapidly from often severe
attacks of malarial fever, whereas the individual
who.se system is permeated with alcohol has hardly
a chance when attacked by severe fever. Rater-
nal legislation is generally of little use, but if
there is one point more than another on which
I should like to act tyrannically, on behalf of
the general welfare, it would be the total ex-
clusion from tro]iical Africa of any form of spirit,
but a little good brandy, which should only be
jinported by ipialilied medical men for the use

of their patients. I certainly would not exclude
wine or beer, though I think stout and the
heavier English beers are nnwholesome. The
moderate use of good wine of all kinds and of
lager beer is distinctly beneficial to health.”

Upon the subject of trade, the Report speaks
most favourably : —

“Trade in British Central Africa has markedly
improved during 1895 and the lirst quarter of 1896.
The total trade of the Protectorate during the year
1895-9G, in imports, amounted to 82,760/ in value,
The imports during the preceding year (1894-95)
amounted to a total of 73,667/., independently of
the goods imported by the administration (which
were about the same value as those brought into
the country in the year now passed). There has
thus been a slight apparent decrease in imports,
though, as before explained, this is actually
converted into an increase, if the approximate
sum of 10,000/. in s]>ecie be added. The diminu-
tion of imports has been under the following
heads; — Alcohol, hardware, soft goods, and

machinery. The total value of the exports from
the British Central Africa Protectorate during the
year ended March 31, 1895, amounted to 9703/.
Consequently, there has been an increa.se in ex-
ports during the year just ended of about 9965/.
The chief increase in exports has taken
place in ivory, of which nearly 9000/. worth
more was exported in 1895-96 than in 1894-95.
In coffee, the increase in export has been about 3200/.
in value. The export of rubber, oil seeds, beans,
and wax has markedly increased during the year
just ended ; while on the other hand, the out-
put of strophantus drug has greatly diniinishe<l.
Coffee i)lanting is likely to be our main staple
of tra<le. Batisfactory e.xpriments have been made
in the cultivation of cotton on some of Mr.Sharrer’s
estates. (Mr. W. Thiselton Dyer, of Kew, re-
))orts that cotton equal in ([uality to 'the .sample
sent -would be worth in the English market
about dpi. per lb., or 39/. to 40/ a ton. To-
bacco is being grown Avith increasing success by
tbe lirm of Buchanan Brothers. Tea is being
introduced by some Ceylon planters into the Mlanje
district. It is already grown to a small extent
by Buchanan Brothers. Qirite recently an English
firm have given their attention to the valuable
fibres produced in British Central Africa by three
species of liliaceous plants of the genus Sanscvicra,
viz.: — sulcata, S. cylhulvica, and S. gnvieensis.
The Sanscvicra grows in great quantities on all the
barren, stony ground of the Protectorate, at low
levels, cs])ecially on the rocky islands in Lake
Nyasa. A machine has been invented which
is able to turn out enormous quantities of libre
from this plant in a very short sjtace of time, .and
it would seem as if the b.iri'en ground of the I’ro-
tcctoratc would pro\a; 1 ' iie of almost equal value
to the rich coffee ))ro. hieing tracts, .since this fibre
is worth nearly 4i)l. per ton. Moreover, the Sanse-
vicra is of mo-.t e rsy propogation, requires little or
no attention, and in three years from the time of
planting is ready to reduce to fibre. It is a
cnrions-looking- ]>l,ant, with long, narrow, thick,
ami lleshy leaves, rvliich hatter can he cut in pieces
amt e.asily rooted. Besides the Sanscvicra there
.are nnmerons trees .and plants which jiroduce fibre
of more or less value. Another product Avhich I
hope will be greatly developed in the future is
imlia-rubbei-, which is iiroduced from three species
of Landol))Iila, one or more species of Ficus, and
by a shrub recently discovered .and nametl
Tahcrnmno)itana clegans. Limestone of excellent
(|uality Ims been found in many parts of the
Protectorate where it w.as not jireviously known
to exist, and the Administration has undet-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Oct. t, 1896.

272

taken a good tleal of limo-buniing for its own
building operations and also for sale. The native
now turns out excellent bricks, wbicli be sells with
advantage to the European for building juirposes.
Important discoveries of guano have been made
on the island and islets belonging to (heat Britain
on I.ake Nyasa.”

Tbe Commissioner considers that the general
condition of the Protectorate is now markedly
satisfactory. A. sense of peace and security has
settled on the natives which has never before
been known. They are leaving the chilly hill-
country and settling in the warm i)lains which
they love, feeling tliat they have now nothing
further to <lread from the attacks of foreign
slave-raiders, or from the more turbulent among
themselves. This consummation is what the
British authorities have all along striven to
bring alx)ut, viz., the al)andonment on the part
of the natives of the crags and mountain fast-
nesses where they could barely grow enough
food for their own subsistence, and their
placing of the rich, hot, unhealthy plains under
cultivation.

Three appendice.s to the Beport are devoted to
the subjects of big game, coffee planting, and
missions. Upon the first subject the Commis-
sioner says : —

“ The best time for sport in British Central
Africa is between the months of June and
December, and all sportsmen would do well to
try the Elephant Marsh, near Chiromo, before
they venture farther inland, as it is possible they
might make sufficient bags of game in this
portion of the Kuo district without going to the
further expense and risk of penetrating far into
the interior of Africa. Chiromo can be reached
direct by river steamer from Chinde in a few days,
and is therefore, within little more than a month
olf England. No difficulties are at present placed
in the way of big game shooting, except as regards
elephants, rhinoceroses, and the almost extinct
iraffe, which are, to a certain extent, protected
y a licence having to be taken out for killing
them. This licence lasts one year, and costs 25/.”
The appendix devoted to Missions gives the
history of the Universities Mis.sion, and the later
settlements of other Societies, and conclndcs as
follows : —

“No i>crson who desires to make a truthful
statement can deny the great good elfected by
missionary enterpiise in (jential Africa. 'I’licie
are some missions and some mis.sionaries out
here of Avho.se work nothing but praise can be
uttered, though mucli just criticism might be
Avritten on their mode of life, which, in some
instances, is .singularly and needle.ssly a.scetic and
uncomfortable. Asceticism is all very well in
a wholesome part of England, or in an erpially
healthy North African desert ; but any at-
tempts to live carele.ssly, uncomfortably, and
too frugally in the exceedingly unhealhty cli-
mate of central Africa must sooner or later result
in the permanent disablement of the missionary’s
health or his death, and can serve no useful or
Godly purpose whatsoever. The missionaries at
one station at least eat bad food badly cooked
and the rude houses in which they live are,
with the exception of the (juarters assigned to the
ladies, unfit even for a native’s occupation, ft
is pathetic to see highly educated men from
Oxford and Cambridge iiollow-eycd and fever-
.smitten, crouching in little huts which no native
chief would deign to occupy. They are guided
in .so doing by a false principle that f he funds
of the Mission, w'hich are not large, should t)e
devoteJ entirely tu mis.sion work, and that little

or no money should be spent on ‘comfort.’ I
whollydisagree Avith them. 1 think thatifEuropcans
are expecteil to live in (Central Africa, and to
carry on an active Avork, Avhether it be educa-
tional, religious, commercial, or political, they
.should first of all be comfortably hou.sed, ami,
secondly, they should eat the best of food, cooked
by the best of cooks. If they Avill do this then
they may just hope to be .able to sjiend ten or
fifteen ye.ars of their life in Central Africa
without .serious deterioration of their health.
The next criticism Avhich I might offer on mission-
.aiy life and conduct .almost ceases to have
any actuality ; it would be to remark that in
many cases they have been too apt to throw
themselves into politics, native .and external,
and to Avield the great influence they possess
over the natives so as to constitute themselves
a poAver in the land, Avith a self-assumed right
to interfere in all questions of administration.
This phase is, however, rapidly pa.ssing away,
.and was a not unnatural result of the entire
want of Government Avhich subsisted in British
Central Africa until its constitution .as a British
Protectorate. About mission AA'ork in other parts
of the AA'oild I have no direct knoAvledge, but
1 can s.ay of all mission Avork in British Central
Africa that it has only to tell the plain truth
and nothing but the truth to secure sympathy
and support. — Standard, Aug. 29.

JADOO FIBRE.

An esteemed correspondent in England has draAvn
our attention to a new substance of extraordinary
value in which plants can be grown. It is called
Jadoo fibre — jadoo being presumably the Persian
word for magic — and is a patent by (iolonel Halford
Thompson, r.a., of Teignmouth, South Devon. The
foundation of the fibre is peat moss ; Avhich is ex-
ceedingly spongy and capable of absorbing into its
composition any chemicals with Avhich one may wish
to impregnate it. This peat moss is boiled with those
chemicals Avhich are required for plant food, and to
ensure their thorough amalgamation and decomposi-
tion the fibre is fermented in a particular way after
the boiling process is completed. When the sub-
stance is ready for use, it is practically free from
any smell, and being also quite clean, it has been
found of great advantage in England for such pots
as are Avanted to ho placed in door.s. In India,
Avhere ferns and plants arc frequently employed in
fhe decoration of dwelling-rooms, the fibre should
be found of equal advantage. Our correspon-
eent writes : — “ 1 have been over Colonel
Thompson’s place at Teignmouth and have
seen what astonishing results he has obtained with this
most wonderful material, not only with followers but av th
sug^arcane, beetroot, cucumbers and positively alsoAvitli
coffee and tea in his own greenhouses, I cannot
help thinking that for coffee and tea nurseries it
would be a tremendous success. Colonel Thompson
has letters from the West Indies and South
America which show that in purely ‘planting’ pro-
ducts the fibre is likely to give most surprising
results. It is no quack manure but a substantiiu
growing medium. I have seen apple-trees grown in
small pots filled Avilh it, and they are simply

Aveighed down with the fruit, some of the apples
being monsters. It Ico’.cs quite uncanny to see
them on the tiny trees. Amongst other wonders
Colonel Thompson .shows a magnificent crop of clover
grown in sterile soil from the Landes District
of Bordeaux which has been watered with

liquid jadoo,” In confirmation of our corro.s-
pondent’s remarks comes a report from the

Agri-IIorticultural Society of India on jadoo

fibre as a propagating medium, the rc.sults in its
C.u'dens in Calcutta having boon most satisfactory ;
some plants which had hitherto defied all methods
of propagation, except on a hotbed under glass,

Oct. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

273

having struck in this substance, and all plants on
which experiments were tried having propagated much
more readily in the fibre than in earth, .ladoo liipiid
is a fertiliser pure and simple, a id apparently of
high manurial value, but on its particular merits we
cannot speak more definitely here. Apropos of our
correspondent’s remarks of the advantage of the
fibre for tea and coffee nurseries, it seems to us that
this fibre promises to provide a certain method for
bringing on “ supplies.” Were our belief to prove
true, planters would have good cause to bless the
magic of Colonel Halford Thompson. This gentle-
man, whose address wo have given, is only too glad
to supply all information to anyone who applies to
him, and some of our planting readers may think
it worth their while to ask friends in England to
communicate with him or to pay liira a visit. Ar-
rangements, we understand, are being made for a local
Agency, and a sm ill consignment of the fibre for
experimental purposes is already on its way out. —
M. Mail, Sept. 1).

RUSSIAN TOBACCO.

The toliacco crop in European Russia and the
Caucasus for 1895, according to the Journal dc
St. Petersburg, was inferior to tlie preceding
year’s. Although tlie extent of ground cultivated
(about 52,000 hectares) remains about the same.
The most extensive iilantations are found in the
central and south-western provinces, but these
are only for the production of the commonest
tobacco consumed by the peasants. In the provinces
of the .south, on the other hand, only the kind
known as Turkish tobacco is cultivated. In the
Crimea, Bessarabia, and the Caucasus these to-
baccos are excellent, and used in the manufacture
of cigarettes, either pure or mixed with Miice-
donian tobacco. The total crop of 1895 amounted
to 64,183,000 kilogs, as compared with 67,654,000
kilogs, in 1S94 and 81,207,000 kilogs, in 1893.
Three-fourths of the total is of the common
kind. Odessa is still tlie great centre of the
tobacco import trade, though for some years
past the manufacturers of St. Petersburg and
other towns of the north import their material
direct from abroad. The quantity importeil at
Odessa diminishes every year, but it 1895 it
still amounted to .321,500 kilogs.

THE AORICUBTIJRAL RETURNS.

The Board of Agriculture have Issued tiicir
customary ineliminary statementot the agricnlt nral
returns of Great Britain foi 1896, compiled from the
returns collected on June 4. The aica under wheat
was 1,69.3,957 acres, an increase of 19.5 per cent,
upon 1895, but 12.1 per cent, below the acreage
of 1894. Barley, 2,104,764 acres, a decrease of
2.8 jier cent, upon last year, and a very small
increase over 1894. Oats, .3,095,488 acres— de-
creases of 6.1 and 4.9 percent, respectively upon
the two preceding years. Potatoes, 563,741 acres,
increases of 4.2 and 11.8 per cent, upon the two
previous years. Clover and rotation gras.ses,
2,171,966 acres; and permanent pasture 4,638,722
acres, the former being a decrease of 5.7, and
the latter of 2.6 upon 1895, 3'he acreage nnder
hops was 54,249, a decrease of about 8 per cent,
of the i)revious two years.

The number of coivs and heifers in milk or
in calf is returned at 2,511,675 wdiich is an in-
crease upon last year of 1 per cent., and upon
1894 of 2.1 per cent. Other cattle number
3,981,907, whicli are a decrease of 4.6 and 10 per
cent, respectively in animals of two years and
upwards, and increase upon last year of 9.7 per
cent, in cattle between one and two yearsi old, and

of 5.1 per cent, in those nnder one year. 'I'he
total number of cattle is 6,49,3,582. Ewes kept
for breeding number 9,925,587, and other sliecp
16,779,7-12. All tliese items show a ])rogressive
increase for two years, the total number of sheep,
26,705,329, being' 3-5 per cent, above 1895, and
.3.3 above 1894. The total of pigs is 2,878,801,
which is a small number below' 1895, and an
increase of 20.5 upon Standard, Aug. 29.

INDIAN PATENT.

Api)lications in respect of the undermentioned
inventions have been tilled, daring the week-
ending 29th August 1896 under the provisions of
Act V of 1838.

iMI'ItOVEMENT IN TE.\ LEAF ROT.LING ?»1ACHINE.S.
— No. 172 of 1896. — Samuel Cleland Davidson,
merchixiit, of Sirocco Engineering Work, Belfaks,
Ireland, for im})rovements in tea leaf rolling
machine. (Specification field 20th August 1896.) —
Indian and Eastern Engineer, Sept. 12.

♦-

RUSSIAN TEA PLANTATIONS IN THE
CAUCASUS.

The entry of Russia into the ranks of the tea-growing
countries of the Old World is a fact which has scarcely
a’.tracted here the attention it certainly merits. The
Russian plantation have years ago passed the experi-
mental stage in the Caucasian highlands where they
are located, and are being rapidly extended. One firm
alone, whose gardens arc situated not far from Eatum,
employes over 600 hands, under the supervision of
Chinese foremen, in the culture and preparation of the
leaf, and the Government is about to engage in the
industry, the Department of Crown Estates having
acquired last year over 4.3,000 acres of land in the dis-
trict of Chakva for the cultivation of the tea-shrub.
And in order that this object shall be attained with the
greater certainty of success, a special Commission, con-
sisting of the Inspector of the Imperial Domains and
tw'o subordinates, spent a portion of ln,st year in the
tea regions of India China, and Ceylon nothing the mode
of prepartion for market in each place and the latest
processes employed there, as well as obtaining native
experts to undertake the management of the extensive
gardens which are to be planted in tlie Caucasus. The
Caucasian home-grown tea is already on the market at
Moscow, and finds favour w'ith the Muscovite con-
sumers, who have never shown a disposition to lake
to the imported leaf from British India and Ceylon.
The Russian x^alate finds the Assam and Colombo
growth too harsh and rough, and |)rcfers the softer
and smoother product of China. The Caucasian tea
is pronounced by good judges to be equal in every
respect to the average Chinese article which reaches
Russia overland, ria Kiakhta and Maimacliin. Some
assert that the Russian, or rather Caucasian, tea is
superior in flavour to that imported. Be tlrat as it
may, the fact remains that the shrub succeeds well in
the mountain-lieutenancy of the South, and the in-
crease in the plantations and product there is now
such as to lead Russian publicists, like M. Batalin,
to look forward in a few years to the exclusion of
Chinese tea altogether from Russian markets, in
favour of the home grown article, by which means
the State will .save for circulation in the country
over 42,000,000 roubles, which amount at the pre-
sent time represents the yearly tea hill paid to the
Celestial growers, dealers, and carriers. The anticipa-
tion is far from being so extravagant as at first sight
might appear. Not so many years ago when wine-
making was started in the Crimea, the idea of com-
peting with the French, Spanish, and Italian wines
imported into Russia w'as derided, not alone by
foreigners, but by intelligent and liberal-minded
Russians themselves. Now' the Crimean product is
supreme in the market, .and the foreign vintages
are being every day moro and more expelled from th®
daily consumption of the middle- class Russ,

274

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

[Oct. I, 1896.

It is a siugulai’ fact, perhaps, and one worth nothing,
tliat it is to JCnglislimen tiiat the introduction of
tea culture to tlie Caucasus is really due, for it was
an Englishman who was the first to point out
to ilussians that the soil aud climate and general
conditions of growth in the locality near Eatum ex-
actly resembled tiiose of the regions of China where
the liner qualities of tea are produced. The early
experiments of cultivator', prominent among whom
was Professor Butlerov, w'ere dead f jilures 30 years
ago. And Butlerov’s successors did not succeed where
he had failed. The first success at tea growing in the
Caucasus attended the efforts of Colonel Solovtsov, who
commenced cultivation on an insignificant scale about
10 years ago — to be precise in the year 1885. He had,
as may be anticipated in Russia, many difficulties to
contend with ere he could start his experimental garden.
Neither seed nor plants could bo obtained in Europe,
so he had to import young shrubs from China. Seed
was not to be relied upon, for the Celestials gene-
rally send the outer barbarians old seed which will
'not germinate, and new seed when it is obtained
loses a certain essential oil it contains in the course
of a long tropical voyage, aud consequently fails
to grow when sown. In the month of July, 1885,
Colonel Solovtsov succeeded in obtaining from China
a few tinny plants, but these had been maltreated
by the Customs authorities, who, not knowing one
plant from another, took thorn to be vines, and ac-
cordingly disinfected them well wdth quicklime to
prevent the importation of the phylloxera into the
country. The young seedlings were at once taken
to Solovtsov’s garden at Chakva, near B.itum, and
planted out iii a soil of a red clayey nature, which
had been trenched two spits deep. At first ail grew
badly, and the larger .shrubs died off, but a few of the
smallest of the seedlings lived 011, grew to a fair sizo
and bore seed, and from these Colonel Solovtsov was en-
abled to increase and extend his planta'ions. The gar-
den covered five years ngo five acres of land, con-
tained over 2,000 plants about five yeai's old and 8,000
seedlings and over -12,000 more were to be raised by
1893. Tlie variety grown |jy Colonel Solovt.sov is that
scientifically termed Tbea Virirlis, a more northerlv
species of the Tliea Suiensis. While Colonel Solovtsov
has been can-ying on his exporimeutal plantations in
the Caucasus, other firms have embai’ked iii the in-
dustry as a commercial speculation with a view to
remunerative returns. Foremost antong these is the
house of K, aud S. Popov, of kloscow, a firm engaged
in the China tea trade as agents and importers. They
have over 5U0 acres of tea plantations at Chakva,
near Batum, on the shores of the Black Sea. They
are managed by Chinese overseers aud supriiitendents
who have been brought from China foi- the ])nrpose,
and tlii-y alToi'd occupation to over (lOOnative labc)urers.
Such lias been the success attending tliesc tea-gai'dens
that, it is reported, lai'go extensions of the planta-
tions ai'(! contemplated now tiiat the peouliaritii-s
of the tea shrub are better understood, and its
requirements in the strange soil of the Caucasus have
become more clearly kown. Some idea of the pro-
jiortions which the tea industry in the Caucasus is
bc"iuuiiig to assume may he gathered from tlie fact
that a force of labourers' GOO strong as employed on
tlio Popov plantations is equal to the production of
10,000 lbs. of tea per week.

The plant appears to have no special care or treat-
ment in the clistricts of the Caucasus where it has
been acclimatised. Propagation by means of cutting.s
is best avoided, it is said, for the cuttings do not
take in reasonable proportions, and plants raised
from cuttings never make sturdy, bushy shrubs.
Seedlings do best and require least attention. They
arc raised with certainty from the seed which, in
the Caucasus, ripens in the course of a year, and
are gathered in the month of October, at which
time the Thea Viridis flowers. The seeds after being
collected are mixed with dry sand, and kept in
earthenware receptacles until the month of Marcli,
■\vhen they arc damped with a solutionoE c.amphor spirits
and water, which liastens and promotes germina-
tion. Tliey arc then replaced in the cartlienwaro
vessel, l)ut ini.xed with a quantity of black soil in
■which they liegin to grow, and as soon as the tiny
sjcedliog lU'c laigc enough to luuKlle, they arc caro-

fully lifted out, one by one, aiid planted in nursery
rows. Hero the soil is improved by an admixture
of sea sand, and tlic plants are proicotod from the
sun by mats stretched over them. In dry weather
they require watering once a day, and under t'le
system here outlined every seed witliout exception
germinates, aud every plant grows to a sturdy slmib,
yielding a fall supply of leaves for picking in the
■proper se.ason, or as it is termed “flushing.’’ When
planted out in the permanent gardens at the end of
the fl'i'st year they require uo attention whatever,
either in shading or artificial watering, but may bo
safely left to nature, the only thing needful being
to keep the ground clear of weed.s, by hoeing well
twice a year. During the dry season in the Cau-
casus, that is, the months of May and .June, when
the heat is intense, the plants do not seem to feel
the effects of the drought in any way. And they
stand the bitter cold of the exposed region of the
Black Sea equally well. The winter of 1892-93 was
an exceptionally severe one. The temperature was
as low frequently as G deg. of Reaumur, 13 5 deg.
below freezing point, and although the tea plants
were covered with snow aud ice up to the tips of
the leaves for days together, neither the older shrubs
nor the young seedlings suffered iu any way. Aud
the tea gardens in the Batum district are in a
quite opon aud exposed situation, where every blast
of cold wind sweeps the entire length and breadth
of tlie country.

With a plant so accommodating in its nature,
soil and climate adapted to it, and the plantations
of one linn already equal to an output of 10,000 lb.
weekly, the tea industry of the Caucasus must be
proiiouiiced to have made not merely a good start
but very remarkable progress since 1885, when the
first serious attempts at cultivation had their origin
in Colonel Solovtsov’s experimental garden. Aud,
now that the CTOVorniuent is going in for tho busi-
ness on a large scale, the industry has every pros-
pect of attaining big proportions. It may not
realise all t'uit patriotic Russians expect or assert,
hut it can hardly fail to deal a serious blow to the
Chinese trade, and may indirectly, if not directly,
have some effect upon our own plauta'-ions in
Assam aud Ceylon. — MorningVosl, Aug. 22.

NOTES FROM THE METKOPOLIS.

Buxton, Aug. 20.

] have alluded above to
MkXIOO

and its capahlo IT'c.sident Dias; but T saw lately
great complaints about incre.ased export taxes
which it is luopo.sed to levy 011 i»roduce leaving
that country. This will no doubt check the
extension of coffee planting, among other indus-
tries tlicre.

Mr. Eteveni writing from Sweden in answer to
an inquiry, as to the piospects of

CKYLON TICA IN .SCANDIN.-Wr AN COUNTRIKS,
has given me some interesting information. He
writes : —

“ You would like to kinw what prospects Ceylon
tea has in Sweden and Norway. As the Swedish
and Norwegian people are every year becoming more
attached to tea-drinking I .should say your tea has
a great future here.”

Mr. Steveni recommends an agency in the island
of Gothland, where he was on a visit; and which
he says has a population of about 60,000, mostly
well-to-do farmers and peasants. I have endea-
voured to interest a well-known Ceylon tea-
distributing linn (its ]>artner being old Ceylon
planters) in this new opening and hope something
will come of it.

Only the other day was my attention drawn
to some ill-considered remarks in a contemporary
of yours, criticising my letter on

COI'TKK I’UODUCTION

iu the Loudon Times, with the snarl that
1 should he doing the Ceylon planters hot-

Oct. I, 1896. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS I'.

275

ter service by leaving out all mention of tlieir
coil'ee experience, and also of the risk of over-
production of tea, I fancy there is no .sensible
man in Ceylon who thinks so. Por, surely any
thing that may divert attention and capital from
the cultivation in new countries of our present
staple, tea, in favour of the old and under-
produced staple, coffee, tends to be of service to
Ceylon planters at the present time ; while to cor-
rect a gross misunderstanding and afford correct
information was ample justilication for the hatter.
But —as an old lu'essman — I should really let
such tritlcs pass without notice : to misconstrue
is sometimes very natural.

I have a remarkable contirmatiou from “ Cosmo-
polite ” of

THE KEEPING QUALITIES OF CEYLON TEA.

He wrote to me lately as follows : —

“ I enclose a cutting from your London letter and
would remind you that about 12 years ago ‘ Cosmo-
polite ’ said the same as Mr. Donald Noble says
now, and so positive am I in my belief that 1 keep
one chest of tea maturing whilst I am drinking the
other, in fact 1 have always a chest in hand ripening.”

J.F.

AMONG THE COCONUT8, AND
BEYOND.

(From a Flanling Cori'esj>ondciit.)

Puttalam is quite out of the track of the pleasure-
seeker or the globe-trotter either : but for all that
it is not much of a place when you get there. No
wonder the old Malay resthouse keepor enquired, in a
confidential way, why I had come; and when I told
him just to have a look at the place, I could see
that he did not believe a word of it. People no
doubt sometimes go mad, but such an aggravated
form of mental disease as enduring a night journey
in the bullock coach, to revel at the grey dawn in
the natural beauties of that salt-pan has never before
been known, and you would have stamped yourself
as an idot to have believed it. So, I guess, the old
fellow argued, o.nd doubtless credited me with some
saner motive.

What a night of horrors that ride was from 0 p.m.,
to 5 n.m. — for it was impos.sible to sit or lie, and
vhat with the jerks tliat almost dislocated your
neck, and the bumps which yo'ur head got,
life was not worth the living. Then there
were the mysterious stoppages, with a clatter that
went on for ten or twenty minutes over the deli-
very of a mail bag, and '• such” a bag which had
to be found, and by and by another b.sg was re-
ceived, then a shout to the cattle, and a plunge
into darkness. We crossed a ferry at midnight, and
before doing so, wailed heaven only know's how
long. A fellow who spoke English assured me that
there was no unusual delay. They had to allow “ the
more pi'evious coach” to get on. He was quite
willing to converse, but I was not — felt more inclined
to swear. The cattle in the coach did well. They
went off with a wild rush, then trotted, then into
a walk, and so it was kept up, doing four miles
an hour easily.

It was an added horror to find the resthouse shut
up ; but in a little the old boy in charge shufiled
•around, prepared an early meal, filled the bith,
f'apped about a handkerchief as a pretence for dust-
ing, went off to the bazaar for the breakfast, and
seemed to bring in his purchases in instalments— a
tin of jam now, beef next time, fish after — thus
making the most of it. 11c told me that his visitors
usually travelled wdth their own serv.ants and sup-
plies, and all we had to do was to collect the rest-
house charges, hence his chronic melancholy.

When the breakfast was being collected I took a
look round the place, and was soon satisfied. The
whole population seemed Moors. There was a mosque,
of course, with the rigged-up mast fluttering with
flap ; a big Moorish school was in lull swing, the
scholars grinding at Arabic ; the trees were stunted
and all growing the one way, and there was a strong

dry salt wind meeting you at every corner in quite
a blustering way. The wind came oil the Puttalam
lake, and had an odour which wanted freshness, an
ancient lish-like smell. I walked out to the “ upu
palium” — the salt pans — a vvhitened desolation, and
saw on my way back a haif-dried tank. I was
struck, however, by the healthy appearance of both
man and beast, especially the pariah dogs, which
were the biggest and best caved for I have
ever seen. Usually the pariah i,s “ high in bone
and low in flesh,” a brute of furtive look and
habit, ever anticipating a stone or stick : and its
readiness to howl if you but move your hand,
sadly evidencing the hard struggle for existence
which is the sum of his life. These dogs, however,
were big and well nourished, were friendly and
wanted to be patted, and were not the white-toothed
snarling outcasts that usually are seen. In walking
through the bazaar you were not always on the
watch for an unexpected rush, for they allowed you
to pass on your way unheeded, and seemed wholly
to have forgotten the habits of the pariah. The town
seemed very clean, and if there be a Local Board
it has some credit for its work. But to get back
to civilisation was what bothered. To go through
another night journey was a horror to anticipate,
and was happily avoided by a special having been
put on, and our getting under weigh at I p.m.
Eight hours at Puttalam seemed long enough, and
by starting at midday wo had a chance to see the
road which we missed the previous night in the dark-
ness. As we got along towards Chilaw, the small
prickly scrub gave place for bigger jungle till by and
bye we touched forest, and the flourishing plantations
of young coconuts w’as evidence enough that
v?e had passed into the region of oirect rain-
fall. The weather, although cloudless, was very cool,
and as the cart was a really comfortable one,
we were prepared to enjoy the ever-changing scenery.
Tracts of green, glimpses of water and clumps of
forest, and the graceful coconut, all helped to charm;
and when night fell the young moon shone out, it
was even more beautiful than day, and more than a
reward for the weariness of travel. At 11 p.m. when
Chilaw was reached, the x^lace was all astir with
lights and bustle. It was some play the Catholics
had got up, but ten hours in a cart, did not pri-
dispose you for aught but bed. The Chilaw resthouse,
is very comfort.rble, nicely situated and cool in the
exlreme. At the one side you look toward the sea,
can watch the spray shoot up and hear the beat of
the waves on the beach: at the other side, toward
the town, there is a mixed mass of waving ponds,
houses, a bit of road and the glitter of the back
water here and there. If you want to be reminded
of Ceylon life, you m.ay be, but if your wish to be at rest
then the sea view will give it and the ozone-laden
air will add its virtues. I hear much of coconuts,
and the value of them and very likely all is true;
but meanwhile it has been a pleasuie to have been
among them, and with that I am content.

Tea, Coffee, and Cinchona Cultivation
IN India. — From the Governmonfc of India
we liave received a bulky volume of “ Agri-
cultural .Statistic.® of British India for the
year.s ISlU-Do,” consisting for the most part
of elaborate table.s, with an ex[)lan;itory memo-
randum prelixed. Of special interest to u.s in
Ceylon are the tables of tea, coffee, and cin-
chona cultivation in each district of each province
and in the native states in 1893 and 1891, .and
the progress in each product from 1885 to 1894.
In 1893 the total area under tea in India was
395,839,1: acres ; and in 1894 it had increaseil to
422,551 .acres. The highest average yield per
acre from mature plants w.as obtained in Jalpai-
guri, viz. 555’9 lb. in 1893, .and 541 -3 lb. in
189-1. The total acreage under coffee in India
in 1893 was 258,984T4 acres, and in 1894 it was
277,88L94 acres. In 1893-94 there were 11,23.7
acres under cinchon.a in Imlia ; but in 1894-95
the acrc.age had decreaset^l to 8,710.

276

FHK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Oct. I, 1896.

HYBllIl) COFFEE.

We recently made some enquiries of a scientific
friend regarding the interesting question of coffee
hybrids. In sending us the answers that we print
below, our correspondent remarks : “ 1 hope the
answers will draw a fuller discussion on this very
interesting subject. No one appears to have studied
the life history of the coffee flower, and without that
it is impossible lo say what its nature is. We know
that it is hemephroiite and fugacious. But we do
not know if self or cross-pollination is favoured by
the sexual organs. Tlie fact of its being a highly-
scented flower seems to point to the latter alterna-
tive. Some short-lived flowers are self-fertilised
while the flower (corolla) is still in bud. [This also
occasionally takes place with coffee. — En.] My own
opinion is that the coffee flower must be to some
extent pregnated with foreign pollen. The bushes
swarm with bees and smal'cr insects directly the
flowers open.”

(Juestion. — ^Will a hybrid coffee plant, if perfectly
isolated, give seed true to name and properties of
hybrid ?

Answer. — A coffee hybrid may not seed at all. Some
hybrids are quite sterile, while the majority are less
fertile than pure-bred species. But some are as
fertile as the pure-bred plants. It is not known if a
coffee hybrid has ever been produced— naturally or
otherwise.

Q, — What are the best means of effecting isolation ?

A. — To cultivate the hybrids separately from the
pure-breds and to induce flowering at a slightly
different season.

(j, — Would not the best method to perpetuate the
hybrid be to graft it on to the pure bred stock?

^t._Xt is by careful selection of the fittest, es-
pecially in the seed, that the hybrid element in a
plant is beat preserved. Ilybrids have usually a
tendency to revert to the conditions of their ancestral
stock. Mere grafting would not protect a hybrid
from the fertilising influence of pure-breds.

Being convinced that our correspondent had failed
to grasp the meaning of our last question, we put
it again in a different form and at greater length.
The following is the answer : —

“ I’m afraid I misunderstood your original question
re the preservation of kind by grafting. But as now
put, your meaning is very clear. As the desirabl-i
(pialities possessed by an individual plant are not
always (indeed rarely) reproduced from seed, it is
usual to propagate such an individual by the inser-
tion of buds, cuttings, layers and grafts. By these
modes of propagation the actual characteristics of the
kind are reproduced and multiplied. The coffee
bush can be readily propagated by the imertion of
cuttings and layers, so that there is no necessity (un-
less for a particular purpose) to undertake, the more
laborious process of grafting. It is also feared that
grafted bushes would get broken by the w'ind on most
estates. But how'ever that may be, the fact remains
tiiat special qualities in habit, growth, size or yield,
may in each case be retained by divisional propagation.
Wliere grafting is desirable, with ail materials at hand,
a man and boy, eaiuiing together about Rs. 12 per
mensem, could easily turn out 100 grafts a day ; and
if a little pressure was put on, 1,50. But taking the
smaller estimate, ;i,000 grafts for 12 rupees is not a
heavy matter.”

A natural query arises: how about the Brooke-Mockett
hybrid? Prom the above it would seem clear that
high cropping powers cannot be expected from hybrids.
The greatest adv.antage to be derived would be perhaps
to get a tree nearly equal to .\rabica in cropping
powers, with the hardier constitution of Liberian.
Further, that if a good hybrid is obtained, it is
beyond all question that the safest way to propagate
it true to name would be by cuttings or gr.itts, etc.

We do not ourselves claim to bo an authority in
any way on this question, but wo would suggest that
an easier and certainly much surer way of obtaining
an extra-good strain of coffee would be by the
methods so successfully employed at homo in obtain-
ing “pedigree” wheat. Devote a small and iso-
lated field °to seed-boaring alone. Rigorously cut

out all poor croppers, and bestow the best and
most thorough cultivation possible to the re-
mainder. Note carefully the heaviest croppers,
and among these, those freest from disease
of any kind. Pick from the latter only, and plant
from this seed another-seed-field. The process could
be developed adinjinilum, with a gradually better
result each generation. Another way would be to
mark the biggest and healthiest croppers throughout
the estate, and when pruning, or at some other
convenient time, make cuttings or layers and plant
these in as isolated a spot as possible. The seed from
the best of these should be something quite out of
the common, we believe.

We have invited other scientific correspondents to
give us their views on Hybrid Coffee, and we should
besides be very glad to hear also from practical
planters on the same subject. — Planting Opinion,
Bept. 12.

«

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

COFl'KA .VNI) Te.V CULTIVATIOX IN' M.VDKA.S.—
We read in the Madras Mail that the total nuin-
her of tea plantations in the Madras Presidency,
e.xclusive of Native States, on the 31st December,
189.5, according to official returns, was 107, which
employed 4,39(5 persons permanently throughout
the year, .and (504 temijorarily during the busy
season. The area under mature plants was (5,083
.acres, .and under immature plants 712 acres. 1,940
acres liave been taken lU) for planting but h.ave
not yet been planted. The quantity of uncured
leaf grown w.as 27, 70, .881 lb , and the (ju.antity
of leaf manufactured during the ye.ar was 645,(558
lb. Of the 107 plantations 99 were on the Nilgiris,
with a tot.al area of (5,015 .acres under cultivation
and 200 acres taken up but not yet pl.atiteil. The
(piantity of le.af cured was 579,680 lb. The num-
ber of coffee plantations in the [‘residency, c.x-
clusive of Native States, w.as 13,033, which em-
jiloyed 19,902 persojis permanently during the ye.ar
and 15,366 [)ersons tempoi-arily 54,921 acres were
under mature pl.auts .and 9,032 under imm.ature
plants, 59,9()8 acres have been taken up but not
yet cultivated. 'Phe total yield for the year was
11,005,1.37 lb. '[’here were 498 i»lantations on the
Nilgiris with a total area of 24,869 .acres. In
this District 53,116 acres have been newly taken
up but not yet ))lanted. The yield in tliis Dis-
rict was 7,507,2.80 lb.

('[\ciioNA Cultivation in Madra.s.— The
total area under cinchon.a cultivation in the Madras
Presidency during the year 1895-9(5, according to
oliicial returns, w.as 2,595-96 acres ; but this is
much less th.an the .actual .area .as many of the
planters have failed to furnish the reipiired
information. The largest .area w.as on the Nilgiris
l,935'50 acres (but the figures according to the
village .accounts are 7, 226T1 .acres), with 2,461,803
mature and 505,209 immature trees. The outturn
for the ye.ar is given at 402,909 lb. The area
culti\-.atcd in M.alal)ar was(518’.50 acres with 261,350
mature and 11,000 immatui'e tress. The outturn
of bark was 308,439 lb. In Mailura the area
under cinchona w.as 4,495 acres. The plantations
in this District are left to grow wild and are not
barked, as it is not found profitable to work them.
In 'rravancore 1,479 acres were under cultivation,
with 798,674 imature and 296,000 imm.ature trees.
The outturn of b.ark w.as 50(5,350 lb. All the
]tlant.atioiis in Cochin have been destroyed. The
area of the Covernment cinchona plantations is
800'-18 .acres, containing 1,475,193 mature and
155, .805 imm.ature trees. The outturn of bark for
the ye.ar w.as 229,700 lb. The quantity of b.ark h.ar-
vested <luringany ye.ar in these pl.antatious is regu-
lated by (he re(|uircmeuts of the factory and bear
no relation to the amount which would be taken.

Oct, I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

277

PRECIOUS STONES.

BY PROF. HENRY A. MtERS, M.A., I’.R.S.

From the earlieat times certain minerals, which
are conspicuons for their beauty, have been prized for
decorative purposes : the brilliant green hue of mala-
chite, the deep blue of lapis lazuli, and the rich colour
of red jasper would naturally attract early attention.
But these particular minerals are not numbered
among the true precious stones ; they do not possess
the remarkable qualities which endow the diamond,
the ruby, or the topaz with their peculiar attrac-
tiveness. The two essential qualities, namely, bril-
liancy and hardness, are only possessed by certain
rare minerals ; a brilliancy which makes them un-
rivalled for ornamental purposes, and a hardness
which protects them from wear and tear, and makes
them practically indestructible.

It is difficult, in a town like London, where
every jeweller’s shop is ablaze with diamonds, to
realize that largo and good stones possessing
these qualities are so rare ; that thousands of
natives are toiling in the river beds of India,
Burraah and Ceylon, washing out from the gravel or
the sand the little blue and red pebbles which are to
be converted by the lapidary’s art into brilliant jewels
of saphii-e aud ruby. Even in that wonderful pit at
Kimberley, where half the diamo ids of the world
seem to have been crowded together for the use of
man, although, perhaps, ten tons of diamonds, worth
more than T50,00i), have been extracted in 25 years,
vet those which weigh more thau an ounce each may
be counted on the lingers.

I,t is in the qualities of hardness and brilliancy
that such minerals as malachite and lapis lazuli fail ;
owing to their comparative softness, they would not,
if cut and polished, possess the sharp edges and bril-
liant surface of the emerald or sapphire, and would soon
become dull and rounded by friction, oven by
the friction of ordinary dust. Again, since they
are opaque, they can never flash like the sap-
phire or the emerald ; and yet it is quite a
mistake to suppose that the necessary qualities are
confined to those few stones which are familiar to
everyone, such as the diamond, ruby, sapphire,
emerald, garnet, and amethyst, There are many
others though they are not so well known I think we
may fairly assert that such minerals as tourmaline,
jaroou, peridoie, spinel and chrysoberyl, though
their names may be familiar, are not stones which
would be recognised by any but those who are in
some sense experts ; while other minerals, such as
sphene, andalusite, anixnite, idocrase, and diopside
are possibly almost unkown to most people even
by the reputation. Yet all these minerals possess
qualities of transparency, hardness, and Deauty
of colour which render them extraordinarily
interesting and attractive as precious stones.
(A number of facetted atones cut from the less
known mineral were thrown upon the screen by
reflected light.)

Take first the hardness. A few years ago, the
hardness of stones was a very important character
in the eyes of the mineralogist ; it was one of the
characters by which tiiey were invariably identified,
and a distinguished German mineralogist drew up a
table by means of which the hardness of minerals
can be compared. Any stone is said to be harder
than the minerals of this scale which it can scratch,
and softer than those by which it can be scrtached.
In the right hand column the gem-stones are ar-
ranged according to their hardness.

MOHS’ SCALE OF HARDNESS.

1. Tale.

2. Gypsum.

3. Calcite.

4. Flour.

5. Apatite

6. Felspar

j Sphene.

’( Opal.

I Diopside.

I Moonstone.
! Epidote.

J Icocrase.

I Peridote.
VAxinite.

7. Quartz

8. Topaz

9. Corundum
10 Diamond

i Quartz.

1 Tourmaline.
' ’ 1 Cordierite.

V Garnet.

/ Andalusite.

! Zircon.

1 Emerald.

VPhenacite.

.Spinel.

.. d Topaz.

vChrysoberyl.
j Ruby.

* * ( Sapphire.

••• Diamond.

Among precious stones diamond stands out pre-
eminent as the hardest of all known substances.
Ruby and sapphire ar'e scratched by diamond
alone, while chrysoberyl, topaz, and spinel scratch
all the rera.vining stones, although they do them-
selves yield to the scratch of ruby and sapphire.
The hardness is a character still generally utilised
by the expert when he is in doubt ; in e.xperienced
hands it has some value. By long practice it is
possible to form a very close estimate of the hardness
of a given stone, and that often, not by scratch
of the other minerals in the scale, but by the
feel of the stone against a file ; the resist-
ance offered by the stone to the file is taken
as a measure of its hardnes.s. It is not a character
capable of any accurate measurement, neither
is it to be recommended for use by inexperienced
persons. I hope to show, as I go on, that we
have now accurate methods of testing at our dis-
posal which render the trial of hardness quite un-
necessai-y. But, none the less, the character is
one of great importance as investing the stone with
durability ; all the precious stones, except moon-
a;oue, opal sphene, have at least the hardness
of quartz, and can barely be scratched by metals,
even by hard steel.

Take, next, the quality of brilliancy. This de-
pends upon two things — firstly, the manner in
which rays of light are affected when they enter
or leave the stone, and, secondly, the manner in
which this action can be intensified by the art of
the lapidary.

When light passes from one transparent sub-
stance to another it is bent or refracted as
every one knows from the bent appearance of
a stick plunged into water. Consider, now, a
ray of light falling upon the surface of a trans-
parent stone; a portion of the light is) reflected, but
a portion enters the stone. In passing from air
into the stone, it is refracted inwards. When, on
the other hand, it passes from a transparent stone
into air, its course is reversed, and the emerging
ray is refracted outwards or towards the surface.
It is, however, with the emerging as with the enter-
ing light— the beam is sub-divided, only a portion
is refracted out, another portion of the light is re-
flected within the stone.

It is very clear, then that of the light travelling in
different directions within a diamond, a far larger pro-
portion is internally reflected than is the case with
any ocher stone. We shall see presently that it is
this property which gives the diamond its consummate
brilliancy.

Another effect produced by refraction is, as every
one knows, the separation of ordinary light into rays
of different colours — it is seen in any prism of glass.
This property is known as the “ dispersion" of light;
and a stone which possesses great disnersion will
exhibit a beautiful play of spectral colours — will exhi-
bit a high degree of what is called fire. In this respect
again the diamond is pre-eminent ; its dispersion
is nearly twice as great as that of other stones.

All these optical properties are beautifully shown
by those un worked jewels of which the smooth
facets have been produced by nature ; I mean the
crystals of the various minerals. The beauty of
natural crystals of transparent minerals is largely
due to the optical effects which I have just beep
describing.

TRK TROPICA!

AGRICCl /PURIST'

[Oct. r, 1896.

273

The beautiful specimens of rock crystal, calc spar,
topaZj emer;i,lJ, and other stones svhicli adorn tniaeral
collections are sufficient evidence of these propeities.
But it is very certain that n.Uaral crystals,
although they possess a beau'y of form which is all
their own, are not hy c. long way so brilliant as thcfacet-
ted stoaes which are c\it fioiii them by the art of
the lapidary; that a natural diamond is not so lus-
trous as a facetted brilliant.

In fact, many of the finest gem stones present a
very mean and sordid aspect before they have passed
through the hands -of tiio lapidary ; one has only to
compare the dull and unattivactive appearance of a
parcel of rough rubies, sappKircs or diamonds, with
the finished jewels displayed in the Jeweller’s
windows to see how much these owe to the lapi-
dary’s art.

In re-cuttiug the Koh-i-noor it was thought
advisable to spend £8,00'J on the process aud
to reduce its weight from 18li to lOll carats.
When the great Pitt diamond was cut its
weight was reduced from ill) carats to HIT ;
and tho fragments and du.st removed were valued at
£8,000; but the extent to wnich the stone was im-
proved is indicated in the fact that having been
purchased for £20,000, it was afier cutting sold for
£13.5,000.

To understand how the cutting of a precious stone
adds to ics brilliaucy, we have ouly to trace the course
of the rays within ihe stone, and consider how it
cau best be facetted in order that the liglit wiiich
enters in v.irioin diiections on the upper side, or
crown, may be rellected internally from facet to facet
on the under side of the stjne with as little loss a?
possible, aud m ly be finally thrown out from
the front of the stone. For this purpose the
facets must be so arranged th.at as nuiih of the
light as possible within the crystal shall meet
the facets at an inclination exceeding the angle
of total rettectim. A brilliant with its 58 facets
is one of the forms which experience has sliowii
to be best adapted for tho purpo.se. How little of
the light ge s througli a stone so facetted, and,
therefore, liow much of it is totally reflected inter-
nally, is easily shown by holding tho stone in a
strong beam of light ; first so that the light is re-
flected, and then so that the light shall, if pos-
sible, be transmitted. In the latter case, the stone
merely throws a dark shadow, indicating that little
light, if any, has passed through it.

A facetted stone is always cut from a single
crystal, and not from an ordinary lump of the
mineral, which is generally a mass of crystals.
The chief reason why jewels are cut from
natural crystals is that the=e, by vir.ue of
their crystalline nature, are rejnarkably homo-
geneous, and therefore clear and limpid when
• tree from cracks and flaws. A sto ic whicu is not
homogeneous can never have the purity and limpid
brilliancy of a single crystal, for at evei-y point of
contact of one part wiih I’.nothor reflexion takes
place. Among minerals u.scd as precious stones
which are uot crystals, may bo laeiitioued the opal.
The opal i^robably owes its paculi n- beauty to the
very fact that it is filled with ntinntc cracks or
cavities, each of which contributes some tint of colour
by reason of its extreme thinness, just as the colours
of a soap-bubble are due to the thinness of its film.

Or take the agate. Here the stone consists of layers
of diffevenc materials ditfereuliy coloured. Its beauty
is of a totally different nature from that of clear
crystals, .vhich it cau never rival in brilliancy.
.Stones like the agate are generally olasiC 1 apart as
semi-precious stones, and their interest depends
upon beauty of structure or colour, or pissibly to a
large extent upon their rarity. The turquniie, for
example, is a very rare stone, which is aiipareiitly
absolutely uiicrystallised, liiit possesses great beauty
of colour, and is therefore much pri/.ed. The same
is true of cariielian. On tlie present occasion we
are not concerned witii those opaipic or curiously
structured iiiiiierals whose beaut}' resides almost solely
ill their colour.

Those who have lial no practic,!,’ ac I'liiutance
with minerals, have little idea how xaiiablo and

accidental are their coloiu’s. They may scarcely realise
that the ruby and the sai>phire are the sainc mineral,
and that this mineral also occurs, and is used in
ewellerv, ahsoliiU-ly colourless when it is known as
ux sapphir.^, green as the so-called (Oriental emerald
and yellow as the so-called Oriental topaz, that
t ipaz itself may lie _\ el!ow, brown, blue, or colour-
loss ; tint zircons range from colour-less through
almost all conceivable shtdes of brown aud
green, and that even diamond has been fo ind
red and blue.

When we came to consider the properties by which
precious et nies are recognised, I shall say little or
nothing about colour, for it is of little value as a
criterion. There are, for example, certain red stones
which the most skilful experts cannot by their colour
alone refer with ceitaiiuy to ruby, garnet oi; spinel.
It might be expected that a noteworthy difference
in chemical composbion would accompany this differ-
ence of colour, or that the pigment could be ascer-
tained by analysis. In reality, this is scarcely ever
the case. It is f.rirly certain that the emerald owes
its colour to the presence of chromium, hut the vari-
ation in the an.vlyses of precious stones cannot
generally be attributed to anything indicated by the
variation of colour.

The chemical composition, though of groat general
importance in mineralogy, is of little pr.actical v.ilue
in the discrimiuatiou of precious stones, since it is
usually impossible to sacrifice a sufficient quantity
for chemical analysis. If we are dealing with a
facetted stone, not even ilie smallest portion can be
utilised, foi' tear of injuiing it.

There is, however, one rem.xrkible optical property,
which is ultim.itely related to the chemical composi-
tion. As is well-known, many substances possess the
property of absorbing certain r lys oi light. When the
solar spectrum pioduoe 1 by a imitting ordinaiy daylight
through a slit, and transmitting it through a prism,
is passed through tlie glowing vapour of certain substan-
ces, particular rays of light are absorbed, and their
absence from the emerging light is manifested by
corresponding daik bauds in the spectrum. The
instrument hy which tho observ itions are made is
the spectroscope. It is well-known to most people
that the solar spectrum itself contains certain dark
bauds of this sort, which are produced by vapours
that can be identified by tho position of the bands
in the spectium ; and thus it is possible to ascertain
something regarding the chemical constitution of the
sun and certain of the lieaveuly bodies. Now, a
precisely similar effect is produced by certain
elements if present in a mineral, by merely
transmitting the light through a piece of it.
Thus, transparent minerals which co.itain the
rare element didyiniu n, betray the presence of
tint element as soon as they are viewed through
a spectroscop j by ordinaiy daylight; the appetrum
is seen to be traversed by black bands in the green,
which are qniie clmraeteidstic.

.\moug gem stones there arc two which possess
this curious property. One is the var.ety of red gar-
net, known as alraaudine, aud the other is the jar-
gon. The almandine produces characteristic bands
ill the green, and the jargon in the red, green and
blue portion of the speotnnn. To see these remark-
able ab.sorptiou spectra, to which attention was first
called, I think, by my friend. Professor Church, it
is not necessary to look through tho stone, it is
quite sufficient to place it iu a strong light, and look
at it through an ordi lary pocket spectroscope; the
light which enters the instruuieut consists largely
of rays which have penetrated the stone, and been
reflected from the facets at the back. These rays pro-
duce the absorption spectrum. Iu this way
we are enabled to identify a jargoon or an
almandine merely by looking at it. There is
no te.st so simple or so easy of application.
It is curious that tlio almuidine, or iron-aluminium
garnet, is the only garnet which pre.sents an abs-irptive
spectrum, and it is uot yet certain to what element
tho bauds are duo. In the case of jargoon, they are
suppised to he caused by the presence of some
uranium compound in the mineral. All the almaudine
garnets which I liavc oxamiued, aud nearly all the
jargoons, show tliese characteristic absorption spectra.

Oct, r, i.'396.]

THE TROPIC VI,

AGRICULTURIST.

By way of summary, 1 have trhougho iL desirable to
indicate ihe general characters of precious stones in
a diagram, which exhibits se ine of (heir rolationshipa
and also some of their differences in a graphic
uianner.

Opal, which is a comparatively light mineral,
has a low refractive p' wer ; zircon or jargoon is
a heavy mineral, and has a high ref: active
power. Let now the lefractive power of any
mineral (as measured by its refractive index
for yellow light) be refiesented by a coires-
ponding length set off fiom left to right, and let its
density (as nie.asnrcd by its specific gravity) be
represented by a cerrer pen ding Icrgtli meatuied
downwards. Fixing in this way a point correfponding
to opal, and another representing the chaiactu-of
zircon, draw a stiaight line fi om the one to the other.
It will then be found that the points which, by tluir
position on the diagram, represent the specific giavily
and refractive index of the vaiicus minera's, will be
very neaily upon this line; that is to say, as the re-
fractive index of precious stones increases, so also
does their density, and the two incicase together in a
remarkably regular manner.

It appears that Ihcse minerals which, by
their high lefractive power, possess the greatest
brilliancy, possess also the highest specific
gravity "or weightiness; that the precious stones
are therefore all heary minerals. There is also
a rough general conespoiidence between these
characters and the hardness of the stones; the
brilliant heavy minerals are also generally speaking
hard.

Tw’o remarakable exceptions display themselves.
Spheue lies far to the right of the posiiicn which it
should occupy according to its specific gravity ; it
possesses an extraordinarily high refractive index,
and is, therefore, an extremely brilliant gem stone.
On the other hand, a glance at the scale of hardness
shows that it is, unfortunately, one of the possible gem
stones, and that in this respect it is not very well
fitted for jewellery.

Diamond is still more remarkable ; its refractive
index places it at the ' extreme right of the
diagram, with a refractive power, and there-
fore a brilliancy, greater than that of any
other stone ; at the same time its hardness exceeds
that of any mineral, and this combination of quali-
ties renders it the chief among gem stones, un-
equalled for brilliancy and durability, although not a
heavy mintral. Moreover in dispersion, and therefore
in fire, it stands alone. Mirrerals which are heavier
than zircODj such as the metallic sulphides and iron-
glance, are unsuitable for gem stones since they are
nearly opaqrre, but they follow the some law, and
possess a refractive power still greater tbari that of
zircon or even diamond.

There is one other stone which is excep-
tional but iir less degree and in the other direc-
tion, namely, topaz, whose refractive index is
not 1’7, as it should be by its position on the
line due to the specific gravitr , but 1’6‘2 ; the point
corresponding to topaz must therefore be placed a
short distance to the left of the line. It is curious
that these three exceptional stones lie on lire same
horizontal line, having all the same specific gravity o’5.

In mentioning the specific gravity I have intro-
duced a property which is not essential to win esteem
for a precious stone, but one which is of great value
in its identificatiorr.

We have next then to consider those properties by
which precious stones may in practice be most readily
recognised. The table shows very clearly that specific
gravity is one such property. The meaning of spe-
cific gravity is easily explained. A piece of tour-
maline of any size weighs three times as much
as an equal volume of pure water 'at 4° C., the
specific gravity of tourmaline is theiefore said
to be 3; a piece of alnrandine garnet of any
size weighs four times as much >s an equal volume
of water under the some conditions, and the specific
gravity of garnet is therefore 4.

Now any substance immersed in water loses in
weight by an amount exactly equal to that of tho
water displaced, Hence to ascertain the specific

279

gra--ity it is only ncce.ssary to suspend the stone by
a fine tliieu'l to the beam of a balance and weigh
it first in nir, and then immeised in water. The
first weighing gives the weight of the stone itself,
the differtnee between the first weighing and the
feccml gives the weight of the displaced water;
hence the specific gia\ity is found at once by di-
victiug the -weight of the stone by this difference.
For very small stones, where the weights concerned
are slight, it is necessary to use a refii'ed chemical
balance. Hut forcrdinaiy stones a well made West-
plisl balance is sufficient.

The Westplial balance is consti noted on the princi-
ple cf the comn.on steel yard. At one end of the
beam is a counter v^eight, at the other end (he stone
is iirfpti ded; the beam is divided into ten equal
parts. A weight can be suspended on the heani, and
its action, of cenrse, varies with its po.Ttion on the
beam; at the tenth division from the centre it has a
value ten times as great as at the first division.

'J'hc specific gr avity is then found as follows : — First
counterpoise the counterweight. Let this require a
weight, A, on the right hand side of the beam. Next
liitd the weight r.ccessaiy to restore equilibrium
■ft'hcn the stone is su.=pended froitr the beam. Let
this be L. Then A — B is the weight of the stone
in air. Next, raise the vessel of di.stilled water below
the stone until it is immersed. If G bo the weight now
r(qirii-ed to restore cquiiibriunt, G — B is the loss of
weight in water.

A — B.

and, firallv, the specific gravity is

G — B.

This process is known as “hydrostatic weighing,”
and can he applied to any stone, except such as are very
small. Great precautions must be taken, in order to
determine the specific gravity with accui acy. Especi-
ally is it necessary to free the stone from all adhering
bubbles of air. For this reason the process of hydros-
tatic weighing is a somewhat laborious one.

Now, in order to identify a mineral, it ought
to be urnecessary to determine exactly the
specific gravity, provided that means can be
devised for showing that its specific gravity is
the same as that of some known substance.
For purposes of identification, a comparative method
is often quite as efficacious, and much more easy
than acual mea.‘-urcment. This may now be done
by means of certain heavy liquids.

Wood floats in water because it is lighter than
water; iron sinks because it is heavier; but a sub-
stance which possessed exactly the specific gravity
of water would neither float uc.r sink, but would
remain suspended in the water like a baloou in
mid air. Take, then, a liquid which is heavr-— tho
most conrenient is methylene iodide, whose specific
gravity is3:>— a fragment c>f zircon will sink in this
and a fragment of tourmaline will float, but a fragi
merit of the mineral angite, whose spacific gravity la
also 3'3. will exactly remain suspended, ^

This liquid, then enables one to say with ccr.
tainly whether a given stone has a specific -lavity
greater or less than .S'3 ; in the one case it will sirlf
in the other it will float. *

But methylene iodide furl her possesses ihe valuable
property of mixing cmiiy with benzene, which is a
very light liquid. l..ciy drop of benzene added
reduces the Bpeniu- gravity of the mixture, which can
thus easily he made to range between that of ebrv-
solile and that of opal. To identify any one of the
stones which lie between those limits on the diagram
It IS only iiccessary to drop it into a test tube or
small vessel containing methylene iodide— the stone
will float — benzene is addecl drop by drop the
mixture being kept well stirred until a point is
reached at which the stone neither sinks nor
floats. Then different fragments of mineral
possessing specific gravities between 3’3 and 2’5 are
taken in order of increasing density and dropped into
tire liquid ; the stone under examination possess a
specific gravity between that of the last which floated,
and the first which sinks, and the limits may, if
necessary, be further narrowed by comparing it with
other mineral fragments of known density intermediate
between those two. Gue great advantage pf

280

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

fOcT. I, i8g6.

method is that the size of the fragmeut does not affect
the result ; a miuute fragment only just large enough
to be visible is equally couveuiaut ; in f ict is more
convenient than a larger one.

If a stone in the rou^h is under examination,
a mine chip can easily be taken from it, and
Used for the experiment in the most satis-
factory manner. The method is moreover extremely
sensitive; a mere drop of benzene added to a con-
siderable volume of the liquid is sufficient to send to
the bottom a stone which was previousl}' floating.

So much for stones whose density is less than that
of chrysolite. As regards the denser minerals, it was
Until a short time back impossible to test them by
any such method they all sank in the heaviest

liquid available. But now, thanks to the fortunate
discovery by Ur. Retgers of the remarkable properties
of thallium-silver nitrate, all the known gem stones
may be distinguished by a similar process.

This salt, which may be prepared by fusing
together in equal molecular proportions nitrate
of silver and nitrate of thallium, possess the
remarkable propertj' of fusing at a temperature
far below that of either of its constituents, and
well below that of boiling water, while at the
same time the fused salt possesses a speciflo gravity
greater than that ^of zircon. The salt fuses at 75° C.
to a clear colourless liquid in which zircon just
floats ; it further possesses the useful property of
being miscible in all proportions with water, so that
the specific gravity cau be reduced to any desired
extent by adding water, just as that of methyleuo
iodide was reduced by adding benzene. The sub-
stance can be kept liquid by maintaining it at a
temperature above 75° C., and this may easily be
done by immersing the vessel in which it is obtained
in water heated to near the boiling point.

In these two liquids then we have the means of
producing a liquid of any required density for the
discrimination of gem stones, since we can obtain
from one or the other a liquid in which any precious
stone will be exactly suspended.

The nitrate might be, used by itself to include
the whole series, but it is more convenient to use
the methylene iodide when possible, both be-
cause it can be employed at ordinary tempe-
ratures and because it is cheaper than the

nitrate.

Both substances darken on exposure to light,
and shoidd be both kept and used in the dark as
far as possible; they are easily freo Hroin the liquid
employed to dilute them. The benzene readily
evaporates spontaneously from the methylene iodide,
and the water cau be driven off from the diluted
thallium-silver nitrate by boiling. — Journal of the
/Society of Arts, Aug. 11.

THE BANANA TBADE OF FIJI.

In a recent article we suggested tiiat the
future export of fruit from tiii-s colony would
require to be conducted on ever improving con-
ditions if the hold we at present [losscss in tlie
Colonial markets is to be maintained. We also
indicated the nature of the competition we had
to encounter by reason of the superior facilities
that were being offered by the Colonial govern-
ments with the intention of encouraging grow-
' crs to build up a permanent fruit imlustry.
It would be well, that, that tiie [leople of this
colony — no less the commercially interested
than the actual producer, for the whole
fruit industry is inexcricably associated re-
the one interest with the other — let no opportu-
nity escape them to keep abreast with their
neiglibours, in assisting the producers in every
way |>ossible, by facilitating despatcli and by
all other conceivalile means. Our largest export
of bananas in any one single year was ecpial
to X0:i,l)29 biimdies in 1.S92, and since that year
the decline in shipments Ini-s been very marked,
s^iecially to Australia. No doubt the circum-

scribed purchasing power of those colonies, con
sequent upon the evils left in Uie trial of the
Banking Crisis, had much to do with the de-
cline, but was not wholly responsible for
it. We have to look nearer home
for the causes wliich led to the great
duction of the output, and opened the door,
s) to .speak, for our neighbours t o avail tliem-
s.dveso! our neglected opportunities. Meaniimo
Queensland, New Hebrides, Kirotouga, Norfolk
Island, and the Friendly Islands have stopped
into the breach, which we through our clunisi-
ne.ss so obligingly left open, with the result that,
now the colony is inclined to re-enter the arena
witli new vigor, it has a strong competition to
encounter. Notwithstanding this, however, with
the excellent quality of our fruit, for which it
is famed, with fast and direct communication,
and with the experience which we have gained in
the hard school of adversity, the probability
is that we shall regain our former jiosition in
the trade ; while the addition competition, gene-
rally spoken of as the soul of business, whicli we
have now to face, shouhl lend a zest to the cam-
paign to which before we were strangers. It is
needless to recount all our previoii-; shortcomings
in connection with this trade; sufficient tc say
they were many anil varied. Tne principal of
the.se however were over-shipment, non-grading,
neglect of seasons, rough handling, and the
practice of shi|)pers breaking np their shipments
into various eonsigmnents, and so permitting the
fruit grown on one plantation to enter into com-
petition when it reached the o|)eu market,
the one consignment with the other

in tlie same city. All these mis-

takes of former years will require to be care-
fully guarded agauist or, at any rate, mitigated
as much as foresight can suggest. Uf times of
old when fruit has been rushed into, say, the
Sydney market, if such an act of vandalism
could li.ave been justified, it would have been
largely to the advantage of shippers if half the
fruit bad been thrown overboard, and by this
rough mode a glutteil market would have been
avoided. I’roducers will have to guard as much
as ]iossible that the miu kel.s are not flooded with
fruit. The difficulty is not easy of solution,
but from jiasL experience we are aware that it
would be ]>referable that the fruit should lie
jierniitted to rot on the idantation rather
than that it should go forward to a mar-

ket that is over-supplied. Manufactures, of course,
have a large advantage over fiuic producers, but
they are ever on the watch to prevent their goods
flooding a market— and the output of their wares is
restricted accordingly. Nevertheless the same laiv,
that of supply and demand, governs the sale of
both produce and manufacture. The difliculty to be
coped with, would be very much minimised were
cable communication practicable, so as to
admit of the early receipt of the state of
the various markets. Possibly the proposed
Pacific cable will be completed and at
our disposal by the end of 1898 ; meantime it is
imperative that reliable information as to the
requirements of the market should reach the
colony at the earliest po.ssible moment. How this
is to be obtained is a matter for consideration.
To be effectual, the information requires not only
despatch but it must be unimpeachable, and
to secure this, it would appear to be necessary
that the services of smart business men be
retained on behalf of the colony at the
three centres of iSydney, Auckland, and
Melbourne. And if it then be deemed nece.s.sary
in the interest of the industry to secure
tlic aid of these gcatlemeii, theiv services

^ -9

Oct. 1, 1896, J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

281

should be availed of to regulate the markets in
so far as consignments from tliis colony are
concerned in their respective circuits, by Fiji
shippers consigning tlie whole of the fruit to their
charge. It must not be forgotten tliat, while
only a fair price is what is aimed at bj’' tbe.se
e.xtra-precautions regulatiiu'' shipments, if they
are neglected the 1 it would be better that there
was no fruit trade in so far as Fiji be concei ncd.
Make no mistake, as soon as a single bunch
goes into the market more than it can consume,
then the market becomes at once demoralised —
hence uniuolitable. Ami it were well in the in-
terest of tlie industry that tlie colony is once
more endeavouring to build up, without it is to
be of an ephemeral character, that the producers
and exporters meet together ami form some kind
of a co-operative combination in Suva, in order
that they may regulate ship'inents on some busi-
ness lines. . We are aware, of course, that ell'orts
in this direction have been made before, ami
that success has not been aclueveil ; had it been
otherwise the decline in our former fruit enter-
prises would not have occurred. Possibly too
much has been aimed at, and hence the failure.
Nevertheless, like errors may he avoided on tliis
occasion, and the industry, as it presents itself
at this time, is so much the richer in that it is
fortified with those results already ascertained —
and paid for. As the matter stands at present
we have indicated that the trade to he recon-
structed on a permanent basis requires to he
regulated at the port of shipment and the port
of delivery, and the sooner this is accomidished
the better it will be for those more particu-
larly interested before the volume of hiisine.ss
attains jiroportions that will materially hamper
the position. Now is the time, while shipments
are curtailed, to formulate future proceedings.
Legislative or otherwise. We mention legis-
lative, because in the interest of the in-
dustry the suggested meeting of producers
and shippers may deem it .advisable to ask
the Government to provide the funds neces-
sary to the appointment of supervising ageats in
the colonies — and this would pos.si hi y entail a small
export duty on each bunch or case of fruit.
As regards the regulation of the shipments .at
this end, the ex])enses should be no more than
each shipper could well atlbrd to liquidate out
of his private pocket. Were tlie system adopted
that all fruit luit on board sliij) — never mind by
whom appraised on a general average principle
according to grade of fruit which might foi' mnveni-
ence sake be gr.aded in the colonies) and tlie
whole shipment dealt with as one venture, there
would be little 100m for dissatisfaction on the
part of any shipper, as the proceeds of the whole
cargo would be divided according to its grade.
If an exporter sent second-class fruit, he would
only receive account sales for second-class fruit
— and so on. Either some such plan as here sug-
gested must be .adopted or the fruit industry
has a much harder e.xperience to undergo before
success is attained.

Further remarks on this subject are held over
for another opportunity. — Fiji Times, Sept. 5.

In our last article we suggested that the
rough handling of bananas had much to do in
contributing to the undoing of past ventures ;
that where profits were wont to be looked for-
ward to the actual result in very many in-
stances was ruinous, alike to individual as to
the industry as a whole. Hough handlnig
yed its part and is largely responsible for
collapse that followed after the zenith year

— 1892. The rough and tumble of that yea
brought the climax to a trade that should other-
wise have been a remunerative and jierma-
nent industry; in i»lace of which planiations
were abinidoned, the service of numbers of vessels
and em))Ioyees w;is dispensed with, trade rest-
ricted, and the large ocean steamers engaged in
the transport w'ere replaced by smaller ones or
altogether willulr.awn, the Colony’s revenue
sullered a shrinkage .and altogether the country
lost prestige. This is only a modified sketch
of the past. What are the conditions to be
obseived in connection with this industry for
the future? The same errors are surely not to
be again repeated. The whole history in con-
nection with the fruit industry the world
over, instructs ns that good v.arieties of fruit
carefully giown, tenderly handled and forwarded
to market in good condition, will always com-
mand a imrchaser. It will be well, then, to
bear this in mind in all future tran.sactions.

As a rule the ordinary citizen has a good deal
of respect for what is termed vested interests
— why, we have never bothered ourselves to
undeistand. Even the publican, when the
proliibitionists, who surround him, are of

opinion that the air w’ould be purer by the
closing of it, it may be The White Lion
or the Honest Lawyer, is up in arms at
once with “ No ! You don’t respect my vested
interests, please.” And the landlord is generally
)>retty safe behind his banievof vested interests.
Nevertheless, we w'ould like to know what the
vestC'l interests of the Sydney fruit merchant
comprise, an I by what right he insists on receiv-
ing b.inanas in naked bunches in place of well-
lirotected cases. If it be because it has been
the cusiom to so receive the fruit it must have
originated in our past carelessne.ss in having
■forwarded it to him in an unprotected con-
'diliori. Notwithstamlig this barriercry of “Cus-
tom ! Custom ! ” it is quite time that the prac-
tice w'as iliscontinued, more especially as we are
aware that so .soon as the Sydney dealer re-
ceives the fruit, a large portion of it is at once
put up in cases for country customers. In fact
the work that ought to have been performed
on the plantation is done in Siolncy. This is
one of the anomalies in connection with the tr.adc
that rei[uires attention. The fruit is grown in
Fiji, carried iierhaps a mile to the river or beach,
put on board some small craft, then into the
larger stream, carried to Sydney, put on
the whaif there, then transferred to cart,
ilumped down in a store, and then — the pack-
ing process commences. And at who.se cost
is all this d.amage entailed to the fruit en route
ilebited but to the |)roducer — and the middle man
benelits by the transaction. Had the fruit been
jiacked on the plantation no w'.aste or destruc-
tion would have entailed, and the interests of
the producer and consumer would have been
conserved. Possibly, and we have our doubts
about it, it might serve the interests of a few'
jieople in Fiji to so send their pi'oduce to market,
Imt that the pr.actice should be longer
continued as a general custom is very much to
be deprecated. After all, the o'ty of Sydney,

nPAFMi-QQ essay describing a really

ULMI IiLOOi genuine Cure for Deafness,
Kinging in Ears, A'C., no matter how- severe or long-
standing, will be sent post free. — Artificial Ear-
drums and similar appliances entirely superseded.
Ad(lre.ss 'rHOM.AS KE.MPE, VlCTOKi-V Cham-
ijiuts, 19, Southampton lIuir.oiNOS, Holboen
London,

282

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

,[OCT. I, 1896.

wliile its consumption of bananas may be com-
paratively larj'e, still its 3UU,<Ji)U of population
is small in comparison to the large number of
cities and towns which draw their supplies from
the Sydney emporium. The population of Aus-
tralia, leaving (Queensland out of the question,
amounts to close upon 3, 000, COO.

If this barrier of Custom wdiich presents itself
is inimical to the ])rotitable conduct of the trade,
the sooner it is broken down the better it will
bo for all concerned. If the middle men of
Sydney will not co-operate with the shijipers of
this colony in their elf'orts to put fiuit on the
market on more practical economic conditions
then they will only have themselves to blame
if other means are taken to reach the consumer
without their as.sistanc.e. By last mail we are
in receipt of advices from Sydney — “ Don’t
send any bananas in cases. If you do

so they will not realise charges.” It
would be well, then, if the exporters
were to meet together and consider this matter
in all its detail. The ncces-sity, under any cir-
cumstances, of casing a large portion ot tlie
fruit is shown by it being done when it arrives
in the colonies. As we are all aware in this
country much of the finest fruit fall off the
bunches and never reaches the consumer, with-
out it haiipens to be the colonial wharf longer.
Again, much of the best fruit is on the .smaller
bunches which are not considered of full size
in the market acceptation of tlie term but, cut up
and sent to market in cases, the fruit would
be much ap))reciated by the consumer, and,
at tlie same time, the waste which is at presen
entailed would be avoided and the extra profit
that must accrue would also be much apprc*
dated by the producer. It is the timely con-
sideration of all these small detail in economic
working conditions that make the dilf'erence bet-
ween profit and los.s, and as the contest for posi-
tion in the market goes on apace, it wore well
that they be not disregarded until too late in
the day. — Fiji Times, Aug. S.

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

M.VCIHN’K-MADK Te.V IN’ (Aiina.— A Uolomlo
mei’chant in sending us an onlcr writes : — “( 'ertain
friends in (’liina have asked me tn scud them the
best book.s on the above subject as they seem
In think there is a chance of making tea in
China by machinery. 1 can't say I share my
friends Views, but I must com)dy with their
request nevertheless. The Chinese will never use
machinery as long as the tea gardens are owned
and managed by Chinese.”

Tomato, a Thiurr ou Vegetaule.— The Tomato,
from a botanical standpoint, is a fruit. It is also
used as a dessert fruit by many people. In regard to
exhibiting this vegetable product, it has been found
convenient by most societies to include it with the
vegetables or salad.s, and the decision of the judges
in your case was by no means extraordinary. In the
IttUes of Juihiini), issued by the Royal Horticultural
Society, which for the present should be the recog-
nised authority for the settlement of such points, is
the following: — “ Tomatos are only recognised as
dessert fruits where specifically admitted by the
particular schedule, thus * Tomatos admissible.

— Gardener's Chronicle, Aug. 15.

The Best Soaps for Warm Climates are
CALVEK'rS TOILET SfJAP ((id. Tablets) and
PKlClvLY-llEAT SOAP («'!• ft'"* Is. bars), plea-
santly i)erfume<l, fui Bath or Toilet containing
10 per cent, of Pure Carbolic. Very serviceable
as preventives of Prickly-heat and other skin
irritation. Sold at Chemists, btores, &c.

f. C- CALYEPT & CO', Mauciiester.

INDIAN TEA SAl.ES-
From Jralsoti, liibthorpiL- Co.’s Tea Ilej) rl)
Calcutta, Sept. Ifitli, 1896.

82,231 packages changed hands in the sales held
ou the 10th instant. The market was quiet and
prices for aU grades of tea were again lower, full
rates alone being obtained for a few lots of choice
tea. There was a good demand for outside markets
and buyers secured about 6,000 packages.

The average price of the 32,231 packages sold is
As. 7-6 or about Hid. per lb. as compared with 24,123
packages sold ou the 12th September 1895 at As. 8-4 or
about 8^d per lb. and 18.967 packages sold on the
13th September 1894 at As. 8-9 or nearly 9Jd
per lb.

The exports from 1st April to 14th September from
here to Great Britain are 57,079,453 lb. as com-
pared with 55,709,797 lb. at the corresponding period
last season and 54,951,184 lb. in 1894.

Note. — Last sale’s average was As. 7-8 or nearly
8id.

Teleohams. — Reuter telegraphed from London on
the 7th instant — “Type” 7jd, on the 8th instant
— “ Typo ’’ 7Jd, on the 10th— Offered 29,000, sold
25,500 packages. Generally very firm with full rates.
Average lOJ. “ Type ’’ 7 7-16d, and on the 4th
— “ Type” 7 916d.

Exchange. — Document bills, 6 months’ sight.
Is 2p.

Freight. — Steamer — £1-3-9 per ton of .50 c. ft.

(From William Moran Co.'s Marled Report.)

C.'LCUTTA, Sept. 16tli, 1896.

T’EA.— The sale of the 3rd instant, comprised
19,725 chests, of which 19,491 sold. Prices generally
were rather weaker, finest kinds selling about half-an-
anna lower and medium sorts showing a similar or
lather greater decline. Common descriptions were
slightly easier. Ou the 10th a large quantity was
brought forward, 32,910 chests being offere 1 of
which 32,493 found buyers. Fine teas were steady
and common descriptions very firm. Medium sorts
again were rather lower.

Total quantity of Tea passed through Calcutta
from 1st Apiil to It .li September.

1896.

1895.

1894.

Great Britain

57,537,427

55,497,187

5t,831,.379

Foreigu Europe ..

158,753

161,288

119,389

America

37i),811

155, 'J88

171,;457

Asia

2,035,389

1,977,007

1,592,3.54

Australia

2,474,113

3,070,754

2,213,874

62,585, 5‘26

61,162,221

58,378,353

^

ITtOPUCTION 01' Es.SENTIAL OILS IN SiCILY.—
Ceybni is, to some extent interested in the fol-
lowing informtatioii : —

Owing however, to the measures taken of late to
guarantee the genuineness of the Sicilian es.sential oils,
these have redeemed their character and regained their
place on foreign markets. The value of the volatile
oil depends wholly on the variety of the citrus whence
it is expressed, and that squeeezed from the peel of
the beigaraot is the most highly prized^ that of the
lemon coming next, while the orange essence only
occupies the third place in the scale of values. The
quauiity of essential oils shipped to all' countries
during 1896 was 37,911 kilogrammes, valued at 588,085
lire (lire 9 9-16d), and the large proportion of .32,010
kilogrammes out of this quantity was taken by Great
Britain, the value of the same being 224, o70. The
figures for 1894 were — total 62,422 kilogrammes, worth
733,908 lires ; and to Greet Britain 45,626 kilogrammes'
valued at 638,764 lire. It should however, be mentioned
here that in this instance at least the custom-house
valuation is apparently greatly in excess of the actual
market value of these Journal of the tSocietif

of 21.

OcT.

t H96.

Tiir: TROPICAL agriculturist.

2.93

(COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

Furnisled hi/ the Ohamher of Commerce).

Colombo, Sept. 21st, 181.6.

E.’cchange ON London : Closing Rates, Ilanl SeUtna
Hates: — On demand 1/2J to 5 ;>2 ; 4 months' sight
1/2 5-32 to 7-32; 6 mouths’ sight 1/2 310.

Bank Bunina Bates: — Credits 3 moutbs’ sight 1/2
11-32 to g; G months’ sight 1/2 11-32 to 7-lG. Dor.ts.
3 mouths’ sight 1.2g to 13-32; 6 months’ sight 1/2 7-16.

Coffee. — Plantation Estate. Parchment on the spot
per bus., RlG'OO to 17'00 Veiy scarce. Estate Crops
in Parchment, delivery no quotations. Plantation
Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. 83'00 92'50.
Liberian parchment on the spot per bushel, 12‘5'J to
13'CK). Garden and Chetty Coffee, f.o.b. per cwt. no
quotations. Native Coffee f.o.b. per cwt. R73-00 7G 00.

Tea. —Average Prices ruling during the week: Broken
Pekoe, per lb 57c. Pekoe per lb 11c. Pekoe
Souchong, per lb 35c Broken mixed and Du t, per
lb 29c. — Averages of Wednesday’s sale.

Cinchona Babk. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
perlbOl-ic. to 034c. — 1 to 4%

Cakdamoms.— per lb Rl'40 to 183.

Coconut Oil.— Mill oil per cwt. l l’OO to 14 25.

Dealers' oil per cwt. R13 75 to ll'OO. Coconut oil in
oriiinary p.ickages f.o.b. per ton. R315- '0.

CoPBA.— Per can ly of 5 J0 lb R39 00 to 47 03

Coconut Cake: (Poonac) f.o.b. per ton, RGO to 77'50.

Cocoa.— Unpicked and undried, per cwt. R25 to 35 00

Com Yabn.-Nos. 1 to g J Kogalla per cwt R9 to 18.

1 Colombo ,, 117 to 14.

Cinnamon.— Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 66jc.

Ordinary Assortment, per lb 63c.

Ebony: per ton.— R75-03 to 19.')-tK).— List Govt, sales.

Plumbago: — Large Lumps per ton, R130 to 310.

Ordinary Lumps per ton, H130 to 260.

Chips per ton, R70 to 120. Dust per (on, R30 to 90.
Rice. — Soolye per bag, R8 25 to R9'50.

Pegu and Calcutta Calunda per bag R8-75 to R9.25.

Coast Calunda per bushel, K3'25 to R3 41

Muttusamba per bushel, R3-25 to R3 75.

Kadappa and Kuruwo per bushel— No quotations.

R:iiigoon Raw 3 bushel bag RO 00.

Fbeiohts.

Cargo.

3 3 ^

CD

S

u ° ®

P.

^4

o

s. d.
10/
10/
7/6
7/6
7/6
5/

12; a

s. d.
22/6
22/6

<B .
05

Qj CD

^ O4

fsi? ft

3. d.
12 6
12/6
12/6
12 6
12/6
12 6

s. d.

25/

■3 ® .

p S o

15/

Tea

Coconut Oil
Plumbago
Coconuts in bags
Other Cargo
Broken Stowage
SAILERS.

Coconut Oil
Plumbago

Hamburg 7/6; Bremen 7/6; Antwerp 7/6;' Genoa 10,'.

JoOCAL MARKET.

Ry Mr. A. M. Chitlambalam, 7, Baillic St., Fort.

Colombo, Sept 29tli, lS9ti.
.Scarce per busliel

Garden Parchment
Ohetty do
Native Coffee .Scarce
do f.o.li. do
I.iberiaii Parchment,
do Coffee
Cardamoms.—
CocoA.-H(nominal)

Hick. — Market very high:
Kazla
Soolye

Calluud.i Scarce
Coast Callunda
Kuruve (.Scaiee)
Sluttu.s.amba

Ci.n.namoN.— Quoted No.s.

OS cents pe Ih (nominal)
CJUPS.— ItSS'OO to b7'60

do do

71 '00 to 72’nO per cwt
76-00 to 77-00 do
1 per bushel (nominal)
6:i-0U to 64 00 per cwt
1-00 to 2'00 per lb (nominal)
32 00 to 40-00 per cwt do

Hl-.-iO to S-00

8- 25 to 9-25

9- 00 to 9-50
3-L5 to 3-30

3-37 to 3-62

per b.ag
do

per bushel
do

1 to 4, at 64c and Nos. 1 and 2 at

Coc-INUTS.— Ordinary
do .Selected 41 -00 to 43-00

Coconut Oil.— 14-25 to 14 .50

C )PRA.— Market Steady:—

R3.J-00 to 40-00 per 1,000 (nominal)

.n-oo f„ <.,..1.-. jjj

per cwt do

Kalpitiya
Marawila
Cart Copra
Poonac. — Gingelly
Chftkku
Mill (retail)

Ebony. — quotations at
S.vTiNwoOD. — cubic feet
IIalmill.c— do

R45-OO to 4-5 -50 per candy
4.3-00 to 41-00 do
3S-00 to 4 2 00 do
70-O0 to Snuo per ton
70-00 to 75 00 do
65-00 to 70-00 do
HlOO to 11105 (nominal)
2-00 to 2-25 do

— - — 1-;15 to T50 do

IOtul kiHRE.— t)notcd at R-2S-00 per cwt (uominall
Palmyra Fibre. — Quoted nominally : — '

Jaffna Black. — Cleaned (Scarce)

do Mixed RlS-50 to 19-00

Indian do R7-00 to 9 -00

13o Cleaned 10-00 to 14'UO

Satan Wood.— Quoted 55-00 to 60 00
Kero.sine Oil— American 7-50 to 7-55

do Russian 3- 1 5 to 3'20 per tin

KAPOK.-Cle;uied f.o.b :- R>9-00 to 30 00 per cwt
do Uncleaned (new) 7-50 to S'OO do

Croton Seed 13-00 to 17 UO do

Nux. Vnomica -2-50 to :i-09 do

per cwt.
do

per ton
per case
per tin

CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION

1895-1896.

O

fcXi

CO ^

r

o

y

o

O V

X ^

X tS

C-1 CO 40 !>• f-< «t< «

!'• “ O O O M C55
52 • o C5 $1 .2

O • 3 CQ 'M .

X r-« M

C X
-«-j4 ps. o
' X X O 40
CO X

O 10 N 00

J-J I-- X 05

•2 — “M
O CO 5-1 C5

0> •«5*

"M i-i C-J

^ -f I-.

CO 05 04 O
• 5^ 05 O rf 'ij'

' iO 05

o 05

X o o — X •>>

’ ^ X O 3

> 05 f-4 ^ Tfl

^ 2 It

CO TO i>« -ri

‘O X -+< OJ O

■ ” r— J -Tf 05

‘O CO CQ

a .
*::-3

2 ; o

I C Q X O
CQ 5 X O' oi
CO — f-H 40 O
ei ;o » :o X
I X X o f-.

X TO CQ ^
CO 40 w
CO o-
O TO ^ ^
'{^ (M CO 01

X

.5

• o

• CO

2

X X IM t-(

S S w

CO CO

I • co w X 'O • • -VS ^1

0 40,:$05og .-^4

»o

fM

O O 05

2: 00

92 r: 0*0^

CO o
05 03 I- -Xl
O .-,.-0 00

fN

^ X O U-; Cl 1-^ I .-T. —

UO W r-« 05 TO X l'« O' 4?^ -o sc ^ ^ CO lO

g s 2 s i ? I g i I i s g - g

S CO

XMCO-.J4
C5 CO rH A
^ 03

« O 05 X

^ eo
C’^ CO ci

<5 w

40 •— I c c>
CO I- X 01
2^ tt C4J CO
X 40 40

^3 >1 M 03

‘O O
f'- Q 05

‘O CQ 5 ^

C-3 03 rH 01

CO

x^

I 5 o O ^ w X O X ^ ^ ^ ®

X CO X ^

O

ca 5

CO >■

X
t -

CO

i IS

' P
i H

C X 40 CO
CO 40 fN. 10
^ CO CQ
^ 05 X 05
CO <N »0 ^
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1-^ cc »

op 05
X 40

X

i-H X 1-^ C5
X X X 01
X I-* — o
03 X

o

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03

«

H

>?

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o

— —

- .

CO X 01
00

1

«o
-r uo

01 -ni

(N

40

(M o

• (^) 05 40

•

X ■*#* X

?1 3 .

18G28

67719

23284

46188

01

; ;

CO

• • 40 .

. .

645

3707

688

1891

1 X X 01 40 CO
X ^ «0

1-

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01

»o

X

01 »o

• 01 X .0

•

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52 c®f>.

5$ ^ C5.05
p 0 CO (X
1>- rr 03 ^
^ 40 03 ^

1

B

0 . .

....

^ « 05 0 05
rt X X X X

1-5 rs i-H

a»

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c3
n ->.

-'-a;

, S’®

eS

a c3

3 8 I c c« g ^ raw

Sc c S JS >»■«

(D O}

o.S

S'-

'a .* ©

g

t: C3

o

0<

X ft
OJ <3j

Bp.

284

THE TROPICAL AGRICUI.TURIST.

fOcT. I, i8g6.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUC I S.

(From Li’wis tO Peat's Fortnightly Price s Current, London, Si’jjteinbcr Oth, 1896. J

AtiOE-^, Soc'.otiinc

Ziin/.iliar Hci'i'tii
BEES’ WAX,

Zanzibar & ( White .
Bimibay I Yellow...
Manr tm> !<i Alailai.'a.'<,:a r..
CAMPHOR, China
.1 apan

CARDAMOMS, Malabar..

Ceylon.— Mysore

„ Tellicherry..

„ Eon;;

,, .Mangalore .

CASTv)R OIL, Calcutta..

Madras

CHIT.LIE.S. Zi.iizoc.; ..
CINCHONA BARK.—
Ceylon

QUALITY.

Fair to Hue
Common to

dry

croud

CINNAMON .Ceylon 1st'
2ml.'
3r .'

4tlis and 5ths
Ciiip.'

CLOVES, Penang

Amboyna
Zanzibar )
and Pemba /
Stems

cocm.ns i.NDiccs ..

COFFEE ••

Ceylon Plantation

native
I.iberian
COCOA. V eylon

C.iLOMllO ROOT

COIR ROPE, Ceylon ..

Cochin .

fibre. Brush .

Cochin ..
Stiitling

COIR YARN, t eylon .

Cochin ..
do.

CROTON SEEDS, s.fU-d..

CClCH •;

Bengal, rough
Calicut, tait a
B & C

Cocliin R iu '1

O <id to fine
Fair

Dark to good palish .
Fair average ipiality ..

, . noni. . .

Clipped bold, bright fine
Middling stalky & lean
Fair to tine plump
See s

tiood to line

Brownish

Shelly t> good

•Med brown to good bold

Ists and 2nds

Dull to line bright

Ledgeriana ( hips
rown. Renewed . .

Org. IStem
Hybrid Root

( hip

Ordinary to tine quill ..

ir.-s

nos

12.5s

(il.NUER,

.lapan

3FM AM.'iv/MAl'D.M .
an I'll. Zanzibar.

Madagascar

ARABIC E. I

, .t ,A b n .

cilm ti .
Kurrachee

Madras
assakcetida

KINO

Mh RKII . I'icke I

Aden sorts
OLIBANUM, drop

pickings

siftings

INDIAHUBBEK. A.ssiin

Rangoon

Borneo

Woody and hard
Fair to g 0.1

I lull to fine ' right bold

Dull to tine

Ctood and tine bright .

million di'll to fair ..
F.iir
Fair

Bo! 1 to tine bold c lory
.Midding to tine mid
Low mid. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary
Small to bold
Bold to tine bold
.\lediuiii and fair
Triage to ordinary
Fair to good
Old. A middling wormy

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to tine, long straight
Ordinary to good clean
omiiion to tine
ommon to superior
.. very tine
Roping, fair to good
Fair to good
Fair to tine dry
Fair

Good to tine bold
•Small and medium
Common to tine liold
Small and D’s
Cnsolit
Sill, block)' to tine clean
Picked tine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mi-ve '
Bean and Pea size ditt
Amber and dk. red bold
.Med. A bold glassy sorts
Fair to goml palish
red

Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to fine pale
Good and tine pale
Reddish to pale selected
ark to tine pale
iTeanfr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine bright
Fair to line pale
.Middling to good
Good to fine white ..
.Middling to fair
Low to good pale
Slightly foul to tine ..
Good to line
Common to foul & mxd
Fair to good clean
Common to tine

44s a luns
Ks a 70s

07 a .€S
£0 a ,€7
CO 5s a ,CG
107s Gd a
122s Gd .a __
Is Id a 2s Sd
Is 5d a Is firi
Is Sd a 3s 7d
2s Od a 3s lid
Is 8d a 2s
Is 3d a Is 8 1
Is Gd a 3s
is 4d a 3s Gd
2Jd a 3j!d
2Jd

25s a 3.5s

Id a 3id
2d a 4 .',d
lid a 3d
2id a 2.id
lid a 2d
10; d a Is Id
i)|Jd a Is
"id a llRl
Sid a 9Jd
3d a 3'id
7(1 a Ud
3d a 4d
2id a 2id
Ud a '2id
h'l

7s Gd a 8s

I NT ) I.V R U B B ER, r Con t(/;.
Java, Sing. & Penaitg

(

Mozambique

I

llOsa 118s
U)3sa UiSs
'.»7s a 101s
s a !)-s
G5s a 7.5s
7' IS a 80s
Gis a 73s
.3, 5s a G Js
22s a fiOs
12s a 17s
9s a 11s
nominal
£10 a .C15
CIO a C-24
C12 a C17
C.5 a £0 10s
C12 a C2G 10s
C12 a C34
ill 10s a £15
tiOs a GGs
17< a 32s Gd
13s

)2s fid a 83s
■;gs

28s a 32s
20s a 25s
1 5s Gd a IGs Gd
17s , a 30s Gd
CIO 7s Gd a C.3
C7 17/Ga£10 10s
70s a £7 12,G
Cl 5s a CO
90s a 137s 6 .1
C4 8s a CG 15s
c5 a. C7 5s
50s a 60s
;5s a G -s
G5s a G\'s
35s a 45s
37s Gd a 45s
40s a 7Gs
15s a 35s
£20 a .£25
SOs a 90s
33s a G >s
35s a 60s
20s a 31s
7s a 15s
9s Gd a 14s
Is lOd a 2s 3jd
3d a Is Gd
Is 4d a Is lljd
Is a Is 7d

j Madag.ascar
jlNBIGO, E.I.

MACFk Bombay, % Penang

.MYRABOLANES, Madras
Bombay ..

Bengal

NUTMEGS—

Bombay & Penang

NUTS, ARKCA
NUX VO. MICA. Bombay
JIadras

OIL OF ANISEED
cASSI.A
LE.MONGR.Y.SS
NUT.MI’.G
(TNNAMON
CITRON EL LE
OR BELLA WEED-
Ceylon
Zanzib.ar.

PEPPER (Black)-

Alleppeo (fc Tellicherry
Singapore

Acheen & W. C. Penang
IMA'.MB.UtO, lump

cliips

dust

S.VFFLONVER

SANDAL AVOOn—

Bombay. Logs
Chip.".
Madras, Logs
( hips

SAPAN WOOD, Bombay
Madras
Manila
.Siam

SEF.DLAC
SENNA, Tinnevelly

SHELLS, M. o’PE.ARL-
Bombay

I Mussel

TAMARINDS, Calcutta
Madras ...

iTORTOISESHELL—

Zanzibar and Bombay

TUR.MERIC, Bengal
.Madras
Do.

Do.

Cocliiu

VANILLOES-

M.uiritiu.s

Bourbon

Seychelles

VERMILION

and I

Ists

2nds

3rds

QUALITY.

Foul to good clean
Good to line Ball
rdinary to fair Bali
Low sandy Ball
Sansagf. fair to good
Liver and livery Ball
Fr to fine pinky & white
Fair to good black
Niggers, low to good
Bengal - -

.Shipping mid to gd violet
onsuming mid. to gd.
('rdinary to mid. good
■Mid. to good Kurpali .
Low to ordinary
Mid. to good Madras
Pale reddish to fine .
Ordinary to fair
{.'•hips and dark
Dark to fine pale UG
Fair Coast
Jubhlepore
Bliiinlies
Rliajpore A’c.

Calcutta
Gi’s to 57’s
11'2‘s to 65’s
IGO’s to 130's
Ordinary to fair fresh
Ordinary to middling
Fair to good bold fresh
.Small ordinary and fair
Fair inerclian table
.According to analysis
Good flavour & colour
Dingy to white
Ordinary to fair sweet
Bright (k good ti.ivour

Mid. to fine not woody
Picked clean flat leaf
,, wiry Mozambique

Fair to bold heavy

Fair

Dull to fine
Fair to tine bright bold
Middling to good small
Dull to tine bright
Ordin.iry to tine bright
Good to fine pinky
Middling to fair
Inferior and pickings

Fair to tine flavour

Fair to good flavour
Inferior to fine
Le.m to good
Good avei'age
I Rough A; rooty to good
i bold smooth
Ord. dusty to gd. soluble
'ood to line liold jrreen!**'Lv 8d
Fair mid'lling mediumi^id a 5.}d
n dark and small i' "^(1

(iUOT.YTTONS

1 s 3d a 2s 3d
2s 2d a 2s 5d
Is 2d a '2s l{d
lOd a Is Id

Is 4d a 2s ,5Jd
is 3jd a 2s 2jd
lsllida'2s .5d
Is 3d a Is Bid
10,id a Is GBl

4s Gd a 5s 2d

3.5 9d a 4s 4d
2s Bid a 3s Sd

2.5 Gd a 3s 3d
Isa IsGd

Is 4d a 2s 10(1
Is “(1 a -28 4d
Is 2d a Is Gd
Is

2s Gd a 4 s Od
4s

5s 9(1 a Gs
3s 9d a 7s
Is Gd a 5s 6d
is Gd a 5s Gd
is a 3s 2d
Is Id a 2s lid
9d a Is
8s Gd a 12s Gd
4s Gd a Os
Gs a 7s Gd
4s Gd a 7s
8s

4s Sd a 7s Gd

3ltl a 4d
4d a Is 3d
Is 2d a Is 9d

Us a 15s
10s a 20s
1 5s a 17 s Gd

2jd a 2}d

2 5-lOd a 2|d
2d a 2|d

15s a 17s Gd
3s Gd a 13s
Is Gd a 8s 9d
2s a Os
85s a 90s
80s

GOs a C5s

£30 a £50
5s a C3
£30 a £50
£4 a £8
£4 a .C5

£4 a £5 nom.
£4 10s a £5 15s
£Ga£7
70s a 95s

Common (

Bold and A’s

,j’s and B’s

.Small

Small to bold

.Mid. to tine liTk not stony

.Stony and inferior

Selected

Small to bold dark
mottle part heavy
Fair

Finger fair to fine bold
.Mi.xed midlng. [bright

Bulbs

Finger

Bulbs

Gd. crysallized 4 a 9 in.
Foxy & roddi.sh 4} a 8 ,.
Lean and inferior
, Inferior to fine crys
i tallized 3t a 9 in.
Fine, pure, bright

*4 15s a £5 '2s od
£410sa!;4 losO
85s a 90s
10s a 50s
9s

Gs a 7s
54s

19s Od a 24s Gd
7s Gd
8s a 9s Od
7s a 8s
Gs Gd a 7s 6d
63 Gd a 7s (id
5s Od a 7s Gd

17s a 82s
11s a 15s
7s a 10s

I 8s a 31s
;.[2s 8(1 a 9s

THE

SGRICULTURSL mSGSZinG,

COLOMBO.

Added as a Supplement MonthUj to the “ TROPICAL AGRIGULTURISTT

The Collowing pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine
for October : —

Vol. VIIL] OCTOBER, 1896. [No. 4.

SEASON NOTES.

RSTEllN lUiO VINCE— Ysln paddy
crop ripenings and harvesting has
commenced. Emit and vegetable
are reported to be scarce in the
Jvalntara and Negoinbo districts.
Central Province. — Yala crops are

ripening and are being harvested and in some places
fields being sown for Maha.

6'toc/c.— Foot and mouth disease is reported from
Udahewaheta in the Nuwara Eliya district.

Northern Province.— in paddy fields re-
tarded by want of rain. Outturn of dry grain
unsatisfactory owing to the drought— tobacco
fields continue low.

Southern Province.— Yn\a. crops reaped and the
yield middling except in the Ilinidum Eattn when
it is poor owing to unseasonable weather. Fruit
and vegetables reported scarce in the Galle and
Ilambantota districts.

Eastern Province. — Crops being harvested, other
in ear, results satisfactory.

Stoch. - Foot and mouth disease is reported from
Eatticaloa.

North-Central Province. — Yala crops Itave been
reaped with satisfactory results.

Stock. — Foot and mouth disease in all palatas,
cattle plague in all x^alatas except Tamankaduwa.

Sabaragamuira Province. — Yala croj) being liar-
vested, jirospects fairly good, and xdonghing and
sowing for the JMalui x'l’oceeding.

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL Of'
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH

OF SEPTEMBER

, 1896.

1

Tuesday

Nil

19

Saturday . ,

•62

2

Wednesday . .

Nil

20

Sunday . ,

•18

3

Thursday

Nil

21

Monday

•42

4

Friday

•04

22

Tuesday

102

o

Saturday . .

Nil

23

Wednesday . .

•37

6

Sunday

Nil

24

Thursday

•20

7

Monday

■56

25

Friday

•01

8

Tuesday

•10

26

Saturday

•78

9

W’ednesday . .

2-20

27

Sunday

Nil

10

Thursday . .

•31

28

Monday . .

•04

11

Friday

•03

29

Tuesday

■14

12

Saturday

•10

30

Wednesday . .

.•26

13

Sunday

•44

14

Monday

Nil Oct. 1 Thursday . .

3 02

15

Tuesday

•Oo

16

Wednesday. .

Nil

Total. .

11-12

17

Thursday . .

Nil

Mean , ,

•37

18

Friday

•33

Greatest amount of rainfall

in any hruos —

on

the 1st of October, 3

02 inches.

Recorded by M. W. K. BandakA.
«

A SUPPLY OF SEEDS AND PLANTS FOR
NATIVE CULTIVA’ORS.

If it is asked how the Government through thtJ
Agricultural Branch of the Department of Public
Instruction could bcit help the native cultivator,
we would be inclined to say that it is by giving
him facilities for procuring seeds and plants.
What are the means at present available to him for
securing these? Practically none. There is in
fact no place within easy reach of the cultivator
where the most ordinary seeds and plants which
yield food products could bo procured. Seeds of
grain croji.s and seeds and xilants of fruit trees are
what the cultivator may be said to be most in need

286

Supplemerd to the Tropical Agriculturists

[Oct. 1, 1896.

of Now, without going beyond Ceylon, we believe
that if the cultivator iu one district or province
found a ready means for obtaining seeds and plants
from another district or province he will thereby
materially benefit himself. It is well-known that
in certain remote districts where the food supply is
deficient, juk and breadfruit are practically
unknown as articles of diet, though the trees
producing these fruits should thrive well in such
places. AVe remember hearing some time ago that
a revenue officer, who is w'ell-known for tlie interest
he takes in the welfare of the poorer village popu-
lation, w’ent the length of offering rewards to those
who planted these trees in their gardens.

AV'e should imagine that a w'orkable scheme for
supplying the want which w'e have indicated above,
could bo formulated in connection with the work
of the Colombo School of Agriculture. This insti-
tution might be made a sort of central depot
where different kinds of seeds and plants of food-
yielding trees — both indigenous and introduced
species and varieties — could be jirocured by would-
be growlers. Nur, series and seedstores for keeping
up a supply of such plants and seeds as would be
specially suitable for cultivation by the natives,
would, of course, have to be established, and to this
end the school will need to be properly equipped
and furnished with the necessary funds. The
benefits of exchange of seed paddy are two
well-known to be stated here, and yot the
practice is but little adopted by paddy cultivators
in the island. In this connection w e may refer to
the successful experiments that were carried out
some years ago by Mr. William Jnnsz of fialle, and
which conclusively proved that better crops could
be obtained by sowing “ fresh” seed.

There are also many foreign varieties of paddjq
unknown in Ueylon, which can with advantage be
introduced into the island. The introduction of
the variety known as Carolina paddy many years
ago was admitted as a distinct gain to paddy cul-
tivation in Ceylon. We believe that the agricul-
tural society (now alas defunct) which flourished
in the forties, did good work by introducing new
forms of economic vegetation into the island.

If such a scheme as we have suggested is adopted,
and a central depot be established at the Colombo
School of Agriculture where seeds and plants
could be offered on easy terms to intending culti-
vators— who at present know’ not how’ or where to
obtain them — a great adv.ance will have been made
in the improvement of grain cultivation and the
encouragement of fruit culture iu the island.

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

We have received more than one application for
the locally manufactured type of plough referred
to iu our last issue, and at present six ploughs are
being made to order. One of these locally-made
implements is now being used on the Havelock
Ilacecourse, and is doing its work well.

The small crop of grapes from the vineyard at-
tached to the School of Agiiculture was taken in
early in Se])tember, the bunches numbering
about '200. Those who had an o])portunity of tast-
ing the fruit passed a iavoui’able opinion on the
quality of the grapes. It is to be hoped (hat (lie
e.xperiment in viticulture yvill be continued till Ih©

vines reach the “full-bearing” period, when a
final decision as to the ])rospects of the “exten-
sive” cultivation of foreign grapes in Ceylon may
arrived at.

The Government Agricultural Instructorshiiis
were suppressed at the end of August. It is to be
hoped, however, that! the vote for maintaining
the.se iiosts w'ill not lapse, for if the scheme initi-
ated by Mr. 11. AV. Green — the well-intentioned
and zealous promoter of^ agricultural education
in Ceylon — has been found to be barren of results,
there is all the more reason that a more jiractical
scheme should be formulated for the improvement
of native agriculture, to take the place of that
which has been withdrawn. An initial failure
does not justify the complete abandonment of a
good cause, but as the old rhyme teaches us, de-
mands a second and third trials.

AA'e would direct the attention of our readers to
the first of Mr. Zauetti’s paper on “ The Fruit
Tree” which ai>pears in the pre.sent issue — AA^ehave
no doubt that all fruit-grow’ers will join us in
offering our thanks to the w’riter for placing his
practical and u-seful knowledge at our di.xposal.
AVe may mention that W'e have already had
many applications for the past numbers of the
magazine w’hich contained Mr. Zanetti’s remarks on
“rruning,”-a proof of the usefulness of his
contributions.

]\Ir. \V. A. de Silva, late headmaster of the School
of Agriculture, and a qualified A'eterinary Surgeon,
has severed his connection with the school and
accepted service under the Municipal Council of
Colombo. As an Inspector of Cattle, Meat, and
Milk, Ac., Mr. de Silva should find ample .scope for
his veterinary attainments, and duties congenial
to his tastes. Mr. Iloole, late 2nd assistant teacher,
the .second old boy of the school who has qualified
as a A^eterinary Surgeon, has been ajipointed an
assistant to the Colonial A’eterinary Surgeon and
stationed at Anuradhajiura. The school is there-
fore the poorer by the loss of two teachers whose
idaces on the staff it will not be easy to fill.

The first se.ssional examination of forestry
students was held about the middle of August, the
sulijects in which they were examined being
Sylviculture, JMorphological Botany, Mathematics
(Euclid, Algebra, Trigonometry and Arithmetic 1,
Forest Law and Surveying.

Applications for rhea cuttings from the schorl
still continue to come in, so that before long we
shall probably be in a position to arrive at a deci-
sion as to the prospects of remunerative cultiva-
tion of this much valued fibre-plant in Ceylom

THE FOBEST l.AAVS OF CEYLON.

(Conti/iHcd).

The chief objects of the Ordinance No. 10 of
1885 would be best e.xplained by a few extracts
from Mr. Vincent's Report. In his introductory
chai)ter on the future management and Avorking of
Forest administration, Mr. A'incent points out
the evil effects of not protecting our forests. He
says : “ Where there is no effective forest conser-

Oct. 1, 1S9G.]

SupplemP7it to the “ Tropical Agricalturieity

287

vaiicy, iiiciva?iiig i)opulatioii soon finds that tliore
aro no forosts to sup])ly its wants, oi' that tliere is
no soil suitable for the extension of cultivation.
The latter may be said already to be the case in
Ceylon, for I may say with absolute correctne.ss,
that unless the resei ves at over 5,000 feet eleva-
tion are encroached on, there is no forest land be-
tween 2,0 )0 and 5,000 feet left for c.i])ital to open
out. And whyr' Because chena clearings liave
sw, allowed nj) all the forests which w'eie not in
times past re((uired for immediate sale. It is not
tliat all the forest has been cleared for coffee, and
that thus the enterprise has found its ow'n litnits,
but large though the extent of coffee e.states i-,
the map shows that immense areas, now only
covered with lantana, wmuld be available for fresli
developmentoftheenterpri.se had any foresight
or care been shown in preventing forest destruc-
tion. It is not a mere matter of opinion, but one
that is re])eatedly confirmed by officials and olii-
cial documents, that, owing to the apathy of
Government, various claims, such as tliose put
forward under tombu register extracts or under
old .Sannas : al.so to rights of paddy land appur-
tenances, to communal riglits, to proprietary and
occupancy rights under Ordinance No. 12 of 1810
A'c, have l)een allowed to exist unrecorded and
undefined. Cnder colour of these claims, people
have been permitted uu((nestioned to devastate
va.st areas of the finest forest, not only in the Cen-
tral Province, but throughout the moist zone. In
some places, I am informed, the forest cleared
has been land that Europeans had applied for, and
which was about to be surveyed for sale. Having
a detailed survey of the Central Province we can
estimate accurately what small areas of forests
are left uncleared, and what large ones are only
covered with scrub. Areas of forest are still left
in the moist zone, but when wo come to select our
reserves for the small local consumption of soft-
w'oods and fuel, we shall find that little is avail-
able in suitable situations, those forests best
situated having been sold or cleared, and that to
secure the small quantity of fuel required for our
railway, artificial })lantations have to be made.”
The chena cultivation question has been tlie sub-
fect of constant complaint and has been dealt
with by almost every Governor .«inco the time of
Sir Henry Ward. The (piestion is one of consider-
able difficulty. One of the main objects of the
Ordinance wuis to introduce a system which has
been found to work w'ell in similar circumstances
in British Burmali.

Tlie position of the Crown in regard to fore.sts
1 is al.so explained by Mr. Vincent, and it would be
: as well to quote liis very wsdrds on this subject
“ The po.sition of the state,” says Mr. Vincent,
with regard to its forests and w'aste lands is often
! misunderstood, and the Crowm is too frequently
' regarded as a private landliolder, instead of as a
: trustee with a large and valuable public property
' which it has to manage for the general good, and
• to protect against the innumerable forms of tres-
; pass to winch state forest property is everywhere
: exposed. Such has certainly been the mistaken
; position assumed in administering the forest law
of Ceylon and although the legislature may give
extensive, protective powers, judicial decisions
have usually thrown all the advantage on to the
other side. In endeavouring to punish forest
offences, the courts have regarded the Crown

not as a trustee for the whole nation, but as a
landholder who.se endeavours to protect an unjust
monopoly ought to be thwarted in every way.
The real object of the state is to administer its
ational trust to the best possible advantage, to
nrm State Porest Domains for the permanent
public benefit, protecting the public property
against indiviilual tresjiass. IVe wish to form
reserves of timber and fuel, at the same time
protecting the property of the nation and improv-
ing it. The Legi.slatiire has, not only in the
Timber Ordinance, but in almost every other law,
])ut large powers into tlie hands of the Executive
(iovernment, wliich it is trusted to exerci.'^e with
due discretion. The state has a powerful mo-
no))oly, which, if not carefully administered and
protected, may, as lias already to a great extent
happened in Ceylon, be gradually broken up and
infringed on, .so as to be of comparatively small
value. General public interests then suffer to
buietit only a few indi vidual.'^, who take advan-
tage of the incomplete state of the law, and the
ill-delined rights which it confers. The forest
question can onlj' receive proper treatment when
regarded from the standpoint of a large national
property, handed to us by the past generation,
and which we are also bound to maintain in un-
impaired productiveness for the benefit of the
present and future generations.” To give effect
to this view was the laresent ordinance specially
designed.

{To he continued.)

THE FRUIT TREE.

Fruit plants may be said to be composed of
four principal parts : roots, stem, leaves and

flowers. Plants originate from seeds, which
germinate when put into the ground, under
the influence of air, heat and moisture, giving
rise to two organs : one of tliese, the root,
has an inclination to avoid the light and bury
itself in the .soil, while the other, the stem, on
the contrary, seeks the light and grows above the
surface of the ground.

The tap root which is formed by the germi-
nation of the seed, grows in most cases verti-
cally into the soil ; it carries numerous branches,
which after lenghtening, become thick and woody
in the second year and spread themselves in the soil
laterally as well as vertically. On these branches
will be found the minute root — hairs which have
the powers of absorbing the nourishing matter
in the soil.

The important functions of the roots being
recognised, it is evident that in the cultivation
of fruit trees, we must be careful to favour their
development, and this is done by preparing for
them a very free and well fertilized soil. Generally
the growth cf the roots is in proportion to that of
the stem. We may conclude from this, that the
more numerous are the roots, the more branches the
stem will carry, and viceversa.

The stem is the support of the leaves and all
other aerial organs of the plant, it is so to
speak a communicating channel, through which the
substances absorbed by the roots reach the leaves,
and the organic food elaborated by the leavea
is distributed through the entire system of the
plant. — At a certain height the stem will produce

288

Supplement to the Tropical Acjriculturist''

[On. 1, 1896.

branches which again snbdiTide to form jn'i-
iiiary and secondary brandies.

The loaves appear on the stem and its rami-
lications ; and through tliem le.spi ration and the
absorption of gases from the air is carried on.
Buds are formed in the angles of leaf and
stem or branch, and in some cases at the end
of shoots. These buds contains rudiments of
new shoots or new flowers. Those of shoots
are thin and pointed, (called bj' the fruit culturist
buds for wood); buds containing flowers (buds
for fruit) are tliicker and of a roundish appear-
ance.— Bruit growers make use of buds as
reproducers of varieties by inserting them on
plants grown from seeds. — While the leaves of
the plant absorb the gases and moisture con-
tained in tl.e atmosphere, the roots take in
water and dissolved food substances from the soil
which are necessary to vegetation. This disolved
food absorbed by the roots, ascends by the stem
up to the leaves. Once arrived at the leaves
and in contact with the gases absorbed by them,
and under the influence of heat and particularly
of light, it undergoes a semsible change,
becoming more concentrated and acquiring new
properties. In this form it descends from the
leaves and becomes distributed throughout tlie
plant. This liquid is the one which essentially
helps in the nourishment and development of
plants or trees.

Fruit trees are pro]).agatedby seed or by division.
Tlie proiiagation by seed is the natural course
by which all plants can be jiropagated, but through
this means we will only obtain plants true to
the .«]iecies, though not necessarilj' true to the
variety, sineo when seed-grown they are subject
to certain modifications of character. As an ex-
amjile a mango tree grown simply by seed, may
not turn out in wood, leaves, flowers and fruit,
identical in character with the tree from which the
seed was obtained. Propagation by division is an
articfiial course adopted by man. Its object and re-
sult is to exactly reproduce the characters of the
variety iu all its parts. This mode of propagation
isenwed on by meuisof cuttings, by under layers,
or by the method of budding and grafting. From the
facts above mentioned it is evident that the fruit-
grower will dejiend on the seed only to reproduce
good healthy subjects on which to graft the variety
he intends to cultivate.

( To he continuefl.)

THE INSPECTION OF MEAT.

By fi. W. SruRGass, m.u.c.v.s., &c.. Government
Veterinary Surgeon.

111.

Abnormal Aj.pearanve of Flesh. — {continued.)

Yellow Flesh. — Is generally seen as the result
of Jaundice.

Dark or Maejenta Coloured Flesh. — A v’ery dark
appearance of the flesh is usually indicative of some
grave blood disease, and it becomes more marked
after exposure to air for a short time, ft is also
.vieen when animals h ive died from strangulation
or suffocatiou, or severe forms of fetter. It should
lie classed a.s unmai liOtalde.

fireen Flesh. Is iudicalive, in most cases, of
patrefaction or mortilicaldon and almost always

associated with a bad odour. Occasionally the
stomach is lacerated by the butcher whim being
removed and the contents escajte and stain the
surrounding tissues green — the trick of stripping
being then ]iractised to remove it.

Odours. I’articular kinds of food impart an
odour to the flesh. Too lilieral feeding with tur-
nips gives to the flesh a peculiar smell— also in
cases where the animal has been choked by a tur-
nip the odour is especially pronounced. Medicines
such as turpentine or ether give an odour to the
flesh. The odour of urine is given to the meat in
cases of urine poisoning. Meat may contact un-
pe.isant odours from some bad smelling matter or
gas being present in or near to the slaughter-house
esiiecially those odours arising from the close prox-
imity of closets, cesspools or latrines.

Kffects of Cold %ipon Flesh. — Frozen flesh has a
damp, cold feel and is generally stained a ligdit
pink colour due to the effect upon the colouring
matter of the blood, and muscles. Frozen meat
should be carefully e.xamined and tbe carcase or
joints deeply cut into, because unless a carcase has
become quite cold at the time of freezing, the
cutside becomes frozen and the interior does iiot,
consequently it soon putrefies and is worthless.
Frozen mutton is generally admitted to be prefer-
able to frozen beef — in the former case the car-
case is frozen whole while the carcase of beef is
cut into a number of parts thus losing more of its
nutritive qualities.

SERICULTURE.

The Muga silkworm, Anthermt ssama, is a wild
form next in commercial importance to the Tiis.ser.
The insect is met with chiefly in Assam, but is
also found in North Burma. It is to a certain
extent domesticated in Assam, as it is often reared
in houses ; but the best cocoons are obtained only
from those that are allowed to form on tbe trees.

The Aluga is a multi voltine worm producing
five broods a year. The full grown worm is nearly
five inches in length and is as thick as the fore-
finger. It is of a green colour, the under part
being of a darker shade ; while the back is of a
lighter green. The body is composed of ten rings
each with four hairy red moles; a brown and
yellow strijie extends midway down each side
from the tail to within two rings of the head
and below it the breathing holes are marked by a
row of seven black points; the head and claws are
light brown and the holders dark green with black
prickles. When in a wild state ami feeding on the
trunk of a tree, the worms often descend by the
branch when they have exhausted the .-iqiply of
eaves on one tree and resort to another. They always
prefer young trees, apparently because old trees are
often infested by ants. They feed from eight
o’clock in the morning till near noon and from
three till sunset. A complete cycle of the Muga
worm lasts for about 54 days in warm months and
81 days in the cold season.

Hatching

7

10

days.

Worm

26

40

Spinning Cocoon

4

7

ft

In the Cocoon

14

21

tf

A.s a Moth

.‘1

3

ft

The cocoon of the

M uga

is large and tl

liiif ad

fawn coloured : it is

about

1 inohes long

and Olio

inch in diameter.

Oct. 1, 1896.]

Supplement to the ‘‘ Tropical Agriculturists

289

I The export of Mugasilk from India i.s principally
in tlie tonn of tkrcrul wliicli are sent to the I’eriian
(iiilf.

Ur. Watt in his Dictionary gives the following
a.s the food plants of the Mnga worm on the au-
thority of Sir. D. Brandis : —

1 Cinnainomiiin Obtusifolium

2 Cylicopodaphne nitida.

3 Michelia Chainpaca Sinhftljse, Sapu.

4 Machihis Odoratissima.

5 Symplocos I’audillora.

(1 Litsoea Citrata.

7 L. Folyantha.

8 L. Salicifolia.

AV. A. 8.

BEE-IIIYES.

Albert Gale, a well-known writer on Apicul-
ture, has devoted a series of articles to this
subject, which have appeared on the Agricultural
Gazette of New South Wales. For much of the
information given below we are indebted to
this authority, who states that he has wrritten
with the object of giving instruction not to pro-
fessional bee-keepers but to beginners, particularly
to those in remote place where carriage and
other concomitant ti’oubles one always standing
in the way of the enthusiastic amateur. Orginally
bees, like the wild bees of the present day,
constructed their combs among rocks and caves
and such like places where natural shelter was
afforded them. The development of artificial
homes for bees was very slow. Those used in
Kgypt even now, are sundried earthen tubes,
about 4 feet long. The same style of hive is
said to be the one adopted by the Japanese
and the hill tribes of North India. From these
sundried clay pots to the old fashioned straw
hive development was very slow. For obtaining
the honey both from the clay pots and the straw
hive “fire and brimstone” were the persuasive
arguments used to induce the little busy bee
to yield -up its laboriously — gathered stores to
satisfy the cravings of the bee-keeper. For long
this barbarous system, which is in vague even
at the present day in Ceylon, continued to
be practised till some humane individual came
to the conclusion that something might be done
to save the valuable lives of the inmates of
the hive. It was Nutt who invented the straw
super which was improved upon by ‘Neighbours,’
Fettitt’s and Taylor’s bell-glass supers. About
1S64, The Times (London) Bee-master strongly re-
ommended “Fettitt’s Hexagonal” as improved
by himself, and by the introduction of 6 slides for
the purpose of communication between the
broodchamber over the super. But later on he
discarded it for the Ayrshire Bo,x-hive. Fettitt’s
“ Temple-hive ” with its 4 bell-glasses from which
the drones were effectually excluded, seems to
luive been one of the first wooden structures
for bee-keeping having any pretensions to use
and ornament used in England.

In 1848 the Rev. Mr. Drieron, published his
Theory and Fractice of Bee-culture, in which he
doicribed his method of I'emoving the combs
without their being entirely destroyed. His
method was by a moveable toji-bar to which the
bees attached tlie comb, and also attached it to

the sides of the hive from where it had to be
removed by the application of the knife. This
was the germ from which sprang the moveable
bar-frames.

The Rev. L. L. Langstroth, constructed a
hive on the plan of the folding hives used by
the celebrated Huber for the purpose of veri-
fying some of his (Huber’s) valuable discoveries.
The use of the Huber hive had convinced Langs-
troth that a hive could that should give the
bee-keeper a complete control of the combs
without enraging the bees. The cutting of the
combs from their attachment to the sides and
bottom of the hive was the great drawback in
Drierron’s invention, and Drierrons moveable
top-bar speedily gave place to Langstrotth s move-
able frame.

The various forms of hives now in use are
all more or less modifications of the Langstroth.
AVhatever the pattern, model, or size the ma-
terial most suitable is soft, porous, light wood.
The wmod should be well-seasoned so that there
may be no hoisting or shrinking with atmos-
pheric changes. Among other hives besides the
Langstroth or Langstroth Simplicity, are the
Gallup, Heddon, (iuinby, Berlepch, Long-Idea &c,
as modifications thereof.

The Heddon hives, though of most approved
Structure, are only suitable for very experienced
bee-keepers. It recpiires a skilled mechanic to
make them, and they are far more difficult in
manipulating than the Langstroth.

The Langstroth hive has stood the best of
nearly half a centui’y and it is the most
generally used.

Ifi-of. Cook has said of it, “ It left the hands
of the great master in so perfect a form that
even the details remain unchanged by many of
our first bee-keepers.”

Anyone, says Mr. Gale, who has a fair amount
of skill with tools can make a Langstrott hive.
The following hints are given to guide the
amateur bee-keeper in constructing his own
hive after the Langstrott type : —

The wood used should be soft, light and well-
seasoned, and the only thing that is imperative in
the construction is that the measurements must
be rigidly adhered to, otherwise there will be no
end of trouble in the manipulating of the bees.
Many a beekeeper who has been his own carpenter
has given up beekeeping in disgust, because, in
the construction of the home-made hives, there
has been a w'ant of care in giving bee-space —
quarter of an inch — truebee space is inch.

The wood in kerosine and other packing cases
is more or less suitable. For the colder districts
the sides of the first named are too thin. The
smell of kerosine is quickly evaporated by placing
the cares in the full glare of the sun. The most
suitable thickness is one inch or a little less if no
planing is to be done. The ends must always be
of inch wood or of sufficient thickness to admit
of a rebate (rabbet) for the moveable frames to
hang freely. The ends of kerosine cases, though
not an inch thick, answers very well for the pur-
pose.

The brood chamber or body of the hive is 94
in deep if a moveable bottom is used, but if the
liottom be a fixture (though a moveable bottom
is always preferred) it should be 10 in deep. For
an eight-framed hive the ends must be 14^ in — ■

290

Sjipplemenl In the “ Tropical Agricullurist.”

[Of'T. 1, 189G.

that is if tbe sides are to be nailed to the ends —
blit If the ends are to be nailed to the sides an
allowance must be made for the thickness of the
sides. The sides must be 20 in outside measure-
ment. Therefore a piece of timber 6 ft x 10 in
is sufficient to make a brood chamber or a full
size super. From such a piece of timber, first cut
off 281 in (if the sides are to be nailed to the ends,
and it is always better so to do) and work a
rebate (sabbet) f in plus the thickness of the top
bar oi the moveable frame, and the top bar of such
a frame should be at least 5 in thick, afterwards
cutting into two eipial parts. Each one will thus
be 111 X 10 in.

An easier and simpler way of making the rebate,
although not so workmanlike, is to plant a strip
along the end piece of the frame and fasten it
with tine nails.

A full-siz.ed super is the same measurement as
the brood chamber. It will be noticed that if a
moveable bottom board be used the depth of the
bar-frame will be 9;| in, thus coming flush with
the base of the end piece of the framt, and show-
ing no bee-space — a cleat to form the bee-space is
fa^tened on the bottom board. Half-sized supers
for shallow frames are the same measurements in
all e.xcept in depth.

Since the above was written we have had an
opportunity of conferring with a gentleman who
has had much experience in bee-keejiing, and
carried on apiculture in Ceylon with much success.
He places groat importance on the structure of the
hive best suited for Ceylon bees, and though the
hives adopted by him were constructed after the
modern type of frame hives there are some im-
portant alterations which have been made to suit
local conditions. This gentleman is having a hive
built for u.s according to his own plan, and
we hope to be able to induce him to describe
its construction, and, if possible, also to detail
his experience in bee-keeping, in a future issue.

MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS.

(By Mr. Ja.mk.s lUor.i.i.sox),

Superin fe/ident, (ioventmeuf Farms, Bumtiay.

The food given to milch cattle inllnences the
quality of the milk to a considerable extent. Suc-
culent food undoubtedly causes increased .secretion,
but at the same time it lowers the percentage of
total solids. The morning’s milk is usually not so
concentrated as the evening’s milk, but on the
ot-her hand the morning yield is greater. It is not
clear why this increased yield should be associated
with a diminution in the percentage of solids, un-
less we presume that the longer {joriod which
generally elap.^es, between the evening and morn-
ing milking permits of fuller and freer secretion
than the shorter interval between morning and
eveninc^. The observations taken at the Poona
Government Farm show about one imrcent. differ-
ence of total solids in favour of the evening’s milk
which, is however, more than counterbalanced by
the increased yield in the morning.

The butter fat exi-^ts in milk as butter glolinles
of various size.s eadly di.scernible ut der the micros-
cope. The butter globule.s are of lower sped lie
gravity than the ol her constituents of milk. Con-
eequeiitly if the milk is .set in a vessel, the butter

fat rises to the surface to form cream which can
be se|)araled by .skimming. In the milk the casein
also exi.sts in suspension in minute globules. In
fresh milk the casein umther tends to rise nor sink
because it has absorbed part of the ivater of milk
and i.s thereby softened and swollen, so that it is
more evenly diffused through the water of milk.
The sugar of milk is in .solution ; the mineral mat-
ter is jiartly in solution and partly heh! in su.sjien-
sion. it consists mostly of iihosjihate.s and com-
mon salt. The ash constituents are oxides of
iron and alumina, magnesia, potash, soda, lime
and phosphoric acid.

l\Iilk rapidly undergoes cliange, iiarticnlarly if
the day temperature is high. T'he changes are
induced by bacterial ferments which thrive in the
milk because it is almost a perfect food. The most
common change which occurs in the souring of
milk is brought about by the conversion of sugar
of milk (lactose) into lactic acid. The curdling
of milk is an accompaniment of the lactic fermen-
tation. This curdling can be accomplished artifi-
cially by means of an organic or mineral acid, or, as
in cheesemaking, liy jirecijiitating the casein by the
use of rennet. The active principle in rennet is
the digestive agent found in the fourth stomach of
a calf. It not only curdles the casein but also
induces other changes which lactic acid cannot
induce. The change of lactose into lactic acid is
merely a molecular one and is duo to growth of
the betcferdmi lactisf sui organism plentiful in the
air of a dairy but jiarticularly where a daily is not
kept scrupulously clean. Immediately milk is
drawn from the udder it is subject to contamina-
tion. The chemical changes which then take |)laco
are directly caused by ferments induced by con-
tamination. The temperature of the milk ns it is
drawn from the udder i.s just the temjieratnre at
which the reproduction of microbes takes place
most rapidly.

If milk is cooled immediately bacterial growth
is checked and will not again become active until
the milk slowly warm-q which it wTl do if the tern
perature of t he dairy is higher than that of cooled
milk. If the temiieiatnie is high, the milk will
notkeeii long; if it i.s low the n.iik will remain
sweet a considerable period. Milk which has been
boiled and t hen rnjiidly cooled and afterwards kept
in a cool clean jilace will keeji longer than milk
not so heated ; but if the surroundings of the dairy
are unsanitary, and the dairy is within range of
any unwholesome smell or otlier unhealthy in-
llnence, the milk is bound to become tainted in a
manner which jirobably will make it dangerous for
human food. Alilk sours quickly in India during
the hot season and also during the first jiart of the
monsoon. During the early rains the atmos])here
ii- close and sultry, and though the heat is not
excejitiounlly oppressive, there i.s “thunder in tlie
air,’’ and any atmospheric electrical disturbance
has a material effect in causing milk to sour
quickly.

iMilk as it is secrete. 1 may be contaminated b.C
deleterious substances iu the food ; morover a dis-
eased cow may yield milk which may be impreg-
nated with disea.se germs and may therefore be
the means of causing contagion, but as it leave.s
the ndder it contains no fermentative bacetria. A
few hours after milking the number of bacterial
germs found in a cubic inch of milk is almost in-
credible, particularly if the temperature favours

Oct, 1, 1896.]

Sui^plement lo the “ Tropical AgricuUaristy

291

reproduction. The bacteria which cause fernien-
tative changes in milk can he destroyed or at
least their development and activity can be stayed
in many ways.

Boracic acid, carbonate of soda and salti)etre
are all used as milk preservatives, the first being
the most effective. These agents do not destroy
fermentative organisms, but only check their
development.

If the udders of the cows and the hand of the
milker are clean, if the milk vessels have been
thoroughly washed and well scalded, if the cows
are milker! in a jnire atmosphere and if tiie uddei'.s
ai'e not inflamed or otlierwise diseased, it is
clear that the danger of organisms entering tlie
milk is minimized.

But fermentative bacteria always e.xist in the
air and it is practically impossible to prevent milk
coming in contact with them ; thei’efore other
precautiens to prevent fermentative changes are
necessary.

Heat will kill all organisms in milk. If tlie
heat ap])lied is high enough, milk will be steri-
lized. Boiling will kill all bacteria. If boiled
milk is kept out of contact with the air it
Mill kee]) indefinitely. I’reserved or condensed
milk is prepared by evaporating milk to Mdiich
sugar has been added until tlie mixture ac-
quires the consistence of syrup. Whilst hot it
is hermetically sealed in tins and keeps good
for years. A liigli temperature kills the ferments
of milk, a low temperature, interrupts their ac-
tivity if it does not actually destroy them.
.Milk, kept frozen, will keej) good for months,
whilst a mean temjieraturc of 3.'5° to 40° H. is
sufficiently low to keei> it good for days. A
maximum day temperature of oo° F. will en-
able milk to be kept good sufficiently long to
allow all the fat globules to rise to the surface.
Whilst if the mean day temperature is 70° F.
or higher the lactic ferment is so active, that
lactic acid is formed in sufficient quantity to
curdle the ca.“ein in a very short time, and the
curdling entangles the butter fat globules so that
they cannot rise to the surface.

“NITKAGIN,” OR THE FSF OF PFKF
CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA FOR
LEGUMINOUS CROPS.

llellriegell’s celebrated experiments have al-
ready been referred to. Briefly to recapitulate
these : in the course of his experiments, llellriegell
found that the assimilation of the free nitrogen
of the atmo.sphere was concurrent M'ith the
development on the roots of certain leguminous
plants— of nodules wdiich w'ere subsequently found
to contain specific micro-organisms or Bacteria ;
hut that when these were absent, growth of the
plant was stunted, and assimilation of free
nitrogen did not take place. Further, that
development — of the nodules could, speaking
generally, be induced in sterilised sand supplied
with purely mineral food, but containing no
nitrogen, provided there were then added to it
the watery extract from a fertile soil ; but that
in the case of certain plants, e. (/. lupins, the ex-
tract from an ordinary fertile soil did not suffice,
though that of a soil in which the particular

crop ex})erimented on had been previously grow-
ing well M’as effectual in producing development
of the nodules on the roots.

Working on the lines thus enunciated by
llellriegel, Nobbe carried the inquiry a step further,
and he reasoned from the observations made,
more particularly in the case of lupins, that it
M'as very jirobable that each plant posses.sed its
particular kind of nodule, or, rather, that the
nodules of particular plants contained bacteria
peculiar to themselves, and that hence what was
necessary ivas to seek to ensure for the plant
grown the pre.'ence of the particular organisms
that favoured the as.similiation by it of the free
nitrogen contained in the atrao.sphere.

Nobbe accordingly started from the other side
of the question, and taking the nodules which
he found on particular leguminous plants, he set
to work to eliminate the specific organisms and
to obtain them in a pure state. It had been
known, as 1 have already pointed out, that the
growth of certain leguminous plants like lupins,
which would not thrive on ordinary fertile soils,
could be induced by mixing with the soil other
soil from where lupins, for e.xample had been
growing well.

But it was also known to Nobbe that this trans-
ference of soil, besides being costly and incon-
venient, had disadvantages connected with it,
for not only Mere the sx)ecific organisms that
might be favourable present, but there might
be others that Mere distinctly unfavourable or
destructive; M'hile fungoid diseases, parasitic
growth.', and other elements of a nature prejudi-
cial to the development of the plant might also be
simultaneously imported. He sought, therefore,
to avoid this by obtaining, in the pure state, the
specific organisms M’hich muxs believed to act
favourably in the case of each leguminous crop,
and ap.ut fiom the disadvantages that might at-
tend the presence of unfavourable elements.

The method adopted by Nobbe and Hiltner M'as
that known as “ pure cultivation.” The contents
of the particular plants M'ere used for inoculat-
ing, in the usual M-ay, a plate of specially pre-
pared gelatine, and the organisms M’ere cultivated
on it. A second plate M’as inoculated from one of
the colonies so formed, and the organisms again
cultivated. This M’as repeated succes.sively until,
finally, a ‘‘pm'e cultivation ” was obtained of the
organisms believed to be the one peculiar to the
particular jilant, and the one bv means of Mdiich
nodules were formed and the plant M'as enabled
to assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere.

On examining mico'-oscopically the organisms
sbtained from the nodules of different leguminous
plants, Nobbe could not, however, discover any
external appearances which specially characterized
one or the other, or wdiicli distinguished one
from another.

Indeed, up to the present, it has not been
possible to say, as the result of microscopial
examination, that a particular organism is the
one particular to peas, to clover, to lucerne or
to any leguminous plant. 8till, seeing it was
known that in order to get lupins to groM’n, ino-
culation M itli a soil on M’hich lupins had thriven
was necessarj’, but that inoculation with soil
where peas, for instance, had grown, w'as not
effectual, Nobbe was led to conclude that, though
there might be no external differences in tli^

292

i^upplemcnt to the Tropical Agriculturist."

[Oct. 1, 1896.

appearances of the organisms of the two plants,
yet the organisms miglit have umlergonc some
alterations during the symbiosis with tlio parti-
cular plant, w’hich rendered its action different
in each case. He therefore pursued the investiga-
tion further in this direction.

COKRESPOiN HENCE.

Sir,— Mr. W. Nock’s remarks on this subject, are
very welcome, and at our next opportunity will fol-
low his advise and watch results. I believe the
number of bunches on the vines in this last crop,
was not such as to fear it affecting the future of
the plants; I have seen so many good results from
thinning of fruit in general, to neglect the opera-
tion or doubt of its usefulness. If it has been
proved that doing so wdll improve tlie remaining
fruit, not only in flavour (especially where sac-
charine matters are concerned) but also in appear-
ence and still further hasten the maturing of the
fruit, this is not, I believe, exactly wanted here,
where grapes takes uery little more than half tlie
time to mature than it takes in other countries and
1 must say to great disadvantage of flavour. I
have not seen any thinning of the berries in the
Continent, nor in Australia, probably 1 have not
seen enough, as there is plenty to see and learn in
this cultivation. In countries, wliere vine grow'-
ing is done generally on a large scale tliis could
not be attempted. In England whore hol-bouses
and other artificial aids are applied for this culti-
vation, it is 1 am aware the practice, and I am
quite persuaded that if carefully done by a very
light and steady hand, it w’ould benefit the remain-
ing berries. Amateurs or prize fruit growers, should
cerfaiidy do it for the sake of fine specimen on a
small scale, but 1 dont think the operation as des-
cribed by Mr. Nock, could be done when vines are
growui for market purposes and as a condition
sine qua nun.

Referring to those perfect grapes seen by you
in the fruit shops of London, they might not have
undergone this thinning process, but more likely
owed their lovely appearance to nature, the variety
they belonged to and the soil that nursed them.

The Golden Chasellas, that gave us that little
fruit this time, is one of the very few varieties
allowed to pass as table grapes, having .small ber-
ries in compact bunches ; almost all the others, and
the best (every Muscat, Ladies-finger, Gross Col-
man, etc.) have large bunches with large berries
well distributed and ventilated ; I could not make
up my mind to thin any of these bunches by re-
moving some of their berries, but certainly would
remove a whole bunch (wdien too many on the
vine). In removing the number of bunches on a
vine I would take care to remove the highest first,
the nourishing fluid loosing a good deal in water
during its run along the wood and before reaching
them.

Those vine grow'ers in Victoria wdio own and
cultivate from 10 to 60 acres of table grapes only,
and supply a ])rndiice which is generally acce])ted
as the pride of Melbourne fruit shops, do not thin
their berries but remove bunches here and there,
when too heavy a crop is maturing. Such produce
they attain by the good varieties they deal with

and good cultivation. The words of Mr. E. iM.
Bailey, recorded by you on the thinning of fruit,
should certainly be studied by all fruit-growers
and his advice strictly followed ; 1 do not think,
though that his remarks /-e-fruit in the tjueens-
land markets, includes the grapes. It seems to
me, this as w^ell as other fruit in bunches, should
not be dealt in bulk with others in the thin-
ning question. According to Mr. Nock’s remarks
it is also evident, that it is an operation which
requires training and quite different from thinning
of other fruit.

1 have wdth me a volume of 950 pages on viticul-
ture, written by Dr. E. Rollaci, Professor of Botany
at Rome's Viticultural College, the leading
authority of the day in the Continent. I do not
think he 'would have dealt with the subject, where
all those details are given regarding the attentions
to be paid to the grapes while maturing, and yet
not say a single word in reference to tlie thinning
of berries, though he advises removing wliole
bunches. 1 am. Yours truly,

C. ZANETTI.

REPORT OF Mr. C. DRIEBERG, b.a., f.h.a.s.,
SUPERINTENDENT OF THE COLOMBO
SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE.

The School-

The number of students on the roll was 24,
about the same as in jirevious years, and on
tlie results of the final examination three of
the senior students were awarded certificates of
merit by the Depai'atment. The forestry class,
which had been instituted as a sort of nucleus
of the proposed School of Forestry, had unfor-
tunately to be given up when ilr. Broun, the
Conservator of Forests, ivent away on leave, as
satisfactory arrangements could not be made for
its continuance. 1 am aware that there has been
some correspondance between Government, the
Director of Public Instruction, and tiie Conser-
vator of Forests, relative to the cost of the
proposed forestry course at the School of Agri-
culture, and I trust that something definite and
favourable to Mr. Broun’s scheme has been
arrived at by this.

With regard to the veterinary lectures, 1 would
again emphasize the imjiortance of establishing
a small hospital or infirmary for animals, to
provide students with the means of acquiring
some practical experience in veterinary science.
The course must always remain incomplete
without such means. The hospital, Avliich need
not — -and indeed had better not— be on these
premises, would be almost self-supporting if
economically worked on the lines of the in-
firmary attached to the Bombay Veterinary
College and in connection with the Society for
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

Agricultural Instructors

During the year 1 was given the opportunity
of visiting some of tiie st.ations to wdiich agri-
cultural instructors had been aj)pointed. Before
that I had oflicially no concern with the work
of the instructors. The appointments of these
ollicers are generally made on the recommendation
or at the request of Government Agents or Assis-
tant Government Agents, who have special schemes
of uu agricultural nature to be carried out bj'

Oct. 1, 1806.]

Supplemmt to the “ Tropiml Agricnlturht!'''

293

tiiR instriictorp. Siifli are t,lie appointments of
tlie instructors in tlie Province of Sabaragamiiwn.

The application for an agricnltnral instructor
hy a revenne officer may be taken as a guar-
antee tliat the operations of the instructor will
be closely’sniiervisecl, with the resnlt that effii-
cient work of a special kind will bedone. There
are some instructors, however, who, having per-
haps been originally appointed on the a])plicaion
of an Agent or Assistant Agent, are at present
(owing to changes in the service) left, so to
speak, witbont a patron, and the work of such
has generally little to commend it. The posi-
tion of an instructor is a difficult one. He is
appointed on a salary of about R30 or R40 a
month, and is expected to establish a model
garden, getting, if possible, the help of the boys
of the nearest village school, where be has also to
teach the Agricultural Primer published by the
Department ; the place to which he is appointed
is generally a remote one, and without strong
official patronage there is little opportunity for
bis doing useful work ; he frequently ex-
periences difficulty in obtaining a suitable site
for bis garden, and having secured one, all the
necessary expenses of cultivation have to be met
by him; there is generally no market for his
produce ; and, what with lodging and boarding
himself, he finds, if he attempts to maintain a
well-stocked garden of any pretensions, that he
is out of pocket at the end of each season. But
when an instructor receives no help or encour-
agement from the higher officials and villagers
show no interest in his work, and when be finds
that bis garden is not regularly inspected, be
would appear to lose heart, and begin to think
that it would be best to try and save something
for himself from his salary, while keeping up
an inex]>ensive show of a few plots stocked
with easily grown native vegetables. The experi-
ment of sending out Government paid agricultural
instructors has, I think, in the main proved a
failure, and been the indirect means of bringing
ranch discredit on the School. Whatever may
have been ‘the original intention of the appoint-
ments (presumably the popularizing of an im-
proved system of paddy cultivation) and the
provision for maintaining the work of the in-
structors at a satisfactory standard, it cannot
be denied that their continuance is not justified
by present circumstances. In saying this I do
not mean to deprecate the appointment of in-
structors for special work under the direct
control of revenue officers. It is for the present
sufficient, I think, that the Government provides
the means of a cheap agricultural education to
the natives of the country without also pro-
viding .so-called instructors, who, with vaguely
defined duties of doubtful utility, need special
arrangements for the inspection of their work.
The expenditure on maintaining instructors would,
in my opinion, be better utilized in the encourage-
ment of native agriculture by the offering of
awards for superior produce and stock and
careful cultivation, in connection with a scheme
for bolding .agricultural shows, which are re-
cognized in rural economy as strong incentives
to activity, a ready means of testing the possi-
bilities of soil and climate and the capabilities
of the cultivator, and as convenient centres of

communication where much useful knowlede is
disseminated.

The Government Dairy.

On 1st January the dairy herd was composed
of 79 cows, 40 calves, 1 stud bull, and 2 draught
bullocks. During the year 7 Sind cows and a
stud bull of the same herd were turenased
locally for Rl,250.

At a public sale held at the dairy on 12tb
July the following animals and utensils were
sold : 12 cows, 15 calves, a butter churn, and a
milk churn. The amount realized by the sale,
after deducting all expenses connected therewith,
was Rl,267-23.

During the year the number of calves was
increased by 44, and 10 succumbed to ordinary
calf ailments. So that on 31st December the
herd was composed of 74 cows (64 Sind and
10 Coast COW'S), 65 calves (33 male and 32
female), 2 stud bulls, and 2 draught bulls, the
total number of animals in the herd thus
aggregating 143.

The net profits on dairy produce for the first
half-year were only about R/0, the working
during some of the months resulting in heavy

loss, as, for instance, in March, when the loss was
nearly R280. This is solely to be attributed to
tbe effects of the outbreak of “ murrain ' in the
previous yejir, which threw the ruftchinery of the
dairy completely out of gear, both by the loss
of cows and calves, and by tbe large number of
abortions which follow'ed the outbreak.

During the second half-year tbe net profits on
dairy produce per month exceeded R300, and it is
fair to assume that in ordinary working years
under normal conditions the annual profits should
be about double what they were last year.
Indeed the profits of the year, a little over R2,000,
are practically the profits on the second half-
year’s working, and approximate to the net
returns during the first seven months of the
dairy’s existence (June to December, 1893), nearly
R2,500. It will in many ways b^ interesting to
compare the working of the Ceylon Government
Dairy wdtb that of the Poona Government Dairy.
The Superintendent of the latter Institution, Mr.
James Molli.^on, rendered me much help in the
first stocking of onr dairy, and I have also taken
the Poona Dairy ns my model in many particulars
It is strange to find how similar have been the
experiences of the two institutions, as will be seen
on perusal of the extracts from Mr. Mollison s
last report given below : —

The financial results are shown in the appended
balance sheet. The profit for the year isK266-ll-
6, as against R2, 254- 13-2 last year. _

The reason wdiy the margin of profit is so small
is due to a very serious outbreak of rinderpest
during the year. If reference is made to appendix
V., it will be seen that 54 cattle died during the
year ; of these, 1 cow (our best Aden) was poisoned
(intentionally I believe), 1 cow died from in-
flamnuition of the lungs, and a few calves

lost, as they ordinarily wdll be. There were .->4
deaths due directly to rinderpest, and some calves
w’hicli recovered from disease died from aftci-
cftects. They never recovered their strength
though well cared for. The indirect loss due to
diminished milk ydeld in the healthy cattle vas
probably moreth.an that from death. The di.seasc
first broke out amongst iinweaned calves, a,nd tliese
had necessarily to bo separated from their dams.

294

Supplement to the “ Tropked Agrienlturist:'

Oct. 1, 1896.]

an,l‘ n’f are very

calved upon Hilf 2*" sei)arafcion from the

iM.Haloes " , . . especially of tl.e

full iiiill.-’of H The cattle were in

70011) (lai'lv “l^"‘'e- ll>e whole herd ^nvirn^ about

tlic daily iehlt%^^'abmIr4ro^f’'^‘'"^ appeared
daily Io4 of Tf ^ ^ ^ ]•’ J’eia-esentin- a

imoossililn r •®eems to be i)ractically

k cat l '''ean calve.s at birth from Indian

firs ca f '^T "''‘cn the heife^ has her

nece^sitv of 1 t>’c

of tLcmm/iT-T'"? Possible. The carcases

>no.HcSs

ot^alLtal'oal.'es!’' ™ “™‘

^ * »

Sy^untom<!'''"*^of*^*^*/” pregnancy were hopeless cases,
inversion of L became .apparent, and

We liad n 1 a iifcerus resulted in every case,
these ' casVt! examination on one of

characteri'sVi fretus was found to h.ave

cna. acteustic rinderpest symptoms.

treatniJiiV ^ P'fl»e, careful veterinary

n.cdidne .T''c >»ost effective

• (I c ''as caibolic acid given in "riiel its

n ted ^ on tlPe hildily

the te f' intestines. 1 believe

careful Tinr«‘ ^e I^ave been chiefly due to

"ood <-rud to drenching the aniimals with

ndt H .r V consisted of linseed boiled

-ot i separated milk, and water. We

«ot lid of the disease by segregation.

* * *

P^'ince from aliout 70 milch cattle
"as .sold for Iii5,.30.3, cattle food, fodder and

Ifthoi- ■''C-'^*' "'Ctl* lil.bOT.

(liMicnl V ^ lie.althy, there will be no

r • ffolf year in making the dairy a

•Spnlrc "toTl ^^P el dairy produce

soldiors • ^pnimissariat Department for sick
charged /o\i lower th.an the rates

f :^*'c J^'^tter rates are fixed

!ncrf in i' ’C retes of jirivate d.airy-

amiliPsfo'’*'"'''- 7'^^ "’e could .sell to private
now if H ’""ei’ greater extent th.an is done
there is " available supply, which

"'culd appear from Mr. Mollison's report that
t e milk produced by the healthy cattle during
f be prevalence of cattle plague was sold, but this
'vas not permitted at the dairy, which had been
declared an infected area by the Municipal autho-
iities ; so that the loss occasioned by the reduc-
tion in the output of milk has to be increased by
the value of the produce of the healthy cow.«,
which, in terms of a local Government regulation,
had to be thrown away. The total loss to the
dairy in this way has been e.stimated at R8,000.
For juirpo-i^es of comparison, I may mention that
the lo.=s in cattle to the dairv through cattle
plague was 17 cow's, 18 calves, and 2 bulls, or .37
in all; while the profits including the revenue
from fale of cattle in 1894 (the year of the
murrain) was R3(U'88. The dairy' practically
sniij.lies only Government instil ntion.s with milk
at the rate of 18 cents per bottle of 20 oz., but
when there is any surplus of milk thi.s is sold totlie
jiublic at 20 cents. There are constant ajijilica-
tions for milk from the dairy on the jiart of the
public ([iroving that a good business could lie
done in this direction), IV’hile the dairy authorities
are frequently asked to select and purchase co'vs
for private parties.

At least one dairy has been established on the
lines of tlio Government Dairy, and there is a
likelihood of more .springing up now that greater
confidence is being engendered by the success of
the Government establishment. As alreadj' stated,
the revenue from .sale of cattle last year was
Rl,267 2.3. If thi.s amount be added to tlie net
profits on dairy jiroduce alone (112,161 oO), we
get the total of R3,428'73 a.s the net profits on
the tran.sactions of the dairy for the past year.

In concluding this part of my report I must
not omit to jilace on record the good work done
by Mr. Rodrigo, the Manager of the Dairy.

GExNERAL ITEMS.

To clean cereal seed before sowing, it is a good
plan to shake it in a sieve with meshes small
enough to retain the cereal .seed but permits most
'veed seed to go through.

To prevent cro'vs pulling up newly sown corn
it is advised that after placing the seed in a box,
boiling water should be poured over to heat it
and a small quantity of liquid coal tar sprinkled.
The mass should be shoveled until the tar is well
distrilnded ever each seed ; then dry it off
thoroughly by sprinking on some fine dry jila.ster
or earth, and working the mass over until every
seed is covered over with the drying substance.

The N. S. W. Agricultural Gazette states tlmt
the exphiiuation given with regard to the splitting
of the skin of fruits i.« that is caused by a sudden
rapid increase in the growth of the fruit which is
not accompanied by a corre-sponding growth of
the skin. This often takes place 'vhen rain falls
after a long dry .spell, during whicli the natural
growth of the fruit is checked. The remedy,
therefore, is to apply wmter to the trees when it is
seen they are beginning to suffer from drought,
and .so maintained a constant and regular growth
ot the fruit.”

In bulletin No. 24 of the Texas experiment
vStation, the following occurs under the h ead of
“measures to destroy the tick.®.’’ Almost any grea.sy
or oily substance applied to the parts affected will
destroy them. I failed wdth a decoction of to-
bacco, and also w'ith crude petroleum. A combi-
nation ot lard ami sulpher or lard and kerosine
gives good results. Kerosine emulsion of 10 per
cent does fairly well. At one time 1 entertained
a high opinion of this jireparation, but later ex-
periences have failed to fully satisfy the demands.

We have found nothing that gives so general
.satisfaction as sevoial brands of sheej) dip tliat
are on the market. These were aiijilied at 2 per
cent strength in water. 3'he ones employed liy
us w'ere Cannon’s llay'vard's, and Kittle’s. 3'here
are others, perhaiis, of equal value. The qualitie.s
that the.se jiossess are efliciency, cheajme.®.®, ea.®e
of application, mixable wdth water, nonjioisonous,
non-irritating or injurious to eyes, skin, or hair,
stability, uniformity of strength, ' nor.-corrosise
to apparatus for application, and no heating
required.

<X1 MONTHLY. I> ^

Vol. XVI.] COLOMBO, NOVEMBER 2nd, 1896, [No. 5.

COFFEE GROWING IN PERU

S once more engaging attention :
Engineering of August 21st
lias an interesting paper with
“Estimates” referring to
coffee planting in the vallej's
of the Chanchamayo and
Perene, about w'hich,a great
deal can be learned in “ Old
Colonist ” ’s book. I send you the paper for repro-
duction. “ Old Colonist” will especially agree with
the writer in describing Peru as one of the
most favoured of countries in natural resources
, and climate — and only wanting an able Governor
— a “Porhrio Dias” who has done so much for
' Me.xico — to release her from being the victim of

political jackals” \ The want of a proper labour
supply is another drawback owing to the in-
■ veterate laziness of the Cholas (Indo-Spanish)

< who might do much to develope their country
i if they would only work. As it is, however,
the estimates given for coffee gardens — on a
I small scale, however’ — ^shew such returns as would
pay back all the capital outlay in the 6th year
and leave an annual income thereafter of over
£800 sterling from 20,000 coffee trees covering 10
“hectai’es”* of a “Chacra” or coffee garden.
IFour weedings or clearings a year are pi-nviflod
for and yet the coffee trees are only given 20
\years of life if kept clear of weeds ! Surely
with care, 40 years might be counted on.

The valleys of the Chanchamayo and Perene,
which were described in Engineerinq, vol. Iviii., pages
174 and 507, are developing such importance as a
ccoffee growing region that it may be of interest to
g^ive an outline of the work of developing c/;acms in
t ihat part of the world. The following details have
’ oeen gleaned from several of the persons interested
m coffee culture in the Chanchamayo valley, and
i-.s all the districts on the eastern slope of the Peru-
ian Andes are worked in the same manner, the one
lustration will apply to the whole territory.

* The hectare equals 2’471 English acres.

To claim land for the purpose of cultivating it
for coffee or other produce, it is necessary to “ de-
nounce” it before the Prefect of the Department.
The person requiring the land must make his own
survey and send in a plan with his petition. The
land is divided into lots of fifty hectares (about
123j acres), and the smallest claim that will be
entertained is for one lot. On the other hand, if
more than a certain number of lots are required
the petition must be made direct to the National
Government.

There is no fee required, but the “ denounce,
meuts” are usually written upon stamped paper,
which, although not compulsory, saves considerable
trouble in the future. It is also well to know how
to shake hands with the officials properly, for they
can do ranch to smoothe the path of a land hunter
and can place no end of obstacles in his way, if th«
interchange of animal magnetism is not carried out,
through some metallic conductor, the colour of
which lias much to do with the intensity of the
interest developed. One of the greatest impediment*
to the rapid development of the district is the want of
official maps. The Government has utterly neglected
this most important duty, and there is naturally a
certain want of confidence among the people who
would take up land, because they are afraid that in
the future, when the boundaries have to be adjusted
the independent surveys will be found to have mixed
up neighbouring properties. The Government does
not even take measurements at the time of giving
Possession of the land to the claimant, so that the
dividing lines have to be adjusted by the parties them-
selves. It is therefore more than probable that, as
the district becomes more thickly populated, quarrel*
as to location of dividing lines will arise, and the
lawyers will reap a rich harvest as soon as the season
for litigation comes around.

Peruvians are for ever complaining of the poverty
of the country, notwithstanding the fact that it is
one ot the moat favoured in natural resources and
climate. They have no one to blame but themselves.
The Government at the capital is too busy fomenting
or combating internal quarrels, and the interest of
the people, who are really keeping the Republic alive,
are relegated to the charge of tiptaking officialdom

2Q6

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

whose combination of craft and ignorance is suilicieni
to ruin the richest nation on the face of the earth.
When Peru finds her Portirio Diaz as Mexico has done,
she will advance, but as long as she is the victim of
political jackals she cannot hope to take the positi n
among nations that her undoubted natural wealth
should give her.

The configuration of the Chaaciiamayo valley is
admirably suited to the cultivation of collee. On
the slopes of the hills the temperature is just that
required, and there is very little liability of the
water lodging at the roots of the trees during the
rainy season. In flat lauds the humidity caused
hy too much moisture is detrimental to coflee plants,
hence tho advisability of selecting territory that
has sufficient slope to insure perfect drainage. A
sharp declivity is also bad, because the heavy rains
cut away the subsoil rapidly and soon render the
cleared hillsides sterile.

Deep soil is also necessary for the coffee plant,
in order that its roots may develop to their fullest
extent. For this reason the lands lying immediately
on the banks of the Chanchamayo river are unsuited to
the cultivation of coffee, the soil being clayey and
shallow. Besides this, tho low valley lands abound in
ants, which would soon attack and devour all the
young plants.

Water is plentiful, as can readily bo understood,
and it can be conducted to nearly all the hill slopes
with but little trouble or expense. Therefore, while
for coffee cultivation artificial irrigation is unneces-
sary, or, in fact, not of much value, it can be uti-
lised for other plants, such as those used for imme-
diate consumption ; and those intending to take up
lands should always keep in mind that the water-
will have to be used for power when the time comes
to put up macH.iery, Ac., for preparing the coffee
for market. At present all the machinery in the
valley of the Chanchamayo is driven by water power,
of which there is an abundance in the different rivers
and streams.

The rains are heavy during the months of Decem-
ber, January, February and March ; mists known as
dijuaceros are experienced in October, November,
April, and May, and the other four months are com-
pletely dry : not dry as is known in England, but
BO dry that everything is parched up as if subjected
to the heat of a great oven, the coffee plants lying
solely by the moisture they are able to take up by
their deep roots.

The question of labour is one that will have to be
seriously faced very soon. Even now, at the very
beginning of the development of the district, it has
become necessary to enlist cJuicva hands in the
more distant towns of Huancayo, Jauja, and Tarraa,
because the labour element of La Merced has
thinned out considerably, and many of tho work-
men (?) prefer to live in a state of idleness than
to do anything to help along the rising industry of
coffee culture. The cholas (mixture of Indian and
Spanish) who are brought from the towns on the
sides of the mountains cannot stand the change of
climate, and are for ever piuiirg to get back to their
homes again. It is really aggravating to see this
human species sauntering about with theii hands
thrust in their pockets, totally oblivious to the fact
that if they withdrew them and worked they would
better themselves. They are a lazy lot, and will
only work when they are captured like wild beasts
and sent to the capital handcuffed, for the purpose
of filling the ranks of the different regiment?. Then
they become abject slaves, and tight without really
knowing what they are killing each other for. The
sooner their generation passes away the better it
will be for the country’s welfare. Compared with
the chuncho, or full-breed Indian, they are worthless
as hands in clearing territory for coffee. The latter-
know how to use tlio axe and machete with great
skill, and are used to work in the dense woods.
Ilovvever, as the chunchos are so few , the others
are acceptable on the principle that they are bottor

than nothing. .1

Their pay varies according to tlie distance they
have to come, and ranges from .M) cents to one sol

per day. There also exists a certain custom of
giving them three ropas, ®r drinks of chacta, per
day. Chacta is a strong liquor made from the sugar-
cane, before which the whiskey of the Indian out-
posts in the States would have to retire to the list
of temperance beverages. They are also provided
with a place to sleep in. The food they provide
themselves; but if the owner of the chacra engages
to supply them, he deducts 25 cents per day from
their money. The chuncho, as has been stated, are
much more to be preferred as workmen w-hen pre-
paring the land. They are perfectly acclimated, since
they inhabit the adjacent forest, and they have not
that constant anxiety to go to their homes. Ar-
rangements with one or more of them can be made
to clear a certain area of land, they taking in ex-
change all kinds of trinkets and articles, among which
tho shot-gun is tho most highly prized. They also
require their own copas of chacta, but do not re-
quire sleeping quarters, as they go to their homes
every night.

When a chuncho takes a contract to clear a cer-
tain piece of land, he takes his own time to do it.
When he goes to work, he does not play with the
axe or machete — he works bard : but he may not
turn up again for a day or two. If there are any
shot-guns mentioned in the contract, however, the
chuncho knows no rest until his work is finished and
he receives the coveted prize. One difficulty with
them is their language. But few of them under-
stand Spanish, and it is necessary to have an inter-
preter : unless, indeed, the subject discussed is chacta,
and then they can make themselves better unders-
tood by signs than they could through the most
eloquent intermediary.

Iteferring to their love of the shot-gun, it can be
said that they know the use of it very well, and some
of them would be considered fair marksmen. They
are, as is natural born hunters, and make good camp
suppliers if they do not take into their heads to
leave for parts unknown, with the shot-gun loaded
them for the purpose of hunting. One of them, who
understood Spanish, was asked how he managed to
bring down a )>aco del monte (Mountain Turkey) so
soon after leaving camp. He immediately went threu^h
a species of perforniauce illustrating his crawling
through the undergrowth until he saw the bird.
He then sat down and gave a perfect imita-
tion of the turkey calling its mate. He

wound up the exhibistion by saying “ Cara
hlanca (whiteface) tries to go to Turkey. Turkey
kuows too much, so cara hlanca has to travel very far,
and when he makes a noise off goes the bird. I see
my bird and then call him. He comes to be shot
ana— boom !— down he goes. Cara hlanca cc tonto.''
The latter remarks are not complimentary to the
paleface, being capable of abbreviation into Anglo-
Saxon monosyllables.

Taking the work of the cholo by day hire and that
of the chuncho by contract, there is an appreciable
difference in favour of the latter, not counting the
fact that there is a saving also in the trouble of
superintendence. It is therefore a great pity that
their number is so small, as their service could be
utilised to great advantage.

There is another way of accomplishing the work
of establishing coffee chacras, which is adopted by
those having capital and who do not wish to under-
take the work of clearing and jilanting themselves.
It is by tho employment of what are known as
mejoreroc. The mcjorcros are men to whom the
lands are handed over for a term of four years.
They are also given the necessary tools, and are
supplied with food during the whole period. At the
end of the time stated they return the chacra
to the owner in a perfect state of cultivation,
the trees being sufficiently advanced to bear their
first crop The owner then pays them at :he rate
of 15 cents per plant, first deducting all the ad-
vances made for food, Ac., nothing being omitte.l.
A strict account of tho advances is kept by both
parties, and the balance is handed over to the
mejorcro.

NoV. 2j 1896,]

I'HE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

397

There are some mejoreros who will take charge
of the land for six years and not require any ad-
vances in the shape of provisions, &c., their profit
being obtained from the crops between the fourth
and sixth years. This, as can be imagined, is a
good arrangement for the niejoiero, as he will receive
a large sum from the sale of the coffee. It would
naturally be supposed that those men would open
up their own chaevas and permanently enjoy the
fruits of their labour, but very seldom is this the
case. When they have a number of c/iacras on
hand, the deductions on account of provisions, &c.,
are very small, and they then make a handsome
profit.

From an economical point of view, the employ-
ment of mejoreros appears much the cheaper way
of obtaining a fully developed ckacra with the least
amount of attention ; but it also has its drawbacks,
due in the main part to the instability of the people
with whom one has to deal. The operations neces-
sai’y to prepare the laud for the cultivation of coffee
are as follows ; First, the roce or felling of trees
and cutting away of the undergrowth is done. This
is the most laborious work, and needs men that not
only know the use of the axe and machete, but

also those accustomed to working where there

are numerous venomous snakes and insects.

The chaupeo, or cutting uj) the branches and

preparing the brush for firing, is then gone

through. When the dry months set in, and

everything is like tinder, the fire is applied and
the whole area well burned. Tiio ground is
then cleared and the calles or streets formed, so that
the plants can be located at equal distance from one
another in regular order.

There are usually a large number of tree trunks
left unburned, and these have to be cleared away, and
also the roots extracted where necessary. The num-
ber of men employed will depend entirely upon the
area it is proposed to put under cultivation, and it
is difficult to figure with any degree of approximation
the amount of labour that can be counted upon from
the cliolas. Their willingness to work is in inverse
ratio to the cube of their capacity to absorb chacta
and sleep.

As the burning can only be carried on during the
dry months, the work of clearing generally extends
over tho whole year ; but that time is not lost, be-
cause the young plants are maturing in their nursery
in the meantime.

Taking .50 cents per day as a basis for labour, the
estimates of the different processes would be :

Soles.

lioce and c/mupcoper hectare (about acres) 65

Burning the rubbish . . . . 12

Making streets in which to plant the
young trees . . . . . . 2.5

(The gold value of the sole is 2s. 21.)

WTien the above opei'ations are performed, the
land is ready for the almacigo, or transplanting the
young trees. It is not customary to sow the seeds
direct first because one year would be lost and
secondly, as the fruit contains two seeds, the sproirts
would have to be separated when they had developed,
a process that would disturb and perhaps destroy
the roots of the plant left standing. The seeds are
therefore sown in a selected piece of ground before
the clearing of the land is started, and the plants are
ready, as has been stated, by the time th.it work is
finished. The seed should be planted where there is
no shade, because if the young plants are developed
under the cover of the branches of other trees, they
must be placed in a similar position when trans-
planted, otherwise they will suffer from the change
to the light and direct rays of the sun. The
distance generally fi.\ed betiveen the trees in the
streets is 2 metres, so that each hecta're will contain
2,000 plants.

The seed is the cherry, which contains two beans,
each of which develop.^ into a plant. These can be
purchased at the rata of ten soles per quintal (21s
ad per 100 lb.). The expense of the nursery is very
small, as the seeds are sown close together until
the time for transplanting arrives. It is usually

estimated that the plants cost one cent each. The
transplanting is done at the beginning of the rainy
season, that is in November or the early part of
December, and is a delicate operation, as the young
shoots are very tender and will not stand much
handling or rough usage.

The grounds, when planted, need four cleanings pei
year, which is estimated at 40 soles per hectare
per annum. The harvest time commences in April
and concludes about the end of August. The coat
of collecting the fruit and preparing the coffee for
the market averages about 80 cents for quintal
(lOJd. per 100 lb.), the machinery, tanks, &o.,
being considered in the general estimate.

The first crop of coffee is taken in the fourt,h
year, and averages IJ lb. per tree. After that the
average of 2 lb. may be considered a fair one, as in
some years they give less and in others much more.

After being cleaned, the coffee of this particnlar
district holds good for about three mouths,
after which it begins to bleach and get parched.
It is therefore necessary to ship it at once to market.
The prices paid in La Merced, at present, vary
between 26 and 28 soles per quintal (Spanish), but
it is best to place the figure at 26 soles for the
purpose of estimating. The cost of production may
be stated at 12 soles, without reckoning interest on
the capital. The life of a tree is about 20 years, that
is, if it is constantly attended and kept olear of weeds,
&c.

Taking 10 hectares as a chaera containing 20,000
trees, it will be seen how much expense is necessary
to put it under cultivation, and how much profit
there w'ill be in five years, by the following esti-
mates, which are based upon the practice of the
district : —

Soles.

Itoce and chaupeo 10 hectares at 65 soles 650.00
Burning „ 12 „ 120.00

“ Street ” making ,, 25 ,, 250.00

Cultivating and transplanting 20,000
plants at Ic . . . . . . . . 200,000

Cleaning land, &c., four years at 40 soles 1,600.0C
Harvesting and preparing 700 quintals

at 80c 560.00

Construction of house 100.00

Tools, &c 200.00

Construction and repair of roads . . 250.00

Maintenance, five years at 35 soles per
month . . , . . . . . . , 2100.00

6030.00

Dividing (he invested capital into four parts, and
considering it at simple interest of 18 per cent, (the
present bank rate) :

S. S

Interest ou first portion . . 1507. .50 = 271.35

., second „ .. 3286.35 == 591.54

„ third „ .. .5385.39 — 969.37

„ fourth „ .. 7862.26 = 1415.20

Total interests . . . . 3247.46

Capital 6030.00

9277.46

Quintals,

Product of 20,000 plants at IJ lb.,
fourth year . . . . = 300

Product of 20,000 plants at 21b.,
fifth year . . . . = 400

700

S.

700 quintals at 26s. . . e= 18,200 00

Cap>ital iind ii te.est .. 9,277‘46

Net profit

, . 8,922-54

298

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

For the years following the fifth the annual
figures would be as follows •—

S.

Cleaning (weeding) land

. . 400-00

Harvesting, Ac., -100 quintals at

80c. 320 00

Tools, &c.

. . 25-00

Hoad repairing

50-00

Maintenance

. . 420-00

1215-00

Interest at 18 per cent.

. . 218-70

1433-70

Product of 20,000 plants at 2 lb. :

=. S

400 quintals at 26s. . .

. . 10,400.00

Total expense for one year

. . 1,433,70

Profit

. . 8,966.00

It will now be seen that by employing the
mejorero’s services there is a large saving, for they
will have to pay the latter 3,000s. for 20,000 plants
in their third year, and will not have all the ex-
pense stated in the above estimate.

Contracting the land out of his possession after six
years would mean that the mejorero obtains a large
profit, for the expenses would be 10,711.16s., while
the receipts for coffee would reach 28,600.00, show-
ing a clear profit of 17,888.84 soles.

The sale of the coffee at a La Merced is practically
compulsery, because there the people have facilities
of sending it on mule-back to Tarma, or to Arroya,
where it is transferred to the train for shipment to
Callao. To endeavour to send the coffee direct to
the shipping port would under the present circum-
stances be simple madness, as the competition of
the carriers would soon ruin any one who made the
attempt, unless he was backed by plenty of capital.
It is sad to see a territory so rich utterly neglected
by a Government that is striving to keep its head
above the sea of financial difficulties in which Peru
has been drifting. Nothing has been done to im-
prove the means of communication with the outer
world, and therefore there are no inducements offered
to people to go and take advantage of the resources
that lie within a comparatively short distance of
the coast line. The district is developing, it is true,
but it is doing so against all the drawbacks that
could possibly be encountered: an indiffeient Gov-

ernment playing into the hands of those who place
obstacles in the way of advancement, in order to
reap all the benefits of the labour of others.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COFFEE.

( ( 'oiitinued fi'Oiii paye >l2o.)

N., II. r. Natuurkundige Ac. [See under Tka.]

Nahutjs, Alphonxe Johan Bernard IJor.'itmar. Baron.
See BluUatuli. 1868. 80.

Nahuijs, Kol. Missive over den toestand der cul-
tures, vooral der koffij-cultuur in de Vorstenlandcn,
Ac. [1822 ?] foi.

Xaironun, Antonins Faustus. De saluberrima potione
Cahue, seu Cafe nuucupata discursus. Remae. 1671.
12o. [I80.]

Naironus, Antonins Faustus. Discorso della saluti-
fera bevanda Cahve, o vero Cafe.. .Trasportato della
Latina. ..da F. F. \'e;iilin. Roma. 1671. 12o.

Naironus, Antonius laustus. See I'suc/e. Del’usage
du Caphe [founded on the discourse of A. F. Naironus :
De saluberrima potione Cahue, Ac.] 1671. 12o.

Naironus, Antonin-. Fanstus. A Discourse on Coffee ;
its description and vertues. [Translated by C. B.]
London. 1710. 80.

Natural Ilistori/. The Natural History of Coffee,
Ac. [See under Tea.]

Nature. The Nature of the drink Kauhi, or Coffe,
ami tiie berry of which it is made : described by an
Arabian phisitiaii. [Translated by F. l’ocoel;.’\ Arab,
and Eng. llVflO. 80.

Neubert, I. Der Kaffee. Wiirzburg. 1838. 80.

Feuenhahn, Carl Ludioiij. Vermischte Bib’iothek
...rXXIIl. Abhandlung. Vom Schadeu des Coffee.

J. N. OriiHinaun. 1730. Halle.] ,, .Braunschweig
17.58-60. 80.

Neiihof, Wilhehn. Der Kaffee, Ac. [See under Tea.]

Neumann, Cas-par, Chemist. Lectiones Ac. [See
under Tea.]

Neumann, Caspai, Oi ientalist. Bigam Difficultatum
physico sacrarum : de gemmis Urim et Tummim
dicitur, et de Cibo Samariae obsessae, una cum res-
pousione ad quajstiouem amici, num potus Caffe
dicti, alique in Sacris dentur vestigia, Ac. \Vratisla-
viae. 1707. 4o.

Nicholls, Bennj Alford Alford. On the cultivation
of Liberian Coffee in the West Indies. Silver A Co.
London. 1881. 80.

Nicol, Robert. A Treatise on Coffee ; its properties,
and the best made of keeping and preparing it.
2nd edn. London. 1831. 80.

Niemei/er, Paul. Behr’seher Gesundheitskaffee.
[J'epriiited from his “ Aertzliche Sprechstundeu,’’
VII.J Jena. [1880?] 12o.

Fietner, J. The CJoffee Tree and its Enemies.
“ Observer Press.” Colombo. 1872, 80.

Nietner, J. [Second edition.] Revised and in some
places corrected by Mr. S. Green, with an appendix
containing Mr. Abhay's paper on Coffee Leaf Disease
and other information. Colombo. 18 — . 80.

Nothlich, Johann Wilhelm. Die schmalbliittrige
Lupine und der Lupinen- und Gesundheitskaffee.
Leipzig. 1811. 80.

Nuescheler, lelix [_or VOijelin, Chr. lienr. ?] Das
Kaffeehaus, Oder vermischter Abhandlungen einer
Woclienschrift. Aus dem Italienisch. Xiirich. 1769 80.

Obidennikoff, F. O vlijanii kofe na kolichestvo i
kolichestven sostave moJoka. [Influence of coffee on
lactation.] St, Petersburg. 1871. 80.

Off ret, ^ — . Observations sur Taction physiologique
du Cafe selon ses diverses torrefactions. Nantes.
1862. 80.

Onsloif, — , Colonel. On Mysore Coffee Planting.

t- ttleben, Fr. Ber. De potus ex Coffeae seminibus
parati uoxio cffectu. Helmstadii. 1870. 4o.

Oud-Koopman. De West-Java-Koflij-Cultnur-Maat-
schappij, beoordeeld door een Oud-Koopman. Am-
sterdam. 1865. 80.

Owen, Theodore C. First Year’s work on a Coffee
Plantation. [Being the Essay which received the
second prize from the Ceylon Planters’ Association,
in 1877.J A. M. A J. P’erguson. Colombo. 1877. l2o.

Owen, Theodore ('. Essay on Buildings in Connec-
tion with Coffee Cultivation. London. 1879. 80.

Owen, Theodore C. 'Tea, Coffee, Ac. [See under

P., F. F(ranciscus) P(etersen) de potu Ooffi. Franco-
furti. 1666. 4o.

G. V. Coffee and Tea. [See under Tea.]
ib, II'. A Character of Coffee and Coffee Houses
1661. 4o.

Palmer, Fdward. Poisonous Tea. Trial of Edward
Palmer and others. Attonfty-General vs. Palmer and
others. Loirdon. 1818. 80.

Paret, Jules Ale.randre. Quelques resnltats obtenus
par Temploi du valerianate du cafeine. See Acade-
mies.—Paris— E’cole de Med.— Colin, de Thesc-s— an

1874. tom. 13. 1839. Ac. 4o. Paris. 1875. 80. j
Paris, Cafe Parisien. Le grand Cafe Parisien, le

plus grand Cafe du monde, une des curi-. sites de
Paris. [Built by Chas. Duval. J Paris. 1856. 80.
Paulli, Bimon. A 'Tnatise Ac. [See under 'Tea.]
Peclen, U. 1. F. Eeiiige Opmerliingen omtrcnt do
Kofliebladziekte. Batavia. 1888. 80.

Prnillean, A. Du Cafe. See Atads.— Paris— Eoole
de Mud.— Coll, des Theses, an 1804. tom. 7. 1839

Ac. 4o.

Pcnilleau, A. [Another Copy.] E’tude sur le Cafe’
an point de vue bistorique, pliysiologique, hygieniqtie
et alimentaire. Paris. 1864. 80.

Pennetier. Le Cafe. 1878.

Pervyo, Stefano. II Caffe’ considerate in rapporto
all’ agronomia, all’ igicne, cd al commercio, dissurta-
zionc, Ac. Pavia. [1830.1 Ho.

Peretti. Beitriige zur 'Toxicologio des Kaffein. nl.

1875.

THE rROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

299

Nov. 2. t8g6.]

Periodical Pvhlieations. Brescia. II Caff6, ossia
brevi et vari cliscorsi, &c. IBy^/ Terri, L. de BcuHon,
V. Bcccana, &c.\ 2 tom. Brescia. 17(55,66. 4o. [Vene-
zia. 1766. 80. Milano. 1804. 4o.] •

Periodical Puhlications. J^ondon. The Coflee Pub
lic-House News. [Illustrated. J Nos. 1-124. London,
1878-87. fob

Pcriodiced Pxdtlicaiions. London. The Humours of
a Coffee House; a comedy [in prose. P>y Ed. II are?. 1
7 Nos. London. 1707. 4o.

Periodical I’lthlicalions. Madrid. El Cafe' suizo.
[Feativo.] Madrid. 1865.

Petit, h. JI.D. De la prolongation de la vie hu-
main par le cafe. Deuxieme edition. Paris, Chateau-
Thierry. 1862. 80.

Petocy, Mihdly. Ueber die Schiidlichkeit desKaffee-
trinkens. Pressburg. 1817. 80.

Pctresco, — . Sur Paction hypercindtique de la
calcine a ti antes doses on doses therapeutiques. 1890.
Peyma, ,/. I. IT. B. von. [See under Tea.J
PfuJil, J. M. Das Pfund Eaffee einen Groseben,
Oder griindliche.. . Anweisung, wie.. .Kaffee-Surrogat
erzielen kann. Bautzen. 1839.

Philippi, P. Johann All). Briefe liber verschiedene
Gegenstiinde der Haatswirthschaft. [Der erst Brief
vom Coffee ist. . .abgefasst.J Berlin. 1770. 8e.

Philips, J. The Inquisition: a Farce acted at

Child’s (ioffee House, &c. 1717. 80.

Physiologic. Physio'ogie des Cafes de Paris. Paris.
1841.

Piddington, Henry. A Letter to the European Sol-
diers in India on the substitution of Coffee for
spirituous liquors. Calcutta. 1839. 80. f ? 1856.]
Piepenhrvig, G. 11. Deutscher Kaffee &c. [See
under Tea.]

Plaz, Anton JTilhelni. De potus Coffeae abusu,
Catalogum morborum augente. Lipsiae. 1783. 4o.
[1751. 4o.]

Pies, 1). Nog lets over het op stomp happen van
kofti] boomen. [Batavia. 1875.] 80.

Pococh, Echoard. Canon. See JS'aturc. The Nature
of the drink Eauhi or Coffee, &c. i859. 80.

Poemata. Poemata Didascalica. 3 torn. [Torn 1.
Carmen Caffteum. Guillaume Massieu.] Parisiis. 1749.
12o.

Polli, Pietro. Alimeuti nervosi, &c. [See under Tea.]
Poore, G. T. Coffee und Tea. [See under Tea.]
Prestoe, 11. Keport on Coffee Cultivation— Domi-
nica. 1875.

Prins, IL J. De Oeiet-plaag in de koffietuinen op
.lava. [Containing the Lucth translation of some
Lxurcts of li. C. Haldaire’s “All about Grub’’ etc.]
En.scnede.‘ 1885. 80. [The British Museum Catalogue
gives this wrongly under Tries, H. J.]

Prop2)cr, — . Der Kaffee-und Theetisch.

Quarme, Edgar A. (Coffee) Leaf-Disease, its Cause
and Antidote. 1884.

Quelus, de. Histcire Naturelle du Cacao et du
Cafe. . .observations curieuses et utiles. 228 pp. et 5
planches. Amsterdam. 1720. 80.

Question. La Question der Cafe. Lc Cafe’ du
Bresil, Ac. See Biuzil. Paiis. 1883. 80.

Bafel, H. Map of the Central Province of Ceylon,
exhibiting the Situation of the Coffee Estati s. London.

Bamhatdi, Angelo. Ambrosia Arabica: cvoio della
salutare beuanda Cafe. Bologi a. 1691. 12o.

liapc. Bape upon Kape : or. the Justice c.aught
in his own Trap. A comedy, by H. Fielding. Ijondon.
1730. 80. [Afterwards printed under the tide c4 “ The
Coffee House Politician.’]

liasia. Sulla vera azione del Caffe’ nell’ uoma sano
e rnalato. Padova. 1839. 80.

Itedi. Eranciscus. Epistola de potu Coffeae. [In
Giorn. de Letter. Suppl. III.]

Beid, John. Kemaiks on W. Law’s .system of
gulling the public. By a Coffee-Bibber. [J. II. I
Edinburgh. 1831. 12o.

Helium Nestem. Cafe’ Chantant. Verzameling van
twinlig nieuwe corspr. Chansonetten. Amsterdam.
1874. I60.

Renton, [Alexander) Tantoshj, Coffee Blossom and
other poems, pp. VII, 125. A. M. & J, Ferguson.
Colombo. 1886. 80.

Renton, [Alexander) Tantoshy. Coffee Blossom : a
Poem. By “Quinquina.’’ Coiombo. 1882. 12o.

Reports. Eeports of the Committee on Sugar and
Coffee Planting. Supplements and Index. 1847-48.
Riant, Arine. Lo Cafe, &c. [See under Tea.]
Riehet, Ch. Les Poisons de I’lntelligenco. L’alcool,
le chloroforme, le hachich, I’opiium, le cafe. Paris.
1877. 12o.

Richter, V. Niitzliche und vollstiindige Abhandlung
vom Coffee. Stargard. 1738. 4o.

Richter, Johann Georg. Unter.nichung vom Coffee.
1728. 4o. [Viclleicbt des niimliche so anno 1738
angefiihrt ist. See Richter, D.]
liiegel. Therapeutische Verwendung des Caffdins
preparat. 1884.

llohin, L. Memoire sur le Cafe’, sa culture, son
commerce, &c. Abbeville. 1864. I80.

Rohinson, Edirard Forbes. The Early History of
Coffee Houses in England widi...a bibliography..,
with illustrations. London. 1893. 80.

lioggen Kcjf'e. Anleitni'g zur Bereitung.. .des soge-
nannten Roggen-Kaffee’s, &c. Ulm. 1836, 80.

Roggen-Kaffe. Bereitung des besten Koggen-Kaffe’s,
Verlflgs expedition. Grimma. 1836.

Rolow, B. Deutsche Kaffee und Zucker, oder der
Cultur des Astragalus beeticus (der sogen. Schwed.
Kaffee-wicke), Ac. Hersfeld. 1828. 80.

Roiner, Arthur. Remarks on the medical treatment
of Malabar coolies in Ceylon. Written for the use
of managers., .of [Coffee] Estates, &c. [London.]
1849. 12o.

Romcr.s, Jfatlas. Cnltivo del Cafe en la Costa Me-
ridional de Chiapas.

Rosee, Pasqua. The Vertue of the Coffee Drink,
first publiquely made. ..by P. R. London. [1666 ?]
s. sh. fob

Rossignon, Jules. Enciclopiedia Hispano-Ameiicana.
Manual del cnltivo del cafe, cacao, vainilla y tabaco,
&c. Paris. 1859. 12o.

Rostan, E. M. De Faba Ceffeae. [In Acta pby-
sico-mathematica Societatis Helveticae. Tom V.1
1762.

Rottenheefer, J. Der elegante, &c. [See under Tea.]
Rumsey, IT. Organon Salutis. An instrument to
cleanse the Homach, as also divers new experiments
of tobacco and coffee. London. 1657. 80. [2nd. edn.
1659. 3rd. edn. 166-4.]

Russe, Petrus. Schat, Ac. [See under Tea.]
Ryhiner, Guil. De elenientis_ Caffeae. [In Acta
pbysico-inathematica Societatis llelveticae. Tom V 1
1762. ■ ■-

Sabarthey, Henri. These.. .E’tudo physiologique du
cafe. See Academies-Paris. — E’cole Ue Me'd.. .Collec-
tion des theses. An 1870. tom. VII. 1839. A'c. 4o.

iSahonadiere, Tm. The Coffee Planter of Ceylon.
Guernsey. 1866. So. [Second edition, enlarged and
revised. London. 1870. 80. ( ? 1871.)]

Saeny, X. Eufermedad del Cafeto. [Reprolucido
en el Boletin del Minist. de la Republica del Salvador.
No. 1 Marzo. 1893.]

Sainef-Yon, Antonius de. Praes, See Le Clere, A.
An ab immodeiato potu decocti Cafe’ sterilitas ?
[1695.] 4o.

Saint -Arroman, A. De Taction du cafe’, A'c. [See
under Tea.]

Saltero, Hon. A Catalogue of the rarities to be
seen at Don S’s Coffee House, Ac. [1770?] 80. (Also
1782? 80.]

Salubiite. De la Salubrito’ du Coffe’. Geneve, 1771
12o.

Samarang. Verslag over de koftij-cultuur in de
Residentie Samarang over 1846. 1 Munuscrit de 100
pp.j fob

Samarang. Slukkeu, brieven, statistieken enz. be-
treffende de kolliecultunr in Cheribon, ITobolingo,
Samarang, enz., 1837-6, [Manuscrit d’environ 600 pp.]
fob

SehatzlMminer. [See under Tea.]

Sehceler, Karl Ernst /■’liedrirh ron. Kaffee-und
Znckcr-Surrogate, oder giundliche Anweisung ver-
sehie dene Arten Getriinke zu beiviteu Eslingen. [1814?]
80.

Schmidt, I'.l). Beschreibung des besten Bauea der
Cichorien-Kafl'eewurzel, Halberstadt. 1824.

300

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

Schmolck, .1. ir. ro)i. [See under Tea.]
iSchoei^er, C. ll. Der Caffeeliaudol. AuisterJamJ
1858-0. 80.

•Ve/oefre'-, C. If- El Goraercio do Cifc’.. .Traducido
del Aleman por. .. iX B. Urbane/. Caracas. 1850. 80.

Bchoejjer, Jj. IT. Open brief (over de verkoopowijze
der Gonvernements-koftij). Rotterdam. 1877. 80.

School. Tnc Sohool of Roliticke ; or, tlio humours of
a Coffee-House. A poem. London. 1695. do. [Second
edition. 1590. 4o,]

Schorlciiuaer, /'. Occurrence Ac. [See under Tea.]
Schotcl, G. I). J. Letterkundige bijdragen, &c.
[See under Tea.]

Schrader, G. ll. C. Dissertatio de potu Coffeae.
Rintel. 1757.

Schreiben. [Ses under Tea.]

Schroka, D- G. Kaffee nnd Tabak, iiber eine Aufruf
an deutsche Biirger. Breslau. 1799. 12o.
Schwarzkopf, S. A. [See under Tea.]

Scotch ll'oman. Comedia nueva. Li Escosesa, Ac.
See Arouct de I'oltaire.

Scribe, Aur/mtin Eii'jhnc\et Dupin, ./. ll. [LoCafe’
des Varie.es: com jdie- vaudeville.

Sedlaezek, Johann. Kurzgefasster. . . Uaterricht iiber
den Anbau der Erdmandel, und iiber den Gebrauch
derselben, staff des Kaffee’s, Ac. Leipzig. 1810. 80.

Ser/ur, Henry, M.D. Coffee, its uses and medicinal
(inahties. Mayaguez, Porto Rico. 1881. [See Tropical
Agriculturist. Oct. 1. 1881. p. .Sll.J

Seibt, .Int. Auleitung zur Kultur der vorziiglicheu
Gewebe und Geiirzpfiauz^u, Calfeesurrogate, Ac. Prag.
1831. 80.

Sercr, Joseph. Lettera sopra la bevanda del Caffe’
Europajo. Verona. 1730.

Scstini, Fausto. II c.affe : lettura fatta uell’ insti-
toto tecnico di Fochi. Firenze. 1858. 80.

Shortt. John, . M.D. A hand-book to Coffee Planting
in Southern India, Ac. Madras. 1851. 80.

Siywart, Geory h riedrich. Quaestiones Medicae
Parisinae. [Fas'e. 2. Coffee.] Tubiugae. 1759-60. 4o.

Silander, Johannes. De cultu Goffeaa in Suriuamia,
cum arboris descriptione. 1757.

Sinunonds, Feter Jjund. Coffee and Chicory : their
culture, chemical composition, preparation for the
market, Ac. Loudon. 1851. 12o.

Siminonds, Feter Land. Coffee as it is, and as it
ought to be. London. 18.50. I80.

Sinclair, Arthnr. How I lost my Wattie. or Life
in Ceylon, and the Coffee planting experience of an
Auld Scotchman. Colombo. 1878. 8o.

Sinclair, Wm. Japp. Beverages, Ac. [See under Tea.
Skeen, William. Mountain Life and Coffee Cultiva-
tion in Ceylon: a Poem on the Knuckles Range.
London. 1870. 4o.

Smid, ll. Johan. Handboek voor do kultuur en
bereidiug der kolfie in Oost-eii West-Indie. Derde
...druk. Middelburg. 1881. 8o.

"smithies, Wm. Hector. The Coffee House Preachers :
or High Church Divinity corrected. Being a sermon
fon Ps. XCIV. 16 1 Ac. London. 1705. 80.

^ Smyth, Fhilip, L'B.D. The Coffee House: a charac-
teristic poem. 1795. 4o.

Sophie, Sybille. Die prophetische Kaffetasse. Jena,

80. J T- cc-

S/>all, P. R- -1- Verslag over de Komj-en

Kaneel-kultuur cp het Eiland Ceylon, in het jaar
1851, Ac. Batavia. 1853. 80.

Spanish Theatre. El Teatro Espahol, o coleccion
de dramas oscogidos de L. de Noga, Ac. [tom. 4.
El Cafe’.] Loudres. 1817-21. 80.

Sparschuch, llenrir.us. llesp. Potus Coffeae. See
lAunaeui, <■'. Amoo itates academic i.e, Ac. Vol. 5.
lVl9. Ac. 80. i 1751. Upsaliae. 4o. 1787. Ac. 8o. J
Spiers and Pond. Opinions of the Press on Messrs.
S. A P.'s Management of the Cafe de Paris, Melbourne,
&c. Melbourne. 1851. 80.

S/wn, Jacob. Bevanda Agiatica, Ac. | See under
Te.\.]

Sj>y. New L.ondon Spy; or a Modern Twenty-Four
Honrs’ Ramble through the Metropolis., .including a
Description of Gaming Houses,.. .Coffee Ileuses, Tea
Houses, Ac. London. 17—. 80.

Stahl, Ivo Johann. Dissertatio do u.so et olfectibus
potus Caffee. Hesp. Woywode. Erfordiae. 1731. lo.

Stainbank, If. E. | See under Tea.]

Steck. De cultuur der Liberia-koffy. 1879.
Steinmentz, C. P. C. Handleiding voor de gonverne-
ments-koftij-kultuur. Soerabaya. 1865. 80.

Steinpel, A. A. van der, Jr. Het Cafe’ Chantant.
Verzimeliug van komische voordraetten, conpletten,
duetten, Ac. .. .Met., .muziek. Dev. 1872. 80.
Stevenson, M.D, Advice Ac. [See under Tea.]
Steventon, Jus. Treatise Ac. [See under Tea.]
Strauss, Laurentius. De potu Coffe’. F'rancof. 1665.
4o. [French trans. by P. Sylvestre Dufour. Lyon.
1571. 12o. English trans. by J . Chambcrlayne. 1585.]
Stromer, Theodor. See Multatuli, p.seud. Max Have-
laar. . . .Deutsch von T. S. 1875. 80.

Stuhlmann, J. Beitriige zur Kenntniss des Kaffeins.
Marburgi. 1855. 80.

Suermondt, G. See Loudon, II. Hope.

Siiermondt, G, West-Java-koffij-cultuur-maatschappij
verdedigd tegen den referent in de '‘Economist.”
Amsterdam. 1865. 80,

Suermondt, G. West-Java-koflij-cultuur-uiaatschapij.
Het advys der Kamer van Koophandel to Batavia, de
” Oud-Koopman ” enz. wederlogd. Amsterdam. 1856.
80.

Suyar Question. The Sugar Question, a digest of
the evidence taken before the committee on sugar
and coffee plantations, moved for by Lord G. Ben-
tick. By one of the witnesses, 2 pts, in 1 (E. A W.
Indies, Mauritius, Ac). Loudon. 1848. 80.

Suyy, ll'illiarn T. Coffee and the applicaation of
Gas to Coffee- Roasting. London. 1834.

Swan, ir. A. Labour Laws of Ceylon and the
Relations betwee the Planters and Coolies on Coffee
Estates. “Observer” Pres=i. pp. g. [For Private
Circulation. J Colombo, 1855. 80.

Sydserf, Thos. Tarugo’s Wiles: or. The Coffee House.
A comedy. Loudon. 1658. 4o.

Sylvestre Dufour, P. [See under Tea.]

(To be concluded) .

CARDAMOMS IN COOKG.

The Cardamom cultivated in Coorg is the Elettaria
Cardamomum, and although the trade, so far as
native cured fruit is concerned, is steadily falling,
still the cardamom is an imjiortant artie'e to the
people and is certainly the cause of much thought
and anxiety to the Administrators of this little
Province.

I will not give any botanical description of the
cardamom in this article nor will I refer to the
other kinds which are not utilised, but endeavour
to give an idea of the habitat of the plant and
the methods of curing it followed by the jjeople,
with a few remarks on the state of the cardamom
irade.

ihe cardamom grows best ou the Western and
Northern slopes of the ghats at an elevation of
from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea. Here the
full burst of the monsoon strikes the steep sides
of the hills and the rainfall reaches as much as
300 inches in some parts. It grows spontaneously
but is one of those peculiar plants, the seed of
which lies durmant till induced to germinate by
the occurrence of certain conditions. One of these
is the admission of light. Cardamoms will only bo
found in the deuce evergreen forest, and the

ordinary method of inducing them to appear is to
open a small space in the forest by felling one
or two very large trees. Not only does this admit
the light but the fall of the trees shakes the

ground and breaks the surface*. So thoroughly is
the necessity for the shaking of the ground

believed in, that when a plot is selected, all
undergrowth, small trees, Ac. which might interfere
wiih or break tho fall of the gainl selected for

de.structioii, are cleared away so that the tree may
descend with all its weight aud momentum : and
to intensify the effect the tree is always felled so
as to face down hill. .Vs those plots arc almost

THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Nov. 2, 1896. I

301

invariably situated on the steepest hills, the effect
of the fall of one of the enormous trees so coniinoii
in the Ghat Forests must be very grand.

A Cardamom Estate is called a “ male ” and the
ordinary method of cultivaitng a “ male ” among
the Coorg, is to open out a certain number of
these plots within the limits of the same. The
plots are necessarily small, for only a limited
amoiuu of light is required and a plot too large,
in addition to adndtiing too much light, would
also allow of evaporation from the soil to an in-
jurious extent. In the leases given for “males”
the maximum size of each plot is fixed at one-sixth
of an acre and at least thirty feet of forest
must be left between any two plots. As a rule
not more than two trees are felled and oftener
only one. The felling generally takes place in
February or March in the year and by the rains
the young plants shoot up. They require weeding
at least once before they begin to yield, which
takes place in the third year. The plant continues
to bear for seven or eight years, the fourth and
fifth and sixth of its age being its best. When it ■
begins to cease bearing, either a new plot is selected
or another tree is felled which seems to give a
fresh start to the plant.

The position of these “ males ” is generally so remote
and inaccessible that the picking of the crop is
undoubtedly no easy task. In fact, the Coorgs
lose a large proportion of the crop, for the fruit
begins to ripen as early as July, while they never
attempt to pick before well into September. The
tremendous rainfall not only, in itself, deters them
from penetrating the hills, but renders the numer-
ous streams and torrents impassable. Indeed, on
the exposed slopes of the Ghats, life wood scarcely
be liveable in the height of the monsoon. As it
is, the leeches in these forests throughout the
autumn and cold weather months must be seen
to be appreciated, and in addition to these
drawbacks, the steepness of the hills is such that walking
is difficult. When climbing about these “ males ”
one can quite comprehend the feelings of a fly
walking of the side of a house.

The cardamoms are picked and sun-dried. If the
male is far from the village, the drying takes places
on the spot, otherwise the capsules are taken home.
Four days sunning is sufficient, care being taken
that they do not get wet and that they are not
over exposed, as this latter would cause the capsules
to burst. But beyond this open air drying, no further
curing takes place. The fruit stalks are rubbed or
picked off. In this part of the process, it is wanderful
the number of capsules a practised hand will clean
in any given time, The capsules are then assorted
according to size and colour and stored away till
disposed of. But a better system of both culti-
vation and curing has been introduced into Coorg
by an English planter in the ghats. I am much
iudebts-d to Mr. Finlaj'sou for his having put at
my disposal the necessary information concerning
his treatment of cardamoms. In the first place,
the cardamom plant is raised from seed in a
nursery and the plants are put out in a compact
plantation, instead of being allowed to grow
b^.ontaneously in scattered clearings. The first step
is to prepare the area which is to be made into
a cardamom plantation. This is done by thinning
the shade. The amount of thiuniu" can only be
determined on the spot and is guided by experience.
The aspect chosen is generally North or North
West and the most favourable places arc the moist
hollows and ravines. The undergrowth is cleared,
and planting is done in .June and July, from
nursery plants raised from seed, supplemented by
bulbs from old stools, Mr. Finlayson prefers the
latter as growing better. The plants are put out
at 7 feet hy 7 feet, not deep in the soil. The
plants are put into shallow pits which have been
filled with surface mould, the soil is pressed round
the half exposed bulb and the plant tied to a stake.

These Cardamoms yield a small crop the third
year after being put out and they do not come
into full bearing until the fifth year, thus there is

no advantage in time in this method of cultiva-
tion. The yield then is about half a seer to each
plant. Thus an acre would give about 475 seers,
or say 950 pounds ; under half a ton. The picking
lasts from July to January, September and
Decmber being the busiest months. The first
crop always yields the hugest fruit.

Before preceeding to give Mr. Finlayson’s method
of curing, I will venture on a comparison of the
advantages resulting from the two systems of
cultivation, the 1 ative one by means of isolated
and scattered openings in the forest, and the
English one of a regular plantation. As to the
former, the only advantage that can be cbiimed,
and I am not certain that the claim should be
allowed— is that it does less harm to the forest
which, as the Ghaut Forests should be preserved
for climatic reasons, is a very important point. Mr.
Dickinson, whose knowledge of the conditions of

cardamom cultivation owing to his personal in-

spection of the males and ghaut forests is unique,
is in favour of the native method on the ground
of less damage being done to the forest. He
argues that the partial clearing of the high forest
over a comparatively large area accompanied by
the rtmoval of the undergrowth, tends to set
up scouring and that the soil will be all washed
away. But the drawback to the native system
is the difficulty of supervising the work and of
enforcing the I'ules as to the size of the plots
and the width of the belt of forest to be left
between each plot, and though it is in the
interest of the male holder not to open the
forest to too great an extent, it is a question
whether, with the low prices ruling in the car-
damom market, the urgent necessity of raising a
large crop will not, and does not, tempt inale
holders into over-felling, leaving the future to
look after itself. Where a forest lias been over-
felled under the native system, the damage is
practically irreparable. It is with very great

diffidence that I differ from one so well up in the

sudject as Mr. Dickinson, but I have seen both
systems of cultivation and taking all the conditions
obtaining, I am decidedly in favour of the
English method of cultivation, as it is more easily
and effectually supervised, it concentrates the damage
done into a smaller area, the crop is more
easily and more cheaply picked and the whole working
of the estate more in accordance with science.

Mr. Finlayson dries the capsules partly by ex-
posure to the sun and partly by artifical heat. The
former is the better method, but, owing to the
uncertainty of the weather, the latter, in the end
pays better. The cardamoms are bleached bv ex-
posing them to the dew for a couple of nights
and then fumigating them with sulphur. Mr.
Finlayson is naturally somewhat reticent as to the
prociss his cardamoms pass through, for the supply
is large and the market restricted and the com-
petition from Cc-;. Ion, Travancore and Mysore is
keen. Before p oking, the capsules are carefully
sorted and clipped. I am unable to give the cost
of cutivating, picking and curing the cardamom
under this system. It is finally packed in boxes
and sent to the market.

The price of cardamoms has been steadily di-
minishing of late years, Ils. 14 to perhaps ‘ in a
few instances ’ Es. 18, per maund of 28 lbs. is the
average selling price of native cured cardamoms
The English cured sell from Es. 1-8-0 to Es. 2-4-0
per It). The system in force in the days 0^(116
Coorg Eajas as regards the disposal of cardamoms
was that the whole crop was handed in to the
Government, who paid the cultivators a fixed price
per maund and sold the crop for itself. The price
paid was from Es. 12 to Es. 20, jier ni.aund. This
was continued after the annexiiou of Coortr until
1840, when the males were put up to auction and they
are now leased, tenders being invited for a certain
period of years. There is another class of male
in Coorg the Jama male— the holders of which
have a right to the produce on payment of rent
which is assessed on the estimated yield.

302

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov, 2, 1896.

The prospacts of the native cardamom cultivatora
are extremely gloomy. Ov\ing to several causes,
the cultivators have been having a bad time of it
lately. Falling prices, the enfranchisement of their
slaves which necessities payment of labour, and
bad seasons, have all combined to render it impossible
for many of the lessees to pay the rent they covenanted
to six years ago. ^ So bad has been their condition
that tl'e Local Government has had to allow a
large number to resign and the condition attached
to the acceptance of the resignation viz-, the
payment of all arrears, has been found difficult to
enforce.

It is a matter of extreme regret that a compara-
tively large number of families should lose their
principal means of livelihood, but it is useless
for the State to endavour to oppose the laws of
economics. Want of capital prevents these small
male holders from cultivating and curing their
cardamoms in a paying way. The outturn is so
poor in quality that it necessarily fetches a very
low price when the beautifully cured capsule of the
English grower is competing with it, and the problem
will soon work itself out with this result, that the
producers of native cured cardamoms will become
fewer and fewer, until the produce they put on the
market only suffices for the demand. For, strange
to say, despite its inferior value and condition,
there is still a demand for this kind and always
will be, as long as there are people who, though
desirous of purchasing, can only afford to pay low
prices and must therefore, perforce, put up with
an inferior article. The slow extinction of the male
holder is a serious loss to the Forest lleveuue, but,
I fear, go he must, and the Department must look
around for some fresh source of revenue to make
us the deficit.

G. H. FosTEit.

Indian Forester.

♦

SILK FROM TIMBER.

Applied science is rapidly undermining the few
scraps of sentiment that are still associated with our
daily life. The scents that we fondly imagine to be
distilled from the sweet breathing children of Pdora
are in reality extracts from coal tar, and even worse.
The raspberry flavour in our confectionery is a pro-
duct of benzol, with a name about thirty syllables in
length ; essence of pineapple is just acetate of
some dreadful hydrocarbon compound. Finally, our
silks and satins, once spun from the dainty gossamer
of the silkworm, are henceforth to be got (para-
doxically) from cotton, saw’dust, timber, wood pulp,
and such like unsentimental sources. The Society
of Chemical industry met aud gloated over this
last fact the other evening. The process has
already made such strides in Ph-ance that many of the
extra-gorgeous silks in Regent Street this season are
said to be spun from liquid timber. Science is never
content with equalling nature ; she likes to go one
better and (so the new timber silks are much more
glossy’ than those of the ancient worm and take richer
shades of (aniline) dye. It is interesting tol earn,
however, that in nearly every detail of his new silk-
making ’process che chemical engineer has simply
imitated nature- The gossamer of the silkworm, the
spider, and the rest of the si)inuing invertebrates is
really 'nothing but a kind of natural liquid gum or
varnish exuded from fine pores of microscopic
aperture. If yo'i want to see how a sticky
liquid can be drawn out into threads you

have only to dip a needle into treacle or
syrup, and pull it gently out again, slightly twisting
the sticky thread at the same time. Only, the sticky
threads that ooze out of the spinning ducts of the silk-
worm are so fine that you can hardly see them with-
out a lens, and they have the advantage of instantly
drying into a delicate elastic fibre. When a consider-
able number of these are twisted together we get the
well-known filament which the silkworm uses to wrap
round her cocoon and the spider to weave her web.

Now the chemist has imitated this sticky fluid which
is so easily drawn into microscopic threads and
instantaneously dries as it escapes into the air
He first of all prepares a kind of gun-cotlno
by trealiog cotton or wood-fibre with nitro-
sulphuric acid, just as if he were going to
make smokeless powder, or celluloid, or other lovely
modern product. Then he stews this in cylinders for
some ours with alcohol and ether, which practically
converts it into collodion. The latter emerges as a
sticky fluid, like thick gum. This is pumped thi’ough
pipe.s to spiuuing machines, aud emerges at each
machine from a fine glass nipple. Each nipple
answers to one of the pores of the silkworm. Some
ten or tw-elve delicate threads are drawn from these
nipples, combined together and spun into a thread
no thicker than human hair. You have now a
fine to: gh thread composed of a sort of dried
gelatine, which is somewhat akin to the nitro-
gelatiiie employed for blasting purposes. It would
never do for ladies to go about in explosive
or at least highly inflamable stuff of this sort for
obvious reasons. So the “silk” is next ,‘de-nitrified,”
which puts it all right, and it is then stretched and
“ironed” until it takes on even a higher gloss than
the natural article. Then it is handed over as yarn
to the weaver, and we need not follow its further
progress, which ends in the costumer’-s window.
All tliii seems to clover that one can hardly be-
lieve 1C. But there is the silk actually on the
market. It is nearly as strong as natural silk and
a great deal cheaper, although we don’t suppose
ladies will find the difference in their dressmaking
bills. 'The homo of this novel manufacture is at
present at Besaiicon, in France, but they are buil-
ding large mills for it in Lancashire.

To THE Editok of the “ D.uly Geapuic.’

Sir, — I have read with interest your leader on
“ Silk from Wood,” but unless ihe process you refer
to is very different from the last two or three
patents taken out, I am afraid it will prove a fiasco.
I speak from experience, having used for the last
thirty-five years silk of all aorta and I maintain that
it is impoaaible to get an artificial silk yarn out of
wood pulp.

The process is very ingenion.s, and the results in
the “yarn” are very good, aud, as you say, take
the dye better almost than the real article. You
say “ English ladies are even now adorned with
artificial silk.” I doubt this very much. Would
you be surprised to hear that we have given sample
orders months ago for this or similar yarn, and
cannot get it ? Not that orders are too plentiful,
but that the yarn cannot, aud has not, been produced
in mercantile quantities.

As to the price quoted, it does not compare very
favourably with silk, which, as every one knows, is
at almost the very lowest point ever known. Had
this patent come out about 1871-5, when silk (say
Ital. Organ) was at 44s, per lb., instead of now at
17s. 6d. to 18s. fid., it might have had a change.
But, apart from the price, the main value of silk
is the length of its fibre, and consequently its
strength. Your estimate of 4-5 to 5-5, weight for
weight and length for length, I take to be quite out
of the question. There are a great many objections
to this varii. It is practically gun-cotton. What
about a lady getting her dress on fire? The fibre —
if you call it fibre— is so short that when once
creased the mark will always be there ; and there
are many other objections that perhaps only a
practical manufacturer can appreciate.

1 may say that personally I have no prejudice
against the yarn. If it fulfils all the objects the
makers say it will I shall bo only too glad to use
it. But 1 have never yet seen a ’“silk purse made
out of a sow’s car.”— Yours faithfully, A. Nomus.
Manchester. — Daily Graphic.

Nov. 2, 1896.]

THE TROPIC

AGRICULTUPIST.

303

THE LAST CINNAMON SALES.

Weave glad to find from tlie particulars which
have come to hand by the last mail of
the quarterly sale held in London on the 31st
ultimo, tliat the prices of our famous
spices were fully maintained. It is more than
a year now since there was a great rebound
upward, mainly caused by speculation, when
the lower sorts of cinnamon fetched unprece-
dented prices — at any rate, prices which were
unheard of for 20 year's at least — and even sliot
ahead of the linest growths, which had always
commanded top prices in the London market.
It was this last circumstance which placed be-
yond doubt that the rise in prices, of the in-
ferior sorts certainly, was artificial, and sug-
gested fears that the sales would be repudiated
on prompt day. Whether arry sales proved to
be bogus orr settling day or irot, we have irot
been able to ascertain ; but it was satisfactory
to note that the apprehensions regarding the
demoralizatiorr of the market and the violent
oscillation of the pendrrlunr backward, were rrot
realized. If the artificial prices were irot luairr-
tained at the following sale, the prices did not
slip below normal ; there was no throwing
back on the market of lots which had .secured
fancy bids, with the result of disorganization
and loss of confidence in the tr.ade. On the
contrary, inferior sorts made a distinct advance
on the prices which had ruled for years, and
this advance has been maintained since, at
everv subsequent sale ; while the finer sorts
have“held their ground, if they have not shown an
appreciable advance. Indeed, the present relation
in prices paid for fine cinnamon and ordinary,
strikes us as more natural and reasonable than
tliat which had obtained for years, <and which
secured for carefully-prepared line quills about
double the price which the identical bark, not
so skilfully manipulated, fetched. The conclu-
sion we draw from the establishment of this re-
lative position, and from the maintenance of
fair prices for the commoner kinds of cinnamon,
is that there is now a healthy and growing de-
mand which keeps pace with the supply, and
that long-suffering cinnamon proprietors have at
last tui'ned the corner, from which a better out-
look is visible.

The quantity of spice offered for sale last
month was not heavy — oidy 779 bales ; but then
the August sales are always light ; and, though
the figures compare badly with those for May,
when the offerings were as high as 1,743 bales,
they were better than those for August last
year, when the quantity brought to the hammer
was only 677 bales. Almost the whole qiiantity
offered found buyers in tlie room,
bales that remained, we have little doubt, were,
as usual, disposed of privately at current figures.
These prices were satisfactory all r-ound— no
sort or quality showing a decline, whrle most
qualities showed an advance. The Goluapokrrna
mark asserted its prescriptive right to head the
list, with Is 4d for its firsts. This rs the same
figure as its firsts fetched at the prevrous quar-
terly sale ; but last month its fourths realrzed
better prices than at the May sales held^ on 1st
June. The liighest qiralities of Wester Beaton,
Kinrbulpitiya, and Mudaliyar Rajepakse s rrrarks
secured an advance of a penny, and the ad-
vance was maintained in the lower qualrtres ; so
that there must have been good competrtron for
the finest growths. That is not umisual ; but
the maintenance of high prices, and even an
advance, for the ordinary sorts is a pro.
38

niising feature, and the more so as these have
been offered “unworked.” The tyranny of
London Agents and Dock Companies, in in.sist-
ing on undoing every bale and tying it up again,
and cliarging exorbitantly for the damage done
in the name of “working” — has at last been
fairly overcome. For not only have common
and ordinary sorts been offered and sohl unworked,
but also some fine spice wliicli fetched a shilling
and upwards for its firsts. It remains that the
leading marks should now insist on their spice
too being offered, without needless and expensive
manipulation, on samples drawn from a bale of
each quality. The saving should mean again of
^d to Id a lb. ; for, apart from the charge for
working these, is the loss in broken cinnamon
which is boxerl and sold at less than the lowest
qualitie.s. We append a report on the sale from
a leading firm in the trade, from which it will
be seen that the stocks are very low : —

London, Sept. 2, 1896.

Cinnamon — The quarterly auctions were held on
Monday last when the very small total of 779 bales
Ceylon was presented, against 1,743 bales at the
sales of 1st June and 667 bales at this period
last year.

There was a full attendance of the trade and with
good competition about 720 bales were hammered,
oi'dinary and medium qualities realizing full last sale’s
prices to Jd per lb. advance, whilst fine descriptions
— of which about 300 bales were catalogued — sold
well, chiefly at an average rise of Id per lb. good
to fine “Firsts” at Is to Is 4d, “Seconds” lOd to
Is 2d, “Thirds” lOd to Is Id, and “Fourths” 9d to
lid per lb. The “unw*rked” cinnamon, fair to fine
first sort brought lOd to Is Id, second .sort 9d to
Is, Third sort 9d to lO^d, Fourth sort 9d to 9Jd,
and Fifth sort 8id to 9d per lb. Only 35 bags chips
in sale and sold at 3d with fair clippings at 8Jd
per lb.

The stock of Ceylon is 2,031 bales against 2,333
bales in 1895, 2,066 bales in 1894 and 3,707 bales
in 1893.

The next auctions will be held on 30th November,

ORIGINAL RESEARCH AMONGST
PLANTERS.

Almost all great inventions and discoveries
have been made by members of those industries
which have been tlius benefited by them. Our
planting industry promises to be no exception
to this rule, and we have already had the sin-
gular pleasure of drawing prominent notice to
the results of original research in more than one
direction. We now are glad to draw attention
to what promises to be some extremely valuable
investigations into tlie intimate relation that ex-
ists between the condition of coffee soils and
leaf-diseased trees. It is not our present ob-
ject to dwell at length on the details of the
subject, but a short summary, sketching out the
lines on which, these researches have been carried,
will sure to be of much interest to both coffee
and tea-planters, as the causes that induce di-
sease in coffee will also be found powerful fac-
tors in the health of tea-plants.

Naturally enough any explanation of the
causes of- a disease tliat has hitherto baffled all
attempts, practical and scientific, at either pre-
vention or cure, will be first received with
much doubt. And this is a very proper and
scientific attitude to adopt towards all theories
of a novel nature and far-reaching in their effects.
Our investigator, a practical planter of some little
experience, has throughout his career taken a great
and absorbing interest in tlie scientific side of plan-
ting, Before long this gentleman, whose name

304

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, 1896,

we are not just now in a position to disclose,
became possessed of a number of n'cpresentative
analyses of the soils of the diilercnt cotTee districts
of South India. Having liad some experience with
scientilie English agriculture, the marked dillerence
between the nature of the Indian and English soils
at once struck his attention. Apart from the
fact, now generally known, of their great poverty
in i)laut food, he noted that almost one and all were
also markedly deficient in the jjroperty of allowing
the free ])assage of atmospheric air within their pores.
Nor was this difficult to understand, as the propor-
tion of their harmful iron and ahmiina constituents
was unusally great. The importanee of this may
not be at first sight apparent to the ordinary
reader, hut it is simple enough in reality. The
roots of plants cannot thrive without a free supply
of oxygen ; and in fact, experiments have] demons-
trated beyond fpiestion that oxygen is an essential
of the life of plant-roots ; depriveil of this element,
they inv.ariably die, though furnished with abun-
dance of all other neeessaries to their well-being.
Now there are certain forms of iron that have a
great .affinity for o.xygen, .and it is in this h.armful
form that by far the greater proportion of the iron in
our coffee soils is found. To p>it it plainly, the iron
in our soils is unrusted, and until it has rusted is na-
turally a great absorber of oxygen. For, as every-
one knows, rust is merely a combination of iron .and
oxygen. Here it will be seen that we have two
rivals for oxygen in the soil : the plant roots
and the unrusted iron, and the metal being the
stronger of the two, the roots are starved of
their great essential and consequently the plant
cannot thrive. Thus far it is very clear and
simple, but the matter does not end here.
Another essential to plant life is nitrogen, and it
is well known that this element cannot be taken
up, except by legumes, in its free state. The
manner in which such plants as coffee take it up
is in the 1‘eady digested form of nitrates. Nitrates
are formed by the action of certain bacteria wliich
live in the soil, nitrates being the vegetable
matter in the .soil that h.as (after jjassing
through certain processes) been absorbed by
them and passed out in the ordinary course of
nature. These bacteria are living organisms
and they cannot do without oxygen. It is easy
to see, therefore, that in soils where large
(piantities of unrusted iron take up the bulk of
the oxygen these unhappy bacteria cannot thrive,
and n.aturally can do but very little to con-
vert the dead nitrogenous matter into food avail-
able to plants. In agriculture at home this has
been recognised for ages past, and through
tillage has got to be looked upon as one of the
first essentials to achieve success. The condi-
tions that obtain in plantation culture un-
happily do not allow thi.s- to be carried out
with any attempt at completeness, so that the
malign inlluences of the .airless soils are left
almost unchecked. This is not all. The v.alu-
able nitrates are, as we .all know, extremely
soluble, and therefore are washed out of the soil
in huge qu.antities by every heavy rain. Now
iron in its unrusted form effects a combination
with nitrates th.at is es|)ecially soluble and
liable to be e.asily carried aw, ay by r.ain. But
when duly exposed to the .air .and sufficiently rusted
it forms a combination chat can resist in
great measure the washing effects of even tropi-
cal rain ball.

Knowing all this — which has been set forth
here for those unfamiliar with the subject — our
inve.stigator fell to considering the matter further.
If the.se soils can neither manufacture nor retain

nitrates in sufficient quantities, the coffee grow-
ing therein must suffer from want of nitrogen.
If so, the an.aly.sis of the sap would undoubtedly
show this. Analyses were therefore made of sap
from trees grown respectively in soils poor in
.air and consequently in nitrates, and also from
trees grown in rich well-aer.ated soils. The re-
sults were striking. In the first c.ase, the .analysis
revealed a woeful deficiency in the necessary com-
])ounds of nitrogen ; in the latter an abundance
of these indispensable constituents was [found.
To be successful in its attacks, disease must, as
a very general rule, find a.ssistance in the
weakened constitution of its victim. Coffee trees
whose saji is poor in nitrogen are, and must be,
delicient in vital power, consequently easy vic-
tims to the fell apijro.aches of the germs of leaf-
disease. To support this further, the sap of
leaf-dise,ased trees w.as foiind to be extremely
poor in nitrogen, and the same state was re-
vealed in the soils from which it was drawn.
Clearly then, there is shown to be a most striking
and close connection between the physic.al and
chemical conditions of the soil and the constitu-
tion of the plants growing therein, and therefore
between the soil and leaf-disease.

To sum up briefly, leaf-di.sease attacks
weakened and unhealthy trees (as shown by after-
effects of heavy cropping) far more severely than
those of a robust and vigorous constitution.
Coffee cannot remain in full vigour without an
abundance of nitro-carbons in its sap. These
compounds of nitrogen must be derived from
nitrates in the soil. Nitrates cannot be formed
without the action of bacteria on vegetable matter
in the soil. These bacteria cannot thrive without
an abundance of oxygen. The majority of our
Indian coffee soils contain a very large

proportion of unrusted iron, which is a most
greedy absorber of oxygen. To reverse the ai'gu-
ment. Naturally the want of oxygen results in
a lack of bacteria ; without bacteria nitrates
cannot be formed ; owing to hack of nitrates
the sap of the coffee tree is deficient in
nitro-carbons ; as a result of this again

the vigour of the tree is impaired, and thus
can i)resent no effectual resistance to the
attacks of the everpresent germs of le.af-disease.
-Q. E. D.

Such is, in brief, the theory of the relation
between assimilable nitrogen and leaf-disease,
which we hope very shortly to publish in all
detail. Some of our j)ractical re.aders may demur
at the import.ance we have attached to the above:
what benefit can be derived from knowing the
cause of the dise.ase without being told the
cure ? Let these doubters be patient : on the
correct diagnosis of a disease depends altogether
the success of the tre.atment applied. Once the
true cfuise of le,af-disease is fully demonstrated,
the cure will follow as a matter of course and
certainty. — Plantiiuj Opinion, Sept. 12.

ITiOSFECTS OF INDIAN TEA.

The rapid strides that have recently been made
in the consumption of Indian tea in America and
Australia would seem to justify the assumption that
the conversion of our cousins to a taste for our teas
will not take a tithe of the time which elapsed ere
the average of .'ilb. per head of the population of
Groat Britain was reached. It must be remembered
that, with the exception of the outturn of the Assam
Company, no Indian teas worth mentioning were put
upon the London market until 1802, and certainly
they were not calculated to recommend themselves to

Nov. 2, 1896,]

THE TROPICAL

public favour, Scarcely two factories pursued the
same method of manufacture, in consequence of
which there was so little uniformity that the dealers
and brokers were in despair, and it was not until
1866 that Indians really began to attract attention
in Mincing Lane, but for the subsequent three years
dealers purchased Indiana merely for blending with
the lower class of Chinas. From 1869 a demand gradu-
ally arose for tbe unadulterated article, from which
time home consumption has steadily increased ; and,
though there is a considerable section of the public who
still cling to the higher class of Chinas, such as that
vended by Twiniugs, Newman and other well know'n
houses, even they are gradually veering round in
favour of Indians. We may take it for granted there-
fore that within the next two years the demand for
Great Britain alone, reckoning on the last census,
will amount to 185 million pounds. Next in order of
tea-drinking nations comes Russia, but as the upper
and middle classes are siipplied with the best Caravan
tea from China, it would not bo safe to calculate
upon eventually securing more than one third
of the population as our customers, which would
give a consumption at 51b. per head of 155 million
pounds and taldng the remaining population of
Europe at 251 millions, reckoning at the rate of
21b. per bead, we arrive at a demand of 812
million pounds. We place the consumption of
Continental nations at 21b., as the majority are
coSee and cocoa drinkers. What can be done hei'c
after in the way of conversion must remain an open
question, at least for the present; but we have
not yet secured even the 21b. per head be it
remembered. Turning to the American Continent,
we have to deal with a population of 133 millions,
but at present China holds the monopoly of sup-
plying the states on the Pacific Sea-board, leav-
ing us about two-thirds in the Canadas and Ata-
lantic States, which ere the end of the century is
reached (if we are to jiidge by Mr. Blechynd'en),
should create a demand for an additional 220
million pounds. Australasia with its 4 millions may
be taken as an assured market at the extreme con-
sumption of- that of the United Kiegdon, so that 20
millions will be needed for those colonies in the
near future, bringing the total demand, say, within
the next four years up to 1,082 million pounds, the
actual outturn last season being but 135 million
pounds. With regard to the population of Asia,
estimated, to number 854 millions, we must first deduct
that of China 400 millions as also Siam, Cambodia and
the Malayan Peninsula, for already tea cultivation
is attracting attention in these countries, and, with
an almost unlimited supply of the very best seed
procurable from the Shan States and Northern Ton-
quin between the parallel of 22° and 30^, these
will not only supply their own requirements, but
eventually enter into rivalry with us. This will
leave us but Persia, Central Asia and Asiatic Turkey
to deal with, which may be taken at one pound per
head, or 100 million pounds, which is about the
estimated outturn from Ceylon, 1896-97, and tliere-
fore need not enter into our calculations. Can these
possible markets be secured ? Wc believe that to the
extent we have put down they can be, but not with-
out the most enei'gelic and prompt measures, and
money must be freely, though not necessarily
extravagantly, expended in establishing agencies
in every centre olleriug prospects of success. I’ro-
suming that the securing of this supply can be
accomplished within the next four years we have
now to consider what means we have for meeting
the demand. The Tea Association do not publish
their revised estimate until the end of August,
and as much depends upon the vagaries of' the
remainder of the season these estimates are not
reliable there being a discrepancy last year of 3
million pounds in the August estimate and 5 mil-
lions between that made in the spring and that re-
alised. We shall be on the safe side, therefore, if we
take the outturn of Indians this season at I-IO mil-
lions and Ceylons at 120, in all 260 million pounds,
barely enough to meet requirements, if the Ameri-
can and Colonial demand is sustained at the rate

AGRICULTURIST.

of the past six months. From all we have been
able to glean the extensions this year in both
producing countries amounts to .30,000 acres w'hich four
years hence may bring the outturn up to about 200 mil-
lion pounds against a possible requirement of 1,082 mil-
lion pounds as mentioned above. We abstain from en-
tering into such side issues as the coolie problem, box-
supply freights etc., which are purely matters for the
planters’ and agents consideration ; but have en-
deavoured to show what markets exist or may ^be
created, and what the prospects are of meeting 'an
estimated demand, taking our figures from official
statistics, and merely confining our remarks to the
next four years, and it seems to us that the dread
of over production of Indian teas is a nightmare
afflicting timid investors haunted by extreme pessi-
mist forebodings. Sales up to date have been pro-
mising enough to indicate a successful season, dispite
the grumbling indulged in at the abnormal weather
experienced during the spring, and it would be a
wise policy to devote a liberal portion of the forth-
coming dividends to exploiting the markets we have
glanced at. A cai'eful consideration of the figures we
adduce will, we think, convince most people that, so
far from there being danger of over-production, the
probabilities lie in the opposite direction, but
action, and united action, must be taken at once so
as to secure outlets, for it will require fully four
years to educate Continental nations. The present
growing demand has, however, to be carefully
watched, for there is just the possibility that our teas
a 10 being taken, as other novelties, merely to satisfy
curiosity, though our own opinion is that the
patronage is genuine and will become permanent.
Planters and investors may regard with equanimity
the attempts of rival countries for labour is chead
enough here to defy competition, except, perhaps,
in S.E Asia and Java, but even there the price
of labour is higher than with us. At the same time
resort should be had to every possible contrivance to-
wards minimising hand work, even in the minutest
details ; and a good substantial prize might be offered
for a picking machine, for with this problem solved the
cost of production could be brought down to some two
annas. Our remai-ks have been suggested by the ad-
verse criticism of the tiatuvday Ilcviem upon the laun-
ching of the Consolidated Tea and Lands Company,
Limited ; and, though, considering the scheme has been
brought out in London, the prospectus might have en-
tered more into details of the actual planting prospects,
to those better acquainted with agricultural pursuits
as pursued in India than our London contemporary or
the Madras Mail, which endorses the views of the
home paper, the enterprise promises fair enough, while
the price asked for the property appears by no means
extravagant. It is amusing to note that the Mail
heads his article “ A Mammoth Planting Concern.”
That is commercial India all over and men here can-
not apparently understand dealing in other than petty
investments with capital ranging about a couple of
lakhs of rupees. We are at issue with the 3Iail on
the matter of large versus small companies, for it is
now beyond question that all the vexation and ob-
struction thrown in the w ly of developing our resources
emanates from ^Vostnl:nstor ; hence, big companies
could exercise I’arliameiitary pressure on the India
Office, while the Mannikins would be snubbed. — Indian
Planters’ Ga^icltc, Sept. 5.

PLANTING NOTES FROM EAST
HAPUTALE.

Sept, 16.

Ill this district of late we have e.\ perieiiced
rougli stormy iveatlier, the wind veering all round
the compass. And we have had only two or
three fugitive showers since I last wrote you,
one giving us a little over one inch of rain. We
have still hot dry weather here and tlicre is not
much tea making going on, on this .side of Ilajnltale
just now. 1 have never seen tlie brooks lower
than they now are, and the patanas are
again becoming brown and burnt up with

3o6

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov, 2, 1896.

fierce suns, the skies day by day being
without a cloud. We are anxiously await-
ing the advent of the North-East monsoon.

hen the steady rains of tlie North E ist mon-
soon are with us, there will be, I am informed,
a good deal of land planted with tea. Some
ot these clearings are from patanas — poor scrub
lands and light chenas. Planters should be very
cautious how they select lands for tea planta-
tions. I am quite aware some kinds of patana
soil will grow good tea. For the last quarter of a
century I have seen both very fine coflee trees
and of late years tea trees growing on Nayabedde
estate near the road, the soil there being of
a kind of peat, deep-lying and well-drained.
This kind of bog soil is formed by the slow
decay of some kind of vegetable matter which
takes place during many years, I might say
centuries. Where I now reside, we have five
or six acres of rich dark soil patana land, which,
if well drained, would grow tea well and profit-
ably for years. There are other kinds of patana
lands suitable for tea plantation, but great care
should be taken in these days to select only
proper and suitable lands, and as a rule to eschew
lands growing light scrub and with a .scanty
growth of jungle trees on it.

Let it be remembered that jioor lands that
AVould i)ay a Tamby 01 Sinhalese to cultivate
M’itli tea or collee, woul l bring loss and failure
to a European. I am not one of those “ tropi-
cals” that believe in the restoration of eofl'ee
cultivation, while the red fungus can be seen
on most old eofl'ee trees, still swarming on some
estates in East Haputale. Ilefore this fungus
reached eofl’ee estates attacks of white and
black bug were experienced at long intervals ;
but after a time or season they left the eofl'ee
trees. But with the fatal fungus came the
green bug to complete the destruction caused by
the fungu.s.

Nevertheless on suitable lands, eofl’ee might be
planted now, with tlie sober expectation of
getting crops— half a dozen or so — before the trees
are prevented from bearing well by various
enemies of one kind or other ; ami the present
])rice of eofl'ee, and the local consumption of
the fragrant berry seems to favour the idea of
eofl’ee planting on the hillsides of Ceylon, j ro-
viding such lands arc good chenas or forest
lands, if the vastatrix fungus ever leaves Ceylon.
Then there is no reason why eofl’ee should not
be successfully grown again, but I have felt
the sad ell’ects of the dire fungus, and would not
depend on eofl’ee cultivation while it exists as
at present.

THE CHICAGO EXPOSITION.

AHIUVAL OF MKDALS ANO CKRTIFICATES.

Tlie Hon. SV. W. Mitchell in his capacity of
Agent to the Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlinton, Special
Commissioner of the Ceylon Government at the
Great Chicago Exhibition, has received the medals
ami certificates awarded to Ceylon Exhibitors.
In all 10() medals ami certificates have •omc to
haml. It isa little late ill the day, but the medal
and certificates are handsome works of art and
well worth waiting for. Each medal is contained
in an aluminium case, rather broader than a
cigarette case, the medal itself being fixed in a
frame of black velvet which moves inside the ease
like the page of a book ami ivhich enables each -ide
of the medal to be easily inspected. On one
face the medal, which is of bronze, bears
in relief a representation of the landing of

Christopher Colombus on the shores of the New
■NVorld, and on tlie other, of which the design
is in harmony, the in.scription — “ World’s Colum-
bian Expo.sition in commemoration of the four
hundredth anniversary of the landing of Colom-
bus,” and then the dates “MDCCCXCII — MDC-
CCIII C. E. Barber /ecf^.” The name of the reci-
pient is stamiied in relief on each medal. The
diploma is a beautiful work of art and well-
w'orthy of “ the greatest show on earth.” It
measures 36 x 25 inches. The design is a very
elaborate one. At the top is a proscenium through
which in the background is seen a view of the
Exposition building. On one side Columbia
and the bison are depicted and on the
other representatives of the youth of the Anglo
Saxon, tlie American, Indian and the negro races,
Allegorical figures beautifully draped surround
the centrepiece, while at the foot is a represen-
tation of a galley carrying as shields the arms
of the different nations and in which allegorical
figures are depicted. In the centre, the nature
of the exhibit, the exhibitor’s name and the
award are given— they are engraved in every
case and not written. The diploma which is a
triumph of the engraver’s art was executed at
the engraving bureau of the U. S. A. Treasury.
The Hon. W. W. Mitchell, forwarded the medals
and certificates today to the reciiiients of these
honours, the list of which is as follows : —
AGBIOULTUBE.

oiioui' 6.

Charles De Hoyaif, Colombo ; D. Ik Dias, Kandy ;
J. Gauder, Colombo ; Julian Heyzer. Colombo ; The
Orient Co., Ld. ; VaVasseur & Co.

ouour 8.

Aberdeen, Ancoombra, Ardlaw and Wishford, Blair
Athol, Broadoak, and Brunswick estates ; Buchanan,
Frazer & Co., Bunyan, Charley Valley, Claremont, Co-
lumbia, Court Lodge, Dambatenne,Uamblagolla, Dun-
keld, Dunnotter, Gartmore, Gigranella, Glendevon,
and Glentarf estates, Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlinton (for
the Ceylon Government;, Henfold, Hethersett,
Holmwood, Invery, Klntyre, and Kurunduoya es-
tates, F. G. A. Lane (for Blair Athol estate),
Laymastotte, and Lynsted estates, Mackwood & Co.
W Waddon Martyn, Mincing Lane and Mousa-
kanda estates, North Matale estate (Land and
Produce Company). Oononagala estate. Oriental
Bank Estates Company, Ovoca, Pedro, Poop-
rassie, Portswood, Kahatungoda, Kookwood, St.
Clair, rillyrie, Udaradella, Vellaioya (no diploma
received), Westhall and Yapame estates.

GROUP 9.

Ceylon Government (Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlinton)
and the Orient Company, Ltd.

GROUP 14.

Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlinton (for the Ceylon Go-
vernment.)

GROUP 16.

Government of Ceylon.

GROUP 18.

Colombo Oil Mills (G. and W. Leechman Co.)
Charles De Soy.sa, Clark Spence X Co. Hon. Sir
J. J. Grinlinton (for the Ceylon Government) and
Mackwood & Co.

FOUESTBY.

GROUP 19.

Leechman A Co., The Government of (’eylon
(the Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlinton.)

MINES ANT) MINING.

GROUP 46.

Darley, Butler X' Co., Jacob de Mel, M. A.
Fernando, and the Ceylon Government.

MANUFACTUKES.

GROUP 87.

C.P. Uayley X Co., and the Oriental Estates Oo.

Nov. 2, 1896. J tHE tROPICAL AGRICULTURlSf. 307

GROUP 88.

Crystal Hill Estate and Julian Heyzer.

GROUP 91.

The Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlinton.

GROUP 96.

Ceylon Government (Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlinton)
the Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlinton.

GROUP 97.

S. L. O. Lebbe Marikar.

GROUP 98.

D. D. cle Silva & Co., A. H. Ismail, P. T.
Meera Lebbe Marikar, O. L. Mohamad Macan
Marikar, A. L. M. Mohama Mahamed, A. T.
Ma 'lamed Baay, M. A. Perera, and the Ceylon Go-
vernment per the Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlinton.

GROUP 101.

Colon.bo Oil Mills Company.

GROUP 102.

Ceylon Spinning and Weaving Company, and
the Ceylon Government (per the Hon. Sir J. J.
Grinlinton.)

GROUP 104.

Government of Ceylon (Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlin-
ton.)

GROUP 110.

Hon. Sir J, J. Grinlinton (for the Ceylon Govern-
ment.)

GROUP 115.

Colombo Oil Mills Company.

GROUP 118.

Ceylon Government.

LIBERAL ARTS.

GROUP 149.

Lady De Soysa, Hon. Sir J. J. Grinlinton (for the
Ceylon Government), Kumarilianii, Lady Have-
1 /Hik, Wennapua Boarding School, and Convent of
the 'Holy Family.

GROUP 150.

Charles' de’ Silva, C. Don Bastian, and G. H.
Perera.

GROUP lol.

W. L. H. Sk^PeH.

fihnuO Jo2.

H. F. Tomalin.

o'-BOtT 155.

Government of Cej'^lotl.

GRO'^’l' ^^7.
Hon. Sir J. J. Grinl.'nton-

THE PINEHILL ESTATES CO., LD.

GENERAL MEETINTG.

PRE.SENT Messrs F. M. M ackwood iil the
chair, H. St. C. Bowie Evan.=, R. E. Pranc0<
C. G. Ryan and J. A. MacGillvr'ay.

Represented by Proxy were : — Messrs. J. Master-
man, .J. N. Layton, J. D. Dryer> R. Trimen,
T. B. Hughes, G. T. Worsley, Mrs. J. F.
Kennedy, Mrs. M. C. Layton, Misi? Jane Nicol,
C. J. S. Nicol, Mrs. E. L. Owen, Mnf. G. Prance,
Mrs. M. F. Thorne, Mrs. A. J. S. HOtghes.

Proposed by the CHAIRMAN and secjonded by
Mr. C. G. Ryan : — That the directors be autho-
rised out of the purchase money arising out
of the sale of the Nahaketiya Estate, amount-
ing to R190,000, to refund to each shareholder of
the Company a sum of forty rupees per share
in reduction of the capital amount subscrilied in
respect of such share. — Carried unanimously.

Proposed by the Chairman and seconded by
Mr. R. E. Prance: — That the caipitai of the Com-
pany be reduced ti^m R355,000 3,550 shares of

RlOO each (being the amount td which the capital
of the Company was increased by special re.solu-
tion passed on the 19th May 1894, and confirmed on
the 16th June, 1894,) to R213,< 00 in 3,550 shares
of R60 each. — Carried unanimously.

The Chairman explained the proposals of the
directors for the disposal of the balance of R50,840,
repurchase money, viz.: 1st, to pay Rl4,300 to
the re.serve fund, bringing it up R21,.300 = 10
per cent of the reduced capital ; 2nd, to lay
aside R17,000, provision for purchase of new
land and bringing into cultivation, the amount to
be placed to a special reserve fund ; 3rd, that a sum
of R10,540 be provided for extension of factoiy
and for new machinery on W’avahoena and for an
assistant’s bungalow on Pine Hill ; 4th, that at
the next declaration of interinr dividends prob-
able in January next, the residue equal to
R9,000, be divided as a bonus amongst the share-
holders, subject to the advice of the solicitors of the
Company.

Proposed by Mr. C. G. Ryan and seconded by
Mr. Bowle-Evans That the proposal of the
directors be adopted. — Carried unanimously.

Tliis having closed the formal business, Mr.
Ryan drew attention to the prices the Pine Hill
teas were fetcliing, wliich he considered much
lower than they ought to be.

Tlie Chairman replied that the directors had
already insisted upon better prices being ob-
tained ; otherwi.se there was no alternative, but
to have a change.

THE FINANCIAL POSITION OF THE
INDIAN TEA INDUSTRY.

Referring to Mr. Seton’s table of results of work-
ing of Indian tea companies, the Produce Markets
Review says : “ An interesting table has been pub-

blished by Mr. George Seton, 120, Bishopsgate Street
Within, showing in detail the working of forty
Indian tea-growing companies registered in London
in the season 1895. The total paid-up capital of
these taken together is ?£4,076,488, and the acreage
under tea 107,013 acres ; of which 90,759 are
mature and 14,254 bear young plants. The
cost per acre s £38, and the crop 463 lb. per acre
or 42,928,295 lb. in all. The expenses are £1,265.469,’
or 7‘07d per lb. and the total receipts £1,660529, or
9'27d per lb. leaving a profit of £395,090, or 2'20d,
the ratio of expenses to receipts averaging 76 per
cent. The profit per mature acre is £4 5s 2d, or
9 69 per cent on the capital. The dividends paid
v/ere £323,074, or 8 per cent., and the amount carried
forward and standing to the credit of reserve is
£369,441, or 9 06 per cent on the capital. In taking
the average profit some very remarkable results are
lost sight of. One company makes 6'2ld per pound
and six make over 3d per pound. Taken as a whole
the London Indian tea planting companies are thus
very prosperous, which is more than can be said
for th'^e various branches of the distributive trade. It
ie a significant fact also that these established companies
have coipparatively little maturing in young plants,
they see that the danger confronting the indus-
try la iodia and Ceylon is over-production. The
smaller companies, not having London registered
oflices, no doubt are hard at work extending, and
with this in view the established companies would
do well to add handsomely to reserves while times
remain good, and to curtail expenses as far as prac-
ticable.”

The Grocer says : “ The annual statement pre-
pared by Mr. Seton of the working of forty Indian
tea companies during the season 1895 has just been
published, and gives some very interesting re-
sults, The actual sale-weight of the crop as raised
by these companies amounted to 42,928.295 lb,
which was an increase of 3,315,450 lb. in compari'-
son with the aggregate of 39,612,645 lb. for the season

3o8

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Nov. 2, 1896.

1894, as printed in the Grocer of October last. The
companies and their planters contributing most
largely to the production of tea in the past
season were as follows : Assam, with 3,225, 1891b ;
Jokai (Assum), with 3,063,0511b; Dooars, with
2,987,1301b ; Assum Frontier, with 2,390, 0531b ; Land
Mortgage Bank, with 2,179,1871b ; and the Brahma-
pootra Company, with 2, 175, 1781b. The gardens
producing the next largest quantities of tea, say
between 1, 304,9211b and 1,714,0891b, were thost be-
longing to the Single, Upper Assam, Cachar and
Dooars, Chargola, Lungla (Sylhet), Dooma, and
Jorehaut companies. The plantations which turned
out crops varying from about 410,0001b to a little
over 930,0001b each were those known as the
Chubwa, Sephinjuri Bheel, Jhanzie, Moa-
bund, Majuli, Allynugger, Attaree Khat, Bri-
tish Indian, Noakacharee, Doluo, Borelli, Derby,
Darjeeling, Longai Valley Eastern Assam,
Lebong, Indian of Cachar, Scottish, Assam, Moran,
Tingri, Chandpore, and Dejoo tea estates. The
minor growths gathered were by the Endograin,
Boroka, Hunwal, and Balijan planter, who had not in
all cases the unenviable reputation of payirig the
smallest dividends. The best of these were indeed
paid by Assam, -Jorehaut, Brahmapootra, Chandpore,
Lebong, Moabund, Kajmai, and Sephinjuri Bheel
companies, whose distributions of profits on their
ordinary shares wei-e at the rate of from 15 per cent,
to 20 per cent. Others, such as the Dooars, Derby,
Attaree Khat, Balijan, Doom Dooma, Jhanzie, Jokai
(Assam), Moran, and Tingri proprietors, returned
dividends of 10 per cent, to 12r per cent. Less suc-
cessful owners and growers of Indian tea did not
pay more than 5 per cent, to 8 per cent, out of
their year’s net earnings; and there were some
whose payments were at the poorer rate of 2i per
cent to 4 per cent on their paid-up capital. This,
for the whole of the forty companies, reached the
sum of 414,076,488, and the total area under culti-
vation (including young and matured plants) covered
fully 107,000 acres. Tbe cost p^er acre varied greatly,
ranging from £19 to £79. The expenses of culti-
vating and managing the different estates swallowed
up from 4'34 pence to 10'33 pence for every pound
(avoirdupois) of tea produced; and whilst the prices
realised were from 6-7 pence to 13'62 pence per lb., the
actual profit fluctuated from 0 31 to 5'21 pence for the
same quantity of drinkable tea. The yields per
acre, of course, differed widely, according to cir-
cumstances of locality, management, weather, time of
gathering, Ac , and were calculated at from 2821b to
as much as 6851b per mature acre, running up in
two instances to 9361b and l,045lh for a similar
breadth of plants. All this indicates a high state of
prosperity for the British Indian tea companies, and
they may look forward to achieving still greater suc-
cess in their industrial enterprise, as there is a cons-
tantly increasing demand for their pioduce in the
home country as well as in the colonies.” — U. and C.
Mail, Sept. 4.

TEA AND (JJKFEE COMBANIES
IIEUISTEKED.

mOALLA CKVnON THA KSTATl’. COMPANY, UMIl'ED.

Registered August 5th by Murray & Co., 11, Bir-
chin-lane, E.C., with a capital or 1:25,000 in £10
shares. Object, to adopt an agreement with R. B.
Reid for the purchase of the Digalla Tea Estate,
Kelauy Valley, District, Ceylon, and to plant, grow,
and produce tea, coffee, cinchona, cocoa, Ac. The
directors are H. K. Rutherford, G. A, Talbot, and
II. B. Reid. Qualification, £250. Registered office:
21, Mincing-lino, E.C.

jntITISH CEVI.ON TEA ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED.

Registered July 31. by Warner and Seligman, 21, Great
Winchester-street, E.C., with a capital of £160,000
in £5 shares. Object, to adopt and carry into effect
an agreement expressed to be made between
George Jj. Davies of the one part and this company of
the other part; to acquire by purchase or otherwise
any grants or leases from Government, and to pur-

chase, take on lease or in exchange, hire, or other-
wise acquire from any other company or companies,
person or persons, any tea or other estates or lands
or property of any description situate in Ceylon,
British India, or elsewhere, or any right or interest
therein, or any rights or privileges (including any
copyrights or trade marks) which may be deemed
necessary or convenint for the purposes of the com-
pany ; to cultivate tea, coffee, cinchona, rice, coca,
cocoa, coconuts, and other produce, and to carry on
the business of tea and coffee planter in all its bran-
ches ; to carry on and work the business of cultiva-
tors of and dealers in every kind of vegetable,
mineral, and other produce ol the soil ; to prepare,
manufacture, and render marketable any such pro-
duce, either in its prepared, manufactured, or raw
state, and either by wholesale or retail ; to construct

and maintain buildings, sawmills, roads, rail, and
tramways, Ac. The signatories are : —

Shares.

G. L. Davies, 32, Stanley-gardens, N.W. . . 1
E. E. Abrahamson, 18, Rockley-road, West-
Kensington . . , . . . 1

T. W. Watson, Pailton, near Rugby .. 1

D. H. Gibson, 40, Broad-street House, E.C. .. 1

E. H. King, 6, Belsize-park-gardeus, N.W. .. 1

II. E. Warner, 21, Great Winchester-street, E.C. 1
J. D. Campbell, 65, Bramah road, S'W. . . 1

DUNSINANE TEA COMPANY, LIMITED.

Registered August 28, by Murray, Hutchins, Sterl-
ing and Murray, 11 Birchin-lane, E. C., with a capital
of £100,000 in £10 shares. Object, to adopt and
carry into effect an agreement expressed to be made
between W. R. Arbutnnot and P. M. Anstruther of
the one part and this company of the other part
for the acquisition by purchase or otherwise, as a
going concern, of the tea estate known as Dunsinane,
Kotmalie Korale, in the Nuwara Eliya district.
Central Province, Ceylon, to develop and turn to
account the said property in such manner as the
company shall see fit, and to carry on business as
planters and growers of and dealers in tea, coffee,
cinchona, cocoa, cardamoms, rice, Ac. ; to work mines
or quarries, and to find, wind, get, work, crush, smelt,
manufacture, or otherwise deal with ores, metals,
minerals, oils, precious and other stones or deposits or
products, and, generally, to carry on the business of
mining in all its branches; to build, maintain, and
work tea factories, coffee-curing mills, roads, tram-
ways, and other works, matters, and things of any
kind ; to acquire and turn to account patents, Ac. ;
to undertake the office of trustee, executor, Ac. ; as
merchants, exporters, importers, traders, enginneers,
and any other trades, businesses, or undertakings
whatsoever; and to transact all kinds of financial
business. The signatories are: —

Shares.

W. R. Arbnthnot, Plawhatch, East Grinstead . . 1
P. S. M. Arbnthnot, Plawhatch, East Grinstead 1
II. D. Arbnthnot, 2, Royal Exchange-build-

ings, E.C. .. •• .. .. 1

A. N. Frewer, 34, Nicholas-lane, E.C. . . . , 1

J. C. Sanderson, 37, Mincing-lane, E.C. . . 1

J. F. Shelly, 37. Mincing-lane, E.C. . . . . 1

W. C. Somerville, 62, Ilauden-road, Lee, S.E. . . 1

SAUAPIQUI ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED.

Registered August 28th, by J. Ballautine, 21, Cornhill,
E.C., with a capital of £120,000 in £1 shares. Object,
to adopt and carry into effect an agreement expressed
to be made between G. Rothe of the first part, the
Sarapique Syndicate, Limited, of the 2nd part, and
this company of the third part, for the acquisition by
purchase or otherwise, as agoing concern, of certain
estates situate in the Republic of Costa Rica, belong-
ng to G. Rothe, to develop, cultivate, and deal witn
the said properties in sush manner as company
shall see, fit, and to carry on business as coffee
planters, growers, exporters, and merchants, ns also
of such other trees, planes, crops, and produce as
can or may by grown or produced on tlie property of
the company and to prepare, treat, and fit the same
for market and to sell, ship, and dispose of the same;
to construe and maintain any roads, buildings, works,
ways, rail and tram roads, wharves, piers, docks,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

309

Nov. 2, 1896.]

factories, ware houses, electric works, &c.; to turn
to account the lands, estates, properties, cSrc., of
the company by clearing, draining, irrigating, fencing,
planting, and building thereon; as farmers and graziers,
stock-raisers, Ac. to lay out towns and villages,
and to promote mmigration thereto ; to acquire

and turn to ccount any patents, Ac. The

signatories are:—

Shares.

W. Austin, Sunnyside, South Norwood-part S.E. 1

G. D. Jennings, 28, Gracechurch-street, E.C. . . 1

O. Magniac, Hays Wharf, Southwark . . 1

J. H. Thring, J.P., Alford, Castle Carey . . 1

J. L. Shand, 24, Rood-lane, E.C. . . 1

T. Horne, 141, Endlesham-road, Balham . . 1

W. Baker, 33, Billington-road, New-cross . . 1

OUVAH COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED

Registered August 7, by Hollams, Sons, Coward
and Hawkesley, Mincing-lane, E.C., with a capital of
d£100,000 in .£10 shares. Object, to adopt and carry
into effect an agreement expressed to be made be-
tween the Ouvah Coffee Company, Limited, to the
one part and this company of the other part, for the
acquisition by purchase or otherwise, as a going con-
cern, of the business and undertaking of the said
company (henceforth to be known as the old com-
pany, incorporated 1864), and, generally, to lend
money to such persons or companies, and on such
terms as may be deemed expedient, and in par-
ticular to planters, merchants, manufacturers, and
landowners ; to develop the resources of such lands
estates, Ac., as may from time to time be acquired
by the company by clearing, draining, planting,
and irrigating the same, and by building thereon ; to
lay our towns and villages ; as farmers, graziers, and
stock-raisers, shipowners, timber merchants ; to con-
struct and maintain rail and tram roads, docks,

Eiers wharves, warehouses, Ac. ; and the general
usiness of a mining, milling, smelting, and metallur-

gical company. The signatories are : —

Shares.

A. R. Brown, 5, Dowgate-hill, E.C. . . 1

N. Stewart, Burgess-hill, Sussex . . 1

L. Famin, 57, Eastcheap, E.C. .. 1

J. G. Wardropp, 2, Challoner-street, West
Kensington . . 1

P. Oswald, 130, Fenchurch-street, E.C. . . 1

J. Roberts, 5, Dowgate-hill, E.C. .. 1

H. J. King, 5, Dowgate-hill, E.C. .. 1

— II. and O. Mail, Sept. 4.

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

Tea in Norway. — If we may judge by the com-
plaints made by British tourists in Norway and
Sweden, there is room for the development of the
tea trade in those countries. Indian and Ceylon tea
are not to be met with in the ordinary way, and
the art of brewing tea is sadly neglected. Coffee
is in favour much more than tea.

Brazil as a Tea Growing Country. — Some Brazilian
planters, we learn, are very much impressed with the
idea that tea could be successfully and profitably
grown in Brazil, and experiments on a somewhat
extended scale have been talked of. The idea is not
anew one. Some British capitalists had the sugges-
tion under consideration not very long ago, and
one well known firm of enterprising tea agents visited
the country to see how far the prospect was hope-
ful. 'V' e do not know the conclusion arrived at,
but we should imagine that there were difficulties
in the way. Allowing that the conditions of soil
and labour were favourable there .would be the
question of security and title, matters of consider-
able importance where British capitalists are con-
cerned. The three principal coffee producing pro-
vinces of Brazil, viz., Rio de Janeiro, Minas Geraes,
and Sao Paula are in about the same latitude as
Central Australia, and therefore much further south
than Java.

Planting in British Central Africa. — The report
of Sir Harry Johnson on the British Central African
Protectorate for the year 1895 is very satisfactory.

One of the most interesting parts of the report des-
cribes the development of the coffee planting in-
austry, which is carried on in the Shire Province
m Angouiland, and iu the Marimbo district. It is
to the coiTee planting that the Commissioner of
Nyassaland ascribes the prosperous change that
has recently bep experienced in that part of Africa,
lea has been introduced, while tobacco is a great
success. As regards the labour question, the ponu-
lation statistics, which Sir Harry Johnston has
been at some pains to compile are of great
interest an^d value. The total of European ponu-
lation IS 289, of which nearly half is in Blen-
tyre. The native populaiion is estimated at
ajiout 850,000. These figures, taken with the
the not very encouraging statistics as to the health of
the territory, make it clear that the European hill
settlements must always remain islands in the ocean
of an enormous native population in the plains.

We must encourage,” says the report, “ the un-
checked increase of the negro population,” for ulti-
mately the whole future of Central Africa depends
on the natives themselves. “Given abundance of
native labour, and the financial security of the Pm-
tectorate is established.” And again, “ It onlv
needs a sufficiency of native labour to make this
country relatively healthy” (that is, by the clear!
ance of jungle and the drainage of marshes) “and
aniazuigly rich.” Sir- Harry .Johnston sees that £
^ and liberal treatment of the
natives. Unskilled native labour at present only re-
ceives some 3s a month, and skilled labour only very
ocasionally reaches as much as £40 a yar / ve y

CooLY Labour in British CoLONiEs.-Mr. Chamber-
lain has been interesting himself about coolie Kur
on the sugar estates not only of Natal ”hnf
in the West Indies, and a deVtch h£\Lu
sent to the various governors of tViA
concerned. In the West Indies very sWnT®!
laws protect the coolie labourers, but he miff^rs con‘
siderably from the tyranny of the “babajees,” X
tieat low caste men with a very high hand °

them tael,. Coolie, taq JotlfoeoTJ™ 1
money, and are to be met with amonerat the qhnriLa
ele... In Brlti.h there he«®be,riStle7,''S

coolies amassing wealth and owning racehorse^ hn f
while labour as in demand in India it seems strange
that so many coolies are found willing to go ^ coInm£
where they are treated as inferiors by negroes and h ’
at any rate until they are used to tL forCto p U
up with yery much that is repugnant to their feelings
In the early sixties a large proportion of the coofie'
labom-erson the sugar plantations in British oSa
were mutineers from India, who had left their county
for their country a good as well as their own. Kv
were a rough lot, and occasionally made things lively
foi the planters. Owing, however, to the large mo
portion of negroes m the colony no very ferfonn
mischief occurred.-// & C Mail Sept. 4th. ^

INDIA AND CEYLON TEAS IN AMERICA.

New York, Aug. 19.

The market for the past week has shown a better
feeling than for some time and more sales are re
ported ; some arrivals of new season Indias show
good liquor with fine appearance of leaf and have in^^
with ready sale at full rates. Ceylons, medium n^fd
lower grades, are plentiful and sell at easier prices^
while good liquoring, well made, tippy teas are some
what scarce and wanted. Cable advi^s from afcroad’
report that the stock of India teas is lower in
by 2.000,000 lb. than at the same date la.st year S
shipments from Calcutta last mouth were SiVin noo
lb. behiud th»t of 1895, which m italM,°
to boom prices of India teas, were it not that the
spot stock of Ceylons m Loudon ig geveml
millions in exco.,s of that of a year ago- hi
judging from all information obtainable’ fhA
buyer who carefully looks at his stock and replenishes
before a very long time, will probably fine/ that he
has not lost anythmg.

310

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Nov. 2, 1896.

A dispatch from Victoria, B. C., says : Despite th«
arrival in the held of Nippon Yusen Kaisha as the
fourth competitor for Oriental trade to British
Columbia and Puget Sound ports, there will be no
cutting of tea cargo rates this year, and no sailing
ships will be chartei’ed. A combination is announced
between Central Pacific, Northern Pacific, Oregon
Bailway and Navigation companies and the Japanese
line of steamers, and a uniform rate of li lb. has
been agreed upon. — American Grocer, Aug. 19,

MADAGASCAR.

London, Sept. 10. — Twenty thousand natives are
ravaging the northern district of Madagascar. —
Australian Paper.

British Guiana and its Resources.— By
the Author of “Sardinia and its Resources.” (G
Philip and Son.)— This is a seasonai)le book, for it
tells us something of the value of a country about
which there is not a little trouble just now. It
produces sugar, but not to much prolic, tliough tlie
writer discerns signs of improvement. It furnishes
gold, and that in no small quantities. The yield has
grown from 250 oz. in 1884 to 110,4:12 dz. in 1894.
Of course it is the opportunity of digging for gold,
not of growing sugar, that our Venezuelan friends
are an. \io us to grab. There is a timber trade, but
it is not flourishing. As to the natural attractions
of the place, the vegetation is magnificent, espe-
cially in orchids and palms. The climate is inclif-
ferent, but in worse repute than it deserves. The
annual rain-fall is 80 inches ; the thermometer
never falls below 70 degrees ; the death-rate is 38
per 1,000. — Spectator.

FOREST ARD SOILS.

The value of underbrush must not be underrated.
Although its mothers young trees, it is useful to
forests of larger growth. The amount of mineral
matter which a tree absorbs is insignificant. Water
is the essential element. In checking evaporation
and retarding the flow, undergrowth is often neces-
sary. But the smaller amount of dead wood in a
forest the better, since it breeds many kinds of
insects, some of which may invade the living trees.
The material resulting from decay, however, en-
riches the soil, so that it is better to burn the dead
wood which cannot be utilised. In that way the soil
is enriched just the same, the insects are disposed
of and the underbrush is not seriously disturbed.

Prof. F. H. Storer, in Agriculture, says: “Within
porous soils nitrate are doubtless formed rather
freely, and, as is well-known, the nitrates are easily
washed out from soils, and are liable to go to waste
after every rain that is long continued. They are, in
fact, leached out of the soil, and the manure from
which they come rapidly wastes away. It is said
to be a matter of old and familiar observation in
Germany, that in sandy regions, in seasons that are
particularly wet,lthe soil may finally be so thoroughly
leached that it becoms unfruitful. When we consider
the facts that nitrates are easily washed out of the
soil, that they are absolutely essential to plant
growth, and that they are continually produced, dur-
ing the period of growth, from humus, by the action
of nitrifying bacteria, we canappreciate the damage
to light soils by fire. Land thus damaged needs very
careful- tillage ' and green manuring before it can
produce a crop of consequence.” — Journal of the
Society of Arts, Aug. 28.

THE DUMONT COFFEE COMPANY, LTD.

(Under Acts 1SG2 to 1890.)

This Company is formed for the purpose of ac-
quiring, carrying on, and developing the celebrated
Coffee Estates of the Companhia Agricola Fazanda

Dumont, situate in the district of Ribeirae Preto, in
the State of bao Paolo, United States of Brazil.

05 ^ Mortgage Debentures ,t*100 .. i*400 000

‘h „ Cumulative Preference (as to Capital

and Interest) of flO each . . 400,000

Ordinary of 4:i0 each . . • • 400,000

200 000

Directors and Friends take €50,000 of each 150, ’OOO
Present Subscription, 26,66.5 Preference

at iTO 266,650
26,665 Ordinary

at .£10 266,650

26,667 Debentures

at £100 266.700

Pref.

Ord.

Debs.

£1

£1

£10

£2

£2

£40

£3

£3

£25

£4

£4

£25

£950 000

Debentures redeemable 1920 at par or by six m'ontbs’
notice, with £15 per h/-vnna ■ —

Calls, &c.

On application
On allotment
On 20th October
On 15th December

Directors : — P. R. Bucuu.uau, Jijsq., unairman ((Jhair-
man of the East India and Ceylon Tea Company
and Director Consolidated Tea and Lands Co.) H.
K. Rutherford, Esq., (Chairman of the Ceylon Tea
Plantation Co., Ld.) Major F. B. McCrea (Man-
aging Director Army and Navy Co-operative). Hon.
S' (Director Imperial Ottoman Bank).

G. A. Talbot, Esq. (Director of Selangor Coffee Co.)
Robert Hart, Esq. (Chairman of the Baraoora Tea
Company.)

Bankers Messrs. Glynn, Mills, Currie & Co 30
Lombard Street, E.C.

Brokei-s:— Messrs. Coates, Sons* Co., 99, Gresham
Street,E.C.

Freehold Estate 110,000 acres ; 13,000 acres planted

with coffee. Statement of coffee trees in bearine

yield and profit:— ®

In bearing. Yielding lb.

’92

•93

’94

’95

’96

i,:ioo,ooo

1.400.000

1.500.000
2,069,700
2, 476, .500

3.897.000

4.200.000

5.107.000

8.400.000

Profits.
£53,978 19
£68,128
£86,589
£127,453

9,000,000 (hist.) £142,226

Taking the profits of 1895 as a basis,
although not half the planted area was
yieding crops

Less Debenture, Int. ..£22,000 0 6
„ Preference, Int. . .£30,000 0 0

0

0

3

6

6

..£127,453 3 6

£52,000 0 0

.. £75,453 3 6

Balance ..
for Dividend and Reserve.

The purchase price has been fixed at £1 200 000
payable two-thirds in cash; balance and debentures'
preference and ordinary in equal proportion, *

The Company take over the estates as from 1st
January, 1896, and are entitled to the prefits earned
during the current year. These are estimated at
about £142,000, and will be used for providing work
ing Capital, for forming a Reserving account, and
for the payment of interest on the debentures and
a dividend to the preference and ordinary share-
holders from the dates of payment of the instalments
up to 31st December. 1896. It will be noted that
the average profit of 1894 and 1895 is sufficient to
pay the debenture interest and preference dividends
more than twice over.

The Bandarapoea Ceylon Company.— The
first we believe among the Ceylon Tea Com-
panies in London to declare an interim dividemi
Ii^M been the Bandarapola Ceylon Company.
rhediiector.s of the Company, as will be seen
from the letter which we juiblish elsewhere, have
declared an interim dividend at tlie rate of 10
per cent per annum (free of income tax) for the
lialf- year ending June 30th last. We heartily
congratulate the shareholders, ^

Nov. 2, 1896.] THE TROPICAL

SCIENTIFIC EXPERT FOR THE TEA
INDUSTRY.

(From an Occasional Correspondent.)

Some time ago you published a discussion that
took place at a meeting of the Indian Tea Associa-
tion regarding the appointment of a scientific expert.
One speaker animadverted rather severely on the
uiggardlv manner in which the Government of
India had always dealt with this question, and not
without just reason. Though the United States and
Prance contribute largely, Denmark spends annually
£11,000, and all our colonies give liberally towards
agricultural colleges and scientific research, it must
be borne in mind that the British Board of Agriculture,
even in the face of severe and long-continued depression,
has never supported agricultural education and investi-
gation to anything approaching the extent its im-
portance demands, or as the countries named and
others have. May our Indian Government be induced
to follow the better example and not that of the
mother country hereafter. The tea industry is a great
industry and if its members act with unanimity, and
sustained energy it ought in these times to be all-
powerful in such matters. No doubt with the coat
of pushing new markets, a still more urgent matter
for the present, there may be difficulty in paying
a competent expert adequately, and retaining
his services long enough, unaided. I am not,
however, so sanguine of very much being soon
accomplished, beyond what has already been
and may yet be done by the so-called “ rule of thumb”
of practical observation and experiments in manu-
facture, because I do not believe that chemistry is
calculated to do so much for tea as in some other-
processes of manufacture. Tea-making does not, I
consider, come within the realm of science so fully
as is generally supposed, one reason being it is
very seriously affected by the uncontrollable in-
fluences of atmosphere and weather in the open
field. Still, it is but right that practical men
should have the aid of the more skilled scien-
tists, and in the course of years— possibly very soon

this might be productive of great i-esults even in

manufacture. Neither may science be enabled readily
to do much in the way of cure and eradication of
blio-hts, but it could not fail to add to our kuowdedge
ant do’ something. Scientific and minute and care-
ful observation of the life, history, and habits of
most of the parasites that affect tea have been made
and recorded by Wood-Mason, Cotes, Dudgeon, and
others, most interesting, doubtless, but I have not
heard of any practical benefit derived. The effective
practical remedy is to increase the constitutional
vigour of the bushes and thus give them power to
resist and grow out of pests, or perhaps develop
new varieties of disease-resisting plants. But I
believe it is in the dii-ection of analysis of soils
to ascertain what elements are wanting and what
manure or application is necessary to yield or im-
prove the quality of the tea that most is to be ex-
pected. In regard to this it is to be feared practi-
ot,! planters are entirely in the dark, and experi-
menting, while difficult and costly, is likely to be of
little avail. Of course in regard to manuring accord-
ing to soil for vigorous, healthy plant growth gene-
rally a competent analytical agricultural chemist
could not fail also to be of the greatest service.
This latter branch of manuring does not seem so
urgent for tea, which is not an exhaustive crop as
far as rude growth of the plant and leaves, irres-
nective of cptality, is concerned, certainly not so much

as the extension of new markets meanwhile.
Even should there be no excess of nitrogen in the
rainfall in tea countries (and upon this doubt would
seem to be thrown by more recent analysis), the
cheapest form to supply it is in green-manuring,
and for this the unusual abundance of
leguminous herbs, plants, shrubs, and even
trees (papiUonacce is peculiarly favourable,
they having all the capacity of fixing and
utilising the free nitrogen of the air. It will be long,
I feel convinced, before it can prove profitable to ap-

39

AGRICULTURIST. 311

ply artificial manures, except those, should such be
discovered, productive of quality. Unfortunately, in
many parts, the supply of local manure is very
limited and poor, and if it were in greater abund-
ance the cost of transit would be prohibitive. Hence
the importance of green-manuring and top dressing,
little more being practicable in many cases. The
indigo planters have always had the reputation of
being good cultivators, but indigo being one of the
family of Legiiminosie is in their favour.

One speaker who took part in the discussion
referred to is reported to have said that the
subject of a scientific expert for tea had been
discussed at a meeting of the Royal Society,
and that Dr. Voelcker had stated that
scientific inquiry should extend over a period
of twenty years. I doubt very much if ever
this subject has been under consideration by the
Royal Society, and am certain if Dr. Voelcker ever
expressed an opinion of the kind he would have
assigned a muen longer period. The seme speaker
asks “ how many proprietors of tea gardens could be
found who were so considerate for posterity as to
spend large sums of money annually from which they
themselves could derive no benefit.” But withalong-
lifed plant like tea especially, this is just what must
be done in the interests of present proprietors as much
as that of posterity. There is often short-sighted pro-
cedure in regard to the management of tea property that
is qui.e as much opposed to the interests of the pre-
sent owners as of posterity if rightly viewed. This
applies equally to the conquering of new markets as
to the employment of scientific experts. The fruits
of such efforts should all be anticipated, or the ab-
sence of them discounted, in estimating the present
value of tea property. All who can in any measure
realise the difficulties attending the chemical investi-
gation of tea culture and manufacture, and the na-
ture of scientific research in connection with agri-
cultural chemistry in this country, so far from con-
sidering twenty years too long, must have good reason
to fear that would not prove long enough to obtain
really valuable results, not to speak of exhausting
the subject. We have but to think of the conflicting
opinions and results of agricultural chemists in
different countries. Sir John Bennet Lawes has
since 1343 been carefully conducting most elaborate
scientific experiments in agricultural chemistry in all
its departments on his ancestral property at Rotham-
sted, aided by that eminent chemist Dr. (now Sir
Henry) Gilbert, with a thoroughly equipped laboratory
and a staff of scientific and practical assistants, at a
cost to himself of thousands of pounds annually.
They do not consider their investigations yet exhausted.
So far from it. Sir John B. Lawes in 1889 sot aside
f 100,CXX) under the necessary trust deed to secure the
continuance of those experiments after his death.
Such is his opinion of the time required for such
research and the duty to posterity in such a cause.

But we must not for all this be discouraged. The
chemistry of tea may be considered practically an
unexplored field. There will be all that has been
accomplished in agricultural chemistry, and in con-
nection with the arts and manufactures up-to-date
to aid us at the outset. Aud if practical planters
have all thought out, and worked up to the points
at which they come to a standstill, and the scien-
tific expert be well dii'ected aud put on the track,
much may possibly be achieved in a short time.

Of course there is much in regard to such re-
search that proves rather interesting than of practical
utility. It is interesting to determine the amount
of nitrogen in the rainfall, the loss of nitrogen by
drainage, the life history of pests and parasites,
possibly also the conditions of the atmosphere that
are suffered to mysteriously affect quality but
unfortunately those matters are beyond the
control "of science. Recently German chemists
have claimed the discovery of a method of inouclaU
ing the soil, by which it is secured that the con-
ditions under which leguminous plants can fully as-
similate the nitrogen of the air shall always be fuUy
present. To this inoculating material they have
given the name “ nitragin.” If there prove to bo

312

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

I Nov. 2, 1896.

auy practical benefit in this it could be applied to

f reen manuring for tea. The saine with many other
iacoveries.

Allusion was also made in the discussion to Mr.
Bamber, the scientific export who was appointed by
the Indian Tea Association a few years ago. He doubt-
less made the best of his time and opportunities. His
report was a valuable contribution to the literature of
tea, and is now the standard work on tea gener-
ally, though he stamps with his approval at least
one, in my opinion, vital fallacy in tropical cultiva-
tion. He gave all the varied opinions ever held or
expressed by planters on different subjects, and he
described or referred to all the blights and pests to
which tea is subject, but without aiding as to their
eradication or cure. Neither was much added to the
knowledge of the chemistry cf tea, and I fear there
was little or nothing contributed towards improve-
ment in the practice of manufacture. He gave the
undigested results of some manuring experiments —
some of them of old date — by planters as furnished
to him. His attention never seems to have been
directed by the Association to ascertaining the
mineral elements required to piroduce quality,
or to even visit the district conspicuous above
others for quality. But I repeat that Mr. Bamber
acting under the orders of the Tea Association, did
all what was possible in the time, and for this he
should have full credit. Allusion was also made to
■ Dr. Watt and his having done “much good work
in a short time.” Dr. Watt I know as a botanist
and an able writer. He may have some knowledge
of chemistry also, but I am unaware if he be an
agricultural chemist or a practical agriculturist. Ho
has done something for tea by his investigating into
the damage to the lead linings and tea from the
use of unseasoned and otherwise unsuitable wood for
chests.

In addition to the noble example of Sir
■ John B. Lawes, much is being done at home,

I believe, entirely by private enterprise unaided by
Government. The next of importance is perhaps the
experimental station of the Royal Agricultural Society
of England at Woburn, aided by the Duke of Bed-
ford, and conducted by Dr. Voelcker. Experiments
are carried no a smaller scale at Newton-le- Willows,
and by the more enterprising farmers’ associations
as in Eastern Ross. Slost laudable and beneficial
have been the unaided efforts of Mr, Findlay, of
Fifeshire, in the roaring of new varieties of disease-
resisting potatoes. All this should prove an incen-
tive to the great tea industry.

Ceylon also as usual bids fair to set India another
example. Not only a scientific expert, but technical
schools for instruction in tea manufacture are being
advocated for the island.

The Indian tea industry ought to have a compe-
tent agricultural chemist who is an enthusiast in
his profession with a well-equipped laboratory and
an efficient staff of assistants. These should be
liberally supported as a permanent institution. In
regard to such an investigation no half measures
can suffice. They can only prove a delusion and a
snare.

It is to be hoped, therefore, that the Indian Tea
Association and tea industry may make an unani-
mous and lasting effort worthy of so great a cause,
and that, as recommended, the Government may
be induced to provide half the funds thus required in
the interests of an industry that contributes so much
towards the prosperity of India and the empire ge-
nerally.— H. d; C. Mail, Sept. 4.

PLANTING AND I'KODUCE.

Tjik Gi.ory has Dkparteo. — The excitement that
used to attend the race of the China tea clipper has
gone, so far as this country is concerned, and if a cable
' from Now York contains reliable information it is
much the same in regard to America. I'^rom New
York we learn that the British steamer “ Hankow”
arrived from China on Sunday. She and the
■ steamer “ Glonogle” left China at the same time in
■- Juno loaded with tea, and the “ Glonogle ” arrived on

Wednesday- Captain Orr, of the “ Hankow,” when
told of the arrival of the “Glenogle,” said: “I
received instructions from the company's office in
Loudon to keep up a speed of only 104 knots an
hour. I could have done 14 knots, and might then
have beaten the “Glenogle.” The “Hankow” is owned
by' Messrs. W. Milburn and Company, of London.

Poi’ULAiusiNG Indtan Tea. — 'i’ho connection be-
tween a church organ and Indian tea does not seem
very near at a first glance, but in Dover they con-
trive to bring it about. At St. James’s Church there
a new organ is wanted, and a somewhat novel way
of providing the necessary funds has been taken.
According to the rector, in this month’s parish maga-
zine, a number of the parishioners, rich and poor,
have taken up the sale of tea, which is sent homo
by a well-wisher in India, the profits going towards
the fund, which has already reached a considerable
sum.

Produce and the Trade Returns. — According to
the Board of Trade returns for August there is a
dimimuion in the import of tea as compared with
August, 1895, amounting to £824,908 Of this India’s
share in the decline is £210,500 and Ceylon’s £77,000.
Cocoa fell off the value of £10,880. Less sugar by
.£210,000 came to us this August, Peru being the
only source from which we obtained more than last
year. The greatest falling off was in the arrivals
from Germany and the Philippine Islands. The
quantity of wheat (5,153,000 cvvt,) compares with
9,900,000 cw't. in 1895 and 8,717,000 cwt. in 1894. The
United States sent 2,280,000 cwt. or only 353,0e0cwt.
less than last year, but from Russia, tlie Argentine
Republic, the British East Indies, and Australasia
there came in the aggregate only 1,052,000 cwt.
compared with 0,428,000 cwt. last year. ’Tne statis-
tical position of wheat would seem, therefore, to be
favourable to a rise in price but for the recent
heavy shipments from the United States. It must
be borne in mind that the figures for August, 1895,
were unusually high, and that this year August had
only 25 working days compared with 20 last year.

A Plea for Coffee. — Mr. David Strang, a “ coffee
specialist,” of Southland Steam Coffee and Spice,
Mills, Invercargill, New Zealand, wTites with re-
ference to the decline in the consumption of coffee:
“Perhaps the reason why the consumption of coffee
is on the decline is that manufacturers have not
given it any special consideration. If the trade were
taken up by a few specialists, on the same lines as the
cocoa trade is run, it would, in my opinion, increase
the sale. I have gone to a lot of trouble and expense
in machinery and other matters to get coffee up in
several forms to suit the various tastes (best ru,w
materials only being used), and the public have the
following variety to clioose fiotn ; R iw coffee, roasted
coffee, pure ground coffee, pure coffee with pure
chicory only, patent soluble coffee powder, made in-
stantly with boiling water or milk, and patent ‘Ko-
K-off coffee, being pure coffee and chicory with a
small proportion of specially prepared pure cocoa.,”
A New Rubber Industry. — 'The new rubber in-
dustry at Lagos affords one of the most remark-
able instances of the rapid development of an in-
dustry that has taken place in recent years in any
British colony. It owes its existence to a wild plant
which was only discovered in Lagos within the last
two or three years says the Keto Jlulletin. It
was found to be new as a source of rubber,
although there is now reason to believe it had
yielded some of that formerly exported from

the Gold Coast. At the present time Kickxia
rubber from Lagos has established itself as a com-
mercial article in great demand. The exports in
January, 1895, were 21,131 lb. of the value of .£1,214.
This was practically the beginning of the industry.
In December, 1895. the exports had increased to
948,0001b. of the value of £51,188 9s Id. From a
recent return, communicated to Kow by the Govern-
ment of Lagos, the total exports during the ye.ir
1895 amounted to 5,0u9,501 In. (2,203 tons) of the
value of 209,892 BL lOd. ’This considerable industry
has therefore been called into existence within tw.dvo
months. The rubber is purely a forest prodii I, ..1 1

Nov. 2, 1896. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

313

the collection and preparation of it have been effected
by means of native labour. The success of the in-
dustry is another indication of the undeveloped re-
sources of our West African Colonics. — II. and C.
diail, Sept. 11.

THE BRAZILIAN COFFEE TRADE.

AX IXnuSTKY WHICH HA.S NOT HAD FROM
IIRITI.SH CAPITAL ALL THK ATTENTION
IT DESERVES.

A conespoiulent wi'ites Tlie wide disparity
between their financial standing as nations arul
their coimnercial resources nmst often have struck
all but the most superficial observers of the
South American republics. The Argentine Re-
public, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay have a,ll
passed through a more or less acute crisis in
their national finances, and are now all at
varying stages of convalescence. Brazil, which
from the ])oint of view of national finance, pro-
b9,bly occupies the worst position, must be
awarded, in any comparison based on commer-
oial resources and potential national riches, only
the best place of any of the republics on the
South American continent. It may be some
such comsiderations as the.se whicli have pro-
duced the recent strength in South American
securities. New" agricultural industries, the
constant e.vtension of e.xisting sources of revenue,
and the almost boundless territorial possessions
of Argentina and Brazil are all matters which
may well for a moment lead investor.® to dis-
regard Government mismanagement of national
fiiTances, and look rather to tlie immense suc-
cess which in so many South American fields
has over and over again attended private en-
terprise.

The Brazilian coflee industry is a case in
point. A fertile soil and every natural ojipor-
tunity have combined to produce <a trade which
numbers among those engaged in it the wealtliiest
men in Brazil. A constant stream of immigra-
tion from Europe keeps up a supply of healthy
labour. Spaniards, Scandinavians, but principally
Italians and Germans, are annually landed in
tbeir tliousands in Brazil, and rapidly absorbed
into the multitudes engaged on the great coflee
estates of San Paulo, The State of that name
contains a population of more than 2,000,000,
at least one-third of Avhich is foreign by birth.
Of the 160,000 souls comprisinjj the population
of the city of San Paulo, the capital of the State,
probably one-half are foreigners. The State itself
produces tliree-fourths of the entire coflee crop
of Brazil, or, on the estimates of the export
for 1896, receives about £1"), 000,000 annually
from this single industry. It is obvious that an
industry of this kind and magnitude cannot be
considered as anything but one of tlie staple
resources of the country where it is carried on,
and this the coffee trade is, in fact, to Brazil.

The English-owned San Paulo Railway connects
Ihe great inland network of Railway.? in the State
of San Paulo with the sea at the jiort of Santos.
As a result of recent negotiations with the State
and Federal Governments this line is about to
spend from £1,500,000 to £2,000,000 in doubling its
track and in building new stations and warehouses
to meet the ever-increasing demands of the coffee
trade upon it. Needless to say, various London
banks trading in Brazil have branches in San
Paulo and at Santos, its port; and it is very
pertain that the abandonment of the business done

by them in the coffee province would have a very
considerable influence for tlie worse upon their
dividends. San I^anlo’s prosperity rests upon the
coffee trade ; but it is notorious that while German,
Italian, and American capital has been fi ecly inves-
ted in coffee estates, English capital has not, up to
the present, shown any inclination to How in the
direction of that outlet. This apparent want of
enterprise may arise from lack of opportunity of
knowing the truth about the coffee industry.
German labour may attract German capital and
Italian immigration Italian capital ; Avhile the
American, well aware of the enormous iipports
of Brazilian coffee into the United States, is not
slow to invest his capital at the fountain head of
the trade.

Still, with the tenure of jiroperty absolutely
protected, and ajiublic peace which is only occa-
sionally disturbed by brawls between the various
races congregated in the State, it is not to be
wondered at that British capital is now moving
to a much greater extent than has in the past
been the case in tlie direction of Brazilian coffee
estates. A loan of £80,000 on a portion of one
of the estates is a conijiaratively small transac-
tion. What may in time come to pass will pro-
bably be tlie placing of some of the larger estates
entirely in English hands, with English capital .
behind them. Given a productive estate, with a
good plant and railway service of its own, as w'elL,
as a good connection with the State lines, well
stocked with trees, with facilities for the plant-;
ing of more as the business extends, and — what is’,
most important— a good record of increasing pro-
fits in the past, and British capital would not,
be .slow to avail itself of the opportunity of in-
vestment. A venture of this kind would offer a
security almost equal to that of real property in
this country, with potentialities of profit in-
finitely greater. A .Brazilian coffee com i)any, ca-
pitalised in a fair [iroportion to the extent of the
jiroperty acquired, ought to be able to pay a steady,
dividend of 15 per cent, on its ordinary shares, and
to create a strong reserve fund at the same time. —
Financial Netvs, Sept 9.

TEA IN AUSTRALIA.

Teas. — A little demand fer Ceylous; 200 chests
sold at 5^cl, and 100 chests of fine sold at Is, 250’
quarter-chests of Kaisow buds also placed ; 500 half-
chests of Indian sold. The second sales of new
season Foo Chow teas, ex Sikh, were held on 27th
August, by Messrs. Geo. Crespin and Son and Messrs..
Fraser and Co. The biddings were not brisk, and
results were disappointing to importers, prices ruling
low’. At the two auction sales 3,893 chests and half--
chests sold up to Old for S.O.P., Panvougs to 6Jd. At
the auction held on the 1st Septemb er, 676 packages
were offered, 409 packages sellir g up to the follow-
ing prices : For pekoe, lOd ; broken pekoe, 10|d ;

broken orange pekoe, lOjd ; pekoe souchong, 6|d. The
Acme packages sold up to lOjd. — Leader, Sept. 6.

Scientific Expert for theTea Industry. — An
occasional corrcspoiKlcnt in the Home and Colonial
Mail ba^; contributed an interesting article on
this subject whicli ([uote on another page,
ff’he writer does not consider that tea-making
comes within the realm of science so fully as is
generally sup])osed, but at the same time he
thinks it right that practical men should
have the aid of skilled scientists and that
Ibis migbt be proiluctive of great results even
in mannfacture. Oonqilimentary reference is
made to Ceylon in the course of the article.

5^4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS P. [Nov. 2, 1896.

COFFEE AND liUBBEK CULTIVATION
IN CEYLON.

Coffee ami rubber are, at this moment, the
two tropical products, the su[)ply of winch is in
no danger of c.\ceeding the demand, and at
profitable prices. Attention has been very pro-
minently drawn by us in tlie columns of the
London Times to the falling-off and scarcity in
the supply of coffee — and in connection therewith
to the small encouragement there is for extend-
ing the cultivation of tea beyond India, Ceylon,
and perhaps Java. We do not at all want
home capitalists to be led into the foolishness
of embarking their money for the opening of tea
gardens whether in Africa, South or Central
America or elsewhere. We doubt, indeed, whether
our Java neighbours would not do better in
keeping to coffee and cinchona ; but that is their
outlook. On the other hand in respect of our
old staple, coffee, there is strong encouragement
to extend the culture, and one result of the
attention drawn to the subject is that we find
new and influential Companies brought before
the British public for the promotion of coffee
cultivation in Brazil as well as Costa Bica.
With both of these, well-known leading Ceylon
planters— Messrs. H. K. Rutherford, J. Huntley
Thring, J. L. Shand and G. A. Talbot — are
connected as Director.® ; and there can be little
doubt that the result will be a considerable
impetus to production. The pity is that with
a product so much in demand as coffee, a special
effort cannot be made to revive the culture in
Ceylon on a considerable scale. We by no
means lose sight of what is being done to con-
serve the area planted in Uva, notably Haputale ;
and still more do we recognise the enterprise
which has marked the cultivation of a good-sized
clearing of Liberian coffee in the Kelani Valley.
May a full measure of success attend the experi-
ment. But what is wanted to ensure further
and wider attention to coffee, is surely that all
interested in the product here, in India and at
the Straits should unite to support the mission
to import the ladybird beetles from (.Queensland
to prey on the “bug” and other enemies of
coffee. When this is done, there may be jirsti-
lication for new clearings in the hill-country as
well as the lowlands.

But to turn to the other product. India-rubber,
we can at once with a clear conscience rtrge
its wider culture in our island as a subsidiary
product to tea, if not in separate clearings. The
demand for rubber in Europe and the United
States is increasing every day. The uses for it
are multiplying in all directions. The “Cycle”
industry alone has created an immen.se demand.
All the supply from the primeval forests of Africa
as well as from the basin of the Amazon is not
equal to the demand and must year by year
now, become less so. One source of supply,
Madagascar, is for a time cut off; and the ex-
ports from India and the Eastern Archipelago
are not increasing. The price of raw rubber is
firm if not steadily upwards. It is under these
circumstances that we would urge increased at-
tention to tlie species most desirable for cultiva-
tion in C'eylon. Some of the kinds originally
tried here— the Ceara for instance— did not suc-
ceed so w-ell as was anticipated, although possibly,
sufficient time was not allowed for a fair trial.
On the other hand, there are certain sj)ecies,
the Landol2)hla may be si)ecilied, which are likely
to give a liaudsome return. It would be well if
tUeXonmjittee of the Flauters’ Association made

inquiries as to wiiat may be generally recom-
mended to planters inclined to take up the
cultivation. We know' that British manufactur-
ers of rubber goods are getting anxious about
their supplies ; and one large Company— the
North British, alluded to in our letter from
Gla.sgow', — may be sending out a Commissioner
erelong to examine and report on likely new
sources of supply, as w'ell as to urge extended
cultivation wlierever practicable. Under such
circumstances, Ceylon ought not to be behind
in competing as a ])roducing conntiy — more es-
pecially becau.se to diversify and divide our tea
gardens with some suitable as well as profitable
product, would be one of the best means of en-
suring the continued prosperity of the great
stajiie of our planting districts.

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Sept. 10, 1896.

Business during the past week has been rather
brisker than for the last week or two, the Stock Ex-
change official list showing as many as seven or eight
different markings in one day. Prices on the whole
keep firm, w'ith a slight upward tendency'.

Mincing Lane Market keeps steady, and biddings
have been fairly active, teas with quality making very
good prices.

CEYLON SHARES.

C. T. P. Co. Ordinary have changed hands down
to 29L with shares now offering at 29f

Associated Company shares have' again changed
hands, the Ordinary and Prefs. together at lOi, and
the Prefs. alone at lOJ.

Dimbula Valley Ordinary have changed hands at
6J and 6|, with possibly a few more shares to be
had at the higher fipre. There is no business to
report in the Prefs., but shares might probably be had
at a little over G^.

Eastern Produce and Estates Ordinary are again
said to have been done at 6|.

Ouvah coffee have been done at 12¥.—J[omc and
Colonial Mail.

THE SUPPLY OF RUBBER.

The following article is fiom the Manche.ster
Guardian of Sept. 11th. It shows that although
Western Africa has greatly increased its export
of rubber of late years, yet there is .some daiu'er
of the supply henceforw'ard falling off: “

“It is fortunate for the prosirects of the cycle
industry that the new supply of india-rubber
from Lagos promises to be abundant. The “Kew
Bulletin” publishes the latest intelligence of this
fresh colonial product, which affords one of the
most remarkable instances of rapid development
of natural resources in our times. The “ Kick,
xia Africana,” w'ild forest-plant growing abun-
dantly in theinterior of Lagos from which the new
rubber is derived, differs considerably from the
tree furnishing the Brazilian rubber. It was dis-
covered in Lagos in the latter half of 1894, and
the first exports^ of any consequence w-ere made
in January, 1893. In that montb theshipments
amounted to 21,131 lb., valued at .Pl,213. Thcncc
forward there was a steady increase month bv
month, and in October last the quantitv reacbml
1,059,1581b., and the value .£57,1 17, the returns
lor November and December showing only a sli<r|it
decrea.se. In the whole of last year— the lirst^of
the existence of this trade— the exports "from
Lagos were 5,069,504 lb., of which tlie declared
value was .f269,892. The collection and premia
tion of this raw product are carried on entirely
by ineauQ of native labour, and, although forj,

Nov. 2, i8g6.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

315

time dilHculties arose out of the claims of forest
rights and transitdnes on the part of the local chiefs,
these appear to have been surmounted. Writing
in the early ])art of this year to Mr. Tinsel ton-
Dyer, of the Royal Lardens, Kew, the Acting
Governor of Lagos stated tliat, according to pre-
vailing opinion there, a considerable falling olf
in the export of india-rubber from the colony
Avould be Avitnessed in 189G. He added, hoAv-
ever, thatno one Avas competent to give a trust-
Avortl)y opinion on the subject. The production
of rubber from the “ Kiekxia Africana” in Lagos
Avas preceded by its manufacture from a similar
plant in the Gold Coast Colony a feAv years earlier,
Avhere attention Avas first drawn to it in 1882 by
Sir Alfred jMaloney, then the Governor. In that
colony the export, though declining a little after
its initiation, is now Avell maintained, the amount
imported from t(ie colony into the United King-
dom last year having been valued at £24G,1G0,
besides that sent to the Continent and the United
States.”

^

INSECT TESTS.

To THE Editor OF “Indian Planters’ Gazette.’’

Dear Sir, — May I, through the medium of your
Journal, remind planters and others interested in
agriculture that we are still, at the Indian Museum,
carrjing on our efforts to identify the chief insect-
pests of this country — as well as the chief natural
enemies of these inseetpests — in the hope of ultimately
producing systematic registers, or rolls, of the ani-
mals that affect each particular kind of crop whether
by ravaging the crop or by preying upon the rava-
gers; and may I a]3peal to planters to kindly con-
tinue and extend their assistance to us in this enter-
prise by contributions of specimens and field notes.
Such specimens should be addressed to the Supe-
lintendent of the Indian Museum.

In return for this assistance we can only hold out
the final hope of pio\iding a more or less complete
account of the animals (chiefly insect) that affect —
whether adversely or beneficially — each particular
kind of crop or industry. We cannot test the value
of insecticides or undertake the work of an agricul-
tural experiment station, though we shall of course
be happy to communicate, so far as we are able, the
published results of exterminant experiments under-
taken in countries where agricultural stations exist.
— Yours faithfully, A. Alcock,

Superintendent, Indian Museum.
— Indian Planters' Gazette, Sept. 16.

THE DYEING PROPERTIES OF
JAKWOOD.

The Agriculture Ledger, 1896, No. 4, contains
the folloAving paper

The Constituents of Artocarpus Integrifolia. Part
I. Contribution from the Clothworker's Research La-
boratory, Dyeing Department, Yorkshire College, by
Arthur George Perkin, f.r.s.e., and Frank Cope, Re-
printed from the Transactions of the Chemical
Society, 1895.

From this Ave quote as folloAvs : —

Artocarpus integrifolia is the well-known jack-fruit
tree, belonging to the Urticaceai, a large tree culti-
vated throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, except
in the north. When freshly cut, The heart-wood is
yellow, but this, on long exposure to air, gradually
darkens, finally becoming of a mahogany colour. It
is largely used for carpentry, furniture, etc., being
considered one of the most handsome furniture woods
used in the country, and is stated to be exported to
Europe for this purpose. The rasped wood is used
by tbe natives of India and Java as a yellow dye,
in conjunction Avith alum, for colouring the robes of
the Burmese priests, also for dyeing silk, and for
general purposes.

A sample of this Avood was brought to E ngland by
Mr. .John Ingleby, late Chief Surveyor”" of the
Northern and North Central Provinces of Ceylon,
who introduced it to the notice of Messrs. Wood and
Bedford, of Leeds. This firm being anxious to test
its utility as a dye-stuff, and, moreover, being struck
by its resemblance to old fustic (Morus tinctoria),
imported a considerable quantity from Ceylon, and
to them our best thanks are due for a supply of
material for the carrying out of this investigation.

A characteristic property of this dyewood, by which
it may be distinguished from either old fustic or any
other natural yellow dye-stuff that has come under
our notice, is as follows. If an aqueous decoction
be treated Avith dilute [alkali, a yellow solution is
obtained, and this, if gently Avarmed, assumes a beauti-
ful blue tint, which, or standing, rapidly becomes
green, and finally broAvn-yellow.

In a former communication (Perkin and Pate, this
vol., 649) it was shown that though morin yielded
acid compounds very similar to those produced
from quercetin and other allied colouring matters,
it differ'd from these in that during the formation
of its sulphuric acid compound 1 mol. of water is
eliminated. In order, therefore, to be quite certain
that the colouring matter of jackwood was really
morin, its solution in boiling acetic acid was treated
with sulphuric acid. On cooling, an orange-red,
crystalline mass separated, which was collected,
washed with acetic acid, and dried at 110 deg.

'The composition of the sulphuric acid compound,
and a comparison of this and the hydrobromic acid
derivative with those of morin obtained from old
fustic, left no doubt as to their identity. The
colouring matter of jack-wood is therefore 7norin.

Attempts to prepare acetyl and other derivatives
have yielded at present unsatisfactory results, and
this is no doubt due to its instability in the pre-
sence of most reagents. It is our intention to con-
tinue the study of this most interesting substance,
but this work will of necessity be slow', for its isola-
tion from the dyewood in any quantity will entail
considerable time and labour.

As morin has been previously only known to
exist in old fustic, and as this dye-stuff contains
also a second colouring matter, maclurin, it was
necessary to determine whether the latter also ex-
isted in jack-Avood. Various tests, however, showed
no indication of the presence of this substance ;
but in order to be quite certain, it seemed best to
prove this indirectly by examining old fustic accord-
ing to the methods employed with jack-wood.

A boiling aqueous extract of old fustic was there-
fore treated with lead acetate, the precipitate col-
lected, and the filtrate, after removal of lead in the
usual manner, evaporated to a small bulk. The
dark-coloured liquid thus obtained was treated with
excess of salt, filtered, the filtrate extracted with
ethylic acetate, and the extract evaporated. The
resulting sticky product showed 1 o signs of crys-
tallisation, and it was therefore dissolved in dilute
acetic acid and allowed to stand some hours. A
light yellow precipitate gradualiy separated, which
Avas collected and purified by crystllisation in a
similar manner, and this was found from its dyeing
and other properties to be identical with maclurin.
With lead acetate solution, it yielded a precipitate,
but was not entirely thrown down in this way, and
its isolation from old fustic in the above manner
is doe to tbe fact that its lead compound at first
formed, is partially decomposed by the acetic acid
which is simultaneously libei/ated from the lead
acetate. On the other hand, morin is entirely pre-
cipitated by this reagent.

Jack-wood thus treated as here shown yields no
substance having the properties of maclurin, and its
non-existence in this dye-stuff is thus conclusively
proved. Morin is consequently the sole colouring
matter of jack-wood, and the cyanomaclurin which
it contains occupies the place of the maclurin in
old fustic.

As the delate acetic acid filterato from the preci-
pitated maclurin (see above) appeared to contain

* Indian Civil Service, ^

3»6

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

a second substance, it was evaporated to dryness,
a dark-coloured sticky residue being thus obtained.
^yhen boiled with dilute alkalis, and aqueous solu-
tion of this product darkened somewhat in colour,
but did not yield the characteristic blue tint formed
when cyanomaclurin is thus treated. In a similar
manner to the latter, however, it was decomposed
by boiling dilute acids with formation of a red-brown
precipitate, and evidently consisted of a substance
not hitherto known to exist in old fustic. It gives
no precipitate with lead acetate solution, and is
therefore distinct from the tannic acid which accord-
ing to Lowe {Freseuiiis Zeitschrift fii,- Anahjtische
Chemie, 14, 127), is present in this dye-stuff in con-
junction with morin and maclurin. This substance
will be submitted to examination.

DYEIXG PEOPEUTIES.

As was to be expected from the results of its che-
mical examination, jack-wood dyes shades very
similar to those of old fustic, that is, olive-yellow with
chromium, dull yellow with aluminium, and a brighter
yellow with tin mordant. The results obtained,
however, are somewhat disappointing when it is
considered that its sole colouring matter is morin, for
this by itself dyes fine bright shades, whereas those
yielded by the wood are duller in comparison. This
must be accounted for as due to the brown decom-
osition products of cyanomaclurin which are pro-
ably formed to a slight extent during the dye-
ing operation, and also exist in the free state in the
dye stuff itself.

Experiments showed that the sample of jack-wood
here examined contained only about one-third of the
colouring matter of old fustic. It is, however, pro-
bable that this represents a poor quality, for that
brought originally from Ceylon by Mr. Ingleby was
found equal to old fustic in dyeing power.

«

- TEA rHOSl‘EC:TS.

To THE EmxoK, “Indian Planteus’ Gazette.’’

Sir, — It must be reassuring to all those interested
in Indian tea to have road in your issue of 5th
instant, the bright prospects held out for this pro-
duct. In these iiessimistic times not a few of our
older planters look askance and gravely shake their
heads at the pending ruin shortly to overtake the
industry. And now that so many mammoth gardens
are being opened out, the anticipated catastrophe
cannot be delayed much longer. “ What,” they say,
“ can be done with all this tea ? Where can people
be found to drink it ? And where can markets be
secured to relieve us of these extra million pounds ?”

However, Mr. Editor, as these ill-omened prophe-
sies have filled the air for well nigh twenty years,
they can, like the witches in Macbeth, only affect
those of gloomy and dark imagination, those whose
judgment is swayed by a despondent phantasy, and
now that “Capital’s” letter has appeared in your
columns, these wiseacres must feel not a little dis-
concerted at this gleam of hope and sunshine thrown
out to encourage a vast and growing industry.

Had we no faith in British energy and no con-
fidence in the rising importance of India as a field
for commercial enterprise, we could not at this
moment proudly look back at the marvellous deve-
lopment which has taken place in this industry
during the last decade. From occupying a place of
mere secondary importance, Indian tea has advanced
with leaps and bounds and is now recognised as
one of the prime factors in the export trade of the
Empire and, if according to “Capital,” within the
next four years by “ using the most energetic and
prompt measures,” it is possible to create a demand
for Indian and Ceylon teas to the extent of over
one thousand million pounds, then it is sale. to pre-
dict that tea is yet a long w'ay off from even the
zenith of its greatness.

VVe all note with interest the active measures now
being taken in opening out the American market
and the satisfactory results obtained by Mr. Blechyn-
den’a exertions in that quarter. But at the same
time, the Association ought to bear in mind that

America is not the only market in the world that
has to be opened out for our teas. Attention ought
to be drawn to Russia, Persia, Turkey and Central
Asia with all their teeming millions of people. Why
should not agencies and depots be established in
these countries ? Why should these people be denied
the luxury of kuowing what it is to driuk a good
cup of Indian tea ? Let them but acquire the taste
for our soothing beverage and they will find that life
is well worth living. Besides, the continued use of
our teas, will soon convince them that the Indian
leaf has got properties peculiar to itself and cannot
be surpassed or even equalled by that of any other
country.

Prompt action ought at once to be taken to se-
cure these outlets for our trade and every garden
ought to contribute its share in helping to forward
the works. Were the necessary funds forthcoming
there would be no difficulty in securing first class
men with a business capacity and knowledge suitable
for advancing the interests of Indian teas in those
centres now referred to. A Planter.

— Indian Planters' Gazette, Sept. 19.

-•

THE NEW LONDON TEA MARKET
(LIMITED.)

A wiiuling-u() order having been made against
this company on July 29th last, the creditors and
contributories met yesterday before Mr. A. S.
Cully, Assistant Official Receiver, at the Board
of Trade offices, Carey-street, Linc.oln’s-inn, for
the purpose of appointing a liquidator. The cir-
cumstances connected with the company were of
a somewhat peculiar nature.

Having disposed of the proofs, the Chairman
said that approximate accounts had been furnished
showing liabilities .€ti,429, of which .€3,82o were
unsecured, with a.s.sets TIO. The deficiency as
regards contributories was returned at .115,161.
The company was incoi'iiorated on October 14,
1892, with a nominal capital of ±’5,UU0, divided
into 2,250 proprietors’ shares of £2 each, and 500
deferred shares of £1 each. It was formed for
the purjiose of buying and selling tea on com-
mission. The jiromoter of the company -was Mr.
W. B. Neale, who entered into an agreement
with the majority of the signatories whereby he
was appointed managing agent of the company
for ten years at a salary of £300 per annum.
Under the articles of association Mr. Neale was
entitled to exercise alone all the powers conferred
on the directors. The agreement also provided
that the consideration of the services rendered by
him in connexion with the formation of the
company, the latter were to pay him £875, to
be satisfied by the issue of 250 iuo])rietors’ shares
fully-paid up, and 500 deferred shares credited
with 15s paid. The company started operations
with a paid-up cajiital of .£60, the working
capital being provided by an advance of cash on
deposit to the extent of £300. Mr. Neale acted
as managing agent down to March 31, 1894, ex-
ercising sole control over the affairs of the
company. On April 2 following his office was
terminated by the appointment of a board of dir-
ectors. The accounts apjicared to have been very
imperfectly kejit while Mr. Neale acted as
managing agent, and when the board of directors
was ajipointed the company’s jiosition was not
disclosed. A statement jnepared in October,
1894, showed that a deficiency of .£998 existed
in March jireviously. 'I'lie Comiiany’s operations
from March, 1894, to December 31 following
ai>i)carcd from accounts jircsentcd to the share-
holders on Aiiril 30, 1895, to have resulted in a
loss of £7(5. The imrchases of tea for that perioi,^

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

VI

Nov 2, 1896.1

were represented at £19,497, and the sales at
£18,444. An examination of the hooks durin"
the preparation of the accounts referred to dis-
clo.sed the fact that grave irregularities had
been committed, and, as a result of further in-
vestigation, the bookkeeper was susnended, and Mr.
Neale quitted the company’s service, fhe latter
subsequently agreed to pay £500 in discharge of any
claim the company might have against him and,
£200 was paid on account thereof, and the Com-
pany assigned the balance to a creditor for £2oO.
In June, 1895, Mr. K. Sefton became the mana-
ger, and during his occupation of that otlice a
number of what were termed “ swopping ” trans-
actions were carried out; The nature of these
dealings, which were re])resented as hona fide
sales and purchases, appeared to have been an
exchange of tea at fictitious values, in order to
obtain increased advances upon the warrants.
The result of these operations was that the com-
])any paid larger commissions and bonuses to the
manager than he was entitled to, and the stock
of tea (the warrants for which were held by the
banks against advances) was largely over-valued.
When any of the tea was sold the delicieney in
the value had to be made up the Conijiany be-
fore the warrants could bo released Irom the
bank. The accounts at Decemher 31, 1895, pre-
sented in May last, showed a net lo.ss for the
year of £119, the purchases of tea being repre-
sented at £23,749, and the sales at £23,3.52. In-
asmuch as the stock estimated at £3,939, was,
in consequence of the “swopping” transactions,
highly over-valued, the actual loss was much
greater. Tliechairman oftheCompany(Mr. E. A. R.
Ewen) had linancially assisted the concern from
time to time, and was now a creditor for nearly
£1,2U0. Tlie failure of the company was attributed
by its ollicialsto—(l) losses incurred through “swop-
ping” transactions ; (2) misapplic.ition and mis-
appropriation ot the company’s funds ; and (3)
mismanagement and bad debts. In concluding the
chairman said that the registration of such a com-
pany was an abuse of the Companies Acts. It
enabled the promoter (Mr. Neale) to trade without
any personal liability, and at the same time to
secure an income of £300 a year. 'That gentleman
also received £875 in shares, and it was very dilli-
cnlt to see what consideration the company obtained
for them, and he reaped the benelit of the busi-
nes.< at tlie expense of the creditors. His nominees,
to whom the shares were allotted, were ai>pointed
directors. 'I he case w;is one wliich called for an
investigation of a ))ublic nature, and the Ollicial
Receiver was determined that the utmost publicity
should be given to it, and he therefore proposed to
ai)ply to the Court for an order to examine the
persons connected with the company.

At the meeting of creditors no quorum was pre-
sent, and an adjournment until the 21st was taken,
the Chairman intimating that, in the event of no
resolution being then passed, the matter would re-
main in the Ollicial Receiver’s hands.

The shareholders decided to leave the case with
the Ollicial Receiver, and the proceedings termi-
nated.— London Times, 13.

THE LADY-BIRDS 'AGAIN.

^One of the late issues of the Ceylon Observer
contains some interesting notes on the Lady-
Bird question. Incidentally reference is made to
Profe.ssor Marshall Ward’s distaste to the entire
abandonment of Ceylon’s first great stajile, collee.
It will be remembered that this .scientist, now
permanently attached to the Scientific Stall of
Cambridge University, first won his .sjurrs by his

careful working out of the Life History 0
lleinileia vastatrix. The following letters are" then
published on the dilliculty of obtaining the lady-
birds without their particular parasites.* * *

Mr. Ferguson then brings forward an admir-
able suggestion that, as most probably suflicient
funds would not be obtainable among Ceylon
coffee p'anters alone to defray necessary ex-
penses, colfee men in South India, the Straits
and Borneo should all come forward and help.
We suppose that it is practically impossible
to accurately gauge the annual loss caused
by bug, but it must run to a very big figure
indeed, certainly many times and probable cost
of temporarily securing Professor Kcxibele’s ser-
vices, some R15,000 at most. In urging the
matter on our readers we are not advo-
cating any general appeal for scientific aid
of indeterminate value to the coflee indus-
try. It is a very i)lain and busine.ss-like scheme.
We think no one will accuse us of the slightest
exaggeration if we i)ut the annual loss of crop in
South India from bug at half a lakh of rupee.s.
From all the accounts hitherto published of the
Kmbele experiments at Honolulu, bug can be
absolutely wiped out. At a cost of some R15,0U0
at most, we would have a very good chance
of effecting the same cleansing process in South
India. The question is this : whether it is worth
oui while to spend R15,000 now and once for all,
in order to save ourselves an annual loss of
R50,000 ? There is of course no absolute certainty
of the experiment proving quite so .succe.ssful as
it has in Hawaii, but there are very excellent
chance of it so doing.

There is further every ])robability that if the

Ceylon and Straits planters come forward, as the

former are almost certain to do, the estimated
R15,000 will be reduced to half that amount. It
would certainly do no harm if the U. P.A. put
itself into communication with the Ceylon P.A.
and instituted enquiries as to the exact cost of
the proposed investigations, and what portion of
this the Island would be prepared to give While
committing ourselves to notliing, it would tend
to clear tlie ground and bring matters to a head.

We had thought, when we first took up the
subject, that tlie importation and subsequent
distribution of these lady-birds would be a very
simple matter. We couseiiuently wrote for a
consignment of the best varieties to be sent us
from Queensland, which were promised us in due
course. Up to date, however, we have heard
nothing further from Australia, and now beinf^
no more conversant with the dilliculties of the
situation are almost glad that so far our efforts
have been abortive. The lady-birds required
have, it seems, certain parasites, which it im-
ported with them, wouhl render it impos.sible to
obtain their necessary multiplication. To divest
them of these unwelcome attaches requires sneoial
and trained aid.

Further, it appears that personal a^^tention on
the voyage out — as the insects must be kejit on
ice to ])ieserve them in their dormant condition
— is almost indispeusalile. Lastly, before suc-
cessful distribution can be hoped for, tliey must
be carefully watched .and attendeil to for many
weeks by trained scientists. ^

It is without doult partly owing to these diffi-
culties that Mr. H. O. Newport, whose name is
so clo.sely connected with the question in South
India, has decided it would be better not to at-
tempt any importation at all. It will be remem-
bered that in his valuable paper read before tlie
U. P. A., he advoc.ated tlie encouragement of
certain indigenous varieties that he discovered

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

318

eccUngon the bug, and recommended that the
services of a Government expert be called for
to pursue his investigations. It is with dilli-
dence that we venture to disagree with Mr.
Newport in this matter, to whicli he has now
for so many months given his closest attention.
Yet we think that the very face of the species
being indigenous militates against their value.
They have all tlie conditions reciuired for their
speedy nml tiplic.ations and conse([uent destruc-
tion of bug, so why is bug found at all in South
Indian cotl'ee? What is the factor that i)reserves
the balance of nature in this instance? We
would make a shrewd guess in sng»esting that
the presence of parasites will probably be found
to have a great deal to do with it. We are
strongly of the opinion that if Government aid
be invoked at all, it should primaiily be directed
towards the importation of those varieties
which have acliieved sucli .signal success in
Hawaii. The matter, we think, is how-
ever essentially one for exi)eriment — argument is
more or less out of place. In conclusion we trust
.Mr. Newi>ort will continue his important im’estga-
tions, whether Government ahl be obtained or
not: the value of sucli original re.search cannot
easily be over-estimated.

W^'e m.ay mention here that the late Dr. Nietner,
in “The Coffee Tree and its Knemies ” ad-
vertised elsewhere, published a description of tlie
Chilocorus circuindatas, a kind of lady-bird jiarasite
feeding on tbe Brown or Scaly Bug, generally
called the Blat;k Bug, Lecaninm coffeo’. The
work was ininted in Ceylon in 188(5.

Since writing the above we notice two com-
munications of interest in the Cci/loii Obaerver,
the first one being a letter from Mr. Ernest Green,
the author of the coming book on the Cocciu;e
of Ceylon, on the subject of the fund. * ♦ *

The' next is a letter from the inevitable wet-
blanket, whose remarks liowever it is only fair
to pnblisli as giving the other side of the ques-
tion. Our contemporary, the Ciscrw/-, it is need-
less to add, attaches but the slightest importance
to tlie views of its correspondent. — Planting
Opinion, Sept. 2G.

BUITISII CENTU.'VL AEKIC.A ClJllUENT
CtI.\T.

Pulping has been in full swing during the last
month on all the low elevation estates.

We understand that Messrs. Foulkes and Pigott
intend setting up their machine on one of the Lake
Nyasa islands and treating Saiiserviera Ci/linclnca
p£0jxip) which is said to be abundant in awild
condition on the Lake Nyasa islands, riioy have ob-
tained a concession from Government for this purpose.

While most readers of Li/e and U'ork will be thank-
ful for the medical notes at present appearing we
fear some of the remarks will not be appreciated
owing to their evident absurdity, e.g. the following
“ The preparation of palatable coffee is a task
which up to the picseut time lias baffled the en-
deavours of luosti colfee-planters in I’ritisn Lentiai

Africa,” etc. ^r- 1

We have yet to learn that Dr. McVicar has sam-
nled the coffeo brewed by “most” coffee-planters in
1} C A. If he has he must have been doing little
else since bis arrival at Blantyre only some three
months ago. Dr. McVicar is evidently anxious to
nlace the results of his specialised training at the
disposal of the B. C. A public and the effort is a
lauLble one. It is to be hoped therefore that he
will not prejudice his readers by indulging in criti-
dsms which are only the result of a throe months

planter’s coffeo may be bad is further not
necessarily due cither to incompetence or laziness.
It may be due, we would suggest, to pressure of

work. Wc have known missionaries whose coffee
would not pass muster at a cooking school but the
public put it down not to indolence or incompetence
— but to their absorbing zeal for their work. Pos-
sibly the public may have been wrong but at any
rate they felt it was a charitable verdict and so let
it pass.

Civilization among the natives is certainly mak-
ing headway. Malota, who has a coffee plantation
out Midima way, is engaged in building a brick
residence there of no mean proportions.

Mr. Schippers is confident that when the people
of Holland know more about the possibilities of
B. C. A. as a coffee growing country they will not
be slow to invest in our staple product. — Central
African Planter.

GllITICISMS ON BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA.

We publish in another column a letter written to
the Zanzibar Gazette in reply to criticisms made by
Mr. Rhodes Morgan, Deputy Conservator of Forests,
I. F. S. on B. C. A. Mr. Morgan was interviewed
by the liomhay Gazette and his chief points against
the country were, (1) that it was malarious, (‘2) that
leaf-disease might break out, (3) that the disco-
very of gold would ruin our labour supply, (1) that
cattle manure was almost impossible to get and
artificial manures were out of the question
owing to high freights. As the rejoinder points out
these criticisms are easily disc lunted and they shew
but a superficial knowledge of this country. 'The
only point which is really serious is the menace to
our labour supply should gold be discovered. It is
not however likely to be found in B.C.A. and should
it be discovered in payable quantities in the B.S.A.
Coy’s territory a wise Administration could easily
frame such regulations as would prevent the dis-
organization of our labour supply. The B.S.A. Ter-
ritory, unlike the Rand, has a native population of
millions to draw from so that it would not be
necessary to recruit labourers in B. C. A. Such
criticisms as Mr. Morgan’s may do some good in keep-
ing the wrong sort of man out of the country for
B. C. A. is no place for “ armchair ” planters. Under
a wise and beneficent government there can be no
doubt that B. C. A. will become one of the foremost
states in Africa. We have a unique geographical
position; the country is at such an elevation as to
make it fairly health and development will make it
healthier still ; we have high plateaus suitable for
sanatoriums within easy reach of nearly every
part of the {irotectorate , wc have already got tele-
graphic communication and a railway is certain
within the next three years. All that is required is
capital and energy, the one without the other will
not suffice, but the prospects for the two combined
are of the beat. In saying “ all that is required ” we
are assuming that we have a government suited
to the country. This however is at present by no
means the case and the sooner the present pro-
visional form of government is changed for a more
permanent one with a properly organised civil
service the better for the country. Ic is rumoured
that Sir Harry Johnston will not return and so far
we have not heard anyone deplore the possible
contingency. If the rumour proves correct we also
hope it will mean the end of the present autocratic
form of goverment and the beginning of a new
regime. — Central African Planter lor August.

WvNAAD Tea. — The ilevelopineiit of tea in this
district is inoceeding apace, so fast in fact that
a recent Ceylon visitor was .sadly scared. He
returned to the Island willi words of woe and
warning, declaring that it would be sheer inad-
ne.ss for Ceylon men to think of extending, with
Wj'iiaad tea expanding so “ visibly.” However,
while the sun is shining, wise men mean to
make tlieir hay, and there is a very brisk enquiry
reported for Wynaad tea lands by Island planters,
whom a stern Government nonsuits in their own
country. — rianting Opinion, Sept. 26.

Nov. 2, 1896. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

319

THE DECLINE IN QUININE.

T’is said tliat the unexpected often occurs. Tlie
saying proved its truthfullness on Monday in tJie
decline of three cents per ounce in the price of
quinine, wliich was published exclusively in the
Reporter of that date. The announcement was
quite unexpected, and took the trade completely
by surprise. All of the local conditions governing
the market had pointed to a firm price and ,an
increased demand as the season of lai'ge consum-
ption advanced. Already signs of activity had
appeared, and the trade had begun to feel encour-
aged .at the promising outlook. In anticipation of
a steady market, purchases were made in London
late last week, so it is reported, at a price equal
to twenty-five cents laid down here. During
Monday the irrarket was demoralized, but the
dealers soon became reconciled to the situation and
fixed their selling price at twenty-four to twenty-
four .and one-half cents per ounce, as .against
twenty-live cents per ounce, the lowest price (proted
for bulk by the manufacturers. The prices of
dealers and m.anuf.acturers now bear the same
relation to e.ach other that they did just previous
to the advance of Dec. 18, 189.5.

The trade is at sea as to the reason for this
r.ulici.al move of the manufacturers, and no explana-
tion h.as been forthcoming from the latter. All
is conjecture, but an analysis of the situation ni.ay
help to reach a conclusion which time may prove
to h.ave been the correct one. It is known
th.at the order to reduce the price
came by cable from Germany on Thursday previous
to the date set for the new price to take effect.
One theory is that at the prices, which the
makers had been quoting for eieht months, there
was a temptation for others to start new works,
as it is well known that quinine ])ays a sub-
stantial profit even at present prices ; hence, it
is argue'l, it was determined by the manufacturers
to auticip.ate any such move, should one be in
contemplation, by lowering the price and thus
dissuading any possible maker from entering the
lists. It is barely possible that the much-talked-
of Java factory is feared, but this seems hardly
probable as it will require a long time to estab-
lish a new brand of quinine, and nobody knows
this better than the manufactui'ers.

For some time past it has been apparent that a
feeling of mutual distrust has existed among the
makers. Just how far back this dates, we are un-
able to state with any degree of accuracy.
Certain indications, however, point to about the
time of the advance of last December. At that
time at least one of the manufacturers booked
a large number of unsolicited contracts at twenty-
live cents, which were accepted by the consumers
as soon as they learned of the contemplated ad-
vance, a notice of which, most of them received
in the m.ail following the one that carried the
advice of the booking of their contr.act. This
was looked upon at the time as rather sharp
practice. All of the manufacturers m.ade large
sales and the importations to cover the contracts
entered into were very large. During the first
three months of this ye.ar they amounted to
1,335,328 ounces at New York alone, as against
1,308,959 ounces for the United .States during
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895. The impor-
tations at New York for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1896, were 2,913,280 ounces, by quarters,
as follows : From July 1 to October 1, 1895,

335,810 ounces; October 1, 1895, to January 1,
1896, 929,585 ounces ; January 1 to April

1, 1896, 1,335,328 ounces; April 1 to July 1,
313,357 ounces. Into the LTiiited States for the
40

fiscal year ending June 30, 189G, the total impor-
tation of quinine and other salts of cinchona, was
3,359,818 ounces, the largest importation in four
years. Then, too, the imports of bark show a
material increase. When we take these facts
into consideration, in connection with what stock
of alkaloid is held by dealers, not large, to be
.sure, the conclusion is forced upon us that the
import.ations were considerably in excess of the
demand. Manufacturers h.ave been large buyers
of bark .at all of the sales in Amsterdam for
several months, and they have probably over-
stocked themselves, and they have ascert.ained
that there was too ;;reat ,a dillercnce between
their price and the j)rice quoted by dealers, who
possessed just enough, both here and in London,
to control the market. Mucli of the stock
in outside hands is high priced, even that
held by late purchasers, hence this latest
move of the manufacturers m.ay be consi-
dered a master stroke to enable them to
market their product and effectively bottle up
the dealers or force them to sell at a loss. At
the same time it will probably have the result
of putting a stop to the leak within their own
ranks abroad, if they have thoroughly satisfied
themselves that it really existeil, and it may
discourage the practice of filling up the consuming
tr.ade beyond their requirements by persuading
them that the price was likely to ad\ ance. An-
other decline is not improbable.

We append tables wliicli picture clearly the
situ.ation from a statistical standpoint: —

AMSTERDAM BARK SALES.

Ounces in

Ounces in

Price

bark offered

bark sold

paid per

1895

unit Cent

January ,

1,143,222

765,31 !

•98

February .

1,360,688

702,736

.91

April

839,661

263,578

1-04

May

910,016

612,169

1-06

June

753,353

576,541

1-04

July

950,400

601-885

•99

August . .

1,043,293

774,400

•95

October . .

780,679

665,913

105

November

1,073,600

774,400

1-05

December

880,000

827,200

1-09

1896.

January. .

1,143,126

955,958

110

February

1,286,877

953,638

1.00

March . .

1,158,112

912,374

1-00

April

1,017,245

937,904

1-00

June .. ,

. 901,718

828,080

1-00

CINCHONA BARK IMPORT.S.

Year.

Pounds.

1890-91

♦ • • •

2,672,361

1891-92

. . . •

3,123,941

1892-93

• • • •

2,374,041

1893-94

• •

2,502,224

1894-95

. .

1,911,489

1895-96

..

2,706,006

QUININE I.MPORTS.

Year,

Ounces.

1890-91

• • ••

3,079,000

1891-92

• • • ♦

2,686,677

1892-93

• • • «

3,027,819

1893-94

• • • •

2,141.130

1894-95

• • • •

1,308,959

1895-93

(and salts)

3,359,818

In the last

two tables the

figures are

for tlifi

fiscal ye.ars from June .30 to J une 30.— Oil, Paint and

Drufj Reporter

320

THE TEOPICAI

AGRICULTURIST.

PLANTING AND PllODUCE.

The Decline oe British and Indian Trade wi i'ii
Central Russian Asia.— An official repcrl, from oar
representative at Khorassan. on British and Indian
trade with Central Russian Asia, or what is left of
this trade, will shortly be issued. The heavy
Customs duties levied all along the Russian frontier
line from the Caspian to the Pamira are proving
an all but impassable barrier for the British mer-
chant. The green tea trade, which used to reach
Russian Turkestan and Khiva from China by
Bombay and Persia, is now taking the Batoura
route. Piece goods cannot cross the frontier, though
right np to the Russian line, British and Indian
piece goods ca.iTy all before them, in spite of
Russian competition. Black tea still takes the old
route by India, though Russia is now growing her
ov/n tea Bucceshully on the hills around Bafcoum,
but our consul at Meshed thinks that this cannot
compete with good Indian tea if that is sent to
Khorassan. At the same time trade beyond our
north-western Indian frontier, where it does not
come into contact with Russian Customs duties, is
increasing, and this is especially the case with im-
ports from the countries beyond Cashmere and from
Afghanistan. In Chinese Turkestan there are no
import or export duties. But the main change in
trade in the last few years in this region is thst
British merchandise now finds its way into Central
Asia not through Afghanistan, as it fonncrly did,
but through Cashmere, thanks fo_ the Russian
harriers on the northern frontier of Afghanistan.

Sotee Rb.asons Why.— It is not surprising that the
coffee planters of Madras are inquiring into the
question why the consumption of coffee has declined
of late years, and is still on the down grade, while
teas have increased so much in popular favour. There
are several reasons for this, and briefly, tliey may bo
summed up as follows: — Coffee is not easily made, it
is not so easy to procure pure as it should be, and
few cooks of JBritish training know how to turn coffee
into anything else but a liquid mess from which
the flavour has departed. But in the comparison
with tea there are other causes to take into account.
Coffee planting as an industry has no representation
in London. It would be idle to deny that the tea
industries of India and Ceylon have benefited im-
mensely by the organisations here which have fostered
the development of tea planting, and in various w^ays
stimulated interest in British grow'u tea. At the
Royal Colonial Institute, the Society of Arts, and
elsewhere there have been valuable and instructive
papers read about tea. Its praises have been chanted
loud and frequently. Advertisement in all shapes is
necessary in these times, and the tea industry has
benefited enormously by the advertisement, it has
received not only from the organisation we have
mentioned, but by the many forms of dealers who
advertise. Coffee planters, on the other hand, have
nothing to tickle the public with. There is no
special mark or brand of coffee known outside the
trade. The public do not care a rap whether the
coffee they drink is Brazilian or Mysoie. There is
a distinct opening for coffee specialists at home who
would make and advertise certain blends or select
certain districts. The coffee planters would find
organisation and representaliou at home useful, but
even then we doubt very much if coffee will ever
prove a serious rival to tea, because of the
difficulty the humble consumer finds in making it
ready for use as oomparerl with tea. As

the medical faculty has been quite impartial in its
attacks on tea and cofiee neither product scores over
this point. The art of coffee making , is eit’i r a lost
one or it has never been found in these islands. A
Coffee Planters’ Association in London, representing
the interests of coffee growers in Indii, Ceylon or
any other British possession, might find some useful
oocunation, and help to give the fillip to the oon-

[Nov. 2, l8q

receiving good value for his money hut he is
porting a British industry. Those who attach w
to sentiments of this kind say that this feclini
been very pronounced in the case of Indian
Ceylon tea. That there is no feeling of this
where coffee is concerned receives an illusti
this week by tlie publication of the prospect
the Dumont Coffee Company, Limited, in i
the names of Messrs. B. R. Buchanan, H. K. Ri
ford, and other gentlemen interested in Indiar
Ceylon tea, appear as directors of a Brazilian i
company. If this ]ir03pectus referred to a con
for the cultivation of tea, say, in China or 1
America, such susceptibilities might beruffl:d, b
applied to coffee it is a p int which calls fi
special comment. Coffee planters have not ch
topograjjhical or geographical consideration, be
they would have found it very difficult to c
Puerile as the idea may seem to some, and di
as it is to carry it ti any practical end, if i
theless serves as an instance marking one o
disadvantages under which the coffee planter si
The consumer of tea whose incliuations a
favour of fervid patriotism is proud of the r
that he is drinking tea produced in the B
Empire, and although his feelings might be sul
if he were paying more for it, and getting
value in the case of Indian and Ceylon
he congratulates liimself th.it he is fosi
economy and sentiment at the same time,
tile case of coffee there is nothing of this kind,
description of coffee is as good as another t
consumer without special knowledge, wh > only
that the cup of coffee placed before him be
by some one who knows how to a-ocompiish thi
but who outside this aspiration cares naught
the berry comes from. Perliaps coffee planter!
consider whether it is worth while to work up a
sentiment on the subject.

“ Futures ” in Produce. — An English transi
of the book entitled “ The Ruin of the World’s
culture and Tiade," by Dr. G. Riililaud, pro
of political economy at Zurich, has just been
by Messrs. Sampson Low & Co. The voluin
been annotated and supplied with a preface b
Charles W. Smith, a Liverpool broker. In the
it is urged that the demonetisation of silver 1
no way affected prices, but that it is the ‘‘ flotit
dealings in ‘‘futures ” which have been the
cause of the phenomenal fall. It is appaientlj
tended that the interests of the speculators U
make such transactions continuously “ bear ” c
tions, regardless of the actual economic or stati
position ot the particular commi'dity relieved
occasionally by a. “ corner” equaliy disadvanta
to producer and consumer. Indeed, it appea-
be contended that the fall in silver itself is i
dealings in “futures” in that iiietil. Mr. Sinii
Dr. Riihland appear to believe in the
bility of and an international agreement tc
vent gambling in “ futures.” Such an agre
would not prevent competitive importa.ioi
Argentine and Indian wheat for sale at re
gold prices whenever exchange fell ; nor coi
as matters stand, prevent actual sales of silver
duced prices for the ev.press purpose of lot
the exchanges.

The Diminishing Tea Trade op China.
British Acting Consul at KiuUiang reports th
great feature of the season has been the large
creased export to Russia and the continued de
in shipments to England. British growths
India and Ceylon have almost ousted China
from the London market, and the rnerchaut
for even a smaller export to Eugianu durii
present season.

Dock Dues on Produce. — The notice of an in
in dock dues on the part of the dock compaiii
caused some exoiteuient amongst London mer<

Nov. 2, i8g6.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

321

spirits^ teas, tobacco, and wines Some of the leading
wharfingers have arranged to put lighters alongside
the iiicomming vessels to take charge of goods at once
on their arrival, instead of storing tlrem on the quays.

Awkward for the Dock Companies. — Referring to
the subject of dock charges, Blossrs. Cayzer, Irvine
and Co,, the proprietors of the Clan line of steamers,
have quietly inaugurated a now scheme for the un-
loading of their vessels, which, if imitated to any’
considerable extent, may seriously affect botli
dockers and dock owners. The matter has been
brought to ahead by the recent action of the Lon-
don Docks Committee in raising their charges fur-
landing cargo on the dock quays. Cue exampio will
sufiice. The dock charges on a Calcutta cargo
amount to 5s a ton in London, as compared with Is
lOd. a ton at Liverpool ; but whereas at Liverpool the
consignee pays the landing chaiges, the London
consignees refuse to do so, as they wish to ware-
house their cargo at their own wharves. Finding
that the consignees oanuot be coerced, the dock com-
panies are seeking to impose the extra charges
on the shipowners. But the latter declare that
it is impossible for them to pay a sum which
is in many cases equal to half the current freights,
and Messrs, Cayzer, Irvine, and Co. h.ve de-
cided to avoid the docks altogether, pending an amica-
ble adjustment of the dispute. Thus the “ Clan Mac-
neil” discharged at Mill Hole Pier and the “ Clan Mac-
leod” at Butler's Wharf, while the ‘‘ Clan Macintosh,”
following the example of the “Clan Matheson” and the
“ Clan Ross” is now unloading “ overside. ” These ves-
sels have all arrived since the beginning of the present
month. The “Clan Fraser,” which is next due, will dis-
charge in the river, and arrangements have also been
made for handling the cargo of the “ Clau Forbes,” the
“ Clan Cameron,” and the ‘‘Clan Grant” without the
ships entering dock. This new departure has caused
some delay and iuconvenieuce, but it is believed that
when tt.e staff become accustomed to the new system as
good despatch will be secured as at the docks, and when
the project 3d deep-sea wharves a,re erected the greater
portion of the London traffic should be dealt with much
more cheaply than under exi-stiug dock arrangements.
The object which the dock companies have in view' is
said to be to force consignees to warehouse goods at
the docks instead of standing to private wharves, where
the charges are more reasonable. — Jlomc and Colonial
Mail, Sept 18.

GOVERNMENT CINCHONA PLANTATIONS,
NILGIKIS.

From the annual Adiiihsistration report on the
Government Cinchona Plantation.s, Nilgiii.s, for
the year ending 31st March 18B6, by Mr. D.
Hooper, Government Quinoiogist, Government
Cinchona Plantations, Ac., Nilgiris, we make the
following extracts : —

General Condition— (a) Dodahc.Ua. — This plantation,
in the opinion of Dr. King, is the most valuable of
all those possessed by Government ou the.se hills in
consequence of the large number of crown bark or
quinine yielding trees growing there. The natural
situation of the plantation after a trial of thirty-five
years has proved itself to be adapted for the sucoes.s-
ful growth of this kind of cinchona, and one of the
elements of success might be attributed to the good
management of the estates under the present Super-
intendent. Ninety-one thousand and four hundred
pounds of bar-k were collected during the year from
the coppicing of 12J acres and various thinnings.
The severe frost of January, which killed over 3,0'J0
trees in No. I plot, rendered compulsory the harvesting
of a large quantity of bark from this part of the estate.
It has become difficult to know where to take the crop ou
Dodabetta, as some of the oldest tree s still respond to
high cultivation by giving richer bark, and in very
few plots are theie any trees in sneh a sickly condi-

years, and the bark of w'hich contains a maximum
amount of quinine owing to the liberal application of
manure to the land about two years previously. A
row of these trees is cut out, and the bark

harvested, and the stumps of tlie trees trimmed as in
ordinary coppicing. The next row of trees is left
Eta-nding, but the alternate rows are all cut down
until the boundary of the plot is reached. The trees

that are left coniiiuie to grow, and the bark

thickens, and at the same time they afford
.shade for the young coppice shoots. When the
shoots are sufficiently advanced, the old trees

in their turn will be ready to be coppiced
and barked, and the succeeding coppice shoots will
have shade and protection provided for them. It
has been found that the entire coppicing of a plot
often results in failure due to the absence of suit-
able protection for the young sliools.

ili) Nedivattam. — A large quantity of dry bark,
amounting to 916001b., v/as taken during the year
from different varieties of cinchona trees growing on
this plantation. There is a great variation in the
weight of bark yielded by the different species ; for
instance, the succirubra trees on the old plots
yielded ou an average 3.3 lb. of green bark per tree,
some large magnifolias lb., the officinalis 9| lb.,
and some young hybrid 2,| lb. A number of the
older succirubra and magnifolia trees were cut down,
not so much for their bark, which does not per-
ceptibly increase in value after a certain age, but
for their wood, of which a large stock is needed for
fuel in the factory. Over 8,000 renewals were put
out during the year, and about 38,000 failures
were restored in the younger portions of the estate.

(c) Pylcara — (1) Hooher. — The young trees on this
estate are doing very well ; but some of the larger trees
on the ridge have a sickly appearance. Some of
the trees that were coppiced in 1894, because of their
dying condition, have thrown out shoots; but these
appear to be unhealthy, and some have died out. The
part of the estate, where these trees have been grow-
ing, is in an exposed position, and the soil is not of
the best description. A belt of blue gums will be
allowed to grow up and form a shelter for this plot,
and the land will he well manured before any seri-
ous work is again undertaken here. Seven thousand
seven hundred and fifty officinalis plants were put
out during the year.

(2) IFood. — III aooordance with the suggestion of
Dr. King, who inspected this estate in July, and an
order from Government (G. O., No. 5141, Revenue,
dated 19th December 1895), instructions were issued
to abandon this estate. All the trees were cut down
uprooted, and the bark was harvested before the end
of the year. A fire broke out in the estate iiiFeb-
luary and cleared the ground of the leaves and twigs
o£ cinchona, and thus made the work of abaudon-
111 eut complete. The number of trees uprooted were
20,484 hybrids and 110 succirubras, and the amount
of bark taken from them was 130,025 lb. of g-' a
hybrid bark and 1,320 lb. of red bark.

Manure. — All the estates are well provided wi;h
manure. The Dodabetta estate received 1,187 <■ rf-
loads from Ootacanuind in addition to 300 1 aJa irom
the cattle sheds. T ii-ee hundred loads of manure
wore put out .at i’j.Kara and 100 loads at Nedivat-
tam. A ton of Trichinopoly phosphate in powder
was last year applied to the land where some of
the young plants needed a tonic. The poverty of
Nilgiri soil in phosphoric acid has often been made
the subject of remark, and the addition of phos-
phatic manure to land planted up with cinchona is
now regarded as necessary.

A few interesting experiments were made on some
grown bark trees at Nedivattam, which showed to
what extent the bark is enrichel by good cultivation.
In Iho year 1890 some five years old trees in plot
14 were manured aud treuched, and a sample of the
bark taken at the time gave 3-73 per cent, of sulphate

322

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, i8g6.

Again, ^ in 1890, plot 21 was trenched and manured ;
the treesjwere ei;.h . years old and their bark yielded 3'23
per ceui. of sulphate of (luiaiue. In 1894 the land
was subjected to deep digging, and in 1895 the bark
from the trees analj'sed G CS per cent, of sulphate.
A sample of bark from plot 27 which had been
treated in a similar manner as plots 14 and 21 gave
5'22 per cent, of quinine, which is above the average
composition of crown barks.

The analyses of some barks from the Dodabetta
Plantation show that, in some cases, the stimulating
effect of the manure is only temporary. A large
number of trees were some years ago manured with
fish, cattle dung and bone meal. The best results
were obtained in plot 30, where fish had been ap-
plied in the proportion of 2J pounds to a tree. The
barks were analysed in 1890, or two years after the
manure had been put down. No manure has been
given to this plot since that time ; but to see if
the richness had been maintained, a samxfie of the
bark was analysed in October 1895, with the result
that there was a decided diminution of alkaloids.

The following are the

analyses referred

to : —

1890.

1895.

Quinine

6-27

401

Cinchonidine. .

1-39

’(58

Quinidine

•11

•12

Cinchonine . .

•20

•23

Amorphous . .

•24

•37

•8-21

04 1

Sulphate of quinine

8-43

5-39

OUTPUT.

1889-90 . .

Quinine.

234

Febrifuge.

357

1890-91 . .

. . 2,928

1,050

1891-92 . .

. . 4,425

3,174

1892 93 . .

. . 4,933

3,139

1893-94 . .

. . 2,(X)0

5,775

1894-95 . .

. . 4,770

1,756

1895-96 . .

. . 3,600

2,284

1889-90 . .

sales.

Quinine.

234

Febrifuge.

7

1890-91 . .

. . 1,356

200

1891-92 . .

. . 3,344

3,017

1892-93 ..

. . 3,204

2,608

1893-94 . .

. . 2,536

3,513

1894-95 . .

. . 3,631

3.956

1895-96 . .

. . 5,6-14

2,666

The rate at which quinine was sold during the past
official year was 1114 a pound for Medical Stores and
1116 for the public.

Taking the rate of 1114 per pound for quinine and
mo for febrifuge, the value of the stock at the close of
the year was 1156,221, calculated thus : —

R.

2,880 lb. of quinine at R14 per lb. . . 40,320
1,564 lb. 12 oz. of febrifuge at RIO
per lb. . . . . 15,640

21 lb. 12 oz. of ciuchonidine sul-
phas at R12 per lb. . . 261

Total . . 56,221

Nurseries. — All the nurseries were well stocked with
seedlings and Plants of Cinc'^'Ona officinalis.

Crop. — The quantity of bark harvested during the
year was as under : —

DODABETTA.

lb. lb.

Crown bark . . 91,400 91,400

NEDIVATTAM.

Crown bark . . 37,015

Red bark . . 30,359

Hybrid bark . . 27,226

PYKAR.A — (w'OOD).

Red bark . . 440

Hybrid bai'k . . 43,260

94,600

43,700

Total . . 229,700

There remained in stock at the beginning of the
year 195,129 lb. of bark ; this, with the quantity har-
vested during the year, made 424,829 lb. Of this quan-
tity 234,457 lb. were disposed of during the year, de-
tailed thus —

lb.

Used iu the factory for the manufacture

of quinine aud fabrifuge. . .. 233,800

Supplied to Rombay Medical Stores . . 500

Supplied to private parties . . . . 157

Total . . 234,457

leaving 190,372 lb. in stock iu the godowns at the
close of the year.

Factory. — The manufacture of quinine and febri-
fuge was carried on continuously during the year
until the end of February, when the fusel oil ran
out. lit the usual rate of consumption the oil
would have lasted to April; but iu October the work
of the factory was very much increased, and the
chemical were used in larger quantities than was
foreseen at the beginning of the year. The fusel
oil was ordered in November, aud request was
made to have it sent out by the end of February;
but it has only just arrived.

The following statistics exhibit the outturn and
Biles of quinine and febrifuge since the manufac-
ture was first commenced in June 1889, or during
the past seven years

Government has recently decided to raise the price
of quinine to RIS a pound for sale to the Medical Stores
and the public, but the price of febrifuge will remain
the same for the official year 1896-97.

Quinine. — The quantity of quinine turned out at
the factory at Nedivattam was 3,600 lb., there re-
mained in stock at the end of the previous year
4,984 lb., making in all 8,584 lb. Of this, 5,644 lb.
were distributed as follows : —

lb.

Issued to the Medical Stores Department,

Madras . .

Do. do. Bombay..

Do. do. Bengal . .

Sold to the Local Fund dispensaries and '
Municipal hospitals

Sold to Superintendents of District Jails . .
Sold to the public

Sold to the Native States of Mysore Puduk-
kottai, Karbhari-Janjera
Issued for paper packets of quinine povvders
to Collectors, Post offices, &c.

1,000

1,080

1,500

-2,064

Total . . 5,644

aud there thus remained in stock at the end of the
year 2,880 lb., excluding dryage.

As evidence of the expansion of the distribution of
quinine by this office during the past official year,
quinine was asked for and sent out to the Native
State of Karbhari-Janjera in Scinde (north-west of
India), to Tinnevelly (south), to Bombay (west), to
Gan jam (east). The Bengal Government has taken
1,500 lb. of quinine for Calcutta and the Medical
Storekeeper, Main Mir. The Province of Burma, too,
has drawn its supply of quinine from Madras.

Febrieuge. — The quantity of febidfuge manufactured
at the factory during the past official year was 2284 lb.,
there remained in stock at the beginning of the year
1,946 lb., making in all 4,230 lb. Of this quantity,
2,666 lb. were disposed of as follows: —

lb.

Issued to the Medical Stores Department Madras. . 500
Do. do. Bombay. .1,. 500

Issued to Local Fund and Municipal dispen-
saries, Sold to Native States aud to the public * ‘

Total ..2,666

and there thus remained at the end of the year 1,564 lb

Nov. 2, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTUP IS T.

323

In G.O., No. 2382, Local and Municipal, dated the
17th November 1894, communicated to this office under
G. O., No. 4720, Revenue, of the 1st December 1894,
Government ruled that Local Fund and Municipal
hospitals should, from the commencement of the
official year 1895^ — 96, obtain their quinine and supplies
of other medicine independently of the Madras Medical
Stores Department, and that the quinine and febrifuge
required should be obtained by these institutions
from the Cinchona Department. This office there-
fore has practically been doing the work hitherto
carried on by the Medical Stores Department,
Madras, by distributing the quinine and febrifuge
indented for by the several Local Fund and Munici-
pal dispensaries, and by recovering and adjusting
separately the value of each indent. This has added
very materially to the work at the Head office, for,
in addition to the above, the despatch of quinine
powders to Collectors and Forest officials and Post
offices, the sending out of quinine and febrifuge to the
Medical Stores Departments of Madras, Bombay and
Calcutta, and the public, was attended to. The un-
usual pressure of work in the office was cheerfully
borne by Mr. D. Campbell, the Manager and bis
staff, who performed their duties most diligently
during the year. The Manager was also in charge
of the accounts and correspondence of the Gardens
during Mr. Jamieson's illness and until the appoint-
ment of the new Curator in February.

The Quinologist’s Report. — This report is not
submitted separately this year; many of the results
obtained from the experiments made in the labora-
tory will be found in other portions of this and the
Administration report of the Government Gar-
dens.

Miscellaneous. — (a) Purchase of fresh Cinchona seed.
— In last year’s report it was pointed out that cin-
chona plants now raised from the oldest officinalis
trees, and those of the purest type, are not so
vigorous or lasting as plants raised from seed taken
from those trees ten or twelve years ago. A disease
similar to canker sets in when the young plants
are about two years old and just when they are ready
for planting out. For this reason it appeared de-
sirable that some fresh seed should be obtained from
the home of the cinchonas in South America. The
Secretary of State referred this question to the
Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, who discour-
aged the idea of securing seed from South America, and
suggested that it might be supplied by the Jamaica
Plantations where crown bark trees are almost
naturalized and seed freely. The Director of Public
Gardens and Plantations, Jamica, reported through
the Colonial office, that he would do his utmost to
comply with the request for ten pounds of seed ;
hut considerii g the question of the probable supply
from there, he thought it not at all likely that
quantity could be supplied, as the seed to be of
any value should be obtained from mature trees ; and
it is extremely light, the number of trses that would
be required to give such a large amount was probably
larger than they possessed of that kind. About two
pounds of seeds have been received from Jamaica,
and they will be carefully sown in the glass houses
in the Government Gardens.

(6) Alkaloidal Composition op bark when kept
IN STORE for a number OF YEARS, — In March last
the District and Medical Sanitary officer, Kistna,
sent some powdered cinchona bark which he had
received from the Treasury Deputy Collector
of the ^district in whose office it had stored away
for the past seventeen years, and he asked for an
opinion on its condition before using it. An ana-
lysis showed its composition to be 5'4 per cent
of total alkaloids and IT per cent of quinine, a
result which corresponded with the composition
of succirubra bark ; and as the bark did not appear
to have deteriorated, the District Medical officer was
informed that he could safely use it for medical
purposes.

Reference to the Quinologist’s report for 1885 — 86
shows that even mouldy bark in a state of powder does
not deteriorate when kept in a damp situation for
jiearly a year.

(c.) Issue or quinine powders to the Collecto-
rates. — The number of packets issued during the past
year has been 2,638, of which 2,399 went to the Collec-
torates and 239 were sold to the public, against 1,805
packets disposed of in the previous year. These
figures show an improvement, considering that the
scheme has had to compete with the sale of the
powders by Postmasters. In accordance with para-
graxih 2 of G. O., No. 224, Revenue, dated the 7th
March 1893, a separate report on this matter w'ill be
sent in on the receipt of the necessary information
from the Collectors — vide also paragraph 2 of G. O..
No. 129, dated the 20th March 1896.

{d) Supply of quinine powders to the

Province op Coorg. — In September last the

Chief Commissioner of Coorg, acting on the
advice of the Civil .Surgeon of the Pro-
vince, proposed to Government that quinine powders
might he sold at the different Post offices in Coorg,
where there were no dispensaris. The envelopes for
these powders were printed in Canarese and English.
In January last five packets of 102 powders each were
sent to each of the twenty-two Post office, in the
Coorg Province, but, so far, no indents from the
Postmasters of this district have been received.

(e) Issue of Quinine Powders for Sale by the Postal
Agency. — It having been finally decided by Govern-
ment that the permanent advance of these packets
to Postmasters should be five and the minimum
indents three (G.O., No. 356, Revenue, dated 12th
June 1895), the necessary amount of quinine pow-
ders in July was sent to the 315 Post offices in the
five districts selected by the Board of Revenue, viz.,
Ganjam, Vazagapatam, Cuddapah, Kurnool and
Malabar. In G.O., No. 4148, dated the 21st October
1895, Revenue a report was called for on the results
of sales by the Postmasters up to the 30th Novem-
ber, 1895. This was done , and in G.O., No., 11, Reve-
nue dated the 11th January 1896, Government con-
sidered that the experiment was on the whole a suc-
cess, and that the introduction of the system into
the other districts should not be delayed. In con-
junction with the Postmaster-General, arrange-
ments were made for supply of the quinine powders
to the remaining fifteen districts in the Madras
Presidency. After obtaining the necessary printed
covers from the Government Press, Madras, the
permanent advance was sent in March to 334 Post
offices in the Telugu districts of Anantapur, Kistna
Godavari and Nellore. The distribution of quinine
powders to the Tamil districts of the Presidency is
now going on. It is estimated that the number of
packets issued as permanent advances to Postmasters
and to Collectors has been 6,053 —

To first five districts . . 1,635

,. four Telugu districts . . 1,670

„ Coorg.. .. .. 110

Issued to Collectors, &c.

3,415

2,638

Total . . 6,053

In addition to this number, indents were sent in
subsequently by Postmasters for 664 packets, and
these, if added to the above, would make the total
number of packets issued in the year to be 6 717
packets or 679,858 powders. ’

Distribution of Quinine in Bottles. — In October
last the Deputy Collector, Godavari, addressed this
office regarding some bottles of quinine which had
been sent to him by the District Forest-officer.
Quinine in bottles is not so popular with the people
in the district as the powders now being sold by him,
and he wished to know if it could be sold by public
auction. He was informed that, rather than sell it
by auction, it would be preferable to send it to this
office for making up into powders.

Supply of Quinine to the Burma Government.—
The issue of three hundred-weight of quinine made
up in five-grain powders to the Burmese Administra-
tion could not be effected before the close of the
previous official year 1894-95, owing to the delay of
the Chief Commissioner in selecting the form of
envelope to be adopted. As soon as the Superin-
tendent, Government Press, supplied the necessary

324

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

covers printed in Burmese and English, the three
hundred-weight of quinine in live-grain powders or
470,906 powders were sent in August, Septenibtr and
October last, to the Superintendent of the Oentral
Jail, Rangoon, and the value, viz., 115.070-10-0 was
adjusted through the Accountant-General in the
accounts for the year.

(i) Visit of Dk. G. King to tiiu Ninoiuis.— In Juno
last Bi'igade-Surgeon-Ijieutenant-Colonel G. King of
the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, was invited, through
the Gove' iiraent of Bengal, to conduct a thorough
examination of the several Government Cinchona
Plantations on the Nilgiris and the quinine factory at
Nedivattam, and to report on their general condition
their value, and the best way in which they should be
worked in the future. D'-. King arrived in Ootaca-
mund on the 20th July 1895, and inspected all the
plantations in company with IMr. Lawson, and con-
ferred with Government about the future organisation
of the Botanical and Cinchona Departments. Dr.
King was able, during his visit, to complete his re-
port on the resultsof the inspection, and he left the
Hills on the 8th August.

(/) Death of Mk. Lawson. — It is with great regret
that the death of Mr. M. A. Lawson, Government
Botanist and Dii’ector of the Cinchona Plantations,
has to be recorded. Mr. Lawson assumed charge of
the Cinchona Plantations and Government Gardens
and Parks on the 18th June 1883, and the designation
of Government Botanist and Director was given to
him on the 1st April 1886. Mr. Lawson had unusual
ability which he exhibited in every department of his
office. lu January 1895 ho intimated his intention to
retire from service, and at the close of the year his
health, which had been most robust during the whole
of his Indian career, .began to fail. In February last
he reluctantly placed himself under medical care, and
was removed to Madras, where he died after an
operation on the 14th February 1896.

APPENDIX.

Report on the Cinchona Plantations and Factory of
the Madra,s Government.

1. I have, during my present visit to the Nilgiri
Hills, gone over and carefully examined the planta-
tions at Dodabetta and Nedivattam and the one near
the Pykara river named the Hooker estate. I visited
these estates orgimilly in 1871 and, in company with
the late Mr. Mclvor and Mr. Broughton, made a
prolonged and minute inspection of them. And again
in 1878 I made an equally through inspection of
them in connection with Commission appointed by
Government to enquire into their condition and
jn'ospects. During my present inspection I have
therefore had the advantage of tlie knowledge and
experience acquired during these earlier visits.

2. Government are familiar, from the nqiorts of
the Director, with the composition (as regards the
Ivinds of cinchona grown) of these j)lantations. It
is therefore unnecessary for me to do more than
remind yon generally that on the four plantations
m-acticaily only three kinds of cinchona are cultivated.
Tlie Dodabetta plantation is essentially one of crown
(or ojlicinalin) bark, there being more than half a
million trees of that sort on it and only about sixt}’'
thousand of the sort known as “ hybrid” ; _ while
there are no trees whatever of the red bark {cinchona
.Huccinihra). The Nedivattam plantation, on the other
hand, consists of about a quart of a million hybrid
trees of 89j000 crowm barks, and of 25,000 red barks.
The Hooker plantations is composed of 373,000
crown barks, 293,000 hybrids and 2,300 red barks;
while the Wood plantation consists of about 42,000
hybrids. Distributed over all four estates there are
1,188 trees of various kinds of cinchona which have
been raised from seeds from time to time sent out
bv the India Office for experimental cultivation.
These are now cultivated merely as curiosities, as they
haie all been proved to be without value as sources
of quinine on the Nilgiri Hills. I therefore omit
them from further consideration. As Government
are aware it has from a very early period in the
history of the cultivation of tho medicinal cinchonaa

in these hills been known and recognised that the
best bark to grow for the manufac ure of quinine is
the crosvn or officinalis sort. It has been equally
well-known that the red or succirubra bark is one
which contains a larger proi ortion of the inferior
alkaloids, cinchonidine and cinchonine; and which,
while affording an excellent rav/ material for tho
manufacture of cinchona febrifuge, is an inferior raw
material for quinine. The soits known as hybrids
are trees which, while inferior as quinine yii.lders,
to the crown barks, are superior to red barks. For
various ro.asons the cultivation of those hybrids was
much favoured by the late Mr. Mclvor, and it is
this fact which accounts for the large proportion
of them which still exists on tho Government estates.
Experience since Mr. IMcIvor’s time has proved that
these hybrids are, in the Nilgiris, shortlived trees;
and that their baik, by reason of t^o presence in it
of so much cinchonidine and cinchonine, is as a raw
material for quinine manufacture much inferior to
crown bark. The latter is, moreover, also much more
hardy than hybrid. The policy of Mr. Lawson has
therefore been steadily to reduce the numbers of both
hybrids and red barks in the estates, and to replant
the areas cleared of these with crown ba.rlcs. This policy
has been carried out to such an extent that at present
there are on the four Government estates only about
27,952 red barks and 663.323 hybrids, as against
1,031,005 crowii barks. Of this policy I entirely
approve, and I would recommeud its continuance
until the estates contain nothing but crown barks.
AVith the object, however, of keeping up the strain
of the latter which appears to have slightly
deteriorated of recent years I would support tlie
recommendation made to Government by the Director
to tho effect that arrangements sb.ould be made for
the importation from the natural home of the crown
bark in the forests of Loxa in the province of
Ecuador of a few pounds of good fresh seed of that
species.

3. From the preceding remarks it will appear
that the Dodabetta plantation is tho most
valuable of the four and that the Hooker plan-
tation ranks next in value. The Nedivattam

plantation has, from the preponderance upon it of
hybrid and red barks, a considerably less \alue at
present ; but, if the policy be carried out of re-
placing these by crown barks, it may soon become
equally valuable with the two prcvioirsly mentioned.
And at present it is of great importance from tho
presence on it of the Quinine and Febrifuge Fac-
tory. The Wood plantation is, both as regards ex-
tent and composition, the least valuable of all four.
It consists at present of a small patch (27 acres) of
hybrid bark trees; it i-3 inconveniently separated
from the other three by the Pykara stream ; and in
fact the chief argument for its retention ajipears to
be that there i.s on it a bungalow lit for a European
Superinten-d( nt to live in, whereas on the Hooker es-
tate there is no such accommodation. Tho patch
of cinchona on the Wood estate is so small, and so
exposed to the ravages of game that I would root it
up and abandcti it. I shall, however, refer to this
matter more fully in a subsequent para.graph.

Management ani> Mode of Woeking the Plan-
tations.— Up to the dates of my previous visits (1871
and 1878) tiio only method of taking tho bark crop
wliich had I’eceived anything like a fair trial was
that of stripping and renewal under either moss
or grass. Coppicing had hardly been tried. In
my memorandum submitted to tho Cinchona

Committee in 1878 (pages 33 and 35) I re-
commended that coppicing should he resorted to
in conj Line! ion with stripping and mossing. Since
Mr. Lawson became I)irector of the Estates,
the system of coppice after stripping anti

mossing has been regularly follow'd!, and the
result has been successful. It has been proved tliat
trees which had been reduced to a weak and un-
healthy condition from repeated decortication send
np from their stools, when coppiced, licalthy and
vigorou.s shouts which in turn yield hark of (]uito
as good quality as tho original stems. The scheme
of working followed by the present Diroctor lias

Nov. 2, i_'g6.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

325

been to allow the oopiMce shoots to aequire suffi-
cient size to aff(jvd shade to the soil ; and, when this
has been secured, eitiier to fill up vac.ancies or to
replant entirely with seedliiif' cro \ n barks, removing
the coppice when the seedling.s have grown large
enough to afford shade to each other. This plan is,
in my opinion, an excellent one. It is founded on
the principle that, in growing cinchonas on those
hills, the surface of the soil must be protected both
from the direct rays of the sun and from the wash
that is the inevitable result of heavy rain fall on
b.are soil. Another prominent feature in the mode
of cultivation which has of late years been followed
is the cultivation of weeds and their utilization as
green manure. During my visit to these plantations
in 1878 I was struck, as was also Dr Bidie, by the
absolute freedom from weeds in certain parts of the
plantation, and by the consequent douudat on of the
superficial soil by the wash of heavy showers; and
I called attention to the matter in my evi-
dence before the Committee (page Hlj. The
same facts had evidently impressed Mr. Lawson
for the soil of the Dodabetta plantation vvhich used
to be conspicuously bare is now w'ell covered wdth a
fair crop of surface-rooting weeds. The plantations
at Nedivattam and the Hooker estate are all fairly
well covered with weeds of a good type, with the
e.xception of a few barren patches wliich are now
under treatiucnit. .Mr. Law.son has also carried out
extensively the system of digging trenches near the
trees wdiich serve as receptacles for any soil wdiich
may bo washed into them by the I'ain, also for
surface soil which may be scraped into them, and
for green weeds which may he buried in them. The
results of this sy.stem of pitting or trenching appears
to have been excellent. The manure of all cattle
living in the estates has also for yejtrs been care-
fully conserved and spread on the patches most in
want of nutriment. A considerable quantity of bazaar
manure has also been carted from Ootacamund for
the Dodabetta plantation.

.5. Working uxrENniTURR on Tin: pi.ant.ition. — The
cost of European establishment is high in proportion
to the annual disbursement on cooly labour. This
is due to three causes : —

(1) to the fact that the plantations aro broken up
into so many detached jiieces;

(2) to the entertainment of a whole-time officer as
Quinologist ;

(.^) to the fact that the plantation is, from unavoid-
able causes,- worked below i s full producing power.
Tho latter cause would be removed by any success-
ful endeavour to increase the demand for quinine
and febrifuge. The rapid spread of the sale of
quinine in small doses at Post ofliccs and oTier
])ublic offices ajipear.s to offer a new outlet for an
indefinite amount of the former drug. The cooly
labour does not appear to me to be costly and I can
suggest no way in wdiich rates might be reduced.

(). PAcTOi.r. — The factory is organised on the
same lines as that of the Bengal Go\ernmcut,
the process of extraction of quinine depending
on the use of fusel-oil and of kerc:sine. The
grinding of the b.irk is done by a Carter’s disintc-
grater of which the motor power is a vortex tur-
bine which, owing to deficiency of water during the
dry season, can be w'orked only half the year. 'The
disintegrate!' is, however, cap dde of grinding 4,0i)0
lb. of bark per day ; and, as it can bo worked for
IbU days in the year, (ibO,000 poaaiiu of baik can
be annually giound, an amount which is more than
thrice as great as the vats in the factory are
capable of co..veiting into the quinine of febrifuge.
'Tile factory buildings arc, ho'wevor, cuipable of ex-
tension wiimie' er. more vats aie required to meet
the deman: for their outturn. At present the vats
are capable of turning out annually only 4,800 lb.
of quinine and about, ikOOi) of febriftigo— amounts
whicli up to date h ivi- exceeded the demand. SiiOr.i l
thij demand exceed £he present grinding power
of the dihnr.egraiter, arr..ngeuKmta can, the Direc-
tor assures me, be made for leading water from
anofiier strc-Din so .as (o increase the mimbrr of
working days and the output of ground bark by

one-third. The factory is thus 111 all its depart-
ments capable of expansion. Tho present accommo-
dation for storage for bark is ample and it also is
cap.able of expansion.

TThl. — Fuel for the factory is at present obtained
from a shola behind the Hooker estate and about
two and a half miles distant from the factory. This
shola was made over to the Director by a former
Conservator of Forests with the distinct intention
that it should be worked copince fashion as a source
of fuel for the factory. The policy of coppicing
standing forest with the object at once of utilizing
the timber on it and of providing for its reproduc-
tion by coppice is largely followed in France, and it
forms the basis of a well-known and liighly accredited
system of treatment. Of late, however, this policy
does not appear to have commended itself to the for-
est authorities on these hills, and I understand the
question is now' under consideration whether the
above-mentioned shola should not be resumed by
the Forest department and the Director compelled to
buy fuel for the quinine factory. If this arrange-
ment be carried out, the Forest department pro-
pose, as I am informed, to supply Enrali/plus

fuel at a cost of R() per thousand pounds, at
a sjiot over ten miles distant from the f.ictory.
'The rate of carriage to tlie factory from this
spot would, the Director says, be R2 per
thousand pounds. Tiie cost of fuel from the
present source of supply he estimates as at
Re. 1 per thousand pounds. 'The proposed increase
w'ould therefore form a not inconsiderable addition
to the net cost of the outturn of the factory, i
must say, I thiulc, it would be a mistake to increase
the net cost in this adventitious way. The object
of the maintenance of the quinine factory is the
good of the whole jiopulation of the country and
tho allotment to the factory of a piece of natural
forest to be exploited in the interest of the Cinchona
rather than of the Forest department does not ap-
pear to me to violate any principle of political
economy. If the management of tho shola in ques-
tion by the Director w'ere to involve its destruction,
there might be a case against its remaining in his
hands; but conversion into coppice, not destruction,
is the idea of his treatment of it. I would, however,
with the view of preventing inconvenience fmm
changes in forest policy in future, strongly recom-
mend that as large an area as jiossible of the land
in the cinchona reserves which is unsuitable for
crown barks should be utilized for tho production
of fuel for the factory. I may meution that, ou the
Sikkim plantation, there is a large area of forest at
tho entire disposal of Cinchona department, .and
that there is besides a fuel plantation which now
covers 800 acres, and which is being aiinu-ally ex-
tended during the seasons when plantation work
is slack.

8. Grazinc.. — Attached to each of the plantations
there is a certain amount of grass land on which
the plantation cattle and also the cattle belonging to
the estate coolies are allowed to graze. Such land
carries uo timber and can be of no use for* strictly
forest purposes. These cattle are kraaled at night,
and their dung is carefully collected as iiiaiiure
which is of great use in the improvement of the
poorer parts of the plantation. I think it would be
a great mist'ake to diminish the area of these planta
tion grazing grounds. If any change is to be made,
it should, in iny opinion, be in the direction of ex-
tension rather than of contraction. I would however
strictly proliibit the grazing of cattle in sholas.

9. jlaVACrEs OF Ga.ue. — There is no doubt w’latever
iliat young plants and young copince of crown barks
and of crown bark hybrids are nincb eaten down b\'
sambur and jungle sheep. This is nnlhing new. 'The
late Mr. Mclvur complained bitteily of it to me in
1871 and showed me large areas of young planting
which had been practically ruined by the ravages of
these animals, I also heard loud coinpilrints about
the matter during my visit in 1878. Dui'iiig my
jH'Csent visit I li ive questioned the Superinte iderits
and some of the n.xtives, resident on tlie v.ii'ious
plantations, and I liave seen for myself ample evi-

326

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, 1896

dences o£ the evil, lu fact any body can see an
excellent example of it by examining the margin of
the plantation at the distance of a few hundred yards
of the Director’s bungalow at Nedivattam. And the
mischief is even greater on the Wood estate than
at Nedivattam. Fencing appears to afford little or
no protection against this kind of game, and the
only efficient way of protecting the young planta-
tions and coppice is by shooting the deer. For many
years there has been on the Cinchona establishment
one shikari whose duty it is to frighten the game of
the three plantations of Nedivattam, Hooker and Wood.
I have read the memorial of the Game Preservation
Association and the comments of the Director and
of the Collector of the Nilgiris thereon. And
much as I sympathise with the objects of the Associa-
tion, I must say that the grievances complained of
by it are chiefly matters of the past. 1 fail to see how
the proceedings of a single shikari, spread over three
such large areas, can be very destructive to game. And
1 cannot understand how, in the face of the existing
evidence, both oral and ocular, it can be contended
that game in the neighbourhood of the Cinchona plan-
tations has been virtually exterminated. This is not
the opinion of a large cinchona and tea planter in the
neighbourhood who assured me the other day that
sambur and jungle sheep literally swarm at a distance
of 3Js mile from Nedivattam. As the subject, however,
appears to have elicited some warmth of feeling, 1
would suggest that the Wood plantation, where game
most abound and where there are only 27 acres of
cinchona, should be abandoned ; the cinchona, being
first uprooted and its bark taken to the factory. I
cannot recommend the dismissal of the shikari, but I
would restrict him (as at present) to the actual area
of the Government estates.

10. Accoukts. — Thei'e annually appears in the re-
port of the Director a statement showing the capital
and revenue accounts of the plantations from the com-
mencement up to the date of the report. In this re-
turn the disbursements of each _year are given in one
column with interest at 4^ per cent. There are also
columns in which the surplus and deficit each year
are stated. Up to the end of last year the total deficit
is stated to amount to lis. 611,288-3-6. If the yearly
accounts were to be stated like those of a joint stock
company this deficit w'ould stand as the capital or as a
liability of the company. I cannot, how-ever, under-
stand how the large deficit just named is arrived at.
In Captain Campbell Walker’s report (p. 16) on the
plantation, he gives Rs. 13,04,360 as the Accountant-
General’s calculation of the total cost of the estates,
phis annual interest to the end of the official year
1875-76. During the seven succeeding years such
large quantities of bark were sold in England that the
surplus of receipts over expenditure during these years
amounted in round numbers to Rs. 18,39,000 ; in
other words the receipts of the plantations at the
end of the year 1882-83 had exceeded the total
expendture on them from the beginning, pfits in-
terest by the sum of R5,34,640. The actual expen-
diture' up to the latter date should, therefore, surely
have been considered as wiped out, and the plan-
tations should have been credited with the difference,
t.e., with the sum of R.O,34,640. From 1882-83 until
the present time, the plantation has been worked
at an unusual loss. The net receipts for these
twelve years were R6,85,172 and the net ejqrendi-
ture was (exclusive of interest) R9,66,816. If the
surplus prior to 1883-84 be added to the receipts since
that date, the amount comes to more than 12 lakhs
of rupees, as against less than 10 lakhs of expendi-
ture. If 2 lakhs be allowed for interest (a sum
which surely must bo considered as ample) the capital
cost of the estates has really been extinguished, and
no annual charge for interest is really admissible.
It is utterly disheartening for any man to have to
work under a financial disability (even although it be
only imaginary) such as the Director of these plan-
tations has hitherto done. I venture therefore to
recommend that, from 1st April 1895, a new departure
should be taken in the accounts ; that the charge
for interest should disappear, and that a stock account,
debit andcreditcash account and balance sheet should

be annually given. In this way the exact results of the
year’s working would be shown within the compass
of a single page.

II. The Resources of the Plantation.— -I need
hardly remind you that since the suspension during
the official year 1883-84 of the practice of selling the
bark produced on the estates, these plantations
have not been worked up to their full producing
pow’er. They have in fact been very lightly crop-
ped ; and, even since the manufacture of quinine was
begun, the demand for that drug has ni ver yet
been equal to anything like the producing power of
the plantation. The natural increment of the bark
of many trees therefore remains on the trees as an
undrawn dividend. The result of this light croppng
and of the judicious method of cultivation, and of
collecting the bark which have been followed during
the past 12 years, is that the plantations are now
in a much better condition than they were when I
went over them in 1878. An examination of some
of the figures given in the Dii-ector’s report for the
official year which ended on 31st March last
gives an idea of the present actual condition of the
plantation. I find that, during the year 1894-95, 6,720
crown bark trees were coppiced on Dodabetta and the
yield of dry bark from them was 51,522 lb. On Nedi-
vattam 4,713 trees were coppiced with a yield of
17,081 lb. ; and on. Hooker estate, the 6,949 trees
which w'ere coppiced yielded 27,0081b. of dry bark.
This is at the average rate of about 5 l-5th lb per tree.
The Director assures me that the trees for coppicing
were not selected because of their size. On the
contrary, they were selected as trees which had, from
repeated stripping and mossing, begun to show signs
of weak health, and they were coppiced in order that
they might have an opportunity of springing afresh
from their cut stumps. In the language of French
forestry the trees were coppiced as part of a coup de
regeneration. Trees to the number of 18,382, cut as a
measure of arboricultural improvement (and which,
owing to their sickly state, yielded bark of poor
quality from which not more than 3 per cent, of
quinine may be expected) thus yielded 95,611 lb. of
dry crown bark. After deducting these trees, there
remained of crown barks.on the Government planta-
tions (according to the returns) more than a million
trees, some in excellent and the others for the
most part in fair health. If the propor-
tion of the bark on the trees that remain
be in proportion to that of those which were
coppiced last year, the crown bark trees on the
three Government estates carry a grand total of 6
million pounds of dry bark. These results w’hich
have so surprised me that I have had all the calcu-
lation checked are seen at a glance in the following
table:—

Dodabetta

Nedivattam

Hooker

O 05
U GO

p tuc

a

03 *r
u 'V

H

03

2

%

ce

P5

^ CO

03 <3

u ^

eS 05
GO

o ^

” n

-S! P<

S<!

cq

6,720 61, .522 568,295
4,7;3 17.081 89,636

6,919 27.008 373,044

4,357,090

324,970

1,449,064

Total.. 18,.382 95,611 1,031,003 6,131,124
From the foregoing calculation I have entirely
ommitted the 663,328 hybrid trees which, according
to tile Dii'ector’s returns, existed on the four planta-
tions at 1st April last. If the bark on these be calcu-
lated as equal, when coppiced to four pounds per tree,
there is an addition to the resources of the plantation
of about 2^ million pounds of bark. The total amount
of bark which the plantation ^\’ould yield, if coppiced
at once, is, according to these estimates, therefore
over 8i million pounds.

It is probable, however, that calculation founded
on the number of trees may be fallacious ; for the num-
bers are cqntimially being altered by death and acci-
dent , and it is impossible, short of an annual census
(which would cut more than it would be worth) to esti-

Nov. 2, 1896. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

327

mate acciii-ately the number of trees that actually
exist. It maj' be advisable thei’eforo to cut
down these figures by half and to reckon 4:J: mil-
lion instead of 8g million pounds of dry bark as the
quantity that would be ol)tained were the whole
plantation coppiced now. On the other hand it must
be recollected that the trees, if worked on a rotation
of twenty years, would yield during that period
repeated crops of bark by the stripping and mossing
process prior to their finally being coppiced. As a
check on these calculations based on the nuniher of
the trees on the plantation, I shall now give a cal-
culation based on the yield per acre. Captain Camp-
bell Walker’s survey showed the actual area to be
848’71 acres. Since the date of his report the Wood
estate has been reduced from 72 acres to 27, being
a diminution of 45 acres. The acreage of the other-
estates remains exactly the same, and the whole
area now under Cinchona may be therefore taken
roughly at 800 acres. Statistics show that the average
yield on Dodabetta of an acre, when coppiced, is
about 4,000 lb. (excluding root bark) and that the
amount of bark yielded by the same acre by strip-
ping and grassing subsequently to 1880 and prior to
coppicing appears, from the few areas of which an
accurate record has been kept, to be about 1,4501b.
The total yield of the whole plantation, if coppiced
at once, would therefore according to these
figures be 800 by 4,000 equal to 3,200,000 lb. of
dry bark. And the amount obtainable by stripping
over a period of twenty years would, at 1,4501b. per
acre, stand thus : — 800 x 1,450 -— 1,100,000 pounds of
dry bark.

The actual stock of birk of all kinds in the
plantation thus conies out as 4,300,000 lb.

13. Annuai, Outturn of Bark and Quinine. — The
calculation per acre appears to me to afford a safer
' basis for estimating Uie amount of bark which can
annually be taken ns the normal crop; in other
words of estimating the amount of dividend which
may be drawn from the estate without encroaching
on the capital. The oldest trees on the plantation
are now about thirty-three years of ngc, and ex-
periments in coppicing show that good returns in
the way of crop can be obtained from coppice shoots
from twelve to fifteen years old. The Director is
of opinion, and in this 1 agree, that twenty years
may safely be taken as the rotation on which the
plantation mty be worked. On this basis, the an-
nual crop would, therefore, be 218,000 lb. from which
there could be extracted (at 3.} per cent.) 7,030 lb.
of quinine. But the bark contains a certain per-
centage of Cinchonidine, Oinchouine and Amorphous
quinine; there would, in addition, therefore be a
considerable quantity of Cinchona febrifuge.

SUGGF.STIONS FOR FUTUKE MaNAGEAIENT. — 111

view of the early retirement of Mr. Lawson, the
question of future management is a pressing one.
There are, it appears to me, two arrangements which
might be made, and these are first to find a successor
for Mr. L iwson, who will perform exactly the same
duties as he does ; second to dissociate the appoint-
ment of Government Botanist from that of Superin-
tendent of the cinchona plantations and factory. The
second is the ar-rangemeut favoured by Mr. Law.son,
who has addressed Government on the subject. Mr.
Lawson’s proposal is that a skilled Botanist should bo
got out from England who should have his head-
quarters in Madras (where the Government Herbarium
should be located) and who should fulfil the func-
tions of Government Botanist and of referee and
adviser to Government on all matters connected with
scientific horticulture ; who should lecture on Botany
in the xMadras Colleges and act as Examiner in Botany
in the University ; and part of whoso recognised
duty it should be to carry out the Iiotanical explor-
ation of the Presidency — many parts of \vhich towards
the west and south are still, from a scientific point
of view, very imperfectly known. In my own opinion,
this proposal is probably the better of the two, but it
is the more costly. Against the first scheme there
is this to be said ; that it will not bo easy to get
a man of Mr. Lawson’s calibre and previous ex-
perie^ice to accept the appointment on the scale of
pay at present sanctioned for him. It is in fact

n

extremely improbable that a gentleman who had
been a professor of Botany in a great English
University, and who has bad many years experience
of the management of a Botanic garden (Mr. Lawson
held charge of the Oxford gar-den for fourteen years)
would be secured by the Secretary of State as Mr.
Lawson’s successor. Against the second scheme the
chief objection is its cost. A Government Botanist,
v.uth functions as above described, could not, I fear,
he obt-ained even on the salary now naid to Mr.
Lawson ; far less on the salary (R400 rising to
11600 per mensem) suggested by Mr. Lawson. The
superintendence of the Cinchona plantations has,
moreover, to be provided for. This would have to be
considered by Government in connection with the
arrangement by which a whole-time officer is enter-
tained asQuinologist; and that is not oneof the matters
referred to in the Government Order under which I
submit the present report. The qualifications of the
officer who may be selected to succeed Sir. Lawson in
charge of the plantations and factory should, in my
opinion, be as follows ; he should be an educated
man with a sufficient knowledge of agriculture and
horticulture, both theorotical and practical, so as to
put him on a higher level, in this respect, than any
of his subordinates. It might, and I dare say, would
be impossible to get a man with a special know-
ledge of cinchona cultivation ; but a man who has
general horticultural knowledge and experience
would, if he had the advantage of a little tuition
under Mr. Lawson, soon pick up the peculiarities of
the culture in cinchona. I consider a knowledge of
this sort as more necessary for the new Superintendent
than a knowledge of Chemistry. For the plantation
has now passed beyond the stage when the continued
guidance of a quinological expert is necessary Most
of the chemical problems which are likely hencefor-
ward to present themselves ought, if not at once cer-
tninly after a few months experience, to be capable
of solution by an ordinary chemical expert in Madras
or elsewhere. I do not mean in the least to decry
chemical knowledge, which no doubt will be of great
use in working tlie factory. All I mean to say is that
for the management of the plantation (in its present

condition and of the factory, as a /oint c//arc/e, a knowledge

of horticulture is of mere importance than a know-
ledge of Chemistry. One qualification which the Super-
intendent of these plantations should most certainly
possess is a capacity for estate management and for
the organization and control of labour. A most im-
porlant point for the future management of these
plantations will be to secure a continuity of policy
ibis can never be done if the management be
sometimes vested in hands of an officer of one
department and sometimes in the hands of another
deiiartment-neither being experts. The best thing
to do would be to secure a man of capacity, energy
and tact, and to make it worth his while to remain
on m the appointment long enough to accumulate
special experience and knowledge, and to utilize that
knowledge and experience in the interests of Gov-
ernment. These estatas are, in my opinion a vlu-
able property. The present Director has ’made it
his policy to con=c) ve and to nurse them, and to
bring them into condition under which they can
be worked on a definite system. He has succeeded
It appears to me, in putting, the Dodabetta planta-
tion into such a condition. Much progress towards
this end has been made on. the Hooker estate.
But the Nedivattam plantation, from haying been
originally planted out without proper regard to the
separation of varieties is still in a backward
condition, ine new biiperintendent should in

Lawson’s policy.
Anything like the reversal of policy and
geneial houloersmenf of current arrangenieuta which
so often characterises a change of management is
imicli to be deprecated for these estates. W their
tuliue value and their continuity as a source of bark
will depend greatly on the way in which they are
worked during the next few years. If judiciously
treated they may at once be counted upon for the
annual supply of 7,(;i0lb. of sulphate of quinine
besides a large quantity of cinchona febrifuge as a
by-product. lu making the estimates of the resources

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS P.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

523

and normal oafcturn of the plantation which are
given in paragraphs 10 and 11 of this report, I have
iateutioually taken the lowest figures. 1 would, how-
ever, have no hesitation in taking a larger annual
crop than 218,003 lb. of bark should it be necessary
to do so in order to meet a demand. And, if the
growth and health of the trees continues as good as
at present, I see no reason why, in a year or two,
300,0 '0 lb. of dry bark might not be taken as the
normal annual yield.

In my own opinion the consumption of quinine in
India is bound to increase rapidly; and not many
years will, in my opinion, elapse before the resources
of the Nilgiri plantation will (as those of the Sikkim
plantation are now) strained to the utmost to meet
the demand. Tne object which the Secretary of State
declared to be that with which Government intro-
duced the cultivation of chinchona into India was
•‘to put the only efficient remedy for the commonest
and most fatal of Indian diseases within the reach of
the poorest ; ” and that object appears to be in the
point of being realized.

INDIA AND CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA.

In the New York American Grocer, the leading
trade journal of that great country, are now appear-
ing weekly a series of most taking advertisements,
evidently the sensible idea of the above gentle-
men [Messrs. IJlechynden and Mackenzie]. The
advertisement is a full jiage one, lacing the lead-
ing article, well e.Kecuted cuts from photos give
views of the various stages of tea, from grosyth
to manufacture, and underneath is the following
letter press showing a convincing contrast between
the two articles now oll'ered for American con-
sumption.

INDIAN AND CEYLON ' TE.AS,

The Ciiltimtion and Manufacture of these
Teas explains their extraordinar]] quality.
MARK THE CONTRAST:

IMPORTS OF TEA.

Net

Av. Import

Per ca-

Year.

Imports.

Value.

price per lb.

pita

ending

30bh Juiio—

popalation.

Pomds.

Dollars.

— Cents.

Pounds

1330

69,394,769

18,983,368

27-4

1-39

1881

79,130,849

20,225,418

25-7

1-45

1882

77,191,060

18,975,046

24-6

1-47

1833

69,597,945

16,278,894

‘23-5

1-30

1884

60,061,944

12.313,200

20-2

109

1885

66,374,365

13,135,782

19-5

1-18

1886

78,873,151

15,485,265

19-6

1-37

1837

87,481,186

16,365,633

18-7

1-49

1838

83,944,547

13,154,171

15-8

1-40

1889

79,192,253

12,561,812

160

1-28

1890

83,494.956

12,219,643

15-0

1-33

1891

82,395,924

13,639,785

17-0

1-29

1892

81,610,741

14,267,411

16.0

1-37

1893

83,131,088

13,651,800

16-0

1-32

1894

91,801,565

13,857,893

1.5-1

1-34

1895

96,437,042

13,029,868

13-5

1-37

1896

93,300,248

12,585,741

13-5

1-33

— Indian Planters' Gazette, Sept. 26.

«.

TEA IN AMERICA.

New York, Sept. 9.

The dull business was made more jironounced
by two and a half holidays. The market drags
except on choice Formosa Oolong. Old crop in
buyer’s favor. No change in other sorts. The
auction this week includes some new crop
Moyune and Congou, and is awaite<l with interest.
Today at noon the Montgomery Auction and
Commission Company will sell 5,535 packagcS|
viz : 354 half-chests Moyune, all new season ; 2b8
half-chests and boxes Fingsuey ; 899 half-chests
Congou, including seasons 189(j-97 ; 131 packages
India, Java and Ceylon; 71(5 half-chests and
boxes Amoy, a desirable assortment; 1,111 half-
chests Foochow, and attrective offering, including
the “ Knm Wo” chop ; 2,036 half-chests and bo.xes
Formosa, all new crop, and including an at-
tractive invoice of true summer character. —
American Grocer.

INDIAN AND CEYLON.

Lands. — New and Fertile.

Gardens. — Large, well planted, central modern
factories, daily manufacture of leaf.

Manufacture. — Modern, up-to date, especially de-
vised machines for twisting and drying leaf, untouched
by hand.

Turity.— Full standard; never rejected from any
port.

china and jap.an.

L.AND3.— Exhausted centuries ago, fed Avith poiso-
nous fertilisers.

—Small, scattered ; leaf kept in family
dwelling houses, with pigs and poultry till marketed.

Manuf.acture. — Ancient ; barbarous ; leaf twisted
by the hands of semi-nude moist Mongolians, amidst
the sordid surroundings of a Chinese dwelling. No
factory inspection and much

Impurity. — Adulterated, colored, faced, “ Lie
Tea” Rejected on these grounds daily. A ship-
ment recently rejected at New York was admitted
through a Western Tort of Entry. See daily
papers, Importer’s Confessions in Petition to
Congress.

Result ; —

1891. 1895.

Imports,
lb. lb.

Increased Consumption ; 5, .'179, 542 9,28.1,141

The following statistics culled from tho same
source show tho growth in the import of tea from
1880 to the current year inclusive.

♦

The Flu.sii-Worm in CK\hOTtJ.~ Planting

Opinion, of Sept. '26, .say.s Ceylon planters,
ever mindful of the awful ruin that .swept out
their coffee-plantations, are keenly on the watch
to detect any similar fungoid or insect pest-s on
their tea. Hitherto, beyond a slight attack of
elopeltis or mosquito-blight, we believe Island
tea has kept remarkably free from all blights
and diseases that are such serious factors in
Indian gardens. But to come to the point,
we noticed some weeks ago in a Ceylon
exchange, the Observer, an enquiry as to
the nature of a certain caterpillar that
rolled itself up in tender Hush. This query having
been reproduced in the Trojiical Aynculturist, avc
think it worth pointing out that this caterpillar
is very probably what is known on the Nilgiris
as Hush-worm. Ceylon tea-planters would do well
to keep this insect severely in check by specially
picking and burning or otherwise destroying the
affected leaf, as on the Nilgiris this pest is the
direct cause of by no means inconsiderable loss
of Hush. A common method on some estates is
sinijily to instruct the pickers to crush the rolled
up leaves in their lingers, but as this is slurred
over in nine cases out of ten, the remedy is ob-
viously a very incomplete one. Merely picking
tbe leaf and dropimig it on the ground is of little
use, as the cateriiillar will usually manage to se-
cure a fresh habitat,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

329

Nov. 2, 1896.]

COCONUT PLANTING IN I5K1TISH
CENTRAL AEIMCA.

In Ceylon Europeans are more and more en-
gaging in Coconut planting at the lower eleva-
tions and the ([uestion arises, can we here not
do something in the same line ! P>y “ here” we
do not refer to Nyasaland but to the Zambesi
and lower Shire districts, for although the 6rV«c/fc
may prove that coconuts grow at Jumbe’s on Lake
Nyas.n, we are afraid, it would find it very dilli-
cult to persuade ])lanters that they can be grown
lucratively there, or anywhere else, in the in-
terior. It may be objected that the only other
place is the Portuguese littoral and it is to it we
refer. We are aware that this is a formidable ob-
jection owing to the well-known “ dog in the
manger” policy of the usual Portuguese authorites,
but we ask if it would not be possible, with the
lielp of our government, to get such concessions
or make such contracts would leave absolutely
no rooTii for abuses. Were such the case we be-
lieve coconut jjlantations would be as .successful
on the East Coast as they are in Ceylon and other
countries and as the market for copra and coir
is a good one there is every inducement for ca-
pital to see what can be done in the way of
•adding to the producing capacity of East Africa.
The . cliief commercial products from the coconut
are its oil, yielded by the kernal which when broken
up into small pieces and dried is called cojira, and
its fibre. The fibre is usually divided into two
classes — “ bristle” and “ mat” fibre” — the former
being worth from £30 per ton and the latter about
£20 ]jer ton. A third class of fibre, composed of
the refuse, is worth about £10 per ton. Nuts
are sometimes got about the fifth year but full
bejiring does not commence till the seventh to
the twelfth year .and the yield, under favourable
circumstances, continues increasing up to the twen-
tieth ye.ar. The residual matter, after the oil has
been expressed from the kernal called poonac, is
well esteemed as a manure for coffee and would
probably find a re.ady market in 13. C. A. — Cen-
tral rfrlcan Planter for Aug.

INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION.

Calcutta, Sept. 2.

Proceedings of a Meeting of the General Com-
mittee held on the 2nd Sept : — * * *

A letter dated 27th July was read from the
Honorary Secretary, Central Travancore Planters’
Association, remitting Rl, 413-14 6 as a contribution
to the American Market Fund. Mr. Acworth men-
tioned in this letter that every tea estate in the
district has contributed. An acknowledgment had
been sent conveying the Committee’s best thanks
for tlie hearty support still continued to be given
by the Cential Travancore Planters’ Association to
the efforts for the extension of the Indian tea trade
in America.

Letters of 17th and 24th July and 7th August from
the Secretarv, India Tea Association, London, also
in connection with the American Market Fund, which
had been previously circulated, were now brought
up for consideration. The Committee noted that Sir
Henry Truman Wood had at length received the
medals and diplomas of the various tea companies
ai d estates represeiued at the Chicago Exhibition,
which had been distributed to all the companies
having offices in London the remainder having been
sent by the India Office to Calcutta. In response
to a request from the London Committee, a sum
of £1,000 had been remitted on the 1st instant. The
total amount of contributions paid and promised up
to date was reported as 1399,288-10 0, and the balance
in the Hank of Bengal after making the above remit-
tance was 1345,886-15 1, the outstandings being in
process of collection. * » *

The Committee next proceeded to consider a memo-
r.-indum prepared by the Secretary, Bengal Chamber
ot Commerce, with reference to a proposal recently
made m the House of Commons for the abolition
ot duty on British-grown tea, the discussion on which
had been postponed at the last Meeting. It was
decided that vei*y little could bo done on this aide beyond
supporting any efforts \yhich might be made by the
Committee of the Association in Jjondon and supplying
them with all necessary information. Copies of the me-
morandum w'ere to be senthomeand the attention of the
London Committee strongly drawn to the matter
iirging them to keep the agitation on the subiect
alive.

The next matter for consideration was a letter,
dated lltli August, from Brigade-Surgeon-Lieuteuant
Colonel W. A. Crawford 13o", Honorary Secretary
Pasteur Institute of India, Simla, forwarding pro-
ceedings of a meeting held at Simla on the 10th
August, to decide the question of the establishment
in India of a Pasteur Institute, for the investigation
and combatting of infectious diseases affecting the
population of India and for the solution of economic
liroblems.

Also letter of 24th August from Surgeon-Lieute-
nant Colonel G. S. Ranking, M.D., Honorary Secre-
tary, Bengal Branch, Pasteur Institute of India’, asking-
for an early consideration of the former letter
and expre.ssiiig the hope that substantial aid would
be afforded by the mercantile community towards the
ffiundation and maintenance of the Institute. Dr,
Ranking asked for a donation of R20,000 and aii
annual subsidy of R15,000. The Committee gathered
that the fixing of the site in Bengal, in favour of
winch they had recorded a resolution at their last
meeting, was more or less dependent on the amount
of local support received.

After- giving the papers before them due considera-
tion, the General Committee decided to contribute
a donation of R5,000 from the funds of the Associa-
tion towards the establishment or the Institute on
the understanding that it was to be located in Ben-
gal and have the support of Government.

_ As the establishment of the Institute commended
itself to the Committee as being an object meritiiifr
support from the Mercantile Community, the majority
of whom were more or less interested in the wel-
fare of labour directly or indirectly in connection
with tea gardens, coal mines, or (ute mills, it wsa
decided to ask the Committee of the Bengal Chamber
of Commerce to circulate a subscription list amongst
its members which would cover the whole of the
pound, and which the Committee felt would be a
better plan than for the various Associations to solicit
subscriptions each from its own members as in the
latter case, firms would in many cases be asked to
subscribe three times over.

•'O the request for an annual subsidy
m R15,000 made by the Honorary Secretary, Bengal
Branch of the Institute, the Committee felt that no
guarantee whatever could be given as to this by the
ludiaii Tea Association as .such. If the Institute
proved itself of real value, it would no doubt receive
support and a suggestion was made that a consider-
able annual sum might reasonably be expected from
the tea industry by the fixing of a small fee on
each coolie inoculated. This fee might yield an in-
come of R10,000 on the supposition that one-third
of the number of coolies proceeding to the tea dis-
tricts were inoculated.

* * *

Read letter No. 3,719 of 11th August from the
Officiating Director of Land Records and Agriculture
Assam, enquiring if any explanation could be given
with regard to the fall in the average prices of Assam
and Surma Valley teas during 1895-96, as against
the average prices in 1894-95. This letter had been
replied to, stating that the crop of 1894 was a fine
one as regards quality, while that of 1895 was not
so, the weather not being seasonable, and this natu-
rally had an unfavourable effect upon prices.

* « *

The Secretary of the Association in London having
stated that it would be worth while to send home

330

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Nov. 2, 1896.

a monthly telegram advising the state of the weatiicr
and the prospect of the crops in the principal tea
districts, it was decided to arrange a telegraph code
for the purpose of reports oir the different crops in
the following districts : — Assam, Cachar, Syihet,
Dooars, Terai and Darjeeling. The Assam Branch
■were making arrangements with their district Com-
mittees to supply the information direct to the Asso-
ciation in Calcutta, and telegrams were being received
regularly from the Honorary Secretary, Cachar
Branch. It was decided to communicate with the
Darjeeling and Dooars Sub-Committee with a vievv
to obtaining regular telegrams from the Dooars, Terai
and Darjeeling districts.

Considered letters of 20th and 31st August and 2nd
September from Messrs. Williamson, Magor and Co.,
stating that their attention had lately been drawn to
several cases in which chests had been found on inspec-
tion at the London Warehouse to be as much as from 18
to 241b. short of the invoice weight, and giving particu-
lars of the shipments. They feared that the thefts of tea
which had been stopped by the vigilance of the Police
last year were commencing and suggested that the
attention of the Commissioner of Police should be
called to the matter. It was decided that the infor-
mation furnished by Messrs. Williamson, Magor and
Co. should be commirnicated to Sir John Lambert
with a request that the same vigilance on the part
of the Police which had such good results last year
should be maintained daring the present season.

The Committee had before them extracts from the
Planter on the subject of slack packing of tea at
gardens, both of which contained many useful hints.
The remarks on the economic side of the question
of slack packing, they considered, were deserving of
attention, as slack packing necessitated 11 to 12 per-
cent. more packages than were actually required,
meaning a considerable extra expenditure mi the

^**’c^^nsidered letter of 13th August from Messrs.
Duncan Brothers A' Go, giving extracts from a letter-
addressed to them by an experienced Assam planter
as to the manner in which tea chests wove stowed
and handled on board the iliver Steamers,
which he considered had much to do with the
daraac'e now being complained of. A further
letter° of 28th August had also been received from
Messrs. Balmer, Lawrie & Co., with reference to
tea chests which have arrived in a disgracefully
damaged state from Dibrugarh via Goaluudo. In
this case the boxes were all made of good half inch
wood and could only have been damaged by rough
usage, and Messrs. Balmer, Lawrie & Co. were of
opinion that it was the result of the boxes being
thrown into the hold in the course of shipment. It
was decided to follow up the letters already written
to the Assam and Cachar Branches on the subject
of damage to tea in transit by placing before thchn
the substance of the letters now received, and it was
also agreed to address the River Steamer Com-
panies with reference to the matter, as proof had
been now obtained that a certain amount of damage
accrued to tea on board the River Steamers.

Considered letter No. lllG-96 of 5th August from
the Secretary, Bengal Chamber of commerce, asking
to be furnished with a copy of the report of the Sub-
committee on the handling of packages of tea in the
Port commissioners. Warehouse and Jetties which
had been done in due course, and also further
letter No. 1237-69 of 1st September, thanking
the committee for the information given, and asking
if the committee of the chamber could be kept in-
formed from time to time as to any action taken by
the general committee in connection with the bandhiig
or shipment of tea. This was agreed to.

Considered file of replies received to the Com-
mittee’s Circular No. 335 O of 14 August with re-
ference to a eug^cstiou made that shippers of tea
should issue a circular to the Liners, stating that
they authorise and direct steamer officers to refuse
any and every chest they were not perfectly satisfied
with, and that they would guarantee tluit no lino
would suffer or lose shipment of tea owing to the
strictness of its officers. The general concensus of
replies received was Against the adoption of the sug-

gestion, vai ions objections being raised to it and tbe
Committee had consequently 110 alternative but to
allow the matter to drop.

Exi’Orts of Ixdi.an Tea from Calcutta.

1896.

1895.

1894.

Clearance to Gre.rt

lb.

lb.

lb.

Britain in Aug . .
Clearances to Great
Britain from 1st

18,991,425

15,033,258

17,808,631

April to 31st Aug.
Clearances to Aus-
tralia and New

42,969,248

41,176,840

39,820,750

Zealand in Aug.
Clearances to Aus-
tralia and New
Zealand from 1st

769,895

765,598

612,180

April to 31 Aug.
Clearances to Ame ■

1,736,810

2,479,121

1931,4.33

ricain August..
Clearances to Amer-
ica from Lst April

*178,734

194,761

.53,817

to 31st August. .
Clearances to other

322,471

281,426

111,817

places in Aug..
Clearances to other
places from 1st

898,103

751,969

607,114

Apiril to 31st Aug.

. 1,610,312

1,570,061

1,210,003

Total Clearances from
1st April to 31st

August.. .. 46,668,871 45,507,448 43,104,033

Actual shipmonts to Great Britain
from 1st April to 3 1st Aug. 1896 .. 45,817,468 1b-

Actual shipments to Great Britain

from 1st April to 31st Aug. 1895 . . 45,643,011 lb.

Exports of Tea from Ceylon.

Total Exports from 1st January
to 18th August 1896
Total Exports from 1st January
to 18th August 1895
Total Exports from Ist .Tiinuary
to 18tli August 1891
Total Exports from 1st Jani'-ary
to 18th August 1893
* Exports to United States . .

,, to Canada
— Indian Planters' UaZefte.

HOPE FOR THE CHINA TEA TRADE,

In another column will be found a letter and an
article reproduced from the Foochow Echo in which
an important announoeraeut is made, namely, that
foreign machinery and foreign methods have at length
been introduced in the preparation of tea in one of
the districts near Foochow. The commencement is a
small one and how the experiment will result remains
to be seen. The machinery has been got up to Peeling
without opposition, but whether immunity from man-
darin obstruction will continue to be enjoyed is
doubtful. There can be no doubt, however, that if
the adoption of foreign methods wero officially ap-
proved they would speedily become general and a
great revival in the tea trade would result, notwith-
standing the heavy taxation to which the article is
subjected, amounting in all, it is said, to 40 per-
cent. If at the same time that foreign methods
are introduced the taxation wore either wholly
abolished or reduced to a moderate amount the
China tea trade would soon regain its ancient glory
and wealth would once more flow into the districts
that have become impoverished by the loss of
their principal industry. If foreign capital were
allowed to be freely invested in the interior wo
would soon have numerous planting companies es-
tablished whoso prospects would bo even brighter
than that of the Shanghai cotton coinpanioe from
which so much is expected. Following its usual
lolicy, however, China would probably object to
oroigne.rs acquiring any vested interest beyond the
reaty ports. In the case of the Foochow entor-

. . 70,284,878 lb.

. . 65,630,006 lb.

. . 57,437,427 lb.

.. 53,921,473 1b.
... 126,5,->9 lb.

.. 52,175 1b.

Nov. 2, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

33'

prise Mr. Fraser has presumably been enabled to
make some special arrangement to permit of his
establishing himself at Peeling, but on this point
the local paper is silent. In any case, however,
the introduction of foreign machinery and. foreign
methods affords a ray of hope brighter than any
that merchants interested in the China tea trade have
enjoyed for many j'ears.

IMPROVEMENT OE TEA MAKING AT EOOCIIOW ‘ INTKODUC
TION OF THE INDIAN METHOD,

The following letter appears in the Foochow Echo
of the 12th September:— .

Dear Sir,— It has been a subject of remark during
the past few weeks that you have maintained a mys-
terious silencs regarding the crisis, if I may so call
it, that has come about in the Foochow tea trade.
The purport of this letter is quite as much to in-
duce you to break that silence and if possible to
draw forth some opinion from you aiS to our pros-
pects, as to furnish you readers with the news,
which cannot fail to "be of interest to all.

Mr. Fraser, of the firm of Fraser, Ramsay
& Co., after visiting the tea gardens of India
and Ceylon and making himself acquainted with
the methods adopted in those countries of pick-
iim and curiEg tea, has managed to introduce
them into one of the tea districts here and with siich
marked success that a prosperous future for the Foo-
chow tea tiade seems assured. So far, wdiat has been
done is merely an experiment, but the most satisfac-
tory remits have been obtained, that is to say, leas
of the prettiest make and appearance have been pro-
duced, drawing a strong dark liqum-, with an infused
leaf of the approved bright golden colour. What
more is required? We are at once placed in a posi-
tion to complete with Indian aud Csylon growers in
the great consuming markets of Great Britain and
Austialia.

No difficulty was found in starting a company
locallv for the purchase of machinery and for other-
wise 'pushing the adoption of the new method of
making tea among the Chinese. The name of the
Company is the Foochow Tea Improvement Corn-

Over and above this, I hear that there is quHe
a little underciurent of excitement going on in the
foreign hongs. Of course with such a couseratiie
peopTe as the Chinese it is unlikely that more than
a small proportion of the Congou crop will be made
ill tlie n,ew fashion for a year or two, but in the
meantime it is understood that some of the foreign
hongs are already vieing with one another to get
this small proportion into their own clutches. All
sorts of inducements are being offered, which the
Canton and Chin-chew hong-men will not relish.
Liberal advances are to be made to intending opera-
tors in this few fashioned tea, and extensive
eodown-rooin is to bo placed fit their disposal. Tlie
novel (to Foochow) method of selling the tea by auc-
tion iias been proposed— the advancing Foreign Hong
to be the auctioneers, who further proffer their ser-
vices to ship any leas, for which satisfactory prices
are not bid, to the consuming markets of the world
on owneivs’ account. There is nothing like taking
time by tbe forelock.

Fray, Mr. Editor, let us have your views, or those
of any of your contributors who may care to favour
us with theirs. — 1 am, dear sir, yours truly, T.

Upon this the Echo makes the following com-
ments : — . , , 1

We find ourse ves foiestalled by our correspoaent
“T” in being the first to make public an important
piece of news, the introdu t on i ;to this province
of the Indian me hod of making te.i. We were asked
by some of onr subscribers not to publish^ anything
we m ght hear about it fo.' a t m ■, and it is
within the last few day.s that we liave been relea-ed
from our undertaking to abide by the request. Al-
though the thought may have been quite original
on Mr. Fraser's part, it was not altogether a new
one. Tue idea of its feasibility had occurred to more
than one of our resident maicbauts, but was aban-
doned by reason of the difficulties attending the in-
troduction appearing to them insurmountable

may be guessed that the foremost difficulty was
the certain strong opposition of the Chinese, high
and low. It was reserved for Mr. Fraser to do
what others had feared to attempt, and if all
goes well, as the result of his first experiment
seems to predict, his name will be handed
down to nosterity as the reviver of our mori-
bound tea trade. Mr. Fraser followed up the con-
ception of the idea by going to the gardens and
factories of India and Ceylon and learning for him-
self all that he could about tea cultivation and tea
curing in those rountries. On his return to China
he brought wdlh him a tea roiling machine, which
was no doubt to be followed by other machinery
necessary to complete the curing on Indian principles.
The rolling machine was landed, but now came the
question of the difficulties which dreamers of the
schema had looked upon as insurmountable, Mr.
Fraser reckoned up and circumvented them. He had
his establishment at Peeling aud managed to get all
his machinery up to that district, piecemeal, with-
out ruffling either the tender susceptibilities of the
sleepy officials or the local population. Instead of
hiring a score or two of Foochow coolies rush the
machinery up en bloc, which would have created sus-
picion, ill feeling, and possibly trouble, he had it
carried up at intervals, bit by bit, by local
coolies sent down from Peeling for the purpose,
and they arrived with their burdens without at-
tracting any special attention. Thus this formidable
difficulty, as it was considered, was overcome by a
little fact and good management. It was promptly
set up and brought into play with the satisfactoiy re-
sults mentioned by “ T," namely, in pretty dry leaf,
nice strong and dark liquoring waters (so much liked by
the English masses), and infusions of the approved
bright bronze coloured infusions being produced. But
before describing the result we ought first to have
mentioned that the Chinese inode of picking of,
withe ing, and fermenting had all to be altered. This
was quickly taught, and it is said by the Chinese that
these preliminary processes apart from the use of the
rolling machinery, are sufficient to produce the made
tea with all the characteristics of that shipped from
India and Ceylon. Experts who have seen these teas
declare them to be wonderfully good but Mr. Eraser
aud his friends, believing that machine made teas will
be far superior, have formed themselves into a com-
pany, and several influential merchants have joined
them, for the purpose of importing all the machinery
necessary. We wish the company all'possible success.

The Foochow tea trade continues to decline so
rapidly, excepting for its specialities, that all in-
terested in the port at all must welcome warmly
any move that is likely to revive it, and should give
all the eucouiagement they can to Mr. Fraser and
his fi lends, in the expense and trouble they are
going to, to keep the trade alive.

Having furnished our readers with a brief sketch
of whnt is going on in this new departure in the
history of the China tea trade, we willingly comply
with our co’responlent ‘ T's ” wish that we should
give our views on the subject. We have to say that
we are only deterred from boldly asserliug that
Foochow has a future before it by the thought of
the cruelly heavy export duty, likin, aud other taxes
we have to submit to, which together amount ta
fully -10 per cent, on the average cost of the season’s
crop. Given tint we are successful in miking teas
that w'ill be as readily saleable as those of India and
Ceylon in the great consuming markets, how,’
can we look for a prosperous trade with such a handi-
cap as this 40 per cent to add on to our first cost ?
— Ilonrjhony Weekly Press, Sept. 18.

It

IMPROVEMENTS IN THE FOOCHOW TEA TRADE.

Our most importaut njws is that an experimenc has
been made in making Foochow tea on lud'au methods
and that it has proved successful. If this caa be
carried out 011 an extensive scale it will be a great
th ng for Foochow. Our teas as at present made be
come each year more difficult of sale in Jj^'iidon
and Ausiral'ia. The trial was initiated by Mr. Fraser,
of tho firm of Fiaser, Ramsay it Co., and on its

332

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

being found to be successful a company was formed
for the purpose of procuring machinery and other-
wise bringing about the change as quickly as possible.
I have not heard of any trouble having been met
with at Fading where the first machine was set up,
and it is to be hoped that none will be encoun-
tered when other machines are taken to other dis-
tricts in the early spring. We have always been led
to believe that anything in the way of machinery
which is supposed to lessen the demand for labour
would lead to rioting, but we may have been gulled.
We must hope for the beat, many of the Chinese
amongst us have entered into it warmly, but I must
add, on the other hand, that many stand aloof.
The new-make will, no doubt, cost more, but then it
will sell at a higher price. Anyhow, from the outset
we shall have teas that are saleable, which is not
the case with us at present. If the cost is too high
at the beginning, that is a ma'.ter that will right
itself later on. The terribly heavy duties and likiu
we have to pay alone stand in the way of a sanguine
view being taken of the future of the trade, for there
is no doubt about the determination of the enterpris-
ing company to make the thing a success. — N.-C.
Herald, Sept. 18.

«

N VASSAL AND NOTES.

liumour has it that the Ceylon planters have
got terribly afraid ot this country owing to re-

Eorts of our climate being so fearfully b.acl as to
e called by .some deadly to the poor martyrs
white men, whose misfortune compels them to
live here.

I see by a late Observer that some Nyassaland
correspondent asserts that INIr. Owen who was
sent over liere by Mr. Carson nearly died from
blackwater fever ; also that the late A. T.
Miller died from the same complaint. Now I
am in a position to contradict tliis statement as
untrue, Mr. Owen had fever certainly off and on
during his short stay here ; no doubt the malaria
he absorbed on his journey up the Shird came
out when the hills were reacherl, as it does on
nearly everybody who comes here, so he iiuished
it and cleared. Ilegarding Mr. Miller’s death,
I assure you he died from an internal com-
plaint and had no fever during his 6 months
in Nyassaland. Fever is common enough
here I don’t pretend to deny, but it is mostly
brought on by men’s own fault. E.\cept the
introductionary fever dose, which few escape
and as few if any die : from it is easier cured,
of a mnch milder type and not nearly so
obstinate and dangerous as Ceylon lowcountry
fever : in fact it is thought so little of by old
residents that they don’t seem to mind it in the
least • and for my own part I would rather have
24 hours Nyassaland fever than a severe cold,
which I have by the way at present, and it
has stuck to me for 10 days and I can’t shake
it olf. If our country was so deadly as repre-
presented, why have we so many ladies amongst
us? One gentleman replied to me: “Oh! they
never get ill.” I can count 18 to 20 of the fair
sex in the country, and never heard of any of
them being seriously ill : those I have .seen

looked well, and two or three after 7 or 8 years’
residence look blooming and much improved by
these residence in B.C.A.

There is, however, a form of fever more un-
known in Ceylon, and by the way unktiown
here until about 4 years ago, viz. blackwater, which
has proved fatal in many cases, mostly for want
of proper nursing and knowledge of how the
disease should be treated. I have .seen several
cases and have had the complaint twice myself,
and if properly treated is not in my opinion so

serious as people would like to make otit. It is
as well, we are thankful that this form of fever
is not very common and has, as far as my
knowledge goes, only been contracted by those
engaged in opening up Coll'ee estates, and living
in or visiting unhealthy parts of the country
Upon the whole the country cannot be called
hea'thy for Europeans any more than many of
the districts in Ceylon were, before they were
opened up, and during the opening of large
tracts of country for tea and coflee. I would
rather liave ten doses of Nyassaland fever than
one Kurunegala attack, ami I h we experienced
both. My advice to Ceylon men is not to come
here if they are afraid of a dose of malarial
fever or what is commonly called here a
“ belions attack” .as common in the Ceylon
mountain zone as here. This j'ear lias proved
a very unhealthy one for both Europeans
and natives ; it has been worse than I have known
it for several years back, and has proved fatal to
a few as you would see by the .sad deaths of
the brothers Buchanan whose loss is much felt .and
greatly bemoaned by all.

The Nyassaland Co.’s Superintendent is not
going to lose time this year, for he has already
knocked down nearly 200 acres, and has over 300
labourers at work ; so who can .say labour is
scarer here ? Distant reserves of laboui have hardly
been tapped yet, but facilities are now offered
for getting labour from a distance which did not
exist a year or two .ago : for inst.ance the Agent
of the B.C..\.A. stationed in Augoniland about
100 miles away, is sending down large numbers
to work on coffee estates this year, and the
siqiply is likely to continue as there is an en-
ormous population to recruit from. They only
stay from 3 to (j and 8 months. We ho^ie, how-
ever, that better pay will induce them to engage
for a longer period.

The two assistants Messrs. Moggridge and
liobins have been at work on the Companys land for
some moBtlis, and seem like Mr. (Jrabbe to like
the country and tackle work with a proper spirit —
apparently the proper stamp of men for this
much abused country. .Several new estates are
being opened up in Mlanji tiiis year, besides the
Nyassaland Co.’s, viz., Messrs. Cox, Austin, ami
Wilsi’s lands ; tliey are all busy with nurseries
and new clearings.

We must have a railway in a few years or we
shall be in a terrible box for want of transport
facilities. A survey has been made to connect
the Shire Highlands with the river at Chirimo,
our port of embarkation ( where steamers call )
for the coast, and it is reported that no diflicullios
in the way of engineering exist along the
trace : so we hope to be served by a railway
in due course.

Transport has been reduced : I am sending
coffee home to London for £5 per ton, £2 10s
by river, and £2 10s by Keunion Line.

Tea seems to do very well here : I liave as
good a growth at 3 years as any I ever saw
in Ceylon at 300ft. The soil and climate seem
to suit it admirably. The llavour (for I
have made it frequently of late) re.sembles very
much some tea I matle at Tommagong, in the
Udapussellawa district. The .aroma is excellent
and it Hushes freely, so we need not des[>air of
having a paying product should leaf-disease ever
ap[)car on our coffee.

We have a terrible pest in borer in Mlanji
district, and it is worse this year th.an I have
seen it before, in fact it is as bad as I have ever
seen it anywhere except in Travtvncore.

Nov. 2, 1896.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

333

We have the two borers here — one the Zeuzera
coffee red borer from the larva of a white motli
with steel-blue spots common in the Uva district
of Cey'on. This does not do so much damage as
the other, produced from the larv:e of the longi-
corn beetle, the Indian white borer. They are
very numerous and destructive, especially when
the soil is of a deep chocolate or black loam rich
in humus. They begin to hatch about March
and assume the chrysalis form about July and
August. For the last four months I have had
a few boys catching the borers, and they some-
times bring in 20 to 30 per diem besides what they
kill in the trees by means of a small wire
pushed into the hole where the borer enters the
tree ; they are worst on coffee 3 and 4 years old.

The black and white grub from the cock-
chafer beetles are not so numerous as I have
seen them in Ceyion, although common enough.
Crickets and locusts of various kinds are about
the onlj other enemies our coffee has, but they
don’t seem to do much harm excej)t to young
plants by cutting them down'during the dry .season.

Black and white bug are both to be seen
upon orange, soursop and guava trees at times,
and I have seen an occasional coffee tree with
bug; but it does seem to cast or spread, probably due
to the ever present ladybird beetle of which
we have two or three specimens.

Nyassaland planters are going crazy about
shade for coffee, and it is being e.xperimented with
by several. My observations don’t support thetheory
that shade is required for coffee liere, specially
having forest trees on a new clearing as some
are doing. AVe have some very good indigenous
forest trees suitable (deep feeders that don’t
seem to hurt coffee) such as mahogany, malombwi,
and some of the Albizzia family, locally named
kalatta, sopa, aquaranyana, and chickwani : the
latter four have feathery leaves which close up
at night, and are very deep feeders, nevertheless
they should all be felled when a clearing is
being made for coffee, and young plants (to
whatever kind is thought suitable by those who
want shade, planted out at regular intervals, or
a set distance apart after coffee is a year or so
old, as youn" coffee jdants certainly hang back
when planted under standing forest shade of any
kind.

I am not a believer in shade, at least in
Mlanji, with our rainfall well distributed at an
elevation of from 200 to 300 ft.

Our two driest months are October and November,
and I have never known less than 1 or 2 in. of rain,
or the thermometer rise more than 96°, and that only
for one or two days just before the break of
our rainy season towards the end of November.
I have never seen healthy coffee dropping or
lo.sing its leaves here from drought, as I have
seen in Lower Matale and elsewhere in Ceylon.
Further my observations go to prove that shaded
coffee here does not make wood, nor does it crop
so well as that in the open. I can understand
going in for shade where coffee gives little of
no crop without it. Shade is in any climate
undoubtedly beneficial, as an agent for manuring
by means of the leaves which are continually
falling, and helps to replace the ingredients
removed from the soil by the coffee tree ; but as
I have said suitable shade must be selected.
Coffee is not, however, such an exhausting crop
that it cannot be grown without manuring
on almost any kind of for cut soil for at least for
8 years.

i remember seeing some very line coffee under
shade of the small wild fig tree Ficus indica

in Lower Matale ; but I was told that the coffee
gathered from it was very little, compared with
the rest of the estate. The unshaded coffee never
looked so vigorous and green : it cropped well, while
the shaded coffee did not do, altliough it cer-
tainly promised to last much longer.

I took charge of an estate once which was
one cover of jak trees planted as shade ; the
place had not given a decent crop for years ; so
I set to work and lopped the jaks to a ton,
giving the coffee a good ])runing. The result
was double the crop next year. Although jak
is considered good shade for coffee by most low-
country Ceylon jilanters, I never thought so ;
At all events jaks should be thinned out of
all the leaves and smaller branches or twigs
once a year and buried as a green manure,
to make it worthy of the name of a shade tree
for any plant growing on the same ground.

Weeding in Nyassaland is not so serious
an item of expenditure as in Ceylon. Although
we hear some familiar friends here such as the
Spanish needle and white weed. They are not
troublesome except during the rainy season
from November to April, during which time
the growth of everything is marvellou®.
Some discu.ssion has taken place lately in one
planting paper as to whether coffee will oris pay-
ing in Nyassaland — the outcome of a letter
written by Mr. Simpson, a Chirimo and MUnji
trader, who apparently has made some mistake in
his mode of cultivation the same as some of his
neighbours. In fact the three oldest est,ates in
Mlanji have not got fairplay to my persot al
knowledge, Mr. Simpson included, because they
were allowed to grow up to and 6 ft. high, then
hacked down before blossoming, and in some
instances with croj)s set on the upjier branches,
where the sap naturally flows to, impoverishing
the lower primaries, that couhl hardly be expected
to blossom again. The trees were allowed to nourish
magnificent suckers, 2 and 3 feet high, to be
again cut or pruned off : under such circumstan-
ces how could coffee yield good crops ?

A Ceylon planter asked a gentleman, African
plante", why he let his coffee grow up like blue
gums, especially when his estate was wind-
blown. His reply was : “the more wood and bigger
tree gave more crops. After being persuaded that
he was mistaken, a general stampede of knife-
men were seen rushing to attack the coffee trees,
and down they went to 2i ft. I am sure any
experienced coffee planter will agree with me
that it would be better to allow estates to grow
as native coffee than subject them to such treat-
ment.

Another cause of jioor crops such as Mr. Simp-
son records is owing to planting up old native
gardens. Only a few years old chena land, which
Ceylon men of experience know, only yields one
or two crops, then struggles for existence, un-
less manured. This is the case with the gene-
rality of lands, although some fine coffee yielding
good crops is to be found on alluvial deposits
without manure.

To sum up with, I have just finished. Gather-
ing a 5 cwt. per acre crop from a field 3
years old, which was virgin forest, but unfortu-
nately the acreage is small, the trees look as if
they had borne no crop, and I expect at least 6
or 7 cwt. next year.

Nyassaland planters are mostly a hard-headed,
stubborn lot of men, above talking the advice
of anyljody. Consequently their experience is
dearly bought : in fact they are a ^necf Iot|

334

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2„ 1896.

who are not very particular about the veracity
of the statements they make ; it is said to be
the efiect of the African climate !

I must now close with the i)romise to myself
that I shall not be so Ion*' silent again. H. 15.

NOTES FROM OUK LONDON LETTER.

liondon, Sept. 18.

LAND AND LIMITED COMPANIES.

In conversation with a gentleman of large
experience in the Ceylon tea trade we discussed
your remarks relative to the effect of most of
the planting lands in tliat island passing into
the possession of limited companies. Tliat
authority remarked: — “There can be no doubt
that, should ever anotlier crisis occur in Ceylon,
there would be little hope of its being pulled
through as former occasions of tlie kind have
been. The loss would fall on a multitude of
shareholders, whose individual stakes would
be relatively small. How many of these
would be likely to put their shoulders to
the wheel in the way Ceylon planters

have hitlierto done to put things straight again.
They would simply remark that the colony
might go to Hongkong for what they cared.
And besides that, it is little generally known
how much of the capital that has been and is
being subscribed towards these daily starting
Indian Tea Companies and Ceylon Tea Companies
is passing into private keeping. 1 could mention
one City firm who, it has been asserted, has
bagged £'250,000 by its ‘ bringing out ’ of such
companies. It is to be hoped that a stop will
soon be put to this sort of thing ; but so long
as the British public rushes madly after shares
in these companies, they will be accommodated
by those who are making pretty pickings out
of the job.”

The remarks made above respecting the com se
of the dispute between the Dock Companies and
the shipping interest had been written before the
Times of this morning came to hand. That issue
contained the information ([Uoted in full below.
Reference had been made to the rumour that the
Dock Committee were seeking negotiation with
the shipowners, but it was not jmssible for the
writer to give information as to the terms
on which such rcqyjn'ochincnt was being
sought. The extract row given will show
you that the dock comi)anies are prepareil
to retire from the position at first assumed l>y
them— a position which, it is variously
estimated, must have compelled the raising of
freights to London by from 2s to 4s the ton.

BURGLARY AT THE PREMISES OF THE CEYLON
TEA COMPANY.

The premises of the Ceylon Tea Company in
Southwark Street, Borough, were broken into
for the second time last week. Two of the
three safes were broken open and £5 in silver-
stolen, as were also twenty nickel watches, the
last being an item one would scarcely expect
to have a jrlace in the safes of a Tea Company.
A third safe resisted the etlorts of the thieves.
It is two years since the last burglary on these
premises occurred, when live nieir were cairturcd
and received sentence for their offence,

THE DIMRULA VALLEY COMPANY
has declared an interim dividend for the three
nronths ended June 30th at the rate of 10 per
cent, per annrrm on its ordinary shares. It seems
to be somewhat out of the usual cour.se to
‘ tleclarO' a divideud on so short a term, but we

presume that the profits have accumulated so
rapidlj', that the directors are anxious to get
rid of them without delay. 'I'lie Highlatrd Tea
Company of Ceylon is another Contpany that has
declared its interim dividend. This is for the
half-year ended JuneJOtlr ; and is at the rate of
8 per cent per annunt, to be paid free of incorrre
tax.

COFFEE FLANTING IN PERAK.

Fr'ortr the Kuala Karrgsar Morrihly Report for
July, iit the Perak Gwernment Gazette of Sept.
25, we take the followirrg : —

The Gagpis and Waterloo estates, undi r the able
management of Sir Graeme Elphinstone, are being
rapidly opened up. On the former over six hundred
acres have been planted in coconuts and coffee, and
three hundred acres on the latter have been felled, and
holed and the necessary drains and roads in a groat
measure graded and completed.

The Liberian three years old coffee on Waterloo
is looking splendid, and a fair crop will be picked off
the old Arabian trees.

A great many Malays have begun to open up small
five acre blocks in coffee. I have allowed them to tike
a crop of padi off the land the first year, as I do not
think it is in my power to prevent them. A great
deal of rubbish has been written on this subject by
officers who know nothing about what they are writ-
ing. I think Government should once for all lay
down whether this is to be allowed or not, having
obtained the opinion of an experienced practical
planter first.

Sir Graeme Blpbinstone’s new e.state called “Raven-
wood,” near Sungei Siput, is being opened up by
Mr. Forrest. Sir Graeme and a Mr. Thomas nave
applied for another 500 acres of land on the other
side of the main road to the new estate.

The Monthly Report for September has the fol-
lowing : —

In my report for .Tiily T made a mistake in the
name of Sir Graeme Elnhinstone’s new estate, it
“ Heawood,” and not “ Raveuwood ” as stated.

During the current month I have had applications
for 1,200 acres of coffee and coconut land, viz-; — .500
from Sir Graeme Elphinstono ami Dumraez Thomas,
Esq., noar Sut'gei Siput; 500 from Sir Graeme
Elphinstone and Mr. Solomon Ramanathen, near
.Tenalek, on the Pataui road ; and 200 from Mr.
Solomon Ramanathen in the Chua valley. I have
strongly recommended these three applications, and
hope the Government will- grant them, and that at
an early date.

The following figures shew the amount of work
done by Sir Graeme in opening up in 18t)(i ; — In
coffee : — on “ Waterloo,” fi acres ; on “ Rumah Papan,”
255 acres; on “Heawood,” 20 acres. In coffee and
coconuts on “ Gapis,” 277 acres. Total 558
acres.

In addition to the above, by the end of the year.
Sir Graeme intends to open up another 117 acres on
“ Heawood,” and 00 acres more on “ Gapis,” making
more than 750 acres in the year.

If the new applications are granted Sir Graeme
intends to fell 20 acres on each and put in the nur-
series at once.

^

Rovai. (lAunENs Kkw. — The Bulletin of Miscella-
neous Information for IMarch and April has the
following contents: — Botany of Formosa; Now Rub-
ber Industry in Lagos ; Coffee Planting in Lagos ;
Botanical linterprise in J'last Africa; Myrrh and
Bdellium ; Miscellaneous Notes — Mr. R. Derry, Mr.
A. Parsons, Mr. C. Wakely, Mr. W. Binder, Bota-
nical Magazine, Relief House, Palm House Heating,
Douglas Spruce Spar, I’elican, Blackthorn fishhooks,
Strobilanthes callosus, and Mr. Littlodale’s Tibetan
riauts,

Nov. 2, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

335

SUPPLY OP" TEA CHESTS.

As the manufacturing season draws to a close and
Managers become busy with their estimates, the
annual recurring anxiety as to the supply of tea boxes
for the ensuing season manifests itself, and though
the majority of planters are apt to adopt the motto
“ aj)res moi le dehu/e" in reference to the matter, there
can be little doubt that, as years go on, the difficulty
of procuring an ade.][uate supply of seasoned wood,
locally, will intensify. We are willing to admit that
timber, like coal in Assam, is plentiful enougb, but
the getting either out to a market at a reasonable cost
is the hitch. We noted in our issue of the 19th that a
Ceylon firm were', getting a consignment of pine
shocks from the Baltic and our correspondent ex-
pressed surprise there at, venturing on the assertion
that India could supply Ceylon with all her require-
ments, but if we experience a difficulty in meeting
our own wants, we most assuredly cannot export.
Of Course we know that the forests in the
tea districts are not the only ones in
the country, and that were the So Uhern India tim-
ber tracts thrown open unreservedly, Ceylon could
•btain ample wood from the Palghat jungles, but
teak from its weight and. difficulty of working, is by no
means the best fitted wood for tea chests, irrespec-
tive of the powerful smell when not thoroughly sea-
soned, and all other suitable timber is being more
jealously conserved, and very rigiitly so, year by year,
by Government, the Forest Department apparently
having at length fully awakened to the importance
of securing the rainfall.

Some two years ago we suggested that an attempt
mighc well be made to obtain pine or fir from the
Siberian forests via Vladivostock, but can we wait
until the Railway puts that port in connection with
those forests ? And would it not be more satisfac-
tory to open negotiations with the “ lumberers ” of
British Columbia via Vancouver? The forests of
Northern Canada along the line of the Pacific Railway
could, for a long time to come, furnish India and Cey-
lon wiffi tea shooks, and our planters might find a
new market by tapping that of the dominion
from the north, without sending their teas all across
the Atlantic, in most cases via the United Kingdom,
with all the drawbacks of transhipments and passing
through the hands of half a dozen sets of middle-
men. Could the pine woods of Northern Asia or
America be opened up freely for the tea trade re-
quirements, we might be content to wait until some
enterprising firm set about initiating the project
without casting about for some novel material for
our boxes. We have heard it advanced that pine is
too fragile to stand the rough treatment our tea
chests are subjected to, but the tea interest is suffi-
ciently strong now to insist upon more careful hand-
ling and, moreover, the breakages among the kero-
sine oil cases are so few, comparatively, as to show
the wood, though light, is stout and strong enough
if ordinary care is observed in its treatment. Whether
some more suitable matei'ial could be devised for
packing our teas, those mostly concerned must think
out for themselves. Many suggestions have been
made and experiments tried, but somehow all return
to the lead lined wooden chest, though should a
trade be opened with Central Asia no doubt
the packs made from pulp would be found
the best that could be adopted, though when
the question of opening up a trade in that
direction crops up, wo are inclined to think
that a better chance of accomplishing success lies in
the Persian Gulf route to the Kerbha River, than
up the difficult passes and over the rough mountain
roads of Turkistan or through Cabul to Samarcand.
There is no doubt that the wood of Indian tea
chests is far two heavy, and no advantage is gained
in using ic, for the complaints from Australia last
season regarding broken boxes showed that we cer-
tainly gain nothing in strength ; a comparison between
a China and Assam chest is remarkable. True the
former is strengthened by being cased in paper, mats
and split cane, but when we come to look closely
into matters, there is no doubt that Chinaman’s
piictual box is decidedly a far superior article to our

own, chiefly because the material employed admits
of being more easily worked up, and were we to
adopt the light pine in lieu of the thick heavy wood
at present in vogue, we should got a better chest
and one thoroughly seasoned, hearing in consequence
less about loose packing. With the low rates of
freight now ruling it would no doubt pay to send
one of the four-masters w'ith gunnies and rice to San
Francisco for disposal there on ship’s account, then
letting, her run up to Vancouver for a cargo of pine
(either in logs or planks) for this. — Indian Planter’s
Gazette, Sept. 2(1.

THE PINE HILL ESTATES COMPANY,
LIMITED.

An ordinary general meeting of the .shareholders
of this Company, was held at the Company’, s oliice.s,
No. 20, Bail lie Street, at 12-.30 today.

Present : — Me.ssrs. H. St. C. Bowie Evans in
the chair, li. E. Prance, ,1. A. McGillivray, C.
C. Herbert, E. W. Bois, i-epresenting Mrs. M. E.
Bois and C. G. Ryan.

Representing by jiroxy were Messrs. John
Masternian and F. M. Mackwood, Mrs. M. F.
Thorne, Mrs. G. Prance, Mr.«. A. G. S. Hughes
and Mrs. E. L. Beven.

Proposed by Mr. H. St. C. Bowle Evans,
seconded by Mr. C. C. IlKunERTand carried that
the report of the directors be adojated.

Proposed by Mr. C. C. Herbert, seconded by
Mr. C. G. Ryan and carried that a final divi-
dend of 4 per cent on the paid up capital of the
Company be paid at once making a total of 7
per cent for the year.

Proposed by Mr. C. G. Ryan, seconded by Mr.
C. C. Herbert and carried that Mr. H. St. C.
Bowie Evans be re-elected a director of the
Company.

Proposed by Mr. F. \V. Bois, seconded by Mr. J.
A. McGillivray and carried that Mr. John
Guthrie be re-elected auditor for season 1896-97 on
same fees as before.

The Chairman then went on to say that the
directors regretted that a dividend of 7 per cent
only could be declared, but that the profits for
the current .season (1896-97) would, they hoped,
enable them to declare a good dividend, as if
the crop netted 50c per lb. a 16 per cent dividend
would bo realised. He also pointed out that
by the figures shown in the Report, Pine
Hill and Wavahena has earned 13.^ per cent for
the past season and Nahakettia only a little over
2 per cent and it was therefore owing to Naha-
kettia that the dividend was so small. Naha-
kettia, he was glad to say, had been sold, and
the Company’s position, wdth t!io largo Reserve
Fund amounting to 10 per cent of rbe reduced
Ca[)ital, was, the Directors C'.;,i nlcred, a very
sound one.

After the above biisinc.ss was concluded the
meeting resolved itself into an e.xtraordinary
general meeting and conlirmed the following
special resolutions: —

1st.— That the Directors be authorised out of
the purchase money arising out of the sale of the
Nahakettia Estate, amounting to Rl90,000, to
refund to each Shareholder of the Company a
sum of Forty Rupees per share in reduction of the
Capital amount subscribed in respect of such share.

2nd. — That the Capital of the Company bo
reduced from 113.3.5,000 in 3,5.50 share of RlOO each
(being the amount to which the Capital of the
Company was increased by special resolution
passel on the 19th May, 1894, and confirmed on
the 16th June, 1891.) to 11213,000 in 3,550 shares of
R60 each.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTLRIS f.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

336

The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the
chair.

The following L tiie roi)ort by tlie Directors : —
Your Directors submit their Auiuial Report aiici ac-
counts for the 12 month.s ending 30th June,

The Tea Crop from the 3 Estates was 5,200 lb. over
the estimate, but the estimated 250 bushels of parch-
ment Coffee from Nahakettia Estate was represented
by 85 bushels only.

Tine Hill and Wavahena Tea Crop

amounted to .. 117,723 1b.

Out-turn purchased Tea do. . . ll,2(;i ,,

Nahakettia . . do. . . 112,180 ,,

The working profit for tho season amounted to
I\25,880'78, eouiributed as follows ; — 1121,()01'51 by
Pine Hill and Wevaheua and U4,271)'27 by Nahakettia.

Tho amount available for dividend after payment of
tho interim dividend of 3 per cent on 21st Feb. IS'.td,
stands at Iil5,2'J6'78 equal to an additional 4 per cent
or 7 per cent for the year — which your directors propose
to deal with as follows : —

To payment of dividend at the rate of
4 per cent . . . . iU3,V>16 00

Leaving a balance to be carried

forward . . • . 1,380'78

1115,295-78

Since closing the accounts, the sale of Nahakettia
Estate for the sura of 11190, UOO has been completed,
showing an apparent profit of 115,417-56 over the
amount it stands at in the Company’s books, but the
actual profit cannot yet be ascertained, on account of
claims for short area, involving survey costs, a claim
for sale commission, 11 nd also heavy costs to pay for the
expense and trouble of writing down the Company’s
Capital from R355,00U in 3,550 shares of RlOU each to
R2l3,000 in 3,550 shares of R50 each.

The Directors do not add anything to Reserve Fund
from profits as a sum of R14,30U from the Nahakettia
sale money is added thereto.

Tho estimated Estates’ crop for season

1895-97 is put at . . . . 150,000 lb. tea.

and fro.u purch ised leaf . . 15,000 do.

155,000

According to the Articlea of Association, Mr. H. St.
C. Bowie Evans retires from the Directorate, but is
eligible for re-election.

WHO DISCO VER If D THE TEA ELAN T

IN INDIA ?

TO THE EDITOU OF THF. “ ENGLISHMAN.”

Sill, — As one who many years ago entered on this
vexata quesiio and endeavoured to solve it, I am
interested in what your “Special Commissioner”
has so graphically said on the subject in your im-
pression (Dat Edition of this morning.)

Tho destruction by five of my library of rare
and valuable books on India in 1882, and the — to
me irreparable— loss of my MMS. on History, Natural
History and Shikar, prevents my being able to verify
my statements by referring to the authorities on
which they are based, and 1 have, therefore, to trust
more or less to memory which at best cannot be
ccusidered as absolutely reliable. At page 145ofiny
'- Historical and Topographical Sketch of Calcutta,”
which originally appeared in your ‘‘ Saturday Evening
Journal ” more than twenty years ago, occurs tho
following footnote : —

“ In this year (1825) the tea plant was discovered
in India. It was found in the district of Tejpur,
Assam, by Major R. Bruce and his brother, Mr.
0. A. Bruce. Various other persons claim this honour,
but it is generally allowed that tho brothers Bruce
-\vere really the discoverers of the tea plant in this
country.”

Subsequently I gathered addi'Jonal evidence on
tho subject, and wrote a p’por on it, which was
reproduced in Wyman’s" Tea Eucyclopicdia.” I think
it was there satisfactorily established that the late
Major It. Bruce was the actual discoverer of the
indigenous tea jilant in India. Not having Mr.
"WyiHau’s work at hand to refer to, I am unable to

forward a copy of the said article ; but, as the sub-
ject is of some interest to those connected with the
tea industry in India, you may be disposed to pub-
lish it from the above book should it be in your
Editorial Library.

In connection with this subject I may state that as
the tea plant is not found in a wild state in China,
and is indigenous to India, ergo, botuiis's are w-rong
in designating it Thea Chincnnis ; the above specific
name ought once more, I submit, to bo changed to
Iiulica, in accordance with the recognised rules of
sciimlific nomenclature. But it is said that a
myth is as difficult to kill ns a cat, aye, and more so,
and this scientific misnomer, if I may be permitted to
so c:\ll it is likely to bo perpetuated. The Buddhist
legend about the tea plant being carried from India
to China by a priest* is evidently based on historical
facts. H. James Rainey.

Rainey Villa, Khulna, Sept. 21.

LANTANA— THE FOREST’S FRIEND 1

I think “ Velleda,” though ho jested on the subject
of Lantanaiw your March issue, may like to read the
annexed extract from the Coorg Annual Report for
1894-05. Mr. Lawrie effectually disposes of the
“ Forester’s friend” tlieory, and clearly shows that,
though Lantana “ takes possession of the soil.” it does
not later on protect the young plants of valuable
species as “ Velleda” thinks.

It may interest your readers to know that in Berar,
where the Jyautaiia was an undoubted pest, steady
work for three seasons at an expenditure of some Rs.
17,000 has practically eradicated the shurb, and all
that is now needed is the destruction for a few years
to come of seedlings and any plants overlooked in the
first clearing. Tho expenditure in the future will be
trilling, as one very satisfactory feature observed is
the absence of shoots from roots left in ground, and
the comparatively few seedlings observable after two
years’ careful work.

I may mention the fact that the Central Provinces
Forest Administration has warmly supported Berar in
eradicating Lantma, and has carefully destroyed any
isolated shrubs found in Betul and Nimar. All these
shrubs were apparently sown by birds w’hich love tho
sweet fruit borne by Lantana Scandens.

C. B.voshawe.

P. S. — May I warn your Bombay readers of the
danger of introducing Jjantana hedges. I hear this is
being done in tho little hill station of Panchgani, and
I fear it is certain (as it did in tho case of Chikalda,
which is much like Panchgani) to lead up to very in-
sanitary conditions.

Extract from Coorq Forest Jieport, 1895-95, h;/ A, E,
Lawrie, iJeimtp Oonserrator of Forests.

“I am sorry I cannot endorse the opinion of my prede-
cessor regarding seedlings of matti biti &iidliome, found
under impenetrable clumps of Jjantana. One has only
got to see a stretch of Lantana in all its glory, and it
will not take long to find tliat these light-loving seed-
lirgs stand absolutely no chance. Even sandal itself
cannot stand very thick Jjantana. Lately I have had
a few lines opened through dense Jjantana wliere san-
dal had been sown some five years ago, and which were
known to have germinated excellently, and for two
years were not lost sight of, but in the third were com-
pletely covered over witli Jjantana and entirely lost
sight of. In these lines, for every one weedly sandal
nearly a hundred dry rotted stains were found from
three to four feet high, yyiinfam as a nurse growing
and as a hedge no doubt is very good ; the stems if not
burnt rise some feet up and then curve down on either
side, allowing a fair amount of side light to reach any
seedling springing up under it, and hero tho seedlings
shoot a head protected from cattle and other animals.
The other groat drawback to Lantana and which
makes it anything but tho Forester’s friend is in tho
matter of fires ; for onoo a fire enters a Lantana,
stretch tho entire area is bound to be gutted. In
any case, if it can be prevented, Lantana should not
1)0. allowed to lake unlimited pohsossion of the ground.

* Porhajis Tlicosophists would be disposed to claim
him to bo 0110 of their mysterious Maliatmas.

Nov. 2, 1896.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

337

GOVERNMENT BOTANICAL (J ARDENS,

SAHARANPUR AND MUSSOORIE.

From the report on the progres.s and condition of
the Government Botanical Gardens, Saharanpur and
Mussoorie, for the year ending 31st March 1890, wo
make the following extracts: —

CULTIVATION : FHUIT CULTURK.

Crop. — The mango crop, the chief and most pro-
fitable of the fruit crops of the country in a good year
for that fruit, was for the second season in siiccesaion
extremely light. The trees fiowered faiily well, but
owing to the presence of insect blight they did not
set fruit so plentifully as the show' of blossom would
lead one to expect.

It may not be quite in place to draw comparisons
between the past and current season in a repoit sup-
posed to bo only dealing with the past one, but T
cannot help remarking, even at the risk of it being
considered so, on the profuse manner in which the
mango blossomed this spiing. Almost every tree met
with was laden with blossom from top to bottom and
so profusely in many instances that the foliage was
entirely hidden by the flow'ers. Notwithstanding
the great show cf blossom, the crop of fruit during
the coming season will be again light. Insect blight
was not present to any great extent, 1 o: were there
unseasonable showers of rain while the trees were in
fljwer ; therefore I can only account for the lightness
of the current crop to the extreme dryness of tlie air
caused l)y the prolonged drought, having possibly
withered up the organs of fructification before fertilisa-
tion could be effected.

Bers, lichees, loquats, peaches, pears, plums and
oranges yielded avei age crops, but the yield of limes,
lemons and grapes were considerably below the average.

'The amount realized by the sale of fruit was
Rl,355-8 0, or B69-7-0more than was realized from the
same source in the previous year.

Amkrican Dewburkv (lluhus trivialis). — This useful
small fruit is gradually becoming better known to
growers of fruit in this country. During the past
year 147 plants were distributed against 30 plants
in the previous year, as noted in former reports
the fruit is of little use for dessert, but it furnishes
an excellent preserve and on that account alone is
well worth growing.

The jilants forming the garden plantation of dew-
berry were all raised from seed, it had been noticed
durirg the. past season or two that the quality and
yield of fruit of individual plants varied consider-
ably. A selection of offsets from the largest
fruited and most prolific bearers was therefore made
during the past cold season and transplanted to a
new plot of ground. When the newly made plant-
ation comes into bearing the quality and yield of
fruit is pCertain to be fairly even and better than
is now Produced by many of the seedling plants for-
ming the old plantation,

Arabian Date Palm (rinenix docUjlifera). — Since
submission of the last annual report 25 plants of
the Arabian Date Palm have been killed by the palm
borer, lihyncJwjihorus i'cn-uyincus, but the mortality
would not have been quite so great if the plants
had been allowed to linger on until they died.

With a view of trying to completely eradicate the
pest every individual plant was carefully examined
and all plants that were suspected of harbouring the
pest were uprooted and burned. Many of the plants
looked fairly healthy when uprooted and in such
cases the only sign of the presence of the insect was
premature withering of the lower leaves of the plants.
As all suspected plants were found when uprooted
to be attacked by the borer, premature decay of the
lower leaves has proved to be a sure sign of the
commencement of an attack. In future as soon as
premature loss of the lower leaves is noticed plants
showing such symptoms will be at once uprooted
and burned.

Three of the plants are for the first time carrying
a crop cf fruit, hut as it will not ripen until towards
the middle of the current summer, comment on its
quality will have to stand over to the next annual
report.

Avocado Pe.ar [I’ersca ijralissima). — In the garden
report for the year 1892 mention is made at paragraph
52 of the thriving and promising condition of three
specimens of this trqpical fruit tree.

List season one of those specimens bore and ripened
a few fruits for the first time. I was absent on fur-
lough when the fmit was in season, but the native
head gardener describes it as being similar in size and
shape to a good specimen of the common pear and pale
green in colour wheu fully ripe. To his taste the pulp
proved insipid and nauseous and far from agree-
able. The fruit is described in works of reference
as being highly esteemed in the West Indies and
tropical America, though strangers at first do not
like it. It is never eaten as gathered from the tree,
but is always flavoured with spice, lime-juice or
pepper and salt. Wheu its own peculiar flavour
ii disguised by the addition of these adjuncts all
lovers of fruit are said to soon acquire a taste for it.

The Avocado, or Alligator Pear as it is also
called, is not likely to become a common fruit tree
in Northern India; but as it is a nice evergreen
and ornamental at all seasons of the- year, it is
deserving of a place in the garden on that account
alone.

The seeds are also said to be of economic value by
yielding a deep indelible black stain useful for
marking linen.

Ber [Zizi/phns jujuha). — The Mauritius variety of
jujub plum, made mention cf at p.aragraph 54 of
last annual report, were transferred from pots to the
open ground early in the cold weather. The plants
hav'e not made much progress since being planted
out, but they look strong and healthy and give every
promise of making good growth as soon as the mon-
soon rains begin.

Blackberry Everrearino [Itolms fruticosus). — This
fruit-bearing bush still gives piremise of being as
well adapted for culture in this climate as its con-
gener the dewberry. The pilants mentioned at para-
graph 57 of the last annual report as having been
planted alongside of the latter have made excellent
progress. One of the largest plants bore a few fruits
this season for the first time, but as they were picked
o3 by birds before they were fully ripie I can unfortu-
nately offer no remarks upon its quality.

For the present all that can be said of it is that
it gives every promise of being a success, but it will
have to undergo observation for another season be-
fore more reliable information can be given about it.

Fig [Ficus carica). — The Japanese figs continue to
make the same slow progress as reported of these
varieties in former reports.

A few of the plants are bearing a small crop of
fruit this season, but as it will not ripen until some-
time after the date of the despatch of this report com-
ment on the quality of the fruit will have to stand
over until submission of the next annual report.

Loquat [Erioholnja Japomca), — The small planta-
tion of loquat plants raised from seeds received
from the Governor of Malta has not made such
good progress as anticipiated when it was reported on
in paragraph 61 of the last annual report.

Several of the plants died last season, but all blanks
have been filled up from the reserve of plants main-
tained in pots.

The Malta strain of loquat looks robust and appa-
rently as well adapted to thi.s climate as our own as long
as it is under pot cultivation, but when transferred from
pots to the ground it gradually falls into an un-
thrifty condition and dies oli'. The soil of the
plantation is of good average quality, so at present
I am at a loss to account for the Malta kind doing
so badly. The tree is a native of .Japan, and the
Malta strain in common with our own must have
originally been introduced from the former country.

It is therefore curious why a tree of common origin
should be found delicate in India after undergoing
a course of cultivation for a series of years in Malta.

Orange [Citms aurantiuni). — A very fine variety of
the Malta blood orange fruited last season for the
first time. The plant was received in 1888 from Dr.
Bonavia when Superintendent of the Jail at Etawah,
with the remark that it was a layer of a variety of

338

thp: tropical agriculturist.

[Nov. 2, 189C.

Malta orange taken from a tree in the habit of
bearing fruit out of season. The plant made very
slow gi'owth for many years, but during the past
two seasons it has made better progress and novv
stands as a specimen 8 feet high and about the
same in spread.

The fruit is much smaller than that of the common
Malta blood orange, but deeper in colour and of
much finer flavour. Its slow rate of growth and
shy bearing habit is certainly not a recommendation,
but when it is worked on the lime stock it may
prove as quick growing and prolific as other varieties
of Malta orange.

A few plants have been raised by budding it
upon the common sour lime, and as soon as ready
these will be permanently planted for future ob-
servation.

As most of the varieties of oranges of recent intro-
duction have been fully described in former reports
there is nothing further of general interest to add
under the head of this fruit.

Peach (Amyfjdalus persica) — Seeds of a variety of
peach were presented to the gardens two years ago
by a native gardener under the name of Gujarati
peach. He described it as being a dwarf bushy form
of the tree never exceeding a height of 3
or 4 feet when fully grown, and judging from the pre-
sent appearance of the plants his description is
likely to prove correct.

The plants are now two years old, and although only
standing about one foot high they flowered most pro-
fusely this season and set fruit. The latter unfortu-
nately dropped before ripening owing to shifting the
plants from the small sized pots they tvere in when
they flowered to pots of larger size. I am therefore
not in a position to pass an opinion upon the value
of the variety, but as it is so distinct in habit from
all other forms of peach its progress will bo closely
observed and communicated in future reports.

There is nothing of interest to place on record
regarding other recently introduced kinds. IJidwell's
early peach is one of the best of these, but for gen-
eral planting no variety is more reliable than the
selected forms of the common peach of this district.
Attention is therefore constantly devoted to keeping up
a large stock of young plants of the best forms of these
for distribution.

Peaii {PiinisconuHimiti). — The two varieties of pears,
viz., the “La Conte” and “ Kieffcr,” introduced a
few years ago from Florida, again bore a small crop
of fruit.

Mr. P. W. Seers, who was officiating as Superinten-
dent of the garden when the fruit was in season, in
a note he left behind him, states that owing to the
attacks of hornets, pilfering and other causes, he
was not able to secure a single specimen of either
of the varieties ripened naturally upon the tree. The
fruit he tasted was gathered while hard and green
and artificially ripened under cover. In spite of hav-
ing been matured under such conditions he says it
ripened after having been kept for a period of ten
days to perfection and was of very superior
quality.

In paragi'aph 73 of the last annual report I stated
that I considered the “ La Conte ” pear to be one
of the best introductions in the shape of fruits
secured by the garden in recent years. The Kieffer ”
variety had not fruited when that report was
written, but as Mr. Seers considered the fruit
it produced last season to be as good, if not
better, than that of the “ La Conte,” both pears
are without question a great advance upon the com-
mon country variety and both cannot be too strongly
recommended for general culture on the plains.

A fair stock of young i’a.,18 of both varieties is
available for distribution grafted upon tho country
variety of pear. It has to bo proved yet if tho latter
is tho best procurable stock for those Florida pears,
but as it has a strong root and is possessed of
much natural vigour, I see no reason why it should
not prove to be as good a stock as can bo found.

Persimmon {Dionpi/vos Kaki.) — This is another of
the recently introduced fruits to which attention has
been paid by the garden.

Mr. Seers, tho Officiating Superintendent, reports
that several trees bore a few fruits last season, but
unfortunately with one exception they all dropped
while in an immature state.

He describes the specimen which attained to matu-
rity as bearing a close resemblance in shape and colour
to an obtuse conical tomato. Measured with a tape
the circumference was eight inches, length from base
upward four inches, and colour reddish orange.

Sir Edward Buck, Secretary to the Government of
India, llevenue and Agricultural Department, hap-
pened to be on a visit to the garden when the matured
specimen of fruit was gathered and it was submitted
to him by Mr. Seers for an expression of opinion and
I believe he pronounced it to be very good.

As several of the trees are carrying good crops of
fruit this season I hope to be in a position to give
further information about this fruit in the next annual
report,

A small stock of seedling plants are available for
distribution, but it will be some time hence before
the gardens can supply plants in unlimited quantity.

Plum (Pmnus domestica). — The varieties of plums
made mention of in former reports as having been
introduced from Florida and Japan continue to grow
very slowly and so far give no promise of bearing.

Unfortunately they are not planted in a position
for giving them a fair test. The plot of ground they
occupy consists of good soil, but it is much over-
shadowed by other trees. It is intended during the
current season to plant a few plants of each of the
new kinds in a more open spot and note the result.

Vine ( I'itits vinifera). — The vine plantation planted
in 1833 is making fair progress, but as tliis fruit bears
so poorly in this district, the care and attention given
to the plantation has only been sufli ient to cause
the plants to furnish enough wood to meet tho
demand for plants and cuttings which is made upon the
gardens by other districts.

As plants and cuttings command a fair price, the
garden realizes more revenue and is really doing more
good for the country at large by only studying to meet
the demand for plants and cuttings than by solely
devoting its attention to cultivating the vine for the
fruit it might yield.

WiNEBEiuiY {liiihu.'S pha-nicolusius). — I regret having
to report the total loss of all the plants of this
new fruit.

In the last two annual reports I noted its evident
dislike to the excess of moisture we have in the
atmosphere and soil during the monsoon season.
Four plants of the original largo batch of seedlings
proved strong enough to last tlirough two rainy
seasons, but the heavy rainfall of the past monsoon
proved to be more than the plants could stand, so
tiiey all died oil from the effects of damp.

The fruit of the wineberry, tliough much praised
by the New York seedsman who placed the seed
upon the market, is, 1 believe, of little value; there-
fore the total loss of tho plant is of minor impor-
tance.

Vegetable and Fak.m Cultuue.

05. The leading standard varieties of summer and
winter season vegetables were grown on the same scale
as in former years.

9(i. As vegetables are grown by this garden chiefly
for seed, cultivation was largely confined to kinds
that have been proved to give good or fair re.sults
from acclimatized stock. It is not claimed that the
latter is better than imported seeds of the same kinds,
but by constant selection, it has been found it can be
kept up to a fair standard of quality, can bo sold
much cheaper, and in the case of some kinds practi-
cally gives as good results as the more expensive im-
ported stock; this branch of garden woik is there-
fore on the whole of considerable economic useful-
ness.

07. The list which follows is a detail of the chief
kinds grown and weight of .seed harvested of each.
I may add that the bulk of tho seed collected was dis-
posed of by sale or by free issue to soldiers' garden.

Cow Pea ( I iijmi Catiuun vor). — .•Vlthough I men-
tioned this plant in last year’s report, I think if
desirable to again draw attention to i(.

Nov. 2, i8g6.]

THE TROPICAI. AGRICULTURIST.

339

The plant famishes excellent forage for cattle in
the rains, white the young pods can be used as
a table vegetable and form a good substitute for
French beans.

A large supply of seed was harvested last season,
most of which is available for distribution.

C.vRUOTT, Short White [Daucus Carota). — Mention
is made at paragraph 95 of the last annual report of
the introduction of this new form of carrott.

Roots of the new variety were planted out with
a view of raising acclimatized seed, but I regret to say
thej failed to flower : so the variety has for the present
been lost.

Clover Egyptian {Trifolium Alexandrinum). — A
supply of seed of a clover was sent by the Director of
Land Records and Agriculture, N.-V . P. and Oudh,
under cover of his No. 1889, dated 23rd November
1895, for trial and report.

The variety was not received under a distinctive
name, but it proved to be Egyptian Clover, a kind
experimented with here in the years 1884 and 1885.

The crop much resembled lucerne, but I consider it
far from being equal to the latter as a fodder. It
bears cropping fairly well in the early part of the cold
season, but as it begins to wither when the hot
season has fairly set in, and usually completely dies
off in the rains, it is therefore not possessed of the
perennial habit of lucerne, and for this reason is
much inferior to it for cultivation in India.

IOC. A small supply of seed has been gathered, part
of which is available for trial in other districts, but I
can only recommend it to be tried in districts higher
up in the Paiijab where the climate is cooler and
drier than here.

107. Bean, Irvine’s Hybrid Perennial {Phaseohis
sp.). — Mention is made of the introduction of this
bean at paragraph 98 of the last aunual report.

108. When last reported on the plants had died down
to the ground, but as there was life in the fleshy root
when the report in question was written, it was hoped
that these would ultimately sprout and give a crop.

109. A few of the roots made an attempt to grow
but the shoots they produced never looked healthy,
and, after struggling on in an unhealthy state for
some time, the plants all gradually died off.

110. In America this beau is held in high estima-
tion, but it does not appear to be suited to the cli-
mate of this country.

Sugar Cane {Saccharuin officinarum). — No seeds were
received from any source during the past year, so it
was not possible to repeat the attempts of past seasons
to raise this crop from true seed.

A small supply of canes, representing the varieties
cultivated in the neighbourhood of Lucknow, was re-
ceived from the Superintendent of the Government
Holticultural Gardens, Lucknow, and are now under
culture in this garden.

As several of the kinds are distinct and look supe-
rior to the varieties grown by the zamindars of this
district, their attention will be drawn to the Lucknow
sorts as soon as the garden is possessed of sufficient
stock for distribution.

Sisal Hemp {Agave rigicla var Sisalana). — The Sisal
hemp appears to have found a congenial home in
this climate. The plants are growing vigorously
and have made as much growth as the two common
Agaves of the district could have shown in the same
length of time since date of planting.

A small quantity of the fibre was prepared and
submitted to the Reporter on Economic Products to
the Government of India for an opinion.

He declared it short and deficient in strength, but
this was due to extracting it from the leaves before
the latter had attained to maturity. When the leaves
are fully matured I have no doubt it will show im-
provement both in length and strength.

The plants are freely producing offsets or sucker?,
most of which are available for distribution.

As the plant is seldom asked for by the public I
would suggest that jails, which make a speciality of
cultivating the common Agaves for the production
of fibre for the manufacture of matting, be informed
by circular that plants of the Sisal hemp are available
for trial on payment of freight.

Rhea {liochmeria nivea). — A considerable number of
requests were received during the year for seeds, cut-
tings and roots of this fibre plant ; also for informa-
tion as to how to grow it, all of which were met with as
far as possible.

A company has lately been started in Bombay to
work a newly discovered process for cleaning and pre-
paring the fibre for the spinner. The attention it has
attracted has awakened renewed interest in the plant,
and as the demand for it is likely to increase, arrange-
ments will be made during the current season to fur-
ther the increase the area under it in order to meet
the anticipated increased demand.

I have not much hope of ever seeing the plant be-
come a paying crop in the comparatively dry climate
of the North-Western Provinces, but this is no reason
why the garden should not do all that lies in its power
to assist would-be growers in providing themselves with
a supply of plants for experiments.

Rum Plant {Slrohilantlies flaccifoUus). — Last year
I noted that this plant (the wild indigo of Assam)
had completely failed under trial in the open ground,
but that it would probably succeed under shade.

In consequence of the total loss of the plants that
were planted out, the stock was reduced to a single
pot specimen. A fresh stock of plants is gradually
being got together from cuttings supplied by the
surviving plant, but as they are not sufficiently
strong for the ground they are at present being
nursed in pots. As soon as these plants are ready
for the ground, they will be planted out under shade
and the result duly noted in a future report.

Sacaline {Polygonum sachedinense). — I noted in the
last annual report that the growth of this new forage
plant had been slow and after another season of trial
the same remark still applies to it.

The plants are fairly healthy, but instead of pro-
ducing shoots from 12 to I t feet high as claimed for
it by the seedman who advertised the seed, the
greatest length of stalk so far produced has not
exceeded 2 feet.

As the roots become older and stronger, the length
of stalk may increase, but it gives little present
promise of ever proving a good forage plant in this
climate.

• Arboriculture.

Services were, as usual, rendered by the Superin-
tendent of the garden to the Board by advising, in-
spection and aiding it in every possible manner to im-
prove and advance the road arboriculture of the
district.

In accordance with orders conveyed by the Direc-
tor of Land Records and Agriculture, North-Western
Provinces and Oudh, in his letter iSTo. 258— V.-164,
dated the 7th November 1895, an experiment was
made with a paint recommended by the Reporter on
Economic Products to the Government of India for
preventing the attacks of white ants upon growing
trees.

F'or the information of all who may feel interested
in remedies for destroying white ants, I have thought
it desirable to here give the recommendation for the
trial of the paint in detail, followed by a report on
the result of an experiment made with it on a few
trees on one of the Saharanpur roads.

“ EXTRACT FROM THE AGRICULTURAL LEDGER, SERIES

1895, NO. 9.

“ Paint used against white ants.

“ During a brief visit to the Native State of Gon-
dal, the writer recently gave this subject consider-
able attention. There seemed to be no doubt that
His Highness the Thakore Sahib, by his enlightened
action in this matter, had effected a radical impro-
vement. The trees throughout his State were all
painted as described, and not a single .tree could be
found showing the mud encasements so characteris-
tio of the presence of white ants. And very possi-
bly, as a consequence of the care bestowed on these
trees, they were healthy and vigorous, while those
in neighbouring States were sickly and badly attacked
with white ants. In consequence of these observa-
tions the writer asked for information as to the com-
position of the paint which had been used. He was
informed that the red colour was merely to indicate

340

THE TROPIC \l

AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

the fact that the trees had been painted, and tbit
it was for the mojt part red ochre. The usefnl in-
gredients were said to be as follows : —

1 part dekaraali gnni (the resin of Gardenia

f/ummifera),

2 parts asafoetida,

2' parts bazar aloes.

2 parts castro-oil cake.

“ These are well ponnded, mixed and kept in water
for about a fortnight. When thoroughly united, and
what may bo called decoinpoeeJ into a thickenod
compound, water is added in order to bring it to
the consistency of paint and the colouring matter
then added. The mixture is now ready for use, and
if thoroughly applied for about two feet will check
not only the attacks of white ants, but of red ants
and other insect pests, dts effect will last for two
yea s or more. The cost of the prepai-alion comes
to about 4 to 5 rupees per 100 tress. But acmr .iug
to the information furnished from Gondal, al refuse
possesses no special properties ; from other parts of
India the reputation is very general that it is of
great value. The red ochre, added to the above
preparation, may not only be useful as indicating
the trees that have been painted, but give a useful
con3i^t3ucy, if it does not serve to mechanically hold
the other ingredients.”

The paint w.is prepared according to the directions
given by the Economic Itsporter to Government and
applied to a number of mango, shisham and siris
trees on the Sirsawa road that; were badly attacked
by white ants. Before applying the paint the coating
of earthy matter deposited upon the trunks of the
trees by the ants was removed, and in all instances
whore the earthy deposit was entirely removed the
paint lias, so far, had the effect of preventing further
attacks by the ants upon the trees. In a few cases the
men employed on the work of painting overlooked
strips of earthy deposit lying in hollow channels on
sever.al of the trunks of trees operated upon. The
strips of earthy deposit overlooked were painted over
together with "the cleaned portion of the trunk but
the ants took no notice of the paint when applied to
the outside of their earthy runs, and therefore made use
of the strips that were left as passages to communicate
with the upper portion of the trunk, where they conti- ,
nued their attacks as before the apidication of the paint.
The experiment has thei-efoiv proved that the paint
is an effective against the attacks of white ants if
applied directly to the bark of attacked trees, but
that it is of little use if applied without first en-
tirely removing all earthly ant deposit from the trees.

The trees experimented upon were 29 full grown
specimens averaging from 2i to 3-i feet in diameter.
Ingredients for paint to the value of Its. 13-3-0 were
purchased, but as the full quantity was not used, the
actual cost of painting the 29 trees operate d on was Us. 7
or at the rate of 3 annas 10 pies per tree nearly. I there-
fore consider the paint too expensive for extended use
on large sized trees, but its cost would not be pro-
hibitive for use on young trees or saplings. In dis-
tricts where it is fou id exceedingly difficult to estab-
lish the commonest and hardiest of roadside trees
owing to the presence of whits ants, the paint would,

I feel sure, prove most useful.

Exotic Pl\.\tati)N.

There is little to place on record under this head thi.s
season. Owing to the prolonged drought some of the spe-
cies of trees under trial in c nnmou with many other
timber trees throughout the g irden have shown consi-
derable diffijulty in throwing out new foliage this
year, but with this e.xception the tree.s are imaking
as good progress as cm be desired.

The Eucalyptus trees coutinuo to yield a steady
income by the sale of leaves for making up tho de-
coction used for cleansing tho boilers of lo :om etivee.

The quantity of leaves thus disposed of d iring the
year was 59 mmnds, or ex ictly tlu sums weight as
sold last year. As tin loaf is sold at tho rate of
U2 per raaund, UlOO was realized from this source.

Mussoouin Gvisokn.

Great assistance was as usual rendered by this
garden to the parent institution at Saharapur by
furnishing it with supplies of fruit trees, orchids.

bulbs and roots of various kinds, seeds of Himalayan
trees and shrubs, &c., for exchange purposes with
kinired instutions in all parts of the globe.

A considerable number of fruit trees cr mprising
apples, apr cots, p ars and plums were permanently
planted out last cold seossn.

Tho plot s of ground where planting has been done
were formerly used for growing such crops as Indian
Gjrn and various k nJs of Cucurbit aceous vegetables
for seed for distributions through the larger institu-
tion at Saharanpur; but as the latter finds it can
inoJuce a suifioiency of such seeds to meet all pos-
sible demands, it was considered it would in the end
prove mere profitabla.to extend the area permanently
under fruit, and almost entirely do away with the
cultivation of seed crops.

Owing to the heavy rainfall in the year 1894 and
early part of 1895 a considerable part of the wood-
v/ork of the green-houses gave way to the action
of damp. The decayed parts were, however, lately
replaced w.th new material, so the houses again
stand in a fair state of repair.

Applk {Pyrus mains). — -The overseer of the garden
reports that a few fruits wore produced last year
for the first time by a variety of apple introduced a
few years ago from Japan. He describe-s the fiuit as
being of meuiumsize, rich golden yellow in colour, flesh
mealy, juicy, and of a very pleasant sub-acid flavour.

The variety is remarkable for its dwarf busby
habit. It has been under cultivation in the garden
for about 5 years, but the largest p'auts are not
above four feet high, and as they are bushy in pro-
portion to their height they have more of the ap-
pearance of dwarf bushy shrubs than of apple trees,
if the variety proves to bo a prolific bearer, it
should, owing to tlie small amount of space it occupies,
prove Useful for planting in gardens of limited area.

I am somewhat disappointed with the Bismack
apple, a variety specially noticed in former reports
owing to the many special merits c aimed for it by
the European Horticultural Press when it was in-
troduced.

I have not had an opportunity of examining and
sampling the fruit in a ripe state, but Mr. F. VV. Serrs,
who officiated as garden Superintendent during the
greater part of the time I was on furlough last year, de-
scribes it as follows : —

“ Tho Bismack apple produces a large handsome,
taking looking fruit with an attractive and somewhat
peculiar scent all its own, but to a certain extent the
apple is a fraud as it remains distinctly tart when quite
ripe, and is only suited for cooking.”

One of the special merits claimed for the above ap-
ple by its raiser w'as its adaptability for culture and
hearing in hot climates. With a view of testing this
special claim a specimen was planted at Saharanpur.
It has made far better growth than.those at Mussoorie,
but so tar it has failed to ripen fruit.

Chestnut Giant op Japan {Castanea vesca). — Thia
plant still continues to make very slow progress. The
plants are in a healthy condition, but as they only
make a few inches of growth in the course of a season
the soil and climate does not seem favourable for
promoting good average growth. I therefore fear that
this variety of sweet chestnut must be looked upon as
a failure at Mussoorie.

I)EWBEai{Y {Uuhus trieialis). — A few plants of this
small fruit were sent from Saharanpur two years ago
to tho Mussoorie garden for trial. They have made
rapid growth for the time they have been planted
and are reported by the OverSwer to bo bearing an
abundant crop of fruit this season. This bush can
therefore be r.commenJed with confidence for cul-
ture both oil the hills aud plains.

Peak (P^nn coiamunis). — The Japanese varieties of
pears mentioned in former reports still continue to
make good progress but ai they have not yet at-
temptod to iroit, no.hiug worthy of note can at
present be said about them.

Plants of the two varieties of pears from Florida
which have p.ovo.l such a success at Saharanpur
have been plante.l aloogddo of the Jap.uioso kind
and tho progress of which, will bo duly noted in
future reports.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

341

Nov 2, 1896.]

Tree Tomato {Gyphomandra bctacea). — This con-
tin;ie3 to thrivo and bear abundant crops of fruit
every year, but as plants and seeds have not been
in much request lately, I fear this fruit is not so
well-known as it deserves to be.

The plant is utterly useless for culture on the
plains, but it thrives admirably in the hills, especially
when grown in low well sheltered valleys. It is a
rapid grower, of easy culture, and as the fruit travels
in good condition to great distance with a minimum
of care in packing, it deserves more attention than
it has hitherto received. It is in season from Sep-
tember to end of November and even later when
frosts hold off, and as fruit is as a ruler scarce
everywhere during that period, it would, I am sure,
be in good demand if settlers in the hills would take
its culture up, and bring it prominently to the notice
of dwellers in the plains.

The garden can only cultivate it on a limited
scale owing to want of room, but as a good
supply of plants and seeds is always on hand, it is
in a position to give growers a fair start when they
apply to it for aid.

Walnut [Juglans regia). — A variety of walnut raised
from seed procured from France some years ago
fruited last season for the first time.

The Overseer of the garden reports the nuts to be
somewhat hard-shelled, but very much larger than
the best of the nuts produced by^the old established
locil varieties.

As the tree is carrying several dozens of nuts this
season, I shall soon be in a position to raise a stock
of plants of this improved form of the walnut for
general distribrrtion.

The single specimen of Kayh^ie or thin-shelled
variety of walnut, noted in former reports as having
been raised from seed sent by a Forest Officer from
Upper Llurma, is making excellent progress, but it
will still bo some years hence before it may be ex-
pected to bear.

Jalap [Ipomcea imrqa). — There is nothing of any
importance to record regarding the condition of this
medicinal root.

It is still subject to the fungoid disease that ap-
peared upon it some years ago, and owing to its
attacks the rate of increase still continues slow.

A supply of tubers will always be avilable for trial
in other hill districts, but I fear the latter cau never
be produced in quantity within the garden itself.
Saharanpur, the 25th May 1896. W. GOLLAN.

Superintendent, Government Botanical Gardens,
N. W. Provinces.

TEA-PLANTING IN CEYLON.

That delicious cup of tea my friend the tea-planter
gave me lent me a mental fillip that was evidently
not meant to be wasted on small talk, so I hinted
I should like to see his Ceylon photographs. While
discussing them, with the pin of judicious curiosity
I lured from him the winkle of information which
was my aim — namely, an account of life as it is
lived by Europeans in this interesting island of the
south. So warm was my friend’s enthusiasm, that
his account of things naturally fellinto a dithyrambic
rhythm. This I have reduced to its lowest terms
for readers of the P. J/. G.

In Ceylon the development from night to day is
very rapid; at second cock-crow, in the twinkling
of an eye, or in the life of a cigarette, one may
appreciate the change, and the appuyah (head ser-
vant) is at the manager’s door, summoning him to
the arena of work, the factory. Around this is
the muster-ground for a strong force of Tamils and
Cinghalese artisans, among wdiom his' colleague, tho
assistant manager, is busy distributing the labour of
the day. These two are perhaps the only Europeans
on the estate, the next in the hierarchy being a native
the tea-maker, who controls the factory. Below him
comes the kangany, who is a kind of headman on the
estate owning coolies. At the advent of the manager
the sleepy activity of the factory is accelerated into
0, semblance of bustle. The engine is a spluttering,

withered tea-leaf of yesterday’s gathering comes
shooting from the first and second floors into boxes
and, when tho weights have been duly pencilled on
a slate, it is trundled away to the rollers. The
engine is moving a “ Rapid Roller” holding 270 lb. of
leaf, while the 16 foot w'ater-wheel is driving two
smaller rollers, which manage 90 lb. between them.

In the tea-roorn, meanwhile, you may see coolies
busy at emptying bins and bulking the tea, I.e., heap-
ing ii into a mass and continually throwing the
bottom to the top, so that tho sample may be as
uniform as a slice of well-stirred Christmas pudding.
After bulking, the. tea is put through a process of
extra firing in a desiccator, so that the villain
moisture may not lay his spoiling hand on the pro-
duce, and is finally stowed in lead-lined chests.
By &30 the assistant manager has set all the
wheels in motion, and alter his superior has
smiled approval, returned to his light morning
meal, the pie e de resist mce of which is a
cup of tea. The manager hai'ks back to the
bungalow, and gets through some general business
and consultations. At 7.30 the ponies are brought
round, and a tour of inspection of works in hand
is begun. Here are men pruning, or draining, or
road-making, and there the leaf is being plucked by
some eighty women under the superintendence of
kanganies, who will have somewhat to say to them
if the greatest care is not exercised in the operation.
And so by 10.30 our manager has earned his break-
fast. While he is making the hearty meal which
belongs to honest morning endeavour let us watch
more closely the women and boys at Avork. As they
move quickly from plant to plant — the average stature
of each being half their own height— they take
only the two top leaves and the bud, leaving on the
tree one leaf from which the new flush is to be
thrown. At a good flush each woman will bring in
some 30 lb. of leaf in a day of ten hours. In Ceylon
gathering goes on all the year round, and every bush
is thus handled every ten days. The leaf that has
been gathered is laid to wither on horizontal blinds
of jute hessian, and on the folloAving morning it has an
appley scent and is ready for the next process of roll-
ing, which is to give it the necessary twist. It is rolled
for three-quarters of an hour, and then fermented
for half an hour, before undergoing another turn of
foiling. But the times for withering, rolling, and
fermenting vary according to the weather and the
quality of the tea. Strong teas must be withered
long and rolled hard.

After breakfast arrives the postman with the
managerial letters, to which replies are sent at
leisure and entrusted to the tapal-runner, or fast-
running coolie, carrying a padlocked tin box on his
back. A midday siesta follows, and about half-past
two the principal works are again visited. Then at
four o’clock a horn, called the kavalkarren, is bloAvn
by the watchman as the signal for a general con-
centration on the factory of all hands on the estate.
This business is one of the pretty sights of the day.
My friend’s estate at Matale, north of Kandy, the
mountain capital, is situated in an amphitheatre of
the big volcanic hills typical of the country. DoAvn
the slopes come Avinding the coolies and the Avomen,
picturesque with their baskets anl scarlet cloths
thrown loosely over one shoulder, engirthing the
waist, and bunched up behind in the universal
mode of the dross-improver. Now follows the
last weighing of leaf; the Avorkers stands in blocks,
primers here, roaders there, manurers yonder,
while names are entered for the day’s work in the
register. The manager next goes his final round of
the factory, returns to the bungaloAV, and then pays
visits to his friends in the neighbourhood. Bridle-paths
are fairly numerous on the estate, and cart roads
connect one property Avith another. In his leisure
time for sport ho may get some snipe-shooting in
December and January over the paddy fields or flat at
the foot of the hills, in which is grown inferior rice
called paddy. The coolies, too, are now free to go off
to the coolie lines, where they live in their exiguous
mansions, Avhich they use merely as sleeping-places
and as i-epositories for their scanty belongings. An

1

343

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 2, 1896

ordinary London room would house two dozen of
them. Drinking and gambling are strictly forbidden,
but both, and especially the latter, are too much
for the coolie’s powers of resistance, and when he
retires to the lines he has long evenings of these ilicit
enjoyments.

The best of the coolies are promoted for the planta-
tions to the factory. The whole estate of some eight
hundred acres is weeded by hand, and this tiresome
work is done by the old women and children, the
kangany having contracted to put the ground into a
proper condition in this respect. The heavy draught
worK, of course, is done by oxen, which are branded on
flank and back w’ith most fantastic designs, a potent
charm, according to the superstition of the natives,
against rheumatism and other diseases of cattle.
Ehemnatism is prevalent because the tea plant has
a strong predilection for a lightish clay soil, and
rejoices if it finds a little disintegrated mica mixed
therewith. Wages are paid monthly, but payment —
in rupees — is always a month in arrear. This en-
ables the manager to keep a firm hold over his men.
Their feelings, however, are good towards their
masters, who play the role of doctors and general
mentors in all ordinary matters. An ordinary
coolie makes his .S3 cents a daj% his kanginy taking
another 5 cents per diem for each coolie as head-
pay. A woman is paid 2.5 and a boy 18 or 12 cents.
The European has to deal with the Cinghalese, who
are the natives ; the Veddahs, who are the aborigines
and of a dwarfish stature ; and the Tamils, who
are the immigrant Indians.

The importance of the Ceylon tea industry need be
illustrated by one fact only. In the four years 1889-
1893 the percentage of the sale of Ceylon tea as com-
pared with that of India and China doubled itself,
rising from 15 to 31 per cent. In the island an im-
port duty is imposed on tea, so as to present possible
malpractices connected with the export of foreign teas.
The Ceylon Tea Fund is an advertising instrument
for making Ceylon tea known al' over the world, and
is supported by subscriptions of 10 cents per 1,0001b.
of green tea-leaf plucked during each period of six
months. — Pall Mall Gazette, Sept. 12.

♦

MORE LIGHT ON QUININE.

More light has been shod on the quinine situation
during the past week, and it now appears that natural
distrust was the real cause of the sudden reductions in
the price, the first of which occurred Aug. 17 and the
second Aug. 21. With this distrust there was pre.=cnt-
ed the ditlerence between the cost of quinine and the
selling price of the manufacturers, which was so wide
as to alTord possible temptation to some of the makers
to quietly dispose of portions of their product at a
price below that to which all had bound themselves
to adhere. That some of the members of the com-
bination have yielded to this temptation and made
sales below the established quotation, and otherwise
violated the understanding which has controlled the
makers for the past two years, is more than suspect-
ed by others in the compact, as well as by the trade
at large. Fresh goods have been imported from
London within the past six months, and goods have
been purchased, in this market within a shorter period
from at least one of the manufacturers’ agents for
bt)eculative account, a portion of which was after-
ward shipped to London. Furthermore, it is known
beyond question that some of the members of the com-
bination have been demanding as their allotment of
sales a greater proportion of the whole than their
generally understood relation to the cousumiug trade
entitled them to, at least in the opinions of their
competitors. It is a well known fact that one or
more of the manufacturers overstepped the limits
of the agreement, in a desire to sell goods, just before
the advance of Dec. 18, 1895. Instead of confining
sales to (piantilies sullicient tor sixty days’ require-
ments of their customers, beyond which they are
hound not to contract to deliver, some of them per-
suaded the trade to contract for stocks far in ex
gQSjS pf these limits. Whether the intent of this

policy w'as to make a showing of sales which should
secure a more liberal iiercentage in the next allot-
ment, is, of course, not known to the outsiders. But
the excessive contracts naturally resulted in heavy
importations, and in cour.se of time, w'hen the large
consumers realized that they had obligated themselves
to take more than they could possibly consume w'ithiu
a reasonable length of time, they offered their surplus
on the market at or about twenty-five cents per ounce,
just what they had paid for it. This had a tendency
to keep the market fairly w'ell supplied, and to give the
impression that the “ outside” stock, which was sup-
posed to be nearly exhausted, was like the widow’s
cruse. In spite of the condition of affairs which we
have just pictured the demand for quinine had begun
to increase when the first reduction in the price was
ordered. It was, however, mostly from the jobbing
trade throughout the country, rather than from the
manufacturers of pills, many of whom were heavily
stocked.

What the futui'e has in store for the consumers of
quinine no one knows to a certainty. The
manufacturers may deem another reduction
necessary to accomplish their purpose, which is
to remove any possible temptation to some of their
number to dispose of goods in violation of the com-
pact. While the stability of the combination may
have been threatened by the discoveries w’hich have
been made, there does not appear to be any likelihood of
its dissolution, as the manufacturers know from bitter ex-
perience that their best interests are served by united
action both in the purchasing of bark and in market-
ing the finished product. At the same time prudence
dictates a more perfect relation of selling price to
cost.

The bark is richer in alkaloid than it used to be,
hence the cost of producing is lower than formerly.
The bark shipments continue heavy, and at the
August sale in Amsterdam, held on Thursday, 85 per
cent, of the offerings, M’hich were large, were pur-
chased, but at a decline of 10 per cent, on the price
paid at the J uly sale, which is conclusive evidence
that the manufacturers still control the bark situation.
A fact worthy of attention is that the price paid at
Thursday’s sale, two and fifty-five hundredths Dutch
cents per unit of quinine was the lowest price ever
known. In Augiist, 1895, the sale realized two and
six-tenths of a Dutch cent per unit, the lowest price
up to that time, while in August, 1891, four and a half
Dutch cents per unit was paid.

All that is now wanted on the part of the manufac-
turers to enable them to roach the goal they set out for
two years ago is a little forbearance, coupled with
some firmness, as the legitimate stock in second hands
is not large. — Oil Paint and Urwj Pepoiier.

THE UFPER MASKELIYA ESTATES
COMPANY LIMITED.

Minutes of proceedings at the extraordinary gene-
ral meeting of shareholders held at No. 7, i,!ueeu

Street, Fort Colombo, on Saturday, 10th Oct 189(>-

Present:— Mr. W. D. Gibbon, in the chair, and Mr.’c.
A. Leechman, Directors, and Messrs. G. H. Alston and
James Forbes, Mr. C. J. Donald acting as Secretary
The following shareholders were represented by the
holders of their Powers of Attorney: — Mr A E
Wriglit, Mrs. A. N. Wright, and Mr. Jas Gibb, by Mr'
M . D. Gibbon and Mr. G. W. Carlyon and Mr T K
Wright,^ by Mr. G. H. Alston. Messrs. A. Thomson and
W. H. G. Duncan were represented by proxy.

Mr. Giubon having taken the chair, the notice con-
vening the meeting was read.

The CiiAiitMAN stated that the present meeting had
been called to conliini the Special Resolution passed at
the extraordinary general meeting on 5th September
last. 1 he special resolution was then proposed bv
the Ghaiuman, seconded by Mr. Jamks P'ohiiks:—
That the share capital of the Company be and

B‘-J70,tX)0 to

R3.50,000 by the creation of IfiO shares of H500 each ”
— which was carried. ’

A vote of thanks to the chair closed the pro-
ceedings

V

;■

Nov. 2, 1896. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

34.3

$orr6sponcl(3noe.

To the Edilor.

CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA.

Nijni Novgorod, Moscow, Aug. 29.

Dear SiK,— I went to see tlie big Fair yester-
day— a truly wonderful sight, and the place
crowded with people from all parts of the world.
Mr. Rogivue is advertising Ceylon tea most suc-
cessfully, and had had many oiders from people —
some for Siberia. He has well-advertised the
teas of Ceylon, and the tea is selling well in
Moscow. His tea pl.ace at the Fair is very at-
tractive, and a s]dendid m.an in charge. \V^e
enjoyed Ceyloii tea there made in Russian fashion
very much and drank success to Ceylon. — Yours
in haste, W. JORDAN.

THE BANDARAPOLA CEYLON COMPANY
LIMITED.

16, Philpot Lane, London, E.C. 1st Sept. 1896.

Sir, — We beg to inform you that the Board
of Directors of this Company have declared an
Interim Dividend at the rate of 10 per cent per
annum (free of Income Tax) for the half-year end-
ing 30th June last. — Your obedient servants,

LYALL, ANDERSON A CO.,
Agents and Secretaries for Bandarapola Ceylon
Company, Ltd.,

RHEA.

2, Victoria Mansions, Westminster, S.W.,

Sept. 11th 1896.

Df.au Sir,— I see that a great deal is being made
of a report by a Mr. B. Ribbentrop Inspector-
General of Forests for India, who states that “ the
difficulty of treating this fibre has at last been over-
come by a Mr. Gomess."

Mr. Ribbentrop may be a very good Inspector of
Forests, but as an authority on . the treatment of
Rhea Fibre, I do not think his opinion is worth
much. He Seems to be under the delusion that Mr.
Gomess is the only person who can degum Rhea ;
as a matter of fact the Midlands Spinning Com-

f)any have been employed degumming Rhea for the
ast two years at their factory at Long-Eaton in Derby-
shire and spinning the product into yarns,- which find
a ready market ; the process they are using is that
of Mr. H. H. Boyle, W'hose Patents are our pro-
perty.

It is one thing to treat Ramie as a Laboratory
experiment, but quite another to do so on a com-
mercial scale.

But before you can degum Ramie you have
to decorticate the stems so as to remove
the fibre — what then is the use of a

degumming process unless you can decorticate ? Mr.
Ribbentrop appears to be ignorant of the fact that
Mr. Gomess has no decorticator, how then he suc-
cessfully treat the plant ?

The T5,000 offered as a premium some time ago
by the Government of India was for a decorticator
and not for a degumming process ; this premium was
withdrawn because no machine entered for competi-
tion was equal to the Government's requirements.

Several decorticators have since been invented but
BO far as I know none have been successful ; to be
successful the machine must not only remove the
wood but also the bark by the operation, this my
machine does, aud with labour at 6d per day I can
produce a ton fibre equal to China grass at a cost of
about 30$ per ton, this machine has been seen at work
by Mr. J. 0. B. Saunders of the Calcutta Englisman,
and he was so impressed by its va,lue that he coui-
43

muuicated with the Indian Government with a view
to having the offer of the £5,009 premium revived,
but in the present state of finances they do not esc
their way to do so.

I wish Mr. Gomess and every other inventor of a
process to degum the fibre every success; there is
ample field for all but I do most certainly object
to it being given to the world that Mr. Gomess is
the first to solve this difficult problem.

I enclose you a report by textile experts as to
my decorticator and Jlr. Boyle's degumming process,
these gentlemen are not inspectors of forests but
they at least carry as much authority as experts on
Rhea as Mr. Ribbentrop. These reports you are at
liberty to print if you wish to do so.

It is self evident that a decorticator joined to an
efficient degumming process renders the process com-
plete, but one without the other is useless, if Ramio
fibre is to bo produced on a commercial scale and
at such a price as to enable it to compete with ex-
isting fibres. — I am, dear sir, your obedient servant,

J. M. MACDONAJ D, Managing Director,

CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA.

Sir, — Will you allow me once more to ask
for your good offices in the interests of the
tea trade with America.

Mr. Mackenzie writes the results of his in-
terviews with the principal tea houses during
his late trip to the States.

He says that the dealer.-i “ deprecate our pack
ing more than four kinds of tea for America,
and they mentioned the following prices:— 15
cents (7id), 20 cents (lOd), 30 cents (Is 3d), 40
cents (ls8d). They would not taste or handle
teas running up % single cents per Ih. ; but
thought these prices most suitable for long lines
of tea. Life is too short, is the general com-
ment on the English market, with a thousand
samples to be tasted weekly.”

One firm had “ taken uj) those teas with
misgivings and hesitation, but had now great
faith.”

From London I also hear complaints of the
“ small breaks, and innumerable samples for
London trade as well as for America. It is
thought that Ceylon will have to suit its teas
to what is the universal demand, or lose
ground.”

The same linn adds “ the number of small
lots now off'ering is very confusing to buyers,
and tends to lower the average, and it is dif-
ficult to get a continuous supply of teas of
average quality. With these expressions of opi-
nion from our best friends, it is surely im-
politic on our part not to try and meet the
views of the market. — I am, &c. ,

Sept. 16th. A. W. S. SACKVILLE.

INSECT ENEMIES OF TEA.

Dartry, Gampola, Sept. 17.

Dear Sir, — I send you in a match-box some
poochies I found tliis morning on a patch of tea,
the leaves of which had been completely eaten
up by this insect.

If you can tell me the name of the insect and
if it is likely to become a scourge, it -would
be interesting. — Yours faithfully,

J. A. ROBERTS.

[Mr. Staniforth Green, to whom we referieil
the insects and leaves, writes : —

“ The tea leaves sent to me by Mr. Roberts of
Dartry estate have been attacked by the same case-
bearing caterpillar as the one described in last night’s
‘ Times of Ceylon,’ under the head of ‘ Tea Bushes
and Caterpillars.” With his tea leaves Mr. Roberts
has sent seme finall dipteious flies, bearing eome

344

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISl . [Nov. 2, 1896.

resemblance to the common house-fly, but much
smaller, being about a quarter of an inch in length
These flies come from the eggs deposited by the
parent fly under the skin of the caterpillar, and
they have undergone all their changes, from the egg
to the perfect states, within the caterpillars case, to
the complete destruction of their host. It would
be interesting to know how the parent fly, with its
soft ovipositor, is able to lodge an egg with success
under the skin of the caterpillar. Perhaps it is
effected while the caterpillar has its head and
shoulders out of its tough case when on the move,
or in feeding. There is also an ichneumon-fly that
destroys the caterpillar, but being armed with a
strong sting-like ovipositor, it would probably, in urg-
ing its egg, be able to pierce the tough case. No
living caterpillar was discoverable among those
sent by Mr. Roberts. All had miserably perished,
so that it is to be hoped thejf will be kept well under
through the attacks of their insect enemies, and
that the tea tree will never be seriously damaged
by them. The fly lays a single egg under or upon
the skin of its victim. — Colombo, 2nd Oct.” — Ed. 2’. A.]

SCOTTISH CEYLON TEA COMPANY
LIMITED.

16, Philpot Lane, London, Sept 19.

Sir, — We beg to inform you that the Board
of Directors of this Company have declared an
Interim Dividend at the rate of 10 per cent, per
annum (free of Income Ta.\) for the half year
ending 30bh June last, on the body shares.

Your obedient servants,
LYALL, ANDERSON & CO.

Agents tk, Secretaries.

EDERAPOLLA TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

16, Philpot Lane, London, Sept. 22.

Sir, — We beg to inform you that the Board of
Directors of this Company liave declared an in-
terim dividend at the rate of 10 per cent per
annum (free of Income Tax) for the half-year
ending 3oth June last. — Your Obedient Servants,
LYALL ANDERSON & CO.

Agents <i- Secretaries.

SILK CULTIVATION IN CEYLON.

We-uda, Oct. lOUi.

Dear Sir, — Those of your readers who are
interested in Sericulture will be glad to learn
that the opinion expressed in my letter of 25tli
July, with regard to the Bengal silkwoims, has
proved correct : worms recently reared in Dimbula
have produced finer cocoons than in the low-
country and without any falling-off as regards
their brilliance, the special characteristic of
Bengal silk. It remains to be seen what diminu-
tion in the number of broods in a year is caused
by the colder climate, but even if the reduction
is considerable, it will, I think, be fully com-
pensated for by the increased weight of the
cocoons.

I hope soon to be able to distribute eggs or
young worms of the linest varieties of the an-
nual .silkworm from Japan. My stock of mulberry
trees is limited, and is required for se^t-ral
sjjecies, an<litis desirable to ascertain by actual
experiment at what elevation tlie annual worms
will give the best result. Willi lliis object
in view I shall be glad to hear from anyone, in
any district over oUO feet elevation, who is
willing to make a trial with this species. — Yours
faithfully, PERCY N. BRAINE.

THE NICARAGUAN RUBBER DECREE.

A decree of the government of Nicaragua,
restricting the exportation of India-iubber to the
produce of cultivated trees, has been translated
for I lie United IStates department of state by
Vice-Consul Henry E. Low, at Managua, as fol-
lows : —

To prevent the extinction of the India-rubber
trees in the national forests, and to develop their
cultivation in plantations, arranged with the bounty
law.s, the president of the republic decrees:

1. From January 1, 1897, it will be prohibited
in all parts of the republic to export India-rubber
which has not been cultivated in plantations, ar-
ranged in acconlance to the laws of March 6,
1883, and March 23, 1887.

2. The foregoing prohibition will last for ten
years from the date indicated, and whosoever shall
act contrary shall be fined in accordance with the
regulations concerning fraud upon the treasury,
shall lose for the benefit of the treasuiy the
India-rubber, and besides be fined to the amount
of four tunes its imluc.

3. India-rubber can be exported only coming
from i-egular plantations, formed, as before said,
in conformity to the bounty laws of 1883 and
1887, but to verify it the exporters must register
their rubber forms, tirst, in the oflice of the tax-col-
lector of the district, expressing the number and
age of trees. This registration w'ill be gratuitous
and must be made every year in the first days
of January, to j)roduce the desired effect. The
exporters must receive from the tax-collector way
bill (a certificte on, and to go with the produce
forwarded ) made out to order ; in older that
this document may be endorsed, they must pre-
sent their registration certificate, and forward a
copy of botli documents to the minister of
finance.

4. Anybody found extracting India-rubber from
tlie national forests wall be considered as a
smuggler ( contrabandist ) and will be .sentenced
and fined as such by authority of the judicial
or police department

5. To be pre.sented in the next .sitting of the
legislature, to be published.

Interview's with Mr. William A. De Long, Avho
was for some years engaged in the India-rubber
trade in Nicaragua, and w'ith other rubber-men
in New York, ha^’e elicited only expressions of
tlie opinion that the enforcement of the above
decree will be practically impossible. In some
quarters it has been intimated tliat the government
of Nicaragua can ill afford to lose the revenue
derived hitherto from the export duty on India-
rublier, amounting to 4 cents a pound, or about
§40,000 a year. — Indiarubbcr and Guttapcrc/ia,
Journal, Sept. 10.

THE AMSTERDAM DRUG-MARKET.

Onr Amsterdam coi respondent reports that the
public auctions lo be held on October 1st., will in-
clude .'),128 Calcs and 2i!7 cases, weighing together
498,5;W kilos, of Java cincliona bark. The total quan-
tity of fiuli.'hate of quinine represented is 28,(310
kilos., giving an average of 5'83 per cent for the
Manufacturing bark. The supply includes 14,288 kilos
of Druggists’ balk, with 402 kilos of sulphate of
quinine. — Chemist and Divijgist, Sept. 20.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

345

Nov. 2, i8g6,j

STRANGE STATEMENTS RESPECTING
QUININE.

It must 1)3 confessed tliat the ciurent expla-
nations of tlie motives of the quinine manu-
facturers’ combination in reducing their official
price, by two sti'okes delivered in quick succes-
sion, to lljd per oz. are by no means satis-
factory. We referred, in our issue of last
week, to the talk of change and the Commercial
Sale Rooms ; but it is difficult to see how
anyone could be so foolha)dy as to select the
present moment for opening a new quinine
works on the Continent, while the notion that
the manufacturer.®’ action was inspired by fear
of coming competition from the new quinine
factory in Java may also be dismissed as im-
probable. The Java quinine-works will be, at
best, a very small factor in the quinine-market
for some years to come, and to reduce the price
in Europe by nearly 20 per cent before a single
ounce of Java-made quinine has yet made its
appearance in the open market would be as pre-
posterous as, say, the raising of fortifications
round l^ondon because of a dij)loinatic rupture
with Venezuela. Another reason, not mentioned by
us last week, which has been put forward to account
for the .action of the combined makers is the
competition ot the Imperial t^uinine-Avorks in
London, Avhich are not in the “ring.” With all
respect to that excellent and now Avell-estab-
lished factory, however, we cannot affect to re-
gard it, at present, as a sufficiently serious
competitor to the older makers to call for such
drastic action on their part as a twopenny-
halfpenny reduction on a fourteenpeuny arti-
cle. Moreover, though the Imperial Quinine-
Avorks are said, by their selling-agents to have
sufficient quinine orders on hand to keep them
going for several months, they have never
adopted an aggressive “cutting” policy to Avards
the older makers. In fact, they have not even
replied to the tAvo reductions announced by the
manufacturers’ “ring” by lowering their own price.

So much for the current talk concerning the
reasons that have inspired the action of the
quinine-makers. Now let us inquire Avhether
there are no other motives that may have
inspired so serious a step as that of deliberate
depreciation of their own stock of quinine by
nearly 20 per cent., at a time when nothing hut
the inanufacturer.s’ oavu initiative could have
•caused such a depreciation.

It Avould natur,ally be expected that the London
Agents of the German (piinine makers would
be the persons most likely to be al)le to airoi'd
Information on the policy of their principals.
Nothing of the kind. One and all these gentle-
men profe.ss to knoAv rather less about that
policy than the merest outsider. Their instruc-
tions come to them cut and dried, “ made,
in Germany” Avichout a word of explanation.
Thus, child-like and bland, they face their
customers, “ Story ? bless you. Sir, I have none
to tell,” is the burden of tlieir song. Yet it is
an open secret that the policy Avhich led to the
establishment of the “ concert of quinine-makers”
had its mainspring in Germany, and that the
directing Avires are still ))ulled from that country.
That those Avho dictate the policy of the “ rin"”
know Avhatthey are about is shoAvn by the results
of the combination. During its existence the
stock of quinine in the London warehouses, in
other words, the only large aggregation of second-
hand supplies in the Avorld, has been reduced
from J,027,7]8 oz. (on August :tl, 1894) to its
present small compa-ssof l,67o,()UL) oz. The stock

of cinchona bark in London has been similarly
reduced, all sources of supply, except Java, have
practically run dry, and the quinine-makers can
buy their raAv material at auction in Amsterdam
and London at a figure out of all proportion Ioav
comirared with the recent selling price of quinine.

Only one thing has been Avanting to render
the market-supremacy of the “ ring ” com-
plete, viz. — regulation of the supply of bark. That
has failed them hitherto. There are reasons for
believing that, although at first sight an abun-
dant supply of cheap raAv material must be to
the manufacturers’ advantage, they Avould have
been quite as Avell pleased if Java had lived up
to the expectations generally entertained of her,
by gradually diminisliing her output. The makers
have been confronted month after month with
unmanageably large supplies offered, practically
Avithout reserve, at the Amsterdam auctions.
There are only some half-dozen customers for these
supplies, and they have been gorged to their
throats. Said one of the largest German quinine-
makers last summer to the |)resent Avriter, whom
he showed over his factory, which was then shut
down in order not to heap up unnecessary
quinine supplies: “We have told the Java
gentlemen that aa'C cannot SAvalloAV their stnff
at the ])resent rate, and still they keep sending
more. We have uoav threatened them that if
they do tint bring their output in harmony Avith
the requirements, Ave shall let the unit at the
Amsterdam auctions drop to a figure that Avill
bring them to their senses.” Rut the Java plan-
ters are a promiscuous mob. They have shoA\ n
themselves incapable of intelligent co-operation,
ainl they now suffer for their .short-comings.
Which biings us to our next point — viz., the
question Avhy other, and more business-like per-
sons, should not accomplish Avhat the planters
have failed to do? The cinchona exports from
Java still keep increasing month by month. For
the year ending the 30th June, 1896, the total
Avas 9,108,385 half-kilos, as compared Avith
8,705,057 and 7,428,336 in the two preceding
seasons. Moreover, we hear today, from our
Amsterdam corres])ondent, that the August .ship-
ments, of Avhich the results Avas made known in
Amsterdam on Wednesday, show a still greater

rcl.ative increase, the figures being as folloAvs :

Aug. Half- 1896 1895 1894 1893

kilos ... 979,300 697,000 853,000 636,000

January 1 to

Aug. 30th 6,029,0t)0 5,013,000 5,554,000 5,376,000
All expectations of an improvement in the pidce
of bark based uj)on the (liminished exports are
therefore at an einl for the present. It is said
that the heavy shipments of the last feAV months
are due to the unusual character of the mon-
sooD, and that there Avill be such a falling off
during the remainder of the year .b.it 1895 Avill
ultimately take rank as the highest season on
record. This, however, is a statement that has
been made many times before, and it is difficult
to credit it now.

On the other hand, aa'c hear from a well-in-
formed source that the recent reduction in the
quinine-price Avas a deliberate move in tire
policy of the combined quinine-makers. It is
known that sometime ago an expert, on behalf
of the Syndicate of quinine-makers and a few
others clos»_ly connected Avith the trade, visited
all the Java plantations, and prepared an ex-
haustive report of their capacity. It is su[)posed
that a .scheme Avas subsequently drawn up,
ami discussed betAveen the ((iiinine Syndicate
and the proprietors of the principal plantations
in Java, under which the Syndicate undertook

34^

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS 1'.

I Nov. 2, i8q6.

to buy out the plantation owners — lock, stock,
and barrel. Tlie negotiations, it is added,
readied a point at which it seemed almost cer-
tain that at least thiee-ijuarters of the .Ia^■a,
plantations, including all those of real im))ort-
ance, were about to jiass under the control of the
Syndicate. At that time, it may be noted, the
current price of -lava-bark in Amsterdam was
about ‘2-80c per unit per half kilo. At the last
moment, however, negotiations fell through.
Now it is hinted that the sudden reduction in
the (nice of quinine which followed the break-
ing-off of the negotiations is due to a delinite
policy on the part of the quinine Syndicate to
deiiriciate the bark-market to such an extent
that the plantation-owners will be forced to
come to terms. The first result of the move
was seen at last Thursday’s Amsterdam auctions,
when the unit fell to 2 o5c. , the lowest imint
touched since February, 1895, when the lowest
unit on record, viz., 2'50c. was reached. If the
quinine manufacturers’ policy should be success-
ful, Ave shall probably see a further fall in the
unit at the September auctions in Amsterdam,
and it may be well that shortly afterwards the
formation of a Syndicate to take over the bulk
of the .Java |ilantations will he announced. Such
a step would give to tlie quinine-makers almost
.a few years’ monopoly of tlie market, inasmuch
as Ceylon has but little hark left, while the
Indian suiiply is small and partly of jioor ipiality,
and neither cultivated nor wild -growing (Ouprea)
barks from South America can be thrown ujion
the European market in quantities large enough
to altect the quinine-supply at anything like the
present unit.

We re[»eat that this statement comes to us
from a Avell-informed source, luit we cannot, of
course, guarantee even the partial truth of the
as.sertions. Yet tliere is nothing inlierently im-
probable about them. Several unsuccessful at-
tem])ts have lueviously fieen nunle to bring
tlie cinchona supply under control, but none of
these were set on foot by an oiganisation so
powerful as the present quinine c mbination ;
and it is well known that some of the members
of the combination, e.sjiecially in Ceniiany, have
long hecn anxious to place ilunr luisiiiess upon
a sounder footing. So much is certain, that if
the quinine-makers should obtain control of the
bulk of the plantations, they will be able to r-aise
their prices to an e.xtent that will richly com-
l>ensare them for the recent decline. — Chemist and
Dnujgist.

FLANTINC AND I’RODCCE.

India and its Pboduci’..— The rocently issued
volume by the Government of India of British
India for the years 18'.M-U5 consists mainly of

c.aborate tables, with an explanatory memonuidum
prefixed. The tables show the tea, coffee, and cin-
chona cultivation in each district of each province
and in the native states in ISlti and IHltl, and the
progress in each product from 181)5 to 181)1.
In 181)8 the total area under tea in India was
dl)5,83Ui acres; and in 18Ul it had increased
to ■1‘22,.551 acres. The highest average yield per
acre from mature plants was obtained in
.Talpaiguri, viz., .5.5.5'91b in 18!):), and oIl’Blb
in 181)1. Tlie total acreage under colTec in

India in 181)3 was 258,l)8-i l t acres, and in

181)1 it was 277,881-1) 1 acres. In IHlKi-lIl there were
11,235 acres under chinchona in India ; btit in
1891-1)5 the acreage had decreased to 8,710. A toi)v
of the annii-.il rcpoit of the Secretary to the Clin f
Commissioner in Assam on the subject of tea
culture in that state for 1895 has recently been

received at the Board of Trade from the India
Office. As iu previous years, in the statement
appended to this report, figures are given for
each subdivision separately, in addition to
the totals for each district. Silchar continues
to head the list in regard to the number
of tea gardens and the area under tea cultivation
and the Dibrugarh subdivision still shows the largest
outturn. The total number of gardens at the close
of 1895 was 812, against 823 in 1894, showing a
decrease of 11 gardens. During the year 15 gardens
were newly opened, against 48 in the previous year,
17 were closed against 7 in 1894, and 9 gardens
were amalgamated with other gardens against 10 in
1894. Some improvement has taken place in the
number of gardens furnishing statistics. Out of 812
gardens, statistics have been furnished in respect
of 717 gardens, against 698 in the preceding year :
estimates had to be framed for 95 gardens, against
125 in 1894. The Chief Commissioner’s thanks are
due to those managers and agents, who have fur-
nished the required information. The total increase
of 7,218 acres under tea cultivation, as compared
with 12,171 acres in 1894 is distributed among all
districts except Cachar and Darrang. In Cachar it
is stated that new extensions have not kept pace
with the areas of old lea abandoned, and in Darrang
the decrease is said to be more apparent than real,
being due to greater accuracy in the figures for
certain gardens for which estimates had to be framed
in previous years. The total outturn of tea during
the year was 99,524,5841b, as against 94,829,0591b, in
1894, or an increase of 4,G95,515lb-

How THU China Tea Trade is Uandicarped. — It is
not only that China tea shippers have to meet the
successful! competition of India and Ceylon teas,
but the Chinese Government have helped to des-
troy the trade, the decay of which they now lament.
If the Chinese authorities would abolish duty and
admit machinery, the tea trade of China would be
permitted a chance of recovering some of its lost
ground, but that is not a matter that the planters
of India and Ceylon wish to see altered. The per-
versity of the Chinese officials has no doubt helped
to benefit British-grown tea. On the subject of
likin the British c-msul at Fuchau recently wrote :
“ Even in China the imposition of likin occasion-
ally leads to riots. The likin duty on tea is nomi-
naily 2-2U taels per picul but additions bring it up to
nearly 2-80 taels. The tax, for reasons known to
the officials is divided into five items called original
dues, likin dues, expense of collection, military con-
tribution, and ‘ loss on touch of silver,’ all of which
vary in amount. To these have to be added a ferry
toll or duty on all teas from the north, and a tax of 3c
‘for benevolent purposes ’ on teas coming from the
districts to the xvest, and one or two extra tolls, so
that the total amount does not fall short of 2'80 taels.
If the value of tea is taken at 15 taels per picul, with
the export duty it has to bear taxation to the
amount of 5’30 taels, or about 35 per cent, ad valorem,
before it leaves China. It may be asked why transic
passes are not taken out, which would enable the
merchant to bring the tea to the port on a payment
of 1'25 taels per picul. The native dealers and gro acts
are afraid of official opposition, and European ex-
porters find it impossible to make the necessary
arraugemeuts. (1) The Lo ’Ti Shui or Octroi office —
'This has seven branches which collect annually
3U,000 or 40,()U0 taels on goods taken into Fuchau by
road. Like the likin it is under the control of the
provincial treasurer.”

I’l.AN'j iNG Enteiu'Kise IN East Atiuca. — 'There is
every reason to believe that the Shire Highlands will
become the seat of an important planting industry.
Shire Highland coffee command.-, a high price on the
London market. At Zanzibar, Sir -Tohn Kirk's ex-
perimental garden is an object of interest, although
the trials of tea do not appear to bo satisfactory.
An account of the present condition of the garden
is contained in the following note.s of a recent visit,
taken from the iCxu'dhar Cavet/c of August 28, 1894:
“ Mr. Crabbe, the Ceylon planter who was passing
through here last week on liis way to Nyassaland,

Nov. 2, 1896.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTUP 1ST.

347

paid a special visit to Mbweni for the purpose of not-
ing the condition of the coffee plantations started
by Sir John Kirk at the close of his time here.
Mr. Crabbe was well pleased with the condi-
tion of many of the trees, and as the crop
was ripe and falling, he opened some berries
and considered some of the beans quite fine.
He made several recommendations which were duly
transmitted to the Rev. J. Key, who takes great
interest in the plantation, but who was unfortunately
away from home at the time. The tea, which is now
in full blossom and affords a pretty sight, well worth
a drive to visit, Mr. Grabbe considered a poor kind
and for the leaf hardly worth growing, and he did
not recommend its extension The cacao, he con-
sidered planted in too windy a site, but walking about
the shamba pointed out many spots on which he
thought it could be planted to better advantage.”

A New Use fou the Wild Tamarind Plant.— In
the botanical section of the British Association, Mr.
D. Morris, assistant director of the Royal Gardens,
Kew, contributed a paper, which in his absence
was read by Mr. Seward, on “ The Singular
Effect Pro.luced on Certain Animals in the West
Indies by Feeding on the Young Shoots, Leaves, Pods,
and Seeds of the Wild Tamarind or Jumbai Plant
(Leuccena glauca, Benth.)” The properties of this
plant had received little or no attention in this
country. It is commonly found along roadsides and
in waste places in tropical America. The plant was much
more plentiful in the Bahamas than in Jamaica ;
it was, in fact, distinctly encouraged in the former
islands as a fodder plant. The people Were fully
aware of the singular effect it produced on horses,
causing them to lose the hair from their manes and
tails, it also affected mules and donkeys. Its effect
on pigs was still more marked. These animals as-
sumed a completely naked condition, and appeared
without a single hair on their body. Horses badly
affected by jumbai were occasionally seen in the streets
of Nassau, where they were known as “cigar-tails.” Such
dilapidated animals, although apparently healthy,
were considerably depreciated in value. They were
said to recover when fed exclusively on corn
and grass. The new hair was, however, of a
different colour and texture, “so the animals were
never quite the same.” One animal was cited as hav-
ing lost its hoofs as well, and in consequence it had
to be kept in slings until they grew again and hardened.
The effects of the jumbai on horses, mules, donkeys,
and pigs .were regarded as accident il — due to neglect
or ignorance. The plant was really encouraged to
supply food for cattle, sheep, and go its. The latter
greedily devoured it, and were not perceptibly affected
by it. It would be noticed that the animals affected
were non-ruminants, while those not affected were
ruminants. The probable explanation was that the
rumiuantd, by thoroughly mixing the food saliva and
slowly digesting it, were enabled to neutralise the
action of the poison and escape injury. The seeds
probably contained the deleterious principal in a
greater degree than any other part of the plant. The
effect upon mankind is not stated, but, if it be at
all analogous to that upon pigs, the plant should
o>me into use as a homeoeopatnic remedy for baldness.
Oper.vtions in “ Futures.” — In certain quarters
gambling in futures” has been seized upon as the
disturbing new condition of the produce market. It
is. however, a suggestive fact that dealings in “futures”
originated iu a period of abnormal disturbance in
prices consequent on the outbreak of the American
Civil War. At the outset, at least, transactions of
this nature were simply methods of insurance ; the
planter in raising his crop was glad of au oppor-
tunity of approximately securing beforehand au ade-
quate return for his outlay, and the user of raw
materials was equally jileased to have a means of
securing ahead a supply of material at a price fairly
proportionate to that at which he could contract for the
sale of the fabrics. Iu more recent years this system
has extended to the distributer, who, having had to
face incalculable variations of exchange, has also
insured himself by what are practically
operations in exchange “ futures.” In the

Economic Section of the British Association on
Monday, Mr. Elijah Helm, Secretary of the Man-
chester Chamber of Commerce, read a paper on
“ Mercantile Markets for Futures.” He described the
origin and purpose of dealings in futures. It consti-
tuted, he said, a method of insurance to producers
and distributers against the risks of fluctuating prices,
for the system had accentuated the fall of prices, of
commodities within the last twenty years. Its deve-
lopment had been assisted by the telegraph and the
telephone. It could be differentiated from pure gam-
bling. He maintained that the system properly orga-
nised and controlled, was, on the whole, economic-
ally beneficial, and that the demand for its legislative
suppression was not justified. Mr. Charles Stewart, who
followed with a paper on cotton futures, described what
they were and how they operated in practice.
Cotton futures were, he said, “hedges,” first as sales,
second as purchases. The syftem of dealing in
futures was the natural outcome of the expansion of
trade, particularly the future of the devel pment of
such by telegraph. The increase in the size of the
crops, the small margin of present-day profits, the
greater speed in transit, the increased magnitude of
producing concerns, and the necessarily greater
increase in capital for their requirements, were all
demonstrated in the explanations given of the
practice. In the course of the discussion it was pointed
out that, but for the system described, pi. inters
would run serious risks, as they used to do iu old
times, when every producer sent his cotton to the
market at the same time, and so depressed prices ;
whereas now a planter could sell his cotton whilst the
crop was growing.

The Dock Companies and Shipowners. — The cir-
cular issued by the Loudon and India Docks Joint
Committee with reference to the arrangement for dis-
charging cargoes on the quays for shipowmers,
who desire to retain their fixed berths propo-
ses the following terms : — (1) That the ship-
owners pay to the Joint Committee a sum of
six pence per ton weight on all goods discharged
within the docks, except those upon which the
Joint Committee receive landing charges, and
also excluding bulk grain. (2) That the ship-
owners deliver goods entered for overside de-
livery, free to the Joint Committee’s craft —
i. e., on the same terms as to other consignees’
craft. (3) With the above alterations, the terms
of the existing agreements and arrangements to
remain unaltered. In the event of these terms
being generally accepted, the committee purpose issu-
ing a revised scale of rates for the use of their dry
docks at about 10 per cent, below that now in force.
Fixed berths, it is added, will be available on similar
terms at the Tilbury Docks, as well as at the Victoria
and Albert Docks, and to a limited extent and the
West India Dock. The charges are calculated on
the ton of 2,240 lb weight. In view of the fact, that
neogtiations are proceeding, the date on which existing
agreements and arrangements termiutate has been
postponed until November 1.

INDIAN I’ATENTS.

Applications in respect of the uudermentioned inven-
tions have been field, daring the W'ook, ending, 26'h
September 1803, under the provisions of Act V of
1888.

Fo ■^unprovements in mac'iiiies for breaking balls of
rolled tea leaf and sifting the same. — No. 333 of 1896.
— Natnan William Horatio Sharpe, engiaeer, of 26,
Perth road, Stroud green, London, for improvements
in machines for breaking balls of rolled tea leaf and
sifting the same.

For an invention to be called “ Quiulivan’s simple
and unique machine for hulling pad.jy into clean or
cargo rice by steam, cattle or hand power.” — No. 4. of
1896. — Thomas Quinlivan, engineer and miller, resi-
ding iu the city of Ba igoon, of tl o proiiuco of
Burma, for an invention to be calle.l " Quiulivan’s
simple and unique machine for hulling paddy into
clean or cargo rice by steam, cattle or hand power.”
Specification filed 29lh July 1896.

348 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 2, 1896.

COFFEE PLANTING IN BRITISH CENTRAL
AFRICA.

{Appendir No. 2 to Sir II. Johnston’s Iteport.)

In 1S78 a Mr. Jonathan Duncan wits appointed
by the Chuioh of Scotland Foreign jNlission Com-
mittee to join the Mission in what is now British
Central Africa as a lav member and horticulturist.
Before leaving Edinburgh the present Curator of the
Botanical Gardens there gave him three small coffee
plants, which he took out with him and planted in
the Mission gardens at Blantyre. Prior to this, iii
187C), the late Mr. John Buchanan, C.M.G., nad joined
the same Mission at Blant3're as a lay memoer, es-
pecially in charge of horticultural work. Mr. Buchanan
took a special interest in the cultivation of coffee.
In the year 1680, the sole survivor of the
three plants brought out by Mr. Duncan boro a crop
of about l,0n0 beans, which were all planted, and from
which 400 seeolihgs were eventually reared in the
Blantyre Mission gardens. “ In 1880*, from the 400
trees i4g cwts. of coffee was gathered. The S'ze of
the pits in which the trees were planted were 0 feet
wide by 3 feet detp. They were liiied up witli .alluvial
soil, cow manure,* and wood ashes. 1 believe this
accounts for the eiiornious crop.”

In lh79 IvIp. Henry Henderson, a weii-known lay
member of the Church of Scotland Mission, now dead,
who found 'd the ihantyre Station— wlio may be said,
in fact, to have founded Blantvro, siucc the selection
and purchase of the site, was his own doing— brought
out wdtb him 5(1 lbs. of Ijiberian coffoo seen, liut tiic
introduction of this vai'iety met ^^ith liut scant suc-
cess, and although there are still some survivors
traceable to this introduction, it has been found far
more profitable to plant the small 51ocha coJiee
which was tlie kind originally introduced through the
j,2edium of the Botanical Gardens .it Bdinbuigb.
Later ou, varieties of Jamaica coffee were introduced
bv the Moir Brothers, whilst managers of the African
Lakes Company, Mandala. The blue mountain
variety thus introduced has succeeded vei'} well in the
Shire HigblamB, and to a lesi extent the orange

c jffcfi naspioopcved. , , t

In 1878 Iifr. John Buchanan planted some tedeo
for the Church of Scotland Mission at Zoiiiba, on
the Mluugusi St, -cam, doss to ihe present site oi
the llesidoncy. In 1880 Mr. Buchanan has left tne
service of the Mission, for whom ho Inid worked four
years, and started with first one and tlien two of
nis brothers as coffee planters. It uas a plucky
enterprise, as they had pr.ictically no capital, and
but for the generosity with which they were helped
and supported by Dr. Hankin itheir parish minister
at Mutbill, ill Perthshire) they would probal ly liave
broken down for want of funds. After Mr. Bucha-
nan left the service of the Mission, nothing fiirtlicr
was done by that body as regards coifee planting
other than to keep in good order the parent trees,
one or two of which are said to be still growing in
the Mission grounds at Blantyre. For nearly ten
years (1380 to 1890) Mr. Buchanan and his bothers
were the onlv coflec planters in Ryasaland. In my Re-
port on the tu-st three years’ admiuisiratioii of this Pro-
tectorate I somewhat oiTOiieously gave Mr. Buchanan’s
name as that of the original introducer of coffee into
Briiish Central Africa. This was not quite correct,
though it was not wholly incorrect. Mr. John Buchanan
arrived in this country two years before Mr. Duncan,
and it was on account of his energetic representations
to his friends in Scotland interested in botanical work
that the Cnvator of tbo Edinburgh Botanical Gardens
iutrustod these tliree clfee plants to Mr Jonatham
Duncan to convey to Blantyio. Tins coupled with the
long ten years’ work as the sole coflee planter in what
is now the British Central Africa Piomctoratu, may
f'iiTv entitle Mr. Buchanan to be considered the in-
troducer of coffee culture into British Cenlr.al Africa, a
more potent factor of civiligation, pgrliaps, tlian any

* 1 quote iroiii an ai tide on tlie subject written by
Mr. Jonathan Duncan, now a coffee planter in Central
Africa, to a local newspaper published at Zoniba, the
“ Ceut’ral African Planter.”

other form of commerce or futerprise, and far more
wholesome than the feverish rush for minerals. In
1884 Mr. Buchanan returned to Scotland, and wrote an
interesting book on his attempts to create coffee plan-
tations in the Shire Highlands.*

In 1881) and 1887 the Buchanan Brothers were
much encouraged and helped by Mr. Consul Hawes, f
who, finding their finances at a low ebb, and struck
with their eagerness to turn their abilities to account,
employed them to build the Residency at Zomba,
which is still the best and largest — and perhaps, one
may add, the most durable — building erected up to
the present lime in Central Africa, north of the
Zambezi and south of the Congo. The Government
grounds at Zomba are a piortioii of Mr. Buchanan’s
original coffee estate, and were sold by him to the
Government for a nominal sum. lu 1888 Mr. Buchanan
became Acting Consul, and when the Administration
of the Protectorate was started in 1891, he received
the appointment of Vice-Consul at Biantj're, which he
held up to the time of his death. His services in re-
gard to this coumry were early recognised by Her
Majesty’s Goveiiiirient, and he received a C.M.G. in
1890. At the time of his death, which took place on
the 9th March, 1896, as he was on his way home for
a long holiday, he was still by far the most emsidera-
blo coffee planter in Briiish Central Africa.

At the close of 1889 Mr. Eugene Shairer arrived
ill this country to start coffee jilauting. Mr. Sharrer
had previously visited the Shire Hi^ihlands before
Consul Hawes’ return to England in 1889, and had
been assisted by the latter to acquire some estates in
the Zomba district, and encouraged to start coffee plan-
ting. Then ensue.l the declaration of the British Pro-
tectorate and the immigration of British and other
European planters became so general as, in the course
of a few years, to increase the luimber of planters
in the Shire Province alone to something like 100.
Coffee planting was now established as the chief
industry of Nyasalaud, and undoubtedly it is almost
wholly coffee planting which has brought about such
a prosperous change in this part of Africa, and has
enabled our local revenue to rise from nothing to
20,000/. per annum in five ye.ars.

Out of the approximate 100 which forms about the
present total of the planters, 12 are Europeans of
other than British nationality, and consist nf 4 Dutch-
men, 3 Germans, 1 Fceuchmaii, 1 Italian, 2 Austrian
Poles, and 1 Portuguese (recently established in Mlanje.)

Besides lliese European planters, it is pleasant to
bo able to record that six natives who liave risen,
most of them from the position of scholars at the
Mi.ssion schools, have started and are doing well as
coffee planters. One of tlicse men is a native Chief,
who surrendered his governing rights to ttie British
Government, and has gone in vigorously for coffee
planting. The ether natives are George Chokobwino,
“David Livingstone,” Tom and Sam Makwito (these
two were educated at the Lovodale Institute, South
Africa), and Donald Malota. In addition to these, I
may mention the Chi f Mliainliu, lire senior member
of the native Council at Kotakota, on Lake Nyasa (a
Muhammadan), who has shown himself intensely in-
terested in all these questions of planting and stock-
breeding, and who lias started coffee planting on a
small scale in the Marimba district. The Church of
Scotland Mission, which was the pioneer in the intro-
duction of coffee, but which until quite recently never
went in for coffee planting, has now started a small
estate worked by its scholars.

The Zambezi Industrial Mis.sion makes coffee plant-
ing its principal industry, and hopes in time to
become self-supporting from the proceeds of its planta-
tions.

Tlie African Lakes Corporation, though mainly a
trading Company, have some nourishing coffee plan-
tations.

Coffee planting is at present almost entirely confined
to the Shire Province, and, indeed, to the much more

* “ The Shire Higlilinds,” published by Black-
wood.

I Now Her Magesty’s Coinmissionor and Consnl-
laeiicr in Hawaii.

Nov. a, 1896,]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

349

restricted area of the Shin; Highlands. A little is
done in Angoniland (Upper Shiib and South Nyasa
districts), and a very little in the Marimba district.
Coffee planting has also been started by the Livings-
tonia Mission in the North Nyasa district, but at
present without any results to be chronicled.

Messrs. Buchanan Brothers have under cultiva-
tion about 900 acres of coffee on their v.irioiis
plantations, situated between Zomba on the north
and the River Ruo on the South. They have in
their employ nine Europeans in various capacities
looiiing after the coffee. Ttiey expect to export this
year nearly 100 tons.

Mr. E. 0. A. Shax'rer is the largest owner of es-
tates in all the Protectorate, as is shown by the
accompanying map. These amount to an approxi-
mate 365,000 acres, of which only about 900 are at
present under cultivation with coffee. He employs
about nineteen European assistants to look after
these estates, and cotton is grown as well as coffee.
His plantations being very much j'ouuger than those
of Buchanan Brothers, his export is comparatively
little at present, but I believe he will send home
about 20 to 30 tons of the present year’s crop.

Mr. Hugh Bloomfield Bradshaw formerly an officer
in a cavalry regiment, has some large estates in
the Mlanje district. His approximate area und,er
cultivation is 300 aci-es, and he expects to export
about 20 tons of coffee this year.

Messrs. Petitt Br-others, who came out originally to
hunt, took to planting coffee four years ago. They
own about 50,000 acres, of which about 300 acres are
planted out. Their out-turn this year is expected to
reach 20 tons. They employ five European assistants.

Mr. John W. Moir, for many years joint manager of
the African Lakes Company, has about 230 acres planted
with coffee in the Mlanje district and will pro-
bably export a little over 10 tons in the course of the
present year. Mr. Moir employs three European
assistants.

Mr. Henry Brown also formerly in the service of the
African Lakes Company, a planter on Mlanje, will
export about 10 tons this year.

Mr. Kasimir Steblecki, an Austrian Pole, has about
200 acres under cultivation, and may export as much
this year as 12 tons.

So far as I am aware, no other planter expects
his year’s output to reach 10 tons, as the other
plantations are scarcely old enough to bear more
than “maiden” crops. The total export of coffee anti-
cipated during the year 1896 is expected to reach a
total of 350 tons.

It is worthy of note that a great interest has been
taken lately by Ceylon planters in the prospects of
successful coffee cultivation in British Central Africa.
There is one Company already established in Ceylon,
the Nyasaland Coffee Company, which has acquired
valuable estates in the Mlanje disti i>;t, and is placing
a large area under cultivation. I believe, in addition,
one or two Englishmen have come here from Ceylon,
and are starting coffee planting on theii ' .wr account.

The ordinary procedure of an average planter on
coming into this country is to start planting in the
following manner : —

After selecting and purchasing his land, he begins
by obtaining labour (this should be about the month
of .June; it is advisable to commence at that season
of the year), and cuts down all the superfluous timber
on the land he wishes to plant, and uproots the bush
which, together with the timber, he carefully burns and
mixes the arhes with the soil. The further dealing
of grass ttc., is effected by hoeing. The ground is now
lined out in regular rows from 6 feet to 7 foot apart,
and at equal intervals of not less thjn 6 feet or 7 feet,
pits are dug in these lines with a common hoe, 18
inches wide and 18 inches deep. These pits then are
left open for as long as possible (say until September)
to “ weather,” then they are filled up and a biunhoo
stuck in the centre to mark the place where the
coffee plant is to be inserted. Prior to this tbo
planter will either have made a nursery for himself,
rearing the young plants from seed, or will have made an
arrangement with some neighbouring planter to pur-
chase seedlings already grown, When the rains be-

gin about the latter end of November, he proceeds
to plant out the seedlings in the aforesaid pits,
taking care that sufficient labour is available at this
time of year to keep all the land which he is cul-
tivating free from grass and weeds. The majority
of planters up to ihc present time have contented
themselves with erecting a wattle and daub-Louso
with a thatched roof, not caiiiig to l.uild a more
substantial or sanitary dwelling until they are sure
of smne leturn from their coffee. But tlie older
p’auUrs have already built for themselves good sub-
stantial brick houses, and some oi the newei. men,
realiziug how important it is to health, start house-
building at the very comineucement on substautial
Hues, i consider mud houses of one storey and
thatched roofs unsanitary. The house is generally
damp, as the floor is simply on the ground, and
the thatched roof rots with the wet, and the rotting
grass seems actually to be the cause of certain
forms of sickness. The best kind of house which
could be put up rapidly smd with little expense
would be with corrugated iron (roof and sides),
having a timber lining to moderate the great
heat coming from the iron dmiug liie day-
time. Undoubtedly the best kind ot house for
this climate is one of brick with a corrugated iron
roof and timber ceilings. The average amount of
ground which a man is able to open np who has
at his command sufficient capital to employ lUO men is
about 60 or 70 acres of coffee a-year. This would
come into bearing with what is called the “ maiden
crop ” after three years.

The estimated total expense of the planting, up-
keep, aud bringing into bearing of (say) 100 acres,
together with the cost of the planter’s living iu a
reasonably comfortable style, should not ani'mnt to
more than l,000f. This, however, would not cover
the expense of erecting a brick ho ise, brick pulp-
ing vats, and importing machinery for pulping. If,
after the first year, the planter is not desirous of in-
creasing the area under cultivation, and merely
contents himself with keeping the plantation clear
of weeds, draining it and making roads through
it, he should be very well to keep within the
above mentioned expenditure of 1,000/. until his
coffee brings him some return. 'The third year
generally about the end of June, the crep is ready
for picking. This is, of course, one of the busiest
times for the planter. The care whicl' s necessary
for the proper pulping, and more especially for the
preparing of the coffee for shipment, entails con-
siderable trouble in this country, because even
during the dry season we are apt to be surprised
with occasional showers of rain. Perhaps the best
time for shipping coffee from this country is at the
end of the very dry montJi of October.

As regards pulping: The usual process adopted in
this country is similar to that in Vogue elsewhere.
The berry wheu picked (it is here spoken of as the"
“ cherry”) is passed through a pulper, all of which in
this Protectorate, with one exception, are worked by
hand power. The beans are here* separated from the
sweet, fleshy envelope which covers them, and are
passed into a brick vat wliere they are left (accord-
ing to the temperature) for iwenty-four to thirty-six
hours for fermentation. They are then passed onto
a second vat, thoroughly washed, taken out and
dried. The pulper iu general use in this country is
Gordoii’s cylindrical pulper, but this season oue of
Walker’s twin disc pulpers was impoited an,: proved
a gioat success. Some planters with a very limuM
maiden Cl op do not care to go to the expense- t-i -.a--
chasing a pulper, and their coffee when pi -.Led is
generally pulped by hand and dried. Prom what I
can gather the average out-tuim of coffbe per acre
ill this Protectorate is from 3 cwt. to 3§ ci.c. ; there
h-avo baen exceptional cases where as much as 17
cwt. \j ■ acre have been taken, bat this result
iu no w ly bo taken iu miking air estimate. In ne-
glected gardens a return as poor as 50 ibs. to 60 I03.
per acre has been realised; but it is geuerally con-
sidered tliat the above estimate of 34 cwt. per acre
is oue which can be relied on if ordinary care is taken
of the plantation.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS I\

I Nov. 2, 1896

3SO

During 1894-it5 much greater care was taken in
the cultivation of coffee than was hitherto the case.
The system of “topping”* was universally adopted,
though not to the extent to which it is carried on
in Ceylon and India. This will to a greater extent
necessitate the training and np-keop of a permanent
staff of natives to handle and prune the coffee in
a proper manner, otherwise “ topping ” will do
more harm than good. Another measure that has
been more adopted than formerly is the replenishing
of the soil by manure in some cases, and in others
by trenching and forking. The results of these
measures will on the one hand tend to reduce the
excessive bearing of the maiden crop, but will bring
about a more regular syotein of bearing for a
number of years. A great deal of diseased berry
was found amongst the 18911)5 crop, due, it is
thought, to the early fall of the rains, which brought
the coffee prematurely into blossom, leaving the
seed to suffer from subsequent droughts. Other
persons hold the opinion that empty or diseased
berry is caused by the presence of a beetle resem-
bling the ladybird, which has been very prevalent in
some districts. The Ceylon planters assert that the
cause lies with the well-known green bug, an insect
which sucks the sap of the coffee tree, and that the
remedy is to bo found in shade and good manure.

The coffee sent homo in 1895 realised higher prices
than those quoted for 1891. ar.d some samples are
said to have been bought at the record price of
Ills per cwt. The prospects of the coming crop of
1896 are good beyond all previous years, chiefly owing
to the abundant rainfall, which has been at least
10 inches above the average.

I attach to this Appendix a sketch map showing
the estates, a portion of which are under coffee, or
which are intended for the cultivation of coffee.
The area covered by this map is the southern por-
tion of the Shire Province.

In drawing up this Appendix on coffee planting I
have to acknowledge much assistance from Mr. J. E.
McMaster, and have also to mention that all the
planters when applied to were ready to supply me
with information. II. H. J.

LANTANA— THE FORESTER’S FRIEND?

I do not see why your esteemed correspondent, C.
Bagshasve, should accuse me of jesting on this sad
subject. Sure nobody can have a more thorough
objection to jokes — at times than myself. I am,
however, seriously obliged for the intero ting extract
quoted and can only hope for pardon if I suggest that
the real inward gist thereof is precisely what I said
in March; viz., that we do not know everything about
Lantana, and that there is at least room for two
opinions as to its possible utility in forests, if rightly
used. I am quite ignorant as to who was Mr. Lawrie’s
predecessor, so have no idea which of the two carries
the greater professional weight, but the extract from
the Coorg report simply shows that Mr. Lawrie dis-
approves of Jjaittana, whereas his predecssor held the
contrary opinion. Having had under my charge
certain of these impenetrable Lantana jungles, I
certainly never advocated sitting at ease while the
Lantana over runs the whole country. What I still
advocate is using the J.antana as a servant, and finding
out the conditions in which it can be utilised,
instead of going blindly to work trying to extermi-
nate it by sheer expenditure of money, its. 17,000 have
almost exterminated the plant from Berar, and it is
open to Mr. Bagshawe to think that the expenditure
in the future will be trifling but, it is also open to
others to be less sanguine, and even to anticipate the
need for a similar expenditure before say ton years
are out. What have they got on the ground in place
of the Berar Jjantana ? I do not know the circumst inces
or Berar, but if it is h.vre soil, I should be inclined
to think the mousy none too well invested, while if

* Cutting off the primary shoots of the tree so that
its secondaries may develop and come into bearing.

it is grass, I should be inclined to think a good deal
loss of the bargain still, for it is my experience that
grass is infinitely more dangerous than Lantana
The facts disclosed in the Coorg report do not, in my
opinion, go any way at all towards disposing of the
T orester’s-friend theory. All they prove is that a
crop of young sandalwood was allowed to be ruined
by Lantana for want of timely care. This want
of timely care is not to imply any fault of the F’orests
.being, doubtless, the necessary result of present
conditions, but it would be equally unjust to blame
the Lantana. What was wrong was the treatment
Brereof. I might venture to suggest that if the
lis. 17,000 spent in Berar had been spent in Coorg, the
latter might have been the richer by large areas
of sandal saved till it was able to kill out the Latitana
on its own account, while Berar might have been, as
Ingoldsby says, not one penny the worse. Vai.lp.da. —
Indian Forester.

.#■

BBAlNllJNLr HRUSFEUTS IN FIJI.

With its productive soil and, without doubt
the healthiest tropical country in the world, Fiji
iiae a magnificent futuie in store for it, but the
pity of it is that its_consummation is not soine-
wiiat hastened by a little display of wisdom in
the directing of its affairs. New blood, in the
shape of intelligent, young and energetic men,
with a small amount of capital, is sorely needed
to settle upon and develope its acres, and money
in the shape of a loan to be devoted to the
specific purpose of improving its fortunes is of
first importance. If the condition of the country
is te be improved, coolie labourers require to be
imported, and otlier initial expenses, insepar-
able ^ with any scheme for encouraging
colonisation, require to be provided for. If
an addftion of desirable colonists is to be
secured it will be necessary that the induce-
ments be such that they be sufficiently attrac-
tive. Were a dozen or two of planters to arrive
here, tomorrow say, from the sugar districts of
New South Wales, where they are threatened to
be “froze out” by the new tariff conditions of
that colony ; or, it m.ny be — and many of us
fondly hope that such will be the case— that a
few gentlemen, learning that Fiji is likely to
be ^famerl as a tobacco producing country, were
desirous of throwing in their fortunes with us,
the (piestion of an adequate supply of laboui'ers
would be a very .serious matter, and its absence
would go a long way to cause tliem 10 waver
in their preconceived determination of makin«'
their home in this country. New people com-
ing here with monvy in their pockets, bent on
a certain 2^urpose, would not appreciate havino'
to wait the best part of a year before their
re(iuirements with regard to labour could be satis-
hei. “Life is too short,” they would say, “We’ll
go and try Queensland or the New Hebrides : both
out money and our presence will be welcome there.”
Again, another drawback to our labour condi-
tions in the employment of coolie labourers to
men of small capital, would be the plank-
ing down of the whole cost of their introduction
fees before they entered service. For lar»e
caj)ita ists and corporations this course woutd

possibly be a matter of supreme indifference but

It would be otherwise vvitli indiviiluals of limi-
ted meiuis. To a well-regulated system of labour
sapply in the hands of tiie Lrovernment, it should
not be of supreme importance whether or not
the cost of introduction were paid down on the
nail or .listributcd by half-yearly |.ayments over
the li\e years of coohe indentureship. Jiefore
however, the Government could so accommodate
the planter it would be necessary that it poss-

Nov. 2, 1896. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

351

essed tlic funds to enable it to do so, and a
loan for the purpose would t.e a necessity. A
loan for a like i)urpose sanctioned by tlie Sec-
retary oi State, was recently iicffotiated on
the London market by the Crown Colony of
British Guiana. In many other ways the future
of the colony requires to be anticipated. For
instance — and we are not sure but that the funds
of the colony may be of a siuhciemly elastic
nature to permit of the ex]iense being defrayed
out of revenue — the natives at their last annual
meeting suggested for the consideration of the
Governor, that a commission of one or more be
sent to Honolulu to find out the method of pre-
paring dalo there, as the chiefs here, were desirous
of adoj)ting so good an e.vample. The same
commission might also, with advantage, learn
something with reference to rice cultivation, and
the prolits which accrue. Wrinkles might also, at
the same time, be gleaned with respect to sugar-
cane growing and manipulation with economies,
and the methods pursued with regard to packing
and shipping bananas to San Francisco. And if the
experiences gleaned were afterwards approved of
and deemed aihantageous, thei'e is no reason
why the Ma.untius should not be visited, and
this colony instructed what is being done there
with the fibre industry, as we are informed that
the fibre i)lant which nourishes so well in this
colony is of the same variety as that M'hich is
manufactured in Mauritius. And then, why
not Cuba be likewise visited. The “ jn-ospect”
is certainly encouraging enough if we were
only a little more enterprising. Wrinkles with
re'uard to sugar could be noted but more parti-
cularly with respect to Havannah tobacco and
cigar manufacture. The condition of that un-
fortunate island is such that there should be
little difficulty at this time in inducing a small
colony of say a dozen tobacco producers and
cigar manufacturers to transfer themselves from
that fever and war-stricken country to Fiji, were
opportunity afforded them. The tobacco industry at
Jamaica is not yet, if we remember rightly,
forty years old, and was introduced into that
country niiicli in the same way as now suggest-
eil. All fhe products we have enumerated
are grown here, but the colony re<[uires
to glean more exact information regarding
their gro\'th and manufacture. In fact we
require to be fortilled with a lot of technical
matters with regaial to them which can only be
ascertained by .some cute me.ssengcr whose ser-
vices require to be retained for the ex[iress pur-
]iose, and we think the public excheijuer should
defray the cost. The amount of energy now
being <Us)dayed by Governments, both sm.all and
large, in leaving no stone unturned to keep their
people well-posted in all matters effecting their
natural products wouhl have been \ieweil ,..s
marvellous a few years ago but is now only re-
garded in the light of a duty engendered by
competition and as absolutely a necessity if the
survival of the fittest is to be jnstilied and
maintained.

If no ability or inclination be c\inced on our
part to enter the arena of progress than we
hav'e only ourselves to thank f(»r our su]iinenes,s
if other countries march ahead of us. If there
be no 'seed-time on our pai't then we are perfectly
certain there can he no h.arvest. And it shoulll
be ])lain to all of us that if our progress be not
nearly so rajuil as our neighbours, its cause must
be attributed to our lack nf energy and that our
nonprogressivene.ss is but a conscciucnt and
natural effect. — Fiji Timc-i, Sei)t. !).

44

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS OF AMERICA.

From Ratzel’s “ History of Mankind,” Part
XI, we quote the following : —

The climate of America used in the last century
to pass for inordinately co’d and damp, and the
highly premature question, whether it were nob
detrimental to the development of American
humanity, long forme<l a standing subject of dis-
cussion. America embraces very hot and dry
regions ; but in the north the Arctic climate
penetrates so far into the continent that even
Labrador, in the latitude of England, is an in-
hospitable polar country. Cold winters and hot
summers cliaracterise the larger part of North
America. The southern half of California on the
Pacific coast is an Italy-like oasis ; but as we
proceeil inland, with the rising ground the driest
portions of the continent soon come into view.
It is only to the east of longitude 98° W. that
agriculture is practicable without artificial irri-
gation, and that forests or even groves of any
extent ai'e found.

In Mexico, too, and as far as Patagonia, the
western region is the driest. Westward of the
tributaries of the River Plate we come into a
distiict the steppe-like character of which quite
reminds us of that about the sources of the
western tributaries of the Mississippi. The Paan-
pas may be called the prairies of Houth America ;
the wormwood Hats of the north are rejrroduced
in the Chauar steppe at the foot of the Ande.s,
and the desert of Atacama in the .Salinas and the
Cam|)o del Arenal. Bub the genuine prairies are
the Paiu))as which from Corcloba to Patagonia,
between 29° and 40° >S. latituile, cover a .soft
soil free from shingle — one of the most monoto-
nous grass-steppes in the world. Fhirther south-
rvard comes the Patagonian steppe with its rough
stony soil.

Between the tropics lies a highly-favoured region
of the world. 'I'he manifold conliguration of the
ground offers a rich variety, and above the eternal
midsummer of the Amazon and Orinoco low-
lands, eternal sjiring is gorgeous on the lovely
middle shqres of the Corililleras. It is just the
regions of the ancient civilization of America
wliich share this good fortune ; Mexico, Bogota,
(i}uibo, have perjietually a temperature of early
summer, while in tiuito the difference between
summer and winter is not more than 3°. Near
Cuzco the spring is permanent, at least in some
charming oases.

Flora and fauna are richly developed, but have
supplied fewer cultivable plants and domestic
animals than has the Old World. Maize, pota-
toes, sweet potatoes, tobacco, cacao, mate, are
all we can name as having acquii'e<l importance
for mankind ; mIuIc of animals hardly any can
be jucked out. Turkeys, the cochineal insect,
guinca-))igs. stand at most on the same level as
vanilla. The later acquisition for medicine of
Peruvian bnrk and curare gives reason to ho|)e
that many another \'aluable pi’oduct may yet
spread from those countries over the world. One
can jiuiut to a long list of pi nits of which the
settlers have learnt from the Indians, and Mhich
have become useful and often indispensable to
them, grain bearing grasses among them— the
zizania or water-rice of America, and the lloating
(jhli'cria ; thmi tlie ccltinoc/iloa, cultivated in
Alex'ico like millet, the Euc/i/acna lunirians,
closely .akin to maize, growing wild in Guate-
mala, and bearing there the name teosinte, “ the
maize of the gods.” Species of andjounf-

c.um with edible grains occur in South America.
If wo add the quinoa, the Peruvian grain-bear-

352

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 2, i8y6.

ill).? plant which holds a j>osition like our buck-
wheat, we liave a whole list of meal-producing
plants, among which, however, only maize in its
numerous varieties was generally cultivated in
the tropical and temperate regions of north aiul
south. Not until the introduction of domestic
animals from Europe was the great wealth of
nutritious grasses utilised. Among many races
of ancient America, and above all among the
more civilized, vegetable diet prevailed over liesh
food. To the great wealth of tropical America
in palms corresponds in some measure the abund-
ance of useful articles wiiich are produced from
them. Even bamboo hanlly fullils so many uses
as the carnahuba ])ahn of Brazil (Copernicia
cerifera), which lasts through the woi’st .and longest
droughts, remaining always green and juicy. Its
root has medicinal properties similar to those of
sarsaparilla, and from the stem fine strong fibres
can be drawn. Its wood can be worked for
poles, beams, laths, palings, musical instruments,
pipes, and pails. The young leaves, when fresh,
afford a nutritious food ; the tree further furnishes
wine, vinegar, sugar, and a gum, resembling sago,
whicli in times of famine has often been the .sole
sustenance of the Indians. Besides this. Hour,
and a whitish fluid like the milk in the coco-
nut, have been obtained from it. The soft fibrous
substance in the interior of the leaves and stalk
is a substitute for cork. The fruit has a llesli
of agreeable flavour, tlie oily kernels are roasted,
ground, and used as coffee. Erom the dried leaves
are made hats, mats, baskets, ami brooms, and
a kind of wa.x for camlles is also obtained from
it. Wax is furnished also by the slender t'e/ury-
lo?i andicola, one of the handsomest of trees with
its 2U0 to 2n0 feet of height. The Tagua palm
gives vegetable ivory — witli ca(»utehouc and Peru-
vian bark one of tiie few natural jiroducts of
South America which have made their way to
any large extent into trade. The fan-like leaves
of the Brazilian king palm {Orcodo.ra vcyia), nearly
forty feet in length, find a use in various direc-
tion's. The Mariba palm has edible fruit ; tlie
juicy sweet flesh in which its seeds are covered
is a 'Treat delicacy with the Indians, and a
maximlUana covered with rijio fruit is not likely
to remain long unspared by travellers. Two or
throe palms in the north of South America fur-
nish cooling drinks such as the Caribs especially
love. The Macusi Indians knead the or.ange-
tinte'l I'orridge -like pulp of the mauritia into a
dough which they tie up in the leaves of the
mariba palm and' take in water. From the dark
violet roots of the tuni ])alm also, the Indians
and Negroes of (luiana brew a cooling drink
by the addition of water. In consideration of
tiie many uses to which jialms, otherwise of no
value, can be jmt in the way of building, timl)er
rooling mateiial, .and so on, the more intelligent
among even the Iiulians long since bcg.an to
take care of them .and i)lant them, cspeci.ally
the coco-jialm and, on the Moscpiito co.ast, tlie
supar palm.

The primeval forest of South .and Central
America contains edible fruits iti abundance —
guava, the orhaba re.sembling the winter cherry,
curupa and chidupa, mainmee, chiritnoya, avogado
pear, cashew nut, cirnda, I'ine a])i)'c - <ircn(i.dM-
laa, the fiuits of a p.assion flower, soianunis of
all kinds, from tlie cherry tomato to the pun-
gent chillies which furnish the so-callcd ('nyenne
pcjiiier, the indi‘ pcnsiible .se<asonii\g of all Indian
foods. Almost .all have spreail far beyond the
confines of America. North America has a whole
list of nut trees, including walnut and hickory.

The nut tree of Colombia riv.als the walnuts of
Europe and America. INIany leguminous trees
furnish edible seeds. There are mulberries in
North America .and on the plate lu of Bogota.
In higher situations, and in the most soutlierly
parts of South .-\mcrica, there is also an abun-
dance of berries, even in Colombia species of
rubus. In North America the fruits of two kinds
of chestnuts are eaten ; there al.so edilde nuts
are borne bj' two species of hazel, and in the
south by some witch hazels. .Sweet acorns are
gathered from the live oaks ; in the west the
pxhon h.as edible oily kernels ; the wild papaw
or melon tree (Papaya vidqaris) furnishe.s fruit
like melons ; species of wild plum .are widely
distribute'!. In North America v.arious species
of the vine grow wild, some very - ju'oductive
and of well-flavoured fruit which .are now culti-
vated in Eurojie.

Even the far west of North America, and again,
in spite of their steppe-character, the plains of
South America, .are by no means destitute of
edible fruits. In the region of the Rocky
Mountains and the Great Basin there are plums,
cherries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, and
gooseberries. In Californii meal made from the
fruit of the ^^^««2«)^lYa-bush is an important arti-
cle in the economy of the Indians. .Schmiedel
mentions bread made from the seed of .a legu-
minous plant as being eaten by the Indians of
the Fampas. In New Mexico and West Tex.as
there are two s))ecies of mulberry and several
of vine. Under the name of panodic the Indians
of California know a .saccharine substance of
the nature of manna, which is exuded by .aphides
on the leaves of the reed ; ami also the sweetish
juice of the sugar-pine (P. Lambertiana), which,
however, tastes, more of turpentine than of
sugar. The well-flavoured sug.ar of the sugar-
maple is to the present day of importance for
the settlers in the e.ast of IShn-th Amcrie.a. Be-
sides the numerous conifers, rich in balsam and
resin, we may mention the wax-berry, fiom the
berries of which .a wax-like substance is ol)tained
by boiling. For a black dj'e tbc North Ameri-
cans employ the seed of the snnilowcr and the
bark of the willow, and for red the roots of
sacoi/euue and buffalo-berry. l'\)r fishing-lines
they use the bast of the maple, the rod cedar,
or the stalks— as thick as a linger — of .a giant
oar-weed. Of medicinal hcrl)s there is no lack.

Yuccas and .agaves furnish filuous material.-'.
In old Mexico paper was i)rcparcd from the
libers of the nnaguey and the bast of the india-
rubber tree. At the present daj' the liber of
the .sisal agave of Yuc.atan is in demand. In
the highlands of South America similar materials
were afforded by fourcroiat, and the bromdiacctr.
C.aoutchonc is obtained from various trees
and crcejters ; the dried juice of the Mimosops
halaia is used by the Indians of Guian.a fo smear
their arrows ; when fresh they drink it like
milk; the fruit is e(|ually appreciated by men
and monkeys, and the wood, under the name
of botcri, is one of the favourite building tim-
bers of Venezucl.a. The resin of the serves
for stiffening bow-strings. In the Coloml.ian
lowlands all the huts consist of bamboo, which
grows in ((uantitics near the Cauca. The fle.di
of m.any sjiecies c>f cucumber is eaten, while
others provide calabashes, but the favourtie kind,
called fotuiiin, is made from tlie Imllowed-oul
fruit of the Cresenifia. The Smith .\mcrican
Indians paint themselves with annatto from the
urulii (Ui.ra ordlaiia) and the ;/cnipaba (Gcnijia
ainerivana). Nowhere is nature so well adapted

353

Nov. 2, 1896.] THE TROPICAL

for the limiting' and forest life as in America,
and ill Kortli America at least full jnstice lias
been done to her wealth. It would require a
book to recount all the materials used hy the
Indians. Oiily a few c.xamples need here be ;^iveii.
The Canadian refreshes himself by chewing the
sap wood of the poplar called “ La sevre the
juice has a [deaisant sweetish taste like water-
melons, and acts as a restorative. When snow
covers the prairie this is often the only lood
for horses obtainable in the absence of fodder.
Th e Wbntuns of California often fill their
stomachs in winter with the sweet bark of the
yellow ))inc. On the u[iper Saskatchewan, when
hunting and fishing fail, the Indian scrapes a
lichen, (jjU'ophora, and boils it into a nutritious
jelly. Among the Yuma tribes the roots of the
ine.scal {A<jara deserti) are roasted and oaten for
the sake of their flavour. The stone-pine
af'ords nuts; the opunlin and another cactus,
the Pifahni/a, sweet fruits ; the locust-tree sweet
pods, and, in its seed wlien crushed, a nutritious
meal ; amolr (yucca) edible fruit and tougli libre;
palmetto, in its leaf-buds, a substitute for cab-
bage ; the young leaves of Arjnoc amt'ricann,
when cooked, a savoury dish. I^eaves of certain
ericnceoi furnish tea, and the arbutus is mixed
with tobacco. Of edible fungi 108 kinds are
reckoned in North Carolina alone. The so-called
“ Indian bread ” is a fungus attaining a weight
ef .30 lb, The tomato is everywhere employed.
\ aniila first attained importance through Euro-
peans; but cacao was useil and valued in earlier
imes. The coca of Peru (Erijt/iroxylon coca)
was known even into Central America as nayo)
each leaf was separately detached from the stalk
with the thumb-nail, and dried in earthen pots
over the fire.

Imported plants have become widely distribirted,
in some degree even those which white settlers
did not cultivate. Thus bread-fruit grows wild
in some of the West Indian islands, where the
indolent and contented negroes require hardly
anything further for their sustenance. Lhe
cultivation of sugar aud cotton in plantations
has hardly brought any advantage to the in-
dividual Indian, since he lacks capital ami organis-
ing pow’er ; but in Mexico and Central America
cottee-planting, which requires only hard work
and the hoe, has had a more favourable effect ; and
the same may be said of tobacco. On the other
hand, the Indian has nowdiere adapted himself
to such forms of cultivation as those of the vine
or the olive ; nor indeed have the Indians, even
when settled for generations, taken to agricul-
ture in the European style as it is carried on in
the temperate districts or North America, the
Tierras Frias of the Mexican and South Ameri-
can highlands, or on the lliver Plate, so readily
as to cattle-breeding, which has turned them
and the half-breeds on the Llanos and Pampas
into distinctly pastoral nomads, under the name
of llcmeros, and gcmchos, and races of horsemen.

SELANGOR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION.

We have received a copy of the minutes of a.
general meeting held on Saturday, 20th September.

The following resolution proposed by Mr. Gibson
and seconded by Mr. Carf.y was carried unanimously: —

“That the Association should again address the
Government on the subject of sales of land by auc-
tion in Selangor, with a view to having the State
put on the same footing as the rest of the Fede-
rated States, where grants of land are given to suit-
able applicants.”

AGRICUl/rURIST.

The Chairman laid on the table a draft co^jy of
a Bill entitled “ An Oi’dinance for the Protection
of Indian Immigrants,” which had been sent to
him as a luembor of the late Ijabour Commission,
by the Colonial Secretary, and ho drew the atten-
tion of the meeting to various points in the (Jrdi-
nauce. After some discussion it was resolved that
the Hon. Secretary should write to the Colonial
Secretary asking if the operations of the
Ordinance is to ne confined to the Colony, and l.if
not whether a certain number of copies could be
supplied to the Association, failing which it was
agreed that they should be printed in the State aud
distributed to members,

7. Head letter from the British Pmsident to the
Chairman, forwarding a draft of the ‘‘Federal Pro-
duce Protection Enactment, 1.S97,” and intimating
that the Government will be glad to receive the views
of the Selangor Planters’ Association. Resolred that
the letter be acknowledged and the Government
thanked for forwarding the proposed Enactment,
which is approved of by the meeting, aud that
printed copies bo sent to all members with a view
to ascertaining the general ‘opinion of the planting
community.

8. Mr. Huttenbach addressed the meeting on the
subject of Government inspection of oil engines, as
prime movers, for which a fee is charged, although
they are free from ihe risk and danger attending
steam engines. Resolved that the Hon. Secretary
enquire as to what is done in other countries before
taking any further action in the matter.

ZANZIBAR CLOVES.

There have been signs lately of an impending specula-
tive movement to force up the price of Zanzibar cloves.
In the early part of the month a Mincing Lane firm of
brokers, who are currently reported to act for a rich
“ syndicate,” actuallv purchased considerable quanti-
ties, although the price did not advance beyond one
or two points. It is well known that in the early days
of the late Colonel North’s “camphor syndicate” the
speculators banded together under that Sobriquet at-
tempted to corner the clove-market along with the
other departments of the Mincing Lane produce-trade
to which they turned their attention. The clove
speculation w'as unsuccessful from the beginning — as,
indeed, it could hardly help being, considering the
enormous supplies of the spice in Europe and the
Bast, It W'as quickly and quietly dropped, but
it is now said that the recent tentative movement
W'as engineered by some members of the old “ syndi-
cate” resuscitated. Whatever truth there may be
in this statement, a more inopportune time for an
upward movement in cloves could hardly be imagined.
Sheer over-production has forced down the price of
Zanzibar cloves to almost the lowest figure on re-
cord. There is no prospect — barring a total failure of
the crop or a destruction of the plantations by a
hurricane — that there will be any considerable dimi-
nution in the supply. The stock in the London
public warehouses alone is about 81,000 bales — equal
to one and a half year’s average output in Zanzibar —
and there is no reason whatever for assuming that
theie will be a marked increase in the consumption.
It is rumoured, indeed, that over one-half of this
enormous London stock has been quietly bought un
by the syndicate, but no convincing evidence is
brought forward to bear out that as.sertion. Clove
oil (the chief article of pharmaceutical interest) is
now lower in price than it has ever been, aud a
halfpenny advance in cloves would almost certainly
react upon the oil-market.

The chief reason which has been brought forward
as a possible cause for a permanent advance in the
price of cloves is that, after the recent events in
Zanzibar, slavery may be abolished in the Sultan-
ate. As the clove-plantations, which are almost
entirely owned by Alabs , are worked by slave-labour,
it is thought that the cost of production of tl.e
spice would, in that case, be much increased. That

354

THE TROPICAL AGRlCULTUKlS 1

[Nov. 2, 1896.

may be so. but in the meantime there is nothing
to show tnat there will be any change in the con-
ditions of labour in Zanzibar yet awhile.

According to a recently-published report of the
British Consul at Zanzibar, the production of cloves
shows a tendency to increase, in spite of the low
prices that have ruled for some years. The total
quantities of cloves brought to market in Zanzibar
during the past six years (in frazilehs of 35 lb.)
have been —

Year. 18‘J0. 1892. 1893. 1891. 1895.

Zanzi-

bar

cloves 124,929 69,388 121,398 108,090 138,691 116,397
Pemba

cloves 381,933 324,252 236,211 259,367 372,999 391,460

Total 509,862 393,640 357,609 367,457 511,690 537,8.57
Not much hope for speculators here. These figures
represent the actual quantities brought into Zanzibar
from the “ Shambas,” or plantations, between
January 1 and December 31, although the proper
season when cloves are picked, dried, and brought to
market extends from September to March. They
show that the production during 1895 is the largest
of the series. The continued heavy crops have caused
a glut in the home markets, although shipments at
the lower prices are still being made, especially to
Bombay, Marseilles, and Hamburg, which three ports,
indeed,’ absorbed most of the consignments during
the last half of 1895, London taking comparatively
but a small quantity.

In 1895 there were three convictions under the
proclamation of the Sultan og .iiist the adulteration
of cloves. The cloves, which were in these instances
imported by British Indian^ from Pemba, were found
to be adulterated with salt, and were seized and
publicly burned ; and this action has already had a
deterrent effect on a practice which was becoming very
common. — Chemist and Dniggist, Sept. 26.

THE DEPRESSION IN GAiMBIER.

The gambier market is in a position most un-
satisfactory to all concerned, importers, dealers and
consumers alike. Usually^ the last named ai*e pleased
at the low prices, but in this instance they hold
large stocks, which they cannot make use of, and
which they purchased at prices higher than those

now prevailing. . , , ...

The present price is the lowest m many years,
if not in the history of the article, some in the trade
remembering 3gc. as the lowest price previously
reached. The depression is really due to lack of
husiiiess in the industries which use gambier. Trade
has been dull all the year, yet the shipments were
maintained about on a par wuth 1895, and under
aach circumstances there could be but one result.
The situation September 1, showed shipments from
Singapore to Atlantic ports, from January 1, 63,000
bales againt 66,000 bales for the same period m 189o.
The 'deliveries were but 49,000 bales, against 91,000
In 1895 The visible supply at Atlantic ports from
Sentem’ber 1 to December 31 is placed at 44,000 bales,
which includes a stock in store of 12,000 bales, and
a stock to arrive of 32,000 bales, not counting steamer
lots either direct or from Loudon. The Hankow
arrived September 5, with 2,300 bales direct, and the
America from London, September 6, with 1,800 bales,
and other lots may follow to swell the visible supply.
Tha deliveries for tho last four months were 49,000
bales in 1895, 30,0t!0 bales in 1894, and 25,000 bales
in 1893 The visible supply, therefore, for the next four
months is 47,800 bales, almost equal to the deliveries
for the first eight mouths of the year. With a falling-
off of 12 000 bales over 1895 in the deliveries from
January ’l to September 1, it is not to be e.xpected
that the deliveries for tho next four months will
a-^gregate those for the same period in 189o.

Sales have been mado at 2 92.ic during the week,
and while the market appears a little firmer it is
doubtless due to the uon-arnval ofthe“Ialconhqrst

with 8,000 bales. Most of this cost originally 4 to
4gc , and it is a noteworthy fact tliat consumers
have been free sellers of their surplus at the low
prices. It cannot be said that there is any immediate
prospect of an improvement in values. — Oil, Faint
and Dnuj Jtei>orter.

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

Some F.icts of the Tea Tkahe. — The various con-
sular reports from China show that although the
decline in the export of tea from the Celestial Em-
pire to Great Britain and her colonies goes on, there
are markets in which China still holds the field, and
that these have yet to be won by Indian and Cey-
lon planters. The export of tea from China to Great
Britain, Australia, and New Zealand shows a most
marked decrease. In 1887 the export of tea to Great
Britain was over 793,746 piculs. Since that date it has
shrunk to less than a ihii d of that amount . The export to
Australia was in 1895 less than half that of 1887,
and the export of tea to New Zealand has become
insignific.rnt. Such are the effects of the competition
of India and Ceylon. It is far otherwise w’ith the
export of tea from China to Russia. The trade re-
poit of the Imperial Maritime Customs states that
“ the purchase of black tea at exceptionally high
prices, both for the Odessa market and for trans-
irjissiou via Kiakhta, were the largest on i-ecord.” A
considerable quantity of tea is also sent to Siberia
from Hankow, uii the river Han to Fanch’eng,
whence it is carried forward ovei'land, in addition
to that which passes through Tientsin, tlie bulk
of which consists of black and green brick tea.
It is clear that the export to Russia is the main-
stay of the China tea trade, and that it is to the de-
velopment of that branch of it that the small differ-
ence between the amounts exported in 1895 and
1894 are due. The Chinese variety of tea is still
popular in the United States, but even there the
amount imported from China is not so large as
formerly, and the trade is a declining one. In 1895
the amount of tea exported from China to the United
States was 311,120 piculs, as compared with 403,196
piculs in 1894. The tea trade is oue which has been
more particularly affected by tho events of the last
two years. Until recently the whole of the Formosa
crop was exported to to.oign countries via Amoy.
Now that Formosa has become a Japanese possession
it is unlikely that this state of things will continue.

The Effect of Likin. — lilr. Cass, in his paper on
the Amoy tea trade, forming Annex E to the
Trade Report for 1895, dr.iwn up by Mr. Garduer,
Her Majesty’s consul at that po;t, states that
the tea districts in the ucighbourliood of the city
in question are among the finest in the world.
The/ have, however, been ihrown out of cultivation
and almost depopulated owing to the present method
of local taxation, notwithstauUiug the fact that labor is
extraordiarily cheap, that the communications (by
water) are excellent and that the harbour of Amoy
is extremely convenient for shipping. Mr. Gass is of
opinion that “ as matters stand at present, so far
as Amoy is concerned, there will in the near future
be no tea to collect either likin or duty upon
Twenty-five years ago 3,000,000 dollars was the
annual income of the Amoy tea districts ; today it
is not 3.50,000 dollars. Likin has done it.

Foochow .\nd the United States. — The diminution
of the export of tea from Foochow is very marked.
In 1893, 54,000,01X1 lb. were exported; in 1894,

63, 0)0, 000 lb. ; and in 1895, 48,000,000 lb. The export of
biick;tea is, liowover, increasing being 10,000,000 lb. in
1893, ’11,000,01)0 11). in 1891, and 13,(»UO,000 lb. in 1895.
Thera are some peculiar teas, such as Souclioiig, and
some seemed varieties, only obtainable at Foochow,
which will aiw.tys ni.iintain a cortam trade. The
tea trade of Foocliow with .\ustralia is likely to come
to an en.l in the near future, as Indian and Ceylon
teas are rapidly displacing those of China in those
colonies. There has, however, been a great increase
ill tho export of tea from Fooehow to the United
States, namely 12,000,000 Ib. in 1895, as against

Nov. 2, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS I'.

355

6,000,0001b. in 1891, but as lias already been pointed
out the total export of tea from China to the United
States has greatly diminished, as Indian and Ceylon
growers are doing their best to push their teas in
that quarter also. Her Majesty’s consul at Foochow
remarks on the weight of taxation which is ciushing
the tea trade there, and states that the dues levied
on common teas amount to 80 per cent, on the value.

Coi'i’EE Pl.\nting Entekpiuse. — Some financiers in
the City have been turning their attention to the
coffee planting enterprise, under the impression that
it has been unduly neglected so far as British capital
is concerned since the unfortunate collapse of the
industry in Ceylon nearly twenty years ago. The
croakings about over-production of tea and dismal
forecasts as to the oidlook in the few years time
may have assisted in lii inging about this flutter of
excitement in coffee, but it is mainly due to the
success of tea planting as an industry and the desire to
emulate it on the same lines. As only about 27 per cent
of the coffee entered for home consumption comes
from British possessions, in contrast to 88 per cent,
of the tea supply' from India and Ceylon, there is
a field for an increase in the cultivation of coffee in
territory under British rule, provided always that
conditions are favourable to placing it on the
market at competing prices. The consumption of
coffee does not increase, and there seems no pros-
pect of this while tea has so many advantages over
it. The hope for British-grown coffee lies in its
being able to successfully compete with the product
from South America and elsewhere.

The Coffee M.\rket. — The coffee market is a per-
plexing problem to gauge, and the element of specu-
lation which enters so largely into the European
market consequent on the difficulty of fixing the pre-
cise limits of the growing crops, especially in Brazil,
is one of the coffee planter’s main troubles. Deal-
ing with the subject of coffee prospects at the
present time the Grocer says: “Certain facts have

come to light which tend to confirm the belief that
the entire Brazil crop for 1896-97, now in course
of being gathered, will turn out to be unprecedentedly
heavy, and the aggregate yield of about 1,0000,000
bags, predicted as far back as October last, is likely
to be attained. It is estimated that this amount will
be produced as follows ; B y a crop in Rio of 4,000,000
bags, one in Santos of 5,000,000 bags, and by yields
in Bahia and Victoria of 1,000,000 bags. This will be
nearly double the total outturn in 1895-90, when it
was not more than 5,489,000 bags of all kinds. Con-
trast the above figures with those relating to the
Brazil coffee crops in the poor, lean years
of 1893-94 of 1889-90, and 1887-88, when the
quantities raised were respectively confined to,
say, 4,300,000 bags, 4,220,000 bags, and 3,012,000 bags —
and it will be seen what immense strides have been
made in the planting and growth of the Brazil
description of coffee within the past nine or ten years.
Such an enormous increase in the available supply
of coffee, therefore, cannot fail to influence the
market in favour of buyers by bringing about a
m ■cb lower range of prices. It is also argued that,
ai,. - . ‘6p promised abundance does not consist

of thu e . of coffee exactly suited to the tastes of
British or EiUropean consumers, it is none the
less sure to serve as a useful substitute for the
higher-priced plantation sorts. Some foreign
drinkers of the beverage, whose palates are not so
nicely discriminating in their choice between passable
or medium qualities and grades of a richer flavour,
may discard the former in favour of the latter,
especially in view of the greater comparative cheap-
ness of the article. Mention of one or two instances

nCACMCQQ ess.ay de.scribing a really

U Ln r II L 00 1 genuine Cure for Deafness,
Kinging in Ears, dice., no matter liow severe or long-
standing, will be sent post free. — Artificial Ear-
drums and similar apidiances entirely superseded.
Address THOMAS KEMBE, Victoria Cham-
liKKs, 19, Southampton Buildings, Holborn
London.

wilF suffice to show that there has already been a
considerable fall in value since it became known that
a thumping crop of Brazil coffee was practically
assured for the present season. From 55s and 52s
fid in the middle of last February, down to 50s fid
and 44s recently, there has been a fall in quotations
of 4s fid to 8s fid per cwc. for September and Decem-
ber deliveries of fair Channel Rio, as recorded by
the London I’roduce Clearing House. ‘Good aver-
age ’’ Santos has declined in proportion, and from
52s ,9d in July the price here has since fallen
to 48s, which is a moderate figure : whilst in Havre
the same quality of coffee has lately been disposed
of in the terminal market at fiOjfr, instead of 75fr
in June last, and 9fifr to lUU fr in September, 1895
and 1894. Regarded thus, the position of coffee just
now is one from which the home trade in London
may derive real encouragement, as it seems that more
reasonable prices for the favourite berry are about
to set in and rule for some time to come. Once Brazil
coffee grows to be relatively cheap, it will be a pretty
true harbinger of easier rates for what are termed
‘fancy’ coloury sorts. As the depreciation in common
coffee goes on, the disparity between that and
prices for the finer grades will doubtless appear more
marked, and the low valuations in the one case will
help to bring down extremely high rates in ihe other.”
Coffee Looking Up. — Another large c ffee com-
pany. This time in the East. It is called tlie
Malay Peninsula Coffee Company, Limited. It has a
capital of £100,000, divided into equal pro-
portions of 6 per cent, cumulative preference
and ordinary shares of £1 each, subscrip-
tions being invited for 50,000 preference and
30,000 ordinary. It is acquire, as going concerns,
certain coffee estates, comprising about 10,000 acres
of land held on leases for 999 years, in the pro-
tected state of the Malay Peninsula. The area now'
under coffee of various ages aggregates about 1,048
acres of which 5.38 acres are in full bearing, 108
acres in partial bearing, and 402 acres young plants,
which come into bearing in 1897 and 1898. The
profits for the year ending October 31, 1895, are
certified, at an exchange of 2s 2d, to have amounted
to £6,350, and those for the current year are esti-
mated, on an exchange of 2s 2|d, to amount to
£7,075. The purchase price is £92,000, of which
£72,000 is to be paid in cash and £20,000 in fully-
paid ordinary shares. The directors are Sir Alex-
ander Wilson ( chairman of the Mercantile Bank of
India, Limited), R. J. Boyle (chairman of ttie Moa-
bund lea Company, Limited), and D. M. Lumsden
( chairman of the Port Dickson Coffee Comany, Li-
mited), who wi 1 join the board after allotment. It
is announced that Mr. Thomas Heslop Hill, the prin-
cipal proprietor of the estates, has consented to un-
dertake the management of the estates for a period
of five years. The following contracts have been en-
tered into : A contract between Thomas Heslop Hill
and Thomas David Traill of the one part, and Richard
Blam ey Magor, as Trustee 0.1 behalf of the Com-
pany, for the purchase of the Siliau Coffee Estate,
dated September 8, 1896. A contract between Thomas
Heslop Hill of the one part and Messrs. George
Williamson & Co. and D. M. Lumsden of the other
part, dated September 22, 1896, with reference to
assisting in the formation of the Company.— //, and G.
Mail, Oct. 2.

DRUG REPORT.

(From the Chemist and Druggist.)

Loudon, Oct. 1st.

.‘Vreca-.nlts.- Sixteen bags we e offered today, for which
2Ls per cwt. is asked, but teat figure was not obtain
able at auction.

C.VRD.yjiOMS.— In strong demand, with keen competiti. n.
At auction lOO cases were all disposed of at an irre-
guliu' advance, averaging abcait tid per lb., but in .some
instances much exceeding that figure. 'J'he following
prices paid Ceylon-AIysore, fine pale medium to bold
plump, 3s 7d to 3s 8d ; medium fair pale 3s 3d to 3s
4d ; small to medium yellowish and brown 3s to 3.s 2d ;
small yellowish 2s 8d to 2s lld ; ditto brownish 2s 6d;

356

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

medium to bold brownish and split 2s id; very small
pale ^"d dull brown split 2s Id to 2s 2d per lb. tVylon-
MalaUUr, fair round brownisli 3s Id per lb. .Seed realized
from 3s Id to 3s 5d per lb. The exports of cardamoms
from Ceylon between .Tamiary 1 and .September Samouid
to 222,(Jt»6 cwb. The “ W.uiderer ” has brOii{;ht 3U eases
from Ceylon this week.

CVBEUS.— Quite neglected. A parcel of 31 paeka.es
fair berries, not stalky, from Bombay, was bought in.
The price suggested is 35s per cwt. Five bags small,
fair, stalky, slightly damaged, berries sold at 5s per
cwt. Of a furtlicr supply of 127 bags, 10— bold2 brown
berries, from Singapore, without stalk— realised 2.5s. per
cwt. Cubeh-stalk.s were apparently un.saleable at any
price.

Kino.— The .auctions today included about 750 lb. (in

7 cases) of good bright reddish, very .stringent African
kino. No bids at all were made for it, even when Os per
11). was suggested, and whole parcel was bought in at
nominal rates.

Kola was in considerable supply today, 73 bags, mostly
African, being offered ; 2d per lb was refused for one
lot, and the bulk was bought in ; hut a lot of good
bi-own West t' dian sold cheaply at 5d per lb. Twenty
b.ags of San Domingo kola, a new and very bold va-
riety, were shown today, and bought in. This appears
to be the first time that this kola lias been seen in our
markets. It is s.vid that between three and four tons
have lately been shipped to th's country and the Con-
tinent.

Nux Vo.Mica — We have to report an arrival of 351 pick-
ages from Madras, and 5 from Amsterdam.

Oils (Essential) -The ontput of Citronella oil in Sin-
gapore in 1895 amounted to 400 cases of 30 21 oz. bottles.
Ameng our imports this week have been 10 cases Patchouli
oil from .Singapore ; 340 cases Camphor oil, of which 280
came direct from Kobe and the rest from llamburg ; and
81 packages Citronella oil, four cases fair pale Nutmeg oil
were bought in at 2;d per oz. Fifty-two quart-bottles of
Cinnamon oil reilised Od per oz. Lime oil (W. I.) firmly
held at 6s per lb. for good distilled or expressed. Lemon-

rass oil unaltered. At auction one or two parcels were

ought in ; on the spot 2d to Zjd per oz is a.sked, and
for October shipment 1 9-16th d. per oz. c. i. f. has been
accepted. Citronella oil is somewhat firmer, with bu yers,
but no sellers, at lOJd per lb. c. i. f. shipment to end of
year. On the spot the price is Is Id per lb. for drums
and Is 2d per lb. for tins.

Quinine remained quiet during the early part of the
week, but on Tuesday a sale of 10,000 oz. B. Sc S., or
Brunswick second-h.and bulk, w.as reported at the price
running up to lO^d per oz., showing a slightly easier
tendency today. The market closes with no sellers be-
low lo|d. It is .stated that the deliveries of quinine
from the London w'arehouses in September amounted to
110,000 oz. while the arrivals were practically nil. Some
quinine made by a new French factory has recently been
shown in the market. It is said to compare unfavour-
ably with the standard brands, so far as appearance is
concerned.

.Senna.— At today’s sales 910 packages of new crop
Tinnevelly senna were offered They met with excellent
competition, both on the part of the home and the ex-
port trade, and almost tho whole sold at full to dearer
prices for ordinary and medium grades, while for good
qualities, though scarce, the prices realised were hadly so
high in proportion. Very common d.amaged to sm.ill dull
specky leaves realised id to id ; ordinary siu.all to medium
dull to medium greenish lid to 2d ; fair medium green-
ish to good medium to bold ditto 2jd to 3id ; fine to bold
picked leaves, from 3.id up to 7d per lb. One hundred
and twenty-five p.ackages Tinnevelly senna have been
received this week.

Vanilla. — About 125 tins, repre.'enting .about 950 lb.
we-e oftered today, and partly sold without much change.
Good crystallised Mauritius and Seychelles, 7j inches to

8 inches 28s 6d to 29s; uj inches 7 inches, 23s Gd to
27s 6d ; brown from 23s Gd down to 18s , and common
qualities at correspondingly lower rates.

SMOKEKS .SHOULD USE
CALVERT’S DENT J-PHENOLENE,

A FRAGRANT LIQUID DENTIFRICE AND
MOUTH -WA.SII.

Editor of Jlcalth says: — “ The ino.st ellbctive
preparation for ridding' tlie moiitli of tlie aroma
of toliacco, and leavin,<( a jileasaiit taste.”

Sold in Is- 6t^., 2.y. (it/., and 1 11). Is. (></. bottles,
by Ubemist.s, & c.

F- C- CALVERT & CO., Manciiksteb.

[Nov. 2, 1896.

INDIAN TEA SALES.

(broni WaUon . Sibtlwrij Co.’s Tea Hcport.)

U.u.cuTTA, Out. 14tli, 1890.

A quiet tone prcvaiioci iu the sales held on the
18th instant, (iood liquoring te.as were wanted
and prices kept fairly steady, but for all other
kinds the market was weak and prices generally
favored buyers. 2i,‘2iJ'd packages changed liaiids.

Since the season opened on the 21st May last 19
series of sale.s have been held at which 3t)4,26()
packages sold at an average of As. 7-7 or about
8.jd per lb. as compared with 302,037 packages sold
in 17 sales before the holidays last year at As. 8
or about 8.|d per lb. and 31-1,111 packages sold in 19
sales in 1894 at As. 0-2 or about Did per lb, De-
tails annexed.

The average price of tho 24,209 packages sold is
As. 6-10 or nearly T.jd. per lb. as compared with 21,890
packages sold on the 10th October 1895 at As. 8-3 or
nearly 9d per lb. and 23,781 pack.iges sold on
the -1th October 1894 at As. 8-5 or nearly 9d
per lb.

The exports from 1st April to 10th October from
here to Great Jidtain are 76,902,931 lb. as com-
pared with 68,971,9,59 lb. at the corresponding period
last season and 68,981,733 lb. in 1894.

Note. — Last sale’s average was As. 7-2 or nearly
8d.

Telegrams. — Itsuter telegraphed from London on
the 18th instant— Offered 56,000, sold 44,000 pack-
ages. Common to )iiedium rather easier. Nine
qualities full rates. Average 9id. “ Type” 6^d.

Exchange. — Document bills, 6 months’ si-zht
Is 2id. ° ’

Freight.— Steamer— iT-6-3 per con of 50 ft.

(From William Moran A Co.'s Market Hepoi-t.)

C.4LCUTTA, Oct. 2Lst, 1896.

On the 1st inst., 25,696 chests were offered and 25,443
sold. Good to finest qualitiesalonemaintained values
while common to medium sorts declined from a quarter
to halt an anna per pound. On the 8th instant
when 24,505 packages changed hands, common and
mediums were again somewhat lower, good to fine
showing no change. For Friday next about .30,000
chests are catalogued.

Signs of an early closing are reported from all
districts; rain is wanted generally, and without tliis
the manufacturing season will probably come to an
end earlier than last year.

Tot.al quantity of Tea passed through Calcutta
from 1st April to 19th October.

1896.

1895.

1891.

Great Britain

. . 79,942,258

75,172,024

72,576,431

Foreign Europe

181,471

185,.349

175,329

America

654,883

698,857

321,428

Asia

.. 2,771,715

2,675,342

2,541,732

Australia

- . 2,969,447

3,687,274

2,915,861

86,519,774

82,418,816

80,560,781

Thefts op Vanilla in Me.xico.— A wail comes from
Mexico about the prevalence of thefts of vanilla
beans, tho thieves usually gathering them before
fully ripe. So bold have the thieves become and so
frequent are their raids tliat it is claimed the planters
contemplate a change of crop, vanilla, owing to the
losses by theft, being no longer profitable.— OiY raint
and IhtKj h'cporter.

Nov. 2, 1896.1

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

357

(COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce).

Colombo, Oct. 27th, 1896.

Exchange on London : Closing Rates, Bank Scllinci
Bales'. — On demand 1/2 21-32 to 11-16 4 months’ sight
1/2 11-16 to 23-32 6 months’ sight 1/2 23 32. Bank
Buyinn Rates : — Credits 3 months’ sight 1/2 21-32 to 4;
6 months’ sight 1/3 1-32 to 1-16 Docts 3 months’ sight
1/3 to 1/3 1-32; 6 months’ sight 1/3 1-16 to J

Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot
per bus., R16.50 to 18.00 Very scarce. Estate Crops
in Parchment, delivery no quotations. Plantation
Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. R90'00 to
lOO’OO For special assortment. Liberian parchment
on the spot per bushel, no quotations. Garden aud
Chetty Coffee, f.o.b. per cwt. no quotations. Native
Coffee f.o.b. per cwt. R72'00 to 74 00. Tea. — Average
Prices ruling during the week; Broken Pekoe, per ib
53c. Pekoe per lb 42c. Pekoe Souchong, per lb 34c.
Broken mixed and Dust, per lb 26c. — Averages of
Wednesday’s sale.

Cinchona Bahk. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
per lb 03Jc to 04Jc. — IJ to 5%

Cardamoms. — per lb R170 to 2'50. Scarce

Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. R16.00 Nominal

Dealers’ oil per cwt. 1115'75 Coconut oil in
ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton. R342‘50, 355inhhds.

Copra. — Per candy of 560 lb KlO'OO to 50’00

Coconut Cake : (Poonac) f.o.b. per ton, RGO to 80'00

Cocoa. — Unpicked and undried, per cwt. E30 to 40
Out of season.

Con. Yn,».-Nos. 1 „

Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 704c.

Ordinary Assortment, per lb 664c.

Bronv: per ton. — No sales.

Plumbago : — Large Lumps per ton, R130 to 310. Very
firm.

Ordinary Lumps per ton, R130 to 260.Very firm.

Chips per ton, R70 to 120. Very firm. Dust per ton,
BlO to 90 Very firm.

Rice. — Soolye per bag, R8 50 to S9'75.

Pegu and Calcutta Calunda no quotation
Coast Calunda per bushel, R3’44 to E3’70.
Muttusamba per bushel, R3’50 to R4 00.

Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel — ^No quotations.

Cargo.

Tea

Coconut Oil
Plumbago
Coconuts in bags
Other Cargo
Broken Stowage
SAILERS.
Coconut Oil
Plumbago

Freights.

ton

on

:tr.

S

<D .
H-3 fH
C/3

03 .

<D }-*

•— < *3

(D CQ

ID ° iu

Phv-1 »

• <D

C-l CD

a n.

s. d.

s. d.

s. d.

IL c.

20/

. .

20/

25

. ,

• •

20/

25

17/6

...

20/

25

17/6

, ,

20/

25

17/6

20/

25

10/

.30/

. •

28/

• •

• •

. - a
42 <u .

d.

New York rates per steamer with transhipment 12/G
tol5/- above London rates.

’Hamburg Bremen Antwerp 15/ Genoa 17,6

LOCAL MARKET.

By Mr. A. M. Chittambalam, 7, Baillie St., Fort.

Colombo, Oct. 21 1896.
Scarce per bushel
do do

f)9'00 to OO'OO per cwt
70-00 do

I'l'.oO per bn.sliel (nominal)

63 '00 to 04-00 per cwt
roo to 2-00 per lb (nominal)
-2-UOjto 40 00 per cwt do

Garden Parchment
Chetty do
Native Coffee Scarce
do f.o.b. do
Liberian Parchment,
do Coffee
C.MtDAJIOMS.—
Cocoa. --(>'oniin,-il)

KlCE. — Market very high & steady: —

Kazla
Soolye

Callnnda Scarce
Coast Callund i
Kuruve
Muttusamba

CiN.NAMON.— Quoted Nos. 1
70 cents per lb (nominal)
Chips.— K85-00 to 87-50

K8-00 to a-. 0
8-50 to 0-50
0-00 to 9-50
3-2.5 to 3-37
3-20 to 3-30
3-37 to 3-6-2

per bag
do

per bushel
do
do

Coconuts.— Ordinary
do Selected 41-00 to 43-00

Coconut Oil.— 16-OO to 16 25

Copra.— -Market high & steady;—

E3.5-OO to 40-00 per 1,000 (nominal)
do do

per cwt do

to 4, at 66c and Nos. 1 and 2 at

Kalpitiya
Marawila
Cart Copra
Poonac.— Gingelly
Chekku
Mill (retail)

Ebony. — quotations at
Satinwood.— cubic feet
Halmilla.— do

EtO'OO to 50 00 per candy
47-00 to 48 -.50 do

4 2 00 to 45-00 do

8j-00 to (0 00 per ton
70-00 to 75 00 do

05 00 to 70-00 do

11100 to lllOo (nominal)
2-00 to 2-25 do

-- 1-2.5 to 1-50 do

Kitul Fibre.— Quoted at R-2S UU per cwt (nominal)
Pai.myp.a Fibre. — Quoted nominally: —

Jafln.a Black. — Cleaned (.Scarce)

do Mixed Rl8'50 to 1:1-00 per cwt.

Indkin do RTOOto 9-00 do

Ro Cleaned 10-00 to 14-00

Sapan IVood.— Quoted 65-00 to 70-00

Kero.sine Oil— .American 7-50 to 7-55
do Bulk Russian 2-67 to 2-72

per ton
per case
per tin

Ca.ses Russian are being landed but price

* do 60,000
n' t fixed yet.

Kapok.— Cleaned f.o.b :— R-/9-00 to 30-(0 per cwt
do Undeaue<l (new) 7-50 to 8-00 do

Croton Seed Scarce do

Nux. Vnoraica 2-50 to S'OO do

CEYLON . EXPORTS AND
1895-1896.

DISTRIB’UtlON

id O 10 O r-l —

I f-s ’T? O O O (M

I W • O Tf

I CO • OJ r—

I O 1-4 C*3

CO ^ iC O
• CO o

Ci to a cb
•r»4 CQ 00 la

iH O
O 05 C©
UO t-. ®
S'! CM CO

§ $

OO Tfi ^ Tfi Ci ^

I- O - 1- o .3
w C5 05 T#* I- ST
CO CO SO fM

O CO y. O O -rfi
C5 CO 05 Tji I 00
• 05 05 05 r-l Tfi

O 05 -C: T? — CO >1

S S 2 ^

CO i-i t-H

O O.. l-.. — ,

O SO r-( I-* fM

C> 00 uO fM 05

«M

■3'

00 CO o OJ

^ CO rH

00 O 00
(M O lO -51
CO !-• « Oi
(N CO CO (M

c

o

3

3

5

a .

IcS

o

O I o o o oi 00 o c

C5 c: O = W o GO r

.c> 1>. f.

CO SO- r-i C-0 CO • <M •J'-
^COl- ^ CO Cl

(M GO O O
W I'- 05 O
CO 05 O 1-H
;S; ^ uo 00

M GO

CO O Tt* <jl

0) ,
P5

CO o O TJ1 CO
CO O O rH rH
— -AT J--- 'O iT5
01 J - CO l>. SO
05 CO lO CO
I'- Tf4

CO o o so

o o o

r-4 000

Cl CO CO

O 05
CO 05

• CO Cl

• c;

9S 2

00 o o

• o yj • "TT o

• C5 i-« • 1^ I-..

CO A- 1-1

O I - 1 - CO O
CO 05 Cl t- CW

;3:

CO

(M

O 05 C©

CO CO o Ok

00 00 iO C9
00

« so O
CO w uo

CO CO

10 1-H

I'- 00 so 00

Cl CQ Cl Cl

Ct .

H

c

S

SS IS Si”’

CO

Cl Cl O 00

o Cl m CO

C55 so d
lO CO CO 10
Cl Cl d

p

M p

C5 C-<
2^

j^^~rsS-OOCltOiOtCCl • I-.OJ--. . r-i

o 05 1 1 - Cl CO r- r: rvi o ^1 ^ n :;r ^ 2

CO 50 05 *0 1— o CO 05 Jr P- ^ ^

I rr 05

i ^
I Cl
C5

-• »-0 --i* f- Tji

-. ^ O 00 50 CO C5 rH

' o
' H

• C i- I- 05 O

St 00 d uo i-

50 Til O

O IT
IS5 1-H lO
• Cl O lO

o

o

1:

SS I

CC I- I- 05 -ti
yj ■/) 0 1 10 CO
-S’ -t* o

Cl 05 I-H lA

Cl 10 CO CO
10 CO 00 -H
O CO 05 O
CO Cl 1— 00

Tf4 t-s. 10 Q.|
CO C35 05 r>-
coi'- CO CO

C5 1- 00 P-
S t'- 00 I-
CO CO Cl
*-H CO 05 00
CO f-i 1-1 05

Cl 00 C4 o

1-H Cl CO

C5 C5 CO 1-4
I-H CO cow
10 f-H Cl 00
C5 05 iT5 W

rH O d

O »-■ 00 Tf»
CO 00 00 CO
^ lO 05
CO rH

O W 00
1*.

• 01 Tti »o

yj

&q

M

i

O

O

B

o

T3

U

G

V

5 -1^

^-..G o ^
.t: bt c P

>>

- “ cs 52 S

O.EC d P P

M <D «

'-T O »pH

' fi o S ^3

•a x.s.'-p M S-n.5 *^522

B5<Seoal.4l4g2^l53lll

C5 00 00 W
10 CO -S4 O
I- SO CO 05
oO 10 Tji ira
lH IC5 Cl Tjl

• ® 10 T»4 CO
05 A 05 05

C3 00 00 00 oo

rH i-H 1-H rH

C © ®

P’r:

K*S

1*^

353

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

iNov. 2, 1896

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS.

(From Lewis <& Peat's Fortiiighlly Pricts Ctureul, London, October 7th, 1896. J

QUALITY.

iUOTA riONS.

ALOE^, Soccotrinc

Zanzibar & liei'atk
«EES’ WAX,

Zanzibai' & ( White ..
Bombay i Yellow...
.Uaotitms & ivladafja.siur..

CAMPHOR, China
Jivpan

CARDAMOMS, Malabar..

Ceylon.— Mysore

,, Tellicherry..

„ Long

Mangalore .

I ■ A HTO U OIL, Calcutta . .

Madras ...
CHII.T.IE3. Zanzil'iu- ...
CINCHONA BARK.—
Ceylon

iMNNAMOb’.Ceylon lst.“
2iul.-
:)r b

4tlis and 5ths
01il().‘

CLOVES, Penang

Amboyna
Zanzibar I

and Pemba /
Stems

COCDLDS IXDICUS
COFFEE -

Ceylon Plantation

Native
I.iberiau
COCOA, Ceylon

C LOMBO ROOT

( OIR ROPE, Ceylon ...

Cochin . .

fibre. Brush ••

Cochin ...
Stuffing ..
COIR YARN, I eylon . .

Cochin ..
do.

CROTON SEEPS, sifted...
CUTCU

HI NO KB, Bengal, rough
Calicut, Cut A
B & C
Cochin Rougn..

Japan

3U.M A.M.VloNl ACU.tl ...
ANI'U. Zanzibar...

Madaga.scar ...

ARABIC E. r. Ad.n ...

(ilia tl ..
Knrrachee . •

Madras ...
A33AE<ETIi)A

KINO

.MYRRH, inched ...

Aden sorts
OLIB.VNUM. drop

picking.s

siftings

»NI)IARDBBER, Assam .

Rangoon

Borneo

Fair to lino dry
Common to good

. 44s a 100s
. Us a 70s

Good to flue
Fair

Dark to good palish .
Fair average quality ...

,, ,. nom. ..

Clipped bold, iiriglit flue
Middling, stalky & lean
Fair to tine plump
Seels

Hood to fine

Brownish

Shelly to good

.Med brown to good bold

Ists and 2iids

Dull to line bright

27 a its

£6 a .£7

£6 5s a .£6 15s

125s

135s

Is Id a 2s bd
Is 5d a Is t)d
Is Sd a 3s 7d
2s 9d a 3s Id
Is Sd a 2s
Is 3d a Is 8-1
Is (id a 3s
2s 4d a 3s Cd
2^(1 a 33d
23d

30s a 45s

Ledgeriana C hips
Crown, Renewed . .

Org. Stem
Hybrid Root

• hip

Ordinary to tine (luill...

»> l»

Woody and hard
Fair to gooii

I full to flue bright bold
Dull to tine
Good and tine bright .
'oiciuon dull to fair ..
Fair
Fail-

Id a 31(1
2d a 4 .;d
lid a 3d
•2.hl a 2i-d
bid a 2d
told a Is Id
Djd a Is
Old a Hid
8id a Oiil
,3d a 33d
bid a 9id
3d a 4d
2id a -2jd
lid a -2id
id

7s 6d a 8s

Bold to fine bold coloiy
.Midding to fine mid
Low mid. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary

Small to bold

Bold to tine bold

.Medium and fair

Tria,ge to ordinary

Fair to good

Old. & middling wormy

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to fine long straight
Ordinary to good clean
Common to line
.'omuiou to superior
,, ,, very fine ...

Roping, fair to good ...
Fair to good
Fair to fine dry
Fail-

Good to fine bold
Small and iiiedium
Common to fine bold ..
Small and D’s
Cnsolit

Sill, blocky to line clean
Picked fine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
.Med. i bold glassy sorts
Fair to good jialish ..

.. , red . .

Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to tine pale ..
Good and fine pale
Reddish to pale selected
lai-k to flue pale
Clean fr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine liright
I'air to tine pale
Middling to good
Good to tine white ...
Middling to fair
i,ow to good pale
Slightly foul to fine ...
Good to tine
Common to foul A nixd.
Fair to good clean
Common to fine

1 10s a 118s
103s a 108s
!)7s a 101s
37s a Ois
35s a 75s
70s a 80s
38s a 73s
»5s a 02s
2-2s a 50s
20s a 27s
Os a 11s
nominal
£10 a .£15
£10 a £24
£12 a .£17
£5 a ,£0 10s
£12 a .£20 10s
£12 a. £34
£11 10s a £15
30s a 00s
Is 3d
13s

■>2s fid a 83s
■Ifis

28s a 32s
;0S a 25s
15s a iCs Gd
17s a 30s (id
£ 1 0 7s Od a C i 3
£7 17/0 a £10 10s
70s a £7 1-2/6
£4 5s a £9
90s a 137s Od
£4 8s a £0 1.5s
C5 a £7 5s
50s a 00s
25s ;i 00s
35s ii. ORs
15s a l.'is
■37s Gd a 45s
lOs a 70s
15s a 35s
e-20 ;r .£25
80s a 90s
13s a 05s
its :i 00s
•20s a 31s
7s a Uis
ils Od a 1 Is
Is lOd .a 2s 3jd
.1(1 a Is Od
Is Id a Is lljd
Is a is 7d

1 QUALITY,

QUOTATIONS

INDIARUBBER, (Coiitd).

J.iva, Sing. & Penang

\

Foul to good cle.an ..
Good to flue Ball

Is 3d a 2s 3d
2s 2d a 2s Od

u-diiiai-y to fair Ball

Is -2d a 2s l^d

Mozambique

\

Low .sandv Ball

lOd a Is Id

Sausage, fair to good

Is 4d a -2s 5jd

\

Liver and livery Ball

Is Sjd a 2s 2jd

(

F’r to fine iiinky & white

Is li^d a -2s 5d

Madagascar <

Fair to good black

Is 3d a Is lOd

Niggers, low to good..
Bengal--

lOid a Is 0,'d

INDIGO, E.I.

Shipping mid to gd violet

4s Gd a 5s 2d

Consuming mid. to gd.

3s 9(1 a 4s 4d

Ordinary to mid. good

2s lOd a 3s 8(1

.Mid. to good Kurpah ..

2s Od a 3s 3d

Low to ordinary

Is a Is Od

.Mid. to good Madras .

Is 4d a 2s lOd

MACE, Bombay, & Penang

Pale reddish to fine ..

Is 7d a 2s 4d

Ordinary to fair

Is 2d a Is 6d

Chips and dark

Is

.MYRABOL.YNES, Madras

Dark to fine pale UG ..

12s 6d a 4s Od

Fair Coast

4s

Bombay ..

Jubblepore

3s 9d a 6s

Bhiinlies

3s 9d a 7s

Rhaipore, &c.

3s 6d a 5s 6(1

Bengal ..

Calcutta

3s Od a 5s 6(1

NUTMEGS—

04’s to 57’s

3s a 3s 2d

Bombay & Penang

tl-2’s to OS’s

Is Id a -2s Hd

lOO’s to 130’s

9d a Is

NUTS, ARECA

Ordinary to fair fresh .

8s Cd a 12s od

NIX YO.MICA, Bombay

Ordinary to middling...

4 s od a Os

Madras

Fair to good bold fresh .

Os a 7s Od

Small ordinary and fair

4s Gd a 7s

OIL OF ANISEED

Fail- mei-chantable

92s 7Jd

CASSIA

According to analysis..

4s 8d a 8s

LE.MONGRASS

Good flavour & colour...

2.jd

3jd a 4d

NUTMEG

Dingy to white

CINN.A.MON

Ordinary to fair sweet ..

4d a Is 3d

CITRONELLE
ORCHELLA WICED—

Bright (Si good flavour

Is 2d a Is 9d

Ceylon

Mid. to fine not woody ,

11s a 15s

Zanzibar.

Picked clean flat leaf .
,, wiry Mozambique

10s a 20s
L5s a 17s od

PEPPER-(Black)—

2id a 2.Jd

Allejipee & Telliclieri-y

Fair to bold heavy

Sing.apore

F.-iir

2-^(1 a 2 7-lOd

Aclieen & W. C. Peming

Didl to line

2d a 2jjd

Pl.U.MB.VGO, lump

Fair to fine bright bold

15s a 17s Od

iiiddling to good small

3s Od a 13s

chips

('mil to fine bright

l.s (id a iss Ud

dust

Ordinarv to tine briglit

2s a Os

SAFEI-OWl'.R

Good to fine pinky
.Middling to fail-
inferior and pickings .

85s a 90s
80s

00s a 65s

SANDAL W'OOD—

Bombay, Logs

Fair to fine flavour

1.30 a £50

Chips

5s a £3

Madras, fiOgs

Fair to good flavour ..
Inferior to fine

£30 a £50

Chips

£4 a £8

FA PAN WOOD, Bombay

Lean to a;oo(l

£4 a £5

Madras

Good average

£4 .a £5 nom.

Manila

) Rough & rooty to good
1 bold smooth

£4 10s a £5 15s

Siam

£6 a£7

SEEDI.AC

Ord. dusty to gd. soluble

70s «i 05s

SENN.V, 'I'innevelly

lood to tine bold green

od a Sd

Fair middling imidiuni

2.M a 4^(1

Common dark and small

1(1 a 2d

SHELI.S, .M. o’PEAPvL-

Bomluy

Bold and A’s

£4 1.5s a £5 2s £d

D’s and B’s

10s a -C4 15s 6

.Small

80S a 90s

Mussel

.Small to bold

I Os a 50s

TAMARINDS, Calcutta .

.'lid. to tine bl’k notstonv

Os

Miidras ...

Stony and inferior

Os a 7s

roK'I'OlSESllELL-

.Selected

51s

Zanzibar and Bombay

.Small to bold dark .

mottle part heavy

tOs Od a -24s Od

TUR.MERIC, Bengal ..

Fair

7s Od a 7s 9d

Madras

Finger fair to fine boici

11s Cda I2s

Do.

vlixed niidlilg. I bright

9s od

Do.

Bulbs .. .. ^

7s Od

Coebin

Finger

O.s Cd a 7.-! Od

Bulbs

5s (id a 7s Cd

VANILI.OES—

Gd. crysallizod 4 a Din.

Mauritius and 1 Ists

17s a 3-2s

Bourbon ... / 2nds

Foxy (.% reddish 4J a 8 ,

lisa 1,5s

3rds

Lean and inferiof

7s a 10s

Seychelles ,

1 Inferior to tine crys- 1
1 tallized 3} a 9 in. /

8s a 3 l.s

VER.MIHON

Fine, pure, bright .i.

2s Sd a 2s 9d

THIS

SGRi^ULTURftL msGazinG,

COLOMBO.

Added as a Sap/dement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRIGULTURI8TT

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine
for November : —

Vol. VIIL] NOVEMBER, 1896. [No. 5.

SEASON REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER.

ESTERN PROVINCE.— naxve&t-
ing of Yala crop going on and
preparation for Malm-Harvest pros-
Ijects good. Fruits and vegetables
scarce in Kalutara and Negoinbo.
Vegetable supply good but fruit
scarce in Colombo District. Rainfall fairly
plentiful.

Central Province.— crop being harvested,
good or fair generally, but particularly good in
Matale, Yala crop being sown or in early stages
of growth. Prospect of dry grains good. Rain-
fall sufficient in most parts, good supply of fruits
and vegetables in Newera Eliya.

Northern Province —The rain in the North was
fairly well distributed, though very heavy in
some parts. Paddy sowing commenced with
the rains. A few cases of murrain reported
from kilakumulai in Vavuuiya District.

Southern Province. — Maha sowing going on.
A good harvest was taken at Tissa. Rain abun-
dant. A few ca.ses of cattle disease.

Eastern Province. Ettala paddy crop in Batti-
caloa being harvested and yield good. Munma-
ri crop being delayed for want ot rain, but
has progressed fairly in Trincomalee. Prepara-
tion for sowing Indian coni and fine grain in
Batticaloa, Tobacco land being manured for next
years crop in Trincomalee.

N. W. Province. — Yala crop gathered or being
taken in, though slightly interfered with by rain
in some parts. Preparation for Maha crop in
progress. lu Puttalam the rainfall was Very

scanty. Crop prospects good * in Kurunegalle
District. Murrain among cattle.

Province of Maha harvest complete;

crop good in all parts excejit AYellassa
where damage was done to the paddy fields.

Sowing for Yala going on. Fruits and vege-
tables scarce.

N. C, Province —Y&\ol harvest still going on —
reaping and threshing in progress. Tanks more or
less half full, though some small tanks are dry.
Health of cattle bad. Murrain in all palatas
except Tamankaduwa and hoof and mouth disease
general.

Province of Sabaragamuwa. — Yala crop being
taken in, harvest good in Regalle, fair in Ratna-
pura. Early Maha crops progressing satisfactorily,
D,y grain prospects generally good. Cattle free
from disease.

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH

OF

OCTOBER

1896.

1

Thursday .

302

19

Monday . ,

1-45

2

Friday

•57

20

Tuesday . ,

Nil

3

Saturday .

1-52

21

Wednesday ,,

Nil

4

Sunday

■91

22

Tiitirsday ,,

•65

5

Monday

Nil

23

Friday , ,

Nil

6

Tuesday

. 1-48

21

Satuday , ,

Nil

7

lYednesday .

. -83

25

Sunday . ,

Nil

8

Thursday .

. Nil

26

Monday , ,

•12

9

Friday

. -13

27

Tuesday

•88

10

Saturday

. '09

28

Wednesday . .

•80

11

Sunday

. -27

29

Thursday . ,

•55

12

Monday

. 1-11

30

Friday

•03

13

Tuesday

. i-oi

31

Saturday , ,

•60

14

Wednesday .

. -80

1

Sunday

•57

15

Thursday .

. 1-59

16

Friday

. "Jo

Total. .16-.57

17

Saturday

. Nil

Mean. ,

•53

18

Sunday

. Nil

Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours-"
on the other 15th October, 1-96 inches.

Recorded by M. >Y, K. Band aka,

3G0

Supjtlcmeul io the Tropical AgricullinisL'^’

[Nov. 2, 1896.

n\n»LHi\]ENTS.

A catalogue of the various implements of Inis-
baiulry used in Ceylon ^\ould not occupy
much space, ar.d the lack of variety cannot
be said to be made np by elhciency. If it be
argued tliat there is nothing that can snpercede
the so called native jdough under certain condi-
tions we are only too ready to admit the conten-
tioii. But what we iiold is that the native plough
is not suited to all kinds of land, and its work
can be done far better at certain times even on the
land which it may be said to be best suited for.
Aot only are there various form.s of ploughs
used in modern agriculture — different ])loughs
for different kinds of land, but there are vaiious
forms of tillage implemen's other than the
plough wliich are used at different stages in ti e
preparation of land for sowing, so as to make
that preparation as thorough as possible. Each of
these distinct forms of tillage irajdements has
its ow n special work and one cannot satisfactorily
perform the werk of the other. In native husban-
dry tl ere is but one implement for animal power,
a simple hoe or one-tined cultivator, for a plough
it is not, since -it has not the essential element
of every jdough, viz. the mould-board by which
a furrow slice is turned-over. A cultivator is all
very w'ell in its place. Indeed it may be said
to be indispensable for its special work, but to
say that the plougli can be superceded by the
cultivator is absurd. The operation in native
husbandry which is most akin to the work of
a properly constructed plough, is the turning
over of tiie sods as a first operation in preparing
for sowing. This part of the work is done by
manual labour, liy means of the mamoty, and
the work is no doubt as thorough ns it can be
and possibly superior in quality to that which
would be done by a plough. We are aware that
in paddy culiivation the conditions of culture
.are such ns do not greatly favour the u.se of
an iron mould-board plough. There are in fact
certain situations of land where it would be
impossilile at any period to use such an imple-
rae^nt, but these are only exceptional cases, and
a ligfit mould-board plough, weighing not more
tltau' 2olb, so as to be within the power
of village buffaloes to draw, is an implement
that should be an acqui.'-ition to most cultivators.

The mistake that was made in the attempt to
supei cede the native plough for ploughing w'ork
W'as" to introduce what was a novelty from
England. 'J he Howard “ Cingalee ” plough which
was specially designed and constructed to meet
the wuints of the Ceylon paddy cultivator weighed
about do 11). and costover li,20. It would have
been the better plan to have endeavoured to im-
prove the native implements of husbandry by
slow degrees and so to gradually -work out a
perfect implement, lilodern Knglish ploughs have
indeed been the outcome of such gradual evolu-
tion.

Tiie idea of improving native implement.s
is net a ])0])ular oinq for the failure ot the
first attempt to iiniirove the native plough has
done much damage to the cause, just as the
_ dismal failure of the Allied model farm for a
long time stood in the way of any attempts being
jnade at dairy farming and stock breeding.

In India much goovl is resulting from presistent
attention to the implomei.t question. The imple-
mcnls now in use by our cultivators should as
f r po.s.'ible b; modilied, and suitable forms of
new implements and inaeliiues, as would tend to
fr.cilitiite and irajirovo their work should be
introduced. The school of agriculture ought
to be given the op])ortunity of w'orking at
t!ie improvement of implements, and by trials with
various forms of new implements and machines
as are likely to suit local conditions, of a-certain-
iim, which of them are best adapted to the needs
of cultivators in Crylon.

For ])loughing up coconut and other hands
under “dry” cultivation there is a great
demand for light plonglis, and these arelnow being
locally manufactured: an adverti.'Binent in the
present issue of the Magazine indicates I'ow and at
what cost these could be procured. We have h d
manj’ enquiiies about tlio “ iilanet junior " hand
implements f with fittings for various kinds of
work) wliich have been in use at tlie School of
Agriculture. The implements are the best of
their kind, and we would refer tho.se who are
in want of these handy and useful machines
to Messrs. W. II. D.ivies &: Co., who are Agents
for the manufacturers.

«

OCCATIONAL NOTES.

In the ])re.seut issue will be found the first
of a series of iiajiers as the peculiarities of coconut
cultivation in India. Most of the information
given is taken from the Indian Gazetteers and re-
produced in the Watt’s Economic Products of India.
AVe have sometimes had enquiios made as to the
method of culture in India, and wo have no
doubt that the authentic information embodii'd in
the account now reiuoduced will be acceptable to
our reader.-?, some of whom will no doubtibe in-
clined to think that more than one of the methods
in vogue in N.W. India are veiy peculiar indeed —
at any rate quite unlike anything practised in
Ceylon. In future issues we shall refer to tho
forms of cultivation in vogue in other part.s of
the Indian peninsula.

The shipment of Ilomco manure referred to
in our last issue has arrived and trials of this
fertilizer, which comes to us with such an e.x-
ce'leiit reputation, have already been begun. Those
of our subscribers wdio may be anxious to give
it a trial can have small supplies (ol say j- cwt.)
on application to the .Superintendent School of
Agriculture.

The students of the School of Forestry have
gone on tour, for a ])ractical course of instruction,
in charge of Mr. Broun the chief comservator
of forest.s. The tour will extend over a nuinth,
during which time the forests between Kurunegal'e
and Bainbool will be lravcr,-?ed, wliile it is^ex-
pected that Galboda and Nervera Eliya will
also be included in the tour. Wo can only wish
that the School of Agriculture was as fortunate
as its sister institution in having provision made
which will enable its students also to travel and
so gain that practical accpiaintance with Ceylon
products as cultivated on a commercial scale,
which is so necessary to complete their coursg
(jf tfainiiig,

Nov. 2, 189G.J

Supplcmmt to the “ Tropical Ag ricuUuriPstT

301

PECULIARITIES OP COCONUT CVLTIVA-
TION IN INDIA.

1. Bombay.

Tlie coconut palm would .^e:^m to be grown
almost solely for the “toddy’’ it produces in
the liomlmy Presidency. With reference to tlie
Kolnba district it is said that the coconut is the
most licp.ior-yielcling palm, and tliat the moist,
sandy soil, brackish water and abundance of lish
manure make its growth so vigorous that the yield
of juice is much in excess of the wants of the
district. The trees are grown within walled or
hedged enclosures, sometimes entirely given to
coconut palm.s, in otlser cases partly planted with
mangoes, jack, betel-nut, and other fruit trees.
Every garden has one or two wells, from which
the trees are waterd by a Persian wheel. In start-
ing a cocoa-nut garden, a bed is prepared, and in
it, at the beginning of the rainy season, from
twenty to forty large, ripe, uiduisked nuts are
lilanted 2 feet deep. The bed is kept soaked with
water, and after from three to six months the nut
begins to sprout. The seedlings are left un-
disturbed for two jmars. They are then, at tlie
beginning of the rains, planted iu sandy soil in
rows about 18 ft. apart, and with a distance of
about 15 ft. between the plants. Por about a foot
and a half round each plant the ground i.-i hollowed
3 nr 4 inches deep, and during the dry months the
plants are watered daily or once in two days, and
once or twice in the year, enriched with fish ma-
nure or with a mixture of salt and nachni. When
nine year.s old the trees begin to yield nuts twice
a ye.ir and sometimes thrice, 120 nuts being the
yearly average yield from each tree. The trees
are then ready to be tapped, each cocoa-palm,
when ready for tapping is estimated to rejiresent
an average outlay of about RO. The coconut gar-
dens are generally owned by higli-caste Hindus,
who let the trees to some rich Bhandari who has
agreed to supply the owner of the liquor-shops
with -fermented or distilled juice. The Bhandi'iri
pays the owner of the garden R1 a month for
every three trees. Of the Thana District it is
stated that the seed-nuts are prepared in dif-
ferent ways, the best and oldest tree in the
garden being set apart for growing seed-nuts.
The nuts take from seven to twelve montlis to
diy on the trees; when dry they are taken down,
generally in April or IHay, or left to drop. When
taken down they are either kept in tlie house
for two or tliree months to let half of the water
in the nut dry, or if, the fibrous outer shell is not
dry, they are hid on the house-roof or tied to a
tree to dry. After the nuts are dry they are
sometimes thrown into a well and left there for
three months when they sprout. If the nuts are
left to drop from the tree, which is the usual
practice iu Bassein, they are either kept in the
house for some time and then left to sprout in a
well, or they are buiied immediately after they
have fallen. When the nuts are ready for planting
they are buried either entirely or from one half
or two thirds in sweet land, generally from 1 to
2 feet apart, and sometimes as close as 9 inches.

A little grass, rice straw or dry plantain leaves
are spread over the nuts to shade them. If white
ants get nt the nuts the grass is taken away, and
some salt or saltish mud mixed with wood ashes
and a second layer of earth is laid over the nuts.

Nuts are sometimes planted as late as August,
but tlie regular sea.son is from March to Majq
when, unle.^s the ground is damp and their inimr
inai.sture is enough for tlieir nourishment, the
nuf s want watering every second or third day until
rain falN. The nuts begin to sjiront from four to
six months after they are planted, and when the
seedlings are a year or eighteen months, or, what
is better, two years old they are fit for plant-
ing. At Bassein tlie (irice of seedlings varies from
5d. for a one or one and a half year old seed-
ling, to Od. (4 auu'.<) for a two year-old plant.

Iu planting them out the seedlings are set
about six yards apart in tlie 2 feet deep holes,
in which about 1^- pounds of wood-ashes have
been laid to keep off white-ants, and the garden
mu.st be very carefully fenced to keep off cattle.
The plants are the:; watered every second day, if
not eveiy day, for the first year; every third day,
if not every second day, for the second and
third year, and every third day, if pos.sible, for the
f uirth and fiftii year. Watering is then generally
stopped, though some Bassein gardeners go on
watering gro .vn trees every sev^entli or eighth day.
For two years after they are planted out the young
trees are shaded by palm leaves or by growing
mutheli plantains. During the rains, from its
tifih to its tentli year, a ditch is dug round the
tree and its r iots cut, and li' tie sandbanks are
raised round tlie tree to keep the I’aiuswater
from running off- In the ditch round the tree,
22 pounds of jiowdere 1 ilry fish manure is sprin-
kled and covered with earth, and watered if
there is no rain at the time. Besides lish m inure
the palms get salt-mud covered with the leaves
of the croton-oil plant (Croton Tiglium) and after
five or si.x days with a layer of earth ; or they get
a mixture of cow-dung and wood-ashes covered
with earth ; or night soil, which on the whole is
the best manure. Palms suffer from an insect
named bhonr/n which gnaws the roots of the tree,
and from the large black carpenter-bee which
bores the spikes of its half-opened leaves. When
a jialm is suffering from the attacks of the hlionga,
a dark red juice oozes from the trunk. When this
is noticed, a hole 3 inches sq. is cut in the trunk
from 4-6, feet above where the juice is coming
out, and is filled with salt, which drives away
or kills the insect. To get rid of the boring insect,
it is either drawn out by the hand, or it is
killed by pouring into the spike assafoetida water
or salt water.

Another reference to the yieM of the palm in
the Bombay Pres. says. “ A well-watered and
manured tree, in good soil, begins to yield when
it is five years old and iu bad soil when it is eight
or ten years old. A palm varies in height from
50 to 100 feet, and is in greatest vigour between
the ages of twenty and forty. It continues to
yield till it is eighty, and lives to be a hundred.

A good tree yields 3 or 4 times a year, the
average number of nuts being about 75.” In
the report of the Kathiawar district in the Bombay
gazette there occurs a short but interesting
account of the coconut. At Mahuva in 1875, 1500
acres were planted with 170,000 plants. At Khan-
dera there is a garden with 7,000 palms, and there
are about 2 000 at Bhavnagei-. A singular fact
about the coconut palm is that it grows freely
in solid limestone, provided a hole about 3| feet

3G2

Supplement to the “ Tropical AgricuUurid''

[Nov. 2, 1896.

deep and Sin diameter is cut in the rock and
iilled Avith mould. All the trees at Gopuate are
planted in solid rock.

DR. HENRY TRIMEN F.R.S.

Dr. Trimen, whose sad death occurred on the
17th. October, was no mere botanical enthusiast
as many w^ere inclined to think, but a scientific
worker, who made use of his special knowledge
as far as in him lay for the advancement of
the colony’s welfare. Indeed it will be long
before we find another official with so intimate an
acquaintance with our tropical flora not only in
its inirely botanical, but also in its economic
aspects. In classifying and describing the vege-
table products of the Island whenever the neces-
.«ity arose. Dr. Trimen’s services were invaluable
and he will be sadly missed whenever work of
this description has to be done. Besides, as
a botanical referee on local questions who is
there witli Dr. Trimen’s experience, and whose
authoritative decisions will be accepted P A close
worker who allowed him.self little recreation.
Dr. Trimen was yet a social companion and
courteous in the highest degree.

We had the pleasure of being associated with
him ill dealing with the Ceylon collections for
the Imperial Institute in London, and saw
something of his wonderful energy and thorough-
ness of work. Very sliortly before his death
wo had occasion to consult him on a point
connected with the teaching of botany, and
we would refer to the matter here as being of
interest to others. AVe wrote to the Doctor
animadverting on the botanical classification
of fruits cas givon^in ordinary text books of
botany, remarking how inadequate such a mode
of classification was for tropical fruit, and giving
examples which presented difficulties. Here
is Dr. Trimen’s reply, which, while it illustrates
tlie desicive manner in which he was wont to state
his opinion on botanical questions, sliow’s at
the same time the characteristic humour of his
style and conversation : —

Dear, —

You are quite right about the classification
of fruits in text books. I have denounced
them for years. But as a fact, they may
mostly be disregarded, being never employed
by working botanist and usually invented for
the delectation of the unhappy student. Most
of those in the list you give are succulent and
several truly “berries” but most would require
special description, not falling under particular
names. Some have special names : tliat of the
pomegranate is called a “balaustion” in the
books. Anybody is at liberty to call it so if
he choo.ses, but he may juib as w'ell call it a
pomegranate at once, as there is nothing else
like it in structure.

You will find correct descriptions of our
native fruits in my Flora.

Yours very truly,

JIkniiy Tkimkn.

‘"NlTRAGIN,” OR THE USE OF PURE
CULTIVATION BACTERIA FOR LEGU-
MINOUS CROPS.

The inquiry by Dr. Nobbe took three distinct
lines : —

1. AVhat the nature of the process wms bj' which
leguminous nodule-possessing plants were en-
abled to assimilate free atmospheric nitrogen.

2. How the working of the noudles mani-
fested itself in soils of different degrees of rich-
ness in nitrogen.

3. AVhetlier the bacteria originating from the
nodules of different kinds of leguminous plants
w'ere all of one and the same kind, or if each
group of leguminous plants had its particular
nodule activity.

As to 1, Nobbe concluded that, like the green
plant, the bacteria could not by themselves
assimilate free nitrogen, but that they w’ere
gradually changed in the nodules to a particular
form knovm as “ bacteriods,” and that it w’as
by virtue of their network arrangement in the
cells of the nodules, which presented the largest
possible surface to the air, tliat they were en-
abled to absorb the free nitrogen of the cell-
sap and render it assimilable by tlie plant.

In regard to the second point, Nobbe found
that the working of tlie nodules attains its full
efficiency only when tlie sol liable soil-nitrogen
was nearly used up. Accordingly, the more
nitrogen that the soil contained capable for
being taken up by the iilant, the less was the
difference between plants that had been inoculated
and those that had not. As a consequence of
this, quickly growdng leguminous plants such
as peas, vetches, and the like, that used up
the nitrogen of the soil quickly, showed the
influence of the inoculation much more rapidly
than did clover, lathyriis, &c. In the end, however,
the inoculated plants ijo.sse.s.sed an advantage
ill that the demands of leguminous plants for
nitrogenous food are exceptionally high.

The third question is the one of most iix-
portance to us at the present time. Nobbe showed,
by his experiments, that though the bacteria from
the nodules of leguminous plants of different
families were in outward appearance scarcely
to be distinguished from one another, yet in
their behaviour to iilants they showed very marked
differences. The bacteria from nodules of the
pea, for instance, acted admirably when used for
inoculating the pea plant, and also did some-
what less well when used for vetches (which
are nearly related to the pea) ; but they did
not do at all when used on clovers, .serradella,
robinia &c.

Similarly, bacteria from the nodules of red
clover, robinia ^cc., would answer with those kinds
of plants from which they originated, but had no
action whatever on peas. From tiiis, Nobbe drew
the conclusion that every legnminoiis iilant is
most inllueiiced by bacteiia of its own kind,
though bacteria of nearly related kinds can re-
place one another to a certain extent; but that
bacteria from leguminous ])lants belonging to
families widely separated from one another, either
from no nodules at all or only small ones with no
appreciable inlliience on the supply of nitrogenous
nourishment,

Nov. 2, 1896.]

Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist.'"

36.^

No absolute distinction, however, could be drawn
respecting the activity possessed by the bacteiia
of nodules of different families of leguminous
plants. For it was one only of degree. Pure
cultivations of unlike origin represented not special
kinds but only adopt able forms ; these w’ere able
in a weaker degree to enter into symbiosis with
all the families ; these were the neutral bacteria.
If one such form entered a leguminous root and,
W’hile forming nodules in it, increased, its de-
scendants would be influenced by the parent plant
so energetically that they would only po.=sess
the full power of working in the case of legu-
minous families of the same kind, but they would
loo.se it more or less for all others. On sowing,
therefore, in any particular soil, nodules can
only be formed with certainty when the neutral
bacteria or the form of bacteria adopted for
the particular kind of plant in question are
present in sufficient quantity. If in a soil already
exhausted more or less, by heavy leguminous
cropping of its neutral bacteria, there be put in
another leguminous plant which is not closely
related to the previous one, there will no longer
be the conditions present for ihe formation of
nodules, or else this formation will be so meagre
that it has but little value for the nitrogenous
nourishment of the plant. Hence, wherever there
are no nodule-bacteria in soils, or these are present
only in small quantity, the lacking bacteria should
be artificially supplied by inoculation of the soil
through the medium of the proper “Nitragin’’
for the crop in question.

In preparing ‘‘Nitragin’' for commercial use,
Nobbe and Hiltner took the “pure cultivation”
obtained as already described, transferred it,
with suitable precautions, to a glass bottle holding
8 to 10 oz., and containing at the bottom a
small quantity of agar-gelatine on which it was
then allowed to grow’ ; the bottle was sealed and
the contents kept from the light. In this form
the “ Nitragin ”, is available for use, and can
now' be purchased by anyone desirous of trying it.

MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS.

(By Mb. James Mollison),

Superintendent Government Farms, Bombay.

Milk sours so quickly in'lndia that in order to
get fresh cream the use of a De Laval Separator
becomes almost compulsory. The separator will
be found economical in other ways. By means
of a separator the milk, so soon as it is milked,
can be separated into its two jjroducts — cream
and separated milk. The latter soon sours, but
the former must be kept to ripen before it can
be made into good butter. The separation of
whole milk by mechanical power makes a large
dairy unnecessary, for no room is required for
the numerous vessels otherwise needed lor setting
the milk. If it is found necessary to raise cream
by the ordinary milk-setting jirocess in India,
the quicker the cream is made to rise the better
the results will be ; because even under the
most favourable conditions it is improbable that
all the cream can be skimmed off before the
milk has thickened by turning sour. The loss
can be avoided if the milk is maintained at an
artificially low temperature by means of ice.

Cream rises quickest in a falling temperature
and to expedite the process on practical lines
in India I should recommend that shallow vessels
be used, that these be placed in pans containing
the coolest well water procurable, or that water
be cooled specially for the purpose by allowing
it to filter through a series of earthenware
chatties. It is well enough known that if porous
earthenware vessels aie placed on a stand one
above the other so that the water passes from
one to the other, even though the temperature
of the atmosphere is high, evaporation takes place
which lowers the temperature of the water so
that, that which collects in the lowest vessel
is comparatively cool and is ordinarily of suffi-
ciently low temperature to rapidly lower the
temperature of new milk, provided the milk
is set in its vessel in the water. This is a
cheaper method of rapidly cooling milk than
the use of ice. There is however one objection.
If milk is cooled below the temperature of the
surrounding air, it will (like any other cold
substance) condense the moisture of the surround-
ing air and along wdth this moisture it will
absorb any taint or odour existing in that at-
mosphere. Impure air under these conditions
will certainly injure milk. The point therefore
to be sure of is that the dairy is thoroughly
ventilated and that the air which circulates
through it is pure. If on the other hand milk
at a comparatively high temperature is exposed
to air of a lower temperature the latter will
cei’tainly be the absorbent. These statements
tend to show that the refrigerator in common
use in dairies is of great value. The refrffierator
is designed to aerate milk and at the same
time to cool it. The refrigerator is essentially
a continuous tube ranged like a “ worm ” inside
a frame. Cold water is made to circulate throimh
the continuous tube w’hilst the milk passes as
a thin firm over the metal frame; the milk is
cooled and at the same time is throughly e.vposed
to the atmosphere so that the animal odour
which invariably impregnates new milk is driven
off. It is at the same time thoroughly expo.ed to
the oxidizing influence of pure air. This refri-
gerating process is employed to prepare milk for
conveyance by road or rail in closed vessels to
considerable distances and the milk is un-
doubtedly all the better for the treatment.

I have found that in hot weather milk so
treated is further preserved against any fermen-
tative change if the vessels are covered with
hoods of wet canvas. The heat of the sun or of
the air evaporates the water from the hood and
the heat necessary for volatilization of water is
derived partly from the milk which is of course
further cooled.

A cool well ventilated dairy kept scrupulously
clean is as necessary in India as elsewhere. A
well planned and well arranged dairy should, in
India, have high walls with a considerable airspace
between the ceiling and the double tiled roof.
Either a cement concrete floor or a stone floor
does very well, but the joints of the latter should
be well cemented. The walls also should be
plastered with cement to a height of three or
foui feet or tiled, and there should be no under-
ground drain. Milk must necessarily be spilled
from time to time on the dairy floor, and if
there are crevices in the floor or walls, small

Supplement to the ^'■Tropical AgriciiltuHst.”

[Xov. 2, 1896

361

quantities of milk are sure to enter ami ferment
and cause un-:anit iry conditiom which s!i )ul I
be avoided. The windows and donvs of tlie dairy
should face the west or uortli. The in lin w ills
should be of considerable thickness aud a veranda
all round will still further help to keex) the dairy
cool. If the windows open inwards and wire
gauze i.s stetched upon and tacked to tiie wimiow
frame, ventilation will be secured whilst dies
and other insects will be excluded.

SOME PART1CUL\11S REGVRDIXG
R1IE.\-GGLTIVATI0X.

[Being extracts from a report to the Q )vern"
ment of India by James Montgomery Esq. Kangra]

Prorogation.

(1) By .seed : This course must be adopted
in some cases, when the germ of the plants h;is
to be carried over great dist luces ; but pro-
bably much disappointment will attend the re-
sult. To obtain the seed great care is requisite,
and a favourable atmosph uac seama. For this
purpose young spring shoots shouhl be carefullj'
reserved in a well sheltered position. These
plants should receive special care and be svell
manured. During the rainy season they must
be kept throughly dr.iined, and after that has
passed, the ground should be carefully loosened
round the plants. If the rains cease early in
October, a fair amount of seed may be obtained ;
but, as- far as I can judge, no amount of care
can ensure success, so much depending on the
season a dry one being most favourable for the
full development of the seed. Tlie only method
of sowing, which 1 found successful was on a
gentle hot-bed under glass, in March and April ;
the seen scattered over the surface, covered very
thinly with sifted earth, and carefully shaded
from the sun, until the plants were about three
inches high, when sunlight may be gra-
dually admitted. When sufficiently strong they
should be planted out a foot apart everyway.

(2) By cuttings of the stems: The stems

should be spring-grown ones, allowed to rip^n
wmll and not cut until duly ripe. Tlien divide
the ripened i>ortion of the stem where the cuticle
has turned fully brown into .short lengths, each
including three eyes or buds, cut a quarter of
an inch below the bottom bud and as much above
the top one, and plant \^ith the centre Imd hnel
with the surface. If the weither be d.imp and
cloud}'', they will readily strike rviot, otherwise
they will require shading for a week or ten-
days, the soil being kept moist. As wii-h seed-
lings, 1 find a foot apart everyway the mod
advantageous distance ns very few shoots are
thrown up the first year.

(.3) By divisions of the roots : This is by far

the most advantageous and profitable method.
The plants for this purpo.se should be tliree, or
four year.s old. After gathering the spring crop,
dig out each plant, carefully and remove the
earth from the roots. 1 generally put tlie ma.ss
of roots into rnnning water for a short time;
this cleanses then thoroughly and enables the
gardener to see his work clearly. The tuberous
portions of the roots will be found to show a
large number of eyes similar to those on a potato.

From these carefully separate portions, each con-
taining five or six ej'es; let the cuts be clean
and reject all fibrous and decayed m itter. Expose
these .sets to the sun for a couple of hours to
dry the surface of the wound-;, and then plant
six inches deep, aud at the full di.staiice of four
feet ajiart every ways. In this way two good
crops will be obtained from them the fir.-it year.

The .‘ioil and situation for plantations. —
A rich loan suits the plants bet-t, but they
will grow in any kind of soil, provided a full
supply of moisture be available, combined with
through drainage. The latter is emergently re-
quired, particularly during the rainy season, as
should the land be retentive and become swampy
the plants will shortly decay in a very .short
period. If the land be poor, a liberal supply of
manure is requisite, otherwise the stems will
be short and weak, yielding scarcel}' any flbro.
In n.o part of Upper India can the ul int be success-
fully cultivated unless water for irrigation be
available during the dry season. Tlie facilities
f >r obtaining an ample supply of witev, combined
with the mider.ite temp s ■arure at all seas'sns,
renders this district particularly favour ible to
the plant.

C iltivatio i. — Should the laud have been stocked
with seellings or cuttings (paragraphs 4 and 5),
then in the following s|)riug, after having reaped
the first crop of available slioots, every other plant
should be transferred to fresh ground, aud put
down at two feet apart. The following year the
same course should be inirsued, taking up each
alternate root aud replanting at four feet apart.
After this the plants may well remain undis-
turbed for four years, hoeing well between
after each crop, clearing away weeds, irrigating
moderately during the dry season, and supplying
manure where nece.ssnry. The only manure 1
had at command has been vegetable, consisting
mainly of the leaves and wood portion of the
plant itself, aud of tree and vegetable leaves .
stored up for the purpose, with which I mix
a considerable amount of wood-ashes. With the
aid of this only 1 have kept plants growing
in the same spot for upwards of six years; but
consequent on the then very crowded state of
the ground, the stems were .-hort and very weak.

I would therefore recommend a thorough removal
after four years, the 1-indto be then well ploughed,
cleaned and manured.

(i.itkering the Crop. — The period of reipiug will
vary .digiitly accordiag to difference of season. 1
tind that in this district three good crojis can be
relied on each year; — the first during the latter half
of Api il, the second about the commencement of
August ; and the third about the end of November.

It will be found of much advantage to p istpone
reaiiing the second and iiarticularly the third, as
long as the condition of the plants will admit.
If the third cimp bsj cut in the middle of November,
the weather here during the remainder of that
month i.s not suHiciently cold to keep b.ack the
new growth ; and should the young > hoots appear
above ground early in J.inuary, the forests which
are u-;ual at that jieriod seriously injure them
aud les-;en the spri:ig crop. Aly own experience
indicate that the stems should be gathered .so
•sO).i as the cuticle shows a clear brown cilour
f ir abiut.o.ie third of the length. .\t thii stage,
if the soil be good aud the plant healthy, the

Nov, 2, 1896.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist”

.365

stems will be clean from butt to point, tbe leaves
of a ricb dark green above, and pearly white
below, and tbe branch-buds, at the axil of each
leap-stalk just showing. If gathered earlier than
this I find the connection of the fibres very weak,
and that a considerable portion separates in the
operation of scraping the peel. If allowed a
further growth, the axillary branches will have
been thrown out, which will cause breakages at
every point both in peeling and cleaning.

The average height of steins grown here has
been six feet, after cutting off the soft portion
at the top. In gathering I .<^upply each coolie
with a sharji pruning knife. With this they cut
the ripe stems close to the butt ; these are re-
moved in bundles by boys to the nearest
m.inure pit. Here the boys cut off nine inches
of the top and pass one hand with a gentle pres-
.sure from top to butt; this removes every leaves.
The stems are then placed in clean water from
whence the peelers remove them and separate the
peel, w'hich is again thrown into water, from
which it is withdrawn as wanted by the men who
clean it. These lay three or four strips of peal
on a fiat board, scrape it a few times on the inner
side from butt to point, then turn it over and re-
peat the scraping, which removes the cuticle : it is
then hung up or thrown on clean grass to diy.

Taking the distance of four feet apart for fully
bearing plants, an acre will contain (allowing for
paths and water channels) 3000 plants: more than
this I find to be too crowded and to increase
labour while lessening the actu:il yield during a
four year’s period. Thus planted the yield will
be a steadily' increasing one, and the plants will
not show any deterioration.

From repeated experimental weighings, I have
deduced the following average proceeds from
1,000 freshly cut 6 feet .stems : — ■

lb.

Weights as cut . . . . 286

do

when dried . .

. . 77'5 = 27 p.c

do

Fresh jieel . .

.. 83 =29 „

do

Dry peel

.. 21 -0=7 -5 „

do

Fresh wood . .

. . 203 = 71 „

do

Dry wood . .

. . 56 =19-5 „

do

Clean dry' fibre

.. I8-7=6'5„

do

Water

. . 208 5=73 „

If larger stems, from 7 to 8 feet, be taken, the
average is less in the weight of peel, but in the
outturn of clean fibre it is slightly greater. With
small stems from three to four feet, the percen-
tage of peel is markedly greater, but the return
of fibre is barely 3o per cent. Moreover, the
e.xtra labour in cutting, peeling, and cleaning
these small stems is an important consideration.

The crop cut during the rainy season wdll always
contain a large percentage of water, and that of
clean fibre be formed ratlier less, the fibre being
also softer than at the other periods of cutting.
This 1 consider due to the fact that at this period
the resinous matter in the plant is in a more
diluted state, and consequently' a greater portion
of it is removed during the process of washing
and scraping the peel.

I have already' e.xpressed my opinion against
the use of either immature or small stems as lika-
ly to give a result inferior both in quality' and
quantity : yet 1 am fully satisfied as to the advisa-

bility of not only sorting the crop, as cut, accor-
ding to length of stem when necessary, but I
would furcher recommend, that the peel from all
stems of five feet and upwards should be divided
into two, and the fibre from the upper and lower
portions kept distinct. If cultivated as I suggest,
the difference in length of the stems at each cut-
ting will be found very small, the monsoon crop
always giving the longest stems.

Taking the above as a liasis for calculation
and knowing that each plant established as I re-
commend will give at least an average of si.x stems
during the first year, I assume :

3,000 plants x 0 stems x 3 crops x 1 8 lb.
=972 lb.

1.000

per acre per annum

In earlier estimates, calculating on closely —
planted crops and stems four to five feet, I was
cauti )U3 to restrict my estimate to 750 lb. per
acre, but five years’ additional experience has
shown me that with proper open cultivation 1,000
lb. per acre may' be fairly assured.

T1II«: NUTRITIVli PROCESS IN PLANTS.

(Prof. J. Rfawolds Grern, D.Sc., f.rs.)

Carbohydrate reserve materials are not alway's
deposited in the shape of starch grains The
roots of our biennial plants furnish as with
examples of another kind of store. If we ex-
amiiie the root of a beet or a mangel wurzel
we fiind that the succulent substance is distinctly
sweet to the tastes. This sweetness is due to
the presence of a solution of cane sugar in the
sap. The cells are very turgid with water, and
this contains a large percentage of cane sugar
Indeed, the nmnufacture of sugar for the market
from beet-root is, as is wellknown, of great
commercial importance. The sugar here remains
111 solution, and is not deposited as starch
as in the former case. IVe cannot however,
think of It as remaining unchanged after its
transit from the leaves. The process of its for-
mation is much like that of the potato at first.
Hut when the leaf starch has been converted
into sugar, that sugar is malt sugar as before
and It IS transformed into cane sugar after its
arrival in the root.

An onion affords us an instance of yet another
kind of carbohydrate depo.sit. Here the fleshy
leaves of the bulb, wrapping it so closely round
as to form a very solid body, are charged with
an accumulation cf grape sugar, a third kind,
differing from both malt sugar and cane sugar
such as we have seeu to occur during the pro-
cesses already described. “ ^

in seeds is that Of
■starch which is the most stable body and the
least liable to disturbance. This no doubt is
ivhy It IS adopted by the iihint for this reser-
voir, as generally a longer time, indeed in some

period, passes before it
IS called upon to supply nourishment to the
young plants. Carbohydrate material is thus
s ored in many forms and in various places in the
plant. Similarly, nitrogenous material or proteid
has Its appropriate reservoirs. We liave in many
seeds, particularly leguminous ones, stores o^f

366

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

[Nov. 2, 1896.

this material in the form of definite granular
^gg^sgfl'tions, which botanists have called aleuroriQ
r/rains. If we take for instance the pea or
bean, we see that the cells contain embedded
in their protoplasm structural elements of two
sizes. The larger shows tlie curious concentric
marking peculiar to starch, the smaller show
no structure. Instead of turning blue when
treated with iodine, they become brown or
brownish-yellow. These small grains are the
aleurone grains, and are made of proteid. This
substance i-; not all uinform in its properties,
indeed, we are familar with many k.inds of
proteids, which differ very considerably with
regard to the fluids in which they will dis-
solve. Those proteids which most readily occur
to our memory are the albiumin or white of
egg, the globulin of muscle, the fibrin of blood
and so on. Though the vegetable proteids are
not met with in the same condition exactly as
the animal ones they are nevertheless very mnch
like them in their composition. The aleurone
grains of the pea have very striking similarities
with the globulin found in muscle. A good
deal of the substance is soluble, like that, in
a ten per cent, solution of common salt, and
salt added to saturation to such a solution of
the protied precipitates it in the form of an
amorphous mass. Parts of some aleurone grains
are soluble in water, and resemble some of the
soluble proteid, of an animal digestion. The
albumin of white of egg is very much like a
proteid which is found on the undergrnond
parts of the asparagus, which must be accor-
dingly called a vegetable albumin.

If we wish to study the deposition of pro-
teids in these vegetable reservoirs, we turn to
the seeds rather than to other parts of the
plant. In seeds they are very common. The
pea and bean have been alluded to ; here they
occur in conjunction with starch. Other seeds,
such as the rape and the linseed, show them
associated with oil. In some seeds they are
distributed thi'ough the whole substance of the
embryo ; in others they fill the endosperm ; in
the wheat and barley they occupy a single
layer of cells just underneath the outer cover-
ing.

In most of the seeds produced by our culti-
vated plants, the aleurone grains are very simple
in structure; indeed they show no structure,
being little rounded masses of granular-looking
material. In some foreign seeds, particularly
the seeds of the castor oil and the Brazil nut,
they are much more complicated. In our own
flax we have similar ones. Various solvents
need to be used to show the structure, which
consists of the following parts. There is an
oval casing or matrix, part of which dissolves
in water, and the rest in 10 per cent solution
of common salt. Embedded in it is a large
regular crystal of proteid matter, which will
only dissolve in a saturated solution of salt
This is known as the crystalloid. Between this
and the outside of the grain is a rounded
irregular mass of small crystals of the double
phosphate of magnesium and calcuim, which
is known as the globoid. This of course is not
proteid though it is always embedded in the
grain.

RAPE.

A correspondent to the Ceylon Observer," has
made some enquiries about the cultivation of
rape.

In England two forms of rape are distin-
guished (1) Winter rape (Coleseed) Brassica napus,
and Summer rape (Colza) B. Campestris. The
latter matures faster, though they are both
biennial crops. Rape may be said to grow on
all soils but best on clay fen or alluvial soils :
peaty laud suits it very well. The summer rape,
however, likes a heavy clay best. The crop grows
very rapidly and is ready for eating off as fodder
in 12 to 14 weeks. The seed is best drilled 12
to 1.5 in apart, 4 to 6 lb. being required for one
acre. It is said that there is no cron on which
sheep feed faster and do better than 'rape. The
leaves are rather liable to attack by fly, and
a remedy against this is dusting over with lime,
ashes, soot or salt. The seed crop yields from 24
to 36 bushels per acre. Rape seed contains 35 to
4J % of oil. The residue or cake is good for feed-
ing though much inferior to linseed cake. In spite
of it being ratlur bitter to the taste, stock do not
dislike it. When mustard seed is found along
with rape the cake is only fit for manure for which
it is valuable as containing nitrogen in a slowly
available condition. Mustard seed commonly
occurs with India rape seed which is therefore quite
unsuitable for feeding purposes. To detect the
presence of mustard in rape mi.x the cake with
cold water and leave in a covered vessel : a
characteristic smell is soon perceived. Gene-
rally rape is first fed and then allowed to
seed. On the continent it is commongly grown
for green manuring or ploughing its herbage into
the soil. Rape oil is extensively used for
machinery, lamps &c., but the oil and cake so called
are not e.xclusively obtained from this oil nor are
the name Colza oil and rape oil used to distin-
guish the produce of different plants. The seeds
of other cruciferous plants are also crushed with
rape and Colza. In particularly rich soils
rape sometimes grows to a height of 3 or 4
feet.

In the “ characteristics and composition of feed-
ing stuffs ” given in the H. and A. Society’s Jour-
nal we read of Rape seed (seed of Brassica
napus and campestris}:

“It has a greenish mottled apearance and
a bitter taste which renders it distasteful to
cattle at first. Should be given in small
quantities to begin with. Not suited for calves.
When given to milch cows the quantity should
not exceed 2 or 3 lb. per head per day, or it will
give a disagreeable taste to milk and butter. Some-
times very impure. A dangerous impurity is
mustard seed. May be detected by steeping in
cold water for some hours and noting smell of
mustard. Danger may be avoided by stoepimr
tlie ground Cake in boiling water." ”

The average composition of pure rape cake
is given as ‘-albuminoids 31, oil 10, and carbo-
hydrates 30 per cent. ” Rape is a good deal culti-
rated in India. In our next we shall refer to
the special features of rape cultivation in
India,

Nov. 2, 1896.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist."

367

REPORT OF THE RUPERINTENHENT OF
SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE FOR 1895.
{To be continued.)

Model. Farm.

The subjoined statement shows the transactions
of the Model Farm for the past year. The lease
of this Crown land was acc£uired from a private
individual, who had been holding it on payment,
(out of the Dairy funds,) of a sum of Rs. 4,400
as compensation. A rental of Its. 1,360 a year
is paid to Government for the occupation of
the land, and any profits that may accrue after
this obligation is fulllillcd goes to the credit
of the Dairy Fund.

In August Mr. Samaranayaka, an Assistant
Master at the School of Agriculture, was de-
tached for service at the Model Farm, where
he was to take up his resilience in order to
better look after the interest of the farm and
remain in charge of such of the dairy cattle
as might be sent there from time to tiire. Mr.
Samaranayaka, has had on an average about
25 head of cattle under his care at a time, the
stock consisting chiefly of dry cows and grow-
ing calves. The main source of revenue fi'om
the farm is the land under Mauritius grass,
and since Mr. Samaranayaka has taken charge
of the place better returns than before have
been shown.

Grass Land about Dainj.

These lands which supply the dairy cattle
with the bulk of their green fodder, the value
of w'hicli is debited to the dairy, yielded a not
return of Ks. 750 during the year.

The financial position of the dairy will be
seen at a glance in the following summary: —

Rs. c.

Vote from Government in 1893 ... 19,539 12

Special advance in 1894 ... 11,500 0

31,039 12

Paid in 1893 to revenue ... 7,627 86

1’aid‘in 1894 ... ... 1,262 65

Paid in 1895 ... ... 5,237 35

Balance to be paid ... ... 16,911 26

31,039 12

Balance in hand on December 31,

1895, .. .. .. K3,114-44

Valuation of stock, building, and

utensils, . . . . . . R15,500

There has been some outcry against the ex-
penditure on the work of the School of Agri-
culture. If, as I gather from the last Adminis-
tration Report of the Director, the annual cost
of the Agricultural School proper is between

Rs. 8,000 and Rs. 9,000, it must be remembered
that there i.s a considerable revenue from its
appertinent in.stitutions — the Dairy and Model
Farms. The net profits from these establishments
were in 1895 (a bad 3'ear for the dairy) over Rs.
6,000. In .a good working year, when the j>ro-
fits of the dairy should be nearly double what
they were last yeai-, and with the agricultural
students paying double the fees they have paid
hitherto fa measure which came into force from
January, 1896), the expenditure on all the esta-
blishments under my charge would be practically
met by the revenue.

Experimental Cultivation.

An experiment in grape cultivation was begun
at the School of Agriculture by arrangement
made with Signor Zanetti, an Italian gentleman,

who has had considerable experience in viticulture
in Italy and Australia. Nearly an acre of land
in the vicinity of the dairy was laid under vines
in August, and the plants— 720 in number— are
being treated after the Continental fashion. The
following a’e the varieties of graiies that are
receiving a trial : Gordo Blanco, Lady’.s Finger,
Champion Muscat, Gross Colman, Snow Muscat
Marllion (wMiite grapes). Black Prince, Black
Ambro (black grajie.s), and Chassalas d Or (a
golden grape). It is too early to speak definitely
with regard to the vineyard at the school, hut
so far tlie vines have made fair progress under
the .system they have heen grown, despite the
poor soil in wliich they have been planted and
the severe drought they experienced during the
latter part of the year. There is yet much to
be done in the way of modifying their treat-
ment to suit local conditions, which Signor
Zanetti is gradu.-illy doing after studying the
progress of the plants.

Trials were also made with teosinte or reana
{EnchUma, Luxurians), “Delft” gra.ss ( Andro-
pogon Schoenanthus ), and different varieties of
the cow pea. Teosinte and Delft grass were
of course grown only as fodder plants. The yield
of the former was at the rate of 15 tons per
acre per cutting, or, if live full cuttings could
be counted upon in the year, the enormous
annual yield ot 75 tons per acre. It should be
stated, however, that the soil on which the
teosinte w'as grown was a rich black mould.
On a poor sand the crop made little growth
without manure, and was almost killed out
during the dry season.

Delft grass, said to be the prevalent grass
on the island of Delft oft’ the northern coast,
also proved to be a heavy cropper, yielding at
the rate of 8 tons 4 ewt, per acre per cutting ;
and four or five cuttings a year may be counted
upon.

Unfortunately your cattle did not take at
all to this grass, objecting apparently to the
strong anisescent of the leaves. Delft grass is
a close ally of the wild grasses used for hay-
making in Western India, and ought to be
well suited for that purpose, only that Ceylon
stock do not take to hay at all. Even the
imported Sind cattle will not touch hay after
having eaten Mauritius grass for a time.

Of cow peas, the most satisfactory variety
proved to be that know as “ the wonderful.”
Its yield, when grown for fodder, was at the
rate of 5i tons per acre ; and cattle took very
kindly both to this and to teosinte grass. The
legumes are good for human food, and though
a little coarse found purchasers. The cow pea
is, however, best known as a nitrogen restoring
crop, and since I established the plant at the
school I have had many applications for seed,
while considerable interest has been evinced by
our more advanced agriculturists in the question
of the assimilation of free introgen by certain
plants and the important bearing it has on
jiractical argiculture. The study of this question
from a local standpoint^ will no doubt bring
out some useful facts. The school has formed
further connections with agricultural institutions
in India and the Colonies, and the agricultural
Magazine continues to be a valuable medium
of local and foreign communication.

C. DRIEBERG, B.A , F.H.A.S.,

Superintendent,

Statement showing the receipts. Cost of Mainte-
nance, and Frolit of the Government Dairy

368

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

[Nov. 2, 1896

1

Date.

'arm during the year 1895.
Recei pts.

Amount.

1895.

Rs . c.

January .
February

.. Realized by sale of
milk, manure, &c..

Do. ...

1,628 39
1,465 68

March

Do. ...

1,272 74

April

Do

1,153 89

May

Do. ...

1,310 8)

June

Do. ...

1.329 62

July

Do. ...

1,429 17

August

Do. ...

1,458 13

September

Do. ...

1,380 .58
1,371 75

October

Do. ...

November

Do. ...

1,436 62

December

Do. ...

1,513 32

Payments.

Paid to the Manager as salary (January
to December)

Paid to twelve coolies as salary
to December)

Kxi)ended in transporting milk to Hendala

16,750 69
Amount.
Rs. p.
480 0
(^January
1,440 b
0

16.5

Expended in feeding cows for the year 10,883 17
Expended in medicines and disinfectants 112 15

Expended in oil ... ... 61 48

Expended in baskets, brooms, ropes, &c. 31 60

Expended in stamps ... ... 6 20

Expended in repairs to building and

utensils ... 40 0

Expended in the milk purcba.sed ... 1,360 .59

Net profit on dairy produce ... 2,161 50

Model Farm Account, 1895.
Receipts.

Total receipts for the year

l'^,750 69

Rs. c.
3,000 86

3,000 86

£x))enditure. Rs c.

Working expenses for the year ... 639 88

Rent paid to Government ... 1,.350 0

Net profit ... ... 1,010 98

3,000 86

GENERAL ITEMS.

“ Mulch,” says the American Agriculturist,
“keeps the ground loose and porous, and this
causes the moisture in the ground below to he
drawn upwards towards the surface. Tliis is
especially important in hot dry weather, for
nt such a time a plant can hardly have too
much moisture. How can a large field be
mulched ? By repeated cultivation. The liglit
coating of soil on the top acts very much as does
a regular mulch of straw or leaves, helping
plants wonderfully in withstanding drought.
Moreover, the stirring of the soil destroys all

weedgrowth Farmers, as a rule, do not

do half enough in the way of cultivating their
crops when growing. Let them try thorough
tillage for one season, and they will be surprised
and delighted with the results.”

Labour-saving machines used in the prepara-
tion of the land and cultivation of crops is one
of the chief features in tlie Agriculture of today.
While deep cultivation and subsoilng are of
special value in a large proportion of soils,
flliallow or top-cultivation is not only irseful but
it becomes in all hot and dry countries impera-
tive for the growth of croi)S in all kinds of soils.
Keeping a fine layer of soil on the surface of the

ground does more than anything else to keep
and economise the moisture in the soil. It acts
as a mulch, and this is the easiest and chea])est

form in which it can be provided Soil

having been once cultivated to a good depth by
ploughing and sul)soiliug, it does not require to
he con.'itantly turned over with a plough, but
wdiat it needs i.s tlio constant stirring and
pulverising of the surface. For this purpose
several very effective implements have been
invented, M'hich like tiie old fashioned harrow
will cultivate a much larger surface with the
same strength of team as would be required
for ploughing. Oa some soils and in some
■seasons rolling is found very beneficial as it

tends to comp.'ict the soil Some of these

surface cultivating machines act ns weeder.s,
while nearly all have the power of producing
on the surface finely pulverised soil, which acts
as a mulch and prevents the evaporation of
moisture from the land.

The following, considered an excellent remedy for
sore eyes appears in the Cape Agricultural journal :

Sulphate of Zinc, three drachms, Liquid Extract
of Opium, three ounces, to be mixed in twelve
ounces of rain water.

One ounce of the mixture to half a pint of
water; of this two ounces to be syringed (a small
glass syringe is best) into the eye.

A corresiaondent writes: I have used the

above for two .seasons and fitul it an unfailing
remedy. This season out of thirty head treated,
only two or three required a second application.
If possible, keep the affected boast (with me
mostly young cattle) separte from the herd as it
is very contagious.

Referring to Banana or Plantain meal, the Vroduce
world says :

The best 7ueal is reported to be made wdien
the fruit is green : just before it i’ij)eua. It should
he peeled, and thei» cut into slices — if to bo dried
in the sun the thinner the better. Steel knives
should not be ured, silver or nickel are the be.<t ;
but substitutes may be made of ivory, bone, or
even baml)oo. After cutting up, the slices may
be spread out on a cloth in the sun to dry, or the
fruit maybe dried in .special ovens. When thorough-
ly dry the slices are ground or pounded into meal
or flour, then sifted through a fine sieve, and
all particles of fibre or foreign matter removed.

If the fruit is partially ripe it will not dry
well; the dry portions will bo of a dark colour,
and spoil the quality of the flour.

Mr. J. W. Crowhurst and F.n.c.v.s. states that
in tieating warts, particularly when very small
and in great mimi)ers, he has found arsenic in
the form of Fowler's .solution, produce good
I’esults. The dose given to cattle is about one
table.spoonful once or twice a day Tor 10 or

15 day.s.

Mr. Long in answer to Mr, Ascroft stated in
the Ilou.se of Commons that there were

10,753, 000 Catlle and 20, 775, 000 sheep in the
United Kingdom at the date of the last retiirn.
No official estimate of their value exists, but if
B 9 per head in the case of cattle, and £ 1 per
head in theca.se of sheep be taken as a fair average,
the value of the cattle would be nearly .(197,000,000
and that of the slice I 30,000,000.

o< MONTHLY. tx>

Vol. XVI.]

COLOMBO, DECEMBER ist, 1896, [No. 6.

RAMIE, RHEA OR CHINA CRASS

FAUKE’S NEW PATENT RAMIE FIBRE
DECORTICATOR.

NO MOKE KIBKONS OR SUilKS.

r is claimed for this machine
that it forms the connect-
ing link, so long sought for
between the grower of ramie
and the spinner and manufac-
turer of the fibre ; and that
its effect will be to place ra-
mie on the list of every-day

textiles to be pro-
duced and utili-
zed without diffi-
culty in any de-
sired quantity.
The battle has
been long bet-
ween the chemist
and tlie machi-
nist concernii'g
the role each has
to play in the
production of ra-
mie, and until the
point has been
definitely settled,
the fibre, i otwith-
standing its mag-
nificent qualities
—strength, lustre
ductility, capaci-
ty for taking col-
our by printing
and dyeing, and
for mixing with
other fibres, has
been under cloud.
The manipula-
tion of the ^sterns
in the dry state

so long advocated, has been definitely acknowledged
to be erroneous, experience having proved that to
obtain the full advantages of the many brilliant quali-
ties of the fibre, the stems must be treated in the
green state. The chemist has insisted that as little
as possible must be done to the green stems by
machinery, leaving the main treatment to be carried
oirt by chemicals. The machinist has retorted that
the fibre is seriously damaged by chemical process,
which take awa)' its strength, its lustre, and its
ductility, and that therefore machinery must play
the important part ; and so for many years the
battle has been waged, first one side and then
the other gaining the victory.

The problem,
commercially con-
sidered, has been
to obtain a ma-
chine, which can
carry cut eco-
nomically the foh
lowing processes
without damag-
ing the fibie ;
( o) Remove the
woody parts from
the green stems ;
{b) Remove the
outer skin or cuti-
cle, which has so
loi g baffled all
efforts, mechani-
cal and chemical,
to remove it ;
and (c) Extract
as much as possi-
ble of the juices
of the stems, so
as to simplify
and cheapen the
degumming pro-
cess. The two
former processes
are effectively
carried out by

370

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec. I, 1896.

hand labour in China, where workmen scrape each
stem and remove the skin and the wood, but leave
most of the juice in the fibre.

All inventors of ramie decorlicators have concen-
trated their efforts on machines to produce ribbons.
Needless to say, the object aimed at has fallen far-
short of the real necessities of rhe case, hence
the long delays and numerous disappointments with
which this fibre is associated. Ramie ribbons
hvae three serious, almost fatal defects : They con-
tain a large percentage of woody matter ;
they contain the outer skin or cuticle of the stem,
which has been the despair of the chemist to solve
and remove ; and they contain the major portion of
the juice which coagulates in drying and becomes
gummy.

Mr. Faure has aimed at the construction of a
machine to produce not ribbons but the fibre in one
operation, free from woody matter, from skin, and
with the least possible amount of juice in it. His
product is equivalent to ‘‘China Grass,” but in an
improved condition, because his machine is much
more regular and efficient in its action than the
varying hand labour obtainable in China, and be-
cause the possibility of adulterating the fibre is
done away with. Mr. Fame’s first decorticator ob
tained the gold medixl at the last Paris trials.
It was the best of the machines exhibited there and
tested by actual work with green ramie stems.
Being desirous of improving on his first attempt,
he has since constructed several decorticating ma-
chines, each one showing marked superioiity oyer
the preceding ones. A skilled engineer and machine
maker, with every facility in his own works and
ample means for carrying out his ideas, he had
the benefit of another very imxmrtant advantage,
namely, the growing of ramie on his own estate in
the Limousin near his works, which enabled him
’to practically test his ideas by actual experiments
on the raw material — a combination of advantages
probably not enjoyed by any other inventor of
decorticators, Patiently and scientifically he has, step
by step, worked out the problem ; and the maeliine
. illustrated on the previous page represents the results
of his several years’ labours. It is simple, inexpensive,
and does its work admirably.

It is fed by two men, working alternately, each
holding in his hand about ten stems. The stems
are used in the same condition as cut, with the loaves
on. The operation of feeding is as fol 0 vs : The steu s
are passed in tw'ice. They enter the machine, leaf
endsfirst, and after having been treatedabout two-thirds
of their length they are withdrawn, an o])eratiou
easily carried out, and fed in a second time, the thick
ends first, so as to complete the operation. It frees
the stems from all woody matter and from the outer
skin or cuticle and extracts a largo portion of the
juice, thus producing fibre retaining all its valuable
qualities.

The machine, which weights 11 cwts., is simple m
construction, very strong and not liable to get out
of order. It consists mainly of the framework and
driving gear, the decorticating drum carrying beaters,
and the feed bed. This latter is the important fea-
ture of the machine, by reason of its special con-
tour which vaiic.s at different parts to suit the
various descriptions of w-ork which the machine has
to perform. The first part of the bed is curred out-
wards, the second is straight, and the third is curved
inwards. The ramie stems are fed into the machine
over the first part of the bed, where the woody
portion becomes immediately broken and partly re-
moved; the strip passes on to the sec. n.l part, and
as the speed of the beaters is coimderably greater
than that at which the stems are fed into the
machine, a soaping effect is produced on the strips,
seeing that the distance between the beaters and
the surface of the bed is less than the thickness of
the strip. Thi.s scraping action effects a double pur-
pose; it attacks the outer skin and also all mattois
extraneous to the fibres. The strips or stricks of
filaments then pass down vertically into the machine
and the separated matters, viz. most of the woody
parts, the skin and gummy substances, are thrown
out to ft distance by the centrifugal fn-:o of the

beater drum. When the stems have entered to within
a short distance of their end, the return movement
is effected and they are withdrawn. During the with-
drawal the following action takes place: — At the in-
ward curve or third part of the bed, the filaments
are slightly and gradually grazed by the beater
blades, which throw out the coarser of the debris still
adhering. The operation is performed with great
delicacy ; the fibres assume the position of the chord
of the curve and are constantly agitated by the
beaters. When the fibres arrive at the second jrait
of the bed, as the space between it and the beaters
is infinitely reduced, the entire removal of matters
still adhering to the fibres is effected, and these
latter leave the machine white, parallel and free
from woody matter, from skin, aird from the major
portion of the juice. The concave bed or breast is
mounted in such a way, that its position to the
action of the beaters is easily regulated. The brackets
which carry the bed are supported by spiral spring
cushions and flexible legs, the object being to ob-
tain a rubbing action betxvecn the beaters and the
fibre, having for its special object the loosening and
removal of the skin or outer cuticle. The cdasiic
bed gives way or vibrates an enormous number of
times per minute, and this produces the desired
rubbing or “knuckle joint” action between the
beaters and the fibres on the bed. The shape of
the feed bed causes it to remain clean and free
from extraneous matter through the action of the
beaters. Choking is thus rendered impossible. All
abnormal strains are avoided, and the machine can
be kept at work from morning till night without
stoppages for cleaning. The refuse falls underneath
the machine and is removed from time to time.
In the case of a number of machines working to-
gether, an endless band or conveyor, passing under
the machines, removes the refuse contiuously and
so keeps the neighbourhood of the machines per-
fectly free from it.

Faure’s machine is simple in construction, and
capable of 1 eing easily worked by native labour in
the ramie plantations or in woiks connected there-
with. Although simple, it needs to be constructed
with the greatest accuracy in order to ensure effec-
tive working. The cylinder, carrying the steel beaters
is perfectly balanced and accurate in its action ; it
runs at 400 to 450 revolutions per minute ; the sur-
face of the boaters is perfectly parallel with the
setting of the feed bed and capable of working
close up to it, say within a distance equal to the
thickness of a piece of writing paper. . 'I’he feed
bod, the varying profile of which is of such enormous
importance in the efficacy of the machine, is made
with the greatest of accuracy and of the best
materials.

With regard to the production, practical experience
shows that two men working at one machine can
treat 3G0 lb. of fresh green stemps per hour, or about
32 cwt. per day of ten hours. The amount of dry
fibre produced, depends largely on the nature and
growth of the stems; the percentage of fibre contained
in green stems varies very much according to cir-
cumstances. On a 5 per cent, basis, the nett pro-
duction of dry fibre by each machine per day of
teir hours is 180 lb. When the stems are specially
good, more than 200 lb. of dry fibre have been pro-
duced -Iter machine in ten hours. Under ordinary
circumstances a production varying from IGO to 200
lb. of dry fibre in ten hours per machine may be
expected.

The apparently small production per machine
needs a word of explanation, seeing tnat decorti-
cating machines are being made professing to treat
large quantities of green ramie stems per day, but
it must be borne in mind that their production is
ribbons not fibre. Ramie ribbons or strips must
always be unsatisfactory, and will, no doubt, in time
disappear from the market. The buyer has no
means of testing their value, the quality or percen-
tage of the fibre, and whether damaged or not by
the decorticating machine ; hence he will only give
a low price for an unknown article, in addition to
which they cannot bo highly compressed and packed
into proper bales aa other fibres are. Therefore the

Dec. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

371

freight on ribbons is unduly high ; they also contain
a very large percentage of useless material on which
freight has to be paid.

Paure’s machine produces fibre, which will always
rank higher in the market even than China grass,
by reason of its regularity in condition and quality.
The buyer can easily see and test what he is buying ;
he will therefore be disposed to give it its proper
classification and pay its full market value; in aldi-
tion to which, by reason of the bales being well
pressed and containing little else than ramie fibre,
the freight and expenses per ton will be at the
minimum.

The product of Faure’s ramie fibre machine cxn-
not be compared with the ordinary ribbons or .strips.
It is an entirely different article, and wdl fetch a
very different rrice in the market. The machine,
when treating good stems, produces about 5 per cent,
of waste fibre, that is to say, fibre which escapes
from the hands of the workmen. It cannot, how-
ever, be correctly classified as waste, seeing that it
has excellent value for second quality ramie, and
here we would note that in relation to ramie, there
is practically no real waste, as the fibre is always
saleable. Its qualities of strength and colour are
so great that, even for paper-making, the very
shortest of the fibre always has excellent value and
fetches good prices.

In connection with the question of fibre product-
tion and waste, the nature of the growth of the
stems must be considered. If they are plantc.I too
far apart, the stems have a tendency to unduly
tlirow out branches. Each branch I'epresents a
break in the continuity of the fibre of the parent
stem. Recent plantings of ramie are being made
with the stems much closer together, so as to pre-
vent undue branching and improve the quality of
the fibre. Green stems grown in a tropical or sub-
tropical climate give the best results. The growth
being quick, the stems carry plenty of fresh green
juice, which assists the decortication very much by
leaving the fibre freely and carrying with it in its
downward course from the beating point of the
machine lai’ge quantities of extraneous matter. The
condition of the stems at the time of treatment also
plays an important part. In order to ensure the
best possible fibre, the stem should be treated wi'hin
a few hours of being cut. They should not be over-
ripe, as the fibre deteriorates after the stems h ivo
arrived at maturity. The best plan is to cut them
either just at full maturity or slightly before. The
fibre thus obtained excels in whiteness and ductility,
retains its full lustre, and shows to the best advan-
tage during subsoqueut manufacturing operations,
sirch as preparing, combing, spinning, dyeing, &c.
Each machine requires about one horse-power to
drive it. When a number of machines are w'orking
together less power will suffice; thus eight horse-
power will drive ten machines.

Faurc’s patent decorticators were sent last year
to Italy, Egypt, Tonquin, &c.. and have more than
justified the expectations that were raised respect-
ing their action and the quality of fibre they produce.

A few words will not be out of place concerning
the disposal of the fibre after leaving the machine.

It may be dried at once and then haled, its condition
being the same as China grass. Experiments made
last season show that steeping the fibre in boiling
water for about half an hour and squeezing it
thoroughly previous to drying, gives very favourable
results, as when dried the fibre is soft and separates
freely. The gummy nature of the juice having been
seriously modified by boiling, the final degumming
process is rendered very easy, cheap, and short.
The addition of about 1 per cent, of carbonate of
soda to the water may be made if the circumstances
are favourable. This partially doguras the fibre and
does away with any possibility of fermentation or
deterioration during the transport to manufacturing
countries.

The sole representation of Mr. Faure’s interest, both
for machines, licenses, and patents has been entrusted
to Mr, Thos. Barraclough, of 20 Bucklersqury, Lon-
don, to whom all applications should be made.

GRAPE FRUIT vs. PUMELOE— A NEW
FRUIT FOR ENGLAND;

THE KEW GARDEN AUTHORITIES JUSTI-
FIED AND THE “FRUIT-GROWER”

CONVICTED OF RECKLESS IGNORANCE.

Wk regret very much that in the Iropical
AgrkulLurist for Ausrust last (page 120) we took
over a stu])id paragrajih from the Fruit-grower
entitled “The Fimieloe in England: The Igno-
rance of Kew Gardens,” wliich only showed the
ignorance of the writer and which was entirely
inaccurate in its reference to Kew and esi)eci-
ally to Dr. Morris. The paragraph in question
pointed out what no one had disputed, that
the Pumelo is not a new fruit in England,
although the writer erroneously supposed that
the authorities at Kew were in ignorance of the
fact. In reality. Dr. Morris of Kew Gardens in
a letter to the Saturday Reoiew had referred to
“Grape Frltit” — nut Pumelo, from which in*
deed it differs as much as a fine apple does
from a crab. The Giape Fruit is so highly e.s«
teemed in the United States that single speci-
mens are retailed at a dollar a piece, and we
need scarcely add that the fruit is entirely new
to England.

We are glad to be able in this connection to
reproduce iiere an article written by the editor
of Garden and Forest, the leading horticul-
tural journal in America, which clearly shows
the V alue of Grape Fruit ; and this we must give
prominently in our monthly periodical in order
to correct the blunder made in August; and
also because the subject is one of special inter-
est to us in Ceylon. We should like to know
if anything has been done at Henaratgoda or
Peradeniya— Ilakgala is, wo presume, too liigh
— to do justice to the Grape Fruit? Meantime
we quote as follows: —

GRAPE FRUIT.

Under the title of “The Coming Fruit,” Dr. D«
Morris, of Kew, not long since wrote to The Satur
day Ilceicm, urging upon the people of the West
India Islands to. establish groves of Grape-fruit trees
of the best quality. When passing through New
York in the early part of this year. Dr. Morris
was very strongly impressed by the quantity of
this fruit which the New York market was demand*
ing, and our readers will, perhaps, remember an
article in the present volume of Garden and Forest^
on page 103, in which he gives a sketch of he
origin and history of the Shaddock, Pomelo, Grape-
Fruit, Forbidden-fruit and other varieties which
belong to this group of Citrus-fruits, and are bota*
nically classified under the species Citrus decumanat
They are quite distinct botauically from true Oranges,
Citrons or other groups of the Orange f 1111117, and since
they have mostly been raised from seed with little
ca'.e given to selec‘ion, they vary widely in quality,
The frost which ruined the Or.inge groves of Flo*
rida has temporarily sho'-t'-nied the supply, and Dr,
Morris quotes a paragn.ph from this paper recall*
ing the sale of small-sized grape-fruit of at least
a dollar each, and is, Dr. Morris suggests, probably
the highest price ever paid for specimens of the
orange tribe.

No doubt, it will be long before there is any over*
production of graiie-fruit, since the demand for it
increases every year, and it is constantly becoming
more popular as a breakfast fruit. It is beautiful,
is said to have medicinal value, and the more
it is used, the more highly it is relished. Beyond
question it would be a profitable fruit to raise in the
West Indies, and probably the English people will
in time prize it more highly than they do now, and
furnish an additional outlet for West Indian groves.
Since the Florida frost, this country has absorbed
almost the Whole West India supply, although mnoh

372

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. i, 189^.

of it has been very inferior in quality. How does it
happen that the enterprising orcliardists of California
have not been awake to the situation? There is no
reason why they should not supply the cast during a
part of the yeai with all the grape-fruit needed. The
limited qualities thus far received from California have
lacked weight and juiciness. Wherever ihe fruit is
grown it should be borne in mind that the highest
success will only come with the use of the best varie-
ties. There is no need to grow the thick-skinned and
bitter sorts, or those with a dry, cottony pulp, when
there are varieties both of the apple-shaped and
pear-shaped fruits, with silkv skin, full of juice and of
a most delightful flavour, w th just enough bitter to give
it piquancy and suggest its tonic quality. — \_Uarden and
Forest,’]

B[BL10GKA.PHY OF COFFEE.

( Continued from pa(/e 300.)

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WcU- IVillcr. The Women’s Petition against Coffee
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WellAMllcr. The Men’s Answer to the Women’s
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Welter, Henri. Essai sur I’histoire du Cafe’. Paris.
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Id encker, Daniel, lle.sp. Dissertatio medica de potu
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CAPSICUM, POTATOES, AND SOME
OTHER ECONOMIC SOLAN ACE?E
OF INDIA.

[ Bv YOClK -DltACRI GhOSA, OF THE AgKI-
Horticultural Society of Inuia.]

Of the numerous Solunuccce found in India, Nees
von Esenbeck in bis synopsis of Indian Bolanaccic
counts tiboui 45 species as indigenous to India.

Koyle, in his illustrations, does not mention more
than 44 species, which, excluding the Himalayan
species, reduces the number for the plains to
about 33 ; the Himalayan species being —

1. Lycium europceum. | 6. S. crassipetalum

2. Atropa acuminata. | 7. S. rubrurn.

3. Hyoscyainus niger. | 8. Physalis angulata.

4. Solannm Inxum. | 9. Datura ferox.

5. S. Lysimachoides. | 10. Amisodus luridus.

According, therefore to these auihorities, we can

rely upon 27 species cf Solannm, three of Physalis,
and three of Datura as tropical. But there are
several oth< r species of this order, although not
recognised by the earlier authors as indigenous to
India, or more accurately, to the plains of India.
For, barring few exceptions, a great many species,
which have beerr knowrr to have beerr introduced

in the plains from foreign countries, are neverthe-
less found to be growing wild irr the colder regions
and higher latitudes. If by India we limit orsrselvea
to the plains or even to the peninsula, the state-
ment about indigenous and introduced plants is
correct. But if irr the terrrr Ir.dia we include the
Hiirralayan ranges, we must hesitate before we de-
clare a particular species as not indigenous. A
species rrray have been introduced to the plains
from foreign countries, say the Dahlia. All our
garden Dahlia bulbs are received from Europe, but
that is no sufficient reason to say that the Dahlia
is not indigenous for Dahlias are pretty common
irr the hills, and at places where they could not
have been introduced. Many indigenous plants and
seeds or bulbs of plants, though quite common in
the country, are annually imported, because better
results are obtained from plant ^ raised from imported
seeds. It has not unoften been urged that, because
there is not to be ordinarily found a Sanskrit name
for a plant, it must be an introduced one. But
the reverse of this proposition would not hold true, for
we know we have a Sanskrit name for tobacco,
tdmraknfa, but nevoriheless it is admittedly an
introduced pbiiit. The same may be said of many
others. On the other hand, coffee was ordinarily-
believed to have been unknown to the Hindoos:
at least the beveiago produced by the infusion of
the roasted berries. In the Vedas, however, a
beverage is mentioned; which is said to have been
used for keeping off sleep, and which was much
sought for by the gamblers of the time. It is
said to ba^e been prepared from the seeds of a
berry named liibhidaka, its other name being
Jdpdra the Wakeful, which grows in the casis of
the Desert. The use of coffee as a beverage must
have been forgotten, until, introduced by the Arabs
under the name of kan;a, who brought the berries
from their own country, not knowing that they
were indigenous to India. The cultivation of the
coffee plants dates from still later time, but not-
withstanding all this, it would not be fair to say
t'uat the coffee species is an introduced plant.
'The ancient Hindoos, even in the Vedio age, or
at least in the ages of the Sutras and Sinrtis were
aware of introduced and foreign plants, and in
certain observances they have disallowed foreign
articles. However, be that as it may, following
the authorities, there altogether 33 species, a few
and a very few of them are economically known,
the rest being of interest to the botanist or the
naturalist.

The foremost of the Solanaceas are the Capsi-
cum or Chillies, sometimes known as Cayenne-
pepper. Botanically, six species of this sub-genus
pertain to India either as indigenous or as domes-
ticated and cultivated. The whole of this family

[Dec. I, i8g6.

374

THE TROPIC Vf. AGRlCaLTQRIS r.

or sub-genus may be considered a? originally foreign,
but that they have since so much adapted them-
selves to the soil and the climate that several of
them have been completely acclimatised or namra-
lised here, freely tioweriug, bearing pods, ripening
seeds, and self-sowing themselves again. Matiy in-
dividuals of some of the speues of this family have
been seen in most outlandish places, the seeds
having been scatters 1 by birds. Amongst them
may be included the Dluuiilaiika, the bird’s-eye chilly.

The Genus Capsicum, Linnuous Gen. PI. II 8'J2.
is almost identical with Genus N. 3:W of Schreb., the
same of Pitton de Tournefort and G. Von Miller’s
Dictionary, 4, p. 411, is as distinct a genus as any
other genus. There is, however, much coufusion in
the nomeuclature of the several species, different
authors having given different names to the same
thing, and it is not unoften to find the same
author in different publications having differently
named the same plant.

Dr. G Watt counts —

1 Capsicum annuum, Linnaeus; 2. C. fastigiatum,
Blume; 3. C. frutescens, Linnaeus; 4. 0. gcossuin of
Professor C. L. Willdenow, four species. Capsicum
minimum of Roxburgh being, according to him.
identical with C. fastigiatum of Blume and C.
baccatum of Wallich.

Dr. Watt’s, however, is the shortest list of all.
Roxburgh counts six. namely:—

1. Cipsicum purpurem — Roxburgh.

2. Capsicum annuum, Willdenow sp. I, 1,050.

3. Capsicum gcossum, Willdenow sp. I, 1,0.51.

4. Capsicum fruteioens, VVilld-enew sp. I, 1,051.

5. Capsicum minimum, Roxburgh and

6. Capsicum cerasiforme Willdenow, sp. I, 1,051.

Or, in the other words, he differs from Wi Ide-

now in making three species of 1,051 of th i,t author.

It will t ins be seen that C. grossuni is admitted-
ly a distinct species. It has bean acknowledged to
be so even in Ness von Eionbeok’s stand ird work.
It is also the case with 0 frutescens of Linnaaous,
but C. Chamoecerasus of Ness von Esenbeok is
identically the sama as C cerasiformo of Poiret and
the C. purpurem of Roxburgh. Tiie C. baccatum
of Linnseus is no doubt the same as C. frutescens
of Rumphius Herbarium Amboinense.

I. Capsicum Guossum.

The hxfiiiiuiric of the bazaar is cultiv.ited all
over India. It bears fruits all the ye ir round, and
is identical with the Bellpepper of Eirminger.
The rind is reflex, and swelled into vuious shapes.
The thick lieshy skin is not quite so acrid and is
not unoften used as a pot-lierh by itself. In Nepal,
which evidently is its home, it is known as
karsini or Kharaseni, indicating the locality whence
it was primarily introduced.

All the six species of Roxburgh are cultivated
in India: they are indiscriminately called Lank i
or Lankimaric or Lai mruic. In the bazaar the
size, shape, and colour distiugish them, by
goat-peppe'r, bird-pepper, chilly, bell-pepper and
Cayenne pepper, the chillies being the smallest-
sized fruits. There are a great many varieties of
them, some of which are ornamental. The pods are
long, straight, of the size of a linger, long, bent,
thin and about an inch long, round, berrylike
fruits, and looking more or less like tomatoes ;
some of them are orange, bright red, pale amber,
purple black, yellow, and some are as white as a
lasmine. The veruacular names are accordingly
f-dtj rimaric, lal lankamaric,hol<lolankamaric, dhanilanka,
aiid kalel'xnka. White fruits appear as the kule-
lanka the fruits being of the size of a round
Bengal plum. Some however call the Lankainaric
or tne Lal lankainaric as OacJi- marie.

The capsicum is not mmlionsd in Sanskrit works, and
uot known to have a Sanskrit name. It does not
occur in any of the recent Sanskrit medical works,
such as the Madhava Nidaua. It has tlioreforo
been considered as introduced fruit, a fruit which,
though now almost naturalised hero, was quite re-
cently introduced long after the latest Sanskrit
piedical work was written.

In the Bombay side of India, it is known as Goa-
marie i.e., pepper from Go.a, where is extensively
cltivated, perhaps having baeu introduced by the
Portuguese from Brazil or Chiii. In Bengal it is
Gach-inaric, i.e', the tree pepper or shrub pepper,
as distinguished from marie, the true pepper, and which
grows Oil a creeper. It is also called lankainaric,
i.e., pepper of Lcanka (which is the native name of
Ceylon) just because the fruit was first brought
to Bengal, as it is supposed, in coasting vessels
from Ceylon.

Whateuer bo its orijin, it cannot be denied
that it is a great boon to the people of Bengal, whose
limited means make the black pepper an expensive
article for daily use. The acrid flavour of the pods
is the only seasoning which the poor Bengali can
afforil. in addition to salt, to make his dishes
palatable. The capsicum is thus the only cheap
condiment available to every one. Nature requires
a stimulant, aud the capsicum supplies this to the
million. It stimulates the secret ion of saliva, which
is so much needed to the rough balls of chatu or
the ra mthfuts of dry mudi. Internally also it
accelerates digestion, and the pungent juice clears
away the phlegm. It is said to be vermicide, but
those who use it to excess are not free from ring
worm It lias been used by European physicians
as a stomiihic, an I iiuot unoften given with other
recipes in cholera. It has bie i us3.i with great
suicoss 'll cases of Ciinirehe malinna (Duncan, t
Med. Co. inn iit., Vol. II, 2-12-17S3, an I Me*’

C Hniiiuui ;ations, Vol. III. p. 372, 1730). lu the
pepsia of drunkards and oc gouty sibjeots, it has
been found useful. Used oxterually its tincture
proves Valuable in eleph aatiasis, and also in some
cases of rheumatism. Its composition, as ascertained

by Bracconnot, is ; —

Acrid oil . . . . . . 1'9

Wax with rel colouring matter .. 09

Brownish starchy matter . , . . 9 0

Gum . . . . . . 6‘0

Auimal.'sed matter . . . . 5'0

Woody fibre .. .. 67'8

Salts . . . . 9'4

Citrate of Potash .. .. 6'0

Phosphate and Chloride of Potash . . 3'4

Fruit Capsicum annuum 100 0 pts.

But Bucliolz’s analysis gives the proportion of
Capoicuiii aiiiuuiui without seeds to Capsiciii or Acrid
oil as 2 5 to 1.

'The Capsicum is a paying crox>. It requires no
special attention, and if propeily cured in dried
condition, it fetches a handsome price. Fresh pods
in the Nortli Western Provinces sell at from half-
anna to two annas per seer. It is largely cultiva-
ted for trading purposes in East Bengal, which
principally supplies the market. In a dry state it
rells from 9 Rs. to 12 per maiind. In England chillies
sell at 30.S. per csvt. in quiet aud dull markets.
The acridity of capsicum is due to tlie alkaloid
mentioned before which, when gently heated, be-
comes fluid, and at a still higher teuiporature it
dissipates iu acrid cough-producing fumes. The
volatile alk aloid smells much like conine. By treat-
ing Capdeum with petroleum, C'a>isieoU may be
obtained, which, however, is a doubtful substance,
and Capiiein or Capsaicin. Capsiciu is sparingly
soluble in petroleum, hut dissolves readily and abuii-
daiitly iu fatty oils, ether, etc. Allowed to crys-
tallize, we obtain colourless crystals answering to
the empiric formula U9 H4 02. Capsiciu is uot a
glucoside. It is a powerful rubefacient, and helps
to relieve constipation. It is therefore a necessary
c'jiidimoiit to natives of Bengal, wliose principal
strength-giviug food is based upon fats, and Capsi-
cin dissolves phi.

It is needless to repeat what is well-known
about tlie uses of Capsicum as a condiment aud as
a culinary article. It liowevor, is an important in-
gredient iu the preparation known as kasitndi, or
Jehar, Vhutni, which is prepared by the Hindoos of

[Dec. I, 1896.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

375

Bengal with some ceremony. It ia made up by
pounding green mangoes with mustard seeds and
some other condiments. Cspsicum enters in to the
preparation of Giuippi, also a condiment spebially
liked by the Burmese. In the North-Western Pro-
vinces, where spirits are largely used by the people
of the lower caste^, pounded Capsicum is mixed
with jaggery and water to form a substitute drink
on festive occasions. The pungency of the Capsi-
cum and the sweetness of the jaggery combine to
produce in the throat, when drunk, an imitation of
the spirituous drinks — a cheap iiuitationi no doubt.
It is much used by the poor Malhahs, Dhobis,
Fassis, Dharikavs, etc., when they cannot afford the
expensive Mahua Rum.

Roxburgh distinguishes six species by the follow-
ing characteristics : —

a. — General appearance and habit of the plant,
which is identical in them all. They are ail
shrubby.

h. — Peduncles which are solitary in all five, except
in 0. minimum, Roxb., which has peduiicles in
pairs.

c. — Character of the leaves : C. purpureum, Roxb.
has ovate lanceolate. Such is also the case with
C. annum, Willd. and C. frutescens, Willd. ; those
of C. grossum, Willd. being ovate, oblong, and of
C. minimum, Roxb. ovate-cordate.

The difference in the shape of the leaves is not
a criterion.

— As to the fruits or berries : why, this also is
variable, e and d. vary under climate and other
conditions specially so in a cultivated species.

It has been often noticed that by culti-

vation, exclusive of selection, the fruits and leaves
vary. It has also been observed that seedlings of
one species may approach in these characters to
those of other species. Seedlings of the Jack
fruit have been known to produce serrated leaves,
reminding one of its ally the bread-fruit. What is
called the ha fri marie, and w'hat the botanists h ve
named Capsicum grossum by climatic iulluences
have been seen to bear round berries as well as
long pods. The garden varieties of red, orange, purple,
etc” coloured berries of ornamental Capsicum, may
be traced to the C. grossum and the C. minimum to
the other long-podded Capsicums. It would there-
fore serve the cause of science to reduce the unstable
species to one which may have some permanent
characteristics to distinguish them from other species
of the same genus. The Capsicum, if divided under
two species. No. I and No. II. would serve our
purpose for all ordinary occasions. The horticul-
turist had better look to the result, and let bota-
nists be content with really stable character. sties.

The Genus Solanum or the Night-shade described
in Screb. General N. 337, embraces a much larger
number of species of much more diversified charac-
tenstics than the Capsicum. In an economic point
of view, tlie foremost in the genus stands the
Potato. Roxburgh enumerates IG species under two
sections, the unarmed and the armed, as of India,
omitting altogether the potato which he neglected
evidently fancying it to be neither indigenous to
the country nor sufficiently acclimatised or natura-
lised here as to justify him to enumerate it under
indigenous solanaceoB. In dealing with other intro-
duced plants, he has not been qutie so particular,
such as in the case of tobacco or the Carica
Papaya, etc, etc,., both of which freely ripen seeds
and see'dlings, and may be found in out-of-the-way
places. This can be said of the potato. The potato
has not been observed anywhere in India to have
grown in a wild sta e from self grown seeds, although
it bears quite freely tomato-like berries which ripen
their seeds also. It would be an observable incident
if seedlings of potato could be found anywhere in
India bearing the edible tubers. But it ought to be said
that seedlings from sugarcane have not been seen
growing wild and producing saccharine canes. Be
that as it may, the potato dates as far back as
the tobacco, and perhaps earlier than the papayasi
Perhaps the climate and the soil, at least of the
plains of India, are not quite so well suited to the

potato as tboso of Peiu. It has been seen to grow
wild, being also originally introduced from Chili-
Nollowing Roxburgh below are given names of
somo of tile economic Solauacere which are indige-
nous or more or less naturalised in India : —

I. Sec,

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
G.

II. Sec.

Unarmed.

Solanum pubescens, Willd. sp. I. 1026
S. auriculatum, Willd. sp. I. 1025

S. lycopecscium, Willd. sp- I. 1033

S. rubrum, Willd. sp.I. 1034

S. decemdentatum, Roxb.

S. spirals, Roxb.

Armed.

7. . S. Melongena, Willd. sp. I. 1036

8. S. longum, Roxb.

9. S. insanum, Willd. sp. I. 1037

10. S. asthiopicum, Willd. sp. I. 1036

11. S. diffusum, Woxb-

12. S. Jacquini, Willd. sp. I. 1041

13. S. indicum, Willd. sp. 1. 1042

14. S. trilobatura, Willd. sp. I. 1049

15. S. hirsutum, Roxb.

16. S. stramonifolium, Jacq.

I. 1 and 2 are suburbarcus.

3, 4 and 5 are annual.

6 is shrubby
2 is downy.

and 5 is hairy all through.

The arms or or thorns, hairs or downs, it must
be said, are not bersistent characters, at least they
do not reproduce themselves in the same degree
under climatic and cultivating influences. Thorns
have been seen to interchange for hairs or downs
and they have also noticed to change in their num-
ber. size and hardness. The thorns are not constant
in many other plants, not even in the A3gle Mar-
raelos (the Bel-fruit), or the Zizyphus Jujuba
( the hog-plam ), which last ia notoriously armed,
but specimens perfectly free from thorn are not

altogether impossible. The same same may be

said of certain varieties of S. Melongena ( the egg.
plant) wliich have l)een seen not to bear any downy

substitute of the thorn. The calyx of S. longum

of Roxburgh is not invariably armed, though that
distingniseed author has based his species on this
the character of the leaves and the shape of the
fruit. He says : —

“ I consider this to be a species distinct from
S. Melongena, for the fruit is always cylindrical,
never changing by the culture into any other form.’’
Roxburgh no doubt was misled by limiting his
observation to the B ngal cultivated egg-plants. In
the North-Western Provinces, however, the general
shape of S. Melongena is more cylindrical than oval
or round. The same may be said of S. insanum.
Foa ordinary purposes, therdfore, these three may
bo made into one species, leav.ng the gardener to
name his varieties.

Neglecting therefore the arms, we may begin with
one continued list of 16 indigenous species of Sola-
num, remembering, however, that the potato counts
beyond this number.

1. 8. pubescens Willd. — This is the same as S
verbascifolium of Liunteus and S. erianthum of Don’s
Nepal flora, the A?-as of the native Kavirajas and
the Gandhira of the Ranshrit authors. 'This grows
all over India, and flowers almost the whole” year
round ; the berries are of the size of a cherry and
they may be seen all though tho year. The bark
and the leaves are immediately used, and it' ia
said the berries are cooked in curries. ’This plant
has been seen in favourable places to obtaiii the
size t-f a small tree. It may be distinguished from
the next by the colour of its flowers, which are
white, while S. auriculatum has lively bhte purnle
flowers. ’ ^ i ®

2. S. auriculatum, Willd.— This is the S. mauri
tiauum. Sect, Roxburgh says : “ Independently of
the colour of the flowers, the stipulce on axfllarv
leaves render the species readily known ; iu all
other respects it almost exactly resembles the nre
ceding, in that plant there are no stipultp and the
flowers are white.

376

THE TROPICAI

AGRICULTURIST.

1 and 2 therefore for ordinary purposes may b«
put under S. pubeseeus. Variety A (white dower).
Variety B. (Blue-purple flower and stipulie).

if. /S', hicopei'.'iicitiii, WLllK uriUnanlj/ knvioii us
Pomniii .haoi'is, BUickmood and llumpkius. It is the
same as Bycopersicuin amoris, Mouch Sol. csculen-
leutulu, M'il., the touiiito of the gardens. This hiis j
however, been made the basis of a sepera^ genus
Lycopersicum and the tomato is L. Gleui of
Tournefort. Some authors, however, have distiu-
guished it into a seperate species. But from the
descriptio,n it cannot be doubted that Lycopersi-
cum cerasi forme of Duual is none other than the
r.1. esculentum of Willd., the Gadha Begun of the
Bengalee ga>deners. Some however distinguish the
L. cerasiforme as Solauum pseudo-lycopersicum,

which has been named by Genctiu as S ilanu u
spnrium. It is questianable whether Lycopersicum
H'lmboldtii of Willd. is not identicallv the S. ly-
copersmun of Roxburgh which Willdenow m

another place has described as S damim Humbolta.
Any how all the three spec'es of Tournefort s

Lycopersieum, t.e., esculentum, 2 cerasifor ne, ant

3 Humboldtii, are different names of Lone apple
weich has been thoroughly acclimatised in India
and which has been seen to reproduce itself from

self-sown seed. . , .

4. Solauum rubrum, Willd. This is undoubtedly
the same as solauu u nudifln-um of the same author,
for Roxburgh says “ seeds received fro ui Mauritius
under the name of Solanum nodiflorum (Willd. sp.

I- 103.5) produce this very plant. ”

Roxburgh, however, has himse f sub-divided this

specie* under — , . , . n r> v,

A. Erythropyrenum, Roxb. which is S. Ruinpnii

of Dun and S. asperum of Hoarneni.

B Melauopereuum, which S. oleraceum of Ricli.
Herb, and S. Nigrum of Blume. Solanum nig.um
of Linnaeus, however, is no other than —

S. rubrum, Mdl.

B. iiicertum, Dunal.

B. Rixburghii, Dunal.

S. triangularis, Liink.

S. villosum L imk.

S. nodiflorum. Jacq.

But Solauum iiicertum of Dunal is

S. nigrum of Forsk arid

S. niiniatum of Bornh

The whole forest of names being thus cleared,
the Solanum nigrum, Willd. may be said to the
scientific name of the native plant Goras/ci, which
hears red and black berries. This is the M >ko of
Yunani physicians, who speak soinuch of Arak-i-
iiuko infusion decoction or extra ;t of Jloko, a cool
in" draii"ht, not unoften prescribed in early stages
of^inaanRy. I- is G,idku-mai of lower Bengal, a
herbaceous plant growing wild throughout India.
It bears diminutive tomato-like berries of the snse
of a sin ill pea, much eaten by children; in a ripe
state ic has some sweetish taste. It must not,
however be confounded with the Mokoi/e of the
Non h- Western Provinces, which latter is FlacouRia
montana of Graham, or Flacoiirtia enermes ot

^r.^'^^Bola’nnm dccomdentatum’ R cxb., idootical with
S decemfidiirn. Wall. This said to be a native ot
China and Singapore, but it has been complete y
naturalised here, for it ripeii-s its fruits and self-
sows itself. It is properly speaking a variety only
of S. rubrum, Willd. mentioned aoovc. It is from
its habit a robust pubescent variety of S. nigrum.
It is an annual herb, but hairy. Its berries are of
the size of a pea. and are smooth and bright rod
when rine It is not unoften difficult to distinguish
rom S. nigrum or S. rubrum.

4 and 5 therefore for ordinary purposes may be
nut under one sneceies, B danum iiibrum.

SoUniuu spiralc: /loxh.-L'hU Ina^s no economic value,
except as a narcotic. The sivth species therefore
in an economic point of view is—

G Solanum tuberosum L. Its synonyms are
T,vcopersicum t.iberosiim, Mill, Papas amencanum,
Baugh, Papas Pernanorum, Besel, Batatas peruvia-
QUiu, Park.

[Drc. I, 1896.

The potato. — Its ordinary vernacular name is At a,
but the term Ain is not restricted to this tuber
only. It is not unoften, therefore, that it is dis-
tinguished jrom other edible tubers and roots by
the name Gol nlu. i.e., the ball-shaped ulu, I ilati
alu i.e., foreign alu. The name of alu, there-
fore.

The Potato. — Its ordinary vernacular name is Ala,
but the terra .1 fit is not restricted to this tuber only.
It is not unoften, therefore, that it is distinguished
from other edible tubers and roots by tlie name
Gol alu, i e., the ball-shaped alu, Viluti alu, i.e.,
foreign alu. The name of alu, therefore, seems to
indicate the class to which this article of food be-
longs. Thus we have Gaukh alu, identified by some
to be Pach' rrhizus angulatus Rich, Dolichos bulbosus,
L. Dr. G. Watt in his Dictionary of Economic
Products says lhat the tuberous root resembles a
turnip in taste and consistence, and that it is eaten
both raw and boiled. The Cankh alu, however, is
never known to be used after being boiled. There
is another similar looking tuber which sells in the
bazaars, of the N.-W.P. as Sakarkand, which is
always taken boiled. This Sakarkand, when boiled,
has the consistence of boiled t'lrnips, but has a much
sweeter taste than that of turnips, but wants the
flavour of turnips. The Sakarkand is, however, dis-
tinguished from another edible tuber sold in the
Bengal bazaar under the name of Lai a'u or Mau
alu, which when boiled is as sweet as the former.
This later I/al alu or Mau alu is sometimes called
Lai Sakarkand nlu, which is no other than Batatas
edulis, Ghoisy, Iponuea Batatas, Lank, Convolvulus
esoulentus., Spre., Godvelvulus edulis, 'Thumb., Ipo-
nioea Gatesbari, Meyer. The vernacular name ‘'Sakar-
kand alu literally means the sweet tuber alu, for
kaiul is the Sanskrit name for a tuber, and is the
Sinskiit equivalent of the vernacular term Alu. which
again may be traced to the Sanskrit niame 01 (Amor-
phophallus campamulatus, Blume,) which is jainikand
ill the N.-W. P , i.e., the ea>'th tuber. 'The Lai alu
or the Jjal ‘Sakarkand alu is Batatas edulis variety
a erythrorrhiz i, and the white variety, that is, the
Anda , Sakarkand alu ii B. edulis, variety b leurcorrhiz i.
This last is not unfrequeucly confounded with the
Cankh alu. A great many of the arena class are
also called Alu.s, thus we have —

Cupdi alu.

Dolichos globosa, Roxb.

Kham alu,

D. alatv, L.

Garane alu.

D. purpurea and roballa, Roxb.

Mau m’u.

D. acule.ita, L.

‘Susani alu.

D. fasciculata, Roxb.

Kukur alu.

D. anguina, Roxb.

Sar alu.

D. nuininularia, Lam.

Kanta alu,

D. peutaphylla, L.

Parkinson, however, puts the potato under Batatas
peruvianum, although it his beencleirlv established
that the potato originally belonged to Chilli, whence
it was introduced to Peru.

(To he continued.)

Artifici.u- Goffee-bkans. — Artificial whole Coffee
has long been knowm as a commercial commodity,
but we were scarcely prepared for the statement
recently made by the I Test Indian and Commercial
Adrertiser, that it is now manufactured to an alarm-
ing extent, consisting of the roasted meal of different
cereals worked up with dextrin. Two different
factories, it is stated, have been established at
Cologne, which undertake to furnish the requisite
machinery and plant, with directions for making the
false Coffee-beans. 'The apparatus supplied by these
wholesale swind'ers is capable of turning out more
than half-a-ton daily, at a cost of about .£1 per cwt.,
good Coffee having neaily five times this value in
the market. The fictitious Coffee is difficult of detec-
tion by ordinary examination, especially when a
proportion of genuine Coffee is mixed with it. — Th^
Gardeners’ Chronicle,

Dec. I, 1896.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

377

THE “LADYBIRD” ENEMY OF
COFFEE-BUG— ADVERSE
CRITICISM.

NV'e are very mucli indebted to Mr. E. E
Green —specially qualified as lie is to write with
authority on the subject for the following com-
munication sent by him to our “ senior ” in
England. It will be seen that Mr. Green sees
no reason in the adverse criticism recently
ottered, for refusing to make the e.xperiment
proposed of infesting “ ladybird ” beetles to
deal with the green-bug on coffee ; but as the
expense would lie widely distributed, our
planters in Mysore, the Straits, &c., if they
agreed to join in the employment of Mr.
Ktebele, it ought not to ^eost any individual
proprietor more than a few rupees. We are
back, therefore, at the point where support for
a joint mission should be canvassed for— who
will lead the way ? Mr. Green writes as fol-
lows : —

“Budleigh Salterton, Devon, Oct. 8.— I have just
been reading in the Ccj/lon Observer (Overland
edition. Sept. 16) an article called ‘ The Lady-
bird a Humbug,’ by an anonymous correspondent

“ There are one or two points in the articls
that warrant a little criticism. Your corres-
pondent argues from the fact that because ‘scale-
bugs’ abound in Australia, therefore, the intro-
duction of ladybird beetles from that country
must manifestly be useless. This fact does not
affect the position at all. In their own country
the beetles are hampered by numerous natural
enemies and parasites that prevent them from
increasing sutliciently to get the upperhand of
the more prolific bugs. But when the beetles are
removed to some other country, having left their
natural enemies behind, they are in a position to
increase and multiply unchecked as long as a
plentiful supply of tlieii food is forthcoming. And
this food being the scale- bug, the failure of foed
would mean the success of the ladybird experi-
ment.

“ It may be said that other natural enemies
will find them out in the new' country. And so
they will— in time, but experience shows us that
it is usually a long time before fresh enemies ac-
quire the 'habit of preying upon the new intro-
duction.

“ There is no ([uestion whatever .'ibout the
value of the work effected by the ‘ Vedalia Lady-
bird,’ which w'as imported from this same sc.ale-
iufested Australia. In a coniparatively short time
this insect practically freed the orange planta-
tions of California from the dreaded ‘ flute-scale’
(Icei-i/a purchasi) that had proved so destructive
there.

“The partial failure of the experiment in other
places requires an examination' of the particulars
of the individual cases before we can judge of
their merits. It appears -your (j notations supplied
your correspontlent — that ladybiid lieetles ha\ e
not 'dven entire satisfaction when employed
aoaiiiiff the ravages of the ‘black scale’ {Leca-
nmm oleie). Now this particular bug forms a
very hard scale in its later stages which serves
as a protection for the large number of eggs de-
47

posited beneath it, — a fact which may possibly
account for its ability to resist the attacks of
ihe beetle.

“ Our own chief pest the ‘green bug’ [Lecanium
viride) is an especially unprotectecl insect, the
skin of the body remaining soft to the end. In
this particular it very closely resembles the species
which w'e are told by Mi'. Koibele has been ex-
terminated in Honolulu through the agency of
ladybird beetles — also originally hailing from
Australia.

“Your corre.spondent very justly suggests that
‘ it would be unwise to incur any extraordinary
outlay ’ in the matter. I do not advocate any
extraordinary or even very heavy expenditure.
A few' cents per acre for all t.ie cott’ee in the
island w'ould produce sufficient funds for the start-
ing of the experiment. The suggested remedy is
not of course a certainty, — otherwise there w'ould
be no two questions about its immediate adop-
tion. But if nothing should ever be attempted
for fear of possible failure there would not be
much progress in the world ! The possible bene-
fit is enormous, — far out-balancing the expense
of a ])ossible failure.

“I notice that one of the critics ([uoted by
your correspondent impugns the value of the
ladybird, partly because ‘she does not extirpate
the fungus.’ Surely this is rather unreasonable !
f presume the fungus in question to be the sooty
growth usually associated with an attack of
‘ bug.’ But if you kill the cause (the bug), the
effect (the fungus) w'ill soon pass off. Moreover
this fungus is not in itself injurious to the plant.
It germinates and subsists solely upon excre-
mentitious matter from the bugs.

“ As for your correspondent’s concluding re-
marks upon scientific as opposed to practical work.
In many cases the life history of an organism
must first be known before a logical remedy can
be suggested. It is possible that a scientist —
from liis special training — may be in a better
position to carry out the fir.st part of the w'ork ;
while the practical agriculturist may best know
how to apply the results of the first man’s
labours.”

To w'hich we may add rdiat there is surely a
high negative value to be attached to the scien-
tist’s work when he is able to indicate — as
Thw'aites originally did and Marshall Ward
later— the fruitlessness of the coffee planter try-
ing to expel the leaf fungus from his fields
when once it has taken possession. Now, the
fungus is supposed to be in a decaying state
itself in Ceylon, while the “green-bug” has
long been regarded as a far more serious enemy ;
and science as w'ell as practice points to a
remedy in the “ Vedalia ladybird ” to be got
from Queensland.

«-

FRUIT CULTURE ON THE INDIAN
HILLS.

Some interesting facts regarding fruit culture in
the hills are given by the Rev. M. M. Carleton in
the last issue of the Notional Mcajazine, published
in Calcutta. Mr. Carleton, who is one of the fore-
most pioneers of the fruit growing industry in the
Himalay.as, has made various experiments at Ani,
a village in Knlu, 4,500 feet above sea-level and

378

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTU KlSP.

[Dec. I, i8q6

cli.stant 65 miles from Simla. As regards api-des
it apitears tliat American ami Eiiglisli trees liavc
proved almost a failure. The experiments have
now extended over a i>eiiod of ten years, hut
though the trees tliemselves llourisli and a few
apples are j>roduced the return is of tlie jioorest.
i he conclusion arrived at is tliat apple cultivation
will not lie prolitahle at a lower altitude than 6,h00
feet. Apricots, on the contrary, haie })ioved a
remarkable success. The native tree of the Kulu
valley is not very juolilic, hut tlie Kashmir and
English vai'ieties yield fruit after the foui th year
in great abundance. Mr. Carleton strongly a<l-
vocates the e.xtension of the cultivation of these
varieties in all the lower hills ; and he suggests
the introduction into Simla of the American
fruit-drying machines. He believes that enter-
prising persons could establish a very profitable
industry in preparing dried apricots for the Indian
markets. American grapes at Ani have done
extremely well. Fifteen years ago the Black
Hamburg variety was tried, but it turned
out a failure. Mr. Carleton, six years
later, sent to America for a hardy prolific
vine grown on the northern limit of grape
cultivation, where the spring opens in May
and the frost comes in September. He held that
this variety would ripen in Kulu before the heavy
rain, because siiring begins in the valley early
in March. He has now a vine eight years old
which yields 70 lb. of grapes. He remarks that
a few such vines around tlie houses of intelli-
gent zemindars in the Simla district would give
a handsome return in the local market esjieci-
ally in the month of .June. There can certainly
be no question about the great demand for fresh
fruit in Simla during the summer months. Ex-
periments with the Eurojiean orange hai e shown
that the Maltese variety can be grown in the
lower hills as high a-“ 4,500 feet. Mr. Carleton
thinks a great industry might spring uj) if the
cultivation of oranges was undertaken. From
one tree at Ani, eight years old, he gathered
220 oranges last Fehruary, which is the month
for jilucking the fruit, following the Califtonian
custom of leai ing the oranges on her trees until
the new leaves apiiear. .Snow does not ajipear
to injure the fruit though it iill'ecLs the lea\es.
It is pointed out that oranges sold from tlic
Gujranwalla and other ganhms fcti h from K."»
to K8 per 100, and it is believed that si ill liigher
prices could be obtained for the Kulu fiiiit in
the Simla market during April. If this were .so
one tree yielding 200 oranges annually would give
the owner a handsome prolit, and that on only
10 feet s(|uare of ground. It evident that
grape ami orange cultivation in the h.>\\er hills
could lie made a \ery ii.aying industry, but the
n:Ui\e.s arc not entei'[)rising enough to take, the
matter up. J'’.uropeirn energy is needed to show
them the way, and in the atisence of otliei- agency
the Forest Uepattment might well .steiiin and give
the movement a helping hand. — Pioneer, Oct. ,3.
— -

THE CIGAR TRADE AND
CEYLON TOBACCO.

The success that has attended the cultivation
of tobacco in Borneo cannot fail to make a
(amiparison with the result of similar cultiva-
tion in Ceylon an unsatisfactory one. It may
well be doubted, we think, if there is any-
thing in the (piality of the Ceylon-groun leaf
to account for this. I ndeed, expert opinion has,
wc know, reiiorteil very favourably n])on this.
.\ny facts, therefore, which may throw light

u])on our relative failure, and may suggest means
whereby it may be redressed, cannot but prove
both of interest and of jiuissible value. .-V cor-
resiiondent now at home writes us that he has
been making some imjuiry as to the conditions
under whicii Borneo tobacco lias secured the
favourable iiosition it has in the London
market. He consulted, he writes us, one of
the most experienced men in the cigar trade,
who told him that one reason why the sale
of cigars of Borneo tobacco has become so lar^e
is that it has been fosted lyy the endeavours made
to popularize it. Not that these would by
themselves have sutiiced were the ([uality not
good, but that there was not suilicient dillerence
between this and that of Ceylon grown tobacco
to account for the different results obtained in
the two cases. He pointed out that success must
mainly depend upon the appreciation shown by
the million, and not upon the opinion of the
limited number who can afford to pay for high-
priced cigars. The taste of these last has be-
come .so highly cultivated and fastidious that
they will tolerate no cigars but those of the
highest clas.s and such as have become well-
seasoned by careful long keeping and seasoning.
It is not these men who are the rulers of the
tobacco market. They will willingly huy at
prices cjuite above common reach, but they con-
stitute merely a drop in the ocean of cigar
consumers. Where one man will .satisfy an
exigent taste by paying from (id to Is 6d each
for his cigars, hundreds are satisfied with those
they can purchase for 2d to 3d each. It is this
second-class of customers that uses mi the vast
importations of the tobacco from Borneo and
Sumatra, d'lie liner production of Havana and
other West Indian growth are reserved for the
lirst alone. The ex)iert went on to remark that,
owing to the high duty on imported cigars,
these were not within the reach of the gen-
erality of smoker.s. It is true, he said, that
an attempt had been made to introduce

cheajier cigars manufactured abroad, but that
to do this necessit.ated these being made of the
coarser toliaccos, and that their manipulation
was unsatisfactory. One of the ]nime ijualifica
tions of ,a cigar is that it shall burn easily and
evenly, and with a residual ash that shall not
uiK'xpectedly fall. Foreigii-m.ade cigars of the
cheaper sort, do not, it was said, possess this
(lualilication. The result has followed that a
distinct ]ireference is shown for tho.se cigars that,
arc made in home factories from im))orted leaf.
It n as acknowledged that in some respects these
are not eijual to those rolled in the producing
country. The leaf dries during the passage to
Europe and has to he damiicd before lieing made
up into cigars. To the connuinjcnr who can
aH'ord to pay for the higher priced cigar, this
is a bar to tlieir use. But the million is not so
exacting. He is willing to sacrilice some degiee
of refinement in flavour for the facility with which
the home-made cigar smokes and the low price
at which it can be supplied. E\'ery year shows
the British-made cigar ousting its foreign- made
comiietitor. Our corresjxmdent doubts iu^Geylon
tobacco has been tried in this direction. He
belicv.?.s that were the leaf treated in home fac-
tories, and as freely advertised as the IJorneo
tobacco has been, the issue to t he attempt lately
made to introduce oigais of Ceylon tobacco to
I, he home public would not have been what it
was. lie adiiwes, for (he reasons set foith, that
an attempt should be made to introduce our island
leaf to the attention of the home cigar factories.

Dec. t, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICUL'rURIST.

379

YEAR ROOK OF THE UNITED STATES
AO RICU LT U R A L D E I’ A R'i'M E N T.

We have l)een greatly interested in looking
over “The Year Rook of the United States De-
partment of Agricnlture,” with a copy of wliieh
we have been duly favoured. So ninvli ac-
customed to t!ie siiread-cagleism with wliiv.h so
many of tiie descriptive and semi-advertising
agricultural journals is conducted in that progres-
sive country, it is refreshing to come across care-
fully sifted facts and ligures showing the actual
progress in that — when all deductions are made —
really grand, ever advancing commonwealth. This
volume of 60G pages comprises only a very minute
portion of the annual reports or government
publications of tiie year, an epitome of which is
given in the api»endi^c ; but ir contains the cream
of all tlie most valuable paj)ers bearing on agri-
culture, written by eminently competent men ;
reports Irom the different bureaus and divisions
such as, in the oinnion of the Secretary, are
specially calculated to interest and instruct the
farmers of the country ; and jjapers from e.Kpertsof
the agricultui’al e.xperimental stations, discussing
in a popular manner the results of investigations
in the science of agriculture, or new develop-
ments in farming practice. And with a view to
make them attractive as well as instructive the.se
pa])ers, or i-ather essays, are enrbellished with
many interesting and beautifnlly executed illustra-
tions. “500,000 copies of this book have been
published at an cxpeine to the people,” we are
told, “of -i^dOOjOOO.” Of the contents we can ouljf
give a few samples, sulliciently indicating the
nature of the advice tendered to farmers and
planters by this ])aternal government Reasons
for cultivating tlie soil, by Milton Whitney — The
two freezes (180-1-5) in Florida, and what they
teach, by II. J. AVebber— Some additions to our
vegetable dietary, by Frederick V. Coville— The
pine-apple industry — Principles of pruning —Small
fruit culture— Tree planting in the Western Plains
— Relation of forests to farms— The shade tree
insect problem— Principal enemies of the grape—
Climate, soil characteristics, and irrigafion methods
of California— Human foods— Treatment for fun»
gous 'diseases of plants— 200 weeds: how to know
them and how to kill them — Statistics of prin-
cijial crops, consumption %^cr capita of tea, colfee,
wine, A’c.

Amongst the numerous plates and text illustra-
tions we specially note : — The main building of
the U. y. Dejiartment of Agriculture. — Coco-
nutgrove near Palm Reach, Florida, showing ell'ects
of freeze. — Plan of irrigation by terraces, mono-
graohic display ot southern economic timber trees.
An oldorange grove killed down by cold, Ac., Ac.

We at length get at the truth rcganliiig the
fearful freeze in Florida, disastrous enough in all
conscience, and ought to make the purely tropi-
cal planter thankful that at least he is free
from some of the evils which afllicc his sub-
tropical brother. Rut we have no desire to dwell
on this calamity which, however, may not be
altogether unprcventible if only the tactics
adopted by the wise Incas of Peru should be put
in practice. These were simply t-o have always
in readiness heaps of damp grass with which to
raise asmoke tlense enougii to carry off the fi os ts
not infrerpient', upon the high plateau of the Andess.
Ry this simple means the grand old Incas pro-
tected their potato lields probably for centuries
before the tuljer was known in Europe.

In his paper on “ some adiUtions to our vege-
table dietary ” F. V. Coville, Rotanist, gives
some good grandmotherly advice regarding the

virtues of certain ))Ot herbs the use of which
he says “ both in the form of salads and boiled
green vegetables is much more prevalent in
Europe than America,” and he seems to attribute
the cada\ erous look of many of his countrymen to
the lack of this food, or, to (piote correctly, “ to
the lack of this kind of food is due in large
part the reputation of Americans as a bilious
race.” There are more bilious races however, to
whom a study of this paper might prove proli-
table, the persistent beef-eating Europeans and
Eurasians to wit. “There seems little doubt in
general,” says Mr. Coville, “ that a wider use of
green vegetables in the dietaries of most of our
people, particularly those with healthy digestion
w'ould be a marked benellt.” Yet when he goes
on to enumerate and describe t!ie ditt’erent pot
herbs he recommends, we do not find much
that is new' to us. Indeed, with the single ex-
ception of Nevj Zealand spinach brought home
to England by Captain Cook, there is not a
vegetable mentioned but what was familiar to
Pliny .sges ago. One of the plants men-
tioneil, the Amaran, is commonly used by
our estate coolies, and might with advantage
be added to the dietary ot the doray ;
while another— the doch — we do not think any
European could stomach, the '• docl'cn" as we
know it — is one of the most U'.dess and objection-
able of weeds. Not even an a-!s will tackle it,
ami the good farmer is always bent on eradi-
cating it. The late Dr. Alexan rr in his “Life
among Our Ain Folk,” tells us of an excellent old
farmer bub very w'icked man wdio “ banned all
the w'eek and delved dockens on Sunday”! Evi-
dently, however, the rjcu'dcn sorrel is meant— a
near relative of the dock but not possessing much
more of a nutritive character.

Another early acquaintance recommended for
table use is Caltha palustris and though here
called a ‘ cowslip ’ is none other than the common
marsh marigold of Rritain, which we w'ere always
assured by our grandmothers had certain virtues
but we never thought of eating it. AYe feel
more in agreemc'it wdtli the w'riter, when he
speaks of daudeli<'ii (Taraaxacuml, which wdiile
extensively cultivated around Paris for its tender
blanched leaf and relished in many of the colonies
as an excellent tonic, it has never been sufiiciently
appreciated in Rritain, excei>b by rabbits.

We cannot alford space to dwell longer on
this paper, and would now turn to what is of more
universal importance, viz. : —

'I'lll': .ST.\TI,STICS OF THK PKINCIFAI. CUOP.S,

Reginning with the staff of life the quantity
of wheat raised in 1895, was 467,103,009 bushels
compare Rritain's 38,348,000, or Australasia’s
32,461,000 over 76,000,000 bushels were exported
besides 1830,000,000 worth of flour to the U, K.

Of cattle the estimate is 16,137,586 milch cows,
and 32,085,409 oxen.

Rub w'heat is by no means the inincipal crop.
There were more than twice the average under
corn, in-oducing 2,151,138,580 bushels value
.8.544,985,534. Oats also figure at 824,443,537
Im.shels, and barley 87.072,744— to .say nothing of
rye, rice, hay, hojis, cotton and fruits, &c.

The canning of fruits is itself a big bu.siness,
employing 50,881 hands, the wages paid during
the year being .85, '243, 707, cost of materials used
818,665,163, total value of iiroduct .829,862,416.

AA'e are tohl that “The capital employed in
this industry was only 8701,388 less than tliat em.
])loyed in the creamery and cheese-factory business,
w'hile the value of the products exceeded the

380

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISl .

[Dec. I, 1896.

combined value ot all tlie windmills, clocks,
watches, lireanns, mirrors, mats and matting,
linen fabrics, and enamelled goods made in the U.
S. during the year.”

ith regard to the cattle industry, it is esti-
mated that three acres of land in the highest
state of culti\ation will support b head of cattle,
so that “ If the :]UO,OUO,OUO acres of arable land
in the Mississippi Valley were to be devoted to
such an extensive system of culture, more cattle
could be raised in each year than are consumed
in the whole world.” There is evidently no fear
of London starving just yet. The U. S. in
keen competition with Canada, Argentine, and
Australia, can be trusted to keep up the supply
and down the jwice.

The future prospects of the farmer are thus con-
cisely put : —

“ The farms of the L’nitcd States average 137
acres each. These farms number 4,564,641 and
their average value in the census of 1890 is ‘3,909.
The farm family including hired help, averages six
persons. By their own labour, ith an additional
investment upon each farm of !?200 in implements
and $800 in domestic animals, those families mrde
for them.selves during the year, out of the products
of the earth, a wholesome and comfortable
living. The same farmers have with ))art of
their surplus ]>ri)iluols, fed all the urban popu-
lation of the IJ. S., poor and rich alike. Cereals,
meats, vegetables, dairy produce Ac., have been
supi)lied to village and city markets in abun-
dance. It Ls probably safe to say that 40,000,000
of American citizens not living on farms have
been so furnished with all the necessities and
luxuries known as products of the varied soil
and climate of .States of the Lnion.

“During the fiscal year 1895, the U. .S. exported
to foreign countries domestic commodities mer-
chandise, and i)roducts aggregating in value
.$743,000,000 of which the agricultural products
formed $553,215,317. Of this total Europe
received 79 per cent.

“Thus American agriculture, after feeding itself
and all the cities and towns of the IT. >S., has sold
to the outside world over .$500,000,000 worth of

ijroducts. In the presence of these facts, in the
'ace of these ligures, how can any one dare
to assert that tanning is generally unreniu-
nerative ? But declaimers declare that the farms
of the U S. are sadly burdened with mortgages.
The census, however, develops the fact that on
the entire valuation returned for farms there is
only a mortgage of 16 per cent* ’

We would now turn with very special inteiest
to inquire into the capabilities of our beloved
cousins in the way of consuming tea. On page
,552 we find a table showing the con.sumption
of tea ‘from 1870 to 1896, from which it appears
that the taste for tea is not perceptibly increas-
ing—in 1886, the consumption per caput was
1-3711)., today it is at the rate of 1-38, while in
1881-1882 it was actually higher viz. 1-54 and
1-47.

Coffee is consumed at the rate of 9'22lb. per
ertpUa. In distilled spirits they are very mode-
rate averaging only 1-12 gallon per he.ad, but
in malt liquors the con.sumption is very ample
amounting to 15 gallonsy)cr that is to say

for every cu[) of tea he drinks, .fonathan
swigs three glas.ses of beer ! Would that for his
own sake and ours he could be induced to reverse
the order !

.MARKET FUK TEA SHAKES.

Thui'sday Evening, Oot. 1, 1896.

A steadier tone has prevailed during the past week,
and in regard more especially to some of the new
issues there has been a slight recovery. In one or
two quarters, however, some considerable lines have
been sold at rather knock-out prices.

Mincing Lane still keeps very firm, notwithstand-
ing considerable supplies placed on the market ; iho
strongest prices, however, seem to rule for the
higher class and fine Teas.

rRESH ISSUES.

Consolidated Tea and Lands. — The Firsts were at
one time as low as about 5s. premium only, but they
are now buyers at 10s. to 15s. premium, with holders
asking a higher price. The Seconds stand round
about li to 1^ prem. — 11. and C. Mail, Oct. 2,

^ ;

THE DIJCKWAIII (CEYLON) TEA PLANTA-
TION COMPANY, LIMITED.

Keport by the Directors to the Sixth Ordinary
General Meeting of the Company : —

The Directors beg to submit herewith the Accounts
for the year ending .June 30th, 1896. In the Statement
of the application of the balance of profit in the Keport
for the twelve months ending June 30th, 1895, the loan
from the Ordinary Shareholders was erroneously
deducted. The balance of profit for that year
was . . . . . . . . . . . . £1,533 0 2

From which the following only
should have been deducted : —

(1) The Preference Divi-

dends . . . . £840 0 0

(2) The Directors’ Fees .50 0 0 890 0 0

Leaving . . . . . . £643 0 2

to be carried forward, instead of £239 15s. od
From this balance, further deductions, were made
by the Board ;

(1) In payment of a bonus to the

Secretary, who had given his
services without remuneration,
from the foundation of the
Company £200 0 0

(2) In payment of the Chairman's

travelling Expenses in Ceylon,

in the autumn of 1894 . . . . 21 18 6

£221 18 6

Balance . . £421 1 8

Inclusive of this last balance. Profit and Loss
account on June 30th last, shews a surplus, after
writing off 10 per cent, depreciation on value of
Machinei-y and Buildings, of 1,984 5s. 3d., which the
Directors propose should be applied as follows ; —

(1) In payment of 7 per cent Divi-
dend on Preference Shares . . £840 0 0

(2) In payment of 5 pe”.cent Or-
dinary Shares . . . . . . 400 0 0

(3) In formation of a Reserve

Fund 700 0 0

1,940 0 0

Leaving £44 5 0

to be carried forward to next year.

The returns of Crop have been 206,671 lb. Tea and
5,790 lb. Cardamoms, against 171,674 lb. Tea and
5,96611). Cardamoms last season. For the coming
year it is estimated the yield will bo 210,000 lb.
Tea and 6,000 lb. Cardamoms.

£258 16s lid have been spent dining the past
twelve months in sundry additions to Factory and
Lines. A system of artificial manuring is being in-
troduced on some backward porti ms of the Estates,
and very material increases of yield are confidently
expected therefrom. Mr. Spence retires from the
Direction hy rotation, and, being eligible, offers

Dec. I, 1896.] THE TROPICAL

himself for re-eloction. The Auditors, Messrs. Brown,
Fleming and Murray, also retire, and offer them-
selves for re-appointment. P. G. Spence, Chainaan.

11. Cross Aitken, Secretanj.
17, Philpot Lane, London, September, 189G.

THE CONSOLIDATED ESTATES COM-
PANY, LIMITED.

Authorised capital £100.000, divided into 7,000 pre-
ferred shares of £10 each entitled to a cumulative
preferential dividend of 8 per cent., .£ 70,000 ; 3,000
ordinary shares of £10 each, £50,000 ; total £100,000.

Fifth annual report of the Shareholders at the ge-
neral meeting, to ibe held on Wednesday, the 7th
October, 189G, at 34, Great St. Helens, C.C.

The General Managers have the pleasure to sub-
mit their Fifth Annual Report and Balance Sheet,
together with Statement of Accounts for the Crop
Year ending 30th June, 1896.

The Profit and Loss Account shows a balance (in-
cluding £162 13s. lOd. brought forward from last
year) of £6,267 14s. 5d., after paying Interest on
the Debentures, and an Interim Dividend of 4 per
cent on the Preferred Shares.

Out of this sum the General Managers propose :
To write off the Balance of ac-
count for stamps and Legal Ex-
penses in connection with the

Estates purchased in 1895, viz. . . £21 3

To pay a Balance Dividend of 4
percent on the Preferred Share.s,

which will absorb

680

0

0

To set aside for redemption of five

per cent, of the Debentures at 103

1,751

0

0

To write off from the Factory Ex-

tension Account the sum of

800

0

To pay a Dividend of 8 per cent
on the Ordinary Shares, which

will require

1,520

0

0

To put to a Reserve Fund the sum of

1,000

0

0

Carrying forward the Balance, viz.

298

11

2

£6,267

14

5

The following shows the result of

the

year’s

working, viz.; —

NET PROCEEDS OF CROP.

£.

881,484 lb. Tea at an average net price

s.

d.

of about 6|d. per lb. realized

23,480

6

2

Interest on Account

119

17

0

23,600

3

2

EXPENDITURE ON EST.A.TES.

Messrs. George Steuart & Go's drafts —
R2-42,962'97 at an average of Is. 2 7-32d

per rupee

14,399

7

Postages

1

0

Bonus to Superintendents —

R4,000 at Is. 2id

237

10

14,637

17

8

Net Profit on Cultivation

£8,962

6

6

From the foregoing figures it will be seen that the
Season was a very prosperous oTie, the yield of Tea
having exceeded the estimates given in the last
Annual Report by about 100,000 lbs., and a con-
siderably larger dividend might have been paid on
the Ordinary Shares, but ihe General Managers
strongly advoc.ite a continuance of the Policy indi-
cated in their last Report of making provision in
favourable seasons for less prosperous times, partly
by liberal extension of cultivation and partly by
building up a good Reserve.

The outstanding advances made to coolies (com-
monly called ‘‘ Coast advances ”) amount at Current
Exchange to £1,031 Ss. Id. This has been paid out
of Revenue, and the Superintendents on the Com-

AGRICULTURIST. 381

p.any’s Estates certify that in their opinion these
advances (with tiifling exceptions) are all good and
recoverable, but it has been thought better not to
take credit for them in tho Accounts, and the
amount therefore practically forms an additional
Reserve Fund.

The shareholders are aware that the Company has
recently acquired three new Estates on terms which
the General Managers believe to be favorable, and
to promise satisfactory result-3, though it w'ill be
some years before these Estates are fully developed.
For convenience of reference the following approxi-
mate particulars of all the Estates now held by the

Company are
Name of

appended : —
Ceylon

In Cultivation

Estate

District

lu Bearing

Recently

Planted.

Wattegodda

. . Dimbula

800

Nil

Tallagalla

. , Kalutara

270

70

Ellagalla

. . Matale

207

• 20

Hoonoocotua 1 . .

and

> Kotmale

588

30

Hennewille 1

Wariagalla

, Nilambe

412

85

Rutland

. . Few .beta

414

30

Knutsford

. Kalutara

101

59

R

eserve Suit.abI

3 Forest Waste,

Tot.il

for Tea

Water, &c.

Acreage

Wattegodda

.. Nd

95 . .

895

Tallagalla

. . 141

. . 15 . .

499

Ellagalla

Hoonoocotua

.. 13

j

205 . .

445

and

Hennewille

' 45

J

. . 50

713

Wariagalla

.. 140

624* . .

1261

Rutland

.. 87

64 . .

595

Knutsford

.. Nil

23 . .

186

* of which 73 acres are planted with Cardamoms and
40 with Cocoa.

The last three Estates having been purchase! as
from 1st July, 1896, the working of them does not
appear in the Accounts now presented, which are
for the Crop Year ending 30th June, 1896.

IIooH'oocotua and Hennewille are now worked as one
Estates, which will henceforth be known as ‘‘Hoonoo-
cotua ” only. Knutsford, which adjoins Tallagalla,
will now be amalgamated with it, and tho two
Estates will be called “Tallagalla” only.

The followng are the Estimates for the current

season’s crops : —

Expenditure, at l/2i per Rupee. Crop.

R. £ s d Jb. Tea

Wattegodde 83,043 . 4 930 13 7 300,000

Tallagalla 48,386 2,872 18 4 220,000

Ellagalla 27,960 1.660 2 6 85,000

Hoonoocotua 71,193 4,227 1 8 250,000

WariagUla 39,987 2,37-1 4 6 130,000

Rutlan I 47,906 2,814 8 4 154,600

Also, 2,500 lb. Cardamoms and 30 cwts. Cocoa from
Wariagalla.

The foregoing Estimates have been cautiously
framed, as it has not been thought advisable to count
on such a favourable season as we have just had. It
is to be hoped, therefore, that the Estimates will
be fully realized, and in that case the results will
be quite satisfactory if the price of Tea is main-
tained and Exchange does not materially rise.

During last Season about 150 acres were opened
up, and a further 130 to 150 acres will be
taken in hand this Season. The cost of these exten-
sions, and of air enlargement Factory of
on Wariagalla, will be ch.aigcd to the P.ictoi'y
and Extension Account, but the premium realised
on the Debentures .and shares issued this year (which
has been c.arried to the credit of the Factory ai:d
Extension Account, as arranged) will provide for
most of this expenditure, which is estim ited at about
£1,600, during th e current season.

The Preferred Shares to the .lominal amount of
£13,000, Nos. 1,701 — 3,000, both inclusive, and

Ordinary Shares to the nominal amount of £13,000,
Nos. 6,901 — 8,200, both iaclusive, which were issued
on 1st July last, and are included in those enumerated
in the annexed Balance Sheet, do not participate in

382

the tropical agriculturist.

the Dividends now proposed to be paid, these Divi-
dents having been earned during the Crop Year
which ended on 30th Junelast. Forthe same season the
p^ebenlures to the nominal amount of £10,000 Nos.
351 — 450, will not participate in the ne.xl drawing
for redemption.

Auni tuno t, Tj.vth.vm A Co., (leneral Manager.

3. 1, Great St. Helens, E.C., ‘25th Sept. lS9(i.

PUTUPAULA TEA ESTATE COMPANY,
LIMITED.

The sliarehoklens of this Coniiiany are to be
congratulated on the eiiiineiitly satisfactory re-
port adopted at tiie annual meeting today.
The report recommends the jiayment of a divi-
dend of 10 ]ier cent for the year, besides car-
rying forward a sub.sfantial sum and making
permanent improvements on tlie estate: —

Acreage. — Tea in bearing 391 acres; Tea in partial
bearing 30 acres; Tea in under one year .33 acres;
Liberian Coffee 10 acres ; forest — , grass itc , and
waste land, 235 acres. Grand total, 099 acres.

The Direct ns have pleasure in .submitting to the
Shareholders the accounts for tlie past year. The
crop amonnted to 153,30.") lb. te.i, (against an Estimate
of 140,0001b.) and 30 b is. Liberian Coffee. The nett
average sale price of the former was 44 cents per
lb. — The latter realised R174‘95. The nett profit of
the year amounted to R22,171‘41, which with the
balance of R2,035'x0, brought forward from last year
makes the balance at credit of Profit and Loss
account R24,800'57. The Directors recommend a
dividend of 40 per cent for the year cari-ying for-
ward R4,80tr57, to the current years accounts. A
sum of R2, 736-88, was spent during the year in
manni'ing a portion of the Estate and was charged
to expenditure. A sum of 113,217-74, was spent on
permanent improvements to buildings and a further-
sum of R3,5'-0, in operriug 30 acres in Tea. These
items have been charged to Capital account. The
Estimated crop for 1896 — 97, is J65(.001b. on an
estimated outlay on working account of R45,OCO,
which includes R5,000, for maiiuriiig purposes. In
terms of the Articles of Association the Directors
now retire and Mr. Kingsbury atrd Mr. Suhren offer
themselves for re-election. The appointment of atr
Auditor for- the current year will rest with the
meeting. — By order of the Directors, Attken, Spence
& Co., Agents and Secretaries.

■ ♦

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Thursday Evening, Oct. 8, 1896. — The general de-
pressioir in the Stock Markets has refiected
itself slightly upion the market for Tea shares, and in
some quarters shares have been sold at somewhat
easier prices ; the general tone, however, in these
shares continues fairly strong, and wherever buying
takes place prices tend to rise.

Our attention has been drawn to a paragrapih in
the financial columns of our contemporary TmlJi
(September 24), which seems to require notice
here.

Truth’s Calcutta correspondent gives to myestors
a warning against being inveigled into purchasing at
high prices poor or wornout Tea gardens, and, we
cordially endor.se this warning. But we must be
allowed to take exception to Truth's apparent
wholesale condemnation of Ten,, coirveyed in tho
concluding sentence of its correspondent’s letter, which
runs as follows :

“ I would warn all capitalists and investors of this
grave fact. Bengal has planted out tiirisauds of
acres, year by year, also Ceylon. Prices are clown,
and this year’s crops will fall short. ‘Touch nor
handie not.’ ”

Here we veuturo to say that tho facts are at variance
with these statements, as, up to the present, Tea
prices this season have been exceptionally good, and
althought there has been some slight shortage up t#

[Dec. I, 1896.

d^e in the crops, this has been more than comjjensa-
ted for by the much higher prices which have thus
far been obtained for the portion of the crop so far
sold to date.

Mincing Lane, though slightly easier, keeps, fairly
steady, and fine Teas still maintain a liigh range of
price.

FbtKsii Issues.

Consoliclated Tea and Lauds. — We are informed
that an ofiicial quotation for these shares will very
shortly be granted. The Firsts have changed hands at
15s premium, but are now scarcely so high as that.
The Seconds, however, still quote ,£T premiiini
upwards.

East India and Ceylon shares keep rather
sluggish.

Syihet Co. Shares. — Some may be .sliortly for sale,
and might he open to a fair offer.

RLANTING AND RRUDLX'E.

The Tea Tkadeof Central Asi.\. — In the i-epoit on
Central Asian trade, which appears elsewhere, Vice-
Consul Riiigler Thomson offers some opinions about
the decay of the green tea trade and the respective
positions of India and China as competitors in the
tee. trade of Ceutral Asia. Apropos of this, we notice
tn.it Mr. Leslie Rogers, a well-known planter of
Northern India, seeks to sho\C in the Allahabad
Pioneer that in virtue of all that has been done, enter-
prise to get a footing in the Central Asian markets
has not been wanting among the Indian planters, yet
their trade has not been an undoubted success. Indian
tea exported to Cabiil, which is the especial foothold
of North Indian desires, was in April and Mav, 1896
of a value of only R31,-4-1.5, as against R94,. 501 during
the same period last year ; and the same tale is told
in regard to most articles of commerce sent to
Cabul, to Thibet, or to Western China. Mr. Leslie
Rogers maintains that since 1880, when the A,fghan
War revived the once fioiu-ishiug green tea trade
witli Cabul, Meshed, Bokhara, and Sainar-
caud, tlie planters of Northern India have left not
a stone unturned to revive their connection with all
these Central Asian markets. Grievances, how-
ever, arose for the planter.s to bear, in the shape of
“almost prohibitive restrictions” placed on all trade
by both the Amir of Cabul and the new formed
Russian Customs Department in Bokhara, and the
North Indian planters went in a body to petition
Sir James Lyall to get the Government of India
to do something in their behalf. Several times
too they have made an effort to get the Amir to
receive a delegate at Cabul, and discuss matters
personally with His Highness at home , but accor-
ding to the account, the Amir had “ foolish suspici-
ous as to tho leal intentions, and on every
occasion has declined to admit a trade apostle. Mr
Rogers contends, therefore, that by proceedings such
as these, as well as by “keeping up a constant
corrospoij deuce in tho home and Indian papers on
the subject,” the North Indian planter has not
been wanting in onterpiise, and that “with little
more public spirited support of bis interests by the
home and Indian Governments ho would not com-
pare nil favourably with any other nationality in
the race for the markets of Central Asia.”

Coolie Labour in Natal.— In an article publish
ed 111 the alohe oh “ Tlie British Artisan in
Africa” tlie writer, referring to Natal, says : “ It
is because the British Artisan has been found un-
satisfactory that ili'i people of tliis most Eimlish
colony are obliged to fall back upon coolies • and
in future indentured coolie artisans will bo imported
from Irdia. Tho products of Natal have to
compete wi h clieap and efiiciei t labour elsewhere
and the iiidusUies dependent upon labour must
keep tliis fact steadily before them. Let us take
tea-planting, which is worked entirely by coolie
labour. Tliis iiidustry has to compete with the teas
01 India, Ceylon, and China. It is not sufficient
to raise the quality of tho tea to the same level

Dec. I, 1896.]

rnii TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

38.1

but the cost of production must also be compara-
tive. Indirectly and directly, the British Aiti.saii
has a good deal to do with tea. Until recently
only English mechanics were employed to cleau and
repair the machinery, and only English ai'tisans
were in the carpenters’ shop at Nouoti. But
they have been replaced by coolies, who are
not only cheaper, but more handy and less trouble-
some. The British workman is frequently spoken of
as ‘ a difficulty’ in Natal. There must be soniethiuS
manifestly wrong for a colony so essential English
in its tone and warm in its welcome to English
settlers to have to come to the decision of importing
coolies.” — H. and C. Mail, Oct. 9.

TEA GROWING IN SOUTH CAROLINA,

U. S. A.

Mr. Charles LL Shepard, of Pineliur.sfc, Soutli
Carolina, U. S. A., writes under date Sept. 28: —

“ My little experimentation with the cultivation of
tea in this country has been thus far successful that
during almost the entire picking season of 1896 the
orders were in excess of stock on hand. I intend
increasing my acreage by planting out more gardens
of Darjiling and other suitable seed until I reach
the limit of the capacity of my factory.”

We shall be glad to learn the result of Mr.
Shepard’s further experiments.

THE NEW DIM HULA COMPANY,
LIMITED.

KEPORT, .SEA, SON 189d-9G.

The Directors, in submitting tlieir eleventh
Annual Report, have the pleasure to state that
tlie past season has been satisfactory in all
respects.

The yield of Tea exceeded the estimate and
the |>nces were better tlian in the previous
eason.

The additions to the Eactory and Machinery,
referred to in last year’s Report, have been car-
ried out, and the Estate is reported in good order.

The area land in bearing is 2,193 acres,
and ^the Directors have sanctioned the opening
of an additional dO acres during cm rent year.

Tl)C accounts now presented .show a .surplus of
£20,433 O.s. dd. after writing oil' the amount of
Tea Extcii. ion account, viz., ,£1BG 18s. lOd. and
the amount of the “Factory and Machinery ac-
count,” viz., £.3,2d9 O.s. lOd. 'i'hc Directors pro-
pose a diviileud of 8 jier cent, per annum on the

A” and “ B” .shares and 0 poi' cent, per annum
on the “ C ” shares for the year ended 30th
June last, a moiety of which was paid in March.
The Directors also lu oiiose an additional dividend
of 8 per cent, on all shares, and the placing
of .£d,000 to the Reserve Fund.

The Ceylon iManager has dealt very eiliciently
with the Factory extension, with the labour sup-
ply, and with the general inanuhicture, and the
Directors desire to express their great satisfaction
with the management, and witli the work of
the stall' in Ceylon. — By order of the Board,

A. Ckaijbk,
Secretary.

THE TEA TRADE WITH CHINESE
TURiaSTAN.

Many of our readers arc planters. It is to them
that our leader is addressed. At the same time we
would impress upon all who are interested in opening
out the trade with Central Asia the necessity of
bringing before tlie Commerce Department the fact
than is their duty to guard and foster our coin-
luetrcial interests along this most promising of our
trade routes, which leads over the northern frontiers
of Hindustan.

The Pioneer has most steadily endeavoured to
arouse public attention in the Lcli-Yarkand trade.
The Ciril and Militanj Gazette has followed suit.
Those journals of course take up the question from
a political as well as from a commercial view. We
however — although as citizens wo deplore the want
of energy of the powers that be — have chielly to deal
with what affects so many of our constituents, and
will coniine our remarks to the tea trade.

That good Indian-grown tea is preferred to the
Chinese article is well-known to travellers who have
journeyed over the Keradorain ranges, but the tea
must be of the best ; it must be suited to the taste
of the purchasers. A clean, well-rolled black tea,
with a certain proportion of green added, is what
a^Dpears to be most appreciated, hut it will probably
be found to be advisable to send samples of both
green and black in order to thoroughly test the
market.

Leh is not so far distant that any planter need
dread the journey, and he might do worse than
spend his holiday on a trip through Kashmir and
on to Leh, taking witti him carefully packed samples
of the products of his garden. Now is the time to
meet the traders. They are all assembling in Ladakh,
and will shortly be cn route to Srinagar, but we re-
peat ourselves in hopes of impressing on our readers
the fact that the Kashmir Ladakhi and transfron-
tier tribesmen are connoisseurs ; even the poorest
will not buy rubbish of the kind formerly exported
to Kabul as green tea. To the traveller tea in
his one luxury ; as soon as the packs arc off the
ponies a little biutze or other fuel is collected, and
the Sainovatur is set to boil. The villager, directly
he returns from his fields, has his bowl of tea; it is
Cu beverage eminently suited to their tastes. It
is true they add salt and other condiments which
are not suited to our Western palates, but they
declare it brings out the flavour. It is the business
of the planter to supp)ly a tea which is capable of
having flavour, and not to imagine that ” any stuff
is good enough for tlie uncivilized people who live
amongst the uplands of the Himalayas.”

The distrust of the merchants hastj be overcome,
for they all know tliat inferior teas were formerly
sent to Central Asia, but this distrust can be ovei-
come by any one who will cater for the taste of
his customers and will strictly keep his wares up to
standard. The Central Asian trader is generally a
Pathan ; he is very quick at seeing his own advan-
tage, and would gladly deal at first wit! in a European.
He cannot, however, afford to make a false step, and
must feel that he is sure of his market, and that
depends entirely on the goodno.ss a;,d sititability of
the tea.

The trader's time is a rough one. After arriving in
Leh in the early autumn he has first to recruit his
ponies, selling off some and turning others out to
graze in the lucerne fields where they gathered
strength for the return journey. AVhilst this is going
on he sells his A’arkand goods and buys coral, piece
goods and other articles which are sent up from
the Paujab. Then he caters on his dreary march
to Y^arkand wdth no c'nance of changing his carriage
en route. On arriving there, he has either to retail his
goods or hand them over to a -tniddieman who sel-
dom pays until he has sold the stock. Their ideas
of trade are peculiar. A Pathan trader who had
brought goods from India passed on most of them to
a shop-keeper. Wearily he waited for payment. After
a year had passed the man who was anxious to be
off sued his debtor; the Court decreed that the mer-
chant was entitled to hand over the balance of his
goods to the retailer, but that he must wait for
payment for the whole let until ho next returned
from Leh. Many of the merchants are men of sub-
stance ; they can afford to wait for Ihcir money, and,
what is more to the puipose, they oiui pay in Leh
for the goods they require in i-pilc el their diffi-
culties in Chinese Turkislan. Wo do not advise
any Eumpean to endeavour lo tiude in Yarkand
or to send their own caravans, but as far up the
route as Ijeh there are no difficulties ; cither by
the Kulu or Brinagar roads the pony-owners will

384

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec. I, 1896.

carry goods by contract. Indeed, when the tea lias
once been thoroughly introduced, there ie|little doubt
that the traders would buy it in Srinagar. There
would be no difficulty in establishing an agency
in Kashmir, but at first it will be nocessary to
work in Leh.

As to the tea trade with Kashnii?', most of what is
drunk is Indian tea, although the villagers think it is
Chinese. The demand is increasing, and will continue
to do so, for the people aio waxing fat and prosperous.
Three to four rupees is not an uncommon price for
what is called “ lionibay tea.” It is supposed to come
from China, but is in reality an Indian product.
The profit made by the middleman is very great, but
the planter would have great difficulty in getting the
market into his own hands; still, when prospecting
for the Chinese-Turkistan trade, he might find that
something could be done in Srinagar. We are inclined
to think there are possibilities in both places, for the
demand for tea is a large one. Tea reigns supreme;
coffee and cocoa are not its rivals; and amongst the
Mussalman races it takes the place of beer. In La-
dakh chanff, the beer of the country, is used on fes-
tive occasions, but tea is the universal drink. —
Asian

DESTRUCTION OF TEA FACTORIES RY
FIRE.

Within the last few weeks the destruction of two
large tea factories by fire have been reported. To
those who have seen the splendid buildings now'
erected on tea estates, it appear most strange how a
fire on a big scale can possibly take place. Every
precaution is taken to make the factories secure from
tire ; in fact, it may be said, they are practically
tire-proof. Even about old tea- houses, built years ago,
means have been adopted so that there should be no
ebance of any portion catching fire, and yet there
remains the fact that fires do take place, and every
year one or more tea-houses are burnt to the ground.
As a rule, the cause of the fire remains a mystery, i.e.,
if the fire has broken out in the tea-house itself. Sur-
mises are made, explanations of sorts are given, and
eventually after much wasting of pen, ink and paper,
and many inspections, the matter is burked, and in
course of time allowed to drop. It is true that in the
majority of tea-houses a very considerable amount of
timber is to be found inside them, in the form of
posts, beams, rafters, planks, etc., but these are
always so well protected by the adoption of various
means that to one acquainted with them, it simply
appears marvellous how they can catch lire
to such an extent as to set the w’liole build-
ing in a blaze. The roof is all corrugated iron ;
sparks from the chimnies of the engine and dryers
cannot set fire to the building from outside. Doubt-
less all timber in close proximity to dryers and their
funnels get very dry in course of time, but these por-
tions are always protected by a casing of zinc sheeting
or some tire-proof substance. In many instances,
when a factory has been burnt down, it has been
owing to the stacks of firewood outside having been
erected too close to the building. In such cases of
course, if the stacks, owing to any cause, catch fire,
it is practically impossible to save the tea-house :
especially if there is the slightest breeze or wind
blowing the flames in the direction of the factory ; it
is simply doomed. Managers and tea-house assistants
are most assiduous in their attentions, and we think
we may safely say, that no tea-house has ever been
burnt down in the last ten years, with a European in
charge, inside on duty. It is of course quite impossible
for the Manager or Assistant to be always present
in the building, unless a special tea-maker is employed,
whose duty it is to devote bis whole attention to
manufacture. Hucli being the case, we can only atti i-
bute a conflagvation, except of course in exceptional
cases, to cither of two causes ; (1) Gross negligence, or
carelessness, on the part of the natives on duty
in the building; or, ('2) deliberate setting lirotollie
building by some native or natives. Wc are of opinion
that many tea-houses have been deliberately set fire to
by natives, and if it was possible to bottom the real
facta and trace them to their source, it would be found

that natives to satisfy some private or imaginary
grudge, have wantonly been the cause of the contla-
giation. Natives think nothing of incendiarism. A
coolie or coolies, perhaps, have a row with the sahibs,
or with the sirdars, or with their jal-hhai, or it may
be with all combined Drunk with liquor and mad
with rage, to went their spleen they watch their
opportunity and turn incendiaries. There is always a
chowkidar supposed to be guarding a factory, but
he is generally an invisible force, and, if not actually
sound asleep, he is bound to be at the other extremity
of the building. The firing process is not a very diffi-
cult one. All coolies on a garden know the inside of a
tea- house pretty well, and exactly where the kind of
materials they require lie. The coolie or coolies
secure the tea bulking cloths, or hessian withering
cloths, or it may be the firing cloths, then
collect whatever they can lay hands on in the shape
of fuel, it may be tea box shooks, or bits of plank-
ing, or firewood. A pile soon made in some spot,
either inside or outside the building, where a blaze
will set the whole place on fire. Possibly some kero-
sine oil is pourel on, a match is struck and applied,
and a memorial bonfire the result. Y hat European
is there in the w'hole of India, who can say he has
fathomed the inmost depths of the cussedtiess of a
native. Even if the coolie or coolies did not take all
the trouble to go through the elaborate process de-
dicted above, there are hundreds of ways of setting
fire to a building, if a man or men are maliciously
intent on the job. If they are determined to set a
tea-house on fire they will find the way and means,
and the bui.ding which was considered practically
fire-proof will soon be wrapt in flames. All the

vigilance of Managers and Assistants, or the
ingenuity of engineers and builders, w'ill not
avail against such scoundrels. Incendiarism is a
common form of revenge in India, and has flour-
ished for ages. The culprit or culprits are sel-
dom caught. If done in secrecy, he or they get
off scot-free. After the building has been burnt down
to the ground, it is impossible to trace the origin
of the fire — the first intimation of which has per-
haps been a lurid glare in the sky, if at night, or
a wild hubbub and running about of excited coolies
if in the day. In the ensuing bustle and confusion
everyone, more or less, lose their heads, and th«
incendiaries, if they have not already cleared off,
mix in the crowd, and, perhaps, to evade suspicion
falling on them, make a show of helping to ex-
tinguish the flames. Even if suspected there is no
proof to convict them, unless caught red-handed, and
so they escape. Tne total destruction of a tea-house
by fire is alwaj's a most serious loss. Even if fully
insured, the insurance money goes but a little way
to recoup the real loss to the estate. It is the most
dire calamity that can possibly happen to a large
garden, especially if situated a distance from any
neighbouring estate, which might possibly be able
to help manufacturing the loaf. If destroyed during
the lie. gilt of the manufacturing season, it simply
means Uie dead locB of sonic hundreds or thousands
of maunds of tea, not covered by insurance. More-
over, it puts the whole working of the garden out
of gear, and takes months before tho old order is
rc-itored and things work smoothly again. — Indian
Planters' Gazette, Oct. 17

^

THE AIMSTERDAM MARKET.

Further details with regard to tho cinchona .sales
of last Thursday state that the demand for Manu-
facturing barks was good, but without any inclination
to strong competition, and in all oases whore iniport-
er.s took up a firm .stand the buyers invariably left
them alone. This accounts for the fact that 122 kilos
of quinine in the bark remained unsold. The richest
parcel at auction was 132 bales crushed Ledgeriana,
containing ITtiO per cent of sulphate of quinine!
This lot only realised 30jc, or ,''>id per lb. Drug-
gi.sls b.u ks were decidedly linm-i- all roiiud, and for
lino whole and broken qiiill an advance on the former
auctions was paid. Medium grades were also well
competed for, but common lots wore slow of sale. —
Chemist and Dru^yist, Oct. 10.

Dec. r, 1896.]

THE rROPICAL AGRICaLTURIS T.

585

LEAVES FROM A PLAN'L’ER’S NOTE
BOOK.

{Contributad by a Pla'if-er.)

Pluckinc; ani> Kindrhd Matters.

I.

The general rule on all gardens is to pluck two
leaves and a bud, or two and a half leaves and a
bud. But after the first two flushes are off, and
specially when there is an abundance of leaf, the
rule is more honoured in the breach than in the obser-
vance thereof. Theoretically the rule is supposed
to be in force, but practically it is a dead letter.
When inspecting the leaf brought in, during the pro-
cess of spreading it out for withering, I daily find
that the major portion of the leaf plucked consists
of three to four leaves, for the most part all on one
stalk. Managers and Assistants do their best to pre-
vent this, but on large concerns, especially during the
height of the season, it is practically impossible to
prevent the pluckers bringing in the extra leaves.
In fact, the pluckers themselves cannot well be
blamed. Outsiders can form no idea what plucking
means. Only planters and garden coolies learn from
experience what it reslly is. Plucking is no child’s
play and is an art only learnt by hard-persevering
labour. I use the word art advisedly, and I feel sure
my brother planters will back me up in my asser-
tion tl'.at plucking is an art, and not merely an art,
but, I may almost say, one of the fine arts. The
amount of skill required to be a succe.ssful plucker
is by no means small. Only a planter knows what
a cunning hand, and what skilful manipulation is
required, before one can become a really first-class
plucker. There are pluckers and pluckers, but what
a difference between them. A planter is simply de-
lights i when he finds a plucker who can pluck. There
are no pluckers like women, and amongst women
none that will compare with the Nepalese, or other
hill women (Pahariahs), working on the hill g.ardens
in D.arjeeling and the Kaugra Valley. Men mike
w'retched pluckers; their hands .and fingers hive not
the necessary pliability ; they are too hard and
coarse. Children pluck fairly wtll, when they can
be persuaded to put their minds to it, and girls
often turned out adepts at it. Thevalueof women and
girls who can pluck is beyond estimation ; they are worth
their weight in gold. The study of plucking and
pluckers is a most interesting one, and if some of
my brother planters will only jot doivn their ex-
periences, and send their notes down to this journal,
I feel sure the Editor will be delighted to insert
them. There is an Indian plant, a medicinal herb
of great value, which, unless plucked off by one
clear cut of the nail, loses its peculiar properties and
is rendered valueless. I have sometimes thought
that if we really sifted the matter thoroughly
it might be somewhat the same with tea. I
have a faint kind of idea th it the manner the leaf is
plucked has a deal to do with the quality of the tea
manufactured from it. My own beliefs is that leaf
lucked off with one clean cut of the nail, withers
etter, ferments better, and altogether turns out
better tea, than leaf carelessly stripped or broken
off the bushes. Some pl.anters may laugh and con-
sider the idea an absurd one, but it is little things
like these that sometimes make all the difference.
Anyway, to any planter who may possibly have the
leisure, which unfortunately I have not, and who
will not mind the sweat, the experiment is worth
trying. I have read many articles on the subject
of plucking my machinery, but I have no doubts as
to any mechanical contrivance ever proving a success.
Even if a machine was invented that would suit
all bushes, and run through a garden plucking
or rather cutting off the leaves promiscuously,
the results, I much fear, would prove dis-
astrous. Scissors aud clippers of kinds have
been invented, birt after numerous experiments it
has been found that, so far, the natural method of
plucking by the hand is out and out the best.
Everything, I may say, depends on the plucking. Leaf
should be taken off jnst irhen ready, not a day earlier,
uot a day later. If taken oil just whan ready it makes

all the difference in the outturn. A ripe leaf ia
doubtful, an overripe o.vi bed. dticidediy bal. It is an
utter impossibility to make tea, much lessgmd tea,
out of leaf tough as shoe-leather. Minagjrs and
Assistants know ex.rctly when the lerf is ready, and
would gladly pluck it, but ala i 1 t'loir hands are tied,
and they c.innot do the things they wouli do, for
they have not the co.elies. Here comes in the ques-
tion of the labour force, an ever-diminishing quan-
tity— but that’s a lother story, anJ although it has
everything to do with the successful plucking of a
g.irden, we cannot more than touc’u on the fringe
of it here. The simple fact remains, that if tea of
good quality is to be made, the only way to turnout
such tea is to pluck the leaf eract/y irJien if is ready
— neither earlier nor later. It is no use having
an extensive acreage if the labour force is not sufficient
to work it. Managers often get unjustly blamed
for things, when the fault is not theirs at all, bat
lies at the door of others, who shift the bl.ameonto
them to find a w.ay of escape for themselves. No
fixed rule can be laid down for the plucking
of bushes. The mijority of gardens contain
a mixed iat of plants, and they require pluck-
ing according to their class. Planters know
from experience exactly when their bushes are ready
for plucking, and do their utmost to take the leaf off in
due season. If, however, owing to sudden rushes of
loaf and heavy flu=hes they do fall behind, it can only
be attributed to insufficiency of labour. Naturally
the tea manufactured also deteriorates very consider-
ably in quality. The remedy in such cases is not in
the wr. ting of “stinkers” to already overworked and
h ilf-demented men, but in the frank recognition that,
it is utterly out of the power of the employs to cope
with the extra work, wi h a short labour force. If
there is anything that disheartens a planter, it is the
recieving of a “s'iuker,” whe i he is slaving like a
coolie and doing his utmost to pull through the crisis.
Theoretical letter, written under a punkah in a nice
cool office, are all very well in their way, and most
excellent studies for leisure hours in the cold weather,
but they don’t rca 1 well, when perused by a practical
man working in the sun, or in a tea house, with the
temperature at 120. They have the most undseirable
effect of rubbing him up the wrong way,and instead of
helping to mend m attera, only tend to deprive him of
all heart and spirits for his work. There is no-
thing more depressing at such times than one
of these “ extinguishers ” written perhaps by
some inexperienced hand, to one who has been
through the mill, and is a veteran in the
service — to one at any rate who has hia wits about
him and knows exactly what to do and hoio to do
it. It is not, however, the Manager alone who suffers.
If there is a Tea-maker, or tea-house assistant in
charge, he comes in for his share of “ the beans.”
All hands on the garden suffer more or less, noses
are put out of joint, aud the air is thick with any-
thing but blessings, and all because the loaves will
not stop growing, but insist on going bhanji aud
turning into leather. I have s .ated What the remedy
is not, the question as to what the remedy fs, quite
a different matter. Solutions without number have
been put forward aid discussed from time to time
but the problem .las uot yet been solved, for year
after year the same difficulties crop up, the same
leaf is plucked, and the Stame “ undesireable ” teas
arc made. Clardons with an adequate and ample
supply of coolies to meet all exigencies are not in
the category. I do not allude to them, for they in-
variably send down good teas to the market. It ia
foL gardens short of labo.ir, and pr.actically with no
labour at all when most wanted, that the problem
has to be solved,— How to pluck with a short labour
force and yet make good teas ? This is the question,
and doubtless the answer will work itself out in time
but at bitter expense. Yearly new gardens are being
opened out aud large extensions made, but the supply
of coo ies is not equal to the dem.and, and in proportion
the supply of the class of 1 ibourers suitable for garden
work i.s dwindling do, vn gradually butsurely. Coolies,
more coolies. This is the cry. Who will give us mors
coolie i, and where are they to com^ from ')

386

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTHRIST.

[Dec, r, 1896.

Many gardens have not a suflicient habonv tovae
to cope with the gardens work at ordinary times,
much less v.hcii th re is a heavy lusii of leaf, or a
heavy dush on. Then, every houI has to be put 00
to plucking— men, women and children. All have
to ply their lingers and a general ripping off the
leavescommences. Stripped off, torn off, broken off their
parent stalks airydiow (sometimes stalks and branches
are brought in vlroiosale, the coolies employed on
such occasions not being particulat ), the leaves are
brought into the factory to be manufactirred. Their
indeed it is a pretty sight, and hew the heart of tiro
tea-maker doth rejoice, when he picks up stalk after
stalk with five and six leaves on it ! How he does
pray for tbo long life and prosperity of his beloved
Aryarr brethren 1 Then having s-aid his prayers, he
sets to think it out how this congloiaeralioii of sticks,
stalks and leaves is to be made into tea. Into tea,
however, it is rrrade, and when it reaches the market,
the brokers make rude remarks aJjouc it, and class it
as “ nrost rmdesirable,” and, worse tliau ah, sell it off
for what it will fetch ; and tliis after all tire trouble
and worry and bother there has been over the pluck-
ing of the leaves to make ic. Well, at any rate,
quantity has been made if quality h.rs been sacriiced.
A big invoice has at any rate been despatched, aud
we have always been iirformel that big invoices
sell better than small ones. So, perhaps, wo slrall
partly make up for quality by quantity. But alas!
when the tea sales are published, wa find tlr.rt the
big iirvoice W'ere sent down, and wliieh \v> expected
to be sold iir one lot, has been spilt np and divided
into two or moro invoices, and apportioned to
different brokers, aud sold irr two or irrore lots with
the result that the teas did rrot realise tiro prices
we expected for them. On top of this coirres a wire.
“Teas most disappointing.” Telegrams of this type
always gladdeir the heart of a planter, they give liiui
a good appetite, and make him look forward to a sub-
stantial bonus at the end of the season and a princely
rise of salary ? What will the end be if we continue
much longer short of labour ? Shall we have to employ
the heathen Chinee? They' are already being largely
employed on gardens as carpenters. Why should
we not engage families of them and employ thd;
wives and cliildren for plucking and other works ?
They will cost more than lire indigenous native, Imt
■ if wa cannot recruit sufficient labour in India itself,
we must engage foreigners. Chinese women would
most probably make excelleiu pluekers. Now that
the Chinese are losing tlieir tea trade in their own
country, owing to a great extent to their conser-
vatism, if they found a field open for them on our
shores, they would doubtless iminigrato liere in largo
numbers to the tea districts. Out of China they
would not stand on tlieir ancient ways, and would
soon come under the yoke of tbo foreign devil and
barbarian so hateful to him in liis native land. Cal-
cutta is full of Gliinamen ; tiiey mako most excellent
carpenters and shoe makers, and the men would doubt-
less make splendid tea-inaker.s. One good quality
about them is- that they do not require innch looking
after. Once they uiidersmiid wlial they have to do,
“John” i Si all there. The aulqect of fine or coarse
plucking, is au exhaustive one, and it is impossible to
do it any thing like justice in tliis paper. The remarks
here made are only from jottings noted down in liis
few leisure moments by a hard-worked planter. lie
lays no claim to literary ability, nor does lie deem
himself competent to write a leiuiicd disquisition on
the subject. Doubtless .some will a]i))reoiate liis bum-
ble efforts to edify and amuse ami, if so, lio will not
have written in vain. Knowledge is always gained
by intercliaiige of tlionghts so lio lets drop these few
crumbs willi the hope tliat some brother-pl-inters will
follow his example and begin to contribute their
quota to the sum of general knowledge by writing
down their thoiiglits, feelings and expcrionces in a
Bimilar manner. It is im2)0ssil;le for ns all to agree
on any one Bulqect — tliero are many ways of looking
at an object, and tlio pictures vary aiul are as mimorous
as the 2)oints of observation. No two minds Ihiuk
exactly alike — it would not bo human nature if they
did. But although wo differ ou minor points, in

essentials all our various aud differing thoughts aud
feelings can be brougli t into one focus blending in
one liarmonious whole and forming a kaleidoscopic
picture worth the fr<iining and handing down to pos-
terity.— Indian Planters' Gazelle, Oct. 17.

THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA AUCTIONS.

O.rr Amsterlani correspon-lent, telegr ip>hing on
Thursday evening, states that of the 5,36.d prekages of
Java ciuchoni otferod at auction today, 4, IDS sold
at the average unit of 2'55c per half kilo, being the
suns as tint of the previous auctious. The English
aad .'Vmeric.iii inanafacturers were tiro largest buyers,
the equivalent of 755 k|■o^ of sulphate of quinine be-
ing taken by them. The Auerbach Factory purchased
4.121 kilos, the Brunswick Factory 1,864 kilos, the
Minuhsim aud Amsterdam Factories 3,903 kilos, the
Frankfort-on-Maine and Stuttgart Factories 2,774, and
various buyers 3,702 kilos. Tim following are the
range of prices: — Manufacturing barks 3ic to .30ic
(equal to gd to 541 per lb.) ; Druggists’ bark.s, 9|c to
9.'>ic (equal to Igl to ls5d joerlb). — Chemist and j)ruj-
(jisl, Oct. 3.

OAHU AS A FIELD FOR COFFEE.

In another article we have shown at some length
the necessity for inaugurating plans for the develop-
ment of tile Island of O ihu and also to protect and
miintaiu au increased business for Honolulu. A
short time ago it was our good fortune to visit the
Waianae plantation and while being hospitably
entertained by m lu-iger Ahrens were given some in-
form ition in regard to liis experience with coffee
plautiiig in the Waiaiiae valley. Mr. Ahrens has
about (50 acres under cultivation upon which has been
planted about 50,003 coffee trees the lolants running
from one to three years. The estate is about five
miles from the sugar mills or Waianae station and is
reached by a splendid carriage road of about four
miles and the balance of the distance by a well-made
trail or bridle path. The cultivated portion is
situated on the slope of a gulch backed on the north-
east side from the higher elevations by an almost
jisrpendicular mountain. The slopes on either side
of tli3 gulch are easy grades aud result in a narrow
valley of varying widths at the bottom. Mr. Ahrens
has made a beautiful place of this gulch. At a con-
venient spot are located the neat and comfortable
homes of the workmen close to which has been
erected a private residence for Mr. Ahrens, Au
al)uiidant supply of pure water oozes out from numer-
ous sisrings in the liillside which is used for irriga-
tion and household purjjoses. One of these streams
has been diverted into a large swimming pool sur-
rounding which as well as the houses are beautiful
flower gardens containing every variety of roses and
rare flowers all singularly healthy and free from
blight. A large number of lime and orange trees
have also been set out and are doing well.

Ileturuing to the coffee plautatiou as we stated
above there are about 50,00(3 trees growing all healthy
and vigorous. The older trees are actually loaded
with berries aud although npt quite three years old
will yield this year about seven tons. Cue three-
year old tree for exaraplo had 48 primarie.s aud ouo
of these by actual count contained 147 berries. As
700 whole berries make a pound the average to a treo
would be very largo. Mr. Ahrens considers that
nearly all the valleys and gulches on this island aro
equally wed situated for coffee and is canfideut that
if developed in a few years millions of dollars worth
might be produced. Anyone wishing to verify these
statements can on any S.xturday make a round trip
to Waianae for fi.25 and for another dollar for a
saddle horso tho plantation can he reached in good
time to enable tho visitor to return to Honolulu tho
same day. This is hu: one of many industries tliat
might be taken up in Hoiiohilii.— 2’/ic y/aiaimiii
Mcrcial Journal and JIaritime lici>ort,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Dec. I, 1896.J

COFFEE PLANTfNG IN SELANGOR.

In his monthly report for August (as given in
the Selangor Government Gazette of Oct. U), the
District Ollicer of Klang says : —

Duriug the month Mr. L. Davidson, of Ceylon,
visited the district and inspected most of the coffee
gardens, including “Highlands” and “ Golden Hope”
estates as well as Mr. T. H. Hill’s 2,500 acres block,
Mr. A. Forsyth’s estate and the Date Dagang’s 14-
ear-old coffee. He also visited the Langat Iliver
etween Kuala Klang and Golden Hope estate and
inspected a portion on the right bank of the river
within the reserve J, close to the Pedamaran Java-
nese holdings.

'I'he Acting District Oflicer, Kuala Langat, re-
ports : —

The area demarcated during the month amounted
to 370 acres, which were distributed as follov/s: —

A. I’v P.

Bandar Mukim . . 115 0 0

Klanang Mukim . . 255 1 21

Total . . 370 1 24

Although a larger area than usual has been de-
marcated, applications are now coming in with a
steady rush, and the result is that there are now
874 acres still undemarcated.

Klanang, as will be ^een from the above retuijn,
is flourishing extremely and coffee land there is
already beginning to fetch high prices. Much of the
land bordering on the Coast Road at Klanang is
really rich and only wants capital and care to pro-
duce a first-class berry. The Tukang Kepala has
several acres of splendid coffee near the junction of
the Bandar and Klanang Roads. Native tobacco
has from time to time been very successfully grown
there by the Javanese. At Tanjong Duablas (Telok
Besar) I have laid out a new karapoog site, and
on the whole the present state of agriculture in the
district may, I think, be considered satisfactory when
the isolated and roadless state of the greater part
of the district is taken into consideration.

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

CEYI.ON Tea and the United States Makket.
— From a communication from Mr. William
Mackenzie to the chairman of the Ceylon Planters’
Association in the Ceylon papers it appears that the
packing of more than four kinds of tea for the United
States is deprecated, and what are regarded as suitable
pricesfor long lines of tea are (luoted, there being an
objection to tasting or handling teas running up by
single cents per pound. Complaint is also made
against small breaks.

Tea Machineky fob China. — As we hear that enqui-
ries are being made from China with reference to tea
machinery, we advise those manufacturers who are
not already aware of the little peculiarities of the
Chinese to act cautiously before imparting information,
even if it be in serious contemplation to use tea
machinery. There are no patent laws or anything
approaching them within the Celestial Empire, and
the imitative faculty of the Chinese is well
known.

The Docks and the Shipping Cohpanh-s. — The
Loudon and India Docks Comruuiee has, ii is sa:d,
coucl’ dod an i<greemeut for live y.’af. wi. h tiio i^v,nia-
sular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company,
wherein almost every deman.i m.uie by the Do ’ks
for increased remuneration has been surrendered.
Some small payment for special berths is to be made;
otnerwise all is to be as before.

The Botanical Survey of India.— Some excellent
work has been done by the Director of the Botanical
Survey of Inoia during the past twelve months. Thus,
one of the botanical collectors, Harsukh, managed to
visit Fir Ghal, the highest peak in Waziristan (about
11,500 ft. above the sea), and other localities which
have not hitherto been accessible to Europeans, or
even to natives of Hindustan. Again, the largest and
most important collection made duriug the Chitral ex-
pedition was that of head botanical collector luayat

387

Kban. Specimens were collected all along the route
as far as Chitral, and excursions W'ere made from
several of the camping grounds up to a height of
11,000 or 12,000 feet. Tlie Pamir Boundary Commis-
sion was also fruitful in valuable botanical results,
duo to the exertions of Surgeon-Captain Alcock, who
was attached to the Commission as the medical
oflicer and naturalist. It is intended to publish an
account of his work in a volume on the natural
history of the Pamir Boundary Commission. Further,
an inquiry has been initiated in connection with
the outbreak of rust in Indian wheat, which
is likely to lead to a number of interesting
observations on this very important subject.

Coffee. — According to Blessr.s. During and Zoon,
the European stocks on the 1st inst. showed a decrease
of about 700 tons, whilst the visible supply .showed an
increase of about 23, 1)30 tons, the figures being 82,950
tons and 219, 300 tons rc.spectively, ag.iinst 83,(350 tons
and 195,370 tons on September 1. I'lie first offers of
]'j >st Indian colory coffees have made their appearance
in our market already, says the Commercial Uecord, but,
as usual, no business resulted. There is in our belief
hardly another trade where the maxim of “give and
take” is more needed and frequently practised than in
the East Indian coffee trade. Invariably sellers and
buyers are shillings and shillings out at the beginning
of the season, but judicious persuasion of the honest
broker at both ends of the sea gradually brings the
opposing poles into close proximity, and at last busi-
ness results. A Coorg crop at 95s c.f. andaNeil-
gherryatDOs c.f., although both hailing from good
estates, were found xeorbitant here, and bids of about 5s
less were proffered by speculative buyers in our market,
which, however, met with silent scorn ou the part of the
Indian planters. In the face of their small yields this
year, planters are naturally more stubborn than
usual, and will require a lot of work to bring

them down to reasonable prices, but at the

best the arrival business this year will be, we
fear, confined to small limits only, for, accord-
ing to the latest reports, Chickmigur promises
to fall short 50 to 60 per cent, of last year’s
yield, and Coorg at the very least 30 to 35

qier cent. In other districts the prospect

are even worse; some are returned at half of
their last year's gatherings. It may interest those
dealing in these fine East Indian sorts that the total
export from Coorg during the year 1895-96 is
shown to have been about 3,650 tons. Stocks of light
coffees in the principal European ports are about the
same as last ye.ar, so there is no lack of available
stuff, and if Indian planters with to dispose of their
crops on arrival terms, it will be advisable not to
hold out for impossible values, or otherwise they
might be compelled to ruu the risk of the market until
their gathering has reached the hammer of the
London broker.— 7/. lO C. Mail, Oct. 16.

A CUP OF TEA.

This was the title of a lecture delivered last
week at the Agricultural Hall in connection
with the Grocens’ Exhibition. The lecturer was
Dr. Goodfellow, who dealt with the .subject from
a general pniat of view. If tlie lecturer suc-
ceeded in iin])re<siiig Ids audience wiili the ini-
portanee of u-i g rea to f'le liest advantage by
brewing io omperly, ins lecture ivill liave served
a u eiulpuriio.se. Alter describing the le. plant
and tlie method of dealing witli the leaf, the
lecturer said : “ The average compo-ition may

be taken as follows : General composition of
black tea— water, 8-10; tlieine, 3-.35 ; albumin,
18-Ul ; nitrogenous extractives, 5 82 ; dextrin and
sectin, 1'21 ; organic acids and oil, U04 ; tannin,
17 02; colouring matter and resin, 3-21 ; cel-
lulose, 35-89 ; asb, C-35— lOO'OO. Green tea
diileis slightly in compo.sition from black, con-
taining considerably more tannin and .slightly
more e.ssential oil. A few words on tlie pro-
perties of the.se bodies will prove of interest.

388

THE TROPICAL AGRICUI/riJRIS P.

[Dec. I, 1896.

Theine Iiixs llie fonuula ('01 ,0„, consisting of

carbon ami the gases niimgen, hydrogen, and oxy-
gen in chemical coinljinalion. in the jmie stateit is
a white body crystallising in ncetlle-shajieil cl■.^s-
tals ; it has no smell, hut possesses a slightly
bitter taste ; it dissohes freely in hot watei'. It
is classilied by many chemists among the vege-
tcable alkaloids, and may be regarded as a power-
ful stimulant to the ciiculatory and nervous sys-
tem ; it is therefore the slimulaling constitu nt
of tea. Albumin belongs to the pi oteids or flesh-
formers, but as it does not pass into the infusion
I need not dwell on its properties ami uses.
Nitrogenous extractives are unimportant from our
point of view, and so are the colouring matters,
cellulose and a'-^h. The volatile oil present, how-
ever, deserves a few words. It is believed to be
produced in tea duiing the iiroce.ss of jnepaia-
tion, as it has not yet been found in the fresh
green leaves. ^Vhen obtained pure by distillation
it is of a yellowish colour, and smells strongly
of tea. It is very volatile, and is the constituent
which gives to tea its charactrristic aroma, ft
acts as a narcotic on the nervous system. Tannin
is the astringent constituent of tea, tuid is
closely allied to the tannin of the oak lank.
It has a bitter taste and possesses the pro-
perty of combining with animal membranes. It
has a consti|)ating action oir the bowels. It
doe.s not dissoUe out very’ rapidly from the tea-
leaves, but after about lire minutes the rate of
solublity increases. T’he injurious etlect of badly'
jirepared infusions of lea are maiidy due to the
tannin |uesent. T’annin gives a greenish black
reaction with chloride of iron and this reagent may
be employed to compare (lualitatively two samples
of tea for tannin acid. There are certain other
organic acids present in tea which 1 am of opinion
may exercise a bar niful effect on digestion. We
arc mainly interested tonight, however, with the
stimulating coMstii irent of tea, viz., theine. 1 have
already iiornted out that theine is composed of
carbon, Irydi’ogen, nitrogen, aird oxy’gen, and I
have here on a table the resrrit of the ultimate
analysis of a portioir of theirre. It is a very inte-
resting anrl wonderful sirliject to consider how’
these elemerrts are conrbiired to form a body like
theine. (’arhorr is a black solid, hydrogen
an inllarrrinable gas, nitrogerr a gas with
no very striking prr.perties, oxy’gen is

the gas which suppi/r-'s all combustion.

These eleirrents, so dissimilar in ]>roperties from
each other', are cotrrbined itr suitable proportions
to form this white ciystalliscil stimirlant. A few
experinrents with these ga.sts will Irelj) to bring
borne this intere.stirrg fact to your minds.
Oxygen gas is an invisible, iirodororts, and taste-
le.ss gas. It will not buiri of itself, but causes
other bodies to bunt with great rapid tty’. A ]>iece
of sulphur, ])hos(dioi trs, or even iron wire will burn
brilliantly in oxygert ; amf I will trow ]iroceed to
demonstrate its jrr (ijicrties to you. [Or. Ooodfellow
here performed a tiumher ot striking and brilli-
ant experinrents, showitrg the wonderful po’ivers
of oxy’geti in supporting comlmstion.] Ilydrogert
Ls a light gas, the liglitest suhstarree known in
fact, and will irot supprort combustion, being in
this respect quite unlike oxygen. It Imrr.s, how-
ever, very readily with a blue flame, proditcing
water, and with air foiius cxjdosiAc mixtures.
[The lecturer performed a mimhcr of experimerrts
with hy'drogen, show ing its im])ortant ]iro|)erl,ies. ]
Nitrogen, the other const iiuent of theirre, is also
a gas, but it will milln'r htrrn nor su])]iort
combirstion. It has few positive ju'operlies,
its chief use in nature being to (lilute the

oxygon of the air, of which it forms 78 per
corrt. [Exjierinrerits were here shown with
nitrogen.] 'J'he.se elements then are chemically
combined to form theine, the active stiinirlatin’g
constituerrt of tea. Ui the bodies which 1 have
nientiurred as composing the tea ieaf, theme, tan-
nirr, and the volatrleoil are the chief found irr the
infusion. \ eiy lew jicojrle know how to prepare
tea jiroperly. iMarry believe tliat unless the liquor
be (lark u is ol rnfeiior quality, while otlrers
think the strong acrid tasle of the liquid obtained
by allowing tea to stand for a long time indicates
high quality. Thise ideas are w rong. Tire acr id
taste is due to tannic acid, a body which is
injurious to the system in excessir e quantities,
and therefore indicaies a badly juepared infusion.
The chief objects in the making of tea are— (1) to
obtain the maximiiiii of tlieine w’ith the minimuni
ot tannic acid ; (2) to develop and bring out the
aroma. Now the longer the leaves steeir in the
water, the greater the quantity of tannin dis-
solved out. It follows, therefore, that to allow
tea t() brew too long is a mistake, as the flavour
is spoiled try the predominant tannin, and the
infusion acquires injurious iiroperties. Eurther
the aro.iiatic oil is lai’gely lost by evaporation by
■*allowiDg the tea to stand too long. In order to
secure the best results the follow'ing pla i is recom-
niended. Two earthenware teajiots are required,
and both should be heated dry in front of the
lire, 'i'hedry tea sliould be placed in one of the
pots and allowed to remain in the closed warmed
teapot for about one minute. This brings oiitthe
aroma. Water wiiicli has just come to the boil
should now be used in the pi(j[)aration of the bever-
age, and the whole allowed to stand li-oin three
to live minutes according to the kind of tea. At
the end of this period the liquor should be poured
into the second heated tea-jiot, and is then ready
for the table. Heceiitly, many teapots have been in-
vented witli the olijectol achieving the same re.sult
without the bother of pouring into a second pot.
The principre in many is an ai'iangemeiit whereby
the tea is placed in a sepai’ate ve.ssel called the
iiifuser,’ and boiling water poured on in the
usual way. Alter four or live minutes by a
contrivance the infuser is withdrawn to the
upper part of the ]>ot, and thus undue soakin<'
is luereiited. Tea preirared according to this
])lan contains a fair quantity of theine and a
minimuni quantity of tanic acid. The aroma is
also well brought out. The leaves should nol be
used again for a second brew, as a second
liijuor would conlaia a large percentage of the
tannic and other organic acids most iiqurious to
the digestive .system. \Miat are the 'ellects of
properly prepaied tea taken in moderation ? In
the ordinary properly preiiared infusion the ac-
tion of the volatile oil and tannin may be ne-
glected, the ])hysiological eHects l.eiiig cliielly
due to the theine. Regarded in this 'li-d,t
is a stimulant to the circulatory syste'!'ii. It
quickens the pul.se slightly, and accelerates the
respiration, i'lie theine also acts specilically on
the nervous system, stimulating thought ' and
mental processes. It als • acts on the sTin, in-
creasing per.spiration. In this way it generally
acts as a relreshir g agent to the w hole sysienl,
and olten acts so siiecilically on the brain as to
cure or jialliate nervous luadaciie.s. It cools the
body, too, by inducing acliviiy of the sweat glands,
and its effect is not lollowed by any marked reac-
tion. Ihitif tea -even properly 'pre]iiued - be. tak^n
regularly in exce.ss, it acts injuriously on the
body. It produces hyper-excil'ahility,' sleepless-
ness, trembling ot the muscles, palpitation of

Dec. I, 1896.1

THE TROPICAL

AGRICUi;rQRIST.

389

the heart, ami many chronic nervous ailments
are produced bj'' excessive tea-drinking. AVhen
tea is badly pre])aied, so that it contains an
excess of tannic acid, the injurious effects are
greatly increased— digestion is seriously delayed,
the gastric juice partially decomposed, and the
mucous membrane of the stomach so altered as
to seriously interfere with the absorption of fooil.
Tea is not often adulterated nowadays, the vigi-
lance of the Customs ollicials being largely res-
ponsible for this satisfactory state of affairs.
Someiimes exhausted leaves are faced and adde<l
to genuine tea, but the practice is very uncommon
indeed. Perhaps the most serious evil connected
with tea-drinking is the increasing demand for
the strongly ilavoured teas which are grown on
virgin soils without the most careful cultivation.
These varieties of teas are usually very rich in
organic acids, which may be regarded as
the objectionable constituents of the popular
beverage ; but a very simple test for tannic
acid will show the intelligent individual which
of two samples of tea contains the less
place an equal weight of the teas to be tested into
two earthenware teapots, and pour into each an
equal volume of boiling water ; allow to stand for
three minutes, and then pour out into two tall
glass jars an equal small quantity of each liquor.
To each jar add an equal velume of a solution of
ferric chloride (chloride of iron), and dilute wit li
equal quantities of water. The solution which
gives the strongest greenish hue contains the
largest quantity of tannic acid. [Dr. (loodfellow
here demonstrated tliis simple test.] Another
evil connected with tea-drinking is the grow-
ing custom to make a cup of tea and a little light
cereal fcod, like biscuits, &c., lake the place of a
good meal. Provided that plenty of food be taken
there can be no objection to a ciip of projierly
prepaied lea, but it should not be taken before the
meal, as the edge is thus taken off the appetite.
In conclusion, the cheering qualities of good tea
deserve<!ly jdace it above all temperance beverrges
and stiimil Lilts ; but in the enjoyment of the fla-
grant cup practise moderation, see that the te.a
itself is of good quality, and exercise a little com-
mon .sense in its preparation.” — H. and G. Mail,
Oct. 16.

WYNAAD PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION.

At a recent meeting there were present : — Messrs.
Abbott, DeFcnblanque, Mackinlay, J. S. Malcolm,
J. S. Nicolla, E. K. Walker, H. Waddington, end
B. Malcolm, Acting Hon. Secretary. Mr. Walker in
the Chair.

The Aciing Hon. Secretary read a statement, the
substance ot which has already appeared in the papers,
of the Eeception of the Deputation from this A &o-
ciatiou by H. E. the Governor. The Aseociation re-
corded with great satisfaction the way in which its
Deputation had been received by His Excellency and
was especially glad to hear that His Excellency had
stated that it it were necessary that the Grant to-
wards the upkeep of the main road should bo some-
what supplemented. He did not think there would
be any dittculty about the matter.

Read letier from Mr. Sandeisou to Secietary L P A.
regaiciu'. the cci.ditions under wliich coffee is wcrked
in the I’Oii of L ndcn ; and the steps taken by a
Committee on behalf ot the t'ade, with the lesnlt-
ing improvements for future working of this Product
recorded with satisfacticn.

Libeiuan Coffee. — A discussion ensued regarding
curing charges on Liberian coffee. It was resi Ived
that the Honory Secretary be instructed to address
the coast firms, pointing out that a large acreage of
Liberian coffee is now coming into bearing; and
that while this Association is fully aware of the
necessity of obtaining special pulpers, it would point

out that there will always be some 25 per cent of
this crop sent down in dry cherry for treatment orr
the coast. That this Association views with alarm
the large rise in curing charges. It trusts that it
is only a temporary measure ; and will be glad Zo
learn what stepis the firms are taking for the effi-
cient treatment of this coffee.

KOLA-PLANTING.

Within the last two months several important
planters from Brazil, Ecuador, and British Guiana
have visited London, and made inquiries about
the advisability of starting kola-plantations. These
p'lanters mainly take up their European head-
quarters in Paris, and in that City they have made
experiments with kola preparations. One of them, a
Brazilian, afterwards also made inquiries in Germany
and the United States. He was told that London
was the centre of the kola trade, and finally went
there. Not being able to obtain any information
from the wholesale chocolate-makers, he went to Kew,
and also to Messrs. Christy & Co., of Lime Street,
where he secured half a ton of kola-nuts for seed.
Kola, said this Brazilian, was a most economic crop
for the planter. Those with whom he had talked
about the matter in Europe had mostly asked him
to ship the nuts, surrounded by leaves, in straw
baskets, exactly as they have been packed in Africa for
centuries. Mr. Thos. Christy, when I called upon him
the other day, was enthusiastic about this Brazilian,
and fuither told me that he had also had visits
recently from an Ecuadorian and a British Guiana
planter, both of whom want to start kola-planting.

The planter from Ecuador went to Germany and
New York where he learned that there was a large
demand for fresh, kola-nuts, that it was an easy,
clean article for a planter, and that the tree grew
at a low elevation. Then, coming to London, he
pursued his investigations and purchased plants from
Messrs. Chiisty & Co. Kola, he said, is sure to be
taken up largely by planters, because no prepara-
tion, such as the fermenting of cocoa, or the fer-
menting, husking and drying of coffee, is neces.sary.
It runs no risk of being spoiled on its way to the
coast, and there is no doubt that it is a crop that
will become as popular in South America as it is
in Africa.

The British Guiana planter’s experience is almost
i entical. and shows that there is a movement in
favour of the introduction of kola on plantations in
various parts of South America.

The great obstacle to the popularising of kola has
hitherto been the want of a palatable preparation
which might be taken as a breakfast beverage by
the million. Mr. Christy assured me that his “ neo-
kola’’ fills this gap, and that it is in a great measure
due to their conviction that the popularisation of
kola on cocoa, tea and coffee lines is imminent that
these South American planters are disposed to take

up kola-growirg — Cheimsl and Druggini,

COFFEE PLANTING IN LAGOS.

The curator of the botanic station gives an ac-
count in tlie Kew Bulletin of the progres.s made
witli coffee planting in Ligos. He says coffee
planting is being energetically extended in West
Africa. This part of the world is the home of more
than one species yielding commercial coffee. Chief
amoiu^st these is the Liberian coffee which thrives
at sea level. This has long been grown in the native
stale of Liberia.

Seeds of Liberian coffee were received at Kew in
1872 from a small plantation on the Secoom River
near Accra on the Gold Coast. “ The jilants
rai.sed from these seeds at Kew were the first grown
in this country. In 1874 and 1876 larger supplies
of seed were obtained direct from Liberia, through
the kind agency of Mr. James Irvine, of the firm

390

THE TROPIC \!. AGRlCULrURlSr.

[Dec. I, 1896.

of James Irvine iK: Co., of Liverpool. The plants
were ilistributed from Kew to tropical botanic gar-
dens throu*i;hont tlie Empire.” Coll'ee cultivation
is now being carried on under European supervisiun
both at tlie Gold Coast and at Lagos. In the lat-
ter colony the industry lias originated in tlie
efforts made in that direction at tlie botanic sta-
tion established by theGoverii.nent at ElmtejMetta.
The distribution of Liberian coffee and other plants
from this station have been as high as Lf,ybU per
qu li ter, or at the rate of 4.5,000 per annum. In
1S9‘2 (although a nominal price only was charged
for the plants, and in some cases many distributed
free of charge to natii e chiefs) the total receipts
amounted to more than

In 1894 some Arabian coflee in parchment,
grown at the botanic station at an elevation of
only 2>ft. above the sea, was valued in London
at 94s per cwt. It has been shown, however,
that the more permanent sort to grow in the
lowlands is the Liberian coffee, and samples of
this were recently valued at nearly the same [nice.
The curator, Mr. INIillen, remarks in his report
for the quarter ending December olst, 1894: “There
is no doubt that coffee has a gieat future before it
on the West Coast. If [iroperly cultivated and pre-
pared it should be aide to compete with any
coffee-growing country.”

In the appendi.x to the report on the botanic
station for the quarter ended September 30th,
1895, the following further particulars are
furnished respecting the e.xtension of coffee [danta-
tions in the colony of Lagos : —

It will probably be interesting to record the
advancement made in coffe [ilantations in this
colony, which have originated through the
establishment of this botanic .station.

When returning from Abeokuta His E.vcel-
lency the Acting-Governor gave me permis.sion
to visit two plantations situated near the Ado
River.

The first one I visited was at Soto, and is
owned by the Haro Estates and Plantations
Company, Limited ; it was commenced in 1892,
and is under the management of Mr. Punch, a
European, who took me round and kindly gave
me quarters for the night.

Mr. Punch calculates that he h.as 150 acres
under cultivation, which includes 50,000 [ilants
of coffee liberica. These plants are in different
statfes of growth ; 1,200 [ilants are three years
ohCs-ml are producing a line crop of large bold
berries ; 5,000 trees are two years old, and are
in a healthy and flourishing condition. These
also are producing berries, and are doing remark-
ably well when taking into consideration that a
crop is not exqiected much before three years ;
9 000 plants were [ilanted out last year, and
30,000 during the present yeai-.

.\bout f,0u0 of coffee arabica are [ilanted out,
and iliese have [irodiicod good crops of berries of
good size.

('AC.\o is also being grown ; 4,500 plants have
been piaiited out, and" their appearance is every-
thing tint could be desired for young jihints.

1 next visited the plantations, the pro|icrty
of A C. Campbell and (Jo., situated on the
other side of the river, and about one hour
distant from the town of Ajilete. I visited this
plantation in the early part of 1893, and reported
on it. At that time pre|iaralions were lieiiig
made for planting out during tlie rains. I could
see a marKed iuipiovement since my first visit,
and considerable work bad been done.

Mr. Campbell offered me every facility, and
was pleased to see me visiting the plantation.

He states tliat lie has 109 acres under cultiva-
tion, most of tlie-e h 'ing [ilanted with Liberian
coffee, numhering (17,900 plants. Tliey are repre-
sented ill three stages of growth : — 13,000 were
[ilanted out out iu 1893, ami are in mo.st flour-
ishing condition ; tlic berrie.s are well matured,
and of good size. In 1894, 22,000 were [ilanted
out and are doing well ; while 32,OoO have been
[ilanted in their permanent jilace during the
present year. The plants are looking very satis-
factory for the time of j'ear.

Here, also, are a few plants of Coffee arabica.
They have done so well that Mr. Grtni[ibell intends
to extend the [ilantationaiid [ilants nioreof this kind.

NuitSKKiE.s. — Aliout 25,(J00 plants of Coffea
liliericii are in beds large enough to transplant.

Vanii.a (Vhuiilla [ilanifolia). — Tliese were bo-
tanic station, ami <rrown in a shady and cool
place on the [ilantatiou. Here they have made
enormous growth, and have been doing so well
that Mr. (’amphell aiiticqiates [ilanting out an
acre with tliis valuable [ilant.

Kol.\ (Cola acuminata). — About 600 of these
have been planted under the shade of forest trees.

Cacao. — About 300 [ilants of cacao liave also
been planted out, to ascertain tlieir suitability
for further cultivation.

The [ilantatiou is kept in a clean condition,
free from weeds; the soil is rich in vegetable
matter ; it is pure forest land, and several streams
pas? tliroiigli the plantation, wliicli are very use-
ful in watering the mnseries.

'file work has [irogressed considerably since
my [irevious visit, and the work carried out by
Mr. Camiibcll is very creditable indeed. This
[ilaiitatiuii is worked by forty-five labourers. — •
II. d- V. Mail, Oct. 16.

MARKET EUR TEA SHARES.

Thuusday Evening, October 15, 1896.

A rather steadier tendency has characterised the
market in Tea shares for the past week, and in
some cases a notable advance has taken place iti the
shares, especially of the best known old companies.

Mincing L me is again easier, both for Indians and
also tor (Jeylons.

FRESH ISSUES.

Consolidated Teas and Lands, alfclassesof the shares,
are rather easier, with sellers rather than buyers at
a little below last price. — IF. and G. Mail, Oct. 16.

.SALE OE (,»UININE AND CINCHONA.

It is a fact which deserves some attention, that
in spite of the greatly increased quantities of quinine
i I the bark offered at auction in Amsterdam, almost
the whole of the supplies continue to find buyers. It
is true that the prices are very low, but unless the
deraiud for quinine were not only keeping up, but
actualiy advancing, it would be impossible to dispose
at any price the enormous quantities that are now
being offered. How great and increasing those quan-
tities arc in,i,y be seen fi- ' i the foliowiiig compavi-
soii of ine bark f.nd quinine ol'fcved at ilie first eight
auctions of tlie la.-t four years lieUI in Anistcrriii’n : —

a

Q .

O'-.

o •

P'S

0 cS

0)

.2

.2

5

.n

0 0

4-9

2 a

0/ 0

m2
0 0

0

>

n::cc

H

W

J5
to 60

.2 g
5-“

1896 48,968 4,528,277 ‘2U),:!09 5-i)5to5-8:i 262,126 38,183

189.i 52,512 4, 636. 8.59 225,367 4 i;3to5 i7 141,314 84,0.53

1894 39,9.51 3,443,031 161,6,19 IdlLtori Tl 125,727 35,932

1893 46,123 3, 930,5', U 172,982 4'23to5-02 97,679 75,303

These increased sales have been made ill the face of
the fact that it is well known to all buyers tliat the
Java supply is not by any moans exhausted. — Chemist
and Dnujgist, Oct. 17.

Dec. r, 1896.]

TEE TROPECAL AGRiCULTaRIS T.

391

A TEA-DR[NIvING CEREMONY IN JAPAN.

Fro:n an illiisbrateJ pipsr in tho .S3pDein'jer
number of the b'ar East, by M'\ Takas’.nm i S'.oba,
Professor of English in the Higher Coaim ei’cial
College, Tokyo, entitled “TheChanoyu Cereniany,”
we in ike blie following extracts : —

Japan, with her long line of history and trcaditions,
is still a problem in divers things to Western peo.de,
especially in some of her ciiaracteristic iustitniions
which still remain unfathoined despite the pile of
inform ition called by globe-trotters and other prolific
writers whose fanciful pens often depict .Japanese
affairs in colours altogether unnatural. To these
writers caprice seems to sway m my things. Japanese
in such a way as sometimes to thwart all attempts at
analysis. Taste, widely different according to coun-
try, age and race, should he thoroughly appreciated
ere one can gain an insight into the manners and
habits of a nation. To judge Japanese institutions by
a Western standard of taste or in a matter-of-fact way
may perhaps render them incomprehensible, or even
absurd. For example the question may naturally
arise of what wisdom and practical benefit are tho.se
endless formalities in the malting and drinking of tea
in the Chanoyu ceremony ? Certainly, if judged by a
cold utilitarian principle, i.e., if tea drinking means
no more than drinking tea, this august ceremony will
lose all its significance and charm, but the Chanoyu
rightly underscood means more than a mere gratifica-
tion of tne palate, and its merits must be considered
from an aasthetioal and also from an ethical point of
view. It is an art in the sense that every movement
and action in the performance of the ceremony is
rendered in compliance with the laws of grace and
refinement, while on the other hand it involves an
ethical significance, inasmuch as in ancient
times it was looked upon as a means of religious
discipline. The man who enters into the true
spirit of Chanoyu, free from the detractions
necessarily entailed by wordly cares and am-
bitions, however extravagant it may sound to say it,
is fitted, in the language of a priest who made much
of this ceremony, “ to be better disposed to grasp the
truths of the Infinite.” As to whether Chanoyu was
instituted for merely bringing friends together to enjoy
a pleasant time over a cup of tea, or whether it u as
intended to impart to those who took pait in it certain
sound practical lessons for the conduct of daily life,
our readers mast draw their own conclusions.

Except to the initiated, the secrets of the ceremony
are a veiled my.slery. The profound motives, so elo-
quently set forth by various Cliatioyu men in regard
to the ceremony, sound rather far-fetched and impro-
bable. Rikiu, the greatest master in this art that
ever lived, referred in one of his poems to the fact th it
Chanoyu meant no more than to boil water, make
tea and drink it properh;. On one occasion when a
man quizzed him on the secrets of Chanoyu, Ilikin
replied, “ Well, there is no particular secret in the
ceremony save in making tea agreeable to the palate,
in pilling charcoal on the brazier so as to make a good
fire for boiling the water, in arranging flowers in a
vase in a natural way and in making things appear
cool in summer and warm in winter.” Somewhat-
disappointed at the apparently insipid reply the in-
quirer said, '• Woh on earth does not know such a
simple explanation as that.” llikiu’s happy retort
was, “ Well if you know it, do it” It sounds paradoxi-
cal but is true that “there is no iron law for Chanoyu
requiring that such and such forms should be observed,
but at the same time, the ceremony should not be
performed at random.” All the endless round of
formalities is, after all, a means to an end. Every-
thing in the ceremony seems strikingly artificial
and conventional innumerable laws regulating oven
every move of the hand and body. There are said to
be seventy five manual movements in an ordinary
Chanoju, and over three hundred in the true orthodox
ceremony. But the consciousness of being fettered
by laws, shows that one has not yet reached a state of
proficiency in the art. Freedom and ease are the
ultimate end of Chanoyu, so that the slavish adherence
to rules in the beginning should finally end in an un-

CDncious observance of them. Hence the manners of
Chanoyu mister .should be graceful and polished, and
their taste chaste and refined, not because they strive
tn be thus, but breanse of the culture received through
theCiinoyu practice. It is as much a violation of
the spirit of the ceremony to make much ado about
the cdtecliis'ii‘1 and secret traditions existing in diffe-
rent schools of Oh inoyn as to wrangle about the diffe-
rences of the tenets of different denominations igno-
ring the very spirit of Christi inity. Again losing sight
of the miin motive of Chanoyu, people are often led to
believe tha ., but for the display of wealth and luxury,
the ceremony could not be conducted with any de-
gree of success. The simplicity and uuobtrusiveness
so beantifnlly exemplified in Rikin’s whole career may
lo3 safely tiken as its watchwords. Good fellowship
and the absence of social barriers characterize all
C lanovu moetiugs. In feudal times when people
were bloodthirsty and bent on warfare, the prevalence
of Chmoyn among the military class, strange as it
may appear that the Sanmmi of those days took to
this graceful ceremony, exercised no mean influence
towards cooling the heat of military ardour.

The Chanoyu ceremony had its origin in Buddhism.
About seven hundered years ago a priest of Kyoto
named Yeisei brought back to this country from China,
where he had been on a mission, some tea seeds
which he planted for trial on Mr. Seburi in Chikuzen.
A good crop of tea rewarded his labour, whereupon
he presented some of the choice leaves to a promi-
nent personage of ihe time, who relished them as a
rave tonic for headache. Meikeishonin, another
priest of note in those days, is said to have trans-
planted some of the shrubs to Mb, Togano with a
result that far surpassed his expectations. From that
time on, tea has gradually become a popular beverage
both among the high and the low. Tha introdnetion
of the Chanoyn ceremony piroper was deferred to a
later period, i.e., 1‘2G7 A.D., when a set of Daisu, the
cerenunial tea service, Was first brought over from
China. Of course in those days the ceremony had
nothing of the elaborate character which it presents
today. It was then a cherished pastime for the priest
in his solitary hours in the monastery, but it had not
yet comm luded the attrmtion of society at large.
Some years after, the D%isu referred to above fell
into the hands of Ashikaga Takauji who lived in the
•Middle of the fourteench century, and whose record in
history was blotted by his disloyal conduct towards
the Emperor in his latter days. Enjoying a short
interval uf peace, he gave himself up to the pleasures
of Chanoyn but soon after the country becoming
tnrbuleiit, he had to take up arms. Chanoyu shared
the viccissitu les of disturbed society for many years
un il the final restoration of peace caused its rewats-
sdiica. The golden epoch of the C'nanoyu ceremony
in the medi.ieval history of this country, was at the
time of Yoshim isa who grasped the reins of power in
the middle of the fifteenth century. In 1479, freeing
himself from worldly respionsibiiities. this accom-
plished general retired to “ Giukakiiji,” the Silver
Storied Temple in Kyoto, in buildingwhich no expense
was spared. Near the main building he caused to be
put up a little apartment where he frequently held
Chanoyu meetings with prominent men of the time.
Yoshimasa learned Chanoyu under Shuko, a priest of
Shomeiji in Kyoto, who for the first time formulated
and codified its canons. Under such an impetus the
ceremony reached a marvellous degree of popularuy
In the course of time numerous schools sprang
up, but it is universally recognised that Cha-
noyu as it is practised today was perfected by Rikiu
who introduced divers improvements. Being a m in of
extraordinary talent, rare intrepidity and ready wit,
his life as a Chanoyu artist reads like romance. For
the marvellous woik he achieved in his profession, he
surely deserves the esteem and regard lavished upon
him by the men of his time as well as by succeeding
generations. Serving first under Nobunaga, and sub-
sequently under Taiko, his worlis speak more elo-
quently than volumes of panegyrics. Rising above
the grave error of the people of his time, who vied
wiihone another in putting up elegant rooms and
collecting costly utensils, this great master inaugu*

392

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS P.

[Dec. I, i8g6.

rated a model style of architecture and gardeuiug,
exceedingly simple and modest, but of exquisite
taste. To show with what simplicity and economy
Chanoyu could be successfully conducted, ha planned
a room of only two Jo size, or of not much over six
feet square, and as utensils he brought oven rough
looking earthenware pots into service in the cere-
mony. Oblivious of the true motives of the great
master, the people after him prided themselves in
securing purposely unshapely looking articles at
exorbitant prices !

Of eight different schools of Chanoyu now extant,
i. e., the Senke, the Yuraku, the Oribe, the Yabu-
uchi, the Yenshu, the Sekishu, the Kanamori and the
Sohen, the most popular iuhe first named, founded
by llikiu. It goes without saying that each school
possesses its own secret traditions, imparted only to
the initiated, but to point out and explain their
differences and characteristic points is out of the
question in these limited pages.

Souho is the highest honorary title given to those of
special attainment in this art, but so few have deserved
it, that only five names are mentioned in history
upon whom have been conferred this coveted name.
The five thus honoured were Shuko, Showo, llikiu,
Oribe and Yenshu, the first being the founder of ihe
so-called Chanoyu. the second, the great promoter of
the art in the middle of the sixteenth century, while
the last three are the founders of their respective
schools. Leaving all prejudice, llikiu was the
greatest of them all, and to him may be ascribed the
perfection of the ceremony.

During the Tokugawa dynastry, Chanoyu received
such attention that it was made a sort of national
ceremony and the lord of each province used to support
a professional in this art called ■* Ckohozu ” or “ tea
priest,” probably so named from his clear shaven

head, which was a charcteristic of Chanoyu teachers.
» * »

TIIK UTENSILS REQUIRED FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF THE
CH.VNOYU CEREMONY-

The famous llikiu once made the apt remark that
“ it is ridiculous to make so much ado about costly
utensils, when all that is required in Cliinoyu is only
a kettle.” Even the very cheapest ware answers
the purpose, if one enters into a true enjoyment of
the ceremony. Not upon utensils or external environ-
ment, but upon the minds of the participants in the
ceremony, depends the success of the ceremony.
There is an interesting anecdote illustrating this. It
happened over sixty years ago that one day the
famoug Japanese poet Ohikusa Arikoto, in a walk in
disguise though a street in Kyoto, came across a
little hut by the roadside, with a little patch
of ground with two or three trees, thoroughly
sprinkled with water and looking very refresh-
ing. He saw inside this humble cottage a man
practising Chanoyu all by himself. His curiosity be-
deeply aroused at the strange employment of
the inmate, he entered and occostei the rain. He
was seated in a little space of not more than six
feet bv three scrupulously clean, and on the wall
was hung a scree i with a rare autograph by a famous
poet. Arikoto entered into conversation with the
man on Chanoyu, who finally asked him if he would
become his guest at a Chanoyu meeting early the
next morning in the forest near by. This strange
invitation was at once accepted. Next morning upon
coming to the appointed place, Arikoto found three
stools beneath a shady tree. The old recluse in a
coarse but clean dress received his distinguished guest
most cordially, and went through the tea ceremony in a
masterly way, the utensils employed on the occasion be-
ing of the humblest description such as m.iy be found
any day in the kitchen. As the guest was about
to drink the tea offered, he heard overhead the
sweet notes of a nightingale much to the delight of his
host It is said that the next day when a messenger
was despatched with a bounteous present to the
hermit, he h id disappeared no one knew where.

It would not interest readers to enumerate all the
little utensils used in Ohanoyu but here wo may
mention some of the more common and necessary
ones to which I shall havo occasions to refer in the
course of this article*

I. Kama, kettle, and l^uro, a brazier set on the
mat.

II. Decorations for a Chanoyu room — 1. Hanging
screen — a specimen of writing is preterred to a pic-
ture. 2. Eiower vase. 3. Double folding screen (to be
placed in front of the brazier.) 4. Censer stand. 5.
Tobacco fire-box. G -Lt.foii, an old fashioned lamp with
a paper shade.

Ifl. C.indle stick? ail a haigiug la no.

IV. Utensils for ashes and charcoal. — 1. Ash shovel.
2. Feather duster. 3. Charcoal basket. 4. Tong.s.

V. Tea set. — 1. lea caddy. 2. Chasen (beater). 3.
Ladle. 4. Chanha/cu (tea scoop). 5. Tea towel (,18 in.
by 6 in.) 6. Napkin (purple, yellow, brown or red
colour). 7. Cup. 8. Incense case.

VI. — 1. Water bucket. 2. Water jar. 3. Slop
jar.

VII. — Shlf ; Square and Round.

THE TEA CF.RE.MONY PROPER.

About a week beforehand invitations should be
issued stating the date and hour, together with the
names of the guests to be present on the occasion.
Tnose thus honoured should then wait upon the host
a day previous to the time of entertainment to return
thanks for the invitation received. In Chanoyu meetings
a large number of iiersons are seldom invited at a
time, this probably being necessitated, partly
by the limited size of the room and partly by a desire
01 preventing the possibility of confusion which
mignt mar the enjoyment. Usage prescribes the
hours tor Chanoyu meetings, viz., early dawn, morn-
ing, noon, evening, or any time after meals, but in
days of yore the custom was to hold such meetings in
the early' morning, when nature was still in her
freshness and the hubbub of the day had not yet set
in. The care and an.xiety of the host in working up a
Cninoyu meeting cau be better imagined than descri-
bed. He has personally to attend to all the minute
details. For e.x ample, he should first of all see to it
that the room and the surroundings be properly
swept and cleaned, that the ladle for the lavatory
be changed to a new one, that in winter the garden
be c-irpeted with pine leaves, except on the stepping
stones, and that trees as well as the ground be tho-
roughly sprinkled with water. When snow happens
to be on the giound the flakes should not be swept
away sive on stepping stones. Then again, he should
not forget to provide the fol'owing articles in the
waiting room : cushions, tobacco fire-boxes, braziers
(in winter), sandals, umbrellas and clogs (in caseof rain),
a writing box, bell and a c.ird giving the names of the.
guests to be invited in the order of their rank
His work is not even then ended, for he should
keep his ey'es open to make sure that the room
is properly arranged, set a kettle on the brazier,
hang a screen on the tokonoma or place of honour
and place the charcoal basket incense case and other
necessary articles in their proper places. Meanwhile,
at the appointed hour th- guests will arrive at the
waiting room, when the host makes his appearance
in the garden and asks them to come in to the
Chanoyu room. The guests will then enter the garden,
and each kneeling before tlie Tsnkubaue or stone
cistern, will wash his hands and mouth (this is, how-
ever, dispensed with in a morning meeting) and
then make his way towards the place of ceremony.
Upon gaining the Nijimjuchi or erawling-in entrance,
which is left half open, the first guest stoops be-
fore it and peeps into the room to take in a
general survey, then enters or more strictly craws
into the room and advances to the front of the
tokonoma to examine the screen. While doing this
the second guest will be peeping into the apart-
ment following the first, and by the time the hitter
approaches the side of the Ro or fire place to in-
spect the kettle, the former will be before the toko-
noma, thus when the first guest takes his seat, the
second will bo by the side of tno Jto and the third
in front of the tokonoma. The rest of the guests
will go through a similar routine in their turn. The
one in the rear shuts the door after him with a
slight noise which serves as a signal that the guests
have all entered the room— the host being mean*

Dec, r, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

393

while ia another room. The host then makes his
appearance and expresses in a few words his cordial
welcome to the guests, whereupon the head guest
makes some complimentary remarks on the neat
appearance of the garden. The host then brings
forward a charcoal basket and piles some charcoal
on the brazier, and when later he burns incense on
the fire, the guests will ask the privilege of looking
at the incense case. This being finished, a meal is
served. One characteristic point in this feast at the
Chanoyu meeting is that the host waits on the guests
iiimself. Here we might devote a page or two to the
particulars of the meal, not so much as to the menu,
whichis simplesofaras courses are concerned, buttothe
elaborateness of the table etiquette observed on the
occasion ; we will, however, hurry on to the tea cere-
mony proper.

llight in this connection, I must crave the reader's
indulgence should the ensuing description be found
tediously minute, yet I am disposed to trespass on
his patience in order to satisfy his curiosity in re-
gard to the intricacies that are involved in the per-
formance of Chanoyu.

After the repast, the host asks the guests if they
would be pleased to retire for Nukculachi, or recess,
upon which they temporarily withdraw to the wait-
ing room. Meanwhile the host removes the screen
from the tohonouia and sets a flower vase in it, con-
tiiniu" a few sprays of flowers. After this the
kettle°is filled with water, and more charcoal piled
upon the brazier. This being done, the water jar
and te i caddy are brought and arranged on the mat
as in Figure 1. Everything is now ready; the host
steps out into the garden and beats a gong upon
which the guests proceed to the room in the same
way they aid at first. When they are all seated,
the^ host brings forward a cup, a beater, and a scoop),
and sitting in front of the water jar he sets them
thus. (Figure 2.). Next in order come a slop-bowl,
a lid stand and a ladle. The host makes a bow to
the guests, then taking up the cup places it before
him. Next he takes the tea caddy from its wrap-
pings which are intended to protect it, and re-ar-
ranges the utensils as in Figure .H. The host then
wipes the tea-caddy and the lid of the water jar
with a piece of cloth which he always carries in
his belt. Taking the ladle with bis right hand
and transferring 'it to the left, he removes the lid
of the kettle and dips out hot water and pours it
into the cup. The lid is then set on the kettle,
and the ladle on the ‘‘ lid stand.” The Chascn
(beater) is rinsed in the hot water in the cup and
set aside while the cup after being emptied is wiped
clean. With the right hand the scoop is held and
with the left the tea caddy, the cover of which
being removed, is placed at the right of the cup.
Finally some powdered tea is measured into the
cup. Then scooping out hot water from the kettle,
the host pours it into the cup end briskly stirs up
the tea witn the beater. The foaming tea is now
ready for the guests. The head guest respectfully
holds the cup in his hands and takes a sip where-
upon the host will ask if the tea tastes right. An
answer having been received, the host put the lid
on the kettle and sets the ladle against the slop-
jar while the guests in rotation dnnk a little and
examine the cup after drinking. The host then re-
moves the lid of the kettle and lays it on the lid
stand and then place the ladle across the top of
the kettle and awaits the return of the cup from
t le last guest. When the cup is returned, he lays
it before him, and pours some hot water into it
and rinses it. He then announces that he would
be pleased to offer them the usucha (weak tea). With
this remark he pours some water from the water jar
into the cup for cleaning the beater, after this he
empties the water from the cup and wipes the latter
with a “ tea cloth.” Three scoopfuls of water are
now added to the kettle and the ladle is set against
the “I'd stand.” Just at this juncture, the guests
ask the privilege of examining the three articles,
viz the tea caddy, its bag and the tea scoop which
after being examined are stowed away. After this
the guests and the host may enjoy themselves in

49

iiiJulgiug in informal conversation. Tha meeting is
closed with the offering of (weak tea) prepared

iu a manner similar to that described above.

With slowness, to a degree trying to one’s nerve,
composure and precision the above ceremony is exe-
cuted, and it is difficult to analyze the impression
of one who for the first time beholds this much-
spoken-of ceremony of Japan.

HOW’ TO DRINK THE TEA AT TUE PLACE OF CEHEJIONV.

On reading the following description of the ortho-
dox way of holding the cup and drinking its con-
tents, it is bewildering to think that one should go
through all this trouble for the simple refreshment
of a cup of tea. The tea may be served in two
different styles, viz., the loiclia (strong tea) and the
UHUcha (weak tea) ; in one the guests drink each a
little from the same cup, while in the other a fresh
cup of tea is prepared for each individual. The
forms to be observed in each case are somewhat
different as regards minor points.

As the host offers a cup of tea {Ic iclnt), the head
guest advances a little and taking hold of the cup
he sets it in front of him. Next he takes the napkin
offered, and lays it by the side of the cup. Itesuming
his seat, he bows to the rest of the guests, and
then begins to do his part. With the right hand he
spreads open the napkin on his left palm, and places
the cup on it. Touching a side of the cup with his
right hand, he respectfully holds up the cup as
far as to his ej'es — a sign of reverence. This
being done, he takes a sip, and after three and
a half sips, he wipes with his index finger the
part of the cup which his lips have touched and then
wipes his soiled finger with a sheet of paper. The
cup is then passed to the second guest who receives
it with both hands and drinks his portion in the
same manner as his predecessor. After the last guest
has drunk the last droxi of tea, he sets the cup with
napkin on the mat and then admires t.

In case of usucha (weak tea), while the host is
measuring the x^owdered tea into the cup, the head
guest bowing to the one sitting next to him, takes
the cake dish in both hands and sets it before him,
(by the way, cake is not served in connection with
Icoicha). Then spreading open before him, a sheet of
paper, he lays a piece of cake on it. The cake dish
will then be passed on to the next guest who helps
himself to a cake in the same manner. The one
taking the last seat, x>asse3 back the dish to the
head guest who places it where it was before. When
a cup of tea is offered, the guest first eats the cake,
then takes up the cup with his right hand and
lays it on the left palm. If three draughts and a
half he drinks the contents, after which he wipes
off the part his lips have touched with his first and
third fingers.

In the above I have described the general pro-
cess of Chanoyu, leaving out many minute points
fearing lest my naiwative should become blurred in
the intricacy of details. For the sake of clearness
let me summarize the programme of an ordinary
Chanoyu Meeting.

1. Preparations of the host for the meeting.

2. Arrival of the guests at the waiting room.

3. Entrance of the guests in the roji i.e. garden.

4. Entrance of the guests to the room.

5. Greeting of the host.

0. Dinner.

7. Nakadachi i.e. recess.

8. Second entrance of the guests in the room.

9. The hoicha ceremony.

10. The Usucha ceremony.

— The Far East for Sept. Takashijia Steta.

THE AMSTERDAM MARKET.

Our Amsterdam correspondent writes on October
10th; — “The total exports of cinchona-bark from
Java were extremely heavy last month. The figures
now are as follows (in half-kilos.): —

1S9G 1895 1894 1893

September 1,789,000 816,000 1,071,000 500,000

Jan. to Sept. 7,818,000 5,829,700 6,625,000 5,876,000

— Chemist and Dnti/gist, Oct, 17.

3v4

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

SIR HARRY .JOHNSTON’S RKl’OlIT ON
HKITISH CENTRAL AFRICA.

Our readers are already familiar witli the many
features of this report from the extracts taken
from the home press. ]>ut it may he ■well to
reca))ituhate and notice its main iieads after a
systematic fashion, and to refer to a few points
connected with jdanting development that have
not hitherto received the attention they deserve.
The report ojrens with an analysis of the
census — the main results being ‘289 Europeans,
21)3 Indians, 23 half-ca.stes, and 844,420 natives.
There seems a very fair distribution of the
natives over tlie planting districts, according to
the names of the latter; but no douht, as in
India and Ceylon, the natives are congregated
in the lowcountry and villages, and that the
European planteis are for the lirst time culti-
vating on the mountain ranges and establisliing
labourers on the plantations so ft)rmed. >Sir H.
.Johnston next discusses the dilleient native
tribes, their condition, location and pi-ospects
more i)articularly with reference to their taking
up work on the plantations. The question of
Indian settlement is considered : the splendid
work done by the Sikhs in dealing with the
slave traders is well knowm. .Sir II . Jolinston
had hoped to introduce Indian cultivators; but
so far the funds have not been available. In-
dian traders and surveyors (largely Tamils) are
hard at work; and Sir H. .Johnston gives an
invitation to the Indians, who are not satisfied
w'ith Natal and the Transvaal, to tiy British
Central Africa. The section of “healtli” has
been fully mentioned. There is nothing to show
that the risks are greater for planting pioneers
than they were in the remoter districts of
Ceylon, the Wynaad or Coorg iti India, in the
“ toi'ties,’ “fifties,” and even “sixties.” The
Hhirc Highlands are generally as healthy as our
own hill country, although the malaria in the
valleys and lowlands (“blackwater fever”) is
apt to invade clearings at the lower elevations.
Here is a paragraph which shows that the lirst
great need of the country is .a raihvay from
<iuilimane to Blantyre (just as was the want
in Ceylon — a railway from Colombo to Kandy
in tbe “ fifties,” at almost any cost, as the master-
mind of Sir Henry Wai'd cleaily saw) : —

Undoubtedly the chief risks to health on the part
of temperate, well-conducted persons, arise, from the
journeys to and from the highlands of Briti.sh Cen-
tral Africa either up and down the malarial Zambezi
Valley, or in the low-lying regions of Lake Nyasa.
Places such as Blantyre, Zoniba, the Cholo planta-
tions, and the higher Mlanje plantations, and certain
settlements in Angoniland, are like series of healll y
islands in the middle of an unhealthy sea. Cliiude
and Quilimane, our princitial ports, are by no means
very dangerous to the health of those who are resid-
ing there. If there were means of quick transit bet-
wixt coast and tbe islands there would be no more
risk about settling in British Central Africa for a,
term of years than there is about going to Ceylon
or to such part.o of the interior highlands of Brazil as
can be rapidly reached by railway from the coast. What
we want here is a railway from (Juilimane to Blantyre.
When this is effected we .-h.oil near very little more of
the unhealthiness of British Central Africa, because
persons will be able to accomplish in one day the transit
from the coast port to the liighlands of the Protec-
torate without spending days and days on a singu-
arly uncomfortable little steamer in the marshes of
the Zambezi and Shiri', where tlie system becomes
soaked with malarial jioison.

Sir Harry .lohnston imsparintrly comicmn.s tlie
iricrea-singly large import and use of w liiskey as
inimical to liealth. It i.s still tbe ilay of small

(Dec. t, 1896.

things so far as tbe total import and
exjiort trade is concerned. That of imports in-
creased in value from ,T73,GG7 in 1894-95 to
T82,7G0 in 1895-G. The total value of exports
in the latter year was only £19,GG8 : this in-
cludes an increase of £3,200 in coffee on the
previous year, while the trade in rubber, oil
seeds, beans and wax is increasing ; sanqiles of
cotton ha\e been approved of ; tobacco and tea
are being tried on a small scale ; while a good
deal of attention is to be given to fibres from
jilants of genus Sanseviera, familiar to us in
Ceylon. Next to coffee, w'e think with .Sir H.
Jolinston that indiarubber yielding plants de-
serve most attention. It is interesting to hear
of finds of limestone in many parts ; and still
more of guano deposits on islands in Lake Nyassa;
and of brick-making by the native.s. ’

The postal service and the “ general condition
of the Protectorate” next claim attention; but
there is not much here to detain u.s ; until we
come to the consideration of the Labour (Ques-
tion Ijy tbe Commissioner in the following amont'
other passages 00

The native labour question is almost the most
important question which can now claim the attention
of those administering the Protector, ite Given abun-
dance of cheap native labour, and the financial
security of the Protectorate is established. The
European comes here with his captial, wdiich he is
ready to employ to almost an unlimited extent if
he can get in return black men who wdll, for a wa<'e
W'ork with their hands, as he cannot do himself 'll!
a tropical sun. It only needs a sufficiency of native
labour to make this country relatively healthy and
amazingly rich. The cultivation of coffee would be
a hundred times more extensive than it is if there
were an adequate labour suppR-. In like manner
towms would be built, roads w'ould be laid out, railways
could be made, marshes could be drained river chan-
nels could be straightened and deepened’ and count-
less crops could be planted and W'eeded, if sufficient
natives came forwad to w’ield the spade and
axe, and pickaxe and hoe. All that needs now' to be
done is, for the Administration to act as friends of
both sides, and introduce the native labourer to the
liuropean capitalist. A gentle insistence that the
native should contribute his fair share to the revenue
of the country by paying his hut tax is all that is
necessary on our part to secure his taking that share
in life’s labour w'hich no human being should
evade. At the same time, the Administration is bound
to see that the native is fairly treated, that he is
fairly paid, and that attention is given to his food and
general w'elfare on the part of his European employer
The system of registering native labourers has worked
well, and undoubtedly the intervention of the Admi-
nistration has secured to the native uniform fairness
of treatment which formerly he did not receive when
it w as left to the wdll of the emplover, whether he
was properly paid or cheated out 'of his earnings
under various pretexts. In no part of tlie world is
honesty more obviously the best policy than in
Africa in dealing with tlie negro, who has a very
cleir sense of justice. 'The news tliat such-and-such
a man his been unfairly treated l>y liis employer, and
has brought back no W'ages after three mouths’ work
will deter a wdiole district from furnishing further
recruits for the labour market at Blantyre. Fortu-
nately now the native begins to understand that if
his European employer does not treat him fairly’
he has redress at the hands of the nearest official. ’

Native wages are slightly increasing, but are still
very low'. For unskilled labour, about 3.i. a-month
with or without food (aec.u-ding to the season of tlie
year) is given, and j.roporlioiiately less for the work
of women and ehildreu, who ‘ are occassionallv
employed to weed the iil.uitations. Skilled labour—
caipenters, masons, brickmakers, clerks, interpieters
oversociv, domestic servants, and cooks— leeciva
w.ige.s ranking from Is. a month to 4(V. a year.

Dec, I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

395

8ome native overseers (originally boys educated
at the Missions) are now landowners and planters
on their own account. 1 emertain great hopes of
the intellectual development of the negro of central
Africa.

Allu.sion is made to native ])iiuters, tele-
graphists, masons, cari)cnters, &c. ; also to the
introduction of cattle, huHa oes and goats from
Imlia. Then we are rightly told that “Road-
making” comes next to the Labour (Question, and
mention is made of several roads made, in ]iro-
gress or in contemplation. The more the better
for the rapid development of the country. Still
more important is the news of the survey party
being at work to report on the best railway
route between Blantyre and Chirimo at the head
of the all the year round feasible tvater com-
munication with the rest of the world. It is
surprising to note how large a number of steam-
ers of all descriptions are found in the lakes
and rivers. Over lUO arc speeilied — from gun-
boats and passenger steaimu's to cargo Ijoats — but
the total tonnage is not miual to one large ocean-
going steamer of the present day. The report con-
cludes with an account of the excellent relations
maintained witli the Cxerman and Portuguese Agent
in adjacent territories a fact that reflects the
greatest po.ssible credit on ISir Harry Johnston’s
tact and inHuence.

But, ])erhaps the three appendices attached
to the report contain information as interesting
as any alread.y noticed. The first is on the “Big
Game” of the country, a paper principally due
to Mr. Sharpe — second in command — and added
to by our old ac(piaintance, Mr. Alex. Whyte.
It is of .special interest to .sportsmen and naturalists.
Still more worthy of preservation is the paper in
which Sir H. Johnston sums ui> the history of coflee
planting in his state from the day in 1878 when
Mr. Duncan, a church of Scotland lay agent,
introduced three plants from the Edinburgli
Botanical Gardens. I’lie progress in _ 17 years
has been slow as compared with a similar period
in Ceylon; but then we speak of 1837 as the
be'dnning of our Euro[)ean enterjn'ise when
the export was already 3o,0U0 cwt. The export
from British Central Africa this year is exported
to reach to 3.r0 tons, or, to take the more uni-
versal expression, to 7,U00 cwt. But the 100
planters at work are bound to develop the
planting and trade rapidly, as the following sum-
mary made from the report indicates:—

Names of Proprietor

° d
'3 3

1 -2 s

p.v5

1 •

0 03
'P, S

0 w

pS

S

oS

w

Euro-

Acres.

Acres.

Cwt.

peans.

Buchanan Bros.

, —

900

2,000

9

E. C. M. Sharrer

,m>5,ooo

900

(iOU

19

H. B. Bradshaw

. —

300

400

—

Pettitt Bros.

. 50,000

300

400

5

J. W. Moir

. —

230

200

3 '

H. Brown . .

—

—

200

—

K. Stebleki

. —

200

2-tO

—

Nyassaland Coffee Co.
African Lakes Corpor

A*

25U(?)

->

*4

tion

Zambezi Industrial

~

Mission . .

. —

—

—

—

6 Native Owners

. —

—

—

—

The map of the

Shire H

ighliinds.

, wliich ac-

companies Sir H Johnston’s rei)ort, shows very
clearly the location of all the estates devoted
to cottee i)lanting, as also much Crown or State
anti not yet taken up. This map as tvell as

the naper on Coll’ee in full, we hope to give
in the Tropical A(jriculliu'i8t in an early number.
.Several of the more extensive j)ro)n-ietors come
to the country for sport — to hunt — including
Messrs. Pettitt Brothers, Sharrer, &c. The only
reference to any coll'ee enemy is a mention of
“green bng ” which “shade” and “good
manure ” remedies ; but the Shire Highland
planters will have to get the enem.y of the
“cuccus”(along with the Ce.ylon, India, the Straits,
and Java) Irom Australia in the tiueensland
“ ladybird ” insect Finally in a third appendix.
Sir li. Johnston gives ns an account from his
point of view — a generally accurate and fair
one — of “ Missionra.y work in British Central
Africa”; and this we shall reproduce in instal-
ments in our “ Da.y of Rest” column. Con-
sidering the close relations alread.y established
between Myassalaiid and Ceylon, we cannot
know too much about the rapidl.y advancing
countr.y so ahl.y ailniinistered by Sir Harry
Johnston, who has our best wishes for con-
tinued succe.ss in his good work.

THE NILGIRI AGRI-HORTICULTGRAL
SOCIETY.

This Society, says Plnntinq Opinion of Oct. 24,
now consists of some ol members, and the Ge-
neral Committee is a strong one, bearing such
well-known names in the Agri-Horticultural
Madras side world as Messrs. C. Gray, T. Grittiths,
Generals Baker and Jennings, Messrs. Minchin,
Proudlock and Standen. 'I’he first show will be
held next Ma.y. A capital practical start has
heen made b.y circulating the following queries,
answers to which by members will be published
next month : —

QUERIES.

Whatllowcrs can be produced at their best, for the
Flower Show in Ma.y, from an (Jotacamund Garden?

What month should Gladiolus bulbs betaken
up and how long should they be kept out of
ground ?

What month should Pink and Carnation slijjs
be putihrwn in Ootacamunil.

1)0 Grevillea Plants do best planted late or
earl.y, in the monsoon.

1 1 does .seem a pity that for some cause or
other, perhaps undue modesty, the Madras Agri*
Horticultural Society has not a real live journal
of its own. It doss useful work indeed, but to
mofu-silites its value is only very partially
appreciated.

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Thursday Evening Oct. 22. — In our appended usu. d
table of tea companies it will be observed tbit we now
place all the companies, wheth r quoted ■ r unquoted
slocks, in one strictly alphabetical li«t , and we trust
this will commend itself to our readcis as being more
easy for reference.

This table now represent.^, it will be seen, about
H.J millions of share capital, beri lesmore than a quar-
ter of a million of debenture capital.

Notwithstanding the present inherent weakness of
the stock markets, all tea shares of repute have been
strong, with a somewhat advancing tendency.

Mi.NciNCi Lane shows some signs of a slight re-
covery, although prices for tho majority of teas re-
main still rather low.

FRESH ISSUF..S.

Con.solidated Tea and Lands, we now understand
are soon to obtain a Stock Exchange special settle-
ment and quotation. There is no business to report
in any of the issues.

Empire of India and Ceylon, as notified last week,
are shortly to get a quotation,—//, and C, Jluil, Oct, 23,

39*5

THE TROPICAL AGRiCULTURtST.

[Dec. I, 1896.

THE MOCHA TEA COMl’ANY.

rROl’OSKl) PURCHASE OP KSTATlvS.

A siiocial nieetiup: of the j\loc!ui Tea Company
was held at tlie ollieea of the Company, I’rinee
(Street, at noon totlay, for the jmrpose of re-
ceiving' a recommendation from the Directors,
as to tiie proposed jnirchase of two estates in
the Maskeliya district.

Mr. l‘\ W. Bois jiiesided, and there were also
])iesent Mr. \V. Moor, .Mr. 11. U. J?ois, and Mr. V.
A. Jnliu.s : also Mrs. M. E. Bois, Mr.s. Hnrdwood,
Mis.s W. Bois, and Mr. Henry Bois, as repre.sented
hy their attorney, Mr. E. \V. Bois ; and Miss
Jnlins as represented hy Mr. V. A. Jnlins.

The CliAlltMAX, in e.xplainine: the ohjecta of the
meetiii'’', said, they were called tof'cther in con-
sequence of a recommendation from the Directors
that the Co'iqiany should purchase two estates
for a sum not exceeding £6,1U0. The two estates
were really to be taken as one. 'I’hey were
brought to the notice of the Comj)any by Mr.
J. M. Campbell, who represented the projirietor.
Seeing that he was an interested party the
Directors thought it best to have the opinion of
an independent visiting agent, and conse([uently
they asked .Mr. A. C. Bonner to report and value.

'lids report was then read. It is stated that the
two estates could be taken as one. They com-
prised ‘200 acres in excellent oialer. The crop
estimated from them was only ecjual to 275 lb
per acre, but with somewhat coarser plucking
an additional 75 lb. per acre could be obtained.
The average crop for the past four years was equal
to 256 lb per acre. The valuation of the estate at
nine years purchase was 11118,700; and he thought
an annual prolit of 1113, 50j miglit be looked for.

'Lhe (hlAlRMAN said that taken as a whole
the estates did not appear to be in a very line state.
They wouhl notice that Mr. Bonner’s valuation
was 11118,700, but he wished to i)oint out that
that included 19 acres which were in dispute.
In regard to that he inight say that the pre-
sent owner did not seem to have any proper
claim. Therefore they had to make a deduc-
tion for this and the valuation became 11109,500,
and the estimated pr.dits would be about
1112,000. He mighr s,ay that .Mr. ( ampbell
thought the estates could be very much im-
proved and worked witli a greater return.

It was then proposed by Mr. V'. A. dui.tu.s,
seconded by Mr. 11. (1. Bois and unanimously

agreed to, “ that Directors be authorise*! to
purchase tlie i.auUa .and {’raighill estates in the
Alaskeli.ya district for a sum not excceiling £6,10(1
sterling, and to r.iise a sum not exceeding B6;J,000
at 6 per c"nt. interest to enable tlieui to pay
the purchase money.’

It was agreeil on t'le motion of the Chair:u.vn
that a sp-cial geneial meeting to conlinu tins
formal resolution be held at noon on Saturday,
November 7th.

As the meetin.g broke up the Chairman said he
lioped things would turnoutas well as they expected.

THE l.ATE DB. TUi.MEN.

In the death of Dr. H. 'rrimou, the lale
Director of the Koyal Botanic Cardens, Bera-
deniya, Ceylon and tlie .scientilic world have sus-
tained a heavy loss. Not only did he occupy a
place in the torefront <d' authorities on tro[iical
agriculture, but his devotion (o duty amidst the
distraction and physical sull'cring of disease must
evoke feelings of admiration tor the strength of
will and character which surmounted these
didicnlties, amt of ]>ity that death took him ere
his life’s work was done. In the brief compass ot

this article it is iuipossihle to indicate all that
he was as a scientist and a man. Science was
his mistress, but in his case it did not lead him
beyond the paths trodden hy the generality of
mankind; and his .sociability and geniality will be
a lasting remembrance to a wide circle of devoted
friends. On bis career, a brilliant one in scien-
tiiic circles, though to the general public com-
paratively unknown, we have already touched; but
a bald narration compressed into the limits of
a paragraph gives but a faint idea of years of
conscientious and unremitiing work, which has
gone to enrich scientilic knowledge and hare
been of immense service in its practical ap-
plications. To give our readers an appreciation
of Dr. 'rrimen’s life and work, we do not think
that w'c can do better than (piote from an article
our ab.-^ent senior wrote on the subject .some few
months ag»

“ Take Dr. 'Irimeu’s latest work : ‘ TllK Flora
OK CicvLON ’ in three volumes — why, it is ini-
jiossible to overestimate the value of this work
for practical, educational, and scientilic juirposes
in the colony. . . . Dr. Thw aites’s great work

on Ceylon plants might well be compl.ained of
by any ‘ jiractical planter ’ as above his head
— being essentially a scientific botanist’s book.
But Dr. 'rrinicn, wdiile taking care to serve the
purposes of science, and to be as full and cor-
rect as any reasonable botanist couhl desire,
has added a scries of most useful economic
notes which simply make his work a treasure-
house to the ordinary intelligent readers, — to all
in fact wdio wish to know' what can be said
about each of our jilants (useful iiiid ornamental)
and especially about the timber trees and eco-
nomic |)roducts of the island. That the highly
acconqilished and worthy Director should have
persisted in this imi)ort<ant undertaking to the
sacrifice of his health, if not of all that makes
life w'orth living, speaks highly for his con-
scentious devotion to duty and deserves the
grateful acknowdedgement, not only of the
Covernment, but of every l ight-thinking man in
the community. We are equally clear that
never before in the history ot the island has
more attention been given in our Botanic
Cardens to every (juestiou bearing on the eco-
nomic as well as scientific. si<le ot |danring, and
tropical agriculture generally, than during the
]>ast fifteen years. We speak of that we do
know ; for, as editor both of daily and monthly
issues, we have continuously been made the
medium of rcijnests f >r information, of puzzling
(pie-itions, of plants foiwirdc l for identification
by planters — not to speak of our ow'ii many
etlitorial ([ueries— and we have never failed to
receive the most prompt, and satisfactory attention
from Dr. Trimen. . . . \Ve are absolutely

clear that no more valuable reports— both from
an economic and scientilic point of view — reach
us from any Botanic or Government Gardens the
w’ide world over, than those that bear the imprint
of Peradeniya.”

CEYLON TEA SALES IN MELBOUNE.

Teas. — Locally, on tlie 1st October, a small cata-
louge, ooiisistiiig of 2.50 packages cf Oeylon, wag
offered at auction, selling up to 8}d. for I’ekoe, (ijd.
Pekoe fannings, Is. 2id. for broken orange Pekoe,
53d. for Souchongs, l2Jd. for broken Pekoe and 4Jd.
for siftings. Privately, 700 half-chests of Panyongs
sold at -Iftd., market firm at this price, and 150
quarter-chests of buds. A quiet business doing in
Ceylon and Indian ; 100 jtackages of the former sold
to Is. for line; and 130 chests of the latter to
7^1.

397

Dec. j, 1896.] The TROPICAL

THE INDIAN RICE CROP OF 1896.

The Statistical Bureau of the Governmeut of India
has issued the following First General Memorandum
01 the Rice Crop in Bengal, Lower Burma, and Madras,
of the season 189(5 : —

In Bengal the weather was on the whole unfavoura-
ble insufficient rain alternating with floods, which
resulted in a reduction in the area under cultivation
and caused damage to the standing crop over a large
area. There was good rain about the middle of Sep-
tember which has slightly improved the prospects of
the crop.

The area cropped with winter rice is estimated at
29,597,900 acres against 90,402,500 acres in 1895 and an
average of 32,031, 100 acres, the decrease being about
2j| and 9i per cent respectively. This year’s crop is
estimated at about three-fourths of an average crop,
but the estimated outturn is likely to be much reduced
as there has been little or no rain in the first half of
October.

The area estimated to have been sown with autumn
rice amounts to 7,128,500 acres against an average of
7,438,100 acres and an approximate area of 7,050,100
acres in 1895. Tue outturn is estimated at 67 per cent
in 1896, against 78 per cent in 1895, of an average
outturn.

In Madras the area reported to have been sown with
rice is 3,385,000 acres which is about the average, but
is less by 174,000 acres, on nearly 5 per cent, than the
area sown in the corresponding period last year. The
decrease in area is due to the unfavourible character
of tile season. The standing crop is reported to be
generally in fair condition, though it needs rain in
many parts, especially in the norinern districts.

In Burma the area sown up to the end of Sepmtem-
ber is reported to be 5,190,912 acres, being an increase
of 100,009 acres over last year’s area. The increase
is due to fallow land being largely brought under
cultivation. The area destroyed by floods, &c., is esti-
mated at 83,676 acres, of which 66,352 acres being in
the districts of Thongwa and Amherst. The rain up
to date has betn favourable. The standing crops are
reported to be healthy, and the prospects very good.

»

TEA IN AMERICA.

New York, Sept. 30.

The situation still drags, and is without new feature
since out last report. Fine grades of Formosa con-
tinue to be well held. On all sorts there is no change
to report.

Last week the Montgomery Auction and Commission
Company sold 8,671 packages of teas, as follows : —
Moyune — 24 Hyson, 6 lo 61c ; 549 Young Hyson, 6j to
26c; 177 Imperial, 8 to 2o.Jc; 356 Gunpowder, lOJ

to 30^c. Pingsuey — 21 Young Hyson ; 311 Imperial,
10 to 15c ; 1,783 Gunpowder, 7f to i^Sc. Japan — 32
Nibs, 5.J 10 lljc; 46 Caper.“, 17c ; 121 Siftings ;
723 Congou, 6i to 18c ; 101 India and Orange Pekoe,
12? to 16?c. Oolong — 356 Foochow, 6; to 7Jc ; 985
Amoy, 6J to Sic ; 2,985 Formosa, lOii to 32c. — American
Grocer, Sept. 30

COFFEK Guowino im H.vwaii. — The Haivaiian
Commercial Journal of Sept. 15, says: Last week
we referred at .some length to the possibilities of
this Island as a field for coffee and other indus-
tries and also gave an account of the .succe.ss of
Mr. Ahrens of Waianae in coffee growing. At
that time we had not visited Mr. Ahrens estate
and therefore were obliged to coniine ourselves
to informatton received at second hand. How-
ever, on Saturday last week we had the pleasure
of visiting tlie ^V^aianae coffee fields with a party
of ladies and gentlemen from Honolu.u, under
the direction of Mr. B. F. Dillingham, manager
of the O. R. v'e L. Co., and can even add to the
glowing descriptions of the place we had already
received. As a result of the visit of Mr. Lilling-
liam party we understand tliat one or two new
coffee plantations will be started in the neighbor-
liood of Honolulu at once.

AGRICULTUPIST.

THE AVERAGPI PRICES OF CEYLON TEAS.

The views of any man experienced in the
London maiket tending to throw light on the
late downward course of the prices obtained
for our teas cannot fail to be of interest. Ex-
pression of these is quoted in our London
Letter, and although there may be tliose who
may not fully agree with the o|)inions expressed,
there is reason to think that these are worthy
of every consideration. Undoubtedly the steady
falling off in the quotation of averages that
has been noticeable for some years, has not been
satisfactory. But if it can be shown, as is
alleged, that this falling off is not attributable
to want of apjireciation shown by the British
public for Ceylon teas, undoubtedly the knowledge
will be pleasing to ns. The expert who favoured
our London correspondent with an interview on
his to|)ic was able to cite his own e.xperience
as evidencing that, although the averages pub-
lished by Messrs. Gow Wilson and Stanton and
others were undoubtedly correct as applied to
the whole volume of sale, they did not represent
the conditions attending the .sales effected by
himself or those of many other estate owners.
In his own case, he said, the prices he had ob-
tained showed no reduction on tho.se at which
he had sold for quite three years past. Indeed
they hail even slightly improved during the
last year of the three. He tlioiiglit that an
explanation of the reduced gcneiol averaoe was
to be found in the very large quantity °of tea
coming forward of late from low country estates.
He did not consider that this was by any means
lip to the average of general imports of tea
grown on our higher levels, and the prices ob-
tained for them— their bulk being lar<'e, caused
a reduction in general average, while a "particular
average would show a steady maintenance of the
prices for several years of i'mports of the higher
class. He drew the deduction, he continued,
that no evil augury was to be drawn from the
present quotation ot averages. And the more so,
he thought, because, although our low country
teas obtaine.l lower prices than those jiaid for
the higher growths, these could be produced
much more cheaply than the last, and the grow-
ers of both therefore secured equivalent pi’ofits.
At the same time he admitted that the publffi
quotation of average made, did induce a good
deal of apprehension as to the future of the
Ceylon tea trade among them not fully in-
structed on the subject. He would like to “ee
some distinction drawn by the firms makino'
publication between the aver.ages for the two
clas.ses of teas. Whether this could be done
he declared himself to be ignorant. If
it were practicable, he feared that to draw such
a distinction must involve such dilficulty, and
))Ossibly an invidiousness that might be resented
by smie. We can oui selves see objection to the
course this gentleman .suggested as desirable. It
has not been establisheil, in the first place
what should determine the clasification between
high-grown and low-grown teas. Some miiffit
fix the limit at one thousand feet of elevation
others might deem higher or lower altitude a
more fitting line of separation. And as the
various London tea firms might adopt independent
classilicat ions, theii average would in such a case
show such an amount of variance as to «-ive
results ev'en more misleading than are obtained
under tbe existing system of a general average.
And after all it is scarcely the outside public
that would be either affected or misled by the
present quotations. And those who are “ in the

398 THE TROPICAL AGRICULtURIST. [Dec. i, 1896.

know” can sudioiently (Uscriininate for tliem-
selves. Proprietors of estates of low elevation,
so long as they are satistieil with their returns,
will trouble themselves little about average
ftuotations. Similarly, those whose jjroductions
are obtained at higher leads would, we should
say, be e(iually satislied with </ooil results in
their balance sheets, ami would feel no alarm
at the relative decline of the averages publicly
(quoted.

NOTES FROM OUR LONDON LETTER.

A good many of us liud

ME.SSRS. C;OW, WILSON A' .ST.VNTONS’ WEEKLY
REPORT

of the tea market .somewhat unpleasant reading,
for their quotation of Ceylon tea averages has
a persistently downward cour.se. Remarking on
this to a gentleman of large interest in Ceylon and
of great experience with the Jjondon tea market,
he observed: — '• Your doulits can be well under-
stood, and it seems diliicult to account for
the droop of quotations. Rut you must bear
in mind that they are of general averages only.
For myself, and for many other oM projirietors
in Ceylon, I can only say tliat we do not ex-
perience any reiluction in our average. For the
last three years mine h.as remained pretty con-
stant. If anything, my last year’s inices were
rather better than for the two, jireceeding it.
Rut 1 suspect the decline shown by the brokers’
weekly reports to be due to the fact that a lot
of low'country estates are now coming into full
bearing, and that tliese are sending home a very
consiilerable proportion of the full recei[)ts. Cer-
tainly the quality of the teas produced on the-se
is below' the standard of my own teas, which,
as you know, are grown at a high attitude, and
naturally they do not .sell for equally high
prices as I obtain. Rut then they are pioduceil
far more chea]ily than are those grown well up
in the hills. I suspect, it is tins inllux of low’cr
class teas that is accountable for the reduced

average of the brokers’ publication. So far as
the bulk of the tea growers in Ceylon are

coricerned, I don’t believe they have much to

gp mble at, and I feel sure that the pro-

prietors of the low estates are equally well
satislieil with their returns. Sixpence per lb.
will pay these last quite as well as ninepcnce
to teiqieuee will [lay me, ami certainly 1 have
no reason for complain. Still a good many
outsiders who watch the market for investment
purposes only may be discouraged by what they
see published of these averages. It is to be
wished that these were divided for high and low
grown teas in the reports, but I don’t know if
it W'ould be possible to do this. Certainly to do
so w’ould entail much extra work, and probably
it nd"ht be complained that to ilraw such a
distinction publicly would appear invidious. Rut
neither you nor any of your friends need fancy
from the reading of these averages that Ceylon
tea planting is in a bad way. The enterprise
is sound enough, and is paying w'ell all round.”
The oi)portuuity of this interview w'as taken to
put a ([uestion as to the possible overdoing of

As to this matter the gentleman interviewed
quite think this is being overdone,
and concur with the suggestion that appeared in
the Oliarri'cr that it may seriously ali'ect the
position of iilanting imlnstries in Ceylon should
it ever unfortunately happen that the island has
to pass through a crisis of the kind from which
it has before on more tlian a single occa

sion suflered. But 1 don’t think there is any
chance of this Company-mongering coming to
an end. What I cannot understand, how'ever,
is how it comes about that men are so anxious
to sell the properties they own. Naturally, of
course, they are at present able to get top
)>rices for them, taking advantage of the exis-
ting “rush.” Rut then when they get their
price what are they to do with the money? It
is hopeless to expect they can .safely invest it
here so as to obtain a return upon it equiva-
valent to the income derived frotn their tea
estates. It seems to me that all they can do is
to reinvest in tea in soi.ie form or other, and I
know of cases where, failing every other eligi-
ble investment, tliis has had to he done. And
this investment, mind, must be made on terms
equivalent to tho.se which secured the liigh
prices for their estates. So that really there
seems to be no logic about the transactions that
we daily hear of. Rut in spite of this men
will be tempted by the oilers made by com-
pany i)romoters, and the practice will be ex-
tend eduntil every acre of laud cultivated w'ith tea
iu the island will fall into the ])ossession of lindted
companies. No cessation of the practice can be
hoped for until tliat area is completely taken up.”
THE L.\TE DU. TRI.MEN.

We greatly regretted to read this announce-
ment in the Times this week: — “ Triinen : on
the 16 (Jet., at Peradeniya, Ceylon, Henry Trimen,
M.B. London, F.u. s. , late Director of the
Royal Botanical Gardens there, in his 53rd
year.” We know that Dr. Trimen will

be greatly missed among you, as, indeed, he
will be here in many .social and scienti He circles.
The following obituary notice has also appeared
n the Times : —

Mr. Henry Triraen, r.ii.s., f.l.s , the eminent
botanist, died at his residence iu Ceylon on the
16th inst. He was born in London in 1843, was edu-
cated at King's College, and giaduated M.li. at the
University ot London in I86.'>. For a time he was
Curator at the Anatomical Museum of King’s College
and Lecturer on Botany at St. Mary's Hospital
Medical School. Entering the Botanical Department
of the British Museum as Seinor Assistant iu 186‘J,
he held that post for ten years. In 1880, he was
appointed Director of the Iloyal Botanic Gardens,
Ceylon, which appointment ho only quite recently
resigned. Dr. Trimen was editor of the Journal of
/lotanii, 187‘2-70; and he was the author of “ Flora
of Middlesex ” (written iu conjunction with Mr.
Thiselton Dyer) ; of the botanical portion of “ Medi-
cinal Plants,” a work in four volumes published
1875 80; of a Systematic Catalogue of the Plants of
Ceylon,” 1885 ; and of a “ Handbook to the Flora
of Ceylon,” 1893. He was likewise the author of
numerous papers in the Transaction of various learned
and scientific societies. He devoted special attention
to the economic aspects of botany, particularly
to the sources of drugs and other products, especially
of tropical countries. Some years ago he was engaged
by the Madras Government to report on the bota-
nical and cultural problems presented by the cinchona
plantations iu the Nilgiri Hills ; and’ he was the
means of introducing into cultivation in Ceylon many
useful and valuable products of other countries.

The reiiort of tho

SCOTTISH TRUST AND LOAN COMPANY OK
CEYI.ON

lias been pulilished for the year ended August
31. It states a prolit made of i’S,7ll net. Th«
directors jiropose to pay a dividend of .> per cent
per annum, tree of income tax, {'2^ per cent of
which was paid as an interim dividend this j'ear)
and a bonu.s of 7i per cent, also free ot income
tax. There will remain a balance of T3,086 to
cany forward to next account.

Dec 2, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIS T.

399

THE NEW DlMliULA COJIl’ANY
lias declared a dividend of Id per cent per annum
on the A and If shares, and of 14 iier cent per
annnni on the C shares for the year ended
June 3<h

WILD IIICE.

At the reciuest of Dr. G. Watt, c.i.E., Reporter
on Economic Products to the Government of
India, the Board of Revenue has asked all Col-
lectors and otlicers in charge of Settlement Parties
in Godavari, Kistna and Malabar, the Deimty
Director of Agriculture, the Honorary Secretiry,
Madras Agri Horticultural Society ; the Superiii-
tenilent. Government Central Museum ; and
the Principal of the College ot Agriculture
to favour the Board with any information they
can allbrd as to the existence or otherwise
of the Unjza Cuarctata in the Madras Presidency.
The attention of Dr. Watt was first called as
regards this grain by the Director-General of
Statistics, Mr. J. E. O’Conor, who asked for the
former’s opinion as to certain grains sold in
Karachi, the exact posiiion of which in the classi-
iieation in trade returns seemed doubtful. As
this appeared to be an entirely new article of
human food unknown in the series hitherto
examined and reported on by Dr. Watt, he
obtained a specimen of the plant from the Collec-
tor of Customs, Karachi, and it was found to ha
a species of Ovjjza (rice) not hitherto known to be
eaten, and the botany of which even, until very
recently, was involved in the greatest obscurity.
The plant obtained by Dr. Watt Avas deter-
mine<l to be the Oryza Coarctnta of

Roxburgh (wild rice), a remarkably interest-
ing species, originally discovered by Dr. Buciianan
Hamilton in 1790, ami suppo.sed hy him to be con-
lined to the estuary of the Ganges. This plant
Avas subse([uently described hy Griflilh as Uryza
rUicoUlcs, the wild grass, and, according to
Roxburgli, the grain was never collected as an
article of fooil. The specimen obtained Irom
Karachi is know n in the bazaars as iYunof, ai d is
stated to occur in the valley of Indus in the
Karachi Collectorate of .Sind, aim is collected in
the months of July and A u .just. The grass

, (Sithangah) producing the grain grows among
other kinds of grass on the marshy grounds
on the hanks of the Indus which are constantly
washed by sweet and salt water at ebb ami
How tides, respectively. It is gathered by the
poorer clas.ses for their own consumption, but is
.sometimes exchanged for equivalent value in one
and other articles ottered by iietty traders going
round the creeks; and two or three maundsof
it are thus brought every season to Keti-Bander
and a small quantity exported to Karachi.
The Collector of Customs, Karachi, states that a
noticeable feature about the gathering of the
grass is the vast amount of labour and trouble
involved, as it is estimated that a man engaged
the whole day cannot collect more than four seers.
The plant is described as 4 to 6 feet in height, the
upright stems rising from a stout creeiiing
rhizome. The grains do not spread out on ripen-
ing, but are closely compressed into a long erect
spike. Dr. W’att now asks for any information
as to the existence of this plant in any other
localities besides the estuaries of the Ganges
and the Indus, as it Avould go a long Avay to
confirm its being regarded as truly indigenous.
He remarks that the obscurity in which the his-
tory of most of India’s cultivated plants is in-
volved, is intimately associated with the rise and
diversity of the human family. He says that this

curious rice is not at all unlike Trilicicm (Avheat),
and the resemblance accordingly at once suggests
the possibility of its having been the Avild grain seen
by Aiistobulus on the banks of the Indus Avhich he
siioke of as being very similar to wheat ; so that if
that suggestion be correct, Ave have an inter-
val of 2,000 years between the tAvo recorded
observations of rhe existence of this edible grain.
The enquiry, therefore, has a Avide significance,
and will richly rejiay whatever attention may be
sparetl to it. Dr. Watt adds that Mr. J. E. Duthie
has collected Orijza Coarctata at yiiikaiquir about
200 feet above the level ot tidal influence ; and
this tact suggests the question Avhether it is cul-
tivated in that locality or Avhether the jiresence of
salt in the soil alloAvs of its existence in regions
now remote from the direct influence of the sea.
If that be so, then emiuiry is not to be confined to
the actual estuaries of the great rivers such as the
Nerbudda, Tapti, Colerooin Bal.ar, Kistna, Goda-
vari, Mahanadi, &c., but may be CAtended to all
salt-impregnated soils and margins of brine lakes
and marshes. — Madras Times, Oct. 29.

PLANTING NOTES FROM HAPUTALE.

rHE AAMTVTJtElt. Nov, 2.

Sunny m .rnings and rainy afternooms, and
evenings also, aie our iiresent experiences.
A whole month has jiasscd away, amt we have
had only two days, in Avhich rain did not fall
in this rlistrict, and at times we have been
under heavy dowiqiours. During the Avhole of
last month we have had hardly a puff of wind,
either from the south-west or north-east. It
has been a great calm with us, such as you
get in the Norse lalitudesd — rizzling rain and
an entire absence of Avind. The mountains of
Ceylon supply the lowlying ii\ers of Ceylon
Avith abundant water, and these mighty rivers
Avhen fully repleuisheil serve to irrigate ex-
tensive areas of lowlying paddy lands. These
abundant rains falling on our hills are not
lost : they are most precious, tor they give the
Sinhalese goyiya his daily bread, and witiiout
the mountain zone, Ceylon woul 1 be poor indeed.
l.ANI) F()li PLANTING.

Some Aveeks ago, in a letter Avhich appeared
in the OOsover, Sir G. E. stated that tea estates
at a medium elevation in Ceylon do not yield
high quality teas, nor can they compete Avith
the loAv estate hardly above sea-leA’ci. This
may be the case, but take courage ye OAvners
of medium-lying tea estates : your jiroperties
may be nigh a rail Av ay and have a gooil cart road
to them, and manures can be clieaply applied
to the tea bushes, and the crops of your totums
greatly augmented. J read in Observer that there
are no high-lying forestlands left for .sale in our
mountain zone. Lots of virgin forest around
Trincomalce and in other places are available •
hut the (juestion seems to me to be just this •
Do you Avish to groAv more tea in Ceylon of an
inferior grade or not ?

LONDON CO.VIPANIE.S.

The year almut to close is memorable in
planting annals. The resident proprietors of tea
estates of Ceylon Avill soon have left us. Conn

panies— large London Tea Companies— have'already
absorbed most of the tea totums of our island •
and these London Tea Companies Avill hencciortiiOe
the real rulers of the tea enterprise ot Ceylon
What will they do with it, or for it? Will
they look favourably on the Planters’ Associations
in Ceylon, Parentand District Associations, or try to
administer their legitimate influence in this island?
M’il! they support the Volunteer enterprise ainon*'

400

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec. I, 1896.

the planters ? Well, this I know full well — that
planters who are Volunteers will have to go
throuijh their martial exercises within a few
miles of their totums, and not expect to go
to Camp meetings in remote regions far away
from their estates.

YOUNG PLANTS.

Looking over your report from the (’onservator
of Forests in Ceylon, 1 could not help being
surprisetl to lind that so many young tree
plants had died so >n after planting. .Surely our
Foresters may learn from past experience lirst
to jilant only sturdy plants ; and secondly to
closely see to the planting of these plants them-
selves, and to choose suitable soil for the various
kinds of trees they wish to propagate.

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

Indian Te.v Companies in the United Kingdom.
— We publish elsewhere a list for the compilation
of which we are indebted to Mr. George Seton, of
the Joint Stock Indian Tea Companies with head-
quarters within the United Kingdom. The acreage
of the properties owned by the various companies,
the district, and the capital are given together with
the official address, and the names of the directors
brought up to date.

Pianos and Packet Tea. — The grocers of Birming-
ham are sore about an extension of the “ present ”
system in connection with the tea trade in the Mid-
land capical. A retail tea company is offering pianos
to those of its customers who purchase a certain
quantity of its tea. The idea is to send in a certain
number of bags denoting the purchase of the tea,
and this system is denounced by the trade as a “grow-
ing evil.” It has grown to such dimensions that we may
look tor a gift of a cottage or of a landed estate in time.

How About Poiitugal. — Should the planters of
India and Ceylon desire to push their teas in Portu-
gal the exhibition to be held in Lisbon next year will
give them the opportunity. The London Chamber
of Commerce recently held a meeting in support of
the project which is called the Vasco da Gama and
Indian Celebration Exhibition. Sir A. Kollit, M.P..
President of the Chamber, was in the chair at the
meeting, a d letters were read approving the pro-
posal and promising their assistance from the Lord
Mayor, the Governor of the Bank of England, Sir
Clements Markham, C.B. (President of the Royal
Geographical Society), Lord G. Hamilton, M.P.
(Secretary of State for India), Sir George Birdwood,
and others. The assodaim of the celebration with
India, it was pointed out, made it a matter of
interest to Britain. A committee was formed to
assist the movement, and it was also resolved to request
the co-operation of the Foreign and Colonial Depart-
ment, the Trinity House and other public bodies’
Bba/.il and It.s Coffee Industtu.

The financial position of Brazil and the effect on its
merchants and planters of the enormous fall in the
Brazilian exchange is the subject of much comment in
trading circles. Br.izil, it is said, has enjoyed for a
number of years past a considerable amount of
prosperity, owing to the high pric..a obtained for her
coffee and rubber. This, however, means mainly
prosperity for the planters and high prices in terms
of the paper currency. As the exchange has declined
the paper price haveiiseii, and as wages and other
costs of production and fixed charges have been paid
in paper the producers are said to have been m.ikiiig
profits at tho rate of 100 to ‘200 per cent. Of course
the continual decline in the exchange must ha\e
been proportionately distressing to importers and to
the Government and all indivulu.sls and companies
having gold debts abroad to meet. It may also,
under the circuinstaiices, be assumed to have induced
a considerable rise in ihe cost of living, as many
other prices, and particularly tlie prices of
import-, have probably advanced in Brazilian currency
to some extent, though not equally with the prices of
coffee and rubber. But the upward movement^mean-
wJiile seejus to hkve had a remarkable influence in sti-

mulating production in Brazil. Daring the current sea-
son there has been gathered, it is saio, the most pheno-
menally large coffee crop ever grown. Instead of a crop
of 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 bags, a ydeld of from 8,000,000
to 9,000,<XK) bags is reported. Recent advices from
Rio de Janeiro and Santos have indicated that those
markets were becoming glutted, and, naturally, prices
have fallen. According to some American authorities
the prices of coffee still mean a profit (in paper) of
100 per cent, to the planter, as against a profit of
200 per cent, last year. As, however, there appears
to be a disposition in New York to utilise the position
in Brazil with its depreciated currency as an object
lesson against the free coinage of silver, it seems
not improbable that this statement is an exaggera-
tion. It is difficult to believe that the expen-
ses of the planters expressed in paper have
not risen to some extent with the depre-
ciation of the paper. Any way, dealers and merchants
are said to be talking very alarmingly of the decline,
and to be doing their utmost to arrest it by sending
out adverse reports with regard to the next, or
growing coffee crop, with the object of inducing
the consuming markets to buy the crop now in
hand ; and they are attributing the failures reported
to the reduced price of coffee.

Rubber Froduction in Brazil. — The production
of rubber has been greatly increased with the constant
advance in its paper price. Twenty years ago the
Brazilians asserted that they could not produce more
than 8,000 tons per annum without killing off the
trees, whereas at present they are said to be pro-
ducing at the rate of 20,000 to 21,000 tons annually.
Judging supei-ficially, the case of Brazil seems to offer
another striiiiug illustration of the iuflueuce of a depre-
ciating currency in artificially stimulating production
in particular directions, and of the financial and com-
mercial disorganisation which must eventually result.

Vanilla in the West Indies. — Planters in the
West Indies are on the look out for new' sources of
income, and some of them are growing vanilla. A
sample of vanilla, grown and cured at the Botanic
Gardens, Trinidad, was lately received (says the Kew
UuUetin) from Mr. .J, H. Hart, f.l.s., the superin-
tendent. The pods w'ere produced by plants ori-
ginally supplied from Kew of what is known as the
“Sion House variety” of YaniUa planifolia, Andr.
In the present instance tiie quality is not so good
as might be desired ; but now the right sort is esta-
blished in the island it might be worth while to
carry on further experiments with the view of improv-
ing the quality of the produce. — //. <(; O. Mail, Oct. 23.

Curing of Vanilla— Pruparation of Papain,
— Tlie Chemist a)ul Drtujf/ist oi Sept. 26, has the
following replies to a correspondent : —

E.P. (Fiji). — (1) Curing of Vanilla. — After the pods
are plucked they are dipped in boiling water. Next
they are packed in hardwood cases, 6 feet long, 4 feet
wide, and 2 feet deep. A blanket is first put in the
box, then the beans to about the depth of a foot,
and a double thickness of blanket on the top of them.
The bor. is then covered with glass, and placed in the
sun for a fortnight, during which time the beans fer-
ment, or sweat. Only experience can tell when that
process is complete, and the beans are ready for the
dry shed. This should be an airy shed, w'ell protected
from rain, and not too much exposed to the sun. It
should have a series of wire shelves all round it
amd on the top shelf the beans are placed in single layer,
not too crowded. They are turned over every day
or second day, and in the course of ten days removed
to the second shelf, then to the third, where they
remain until they are quite dry and fit for packing.
(2) All that w'e can tell you about the manufacture of
Pap.vin is that the juice is pressed out of the fruit,
clarified by filtration through a twill bag, and the
ferment precipitated by alcohol. It is then dried, but
sometimes purified by treatment with water. The
supply of p.ip.iiii is more than equal to the demand,
and we do not think it would pay you to manufacture
it, although it seems probable that it should be
more plentifully used by Indian natives, whose caste
prejudice prohibits them from using pepsin.

DeCi ij 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

401

MOCHA TEA COMPANY OP CEYLON
LIMITED.

A special general nieetin^- of li e sliaielioklers
of the Moc’.ia Tea Company of Ceylon, lal., was
held at noon today in the ollico of the Agent.s
and Secietai'ie.s, Messrs, d. M. Lobertsoii cV Co.
The meeting, [iresided over liy Mr. E. \V. Lois,
formally conlirmed the following resolution passed
at a general meeting on 17th October: — “That the
Directors lie anthori:sed to purchase the Lanka
and Craigliill estates in tlie Maskeliya district tor
a sum not exceeding C‘(),ldO sterling, and to
raise a sum not exceeding 111)0,000 at 0 per cent
interest to enable them to pay the purchase
money if the purchase he comiiletcd.’’

COFFEE 1*LANT1NC ON HAWAII.

A T’KOMlSIXO NEW INmiSTRy IN THE IIAW.tll.VN ISEANUS
SOME FlUUIlES I(EI,.VnNO TO THE COST OE COFFEE
CELTUIlE — WHERE YEGET.tRl.ES MAY RE PLANTED EVERY
MONTH IN THE YEAR.

The Island of Hawaii, the largest of the Hawaiian
Islands, is situated about two nuudrod miles from
the city of Honolulu. Regular lines of steamers
connect this island with the city The only town of
importance on Hawaii is Hilo, on the east side of
the island, and from whence a finely macadamized
road, through the caue-fiekls and a most luxuriant
tropical forest, leads to the celebrated volcano of
Kilanea, distant thirty-one miles.

Until within a few years sugar has been the staple
product of this island. Now, however, Coffee plan-
ting is drawing the attention of small farmers, On
both the leeward as well as the windward side of
the great mountains Kea and Loa, lays a large tract
of land unsuitable for cane growing and which has
been found to be eminently suiiable for the produc-
tion of Coffee, ranging from the sea coast up to an
elevation of three thousand feet.

Quito a large number of plantations have been
started during the last four years and will soon be
coining into bearing. The Coffee raised on this
island in years past has taken a very high rank,
even thought by many to he equal to the best Java
or Mocha.

Laud or settlement can be had from the Govern-
ment, and also from private land owners, at prices
ranging from S'20 to per acre. The best Coffee

lands arc, for the most part, covered witlx a forest
growth and require clearing. The land can be cleaved,
by contract, at prices ranging from .'*?2G to .’J.VJ
per acre.

After the laixd is cleared and the young trees
planted, either from those owning nursei’ies, or from
the nurseries planted by tho owner, but little care
is necessary except to keep tlie weeds down, until
after the third year, at which time a small crop can
be expected, when careful pruuiixg and “ handling ’
is necessary to bring the trees to perfection.

From 750 to 1,200 Coffee trees are set on an acre
and will be in full bearing the sixth year after p atU-
ing, smaller crops being taiieii the fourth and lifth
years. The crop 011 a good tree should be about
three pounds.

The necessary machinery for pulping and hulling
costs fi’om .'iiilSO to S5 1,500 according to the size.
Buildings for the drying and storing" are not expen-
sive. The greatest cost in the coffee husiuess is
that incurred in picking the ripe berry, which, as
the Coffee does not ripen all ac once, is rather slow.
The berries take from live to seven montixs to
mature.

On the higher lands the small farmer c.xix raise
corn and potatoes, as well as all garden vegetables,
—enough to supply his family. Planting of these
can be done everj mouth in the year, tixus giving
him a constant succession of crops the year around,
while meantime his Coffee is gx'owiixg and coming
into bearing.

50

A farmer coming here to live should have at least
$3,000 to carry him through. Land can be leased
from tho Goveriimeixt, with the privilege of piix chase,
on very reasonable terms. No tax is levied for the
iie.xt six years on Coffee plantations.

Space in this magazine will not allow to go into
all tlie details of Coffee plantiixg, etc., but the wi iter
of this arlielo will be glad to answer all questions,
t'3 any thinking of emigrating here. — D. H. Hixchcock,
Hilo, Hawaii, Hawaiian Inlands. — Jfaij/Joirer, Oct.

TEA IN MELBOLIUNE.

Ceylon are in favour, and sales made of 200 chests
at 7d to Is Id, 100 half chests of Par.yongs, and 400
chests of Indian. At the auctions on the 15th
Octohex-, 2,840 packages of Indian were offered, of
which 1,020 packages sold up to the following prices :
— For Dooars pekoe S., lijd ; do. jiekoe, Old ; do.
orange P., 7.‘,d ; 4>ai’jeeling orange L’., Is Id ; do. pekoe,
lOjcD do. pekoe S., O l, golden orange pekoe, Is Gd ;
Assam pekoe. ll.}d ; do, orange P.. Od ; do. pekoe S.,
7^(1 ; Cachav pekoe, 7id ; do. orange P., 7Jd ; do.
pekoe S , 7Jd ; do. souchong, 6Jd ; Terai pekoe, 7d ;
do. orange P., 7Jd ; do. pekoe S., 0^1- Also G8 packages
of maclime-made China realised the following prices ;
— For broken leaf, 41d ; pekoe S., 5d; pekoe, 7Jd ;
orange pekoe, lid. The biddings were fairly brisk,
and the bulk of the catalogues sold. — Lender,

CKYLON LIMITED COMPAINES— THEIR
RESERVE FUNDS-AND SOME
COLOMBO QUOTATIONS.

A Ceylon proprietor now at home favours us
by the iireseat mail with .some criticism which
we tliiuk it well to lay before those concerned
and our readers generxiUy. In the first place-
looking over the list issued by the Colombo Share
Brokers’ Association as published in the Overland
Ceylon Observer — he finds that the London-Ceylon
Conxpanies quoted are frequently given very
cousiderahly below their proper market standing.
We are not quite clear as to whether our friend
has compared the Colombo and London xpiota-
tions for precisely the same date, hut presume
he must liave done so. In any case it can do
no IxaiTxx to repro luce what he says on the sub-
ject. He writes :—“Uuvahs are quoted T I H. Now
no Ouvali Coll'ee Company’s shares have been so
low as £11 10s for ever .so long. I know some
were sold in September — the very last lot in the
maiket — at £12 os. Again, Nuwara Eliyas are
quoted witlx you in Coloiixbo at £123 ex-dividend.

I am told it is very difficxilt to get tliem at
£13 now.'’

Then as to “Reserve Funds,” our critic con-
sideis tliat Ceylon Compaixies— or ratlier their
Directors — are, as a rule, to blame for not ad'oi’d-
iiig clear and full information to their sharehold-
ers as to the iilaciug or irivestmeixtof any and
all liesen o, Fuads. Our corre.spoixdent maintains
this sliould he distinctly shown in the Directors’
Reports scut out before the annual meeting.s,
so that any shareliolder dissatisfied with tlie secu-
rities indicated, might ohjeeb. He goes 011 to
say: “Tiiere ought to be no hole-and-corner

work in any public Company’s affairs: see the
disturbance on just now aliout the ‘British
FiUTiier.s’ Association, Ijimited,’ as indicated in
the Financial Times of the 20bh-2lst October.
It is far better that the Directors should act
fairly and .squarely with the shareholders.”

On tlxe general principle, we heartily endor.se
the view.s of our critic; hut if tlxe attempt is
made to ajiply tlxe censure to any of our Ceylon
Companies, we scarcely think the case will hold

402

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURlSf.

[Dec. I, i8g6

fiooil to any important extent. In the lirsi place
so few of our Plantation I'ompanie.s as yet have
any considerable reserve funds. The}’ are mostly
very younyf, and, tliough )iros|H?r«)us, have only
Ijej^un to think about •‘reserve>.” Put in tlie
ca.se of the leading ;ts of the ohlest of our
Tea Companies, we are under the impression that
the shareholders have liad very full and satisfac-
tory information as to the investment of a cou-
siderahle reserve, namely in coconut plantation
to a certain amount ami tlie balance in Covcrn-
luent securities. If tliis information is not given
in the latest Annual Report, we feel sure it w:is
supplied at the meetinsr in the speech of tlie
Managing Director. Indeed, is this not the usinal
way of supplying information in reference to re-
serve tuuds or securities, or, when not done,
ipiestions can always be asked by shareholders
at the meeting. Further, are we wrong in sup-
posing that where no speeial investment is men-
tioned, it may be taken for granted that any
reserve funds are, .a.s a rule, invested in (lovern-
ment, Indian or Colonial liist-class securities?
Be this as it may, however, now that the time
has come when we hope “ reserves ’’ will become
the rule with all well-regulated Ceylon Tea
Plantation Companies, we think our friend’s
criticism or suggestions may well lie taken to
heart and the practice be adopted by Directors
of taking their shareholders fully into their con-
fidence, as to the use made of the profits placed
in reserve — as a guarantee for the maintenance
of prosperity. It is certainly indispensable, that
sucli “gunrantee” should, in its investment, be,
like Cicsar’s M’ife, above suspicion, and there is
nothing like publicity to secure this end.

— —

LIFE l.\ GUATEMALA.

THE COFFEE PL.VNTAITON.S : PEOX I.AnOUU :

THE MODERN’ SY.STEM OF CUETUHE.

The fact that a co-operative colony, to be composed
of young Californians, has been proposed to be
started in Guatemala — the most northern of the
Ceniral American republics — has directed attention to
the existence and social conditions of the colony.

Guatemala is not a bad land to live in, especially
in the elevated region devoted to the culture of the
coffee plant. But the truth of the matter is that
while the climate of the region is delightful and by
no means insalubrious there are drawbacks (says a
Californian paper) which, from an American point
of view, are serious obstacles.

No one who has travelled in any part of Spanish
America from Mexico to Patagonia can have failed
to recognise and record one bitter fact. The man
who goes into any Spanish-Americaii state to till the
soil or to labor with his hands has no social future,
fie is, to all intents and purposes, a peon, a laborer.

The Spanish traditions have not been rooted in
the institutions of Central America for nothing.
There was a time when the Archbishop of Guatemala
was primate of all North America- There ate families
in Guatemala who can trace back their pedigree for
a clear 300 years, and though Guatemala is nomi-
nally a republic the American citizen who takes
his capital into the country and toils with his hands
to amass a competence will find the doors of
Guatemala society hopelessly shut against him.

The politi ian proper reuch''s hi-; highest develop-
ment in lands where wealth and aristocratic tradi-
tions go hand in hand. In the higher circles of
society in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador, Honduras,
and Colombia nearly every brainy man is a pro-
fessional politician.

“Tho land of Manana” (pronounced Man .'.in-na)
is a country in which nothing i.s huriiod. Fjvery-
thing can be put off till to-morrow. It takes time
to think, and nothing is so repugnant to Spanish

American traditions as the feverish haste of the
New Englander or the business energy of the
Western man.

It is a characteristic of all tho representative men
of Central America that they absolutely refuse to
bo harried. Tlioy never jump at a bargain, and
their business transactions are marked by a provok-
ing coolness of deliberation strangely at variance
with their warmth and eitergy in the seolndcd virclc
of social life.

.\ word about the coffee j>lantations of Guatmnala
may be in order after this introduction.

These plantations lie on the Pacific slope of the
country, at a distance from the coast var} ing from
■10 to UK) miles, and at an elevation ranging from
4,tXX) to .o,000 feet.

There is very little railroad communication and
transportation is mostly conducted by the most pri-
initive means.

The present coffee-planters of Guatemala are of all
n.ationalities — Engiisn, .Vmericans, (iermans, and
Spanish-Ainericaus. Many of tho old colTee-plantoi-s
began life in much the same way as the scheme pro-
posed by tho would-be colonists. They lived in
adobe dwellings and toiled hard to drill the refrac-
tory peons into tho svork of clearing the plantations.
The successful coffee-planter of today toils hard, not
as a labourer, but as an ovei’seer. For a man to pul
hi? baud to the plough would have tlie same social
effect in Gn.itemala as in the Southern States during
the era of slavery.

The modern system of coffee culture in
Guatemala, and especially the introduction

of machinery, and the gradual enlargement

of the coffee area, have devolved upon the
planters the necessity of supplying suitable houses
for their laborers in place of the old thatchod shan-
ties or adobe huts in which these miserable crea-
tures existed. The lumber for theso buildings is all
imported from San Francisco, and tho wooden dwell-
ing of the planters are constructed on a larger scale
of the same material. Lumber is an expensive ma-
terial in Guatemala, and hence a heavy drain is
made on capital at tho start.

There is no such thing as a coffee trust in
Guatemala. Every man runs his own coffee ranch
as he pleases. When he wants money he borrows
it on the security of his next coffee crop from the
agents of bankers in Europe, San Francisco, and New
York.

Life on a coffee ranch is not unhealthy, but no
white man could perform tho work which tlie jieons
accomplish in clearing a plantation. Tlie first clear-
ing is a herculean task, and after that the rapid
and prodigal growth of weeds and rank vegetation in
a tropical climate requires tliat the work of clear-
ing shall be kept up incessantly. It is the liardest
kind of work under the most favorable conditions.
There is no cleau‘d land available at tho present time
for one reason that it would require so heavy an
outlay of capital to accomplish tho task, and a
coffee plantation left alone for one single month will
be so overgrown as to require as thorough a clear-
ing as the original one.

The coffee plant is about five mouths in dove-
lopement up to the ripening of the berry, hut
it is five years before the plantation begins to pay.

A certain number of a-ues of land «re cleared by
contract labour at about 30c. a day ia American money,
though the planters keep liie figure a secret!
After the ground is thoroughly cleared and the coffee
planted it will not be till the third year that there
is any return at all. In the third year there is a
slight return, just enough to pay for tlie cleaning of
the coffee-bean. In the lomtii year tlie crop about
pays for sacking and getting it to tlie port of ship-
ment. ^

Fioin the fifth year onward, if the sensons aro
good, there are sustantial profits, provided labour is
obtaiiitble at a cheap rate; for on coffee planta-
tions cheaji liibouris every Ibing, and tlie peons ciiii
be very refractory at times. N.iUiio is so pro.iigal
in providing fruits for food and so liUlo is rei|iiired
-in the way of clotliiiig or shelter that if a peon

Dec. I, 1896.] THE TROPICAL

'chooses to say he will work “ manana ” tomorrow
he is subject to no inconvenience by tlie delay,
whatever his employer may suffer. In the land of
manana there is a tomorrow for the peon as for the
proudest Castilian. It is this spirit of procrastination
which has driven the most irrepressible American
settlers to despair. In the course of time they begin
te manana themselves.

The women and children of the peons find em-
ployment during the coffee-picking season at a nrere
pittance of course, but a peon can exist ,on wages
which a sand, shoveler would spurn if starvation
started him in the face. The male peons are liable
to military service, an element which has to be taken
into serious consideration, for Giratemala, like the
other Central American republics or the great powers
of Europe, is armed to the teeth all the time and
her soil is liable to invasion and pillage at any hour.

White men going to Guatemala to settle will soon
find that there ate three climates. On the coast it
is blazing hot ; in the higher altitudes, on which the
plantations are situated, it is a little warm, but not
uncomfortably so ; in the highest elevations the climate
is an eternal spring.

All kinds of provisions are very dear and tobacco
is worthy 1 dol per pound. In Guatemala City wines
are cheaply obtainable at the hotels, but bottled beer
is worth about BOi or 1 dol a bottle. Hotel accom-
modations are quite high.

Perliaps the most discouraging feature to be set-
tled is the want of transportation facilities ; the
long distance from the plantations to the towns
(often 40 miles or more) and the dilfioulty of obtaining
social recognition. Once this recognition is obtained
life is pleasant enough, and there are many dark-eyed
damsels of old Castilian stock in Guatemala City whose
glances are apt to soften the pangs of exile.

The early coffee crop is ready for picking by
December, and the season lasts till May. The plan-
tations near the line of railroad running to the
coast at San Jose of course use the railroad, but
elsewhere the transportation to Ocos and Champerico
is by ox teams and other primitive means. The old-
fashioned bongos or boats in which the coffee-bags
were shoved off on the beach, amid a tremendous
surf, are now replaced by lighters pushed off from
long iron piers.

The steamers do not come up to the piers for the
reason that the heavy rollers would soon toss them
ashore, and the lighters are toward out a mile or more
to the steamer’s side.

In no way can the extreme conservatism of Guate-
mala and other Central American republics be better
shown than in the rude contrivance by iwhich pas-
sengers are swung into the lighters a!id then into
the gangway of the steamers. The traveller who
has once gone through the ordaul seldom cares to
repeat the experience, save on the direst necessity.
Torre-f Straits Pilot, Oct. 3.

NOTES EUOM HOME.

London, Oct. 23.

iMr. Win. Mackenzie, the Ceylon Tea Com-
missioner, was ready to start once more for
America this week ; but a diiliculty about pas-
sage will ilelay him some days. He de,scrve.s
credit for facing tran.sit across tlie Atlantic and
back in the cold .season ; but he is in splendid
health, and reports that encouragement is found
in certain linns taking up the work of advertising

CEYLON TEA IN AMEHICA
on their account. One London linn with branches
in the States is doing a good deal, while Messrs.
Larkin & Co. of Toronto, uho have so often
written to the Observer on tlie subject, deserve
great credit from the Ceylon planters for their
enterprise since they advertise in some 340 Cana-
dian papers. Mr. Mackenzie has inducei them
to make a beginning acros.s the bor<ler in the

AGRICULTURIST. 403

States, and their venture in Huffalo— a city of
400,000 jieople— is reported to he eminently
satisfactory, so that we may expect a further
extension. Several of the Commissioner’s lady
lecturers on Ceylon tea have been taken on by
linns now interested in the trade — a good sign.
At the same time, we are not to expect any
very large figures by way of increase ol exports
to America in 18‘JG ; indeed there is a rumour
that the published return for 1895 may have to
be amended through some exports from Calcutta
via London to America having been counted
twice, owing to want of clearness at the Cus-
toms. It seems that the American Customs
statistics do not help in respect of the countries
from which dill'erent kinds of tea are imported.

Considerable activity over

TEA COMPANY SHARE.S

prevails in the City, and there is no lack of
confidence in Ceylon plantations. Apart from
recent purcliases and developments, the forma-
tion of another new Com|)any, dealing with
estates at a comparatively high elevation, is re-
ported ; while a merchant recently from your
midst (Mr. W. H. T’igg) is credited with an

AMALGAMATION i>iNu CONSOLIDATION SCHEME
which is sure to be very popular at this end,
although the outside public are not likely to be
appealed to. The Companies t o be amalgamated
are some of the very prosperous ones in the
Kelani district, among the earliest formed and
for which Messrs. \Vhittall & Co. Colombo, are
Agents ; and at the same time the capital is
likely to he changed into sterling. No doubt a
popular as ■well as powerful Company will, in
this M’ay, be formed.

It is satisfactory to see the

SCOTTISH TRUST AND LAND CO. OF CEYLON
— after sufi’ering in the cofi'ee days — coming
rapidly to the front Avith its tea, although other
liroducts are not ignored ; debt and debentures
are being cleared oft' and the lucky shareholders
divide 12^ ]ier cent for the year free of income
tax. The veteran Chairman,

MR. THOS. DICKSON, SR.,

may well be proud of his steering of this Cor-
poration through the dark times of depression
into the present course of prosperity.

THE RRAZILIAN-DUMONT COFFEE COAIRANY
— to judge by the market quotations for de-
bentures and shares — is not over-popular in Lon-
don at present, perhaps, owing to the late finan-
cial trouble in Rio ; but full confidence is e.x-
pressed in its being a sound and profitable enter-
prise for the shareholders, and the following testi-
mony appears in a iiaragraph in the Financial
Times this week •

Dumont Coffee Estate — The sale of the Dumont
Coffee Estate to an English Company has caused the
Journal do Commercio of Ilio de Janiero, to ex-
press its regret that so fine a property should be
allowed to pass out of Brazilian hands. The liio
Xews while sharing the opinion of the “ Journal ”
as to the value of the estate, which is, it says, “ one
of the most valuable in Brazil,” is glad to see so
large an introduction of foreign capital into the coun-
try, believing that with more foreign property owners
steadier progress will be made.

Tim

CO.ST.V RICA COFFEE VENTURE
— on which Mr. .1. I,. Sluuul reported— is

not yet floated, .some more capital being con-
sidered necessary, though a considerable amount
h.as been subscribed. The increased tightne.ss of
the money market may be telling against such

404

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS'l .

[Dec. I, 1896.

fresh appeals ; but an easier time is anlic'v-
p.ated alter the American I’residential Election
is settled. Speaking of the

SARAPKiUl tCOSTA lilCA) COl'FKK SYNDICATIC,
it was of interest to me to liiid in the iSecre-
tavy the son of a gentleman whose name was
very familiar in Ceylon forty years ago as Agents
for the Ceylon ilailw’ay Company, formeil to
connect Colomljo aiul Ivandy. Mr. Jieeston left
Ceylon before niy time; but his name fre([uently
appeared in print in connection with the winding-
up of the company. His son is a nephew of the
late Mr. George Steuart of the w’ell-known Colombo
House, and Ids sister — shortly to be married —
iriherits largely under the will and is interested in
Colombo projierty, so that a visit to Ceylon may
be included this wdiiter in the honeymoon trip her
husband and herself.

PALLAKELI.E ESTATE,

Dumbara, has at length been sold for
£38,000, a moderate price seemingly for the large
area of the property and the big extent in culti-
vation; but then ciicao there has had a trying time,
and tea and coconuts have to be proved, though
there is no need to sujiposc (hat the jnirchasers have
irot made agood bargain, lik(>]y to give them large
prolits from the growth of a \ariety of lUdducLs.

With much regret — with little surpiise did I
notice the death of

UK. TRIMEN

(at the ago of 53) in the London iiaiicis the other
day. He was so weak and ill when he left London
that I doubted his ever returning. A’othing bnt
a determination to linish his book conld have
carried him out to Feradeniya. 1 tru=l he was able
to feel that he had accomplished the truly useful
mission, on which be had set his heart, and that
the third volume of the “b lora r.f Ceylon ’ can
duly appear with the linishing touches of the
author.

I have seen a good deal lately of a relative
who has been through the “ siege of liuluwayo’'
and the recent exciting times— not yet iiuite
over — in Maslion.aland. He like all other South
African Colonists I have seen, looks on Ci.'cil
Uhodes as the ablest ami most progressive imui
amongst them and the only one to restore pros-
perity to the country . Witli prolonged experi-
ence of the Transvaal and Natal, he tells me
there is a good liehl for

CEYLON TEA IN SOUTH AFRICA
although the locally grown tea is in favoui so
tar as it goes, lint he is entiinsiastic over w ha i
the Messrs. MacLure (relatives of well-known
Maskeliya cotl'ee and tea planter) have already
done in .Iohannesb\irg for Ceylon tea, both
wholesale and ictail. lie declares I heir ten
refresjjincnt shojis to bo superior in attracti\i'
ness, attendance, Ac., to any he has scim in
London. The Mes,--rs. MacJaire dcsciaesa \ole
of thanks Iroin the C. F. A.

I ha\'c been iiiteiested in a serious of papers
by DI iss E. A. Ormerod (the well-know'u lead-
ing Entomologist) on

“AGRICULTURAL PESTS

with Metods of Prevention ; ” and have secured
the light of reproducing the series in cxtenso,
in the Tropical Afiricalturist ; for, although,
mainly dealing with agriculture in temperate
regions, yet there is much iu the infor-
mation and hints, ot v.ilue to tropical cul-
ti\ators — planters and farmers ; and the perusal
of the eight articles eauuot bail to beuelit many
in India, Ceylon, the Straits, &c.

In reference to the

LADY lilltu EXPERIMENT OF COFFEE
Mr. E. E. Green re^iort-; : — “1 am writing to
America to liml out .dr. Koebele's present ad-
dres-;. I think he has left the Sandwich Islands,
having com)deted successfully his contract there.
As soon as 1 know his whereabouts I will find
out what his terms would lie to start the experi
meut for us.”

THE CEYLON TEA AND COCONUT
ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED.

The Gazette emtains the memorandum and
articles of Association of the Ceylon Tea and
Coconut Estates Company, Limited, wliicli has
been formed to acijuire the Perth ami Maputu-
gala estate in the Payigam Korale of the Kalu-
tara District. The original capital of the Com-
pany is H50 ',000, divided into one thousand
shares of K5U0 eacli. The signatories are : — \V.
Henry Eigg, Herbert Tarrant, H. H. Capper,
Frank Capper, by his attorney II. H. Capper,
Ada Cap|>er, by her attorney II. H. Capper,
Etliel M. Eigg, by her attorney H. II. Capnei
and Katharine Eox Tarrant.

M.VHKET EOU TEA SHARES.

Thursday, Evening, Oct. 20, 18915.

A steady and increasing business has been in pro-
gress the past week in the shares of the Indian
tea companies, mostly at advancing prices, and the
Stock Exchange official list shows more than one
advance in quotations. There is a great deal of in-
vestment buying going on iu all the shares which
stand in best repute.

i\Iincing Lane keeps rather easy, though there
seems to have been something of a steadying iu prices
during ilie week just closed. Telegrams from India
point to a somewhat early closing iu of the cold
weather, so that the total crop seems likely, if any-
tliing, to tot out slightly short of even the more
recent revised estimate.

Fur.sn Issues, — Consolidated Tea and Lauds Co.
sliares are now all quoted iu the official list. Special
settlement, Itli prox. — Home and Oolonud JJail, Oct. 30.

^

THK LANKA I’LANTATTGNS COMPANY,
LIMITED.

DiitEirroits. — Mr. George Allen, Chairman; Mr.
^Villiam Austin, Mr. Henry Bois, and Mr. Edward
Pettit.

Age.xt.s in CoLOMno. — iMessrs. .1. M. Robertson & Co.

Secketauy. — Mr. Charles M. Robertson.

.Vuthorised capital T‘200,000, iu l.">, 000 ordinary shoves
of tTO each ant 5,000 preference shares of TTO each,
of which only 1,470 have been issued.

Rupert to be pi’escmtod at iho Sixteenth Ordinary
tiGiiural Meeting of t!ie Lanka Plantations Compan\,
Jjiiniled, to be held at the office of the Company,
on Woduosday, the 11th November 18015, at 12 o’clock
noon, precisely.

1. The Directors now submit their report for the
twelve months ending 30th Juno last, together with
tho balance slreet and accounts of the Company
made up to that date and duly audited.

2. The coffee crop sliippod to London was (505
cwf., against 1,371 cwt. last year, and realized
L.,,57 lls 2d net. The acreage under coffee alone
I’oiiiains at 210 acres, and the trees being still in
good heart are receiving careful cultivation.

3. The total crop of coco.a gathered on Yattawatto
amounted to 1,355 cwt., against 1,214 cwt. last yesr,
and realised tM.lO;! Is 3.1, the market price b'ing
a siiado stronger. During tlie season 51 acres were
planted with cocoa, 44 acres of which iiave hci n
interlined with Liberian coffee which is growing well ;
and 150 acres of available land adjoining the estate

Dec. r, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

405

]iave been pui-chased making a total of 192 acres
new land. The cost of the laud and the new plant-
ing are charged to capital account.

4. The tea received from the Company’s estates
amounted to 01G,lbl lb., and has been sold at an
average of 8T5d per lb. net, realizing .£21,907 10s 2d.
Last year the Company received 528,048 lb., which
was sold at an average of 8d per lb. net, and realized
£17,507 3s 2d. Credit is due to the Superintendents
for having so well maintained the quality of their
teas in spite of increased yield.

5. The following statement shows the acreage
and state of cultivation of the Company’s estates
on the 30th June last : —

6

d

d § 5

'T3

§ ^
CQ Qj

£ ”3

Estate.

(U

o

a

Tea

O

CJ

O

a

1

■SB

“ £
ei H

Q

pH

Ampittiakande )
Aruhall J

50

414

—

4 167

70

705

Fruit Hill
Fordyce, Garbawn,

—

225

—

— 12

—

237

Goungalla and
Paramatta

772

29 —

135

930

Rappahannock

23

302

—

ol

87

473J

Rill<iinulle

—

232

—

— 6

20

258

Thotulagalla

137

221

—

4 97

90

555

Yattawatto

—

—

*671

95 267

100

1139

210

2106

071

103 5795

514

43035

44 acres interliimd witli Liberian colfee.

0. The net profits for the past year amounted to
.£10,708 Is Id, to which must be added the sum
£1,270 18s lOd the balance brought forward from the
year 1894-5, making together .£11,978 19s lid.

7. Having already paid a half-year’s interim divi-
dend on the six per cent preference shares lo the
31st December 1895, amounting less property tax to
£426 Od Od, tne Directors recommend the payment
of the dividend on these shares to t'nc 30th June last
requiring less property tax a similar amoun'j, and
having deducted .01,500 the customary 10 per cent
from the 10 years of the suspense account, they fur-
ther recommend a dividend of 10s per share free of
income tax (being 5 per cent per annum), on the
ordinary shares, amounting to £7,500 carrying forward
a balance of £2,000 7s lid to the next account.

8. The Directors who retire on this occasion are
Mr. Heniy Bois and Mr. William Austin, who being
eligible offer themselves for re-election.

9. Mr. .John Smith, the Auditor, also nAires and

being a shareholder offers himself for re-election.—
By order, C. M. Robertson, Secretary'.

12, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C., Oct. 30, 1890.

PLAXTINC AND PRODUCE.

Jap.vn Te.v .Exi’ORT.vnoN. — The floods in Japan liavc
played havoc with the season’s tea crop, the exports
of which, it is estimated, will not be much more than
half of tho c.xports last year. Accoudiug to the latest
Japanci-.e papers, ojily 353,0001b of tea were brought
to Yokohama between September 1 and September
15, showing a decrease of 580,00Ulb compared with the
latter half of .August. Many miles of railway were
washed out by the floods. Only one branch remained
intact in the cities of Kobd and Osaka, and freight
had to be transferred by this single line as soon as
traffic, at the end of September, could be resumed.
The important line between Osaka and Kanzaki was
still closed when the last steamers loft. The prospects
are for a speedy recovery of things, so that heavy
shipments may be expected next' month and through-
out the coming winter.

A Phase of the L.ujour Question. — It is anything
but gratifying to Indian planters, who are not so
exempt as ihey would wish to be from labour
troubles, to know that British Indian labour is
received with condescension in countries not under
Britisli rule, and th.it the treatment accorded
to the immigrant is anything but good. There

arc, of course, thousand.s of British Indian subjects
who, like other emigrants, leave their country for
their country’s good, and who from labour point of
view are useless. These are indifferent where they
go so long as they make money. But there must be
also many who are a loss to the labour market in India,
and would remain at home if they knew what they had
to put up with elsew'here. The lot of British Indians
in Natal or ihe West Indies is rosy indeed compared
with their life, say, in Geniian East Africa or the
Transvaal. The 'J i/iie.i in its article on Indian affairs
deals with the cynical a.ppreciation of the British
Indian recently expressed by Major von Wissmanu,
who in his statement of Germany’s policy in Africa
was good enough to explain that the greatest obstacle
“to Germ.iny’s making Bast Africa what England
had made India lay in the thinness of the
population.” “In order to obtain a denser
population recourse might be had to settling the
colony with Inliuis” and certain other Asiatics.
Having thus obtaiue I a supply of British Indian
subjects to do the work of opening up the country
— a work which the Arabs and negi'oes will not do —
Major von Wissmanu proposes that “ the negroes
should be taxed least, the Arabs more, and tlie
Indians most of all.” The writer of the Titaes article
goes on to say ; “ Does Major von Wissmaun really
suppose that so valuable a class of British subjects
are to be had by German administrators in East
Africa on tho terms of his programme ?” Perhaps
the Major docs, for an impression prevails that Indian
labour is to he had for the asking in any country or
for any purpose. British Indian subjects are
even attracted to the 'Transvaal, that land of promise
for alien labour, where they receive characteristic
cousideration. ’The Johaniiesberg correspondent of
the Times, writing of this treatment, says : — “ The
Boer Goverumeiu has decided to bring in a drastic
measure dealing with the Asiatic traders in this coun-
try. These poor fellows are to be cleared out of their
present shops in the towns, and are to be allowed to
trade in certain ‘locations’ only. Ostensibly, the
change is to be made on hygienic grounds, but the
real motive is that Asiatic traders are, erroneously,
looked upon as a curse to the country, who spend
no money in it and send all their savings to India.
These people work hard and patiently and live upon
little. I have had years of experience among the
Tamils (a i-ace of Southern India), of whom thers
are large numbers in |Jobannesburg, and a more
decent, inoffensive people it would be hard to find.
'They are very proud to call themselves “ British
subjects of the Queen,” and I believe that the
Indian Government and India Office have contended
that these Indians are British subjects with a right
to claim Britisli protection. Many thou.sands have
been admitted into the Transvaal ; they have brought
goods from India, spent money in acquiring shops
in tire towm, Ore., and it is hoped that a gross in-
justice to the.se poor Indian traders may be avoided
by a timely and jadicious word of advice from the
British Government to tho authorities at Pretoria.”
Perhaps the Indian Government will exercise some
inquiry into the treatment of Indi.an subjects in
countries not under the British flag. — II. and C,
.Mail, Oct. 30.

CENTRAL TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON,
LIMITED.

Directors.— J. Saucroft Holmes, Chairman ; H. K.
Rutherford, and W. H. Anderson.

Secretary. — Sir Wm. Jolrnston, Bart.

Manager in Ceylon.— H. V. Masefield.

Reporc of the Directors to be submitted at the
First Annual Ordinary General Meeting of Share-
holders to be held at 21, Mincing Lane, E.C., on
Thursday the 5th November, 1890.

^ The Directors have the pleasure to submit the
Gjiieral Balance Sheet and Pi off t and Loss Ac-
count for the year ending 30th June, 1890, duly
audited,

406

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec. I, 1896.

The net amount at Credit of Profit and

Loss Account, after providing for £ s, d.
General Expenses, Directors’ Fees,

Income Tsx, &c., is . . . . 3,001 15 0

Dividends on the 6 per cent Preference
Shares were paid for 1895/6 (less In-
come Tax) amounting to . . 870 0 0

It is proposed to pay a Dividend of
10 per cent (less Income Tax) on the
Ordinary Shaves which will absorb . . 1,010 2 0

And to carry forward to next year a
balance of . . . . 281 13 0

£3,001 15 0

The Directors trust the results of the year’s
working of the Estates may be considered satisfactory
by the Shareholders.

The gross average price realized for the tea crop was
8T4d per lb.: and the rate of exchanges Is 2 5-61th d.

The following is a statement of the acreage and
crop from the Company’s Estates : —

Tea in

Tea

Estates.

Bear-

not in

Forest,

Crop.

ing.

Bearing.

Ac.

lb.

Kabragalla .

. -131

-12

464

171,2-27

Somerset

. 221

—

10

95,000

Loxa and

Easdale

. 166

—

27

30,587*

Totals .

. 818

12

510

297,714

* Note. — Loxaaud Easdalecrop is for six mouths only.

Since tho formation of the Company, Lox.a and
Easdale Estates have been purchased. 'To meet the
purchase price of these properties the Directors ar-
ranged a temporary loan, and it is now proposed to
issue 503 Ordinary Shares at a premium.

Under Clause No. 21 of the Articles of Associa-
tion, Mr. J. Sancroft Holmes retires on this occa-
sion from the Board, and, being eligile, ofl'ers himself
for re-election.

It will be necessary to appoint Auditors for 1896/97.

By order of the Board, \Vm. Johnston, Secretary.

London, 29th Oct. 1806.

A TIUF TO BAN AN ALAND IN

WINTER TIME.

By II. T.

Truly as delightful a trip as any of us youthwrners,
as we are called in that land, cm take; for not
only do wo escape the cold unsettled weather of

Victoria during July and August, but we cau

bask under tropic sun, strong enougli to make us
glow under its heat, but tempered at such season
by gentle breezes rendering it a pleasure to breathe
and live under its rays.

After travelling about North Queensland for six
weeks, one cannot help feeling surprised that
so comparatively few Victorians take advan-
tage of so pleasant and instructive a mode of es-
caping our winter, and seeing the tropical beauties
of the North. They would find tho scenery and
the climate a revelation to them, and return with
enlightened ideas as to the characteristics of that
truly interesting portion of this great continent.

It seems to us tliat what is to be seen in these
parts is not sufficiently advertized and made known,
(such as is done for New Zealand), and it is witii
the view of assisting to supply such want that
we havo put together a few hasty notes of our ex-
periences.

There are many opportunities of reaching the
district of which we write whether by rail to
Brisbane and thence by steamer, or by sea direct
from Melbourne by the S. N. Co., Howard
Smith & Co,, or the Adelaide Steam Ship Co.
Our experience being by tho boats of the_ first-
named Company, we can only speak of theiii and
hotter coasting steamors than the “ Arawatta ”

“ Aramac,” and “ Wodonga ” could not be desired-
Tlie “Wodonga” is the largc.->t and best of the three-
Great cleanliness prevails everywhere in it, and the
table is abundant and well-served. 'The only im-
provement wo could suggest is less hurry in getting
through the meals, but that seems to arise as
much from the American habit of bolting food on
the part of the passengers, as from the hurr-y
of the stewaids. It would appear as if the
native-born were following the States in that
particular, as the same fault obtains in the
hotels in the North. 'This haste, in our opi-
nion, accounts, to a great extent, for the number
of people one sees with bad teeth. It must how-
ever be good for the dentists.

It is needless to say anything of such a well-known
place as Brisbane (vvhich is not Bananaland), ex-
cept to mention that, on one of the nights we
were there, occured the severest frost on record,
the bulb thermometer on the ground at the Accli-
mitization Society gardens registering 19 degrees
of frost, and great damage was caused thereby to
the palms, pineapples and all delicate plants of
tropical growth ; and we found Mr. Souttar, the
general and able Curator of these gardens, lamenting
over the sorry sight they jiresented on our visit
to them.

I’assiug on to the North, somewhat less than four
day’s steaming brings us to 'Townsville, allowing for
calling at Ke))pel Bay (landing passengers and cargo
for Kockhampton), Bowen and Flat Top, for Mackay
p.rsscnger.--.

'Townsville being in bit. 15, wo are now fairly in the
tropic.?. Like nearly all tho coastal towns in Queens-
land its site has been badly chosen for access by
water, tho shallow depth even at high tide making it
inconvenient for steamers of the “Wodanga’s” size to
go up the mouth of the river, and cargo and pas-
sengers have to be landed by lighters. Of course
at present matters are made worse from the disas-
trous effects of the cyclone in January last, which
destroyed a large portion of the breakwater. Had
the town however been placed two miles further-
north there is every indication that much money
would have been saved, a safer breakwater con-
structed, and easier access provided.

'Townsville is an interesting place and full of life
and bustle for its size, and it might easily be made
a handsome city in time to come, if the Municipality
or Divisional Board, as such institution is called in
these parts, would exercise taste and spend some
money in improving and planting with trees the
principal streets, as well as clearing aw-ay a great
many unsightly objects which now offend the eye.
Townsville possesses some buildings, notably the offices
of Bums, Philip A Co., some insurance companies
and banks, Ac., but they are bordered by insignificant
wood-and-iron structures of the old shanty type
which will no doubt disappear in time.

There is a rocky hill bordering on the sea
whereon a number of rather neat private residences are
perched in positions which look .«omewhat dangerous
for a place exposed to cyclones.

On the north shore, the hospital is finely situated
on a rise, and further on is the orphanage in the
middle of a nice garden, showing the advantage of
tho free labour given by the boys, while a mile on-
wards, tho battery at Kissing Point commands the
harbour; but the most commanding feature is the
Castle Rock standing a little inwards and sloping
down to the town at its base. 'This rock is about 90d
feet high and easy of ascent, althougb. few residents
ever seem to go up it . From its top the view-
north and south, seawards as well as inland, is very
extensive and lino.

'.riie railway to Hughenden is one of the sources of
business to 'Townsville, opening up as it does con-
nection with the nourishing mining centre of Charters
'Towers and the squatting districts westwards.

For some months past the chief traffic on this
raihvay has been, unfortunately for the country, tho
transport from the inti-rior of tick-infested cattle
which have boon hurried down in thousands to be
boiled down for tho sake of tallow and hides at the

Dec. I, 1896.1

PHK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

407

two meat works in the vicinity of Townsville, which
have found it to their advantage to employ their
plant in such process for the present.

In fact just now whereever one goes about Townsville
there is little else talked of than “ticks,” and we
were not long there without seeing them, both dead
and alive. Had as this plague is and ruinous as have
been the losses caused thereby over a large extent of
country, it seems now on the decrease, and old ex-
perienced squatters think that they will disappear as
quickly as they have come.

And now proceeding further north we rejoin the
steamer again for the 200 odd miles to C .trus. The
best plan is to go there in one of the big steamers,
and return in small coasting boat the “ Palmer ”
which calls at many interesting ports on its voyage.
Cairns itself is not pretty, but being surrounded by
a range of mountains commencing to rise at abotrt
10 miles inland, the view from the sea is picturesque.
The water is very shallow for a long way out, aud
it is only at high tide the steamers can approach
the wharf. When we arrived it was Carnival week,
there being races, agricultrtral show, bazaar, ball,
Ac., yet at ordinary times it seems a very sleepy
place. The streets are w'ide — too wide — for they are
hot made, and the dust is great miless when it rains.
There is a Government nursery at Ivemerunga where
many tropical economical plants can be seen, and
where coffee is growing luxuriantly, -but it is situ-
ated too far from the town, being 9 miles, aud a
bad road, so that comparatively few people visit it.
The sugar plantation and mill of the Messrs. Swallow,
formerly of Melbourne, is about the same distance
in another direction, and it is well worth visiting.
The mill was in full work day and night, with elec-
tric light, pressing canes of good quality.

On the Hambledon plantation can be seen about
30 acres of Arabian coffee only planted out 12 months
ago and already giving good promise of blossom, while
in Mr. W. H. Swallow's garden there arc cacao
trees, cinnamon, and other tropical products, formerly
confined to the East and West Indies, but now
bearing evidence of the suitableness of the climate
and soil of Northern Queensland to produce them
all, given the needful labour, — indeed, we think on
this account alone there is a promising future for
Cairns as the centre aud port for tlie export of
such products. On the slopes of the hills and on
the table land above the ranges there is any qiran-
tity of splendid land awaiting clearing and planting

There are also now being arranged the erection
of one or more central sugar mills under the “Sugar
Worlis Guarantee Act,” involving the opening up
by farmers of a considerable tract of country lying
between 20 and 40 miles of Cairns, in wliich
direction a permanent tramway is now in course of
construction. All this is bringing money and popu-
lation into this district.

The chief attraction of this pirt of Queensland is
to go up the Cairns Ilailway to see the Boron Ilooa
George and Waterfall, out of all question the finest
scenery of its kind to be met with in Australia.
The railway in itself is, as is well-known, a re-
markable undertaking. For about 8 miles it runs
along tolerably level country through dense tropical
jungle in parts, then it ascends the Barron Gorge
reaching in twelve milts the Palls, 1,200 feet above sea
level. In that distance it passes through 15 tunnels
of various lengths and traverses many bridges,
passing on one of them the Stoney Creek Falls, the
spray from the water of wliich dashes over the
bridge in flood time. On another at Surprise Creek
the rails pass 70 feet clear above the bed, and passing
you look sheer down 1,000 feet into the bed of the
Barron. The scene is constantly changing as you
w'ind along the steep sides of the mountains, at some
points a niaguibcent \ijw of the P.icific Oeeon dis-
closes itself, at others you look at the ranges on
the opposite side of the Gorge, descending precipi-
tously down into the valley for 2,000 feet, all clothed
clothed from base to summit with tiees and plmts
and tropical vegetation of all sorts. Then come
the Trails themselves facing the lino where the river
clears the descent of 700 feet to the rocks below.

It would be difficult to overstate the beauty and
grandeur of this even when the waters are low and
in flood it must be a grander sight. ’

At Kuranda station about I J mile above the P''alls
there is a small but comfortable hotel which accom-
modates about 10 guests, and here it is desirable to
stay for a day or two, walk down to the P’alls aud
view them at leisure. There are also interesting
excursions which can be irrade from Jvurauda into
the rich agriculi ural land and heavily timbered
scrub of the Upper Barron ; while beyoird the rail-
way passes into Ihe Ueiberton c-untry, rich in tin
and silver nrinerals.

A few miles above Kuranda can be seen two small
coffee plantations of between four and ten acres
each, the trees on which are about four years old
aud the yield of last season was very satisfactory
aud profitable. ^

As the introducion of Japanese as labourers in
these northern latitudes is quite of recent date it
may be of interest to note that we saw about GO
of them working at various occupations, on the Ham-
bledon sugar plantation, and also at Goondi on
the .lohnstoue river. These Japs are not like the
stray ones to be seen sometimes in Melbourne, but are
sturdy stiong fellows evidently accustsined to’ country
work. They are short but broad shouldered and
muscular, are quick at picking up their new duties
prove quiet and contented subjects filling a place
quite uusuited by climate for white labour.

The places of interest touched at by the “ Palma ”
on the return voyage from Cairns to Townsville are
too numerous to detail in a sketchy paper such as
this, but the Johnstone River will serve as a sample
Nine or ten miles up this river, which can only be entered
at high tide, is the town.ship of Geraldton which
owes its existence to bananas and sugar. For miles
below aud above it, the banks are lined with banana
plantations all leased, and in some instance pur-
chased, by Chinamen, who, cultivate with success
and profit this fruit. Knowing when the steamer i.s
due they have large flat bottomed boats piled witli
bunches and cases ready for shipment south

On the occasion of over the “ Palma ” grounded
on a sand bank about a mile from the town aud in
spite of the personal exertions of Capt. Clark who
worked like a seaman himself, it was -10 hours before
she was got off ; meamvhile we had an opportunity of
visiting the large sugar mill at Goondi belonginff
to the Colonial Sugar Refining Company. This mill
in addition to passing canes of their own crushes for
farmer.s, who either lease or purchase adjacent land
from the Company under a seven years agreement-
and from such iiiforiiiation as we gathered both
from the Company’s representatives, and the farmers
themselves, the arrangement worked harnioniouslv
and to their matiial advantage. ^

The dense and impenetrable tropical bush where
the country has, not been cleared is in itself n sio-m
to see Palms of all sort vie with native trees to
reach the light, while the tree terns also rear their
stateliness, and gigantic creepers clasp all in their
embrace, aud can be seeivat the tree tops 50 or GO feet
above with their cable like ropes coming down tn
the ground, where ferns of all kinds and Azes from
Uie tiny maidenhair to the huge bird-nest abound
There is no entering such jungle without a wav
being cut out, and in some places when a track bai
been opened lor access to where some miinf n
lowest hi. l„e.. felkd, ii i. like .‘L'i

which never sees the sun. ®

One of the beauty spots the “Palma” called
on her way to Townsville is Mourilyan harbour
l..e entrance IS saw murjw that a stone could be
thrown on those on either side of the steamer but
once inside a harbour of great size presen s ’.t«e If
surrounded with hills clad with burden from ton tn

the water edge. The re.nenrberance of ^ Zrt

“■ * *«■"«

To conclude these rough notes we quote a remark
made by Sir Samual Griffiths in an able paper of
his on Pederation recently published in Brisbane
and which we may say has been the main incentive

4o8

THE TROPICAL

of our putting them together “ The present lack
of more general acquaintance and intercourse between
the different colonies is probably one of the most
serious obstacles no-w existing in the way of Fede-
ration.

NOTES FllOM THE METliOEOLlS.

(JKVnOX TEA

in sales this week had rather a clieck tlirongli
an unexpectedly large oiler of “ Indians ;
hut this may be only teniporaiy. More is
thought of the talk of a City Syndicate (of the
liuaneieis, it is said) banded to send out im-
proved

TEA MACHINERY TO CHINA
with the avowed o'lject of preparing and .assort-
ing riuna tea into llroken Peko(!s" ;uid Pekoes
as well as Souchong, s. Many, however, doubt

tlie pro.s]iect of success and, indeed, assert that
the Hist man to try to erect sneh machinery
in tlie interior will soon he “a head the shorter'’'
l‘o:-sihly, the object is to erect a Factory in a
treaty town on the coast. At any rate City
men do not often give money without some
assurance of practical work. Then there is some
talk again of what

JAVA

is going to do with its rich soil, good
jfit and new factories. This w'eek some Java
teas have been .selling up to an average of lOd
and lid; hat one who ought to know assures
me that Java teas are more likely to he a rival
to strong “Assams” than to “Ce'ylons.” Still,
to increase the quantity of Indian quality is a
serious enough prosjiect, except we got Anierica,
Kussia and Australasia to take off a great ileal
more and oust China and Jaiian.

Mr. G, A Talbot is off to
RRAZIL

to see for himself the great Dumont Coflee Com-
pany’s plantations and much interest will be felt
in his report : surprise is exprc.s.sed that tlie attomjit
was not made some time ago to get the o|)inion
of the Ob.s-ercer's Drazil corrc.^pomlent, Mr. A.
Scott lllacklaw, now one of tlie oldest Euro-
jiean residentsand [dantingauthorities from Ceylon.

A visit to the new oliices of

THE CEYLON ASSC Cl .mON
this week carried me up to the tojmiost story
(by a convenient “lift”) ol a liand.some block
in Gracecliurch-streel, where J found Mr. Leake
very comfortably located for his business otiices, and
a commodious, well-lighted chamber allotted to
the Association. It is marvellous to see lioiv
well and youthful the leading Kandy merchant
and planter of the “lifties” and “ six tic.s ” con-
tinues to he. Any stranger would certainly gne.s.s
Mr. Leake to he ten to twelve years younger
than he actually i--. Ills career has been an ex-
ceedingly interesting as well as u.seful one from
school and college days onward.s, and I hope it
may he my privilege to set it forth in the
Tnmkcd Afjriculturist serie.s of Pioneers erelong.

I was very sorry to ini.ss the meeting of the
NEW DIMIiULA RLANTATION COMPANY,
which owes so much, primarily to the Ceylon
Manager, Mr. Dick-Laudei’, and his stall', and
next to the Hoard of Directors with .Mr. Ilcrliert
,'\nderson anil to the .Secretary, Mr. Crabhe. Put
here is the report ot the proceedings at the ineer-
ing: —

the new dlmhula cg.mfanv, ld.

Pveport of proceedings of the twelfth ordinary
general meeting, held at No. 25, Gracechurch Street,

AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. i, 1896.

Ijondon, on Wednesday, 21st October, 18t)B. H.
Bi’ooks, Esq., in the chair.

The SECimxAiiY having read the notice convening the
meeting, and the minutes of the last meeting, held on
October 2;5rd lHtl5.

The CiuiioiAx said : I have now to move that the
Report, Balance Sheet and Accounts as presented by
tlie Directors he received and adopted. The Directors
with me are all •,'ery pleased to have again an op]ior-
tunity of meeting the .shareliolders with a Statement
ot Accounts which cannot fail, 1 think, to give
universal satisfaction. I am pleased to say
that in the past season the yield of tea has shown a
sati.sfactory increase upuu tlie previous verr, and
reached the large total of lUiO.OOO lb. and this is one
reason, of course, for the improved coiuhtion of our
accounts. I may add that it is hoped that in the
present season the yield will exceed a million pounds.
Auotlicr cuise of our success in the past easou iias
been the improved price obtained for tea, the average
net price of the whole crop having exceeded last
year’s price by I [d. per Ih. On the other, hand, there
has been an increase in the cost of about jd. per lb.
This, however, is largely due to the fact that the whole
ot the most recently planted tea is now included in
ttie acreage plucked. At the elevation of this estate
young tea takes a long time to come to maturity,
but we hope as the yield increases, the cost will
revert to something near its previous low level. I
do not think there are any items in the Accounts which
call for special comment from me. They are, I think,
put forward in a very clear manner. It may possibly
occur to some of the shareholders that a larger divi-
dend might have been paid, but in view ot the un-
usually favorable circumstances of the past season,
your Directors think that the most prudent course is to
take advantage of the opportunity to add to the
Reserve Fund. (Applause.) I took occasion last year
to call attention to and to congratulate the share-
holders upon the extinction of all arrears of divi-
dends upon the “B” shares, and the payment of a
first dividend to the “C” shareholders. We are now
launched on our career free of this drag of arrears,
and have now completed the first year on the freer
conditions, and I am very pleased that we are able
to p.ay such a satisfactory dividend as that which is
now recommended, and my earnest wish is that it
may be continued to you for many years to come.
(Applause.) I have to move that the Report,
Balance Sheet and accounts as presented by the
Directors be received and adopted.

Sir A. N. Biiicn, k.c.m.o., having seconded the
motion, Mr. James Anderson stated that he thought the
accounts exceeaingly satisfactory. He gathered from
them that the net jirofit amounted during the year
to .T2;!,8r)2 IGs ?>d and that the Company had in hand
after paying the proposed dividends the sum of
£18,702 iJs 2d, including ihe Reserve Account, and
that the outstanding liabilities only amounted to a
small sum, and that the position of the Company
was a very strong one, and he did not see the
necessity of adding to the Reserve Fund, but thought
it would he more satisfactory if larger dividends were
paid. He also referred to the item of Coast Advances
which he thought was very small aud reflected great
credit ou the management.

The Chaiusiax in reply stated that the opinion of
the Board was that if they started with a dividend of
1(5 percent, they would like to keep it up. They did not
want to start with a flourish of trumpets and pay a 20
per cent., dividend and then have to come down to a
1(5 per cent., that would be rather derogatory ; they
liked to fee! their way a little carefully to begin with,
and thoagli there could ho possible objection to putting
tlio Company on a soli d basis besides this was their first
year 011 the altered conditions of existance, and there
were other reasons why they should bo prepared with
a Reserve Fund.

The resolution was put to the Meeting and carried
unanimouslv.

The Cu.uioiAN then moved: That a dividened bo

declared of H per cent., per annum on the
“ ” and “ 15 ” shares, and of fl per cent., per
annum on the “ C ” shares, for the year ending
June yoth, 189(5; and that an additional divideud

Dec. I, 1896.]

THE PROPICAl

AGRirULTDRlST.

409

of 8 per cent,, be declared on all shares ;
that the same be paj’able on October 22nd loss tne
in'erim dividends paid in March last, and that
£5,000 be placel to the Eeserve Fund.

Mr. W. S. Bennett seconded the motion which was
cariied uminimously.

Mr. W. S. Bennett:— I have now to ask the
Chairman to put this resolution, and I have a
peculiar pleasure in doing so, because Mr. Brooks
and I have served together on the Board from the
very beginning of the new Company, and there"
fore, I have great x^lcasure in proposing, that Mr.
Herbert Br.)oks be re-elected a Director of the
Company.

Mr. W. Heheei.t Anderson seconded the re-election
of the Chairman.

The resolution was carried unanimously.

The Cu.uuMAN Gentlemen, I have to think you
very much for the honour you have done me in
re electing me as a Director. It is not the

first time vou have re-elected me, I think it
is the third or fourth, and each time I have still
the same pleasure in thanking you and saying 1 will
continue to do my best as I have done hitherto
for the good of the Company.

Mr. Henry Brooks proposed : — That Mr. George
Rneath be elected .\uditor for the ensuing year at
a fee of 20 guineas. , x

i\fR. T. A. Barker. —I shall be glad to second that

reiiolution.

The resolution was canfied.

The Chairman. — The ne.xt resolution comes as an
annual dish. I think it ought not to be passed over
in silence. It is that a vote of thanks be accorded
to our Resident Manager and staff in Ceylon. At-
tention has already been called to the manner in
which he has kept down the Coast Advances, and I
can say that the Board very closely scrutinise the
expenditure in Ceylon, and they can only speak favour-
ably on the question of cost. I am sure his heart
is in his work, and he is ably supported by his
staff. I have much pleasure in proposing a vote of
thanks to the Resident Manager and the Colonial staff.

Mr. J. Anueiison.— I have great pleasure in second-
ing tins motion. I am sure anyone who has been
connected with the Company as long as I have—
and that has been from the commencement— and who
knows Mr. Dick Lauder personally, must thoroughly
appreciate him for the way in which he manages
the work of this Company. As I said before. I do not
suppose there is any company w’hose efforts have
been attended with so much success, and I am sure a
great do’al of it is due to the manager on the spot and
the staff. .

The resolution was earned unanimously.

Mr. J. Anderson :— Before we part, I think it
our duty to move a vote of thanks to the Chairman
and Directors, Everything that they have put before
us is satisfactory. I may differ a little with the
Chairman and Directors on one point, that is the
Reserve Fund, but I think the great success of the
Company is largely due to the Chairman and Directors.
I have »reat pleasure in moving a vote of thanks to
the Cha'innan and Directors.

Mr. Barker : — I have much pleasure in seconding it.

The resolution was put to the meeting and carried

unanimously. .

The Chairman I must again thank you for
the very pleasing compliment. I can .assure you
it "gives us very much pleasure to work for the
Comii.any, and it is very pleasing to us that we have
so few differences with our shareholders. We are
vary much obliged to you for your kindness.

The x>roceedings then terminated.

TliK MIDL.\NUS TEA PEANTATIONS CO.
which owns Strathellie, Gnei.ss' Rock, etc., lias
made a good imrohase in

15 [. ACK.STON KE.ST ATE

for £lG,.oOU— good, bcninse it rounds off

and improves the rest of their property, all'ord-
im>’ too, a capital factory for e.xtended operations.
Me.Urs. Gow, Wilson A Stanton are no>v to oiler
Mr. C, Anderson’s
51

GAHTMORE

(Ma.skeliya) properties hy public auction on 26tli
Nov., with a reserve price of no mean propor-
tions. Indeed, if rumour speaks true, iirivate
oilers running considerably over £30,()00 have
already been placed on one side.

THE AGRA OUVAH ESTATES CO., LD.

Minutes of proceedings at the extraordinary
general meeting of sliareholders of tlie Agra
Onvali Estates Company, Ld., held at No. 7, tiliieeii
Street, Fort, Colombo, on Saturday, IHh Nov. 1896.

Present Mr. tk A. Leechman, in the Chair,
and Mr. G. H. Alston, Directors ; Mr. F, F.
Street, Mr. Jas. Forbes and Mr. G. J. Donald.

Tlie following shareholder.s were repre.sented hy
the holders of their powers of attorney. — Mr. (i.
W. C.arlyon by Mr. G. H. Alston, Mr. ^V. H.
Eigg by Mr. G. H. Alston, Mr. G. C. Walker
hy Mr. .las. Forbes.

Mr. Leechman having taken the chair, the
notice convening the meeting was read. He tlien
said :--Tiie only Imsiness we have to deal willi
today is to conliiua tlie special resolution jiassod
on 24 October last.

Proposed by the CiiAi UMAX : — “ That the Share
Capital of the Company be and the same is
liereby increased from R400,000 to K750,000, by
the creation of 700 shares of RSOOeach.”

This was seconded by Mr. J.\S. FoRUES and
carried nein. con.

A NEW DEVELOPMENT IN THE TEA .
TRADE.

A meeting of the Management Committee of
the Birmingham Grocers’ Association was lield
at the offices of the Secretary, Colniore Row, last
night, Mr. J. L. Instone presiding — Mr. J. Norris
called attention to what he described as the
latest development in tlie tea trade. A large
firm of local tea dealers was offering pianos as
an inducement to imrcliase of their tea. Grocers
were exhibiting the pianos in their windows, and
he regarded this as a degradation of the trade,
Tlie Association had protested against the pre-
sent system in the trade, and thought they
should take some action in this instance. —
Councillor Jarvis thonglit the members of the
Association had tied their liaiids in the matter.
They were unfortunately coinpelleil to sell pro-
prietary articles which were aceomiiaiiied hy
presents. He understood tliattlie ohjeels of the
linn ill question in offering tlie pianos simply
meant diverting a portion of the money they
spent in advertising. He did not see how they
could oViject to sncli an arr.angement. — The two
members of the linn concerned attended the meet-
ing, and explained the circumstances under which
they offered the pianos saying it was nothing
more or less than an .atHerLisemeiit. — A discus-
sion took place as to wlietiier they avould discon-
tinue requesting grocers to exhibit the pianos
in their windows, and a jiromise was given that
no further firms slionid he asked to exhibit them,
and that if those who entered into arrangements
to do so were willing to break the contract the
linn would not object. It was also stated that
the value of the tea was ex.actly tlie same as
before the 100 pianos were ollbieii. A re.solution
was passed that, having heard the explanation
of tlie originators of the new development, they
he requested to consider how far tliey could meet
the wishes of tlie As.sociation in withdrawing
tlie exliibition of the pianos in grocers' shop
windows, and tlie matter dropped. — Binningham
Daily Post.

410

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec. r. 1S96.

TEA IN AMERICA.

New York, Oct. U.

At last there are signs of improvement in cle-
niaml and so marked tliat some varities, notali'.y
low grade Formosas, are up fully ‘2c per pouml.
There is no improvement to note in price for green
teas, but holders of Japan are much more conli-
dent, parcticularly as the export this year is far
below last. Ceylon and India sorts are steady.

Last week the Montgomery Auction and Com-
mission Company sold 6,(593 packages of tea, as
follows : Moyune — 25 H^son 6^- at 7c : 421 Young
Hyson, at 27^c; 100 Imi)erial, 7atl9ic; 199
Gunpowder, 144at34|c’ Pingsuey — 233 Imperial,
9i at 15c ; 731 Gunpowder, 9 at ‘23c. Japan — 466
Congou, 9 at 17c ; 168 India and Orange Pekoe,
11 at 17c ; 56 Capers, Hat 16ic. Oolong — 531
Foochow, 6^ atSc ; 3,163 Formosa, 13 at 36^c.

To day at noon the Montgomery Auction .and
Commission Company will sell 6,904 packages,
viz; 671 packages Moyune, new season's, includ-
ing attactive chops ; 8(36 boxes I’ingsuey, invoices
of seasons 1896 and 1897 ; 5 half-chests Japan ;
901 half-chests and boxes Congou, including new
season’s, and comprising fancy Monings, Ning
Chows and desirable Pekoes and Paklinas ; 24
boxes Capers ; 1‘26 packages India, Java and
Ceylon, including fancy grades ; 423 half-chests
F'oocliow ; 3,948 half-chests and boxes Formosa,
a very attractive offering, incluJing new season’s,
fancy invoices of specially selected rich ami
spicy summer crop and invoices of desirable
leaf, heavy drawing teas. — American Grocer,
Get. 14.

THE WE-OYA TEA COMPANY, LI3.

At a meeting of the shareholders of the above
Company held on Thursday, 19lh Nov. 1896,
the following were present : —

Directors: Mr. E. J. Young, in the chair,
Messrs. E. S. Anderson and W. J. Smith.

Messrs. A. Thomson, W. D. Gibbon, G.
Vanderspar, E. H. A. Vanderspar, Gordon Pyper,
H. Creasy, D. Edwards, and J. H. Starey. Mr,
C. J. Donald acted .as Secretary.

The following were represented by their at-
torneys Messrs. C. Young, A. luonison, W.
Cookes, Major G. L. Gwatkin, G. C. M'alker,
J. MacLiesh, J. H. John.ston, J. K. Morrison,
and Mrs. E. C. Ibaillie.

The folhnving were represented by proxies : —
Messrs. F. G. A. Lane, \V. F. R. Reid, W. P.
Metcalfe, Mrs. L. C. Stuart, and Mrs. A. S
Donald.

It was proposed “ That the We-Oya Tea
Company, Ld., l)e wound up voluntarily,”— which
was carried unanimously.

THE LATE DR. TRIMEN, F.R.S,

Dr. Trimen’s death has attracted much notice
in Encland. One correspondent writes : —

“ VVe were, as you may suppose, much grieved
to hear of poor Dr. Trimen’s death. There have
been several very a])preciative notices in tlie
London pa])ers. One from the Gardcncr'x Chro-
nicle is good ; also a notice of his letirement
from the Kcio Hulletin ol July or August last.
There will be a notice of his ueaih in the
November Bulletin.’

The notices are as follows : —

nn. IIENEY TRIMEN.

The friends and acquaintances of Dr. Henry ■'I'riinen
will receive the news of his death with deep sorrow.
His modesty, his gentleness, his sympathy, his riglit-

mindedness, his sweetness of disposition, and readi-
ness to lielp, were as remarkable as his extensive
botanical attainments. Trimen was educated for the
medical profession, and took the degree of Bachelor
of .bedicineat the University of London. .Ittacliing
himself particularly to tlje study of botany, he became
an assistant in the Botanical Department of the
British Museum ; and on the death of our old cor-
respondent, Dr. Thwaites, in 1882, became Director
of the Roj'al Botanic Garden at Peradeniya, Ceylon.
That position he filled till compelled recently by ill-
health to relinquish bis duties.

Dr. Trimen first attracted attention by the excel-
lent Flora of Middlesex, prepared by himself in con-
junction with Mr. W. Thiselton-Dyer, the present
Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. That book has
formed the model on which all subsequent county
floras have been prepared, and the more closely they'
have approximated to it, the more valuable ha.s been
the result.

During the period of his service in the British
Museum, Trimen was associated with the late Pro-
fessor Bentley in the preparation of the standard
work on Medical Botany, and also edited the ,/ounuil
of Jlotanii, in which periodical appeared several
critical notices from his pen. On his apiDointment
to the directorship of the beautiful garden at Pera-
deniya, Trimen took up the work left unfini.shed by
Thwaiios, and devoted himself to the preparation of
a complete flora of the island. Three parrs of the
llandhool- to the Flora of (,'njlon have appeared, bring-
ing the work down to the Balanophoraceoe, so that
the work is well advanced, and we trust material may
be in hand for its com)iletion. It is accompanied by
an atlas of coloured plates of the more interesting
species. Not long since Trimen visited this country
to seek medical assistance when his friends were
shocked at his condition, and entertained fore-
bodings which the event has only too surely verified.
Dr. Trimeu died at Peradeniya on 16th inst., in his
53rd year.

It will be a matter of deep regret not merely to
the Government of the colony, which he has served
so well, but also to the botanical world, that Dr.
Trimen was obliged, owing to the serious ill-health,
to retire on July 1st last fiom the post of Director
of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, in Geylon.
Dr. Tiiinen, who was at the time second officer in
the Botanical Department of the British Museum,
was a^ipointed on the recommendation of K,e\v to
succeed the late Dr. Thwaites in 1879. His adminis-
tration of Peradeniya, whether from a practical or
a scientific point of view, has brought it into the
trout rank of the great botanical establishments of
the world. On this point the following extract may-
be quoted from an article by Dr. Treub, the Director
of the Great Botanic Garden of the Dutch Govern-
ment at Buitenzorg in Java. This article, originally
published in the licrue des heux Mondes for .January
last, has been translated in the Smith aonian llc/wrl
issued from Washington.

Extract from “A Tropical Botanic Garden,” by
Dr. Treub, in Smithsonian Jlcport for 1890, p. 390:

“The Royal Gaiden of Peradeniya, in the island
of Ceylon, was found in 1821. Situated near Kandy,
at an altitude of nearly 500 metres [1,600 feet]
having a moist and hot climate, occupying more
than 60 hectares [150 acres], and connected as it is
■with the port of Colombo by a railway, the garden
of Peradeniya possesses conditions most favourable
in every respect. For many years it was under the
direction of Dr. Thwaites, a man of real merit but
who thought a botanic garden in a tropical country
should be in some manner a reduced copy of the
virgin forest. This system, more original than meri-
torious, excludes any methodical arrangement of
plants an 1 necessarily restiicts tlie number of speci-
mens. Dr. H. Trimcn, tbe successor of Dr. Thwaites
as soon as he arrived in Ceylon, realised the dis-
advantages of the plan of his predecos.sor. To dis-
tribute over an area of 60 hectares, without iinv
order, a great number of plants, for the most jiart
not labelled, was to fatally embarrass the scientific
use of the rich collections that had been brought

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

Dec. I, 1896.J

together. So Dr. Trimen did not hesitate to adopt
a new arrangement of plants according to the natural
system, and to label them as far as it was possible
to do so. With branch establishments upon the
plain and upon the mountain, the garden of Pera-
deniya has before it a brilliant future.

Dr. Ti’imen has not merely carried oit a most
efficient and thorough reorganisation of his depart-
ment, but he has signalised his term of office by
the production of three volumes accompanied by an
atlas of plates of the long-desired Handbook of the
Flora of Cei/lon. (For notices of these volumes,
reference may be made to the Few Bulletin for 1893,
pp. 3-1 and 227, and 1895, p. 236.) A final volume
alone remains to complete this valuable work. It is
satisfactory to record that Dr. Trimen has been
“ given by the unanimous vote of the Legislative
Council a special allowance in addition to his pen-
sion for the last six months of the year in order
to complete the scientific work upon which he is
now engaged.”

Intelligence has reached England of the death,
on the 18th inst., at Peradeniya, Ceylon in his fifty-
third year, of Dr. Henry Trimen, F.E.S., P.L.S.,
late Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon.
The deceased gentleman was formerly senior assis-
tant in the notanical department of the British
Museum, prior to which he had acted as lecturer on
botany at St. Itlary’s Hospital Medical School. He
was also for many years editor of i\\e Journal of Botami.
In conjunction with Bentley he wrote “Medicinal
Plants,” a work much valued by pharmacists and
he was one of the authors of Trimen and Dyer’s
“ Flora of Middlesex.” Of late years he had been
engaged in writing a “Handbrok to the Flora of
Ceylon,” three volumes of which have already been
published.

The friends of Dr. Trimen who saw him during
his last visit to England— a twelvemonth ago
last summer — would not be altogether unprepared for
a serious turn in the malady, or rather maladies, from
which he suffered; yet the news of his death on the
16th inst. came as a surprise, even to those best
acquainted with his condition. For several years he
suffered from deafness, which at length became ab-
solute, and then gradual paralysis of the lower limbs
set in. This terminated not long since in utter help-
lessness so far as his legs were concerned, and func-
tional complications arising, he succumbed sooner
than was expected. He bore his afflictions with w on-
derful fortitude, and even cheerfulness ; and his only
desire was to be spared to complete his great work,
the “ Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon.” But this
was not to be. It is to be hoped, however, that a
competent botanist will be found to complete this
important and admirably-planned publication.

Henry Trimen was born in London in 1843, and
educated at King’s College. In 1865 he graduated
M.B., but he never practised medicine. His favour-
ite study was botany, and he at first specially de-
voted himself to the British flora and the sources
of vegetable drugs. In 1867 he was appointed Lec-
turer on Botany at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical
School; and in 1869, he entered the Botanical De-
partment of the British Museum as senior assistant.
In the meantime he had published a number of con-
tributions to British botany, chiefly relating to the
flora of Surrey, of Hampshire and especially of
Middlesex. His first work appeared in the Phi/lo-
logist in 1862. Soon he became acquainted with
\V. T. Thiselton-Dyer, the present Director of Kew
Gardens, and the result was their admirable “Flora
of Middlesex,” published in 1869. This work still
holds a position in the first rank among county
“Floras.” In 1886, Trimen discovered IVolfia arrhiza
at Staines; the first locality recorded for it in Eng-
land. It was in that year that vvriter became acquain-
ted with Trimen and his associate, and made various
excursions with them collecting materials for their
“Flora.” In 1870, Trimen joined Dr. B. Seemann in
editing the Journal of Bot<m:,', and on the death of
the latter he assumed the full responsibilities of edi-
tor, which he continued to exercise until he went to

41 1

Ceylon, Concurrently he was conducting his investi-
gations in medical botany, and he associated himself
with Robert Bentley in the publication of an illus-
trated work on “ Medicinal Plants” — a work of much
research, comprising four volumes containing up-
wards of 300 coloured plates, Passing over many
minor events, we come to the period when he was
appointed to succeed Dr. Thwaites in the important
and onerous duties of Director of the Botanic Gar-
dens of Ceylon — duties he discharged in a manner
satisfactory to the home authorities and the colonists.
His annual reports are models of what such reports
should be. He at once took up the study of the
native flora, and was soon actively engaged in the
introduction of valuable economic plants of other
countries for cultivation in Ceylon. The first volume
of his “Handbook” appeared in 1893; the second in
1894 ; and the third in 1895 ; and from his last letters
we learn that he was still working with a will, in
spite of his afflictions.

As a botanist. Trimen was a man of great attain-
ments. As a friend, he was sympathetic, sincere, and
constant. His work was always thoroughly and con-
scientiously performed, and is consequently of an
enduring natttre. This v/as recognised in his being
elected a F ellow of the Royal Society in 1884
-^Nature W. Botting Hemslev,

^

CHINAS’ TEA TRADE.

Eight of the leading British tea merchants in
northern China have addressed to the Shanghai
Chamber of Commerce the following interesting
letter ; —

“As a Tariff question is now being re-opened, the
occasion seems, fitting that we, the undersigned, buyers
of tea in North China, should ask your particular
attention to the disastrous condition into which the
Chinese tea trade has fallen ; which is, in our opinion,
largely due to the heavy taxation under which it
has laboured for many years, a taxation far in excess
of the Treaty tariff of 5 per cent, ad valorem.

“During last season, 1895-1896, the export of
black tea from China to great Britain has amounted
to only 37J million pounds, as against 117 millions
in season 1887-1888, and 169 millions in seasons
1880-1881, a decrease of 13 1| million pounds in
fifteen years. This enormous decrease in the volume
of the trade, one of the main foundations of our
commercial existence in China, has, needless to say,
been attended in its coiu'se with terrible loss and
distress to a large number of foreigners and to hundreds
of thousands of Chinese.

“ The taxation consists of the export duty, Haikuan
Taels per picul, and the likin taxes which average
about Taels 2| per picul, — in all, say Tls. 5 per picul,
which was the average cost of black tea in North China
is about Tls. 20 per picul duty paid, means a tax of
over 30 per cent, on the cost of tea purchased at
the treaty Ports. On sound common tea, which
costs about Tls. 11 per picul duty paid, the taxation
thus amounts to over 80 per cent, on the cost. Now
the Treaties of Nanking and Tientsin (1842 and
1858) fixed the duty on tea at Haikuan Taels at 2J
per picul, which was to represent an ad valorem
rate of 5 per cent. At the present time, however,
an ad valorem rate of 5 per cent, would be only
about I of the 'Tael per picul and foreigners were
entitled every ten years to have the Tariff revised
in this sense, under Article 27 of the Treaty of
Tientsin, 26th June, 1858. As to the likin exactions,
which go to make up the Taels 5 per picul,
these were of course never contemplated by the
Treaties.

“ It is only natural that Chinese tea penalised as
it is by this crushing taxation, has been quite
unable to compete with the untaxed produce of India
and Ceylon. Not only in England but also in the
smaller markets of Australia and America, do we
see the working of this inevitable law.

“ To Australia, China will ship this season only
about 7 million pounds of Black Tea, as against
21 millions in 1880 and 1881 ; there the untaxed

412

thf: tropical agriculturist.

[Dec. I, 1896.

British grown teas have begun to be taken of late
years with the usual result, so that the Aus-
tralian is now almost on all fours with the English
trade.

“To North America China ships bulk of her green
teas, and there again the taxation tells, as in that
market these teas have to face the competition of com-
aratively untaxed .Japan teas (the dirty in Japan
eing only #1 per picul) with the usual result of a
decling export from China.’’

“ The decay of China Tea Trade is going on so
persistently that it will soon become a lost trade,
unless its burdens are removed. To restore it to a
healthy state, we would recommend further steps be-
ing taken towards improved quality, and as the pro-
ducers seem unable or unw'illing to effect reforms in
this direction, it would be well if the government
were to appoint a board of enquiry, to carry out
such reforms as might suggest themselves, from a
study of what is done elsewhere.’’

The same subject occupies the attention of foreign
merchants in Amoy, where the proximity of For-
mosa and consequent familiarity with Japanese rates
of taxation, bring into marked salience the cripping
weight of the Chinese impost. Tea grown in Formosa
under Japanese rule pays no lihin or other local tax
the only impostlevied being an exiiort dutyof$1.10 per
picul. On the other hand, lea exported from Amoy
pays an export duty of :^3.85 per picul, together with
about lUcin. Thus the difference of taxation is
no less than ^5.75, or, in other w'oids, tea exported
from China is taxed more than live times as heavily as
tea exported from Fomiosa. A great difficulty against
which Formosa has to contend is the want of harbour
facilities : there is no harbour within easy reach
of the tea districts where large steamers can load
safely throughout the year. Hence T’ormosan tea
has hitherto been carried to Amoy for final ship-
ment, and the merchants of Amoy are i aturally
apprehensive lest, under .Japanese rule in Formosa,
the course of trade may be altered. Mr. Cousul
Gardner, iu his last trade report for Amoy, says : —
“ The loss of the Formosa tea business to Amoy
would be a very serious blow to the prosperity of
the port, W'ould seriously effect the Customs reve-
nue in the matter of tonnage duc.«, would throw
out of employment many hundreds of labourers, and
by reducing the circulation of money in the city
by some millions of dollars, materially affect its
already rapidly-declining prosperity. It is impos-
sible to over-estimate the value in indirect ways
which the Formosa tea trade is to Amoy, and all
interested iu the welfare of our port, officials and
merchants alike, should do their utmost to retain it.”

We do not, for our own part, believe that the
want of harbour facilities will long be suffered to
injure F'ormosa. Harbour improvement is among the
projects seriously contemplated by the Japanese.
Meanwhile, it is possible that the livid object
lesson furnished by Japan's methods in Formosa
may help to teach wisdom to Chinese of'liciahiom.
Mr. Gardner says that, were it not for excessive
taxation, the Amoy tea districts could co npete with
Formosa iu growing Oolong. Twenty-five years ago,
throe million dollars was the annual income derived
by Fokieu from the business of growing tea for for-
eign markets ; today, the income is little more than
oue-tenth of that sum.

This question of the duties levied by China upon
tea has much interest for Ja|)an, apart from tho
Formosan jihase of tho problem. There is no doubt
that the cheaper grades of Jaiiauese tea would find
a cousideiable market in the north of China were
not the duties prohibitive. In the early li.tys of
China’s tea trade, the tea had to be carried to
Canton for firing and packing, with the result that
its original price was doubled, approximately. More-
over, the proilncer obtained a comparatively high
price in those times, so that, on the whole, the
specific export duty of 2J Tls. per picul was not
very onerous. Hut when tho tea came to be shipped
direct from Hankow and other producing centres,

the manufacluring charges were laigely reduced, and
at the same lime, the producer’s price fell in res*
ponse to the European markets. The average cost
of black tea in northern China being now 1.5 Tls.
per picul, approximately, it is evident that an ex-
port duty of 2| Tls. (S) and Unhin of Tls. (S)
represent taxes aggregating 33 per cent. Now
Japanese tea sent to China has to pay an import
duty of 2j Tls. (S) per picul, together with Ig Tls.
linkin or -IJ 'Tls. in ad, and as the average cost of
the tea at the port of shipment is 7 Tls. it results
that the taxes levied in China aggregate nearly 59
per cent. If, despite this crushing impost, nearly
a hundred thousand yan worth of .Japanese tea
found its way to China last year, we may reasonably
assume that were tho import duty and other taxes
reduced to 5 or 10 per cent; the Japanese leaf would
find a considerable market in the neighbouring
empire. — Japan Wethly JIail, Oct. 17.

THE YATIYANTOTA TEA COMPANY,
LIMITED.

At a meeting of tlie shareholdens of the above
Company, held on Thur.sday, lUtli November 189(5,
the following were present : —

Messrs. W. D, (ribbon, in the Chair, A.
Thonrson and E. S. Anderson (Directors) and
Messrs. J. H. Starey and D. Edwards.

The following were repre.senled by their at-
torneys Me.ssrs. C. Young, W. H. G. Duncan,
G. W. Carlyon, Mrs. L. T. Carlyon, J. MacLiesh
and .1. K ^lor rison.

It ivas propo.sed “ That the Yatiyantota Tea
Com]»any, Limited, be wound np voluntarily ” —
which was carried unanimously.

COFFEE IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA.

The German East African Company in its report
on the proceedings of the last twelve months dwells with
satisfaction on the coffee plantations at Agnolo and
Derema (where girls’ schools have been founded, of
which the company is not a little proud), inasmuch as,
according to some contemporaries, the Ijcif motive
of German colonisation is the spread of civilisation.
Jlcvenoux d nos moutons, or rather to coffee. The in-
roads of Hemileia vastalrix have been victoriously
overcome. There are between 500,000 to 000,000
coffee trees in excellent health. The yield of ber-
ries during the last year has been 700 cwt. The
first quality' of coflee fetched 1 mk. 10 pf. 011 tlie
Hamburg market, and as about 100,000 young trees
will come to maturity this y'ear a larger yield is
confidently anticipated in 1897. Mr. Kowehl, over-
seer, as yet has chiefly planted Arabian coffee. Li-
beria coffee trees are principally flourishing at Lan-
gnla, where the high ground suits them.

Tea plantatious are likewise prospering at Deroma,
but it is too soon to judge of the quantity of tho leaf,
though the trees look healthy. Should these tea
plantations prove a success, the company consider
that Gliiueso and Sondaiiose coolies will be inclispen*
sablo for the delicate manipulation of the leaves, to
wbk'h Eurojioaus have not been trained. It is hoped
iu Herliii that tho German Govenuneut will give its
assistance to the pro •uriug of coolies from tho East.
Meaiiwhilo the Wanyamwezis and Wafykumas have
proved excellent labourers, and are so pleased with
ihe work they propose transporting tho Smalahs
(wives and children) to tho vicinity of the tea
plantations. Cocoa culture does not thrive at De-
rema because tho ground lies too high, whereas it
prospers over a surface of 3,000 hectares along the
coast between Miioa and Jasstac. Sea breezes favour
the health of the trees. — Central African I'tantcr
Sept. 15. ’

Diic. I, 1896.]

THR TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

413

THE RAMIE SYNDICATE.

Thu Textile Industries and Journal of Fabrics
says : —

Tile treatment of the Rhea or Ramie fibre is at
present receiving a great amount of attention, and
many inventors are attempting to perfect systems by
which they hope to gain the immense returns that
are certain to be the resvard of the one wlio brings
forward the process which proves itself a perfect com-
mercial success. This .Tournal has paid no small
amount of attention to the question of Rhea, and,
during the past tew years, much interesting inform-
ation on the subject has been given in its pages.
One invention after another has been fully described,
and, as recently as July, we gave particulars of two
processes which are considered to liave a favourable
chance of being crowne I with success. Another sys-
tem has been brought prominently before the public,
namely that of Mr. Taylor Burrows and Mr. D.
Edwards-Radclyffe. This being worked by the Ramie
Syndicate, who after exhaustive experiments, have
commenced a factory at Hythe End Mill, Staines,
near Windsor. This factory is furnished with a com-
plete plant for the treatment of Rhea, from the
decorticating of the stems to the spinning of the
yarns. There are already between thirty and forty
liands employed, and the Syndicate hopes before long
to greatly increase this number. The factory pre-
mises can be extended as the success of the euter-
prize may call for additions, and, we understand,
that, already, largely increased power has been ren-
dered indispensable.

Prominence has been given to the Ramie question
by a meeting of members of the press, which took
placg at the Syndicate’s works a day or two ago
wire the whole process was seen in operation. We
are '^formed that the company is executing orders
for ^uch quantities as have never before been at-
temxited. The largest consignments are, however,
being made for canvas manufacture, also for sail
cloths, fishing-lines, and similar purposes, but many
good orders have been given for the better classes of
fabrics, sucli as for lace, dress materials, hosiery,
cloths of various kinds, velvets, and similar fabrics,
and also for tapes and boot laces. Some of the
Bradford, Manchester, and Glasgow firms are already
employing the Rhea manufactured by this Syndicate
in their works. The great strength of the fibre ap-
peals to attract manufacturers, and, where a proper
chemical treatment is afforded, time has no w'eaken-
ing effget upon the material. But this is a great point
— it is a very easy matter to remove the gum and
bleach the fibre, but whether or not its strength has
been deteriorated, time alone can, in many cases,
determine. Should this process possess all the ad-
vantages claimed for it, manufacturers will find
other attract'ons in Rhea, apart from its strength,
as its silky nature and its suitability for a
variety of high-class fabrics is well-known.
When once the proper method of utilizing Rhea has
been clearly demonstrated, there will be no end to
its uses, and so easily is it cultivated in all sub-tropical
countries that, given the demand, the supply may be
always ready.

The plant which the Ramie Syndicate has at work
includes decorticating, boiling and softening, pre-
paring, combing, and sjunning machinery, so that
the whole process is gone through at the vvoik-i. We
give an illustration of the decorticating machine in
Fig. 1, which turns out as much work as fifty men can
do by hand labour. It \s'ould thci'efore pay planters
to have such maobines in their fields, as the treatment
on the spot would be of great advantage to them,
whether compared with decorticating by- hand labour
or exporting the Rhea in stem^. Very little need
be said in reference to this machine. It is simple
in construction and effective in its operation, the
stems being fed in at one end and returned as fibre,
whilst no skilled labour is required, two boy.s being
able to attend to it. It is portable, and can be worked
by steam, water, or animal pow-er, so that it is very
suitable for dealing with the stems where grown.
The next process to the decorticating is the boiling,

which takes place in a large square tank, heated from
underneath bv an ordinary furnace. The tank con-
tains perforated, rotating cylinders, into which the
material is put, and kept c-ntinually on the move.
The process takes about three hours to accomplish,
and the fibre is then placed in the bleaching tank,
where a secret chemical process adapt.s it for fur; her
mechanical treatment. The bleaching is described
as having no deleterious effect upon the material, as
i.s the case where high pressure steaming is
adopi ed, or whore caustic soda is employ'ed, but the
gum is thoroughly' extracted.

The next machine, shown in Fig. 2, combines the
purposes of a wringer, separator, aud softener.
This requires but little description ns the illustra-
tion easily explains itself. Its main feature con-
sists of a number of fluted rollers, between which
the material is passed. The drawing machine,
Fig. o, is worthy of attention, as the fibres are
evenly drawn, without waste, into a sliver, to be
treated on the combing and spinning machinery.
A travelling apron. A, is mounted on rollers, B and
Bl. On this the fibre is placed in parallel order.
The apron rotates tow-ards the machine. There is
a roller, B, and another, C, placed over B, both of
which are fluted. The latter acts as a pressure
roller, so that a firm grip upon the fibre is secured.
Next is another apron, mounted on rollers, FI and
F. The roller, FI, is placed in contact with, but
a little lovver than, that marked B. The other
roller, F, has another one, G, a.nd another, J, below
it. These latter are also fluted, the former acting
as a pressure roller. The speed of these is greater
than that of the first pair of rollers, so that the
proper drawing action may be afforded, in order
to bring the fibres parallel. A feed sheet, I, passes
round a roller, J, and carries the fibres to the
last pair of roller, K and L, and, after pas-
sing between those, goes forward uude-r a large lapping
drum, M, and over other rollers, Jl, and .12, and
back to the roller, J, near the second apron. There
are springs and levers to keep top and bottom rollers
in contact. The fibre to be treated is wet and is
kejit in this condition during the operation of
drav/ing, which, by this means, is more easily accom-
plished. The fibres therefore pass from the first
liair of rollers, B C, to the second pair, F G, and the
drawing is repeated through the third pair, K and L,
when the fibres are thoroughly drawn out, and
appeared in the form of an even sliver. This may
be wound on a cylinder, M, or run into a sliver can,
or disposed of in any suitable manner, as it leaves
the machine.

Numerous modifications have been made in the
combing, spi; ning, and other machines employed,
and so effectively can Rhea filasse be treated that,
if put into work one day, the y'aru can be delivered
the next. By the complete machinery -which the
Syndicate has at work, the fibre can be prep ired for
any br.xuch of the textile trades — woollen, cotton,
linen, or silk. The present price of Rhea is about
£15 per ton, but, when a good demand is established,
it is considered that the price will come as low as
£1) per ton, but even at the higher rate, we under-
stand that, by this process, filasse and prepared
sliver can be produced at from 2|d. to fid. per
pound, which will realize from Is. fid. to 5s. per
pound in the market, according, to the purpose for
which it is produced.

TriEEE IS NO heason why Rhea Fibke should xor
COVIPETE WITH Cotton.— -If only planters ivill keep ii,
up, the area for growing is enormous, aud the price
could be reduced lower than cotton, and still pay
the planters enormous profits. The official report
from Mexico, where it is being taken up by the
Minister of Bublic Works, although there they are
under the disadvantage of stripping the libbons by
hand labour, says the profit shows 145 per cent,
on the working c.apital. Now -u'ith decorticators,
this profit would be increased, and if the planters
will go one step further, and ungum it whilst green,
not only will a still superior quality of fibre be
produced, but the filasse will command a higher
price. The report adds “ all scientific authorities

4H

THE TROPICAI

AGKICULTURIST.

[Dec. I, 1896.

agi'ee in declaring the Ramie hbre to be superior to
any other libie in length, strength, and beauty, as
it is line, silky, and brilliant.” When Ramie is once
planted, it lasts from 10 to 18 years before it
requires replanting. It merely needs ordinary att . n-
tion, such as keeping the land clean and similar
attentions. It crops three to four times a year and
pays for manuring. Particulars as to seed, cultivation,
*c., can be had of Mr. D. Edwards-Radclyffe, 56,
Gloucester Crescent, Regents Park, London, R.W.

We shall be glad to see this or some similar jn'o-
cess prove a great commercial success, as the solution
of the proper utilization of Rhea fibre must be
accomplished sooner or later, and the inventors who
succeed in this will not only have the approval of
the whole textile community, but will also rea.p a
large reward for their labours.

NEWS FROM BRITISH CENTRAL
AFRICA.

Employers of labour, or persons recruiting labour-
ers in the Central Aiigoniland District, are re-
quested in all cases to pass any labourers whom
they may recruit in such district before the Collector
for Central Aiigoniland before leaving the district.

It has been found that the Central Aiigoniland
natives, who have only comparatively recently come
directly under European influence, have not in many
cases understood thoroughly the terms which have
been proposed to them for service in the Shire
Highlands. When these men are passed before the
Collector for their own district everything can be
made distinct and clear to them by him, and alt
future misunderstandings provided ag.iinst.

Mr. R. E. Codrington, the Collector for the dis-
trict, is willing to take steps for the forwarding of
parties of men to employers who may require
them.

If, however, labourers are taken out of the dis-
trict and not passed until they arrive at their
destination, so many misunderstandings have arisen
that it may be found necessary to limit recruit-
ing in this district.

II. M. Acting Commissioner therefore trusts that
employers of labour will follow the course now laid
down.

(Signed) Alfued Shaiu’F., H. M. Acting Commis-
sioner and Coni. -General.

Zomba, 9th September, 1896.

— Britinh Centred Africa Gazette.

♦

TEA SEED OIL.

A Ceylon subscriber, Mr. O. Collett, has kindly
sent us the following for publication, with a note
however that he thinks it very unlikely, as wo do,
that it would pay anyone to grow tea-seed instead
of tea-leaves. Nevertheless, as a bye-product, tea-
seed (>il may in the near future be no inconsider-
able factor in estate profits ; —

City An.vlvst's Office, 56, Koli.upitiy.y Ro.u>,
CoLojiiio, 20th April 1896.

Examination of a. sample of tea-seed oil, received
on the J6th instant, from M. O. Collett, Binoya
Estate, Watawala.

The oil was clear, of a golden yellow colour, its
specitic gravity at 90° E. was 9,125, distilled water
at the same lemperature being taken as unity. At
this temperature, olive oil, with which the sample
was compared, hid a specific gravity of 90,901.
The comparison was made witli olive oil, as it
is considered the best lubricant amongst the vege-
table oils. The oil had the reactions of a non-dry-
ing oil.

The viscosity of the oil at 9(P E., the temperature
of the air at the time at which the experiments
were made, was slightly less than tliat of olive
oil. A measured quantity of the oil took 1 minute
8 seconds to run through a small orilice, as com-
pared with olive oil, which took 1 minute 10 seconds.

The oil gets gradually thicker as it is cooled, but
retains its transparency at 3-1° F., at which tem-
perature it can still be poured, although sluggishly.

With regard to the lubricating properties of the
oil, I tested the same on a jinricksha wheel. When
the axle was lubricated with this oil, and the wheel
set in motion, it continued to revolve for 1 minute
23 seconds. When olive oil was used, and the im-
petus given was as nearly as I could judge the same,
the wheel revolved for exactly the same length of
time. When lard was used, the wheel revolved for
1 minute 42 seconds. Freedom from free acids is an
important point in favour of a lubricating oil. In
this respect the oil compared very favourably with
tlie sample of olive oil with which 1 comjiared it ; but
it should be stated that by long keeping olive oil deve-
lops free fatty acids. The olive oil I used was from
a newly-opened bottle of J. T. Morton’s fine sublime
olive oil, but of com ose, it might have been long in stock.
The oil was also compared, with respect to free acids,
with coconut oil ; the latter was found to contain
about one-third more. The oil is prized in Japan as
a lubricant, and the result of my experiments goes
to confirm this good opinion.

As regards its hmning qualities, I made a rough
test, which showed it to be quite equal to coconut
oil at ihe temperature of Colombo as regards its illu-
minating effect.

I understand that the oil has been found quite suit-
able for the manufacture of soap, but I have made
no experiments in this direction, as I fancy that in
the matter of price, the oil could not compete with
other soap-making materials.

(Signed) M. OocunAX, F.C.S., City Analyst.

— Plantin;i Opinion, Oct. 10.

—

AOlUCUl.TUKK IN TIIK AUSTIIALIAN CoLONIKS.
— We have to hand an interesting and e.xhaustive
rejiort by Messrs. Halse and Alner Avho were
commissioned liy the Department of the Cape of
Good Hope to reiiort upon the agriculture of the
Australian colonics, and specially on wlieat
growing. We were always ready to admit that
the Agricultural Departments of the Australian
colonies were admirably workeil, and the
report to hand only tends to confirm us
is this belief. We cannot too highly commend
the liberality of the Government in voting large
sums for the encouragement of agriculture. The
Agricultural Department of Victoria has been
allowed the following votes ; —

For the importation of new' varieties of
seeds and plants ... ... £3,000

For siqiply instruction in connection
w itli the introduction of new' vegetable
products and improvement of e.xistiug
agricultural methods ... ... £43,000

For the introduction of new inacliinery
and ajipliances to perfect the treat-
ment of new agricultural ]»roducts
and to improve pi'esent agricultural
methods and for prizes for the new
inventions in general agricultural
appliances ... ... ... £4,000

For pulilishiiig agriculture reports in

connection with educational work ... ,£11,000

These are only some iiistanees of what the
Government is doing for the agricultural
advancement of the colony, for which we note
that an aggregate annual vote of no Ics.s than
.£•272,253 is supplied to the agriculture depart-
ment. Gur ollicials might w'ell stare aghast at
these figures after their experience of the luirsi-
MioniDUS agriciiltuial policy of the local Govern-
ment. It is high time that some tiroperly or-
ganized scheme for the agricultural advance-
ment of this colony came to he seriously con-
sidered.

Dec. 1, 1896.]

THE TROPIv^Al. AGRICULTURISr.

415

VEGETABLE GARDENING IN CEYLON.

The "rowin';' of vegetables of European hahitat
lias long been successfully followed upon many
of our upcouutry estates, and at higher eleva-
tions, such as that of Nuwara Eliya, their cul-
tivation has liccoiue ([uite a large and [laying
industry. Kandy and Colombo may both be said
to be sujiplied with these luxuries in suilicicnt
quantity to meet the demand, though this last
would receive great extension were the prices
somewhat reduced. But there are many localities
wherein Europeans reside in this island where
no supplies of the kind are available, and where
no elVort is made to meet the deficiency by local
cultivation. We ajiiirehend that the omission is
largely due to want of knowledge as to what
is [iracticable as to this, and many residents in
lowcountry outstations would probably be glad to
be able to vary their dietai'y did they know
th.at the growth of many kinds of European
vegetable may be accoin[ilished by care, even
under the drying heat of low elevations, liy a
plentiful su]j]dy of water, and judiciously ap-
plied artificial shading. The late Mr. P. A.
Dyke, when Government Agent of the Northern
Province, made persistent effort in this di-
rection, securing a large amount of success.
With that liberality that so distinguislied him,
he almost daily distributed the products of
his vegetable garden among his European neigh-
bours, and the arrival of his messengers with
the baskets of varied siipjilies was ahvays warmly
welcomed and appreciated. What Mr. Dyke did
on a large scale it would be perfectly possible
to accomplish on a more restricted one, and
many housekeepers, both male and female, would
find themselves to be well rejiaid by the practice
of an interesting occupation. Perhaps the vege-
table with which Mr. Dyke was most .succe.ssful
was the delicious knolkohl, a species of German
turni[) little if at all known to residents in
England. But with c.arrots, beans, and several
other vegetables, Mr. Dyke was equally suc-
cessful. What he succeeded in doing in the dry
and arid climate of Jaffna we feel sure could be
even more readily accomplished in a great num-
ber of lowcountry localities. Lfnfortunately we
are riot ourselves able to describe the modus
operandi followed by the former able agent of
the Northern Province. But tliere must, we
shouhl say, be still many residents of the
northern capital who could sup[ily the informa-
tion with a sufliciency of detail. With some
care exercised, and at but relatively trilling co.‘-t,
an occupation could be secured by mauj other-
wise unemiiloyed wives who would feel a natural
pride in adding the luxury of European vege-
tables to their daily mams.

NOTE.S FROM THE METROPOLIS,

London, Nov. 2.

Is

COl’Ki'-.K

to be overproduced like everything else, may well
now be the question ; ! On tiie head of tlie news of
what is doing in East Java, the Malayan J’eninsula,
East Africa, Costa Ricaand in Brazil itself to make
up for the deficiency caused by the collajise in Ceylon,
Southern Imlia and old Javri, there now comes
the report from two or three quartex's, that Biazil
itself is giving this year the lai'gest coffee crop
it has ever produced. But this is not all : here
is the paragraph which appears in this week's
issue of the Society of Arts Journed and which
(if further verified) may eventuate in a “rush”
of capitalist-planters to the Congo region ; —

Coffee in the Congo.— M. Laurent, Professor of the
Agncullural Institute of Gembloux, entrusted by the
inaepenclent State with a mission to the Congo, has
just piibiished a report upon the results of his travels
in which he say.s that the Congo will, in some years
to come, be as important a coffee-giowing country
as Brazil is at the present time. Tii.e coffee tree will
find in the great equatorial forest the conditions of
soil and climate that are the best suited for it. It
g'ows there in a wild st.ite, and there are three des-
criptions known, two of which yield excellent results.
According to the information M. Liurent has ob-
tained at Bosoko and Caquilhatville, the prcp.aratioiis
of the ground for colfee piautatiou^ would require
native labour, which could be obtained at a cost of
about £10 per hectare {‘2'47 acres).

I have applied to M. Laurent for a copy of
his report roferreil to above, in order' to
review it in the Tropical Ayricidturisl for
the inform, ation of idaiiler.s and’ caidtalists. It
will be interesting to .see what extent of “ wild
colfee” has been .seen or explored by M. luuxreut
or lii.s iiiforinauts.

I .see that Mr. T. C. Auder.son’.s

Ir.Vlv UKUL r

1 - V I

to be olfered by auction in Mincing Lane on
•2Gtli November by Messrs. (; .,w, ' Wilson N'
Stanton, comprise Gartmore, Larclilield and

Bevys estate.s, most compactly situated in one
block, 41)0 acre.s of tea and 140 of forest— truly
a valuable propeity. ’’

Port of Spain (Trinidad) pajiers have lieen

.specially sent to me with article.s marked review-
mg

-MR. ARTHUR .SINCLAIR’.S

chatty clever volume, “ In Tropical Lauds,” issued

: r od • reached

1 ort of Spam and to have created a mild sen-
.satioii, judging by the criticism, although f can
discover no substantial grourid.s for the com-
plaints liiuted at, rather than openly formulated
.against the autlioi. For instance, one paiier
gives some columns of extracts prefaced by the
following sentences ; but nowhere can we liiid in it
what the “palpable misrepresentations” may be
mu L.vmis Bv Authuii Sincl.iir, —

extracts taken from one of the latest
additions to the Public Library will arouse feeliu"s
of aslomsbments owing to the number of palpable
misrepresentations witn whicli the book teenis Tiie
sources from which such travellers olnaiii their iu-
formatiou \vill require to be looked into, and we
will probably have some remarks to olfor in ,a
future issue.

In .another paper, however, we. have a full
editorial critique with .some strong language, bub
calculated, I should s.ay, to amuse rather than
annoy the author who is placed in such com
paiiy as J. A Frou.le-“ the worst ulfeuder of
all agaiiist Trinidad. Here is, however, the
article in /nil, to prevent our Trmida.l neighbours

thinking it need be 111 any way burked :

,NK. SINCI..\IR’S BOOK.

Arthur Sinclair is by no means the first nnU
we fear will not be the dast of the vvrLrfwJm
after paying a visit sometimes of a tew weeks but
oftener of a few days, to Trinidad, do not hSltaL
to issue “ for general information," their impressioiS
of a country and a people of both of which they are
absolutely ignorant. Without going back to the earlier
writers who have sinned in this way, we will iiisUiiee

whn^st offender of all,

who st.ited the principal crops the Island to be iiidi"o

and coffee, adding- that there are still some lamer
sugar estates and tliat as the owmers h ,d not suc-
ceede.i in making the negroes work for them thev

‘ <-'oolies under indenture

/oi Jive }jears. With characteristic inaccuracy he

as having been “alternate y
hrench and Spanish until captured by Pictoii in

4i6

THE TROPICA!

agriculturist.

[Dec. I, 1896.

1797,” the fact being that it had never for a daj-
been under any flag but that of Spain and that i't
was not captured by Picton, but by Aberoromby on
wliose staff the former was serving at the time,

Such mistakes as these were nothing to the most

uuscrupul'.ms perverter of fiistory of modern days.
We will however leave Mr. Froudo and turn to his
most recent follower.

Mr. Sinclair does nqt soom to have boon at all
favourably impressed with our chief Town for lie writc.s :

‘‘ Port-oE-Spaiu will hold its own with any city in
the world for the rankness of its smells and" the
vieioivsness of it.s mosquitoes.”

With regard to the latter, a.3 far as our own

rather e.Ktended experience goes, the mosquito

exhibits a wonderful similarily of viciousness where-
ever he e:Tsts. We have never yet mot a tame one
and although the poet tells us that education—
‘‘ Emollit mores neo sinit esse feros.” Wo do not
think the experimeut has ever been tried on these
wretched little pests who nre neither better nor
worse in Port-of-Spam than elsewhere. With
regard to smells, although we oaiiii T deny that they
are sometimes rather too pronounced, yet this is
common enough in all sea port Towns standing 011 a
low level, and those who have experienced the odours
which assail the nostrils in Cologne, Constantinople,
the Bazaars of any Indian Town, or even in the pur-
lieus of the East Lotidon Docks, will scarcely think
Mr. Sinclair’s verdict a fair one. I 1 his next para-
graph our author gives the first instance of the
very superficial knowledge he contrived to acquire of
the country he has undertaken to describe. He
alludes in it, and iu other places also to the “Tamil
Coolie” in a mauuer showing that ho is under
the impression that the greater p u’tion if

not the whole of our Asiatic population comes
from Southern India whereas as a fact we are sure
we are well within the mark in saying that not one
per cent of it is Tamil. There has been no impor-
tation of Madrassees for over 20 years although a
good many have arrived here of tlieir own accord
from Martinique. Although Mr. Sinclair grumbles
at the smells and mosquitoes he is fair enough to
admit that Port-of-Spaiu is one of the most beau-
tiful cities in the West Indies. He has a

word of praise for the two principal churches
but does not think much of our other build-
ings. His description of “ the best hotel — absurdly
called the ‘Ice House’ — as nothing more or les.s than
a huge drinking bar wiih a few bedrooms attached,”
is incorrect even applied to the time when he visited
us which seems to have been about five years ago,
and v/ould bo a gross mistatement now. We wonder
if the Messrs Siegert will Uj^-preciate his statement
delivered ex calhnlra, that their world renowned
Bitters are “ made from the bark of small shrub
(Galipea trifoliata) belonging to the Hue family” ?
We imagine that Mr. Sinclair obtained that infor-
mation from the same penson who told him that the
old Governor’s residence was burned down some
veax’s ago, for one is as correct as the other. After
some complimentary x'emarks on Sir. Hart, and praise
of the Botanic Gardens, followed by an extract from
Charles Kingsley's “ At Lash” wo come to one of
the strangest parts of Sir. Sinclair’s desciiption of
his experiences of Trinidad. He mentions no names
but we call see that the valley .alluded to is that_ of
Slaraval, although it is somewhat ilifficult to recognise.

“ A lovely ride, past the reservoir ” is clear onoogh,
but “ for some miles through abandoned sugar estate.s
is puzzling. “ A pretty little bungalow on a knoll,”
may be recognised, and we know of ‘‘good natured
Irishmen,” who would ‘provide a good dinner,
but we are at a loss to locate any decent house
where the following incident could have occurred.

“ As the hot niglit advanced the smells increased

till sleep was out of the question Daylight

at length came to our relief, wiie.ii a seircli revealed
the fact that a dead hen lay beneath tlu! bed and
a dead dog on the doorstop — boih supposed to have
been bitten by snakes.” , , . ,, , ,

The description of tho St. Anfcomo Cacao iiistate
and of the Sta Cruz Valley is accurate enough and

is pleasant reading, but the late Sir .Joseph Needham
would not have liked to be told, nor do we think it
will please our living piauters to hear, '■ that there
is no attempt at cultivation.” We think also that
Mr. Sinclair should have abstained from i)uoliug
Mr. Hart’s views on the planters of Trinidad. Mr.
Sinclair ends by saying: —

“ Wo left the Island of Tiiuid. id — beautiful as it
unquestionably is— without much regret. T'he cli-
mate is evidently perfect for the cacao tree, but for
the average Briton so enervating that, as Pxoudo
found there is a constant ‘ Craving for cock-tails,’
and the viciousness of the mosquitoes shows that
t.here is something very far wrong with the sanita-
tion. Moreover the Spanish element is still too
strong to be pleasant for a free-born Briton. .Afti-r
ui! the best man in Tri.nidad, and the hope of the
future, is the sn-c.olled Tamil ‘ coolie.’ Why
coolie.’ I cannot conceive.”

We can only siy that we close our remarks on
Ml'. Sinclair a'id his book with an equal absence
of regret. If Trinidad has too mucli of tho Spanish
element to be agreea’Dle to him as a freeborn (there
is a strong flavoiu' of music-hali patriotism about
this phrase) his boi'k is far too full of bigotry, pre-
judice and i ntoleniui'.e to be pleasant reading to
those who ''jlieve tint whilst to be a British snhjoct
is a great privilege, to be British bom is not an
essential for salvation, either in this world or the
next. In the first portion of his work, which ti'eats
of his travels in Peru, ilie author spoils an other-
wise most interesting narrative, by sneers in the
worst possible taste, at the Roman Catholic Religion
and its ministers, and in the part t'reating of Trini-
dad he endeavoiu's to create a bad impression as to
the value of the island and the intelligence of its
planters. As to the third part, knowing nothing of
Ceylon we cannot judge of its merits.

Mr. Sinclair is evidently a man of considerable
po'wera of observation and we doubt not is an able
botanist, but outside of his professional qualifica-
tions his chief attributes seem to be narrow-minded
bigotry and intolerance.

Now, it is evident tliat tlie critic is hard up
for complaint when in the forefront he places
the extremely trivial slip— if slip it be -
that to General Abercroinby rather tlian
to his lieutenant, tlie_ gallant Pieton (wlio
no doubt (lid the business) siionld be attri-
buted tin' capture of Trinidad a hundred years
ago ! J here is really nothing else t(x notice in
the criticism calcuiatod to jirovoke more than a
smile over the toucliiness of the editor wlio
winds up liy prai.sing Mr. Sinclair’s ability as
liotanist and observer, hut condemns liis '• nar-
nxiv-iniiided bigotry and intolerance ” — a cliarge,
which, of course, is made in ignorance of tlie
fact that the gentleman referred to, a Scottish
Episcopalian in Ins hringing-np and choice, is
well-known as one ol tlie hroade.st .and most
liberal of Churolimen, the friend of all schools
and sects, not excluding even the Roman Catholic
priests and dignitaries of twenty years ago in
Ceylon. — One result of the writing at Lore of Spain
and it.s re[)uhlication should he an increased de-
niand liotli there and here for the volume wiili
its 'a'cll-written descriptions, lively though by
no means ill-natnrod observations, and really
valuable liotanical and planting inlormation.

THE JN'iUAN AND CEYI.O.V EXHIIU'ITO.N
at Earls Court closed a few days ago, and tlie
lent articles have been duly rr-tiirned. For 1S97
season, we read : —

At Earl’s C .urt next year lliere will be the Victorian
Era Exiiibitiou, which will sliow the progress made
daring the past sixty yearj in commercial and indus-
trial pursuits, economic and scientific interests, music
and the drama, .sports, pastimes and recx'oations :
wliild an important section will bo devoted to women’s
work. No industrial exhibits will be accepted which
do not emanate from tlie United Kingdom.

Dec. I, 1896.] THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

4J7

paritculars up dep>exture.s of

CEYLON TEA COMPANIES.

Per cent. Debs. Interest

£ jjay.able.

Alliance Tea Co .. 0 30,000. .Jan. & Julya

Bandarapolla Tea Co. .. 5 9,000.. ,, b

Battagalla Estate Co. .. 5 4,000.. ,, c

Burnside Tea Co. of
Ceylon .. 5 15.000.. d

Caledonian (Ceylon) Tea

Plantation Ltd. .. 6 15,000.. Jan. cfe Dec.e

Carolina Tea Co. . . 7 36,000. .Jan. & July/

Ceylon Land and . . t 4.

Produce .. ) 5 28,700.. ,, f/

Consolidated Estate . .

Ceylon & Oriental Ests.

Duckwari Tea Planta-
tions

Eastern Produce A Ests.

Galalia Tea Estates and
Agency Co.

Oooniera Estate Co.

Haputale Co.

Kelani Valley Tea Asso-
ciation

n • •

Kellie Tea Plantation . .

Madulsima Colfeo & Cin-
chona Co.

NuWiira Eliya Tea Ests.

Nahalma Estate Co.

Oriental Estates Go.

M • •

Poonagalla Valley Ceylon
Company

Rangaila Tea Estates,
Limited

Scottish Trust and Loan
Company

Sunnygama Tea Co.

United Planters of Ceylon

6 42,200.. ,, li

4^ 65,000.. i

6 6, 000.. .Tune A Dec./

4i 122,500 .k

5 .55,01)0..;

6 4,000. . December?)!

5 7,700.../

5 13,4.50. .Jan. A July/j

6 250.. „ I

5 8,500...;

5 10,500. .

6 30, 000.. Jan. & July

6 10,000.. „ m

6 15,000.. Aprl. & Oct.«

^ 17,400. .

6 12,500.. Jan. & Julyw

6 20, 000.. 0.

6,900. .p.

6 10,000. .Jan. A July??

5 68,950.. „ )•

Mitchell A Giunt, 101, Leadenhall Street,
Oct. 1896. London, E.C.

a Eedeemable at par. 1905. h Redeemable 1st Jan.
1899 at par. c In private hands, d Redeemable 31st
Dec. 1901 at par. e Redeemable at par. at various
dates. /' Redeemable at .fl20 at discretion of Direc-
tors. (j Issued for terms of j'ears. h Redeemable by
drawings 5 p.c. per annum at £103. i Redeemable
after 10 years at £105 at discretion of Directors or
after 20 years at par. j Held privately, h Redeem-
able by minimum drawings of ,4'7,500 on 31st Dec.
at £105. I Redeemable 1916, but after 1906 redeem-
able with bonus, 5 p.c. m Redeemable 1905. j Held
privately. Ic Eedeemable at various dates. I Re-
deemable at par. at short dates, j Held privately.
m Redeemable at option of Directors at .£105 after
31st December 1897, tenure 16 years, n Repayable
at par. 1920, bht after 1st Oct. 1904, on 12 mouths’
notice at par. and 3 p.c. will be paid on those paid
off 1st Oct. 1905. n Redeemable 21st Dec., 1900.
0 Redeemable 1913, but after 1903 may be redeemed
at £105. p Repaid as they mature, q Preference
Stock authorised to redeem debentures 15th July,
1897. r No information.

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

[From Our Special Corre.spondext.]
Thur.soay Evening, November 5, 1890.
Mu.sine.ss in Indian Tea Companies’ .shares, though
interfered witli a little ^ by the .sympathetic
influence of the uncertainty pending the American
ITesidential election, has continued steady
throughout the week, and strong investment buy-
ing still goes on. Some of the best-reputed stocks
have, moreover, risen to quite record prices.

The BuUionist of last Saturday (October 31)
published an intere.^ting and intelligent article
on the Preference Shares of Indian Tea Companies.

Iheir article coniines its attention to those shares
which still yield approximately per cent., that
is among the olficially quoted stocks.

ft may l?e noteil that Jok.ai Fret’s., and Dooars
Company’s I’rcfs., as well as tliose of the Ceylon
T. P. Company, cannot now be purchased to pay
more than about 3;/- per cent.

Mdncing Lane seems to have no\v in a great
measure recovered from tiie position of weakjioss
chronicled during the past few w'ceks, and tlie
tendency is now again rather upwards.

Reports from fndia indicate the prospect of
the later teas showing better quality than
characterises those now being sold under the
hammer here. — H. cO C. Mail.

THE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL.

In a recent article dealing with the formation of
the soil, the various agencies at work in this highly
important operation were oiuinerated and described.
It was pointed out that while geology gave us a valu-
able indication of what the natui’c of the soil was
likely to be, it could furnish little information on
the subject of soil fertility. To study this subject,
which is surrounded with much difficulty, we must
have recourse to other sciences, more especially agri-
cultural chemistry, and, as the latest researches have
shown, to bacteriology. At first sight the subject
seems much simpler than in reality it is. We are
inclined to think that all that is required is a know-
ledge of the soil’s composition. No doubt such know-
ledge is by itself of very geat value, but it is insuffi-
cient to solve the problem. For one reason, there
are properties in a soil which exert a very im-
portant influence on its fertility. These are
known as its mechanical or physical proper-
ties, and include the state of division of its
particles, its porosity, and its heats and water ab-
sorbing powers, Ac. There are also, factors, other than
those mentioned, which have a most important in-
fluence on fertility, which, however, we need not
concern ourselves with in this place. These are
climate, altitude, exposure, and the nature of the
season. The significance of these is undoubtedly
enormous, the influence of the last named being pro-
bably more potent than that of any other. But valua-
ble las the study of the nature of such influences is,
it is not likely to lead to any practical results, since
it is sti’d out with the power of man to alter in any way
the climate of a country or the nature of the season;
whereas the study of the composition and properties
of the soil is likely to furnish us with knowledge we
may turn to a practical account.

When we come to study the composition of the
soil we are met by unexpected difficulties. In the
first place, it is not sufficient to know of what sub-
stances it is formed, but, further, what are the exact
forms in which certain of these substances arc
present. This is a problem which chemistry is
still unable to solve satisfactorily. The ques-
tion is further complicated by the fact that the soil
is not a substance of stable — i.c., unalterable — com-
position, but is constantly undergoing a process of
change. Indeed, it may not inaptly be likened to a
gigantic chemical laboratory, in which the most
varied operations are constantly taking place, and in
wdiich chemical changes of a most involved and
subtle character are being effected. Another reason
of the difficulty of the problem is to be found in the
unsuspected world of minute life with which the soil
is teeming, which play a most important part iu the
promotion of vegetable growth, and which are ever
busily engaged in preparing and elaborating for their
use food materials which the crops of the field
require. As rve know but little of the nature of
these chemical changes, and of the conditions under
which the microbic denizens of the soil carry out
their imporlant functions, it will be at once seen how
it is that such ignorance should hamper us in our
study of the important problem of the fertility of
the soil.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Dec. 1, i8q6

4)8

That the soil plays an important part in minister-
ing to the growth of the plant has always
been recognised, although many and erroneous
have been the opinions in the past held with
regard to what that part is. Wc need only notice
the famous theory associated with the name of
Jethro Tull — a theory which exercised such an im-
portant influence on the development of modern
agriculture. Tull, who was a farmer in Berkshire, was
led to conclude from hi sobservation of the great
benefit which followed the application of very
through cultivation of the soil — such as is pursued
in the case of the culture of the vine grape — that
the food of the plant was derived exclusively from
the soil. He consequently set himself to advocate
what he termed “ horse-hoe husbandry,” a system
of husbandi’v which he was of the opinion should
facilitate to a very great extent the assimilation by
the plant’s roots of this food. The crops of the
field, according to him, should be shown in rows
or ridges, wide enough apart to admit of the
thorough tillage of the intervals by ploughing and
by hoeing. The custom of applying farmyard manure,
so old and approved a practice, owed its success,
he held, to the fact that in its fermentation it
helped in the pulverisation of the soil. A thorough
system of tillage consequently obviated the necessity
of the application of manures.

With the great advance in our chemical kmw'-
ledge which took place at the close of last century,
truer ideas began te prevail on the subject of the part
played by the soil in supporting plant growth. Owing
to the researches of such men as Priestly, Bonnet,
Ingenhousz, and others, the source of the largest
organic constituent of the plant — viz., carbon —was
traced to the atmosphere ; w'hile the source of hydrogen
and oxygen gradually came to be recognised as water.
Attention, therefoi'e, came to be centred in the mineral
or ash portion of the plant ; and this was shown by the
Swiss investigator, De Saussure, in an investigation
published at the beginning of the century, to come
from the soil. Sir Humphrey D.ivy devoted much
attention to the relation of the soil to the plant, and
generally the question of what constitutes fertility in a
soil. He studied what we have already referred to as
its physical or mechanical properties, and showed what
an important bearing these had on the question of
fertility. He may be said, however, to have
rather overrated the influence of such pro-
perties. Moreover, he scarcely recognised at
all that the plant drew a certain proportion
of its food from the soil. In his view the chief
function of the soil was sinqily to act as the me-
chanical support of the plant. For a consider.able
number of years little progress was made in eluci-
dating the true relations between the soil and the
plant, and it i s not till lu'arly the middle of the pre-
sent century that any important advance has to be
chronicled. At that time wide.spread interest in the
subject was aroused by the publication of Baron Lie-
big’s works, the first of which appeared in 1840 in
the form of an address to the British Association,
By the promulgation of his famous “ mineral theory”
he drew the attention of the agricultural community
for the first time to the really important functions
discharged by the soil in plant growth. He re-stated
the doctrine, taught by He Saussure, that the plant
drew the mineral matter whicli it contained from
the soil. He also recognised that the plant
derived its nitrogen to a large extent also from
this source, but this element he considered was
derived from the air in the form of the ammo-
nia which was washed down by the rain in
sufficiently largo quantitie.s to supply the needs
of plants. Liebig’s teaeliiiig was of the highest value,
as it drew attention to the need of restoring to the
soil the mineral ingredients, phosphoii; acid and
potash, the two substances am. >ng mineral plant
foods which are alone gonei-illy [iresent in deficient
amount, and which for thij reason vegu’ate to a
largo extent the rate of pl.uit gr.>wt ;. lo this way
he may be said to have Ixien instrumental in start-
ing ttie practice of artificial inamiring, a practice
which has done so much to revolutionise modern

agriculture. He also di.scoverod what has proved to
bo a fact of enormous importance for modern agri-
culture— viz., the action of sulphuric acid on phos-
phate of lime in rendering it more, speedily avail-
able to the plant as food.

Liebig’s work has been carried on and developed
by a large number of investigators, among whom
may be specially mentioned Sir John B. Lavves and
Sir J. Henry Gilbert, who for a period of more than
fifty years have devoted their lives to the elucidation
of many problems in agricultural chemistry, and
chiefly to the inves'.igation of the questions of the
relation of tire soil to the plant and the action of
fertilisers.

Daring the last thirty years the amount of atten-
tion devoted to the subject of the fertility of soils
has steadily increased. These year.s have seen the
grow'th and development of large numbers of agri-
cultural research stations, where the nature and
functions of the soil has formed the chief subject
of roseavcli. The earliest of such institutions was
that at Bochelbronn, in Alsace, where the distin-
guished French agricultural chemist, Boussiugault,
devoted himself to the question of investigating
problems connected with the growth of the com-
moner agricultural crops. But the most magnificent
example of a research station of this kind is that
furnished by Bothamsted. This research station
avas started more than fifty years ago, and has been
raaiiitaine.l ever since, at bis own private expense,
by Sir John B. Lawe.?, Bart. The name of this
famous rese.arch station is familiar to everyone who
takes any interest in the scientific aspect of agri-
culture; and the example of scientific collaboration
furnished by the work of Sir John Lawos and his
cilleague, Sir J. Henry Gilbert, is quite unique in
respect of the length of time over wdiich it has
extended.

On the continent and in America there are a
large number of those agricultural experiment sta-
tions, where the study of the soil is made the
chief subject of investigation. The properties of a
soil which influence the growtli of vegetation upon
it may bo grouped under three classes. The most
obvious function of the soil is to furnish the plant
with mechanical support, and to maintain it in an
upright position. It must, at the same time, be of
such a nature that the plant’s roots can draw from
it the moisture, nourishment, and air which they
require for their proper growth. If, therefore, it is
to successfully pertorm this function, it must pos-
sess certain mechauicil or physical properties, as
they have been called, amoug the most important
of whicli are a certain porosity, and a capacity for
absorbing water and lieat. Porosity ii of import-
ance for several reasons. It is only in a porous
soil tliat the necessary supply of air reaches the
pl.rut’s roits. On soils where tliis is not the case,
as in water-logged soils, for example, vegetation
cannot flourish — at any rate vegetation of a high
type. Again, porosity is of importauce as it
enables the plant’s roots to push their way down-
wards iu the soil. Too great compactness in the
soil prevents gcow'oh, since it limits the spread
of the roots. The more deeply rooted and the wider
the area over which the roots of a plant extend-
Ihe bettor able is such a plant to draw its nourishf
meat from the soil, and withstand the action os
drought by obtaining its water from the lower layere
of the soil. A still fiuBior reason of the importance
of porosity is connected with the niicro organit
life of the soil, since for the proper developmen-
of these numerous inicrobos, many of which dis,
ch.i.rge important functions iu preparing plant food,
a supply of air is a necessary condition, Jjastly
the rate of decomposition of the material of the
soil — inorganic as well as organic — depends largely
on tli-3 aecoss of the air to the soil pores. Not less
important are the potvers posses.seJ bv the soil of
absorbing and retaining water and beat. These
p.)wcrs are uocc.isary for fertility, .since the fertile-
toil must be able to absorb and store up water and
heat against periods of drought and cold. The condi-
tions wliich iulluonce these properties are the stat

Dec. r, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

419

of division of the soil particles and the nature of
the soil itself. Everyone is aware how parched
sandy soils become in dry weather, and how well clay
soils are enabled to withstand long periods of drought.
Among the inllaences which alfect the heat aljsjrbbig
power of a soil colour ma}' be said to bo one of the
most important. A dai'k soil absorbs more heat than
a light-coloured soil. What gives colour to a soil is
chiefly the amount ol organic matter it contains. Iron,
again, is very often the cause of the colour of a soil'
Even a small percentage is able to exert an important
influence in this respect. Soils containing iron gene-
rally have a very red colour. Some idea of the influ-
ence the colour of a soil has on its po ver of absorbing
the sun’s rays will be obtained from the statement
that a difference in temperature amounting to
thirteen or fourteen degrees Fahr. has been found
to be due to colour alone in soils adjoining one
another. There are other sources, of course, from
which the soil may derive its heat in addition to the
sun’s rays. Thus the decay of organic matter, when
taking place at all rapidly, engenders much heat.

But, important as the physical properties of a
soil are, they only partially explain its fertility.
The soil not only acts as a support to the plant
and as a medium through which its roots may drink
in air and moisture, but it also furnishes the plant
with certain necessary food ingredients. What, then,
are these food ingredients, and to what extent are
they present in most soils? The composition of the
soil, as we should naturally expect, includes a largo
number of different substances, but the greater
part of it is made up of only a few bodies. Silica
is by far the largest constituent, and is present in
an almost pure form as sand, or in combination with
alumina, as clay. This latter substance is the con-
stituent which, next to silica, is the most abundant
constituent. Together they may be said, as a rule,
to form at least four-fifths of the'inorganic portion of
soils. Very much less in amount is lime. Magnesia
is also a constituentof some imxrortance. It may be
here pointed out that the physical properties of the
soil are influenced almost entirely by the proportion
in which organic matter and the above-mentioned
ingredients are present. Very striking, more especi-
ally on the texture of the soil, is the effect of lime. By
its addtion the stiffest of clays may be made friable.
A very strange fact with regard to the two Ixrgest
constituents of the soil is that neither of them is
a necessary plant-food. Silica, it is true, is found
almost universally present in plants; but the most
careful research has failed to show that it is ab-
selutely necessary for plant growth ; while, with re-
gard to aluminia, it is not even found in the plant.
Lime, magnesia, and iron are, on the other hand,
necessary foods; but the fame economic importance
does not attach to them as docs to two other plant-
foods — viz., phosphoric acid and potash, and this is
for the reason that the three first-named sub.stanccs
are almost invariably present in amounts which, so
far as the needs of growing plants are concerned,
are abundant ; whereas the last named are by no
means so plentiful and hence, along with nitrogen,
do much to limit the growth of the plant. It has
been found that few soils contain phosphoric acid
in quantities over two-tenths of a per cent ; while
the average amount in most fertile soils is prob-
ably not more than half this. 'There are a few
soils, it is true, where it occurs more abnndantly.
Thus in certain very rich Eussian soils it has been
tound to be present to the extent of more than one-
half per cent.

But it must not be imagined that the whole of
this amount, trifling though it may appear, is in a
form in which the plant can at once make use of
it. ’This is not the caS'C. Only a very small trace
is present in a condition available for the needs of
the plants. How much this is it is very difficult to
say, as we do not know any e.xact method for esti-
mating it. It must be pointed out that is not merely
that which is soluble in water which is in a condi-
tion available for the plant. 'There is a certain
amount of plant food in the soil which, although
not soluble in water, is yet available for the plant’s im-

mediate requirements, since it is capable of being
dissolved by the acid sap of the plant ; and lately an
ingenious method has been devised which aims at
estimating what this amount of available mineral
food really is in the case of phosphoric acid and
potash in soils. For this purpose a weak solution of
citric acid, 1 per cent, strong, is used' The results
a.s yet obtained by this method show that while
the total amount of phosphoric acid in a fairly
fertile soil may be as much as between three and
four thousand pounds per acre in the surface foot of
soil, the amount irmnediately availabh\ for the plant’s
needs may be considerably less than a tenth of this
amount. Similarly with potash, which may be taken
in most soils to run as high as 1 per cent, very few
soils probably would contain anything like a hundredth
of a per cent in the soluble condition. The constant
removal, due to drainage and the growth of crops, of
phosphoric acid and potash, as well as of that other
important plant- food, nitrogen, which is being effected
on our cultivated fields, calls for the application of
fertiliser's if the fertility of our soil is to be maintained.
Uence it is that much of our cultivated land is con-
stantly being reinforced in its fertilising constituents
by the addition of costly manures. But with the ad-
vance of recent science we are beginning to recognise
that what is probably the most important condition of
fertility of the soil i'r the presence of countless myriads
of microbic life, with which we know every ounce is
teeming. — Scotsman.

COFFEE-PLANTING IN BRITISH CENTRAL
AFRICA.

(From Chambers’s Journal for October.)

BY MR. II. D. HERD.

Although by the latest arrangement between the
British South Africa Company and the Foreign
Office with regard to these territories in 1894 the area
over which the British protectorate immediately ex-
tends has been considerably lessened, there still re-
mains under the direct administration of Her
Majesty’s Commissioner a country equal in extent
to the area of Great Britain.

This countr-y extends from Lake Nyassa on the
north to a point on the Shire Kiver near its confluence
with the Zambesi on the south ; but the district to
which our attention is more particularly directed is
that tableland lying between the Shire on the west
and the borders of the protectorate on the east, and
perhaps best known as the Shire Highlands.

Here is the latest h.ome of coffee ; and seeing that
the country has now passed through its little fever
of war.s with the Arab slave-traders on its borders,
and peace seems to have come to stay, we think that
the present position of its staple industry and its
future prospects merit a wider publicity in the in-
terests of those to whose enterprise and hardihood
the country owes what prosperity it has.

The history of coffee in Nyasaland dates back
only to the year 1878, when three small coffee
plants from the Edinburgh Botanical Gardens
were taken out by Mr. Duncan, then gardener to
the Church of Scotland Mission at Blantyre, and
planted in the mission garden there. This was done
at the energetic representatioirs of Mr. .John Buchanan.
In the 5-ear 1880 the sole survivor of the three plants
brought out by Mr. Duncan bore a crop of about
one thousand beaus. From the distribution of the
seed, three years later, may be dated the beginning
of coffee- .hinting on an extensive scale ; but in 1881
the first serious attempt to put coffee on the home
market, and to gau;;e its value as a commercial pro-
duct in competition with other coffees, was made by
the late Mr. .John Buchanan, of the firm of Buchanan
Brothers, who.se name is so honourably connected not
only with the commercial but the political develop-
ment of the Shire Highlands.

A sample of the tirst crop was sent home for valua-
tion, and was quoted in the London market at eighty-
five shillings per hundredweight.

420

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS'l .

[Dec. 1, 1896.

From this time onward the unsettled state of
the country made the future of' coffee very un-
certain, till in 1889 the declaration of a protectorate
restored confidence and gave a great impetus to the
industry. Messrs Buchanan Brothers opened up
large plantations at Zomba, Michiru, and elsewhere,
while the African Lakes Company's coffee at Maudala
continued to do well. Mr. Brown, of Ceylon ex-

Eerience, settled in the Mianje district, which had
eea strongly represented by the late Rev. Robert
Cleland as exceptionally well suited for coffee ; and
Mr. Duncan, having now left the mission, opened
up a plantation near Blantyre.

P’rom this point, so rapid has been the progress
made, that the late Mr. John Buchanan wrote in
7 he Central African Planter for October 1895 that
no less than one hundred plantations had been opened
up under the respective interests in the country, and
that these plantations represented an area of six
thousand acres under cultivation. The local revenue
rose from nothing to £20,000 per annum in five years.

The services of Mr. Buchanan were recognised by
the Government, and he received a C.M.G. in 1890.
Much to the regret of every one, he died on his way
home for a holiday on 9th March of this year.

Mr. E. C. A. Sharrer is now the largest owner of
estates in the protectorate, amounting to about three
hundred and sixty-five thousand acres, of which only
about nine hundred acres are under coffee. It has
been suggested that planters should also turn their
attention to cotton-growing. Tobacco and tea have
both been introduced.

So extraoi dinary has the development been during
the last few years, that since 1889 the quantity of
coffee exported has increased in an almost geometri-
cal progression. The exact figures have been;

Tons

1889

parchment,

. . 5

1890

, . —

1891

.. 10

1892

• •

. , —

1893

.. 42i

1894

.. 74

1895

• t

.. 146

1890

• •

(estimated) 350

*The year 1897 is looked forward to as likely
to prove a record year, chiefly because a very
large number of plantations come into bearing for the
first time in that year ; some planters being so san-
guine as to put the yield at twelve hundred tons
‘parchment’ — as the raw coffee is called before the
membrane covering the seeds is removed.

The varying degree ; oi success attained have been due
to many different causes, arising mostly from experience
in trying to reconcile the approved methods of coffee
cultivation in Ceylon and India with the conditions
of the new country : and partly also from local difficul-
ties, as for instance the labour question, which were
unforeseen, and could mily be resolved as they pre-
sented themselves.

In the early days there was an abundance of local
Yao labour, but the supply was irregular and unre-
liable. Constitutionally indolent, the natives in the
immediate neighbourhood of the plantations were
soon satiated with calico and other baiter goods;
and in the wet season, just when labour in Dm planta-
tions was most needed, there was none to bo had, as
the villagers had betaken themselves to the hoeing of
their own gardens. The necessity for a reliable
labour supply being evident, an attempt was made
to bring down Atonga labour from the west of Lake
Nyasa, which was entirely successful, the new comers
readily engaging to work on the plantations for
several months lU a time, and this at the most impor-
tant period of the year, the wet season.

It is hoped that, acting in conjunction with the
f^ortuguese goveninienl, the promoters of this scheme
may be able very shortly to extend the line all the
way to the coast at Chindo.

A fnither step in advance was made by inducing
the Angoni, an offshoot of the Zulus, ami long the
scourge and terror of the Shire Highlands, to accept
work in the dry season on the plantations; and
now, instead of coming down in their thousands to
devastate the country, they lay aside the shield and
spear, and handle tlio hoe wdth equal skill. Only
last year another huge field of labour supply was
opened by the subjugation of some disaffected chiels
on the north-eastern slopes of Mianje. The Walolo,
occupying a vast tract of hilly country to the east
of Lake Shirwa, had for some little time been ven-
turing down in small companies to work for the
Europeans, but by the timely action of Sir Harrj'
Johnston, Her Majesty’s Commissioner, against these
chiefs, the tvhole Walolo ccuntry has now become
accessible to European influence. It is evident that
there is every prospect of an abundant labour sup-
ply, and in this respect the outlook is very bright.

The chief drawbacks to coffee-planting havehithert®
been the labour question mentioned above, and th
inadequate aud expensive means of transport. The
Shire is navigable for the present flotilla of steamers
plying upon it as far as Chiromo, three days dis-
tant overland from the coffee district. For a very
few weeks during the rainy season it is possible to
reach Katunga, a point about twenty-eight miles from
Blantyre. From the plantations to either of these
points the coffee crop is carried in bags on the should-
ers of coolies. The risk, inconvenience, and expense
attached to this mode of transport have been greatly
felt, but even this difficulty is about to be met by
the construction of a narrow gauge railway line
which will run from Chiromo to Blantyre, passing
through or near many of the largest plantations.

The reckless mode of agriculture follow'ed by
the natives, by which they clear large tracts of
forest land on which to make their gardens, is
becoming so serious a question that the expedi-
ency of legislation in the matter has been con-
sidered. It is well known that deforestation is
followed by a decreased rainfall, which reacts
not only the coffee crops, but on the health
of the European. And where such wholesale
clearing has taken place, land which might other-
wise have been good for coffee is rendered tem-
poi'aiily useless for w'ant of shade.

Efforts are being made to lessen the various
circumstances disadvantageous to coffee by bettor sys-
tems of irrigation, planting of shade trees, and
manuiiug. As showing the enterprise which is so
prominent a characteristic of those Central Africa
pioneers, it might be stated that during the past year a
‘ Chamber of Commerce and Ariculture ’ has been
formed, whicli promises to do much good in securing
authoritative and unanimous action on the part of the
planters in questions affecting their interests. But per-
haps. above all, the Central African Planter, started
last year aud so ably conducted by Mr.R. S. Hynde,
K.R s.(;.s , in the planting interests, is an unequi-
vocal sign of a very bright and prosperous future
for coffee in Nyasaland.

By the foresight and discretion of Her Majesty's
Commissioner, who has given the industry much en-
couragement and consideration, the danger of intro-
ducing the leaf disease so common in Ceylon and
India has been averted. No seed is allowed to be
introduced into the countiy, even thougli sterilised,
and although some iiiconvenionco lias undoubtedly
theieby arisen, the )isk justified Dio striilgent
measure.

'The eyes of Ceylon jilanters liave been for some
time turned to Nyasaland, aud in 1895 was formed the.
• Nyasaland Coffee Company, lAd.,’ with a capital of
three hundred thous.and rupees. The quality of the
coffee has been highly spoken of by the liondon
coffee brokers, and it holds its own with the best
Ceylon and Mocha coffees.

'The late Mr. Jolm Buchanan estimatod that to
bring a plantation of say two hundred acres
into bearing in the third year would require an
expenditure of two thousand' to two thousand five
hundred pounds (sterling). And ho cautioned

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

421

Dec. r, 1896.]

planters affainst allowing the trees to bear too
heavil)' in the maiden crop, as there is a danger of
the plant being thereby weakened,

Other estimates put the expenditure at not move than
ten pounds per acre, or a little over th'-ee pouiids per
acre per annum for three years, and thereafter a largo
profit. The price of Nyassaland coffee as quoted in
the London market for late years has averaged one
hundred shillings per hundredweight, but it has
reached as high as one hundred and twelve shil-
lings.

Under varying conditions the average yield
per acre is somewhat uncertain, but compe-
tent judges put it at from three to four
hundredweight per acre. Some maiden crops have
yielded eight hundredweights — but not without in-
jury to the plants.

TuJving four hundredweight as the average, on a
plantation of two hundred acres this is equal to forty
tons, with a selling price in Loudon of four thousand
pounds^ From this, of course, must be deducted
freights, which will not be less than eleven pounds
per ton from the plantation to the market.

In the report on the protectorate by Com-
missioner Sir Harry Johnston, issued in August
last, there is a valuable appendix devoted to
the coffee industry, with a map of the southern
Shire Highlands devoted to coffee-planting. We
learn from it that a survey for the proposed i-ailway
connecting Blantyre with Chiromo has been made,
that the native population in the Lower Shire dis-
trict since the suppression of the slave-trade has
increased from 1,000 in 1801 to 14 385 in 189(i, and
that if malarial fever could in some way be eli-
minated, British Central Africa would be an earthly
paradise. The chief bane of British Central Africa
according to the Commissioner is that ‘ accursed
spirit whisky.’ The exports have doubled dur-
ing 1895 06, and not a little of this increase is due to
ivory and coffee. Sir Harry Johnston entertains great
hopes of the development of the negro of Central
Africa. At Zomba there is one European headprinter;
all the other printers are natives, who have been either
locally trained at the missions or by the head-printer.
The Commissioner has also an encouraging report
regarding mission \york in British Central Africa, and
special mention is made of the work of Dr. Laws
and others at Bandawe, concluding ‘ that it has only
to tell the plain truth and nothing but the truth
to secure sympathy and support.’

Three species of liliaceous plants, of easy pro-
pagation, promise to yield fibre worth nearly
£-10 a ton. India-rubber is another product which
it is hoped may be largely developed, as the
demand for it at present, almost exceeds the
supply. We are told that ‘ given abundance of cheap
native labour, and the financial security of the
protectorate is established. The European comes
here with his capital, which he is ready to employ
to almost an unlimited extent if he can get in
return black men who will, for a wage, work with
their hands, as he cannot do himself in a tropical
sun. It only needs a sufficiency of native labour
to make this country relatively healthy and a-mazingly
rich. The cultivation of coffee would be a hundred
times more extensive than it is if there w’ere an
adequate labour supply.’ For unskilled labour three
shillings a month, with or without food, is paid, and
proportionately loss for women and children. Skilled
native labourers — carpenters, masons, brick-makers,
Ac. — receive w'ages of from four shillings a month
to f 10 a year. There seems to be every reason to
believe, in accordance with the opinion of the old-
est and most experienced planters, that the pro-
spects of success in this inylustry are very hope-
ful. Considerable areas of land suitable for coffee
are yet to be had, the price varying from five
shillings to tw'enty shillings per acre, and no
doubt as the country is better known, and more
capital is introduced, the difficulties which have
kept back and hampered its development w’ill
rapidly disappear, and British Central Africa will yet
become, if not the most extensive, perhaps the most
successful coffee-growing country in the world.

TALK WITH A TEA PLANTElL

(From Xutal Merciu-y, Oct. 30th.)

CEYLON AND NATAJj COMPARED.

We have had a call from Mr. John Fraser, a tea
planter, of Ceylon, w'ho is on his return journey after
a trip to Europe. He and the Messrs. Aitkeu, of the
Low'er Umzimkulu, parted as young men in Aberdeen
34 y^ears ago, and unexpectedly met a week or two
since at lluthville. Mr. P’raser has utilised his stay
in South Africa to see the tea gardens of Natal, and
the results of his observations are of value. In Ceylon
he grew coffee for 16 yeais, and when that failed
he, in common with otiier islanders, planted tea.
The herb began to be generally grown there in 1880,
about the same time as its cultivation w'as started
here, although a commencement had been made four
years earlier. The progress of the industry in Ceylon,
compared with the progress made in Natal, is a
matter that deserves investigation — as to why Natal
tea has advanced so slow'ly, comparatively, as regards
the output and its general use. Within six years, in
1886, Ceylon was producing over 5,000,0001b. of tea
and the output for 1898 will be over 100,000,0001b. The
rapid strides of recent years as regards export
to America were due to the efforts of Sir John
Grinlinton, a Member of the Council, who advertised
the Ceylon beverage at Chicago, and Mr. William
Mackenzie, himself an astute and successful
planter. China, which used’ to supply Eng-

land annually with 300,OCO,0001b. of tea, now
exports no more than 40,t00,0001b. and the
shortfall is being made up by India with 150,000,0001b.
and Ceylon with 100,000,0001b. What is Natal doing
for the world’s consumption ? Ceylon looks upon
South Africa as a country that grows its own tea, and
Ceylon will not push itself into our market unless
Natal fails to fill it herself. Mr. Fraser was himself
asked to send from Ceylon a shipment to Johannesburg
of 5,0001bs. of tea, to be followed by monthly shipments
of 10,0001bs. If Natal, however, allows outsiders to
come in, a taste will be created for foreign brews, and
Natal will have admitted a competitor lor which there
should be no call Ceylon tea, however, is beginning
to find its way to this country. In Johannesburg,
next to Heath’s Hotel, is a cafe which makes a special
feature of Ceylon tea at 6d. a cup; crowds of anight take
advantage of the opportunity, and so a liking for
Ceylon tea is created. If this taste gains a firm and
general hold. Natal tea will be looked on with less
favour — for the reason, it is stated, that merchants
cannot rely on an even quality in Natal brands as
they can in the case of Ceylon. A rapidly increasing
output would bo less desirable than a steady and
reliable quality in the produced — a quality which has
not been sacrificed to the desire to promote the output.
Mr. Fraser thinks that tea would grow anywhere in
Natal, but notat a profit. Maritzburg seems the extreme
upper limit of profitable industry. Beyond the
vicissitudes of climate would probably prove
fatal. Ceylon has no winter as in Natal, and there
is no cessation in the plucking season; and another
advantage the island possesses is a more frequent
flush. \Vith advantages of this nature to compete
with, it behoves Natal to see if there are any
means within her reach to improve the quality of
her product, as she cannot change the weather or
force the leaf. To begin with, Mr. Fraser is able to
assure us that we have in the Colony a good jat
of tea—in fact, the average quality is equal to that
of Ceylon, at all events, so far as the early fields
are concerned. Ceylon is now, however, paying as
much a.s TdO for a maund (801b) of indigenous seed
and this is only sufficient for four or live acres’
Our informant has no word to say in regard to the
quality of the plants he has seen in Natal, or the
manner of their planting. From this point, however
IS to be traced our weakness. The bushes are not
cleaned enough— more old wood should be cut down ;
and whilst pruning would reduce the quantity of
ihe crop the quality would assuredly be superior.
The Natal tea planter has every ajvpliance, proper
machinery, adequate premises— all equal to anything
in Ceylou — but the system of manufacture is

422

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec. i, 1896.

generally at fault. The withering, in the
opinion of the Ceylon planter, is very uneven.
The reason of this lies in the inequality of the
leaf, the larger leaves, of course, taking longer
to wither than the smaller leaves. In Ceylon
there is requirefl one coolie for acre, whereas
in Natal one coolie is supposed to be ample for four
acres ; hence the advantage in point of labour is shown
in favour of Natal. The result, however, is to some
e.xtent an indiscriminate plucking. With so large
an area to cover, the coolie has to exercise a haste
which does not allow of carefulness in selection, and
in consequence a larger leaf is plucked than should be
admitted, and the uneven withering that follows is
fatal to a first-class tea. it is admitted that Natal
makes as good tea as Ceylon did 10 years ago, but
if Natal wants to compete on even terras with Ceylon
and India in the world’s market, or even to keep
foreign teas out of South Africa, she must improve
her manufacture. What would doubtless tend to this
in the first place would be a visit by Natal planters to
the home of successful tea-growing elsewhere. A
few weeks’ residence in Ceylon would be of infinite
Value ; but, even in Natal, an advance in the standard
of manufacture would be possible if planters worked
together for mutual good, as is the case in Ceylon.
There the neighbouring planters pay neighbourly
calls, and enter each other's factories, and question
and criticise, advise and compare notes, and so the
experience of all is gained and given for the
benefit of each. In Natal there appears to be
1)0 community of ideas, no common interest, and
one planter rarely enters the factory of his fellow.
What Ceydon did with its coarse teas was to send
them to town in sacks and sell to the natives at Id.
or 2d. per lb. 'I’he .natives were glad to pay that
amount for the leaf, and whi'e the grower in this
way received some return for an article that could
find no other market, he was careful to ensure that
no tea which left his factory for ordinary consump-
tion under his own brand was other than excellent
and even in quality. Jly strict attention to this de-
tail a reputation has been built up, and the world
is now willing to take all the tea that Ceylon can
produce. The coolies in Ceylon are drawn from and
around Madura and south of Madras, whereas Natal
gets her labour from Madras and from Calcutta.
The Indian coolie is paid in the rupee, the value
.of which is now Is. 2d., and the wages for children,
■women, and men run from 16 cents, to 40 cents, per
day — an average check-roll showing perhaps 85 cents,
per head, or about 5d., and the coolies feed themselves.
If cost of labour in this Colony is higher than inCeylon,
that Colony has to pay a duty wherever its tea enters,
whereas N.ital has the whole of South Africa to
exploit for a marliet. .Mr. Fraser, however, is not
too favourably impressed with the energy of the Natal
farmer and planter with the exception of two, viz. —
Mr. lludett of Kearsney estate and Mr. llindson,
Clifton, both shrewd and intelligent men and have
done as much for Natal tea as any two men in Cey-
lon have done for Ceylon tea. The coffee disease
in Ceylon, which swept the island clean and practi-
cally abolished coffee-growing there, was worse than
locusts and rinderpest combined. Men everywhere
were ruined, and yet they at once set to work to build
up a toa industry on the ruins of coffee, and wdth
what success all the world knows. Yet there are not
4,0UU Europeans in the whole country and scarcely
any European labour is employed. For instance, an
estate of 700 acres would be managed by the mana-
ger and one European assistant, with the aid of native
conductors. Our Scottish visitor cannot believe that
Natal planters are planting at a profit under their
present system. It is not quite clear, however, what
that system is, as planters aro reticent in giving
figures. Mr. Fraser has great doubt as to what this
may mean. It may be that they are dissatisfied with
their figures, or that they do not wish to make known
the profits they are making. At all events, they appear
to be so bound up in their own ideas that to give a
friendly hint is to be looked on with suspicion. “But
with all the drawbacks, ’’ concluded Mr. Fraser, “ 1
think there is still a good opening for outsiders to
come in and plant tea in Natal.’’

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

(From II. and C. Mail, Nov. 6.)

Tk.'i Fueight in CiiiN.v. — A resident in Shanghai
calls attention to the question of steamship discrimi-
nation in favour of foreign, including American, ports.
He says : “ Last year I called attention to the fact
that lying off the bund at Han 'cow were two steam-
ers belonging to the same company, one loading teas
for London at 70s per ton, the other teas for
Odessa at 40s. History repeats itself ; steamers
are now loading here for New Y’^ork at 80s, while
the rate to London is 40s, and the London steamers
fill up at Colombo with toa at 6s 3d. Owing to
excessive taxation the tea trade from China to Lon-
don has practically been killed, and it would be
satisfactory if steamer agents would explain why
they imposed this additional burthen. The inevitable
result must be to prevent London from being, as she has
been hitherto the distributing centre. Until this
season many shippers sent their teas ‘ optional ’ ;
that is, they could be landed in London or for-
warded to New York as the markets permitted.
Now it is cheaper to ship New York and thence to
London than to London direct ; yet steamer agents
profess to wonder why their London steamers do not
fill.”

The Tu.\nsit Pass Svstem i.\ China. — Mr. Her-
bert Brady, the British Consul at Kiu-kiaug, in his
last report refers to the system of transit passes in
China, by which, on payment at the port of entry
of half the import duty in lieu of transit dues,
goods are allowed to go free of transit duty to a
declared destination. This means, after the half-
duty is paid, the goods are still liable to the
exactions of corrupt officials at the transit barriers
— in other words, that the pass is not respected by
those to whom it is really addi-essed. Mr. Brady
says : “ Last year imports to the value of about
i‘300,000 were sent from Kiu-kiang into the interior
under transit passes, being about ,£75,000 more than
the previous year. This is done by native merchants,
who monopolise the whole of the import trade of
the place. During the year only one complaint, and
that of a most trivial nature, was received at
the Consulate in regard to breac’nes of the pro-
tection afforded the passes.” Mr. Brady s.ays
“ there is no doubt that the latter are respected at
the inland barriers, for inquiries which have been
widely made amongst the Chinese merchants show
no complaints. They say that no additional or
differential taxation of any kind is imposed at their
destination on goods which have been covered by a
pass. If they are carried beyond the place men-
tioned in the pass thej' pay exactly the same charges
at the further barriers as ordinary goods in transit.
As to the saving caused by passes, this is variously
estimated; it is difficult to fix a proportion, because
the pass covers goods to any distance, while un-
ceitificated goods pay at every barrier, and the
advantage of the pass therefore grows with the is
tance traversed. Kerosine oil is largely carried din-
land under transit passes, and there is said to-
be a saving in this instead of paying the transit
dues at the barriers : and the same may be said of
piece goods, lead, and iron. No transit passes for
exports have been taken out, although rules for
granting them w’ere made six years ago. The reason
is that the foi’eigu merchants at Kiu-kiang have no
dii’ect interest in exports, save that of tea and the
conditions of the tea mai’ket have so greatly changed
in recent years that foreign merchants are content
to buy in the local market and not go into the interior
to buy, as in former days. Hence the mode and
circumstances under which the toa arrives in the
market are of no concern to them. Mr. Brady
thinks that no difficulty would be made in the issue
of transit passes for exports, nor does he believe
that the same obstruction would occur at the inland
barriers as twenty-live years ago, when a British
merchant brought down toa from the interior under
a transit pass for the last time.”

The I’osirioN or xni: West Inoian Sugau Inui^stuy.
— The present position of West Indian sugar planters
is one of despair. Having thoroughly made up tliei

Dec. I, 1896.1

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

423

minds that the Continental bounty system has practi-
cally ruined them, they decline to accept any other
theory for a moment. The planters of British Guiana
are deeply concerned, and the Georgetown Planters’
Association has applied to the Imperial Government
for relief, and has suggested that one of the follow-
ing three measures should be adopted ; — “ {a) The
immediate payment from the Imperial Treasury of
a sum per ton of sugar exported from the colony
equal to the bounty on export s^gar given by
Germany, so as to ]place the indusiry in the colony
on an equal footing and in as favourable a position
as that of foreign countries now exporting beet sugar
to Great Britain, {hj The arrangement of a con-
ference of the European countries giving export
bounties on beet sugar, with a view to settling a
joint agreement for the immediate abolition
of such bounties. This matter of relief to be of
any assistance to British Guiana must be very
promptly carried out. (c) The imposition of a
countervailing duty on all foreign sugar imported
into Great Britain equal to the bounty given at
the port of export.” Unfortunately the planters of
Demerara and Essequibo are not the only persons
who have had to face an enormous fall of prices. Other
agriculturists have suffered in the same way, and
might ask for a subsidy also, and the question is,
when should such subsidies stop ? Supposing that
China and .Tapan, owing to Government subsidies,
were to become formidable rivals of Indian and
Ceylon tea planters in the tea markets of the world,
the latter would be entitled to ask for subsidy from
tlie British Government, in the same way as that
suggested by the sugar planters of Guiana. Our
sympathy is with the sugar planters of British Guiana
and the sugar-producing colonies, but we fear that
protection will not help them. Cane sugar is grown
in the United States, and it is protected, except as
regards Hawaiian sugar, by a very heavy duty; but,
in inspite of this duty. German beet-sugar is being
imported into the United States in quantities which
are increasing enormously, tho total for the first
eight months of this year being estimated at nearly

600.000. 000 lb. as against only about 135,000,000 lb.
for the corresponding period in 1894 and about

167.000. 000 lb. for the first eight mouths last year’
Science and Improved Machinery. — Sir Charles

Bruce has just reported on the decline of the sugar
industry in the Windward Islands. He opines
strongly to the view that the main cause of this
decline is the system of subsidies adopted by foreign
governments which guarantee the producers a margin
of profit even when the price is below the cost of
production. Whatever the reason, the decline during
the last fifteen years is very striking. In St. Vincent,
for instance, the value of the export in 1880 was
i:i28,603 ; in 1895 it was £21, 581- In view of these
figiu'es, it is satisfactory to learn that Professor
Harrison, who has reported on the agricultural
prospects of the islands, holds out great hopes of
renewed prosperity from scientific treatment of the
soil and improved machinery. Sir Charles Bruce
in his report on St. Lucia shows how much
headway may be made even against the worst
of agricultural depression. The mortgagees in
possession of the estates of the Central Sugar Factory
Company gave notice of withdrawal from the pro-
perty. As the company itself was entirely without
funds, it seemed certain that the estate would revert
to its natural condition of jungle, and that a
large body of labourers would be thrown out of work.
A locil syndicate then came forward and took over
the estates for a year. “I understand,” say.s Sir
Charles Bruce, *• that the e.states have been worked
with such superior energy, skill, and economy as to
realise an immediate profit, and to jjistify the belief
that the cultivation of the proport}' will be per-
manently maintained and exte.ided, with profit to
the undertakers and every advantage to the colony.”
Coolie Labour in the West Indies. — There is
one point in connection with the crisis in the
sugar planting industry of B itish Guiana which
must not be overlooked, and that is the difficulty
between maintaining the validity of the posi-

tion of the indentured coolies on tho one hand
and the employment of coolies whose contracts
had run out at less wages on the other ; the
alternative being the closing of tho estates,
which means ruin to practically the entire
population. There is also a far more serious
question to be faced by the Imperial Government,
as the insolvency of the whole sugar industry will
also mean the insolvency of the colony for the lieavy
loans to the estates guaranteed by the colony, while
the revenue will suffer in proportionate ratio. The
obliteration of tho sugar industry in British Guiana
will mean the disappearance of at least 75 per cent,
of the whole trade of the colony.

Cuban Planters and their Troubles.— It is an
ill wind, &c., and the losses of the Cuban sugar
planters from the insurrection in the “ Pearl of the
Antilles” has been some gain to sugar planters
elsewhere. The exportation from Cuba to the United
States had fallen off by two-thirds np to August,
and has now ceased, to the advantage of sugar cane
growers in the West Indies, and in the East too. As
to tobacco, owing to exceptionally large stocks being
in hand, the market for Havannah cigars has not
yet risen to the extent expected. But experts in
the trade predict that hi another two years there
wiil be such dearth as will place prime Havannahs
beyond the reach of all except the very wealthy.

Coffee in the Congo. — M. Laurent, Professor of the
Agricultural Institute of Gembloux, entrusted, by the
independent Scate with a mission to the Congo,
has just published a report upon the results of his
travels, in which he says that the Congo will, in some
years to come, be as important a coffee-growing coun-
try as Brazil is at the present time. The coffee tree
will find in the great equatorial forest the conditions
of soil and climate that are the best suited for it.
It grows there in a wild state, and there are three
descriptions known, two of which yield excellent results.
According to the information M. Laurent has obtained
at Bosoko and Coquillhatville, the preparation of the
ground for coffee plantations would require native
labour, which could be obtained at a cost of about £10
per hectare (2.47 acres).

• ♦- —

COFFEE IN THE CONGO STATE.
WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA.

We have received from the author, M. Emile
Laurent, Profe.ssor in the Government Agricultural
IiLstitute at Gembloux, Belgium, a copy of his
Report in French, addressed to the ' Belgian
Secretary of State, on the Agricultural Prospect.s
revealed by his journey in the Congo Free State
appertaining to King Leopold. Tliis journey,
specially subsidised by the Government, extended
from the 8tli September 1S95 to the 14th of May
1896, and included a great portion of the vast
extent of territory comprised in the State for
over ten degree.s sontlr and five degrees north of
tlie equator witii some twelve degrees of latitude.
Pending a full trauslaliou of tlii.s important
Report, wliicli we may pulilish in cxte.nso in our
Tropical Ariricultarist, we may fortliwitli give a
general idea of its contents. This must be very
biief , foi tlie Ivepoi t cor ers over forty pa^j'e.s of
a large size jn-intei! iiampldet. It has irassed
into a tliird ediCoii, so it is evidently attractincr
a good deal of attention in Belgimn and on the
Continent generally ; and as a result we may
ex))ect a considerable introduction of both plaiitin'o-
pioneers .and mercirants ,as well as capital into
the Congo. But it will he snrpiising if British
traders and money do not take piaoiity wlien
it is found tli.at there are new products av,ail-
able, much in demand in Europe and America.
Already, the Congo State is tlie scene of some
very successful English Mission Settlements

4H

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec. I, 1896.

M. Laurent voyaged up tlie Congo ami begins
by describing the “District of tlie Cataracts.’'
its narrow feitile valleys, its wooded ravines
and sandy plains. Here be considers there
inay be scope for tlie planting of laberian cofl'ee,
in spite of the disadvantage of the long dry
season ; a small area already contains plants two
years old. The district of Stanley-Port and of
the eastern Kwango contains .several varieties of
India-rubber of the Tiandolpbia genus growing in
great abundance, and e.xperinients of cofl'ee grow-
ing and two cacao trees are referred to; but they
show so far no great iiroinise, the soil being too
.sandy and dry. The district of Ijuke Leopold
II promises most for India-rubber, jilantains are
abundant and probably tobacco would do well.

In the district of Kassai' and the Lnalaba,
the upper streams mnir the sonm; of the ( longo,
M. lianrent found what see.nied to him .a new
variety of coU'ee growing wibl. It is a small
tree from .‘1 to 5 yards high with spreading brandies
often growing over streams of water. 1'he
leaves are larger than those of Liberian c ill'ee
and the llowers small like Arabian coll'ce.

In one plantation he was able to compare the
growth of this variety with the Liberian. In
the Arab zone, or district of the Stanley-Falls,
he noticed in the forest region very fine pota-
toes, the fourth crop within fifteen months. He
thinks cotton and indigo may possibly grow well.
Then follows “ The forest region.” In the dis-
trict of theAruwini were some coffee and cacao
jdantations of which more detailed statistics are
given as also of others in the district of the
Bangalas and that of the equator. The second
part of the paper is on the cultivation of cofl'ee,
and on minor cultivations. The third partis on the
obieets to be pursued in the Congo, by the Bel-
gian state and cultivators. The information alto-
gether is of much practical value and we shall
refer to it when the details are all before us.

CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA AND RCSSIA.

We think the time has come when the Com
mittee of the Ceylon Tea Fund should consider
the desirableness of discontinuing any and every
subsidy to lU'ivate individual or firm in both
llus.sia and North America. If our information
be correct in respect of both countries — and it
is derived from well-informed quarters — Ceylon
tea has got a good hold in both countries and is
now handled by far more linns and individuals
than those who have received, or are receiving,
aid from the idanters’ funds. One consequence
is that jealousy and other ill-feeling are being
en^mndred in connection with the action of the
IocaI Committee and their agents, and the I'esult
of certain favored dealers being subsidised any
lonoer will be to increase these antagonistic feel-
ings. In this way, not only are the majority
ovRside the subsidised list who have to touch
Ceylon tea, hindered by a very natural jealousy,
from going into the trade as freely and fully
as they would otherwise desire ; but many more
dealers who wouhl probably follow .suit if they
saw a cle.ar field and no favour, are holding off'
as IciP’’ as ever they can, under pre.sent circum-
stancois. On' the other side, it will no doubt be
pleaded that the best way to force the hands
of the big and little tea houses in the United
States and Canada is to work through a very
few leading firms who are ready to exqiend any
money from Ceylon in advertising its tea, hold-

ing and distributing a supply on their own ac-
count. But surely, it is not impo.ssible, now that
a considerable acquaintance with tlie tea busi-
ness in the United States and Canada has been
acquired, to e.xpend all local funds in advertising
direct — each advertising for the benelit of all,
equally, m ho are ready to hold and distribute
(Yylon tea? Our readers are aware that from
the outset, we discouraged the plan of private
sub.sidies in the case of the American market as
being unsound in principle, and calculated, sooner
or later, to engender prejudice and jealou.sjn
We ai’e free to admit, however, that to get a
start ill the face of considerable opjiosition, a
temporary subsidy in a few well-selected quarters
may have been advantageous. But, if so, we
think there is evidence that a change of pidicc
to direct and impartial ailvertising iii the (aiiley
States and Canada, would now be still mord
•advantageous, .as well .as a wise and [.olitic course
o pursue in the interests of all concerned. Wee
know th.at the e.xpense of adveifcising in the
best pajiers and periodie.als in America is des-
cribed .as ve.iy high---much higher it is said
than any rates quoted in the British Empire-
hut if the right cour.se is adopted, it must
be nearly, ^ if not (piite, as economical to
advertise direct, as through f.he agency of
subsidi.<-ed firms. What is wanted is,' we
suppose, a very concise notice setting forth the
merits of Ceylon Tea and appended to it a list of
the houses who keep a supply for distribution in
the State or City in which the advertisement
appears ? Giving the n.ames of all who keep
our teas, in this w.ay, should lie a very accept.able,
,as well as fair, mode of extending aid from
the Ceylon producers. We leave the subject, as
regards the Unifed States and Canada, in the
hands of the Committee. Very ))rob.ably, our
shrewd Ceylon Commissioner m.ay, in his present
visit to America, .arrive .at the conclusion that
the time has come for general .and imp.artial ad-
vertising, in which case a speedy termination
would, no doubt, be juit to speei.al or indiviilual
subsidising ; and .advertising in the interests of
all become the rule. In .addition to the mention
of the names of dealers in the Planters’ Ceylon
Tea Advertisement for America, a supply of
literature in pamphlets, leaflets, wrappers, ' A'c.,
should be furnished to each house taking up our
teas. Many of the larger firms M-ould, perhajis,
prefer to prep.are such for them.selves ; but smaller
de.alers might be very willing to utilise such
litcr.ature, .st.am]ung their own names on all they
distributed. In any case, we plead that the fim'e
h.as come for the reniov.al of any cause of bick-
ering or je.alousy, or for the' preferring of a
ch.arge of favouritism on the jiart of Ceylon
planters, among the tea de.alers in the United
States and Canada.

fn the c.ase of Russia, we believe the time is
also Last appro, aching, if it has not already come,
for ceasing individual aid. "We do not supjio.se
such .aid is given in more than two or three
cases. But the number of peojilc exportino’
Ceylon tea to Ru.ssia either direct or from Londoiq
or dc.aling in it, in that country is considerable!
The latest illustration is afforded in our “Motro-
])olitan Notes” where reference is m.ailc to the
gre.at success of Lipton’s new establishment in
St. Petersburg. A single order for .•f,0()0 chests
of lea, mainly Ceylon, from that one distribut-
ing store, which was being executed in London
in early November, indicates great jirogress ; and
Ifipton is not alone, we belie.ve, among new houses
exploiting Ceylon tea in the Rmssiau Empire.

[Dec. r, 1896,

THK TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST

425

^ r") 5^ V ,'* tf! p 0 }■', r] C !'; 0.

2'o the Editor.

COFFEE IN SOUTH SYLHET.

Dauvaduira, Mnnshi Bazaar, South Sylhet,

Oct.

Dear S r, — I have been e.xperimentin" for the
last three years witli (litrereiit varieties ofcoftee in
this district. I have been advised to send yon a
sample for youropinion. If you would Uindly let
me have your opinion on tlie sample, width I
am sending per parcel post, as to its quality
and appro.ximate price in the market, 1 would
be obliged. The sample is taken from a maiden
croj), three years of age. The seed was got from
Coorg, and was grown at a low elevation— 50 ft.
above sea-level only. — I am, dear sir, yours faith-
fully, ■ JAMES LAURIE.

[All expert to whom we submitted the sample
reports: — “It is very small, and the silver skin
has been allowed to settle on the bean — a bad
fault in curing. I am unable to give its present
value.”— Ed. C.O.]

GOOERA (CEYLON) TEA ESTATES,
LIMITED.

Oct. 21.

Dear Sir, — We have received advice from London
that this Company h.as declared a (Inal dividend
of 10 per cent, making, with the interim dividend
paid in March, a total of 17 per cent for the yea'',
and the balance carried forward is equivalent to
7 per cent, on the capital of the Company. —Yours
faithfully, BAKER & HAJ.L’ Agent.'-.

THE MANUFACTURE OF TEA IN CHINA;

COMPETITION BETWEEN INDIA AND CEYLON.

Colombo, Nov. 7.

De.vr Sir, — 'Wq have much |deasure in enclos-
ing a" letter received by us from a gentleman
• in China (also an owner of estates in Ceylon!
in regarrl to the awakening of China merchants
to the fact that unle.ss something is done, tlie
total e.xtinction of their foreign ami colonial trade
is within measurable distance. The means adopted
to counteract this are the importation of an
economic roller anrl the ad.aptation of Ceylon
methods tor withering, drying and rolling the leaf.
Samples of the first teas made under the new
proce.ss have readied us from both China and Aus-
tralia, and after a careful examination we find
there has been an improvement made in the
appearance, but the liquors still remain those of
China teas, with all their characteristics. It
\yould be unwise to under-estimate the opposi-
tion of China, M'hose hold upon se\'cral markets
of the world is still ,a strong one. At the same
time no good can come of over-estim.ating it,
and we feel assured that China's real obstacle
to regaining her old position in the trad'- is
owing to the fact that her soil cannot produce
tea of snflicient body ami strength to the pos-
session of which the jiopularity of Ceylon .and
Indian tea is due. Improved methods of manu-
tacture may^ and will no doubt result in the
))roduclion of tea resembling somewhat in appear-
ance that of India and Ceylon, but there is no
possible method of manufacturing by which tlie
evil of the soil producing thg tea can be over-
o3

come. Were fresh land in China opened and
planted with good Indian seed, it is po.ssible an
imiu'oied article might be produced, but if the
ar tempt at the resuscitation of the trade begins
a al ends with manufacturing the present leaf
by Ceyion and Indian methods, the interests of
Ceylon are not threatened. — Yours faithfully,

CROSFIELD, LAMPARD & CO.

(Cojiy of letter received.)

Oct. 9.

My dear L, — Thanks for your last letter. I
see that you agree with what I previously wrote
on the suliject of encouraging the sale of your
teas in Russia, and as you are much interested
in that, you may like to have a few more
notes from me on it,

'I'hat a start has been made in increasing the
ii.se of Ceylon teas in Russia is evident to all,
and the course of the Northern markets in China
this season go to prove this for the direct ex-
port to that country has fallen off 4 million
pounds. Nor has this so far been made up by
purchases on the London market, one of the
best informed houses there writing that the ex*
pected demand for black leafs for export has
not yet shewn itself. The start having been
made it behoves all interested to help it along,
and the need for this to be done immediately
is becoming more urgent and for the following
reasons. The merchant in China has awakened
to the fact that the critical period has arrived
and he is taking steps to Avard off the total extinc*
tion of the trade. F'rom Shanghai very stiong
representations are being made by the Chamber
of Commerce to the Chinese authoritities
through the medium of foreign ministers at
Pekin, pointing out the evils which press so
heavily on thetrade, especially such as the “lekin”
tax and the export duty. When many years ago,
the latter was fixed at R2 o per picul, it was
regarded as the equivalent of 5 per cent on
tlie value of the tea exported, but by reason
of the great fall in the value of the article on
the home markets, the same duty now repre-
sents from 25 to 30 per cent of such value. The
Chinese are anxious to increase the duties on
imports, and to obtain this, they may consent
to a reduction of the duties on the export of
tea. But the most important movement to be
considered is that which is now taking place
at this port having for its object the improve-
ment of the teas produced here.

An “ Economic” roller has been imported and
a Company formed with the view of obtaining
other machines for distribution amongst the
various tea districts, so as to try where the
Ceylon method of withering and rolling can be
successfully applied. The machine arrived too
late in the season to be tried upon first-crop
leaf, and the several parcels of tea which it
has turned out from "second and third' crop
leaf have been disappointing — the teas rapidly
“changing” and, though shewing more strength
than the same leaf produced under Chine.se
methods, giving no flavour in the cup. But it
must be remembered that .so far only the
.second and . third crop leaf from one of our
])oorest districts has been experimented upon,
and the promoters of the Company are

sanguine of better things resulting from the treat
ment of first crop. The Chinese teamen generally
are averse to the use of machinerjq but many are
willing to tiy the Ceylon method of withering
and the more careful manufacture of the leaf by
“ hand.”

426

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec. I, 1896.

I naturally take great interest in the subject
and I have sent to you toilay a sample of both
machine and hand made teas under the new
system of fermentation, and 1 am sure tliat any
one snilieiently interested to take the trouble
to obtain from yon a glimpse of these .samples,
would be sliewn tliem with pleasure. It wili be
seen trom an exauiination of tliese samples tliat in
“ appearance'’ the new make.s compare favourably
with many of your broken pekoes, and this being
so as regards the leaf it may well be that with
first crop leaf and in time better cnltivalion of
the plant, comi)etition from this country may
again be felt.

Further it is already being mooteil as to
foreigners lea.sing lands in tlie tea-districts and
tlirongh their own (,’hinese employees, growing
and manipulating the teas from start to finish, ’’
which w’ould certainly lead to improvement. Of
course it will take some time to show any result
from these attempts, and they may be unsuccess-
ful. My aim is to shew you what is being done
with a view to meet your competition and as it is a
question of “success,” or “ extinction,” you may
sure the matter will be thoroughly thraslied out
here. It seems to me therefore that the moral
to be drawn from what I have written is the
rigoKJUs and prompt pushing of the campaign
in Russia, one of the largest consumers of tea in
the world and the careful upkeep of a good
standard of quality, for in common teas China
can beat the world in giving a well made article
a low price, and should the vexations “ lekin ”
and the heavy export duties be removed or
lightened, she may yet endeavour to stem the
tide of competition which is now threatening
to drown her.

I would take this opportunity of again urging
the application to the Rus.sian Campiugn of a
large portion of the funds now being spent in
Canaria, where I am certain from my own obser-
vation, that all the good tliat your Delegate
was expected to do, has alre.ady been accom-
plished and the further exploitation of that
country may be safely loft to those engaged in
the trade, — Yours sincerely, .

P. H. — I have .sent you to-day a third sanqde
marked XX. which is the best 'specimen of the
new style which has yet appeared, and which
really does possess strength ami tlavour together
with” a tii»py leaf.

THE RHEA FIBRE SYNDICATE AND
GRANTS.

Sin, — I notice in Monday’s “Times of Ceylon ’
a letter from the well-worn pen of “ Yril ” on
the subject of grants in general and Rhea in
liarticular. If “Yril” serves ws noni dc plume
to veil the jiowcrful entity I think^ it docs, lie
has been out long enough to have been a keen
observer of, and cynical though not unkindly
commentator on many jobs of sorts. But this
last impudent attempt to get the pick of a pro-
vince for nothing seems to have goaded “ Yril
into really serious remonstrance. But as he .sajy.s —
we have' no safeguard against this sort of thing
o'jing on for cvei'. Nor .shall u’c ha\'c, until it
Ts hull down that no giants of land shall lie
made except by the Legislative Council, and
that would mea”n that none would ever be made.
And so mote it be. —Yours truly,

OYER PRODUCTION.

CA.ST1LLOA RUBBER.

Wiharagama, Matale.

DkauSir, — You have shown .such siiecial interest
in the matter of rubber cultivation and upon
one occasion getting a highly favorable report
from home on a sanqile of this jiarticular variety
from Matale, that 1 am sure yon will excu.se my
calling your attention to an article in the last
Chambers Journal to hand viz, for the month
of October. It is far too lenglh.y an article for
me to quote, but it contains so much regarding
the practical cultivation of cast illoa clast ica, am\
with such splendid iirospects of success at
Nicaragua that to give the ermie outline with-
out details would make one’s hair .i^tand on end.
The writer says that estimating the “9 years’
yield value of £50,000 and deducting cost, interest
and expenses the nett prolit will be £47,(320,” which
is a pretty good return for a nett capital outlay
of £3,(325 !

He states that trees tapped in the wet season
arc estimated to yield five times as much milk as
in the dry. Is this the explanation of the
lamented Dr. Trimen reporting on the poor yield
of this variety? I believe this is the secret of
onr disa])pointment in (jnantitj\ As regards
(]uality of that sent from Wiliaragama, Matale,
your senior had the report from experts that it
was the best rubber they had seen from Ceylon.

The opening suggested by this ai tide deserves
your bringing it into notice of your planting
friends. J. M. KANDY.

THE DUMONT COFFEE COMPANY
LIMITED.

45, Leadenhall Street, London, Nov. (31 h.

Dic.vu Sir, — We beg to inform you that on the
2nd inst., we received the following cablegram
from Mr. G. A. Talbot, one of the Directors of
this Conqvany, who proceeiled to Brazil on the
2nd nit., to inspect this Company’.s jjropertics.

“I consider property a magnificent one, and
exceeds in luxuriance anything 1 have seen in
Ce.ylon, the Straits, or Java.

“ Eavourable crop jirospects for next year.

“ I am confident we can raise the value of our
coll'ee by introducing improved methods of pre-
paration.

“Steps will be taken to ensure a pro])ortion
of next season’s crop being cured by Ceylon
melhods.

“ Have decided our railway be exented at
once, as it is likely to [irove a .source of increased
income.” — We are, dear sir. Yours faithfully,

P. R. BUCHANAN X Co.

Secretaries.

LN'in.A.RUnnioK. — There is a giealer demand
now for the product of the indiarubber tree
than has ever been known, the tires of the
ubiquitous bicycle and other vehicles alone con-
suming an immense quantity. Everything regard-
ing the .subst.ance is therefore of real intere.st to
man>, and Sir Henry Derring’s recent re[)or( on
the rubber industry as carried on in Mexico will
lind man}' leaders. The melhods of it?- collection
in Nicara.gua, and the ]nolit;il,de nature of the in-
flust.ry arc fully discussed in the article, “ Out
with the Indiarubber Gatherers,” on a previous
page. —Chambers' Journal.

AGRICULTURIST.

Dec, I, 1896. J THE TROPICAL
NOTRS FltOM THI' MKTKOIMJLLS.

Nov. 6.

I have been favoured witlithe following oHicial
Keport of the proceedings at tlie recent statu-
tory meeting of

‘tHK (iAI.T,AlI-*L CKVnON TKA KS'I'ATKS AND
ADENCV t'O., LD..
held at ‘29, Liine-st. on 2!)Lli ult: —

After the notice had been read by the Secretary,
the Chairman (Mr. C. E. Strachiui) addressed the
Shoreholders, and •reminded them that this was the
Stalntoiy Meeting which Im.d to be hehl within a
certain time of the registration of the Company. It
was quite of a formal character, and there was no
resoluvion to b.ing forward.

Mr. Strachan, however, took the opportunity of
spesking about the formation of the Oompu,ny and
tiic working of tlte i.'statcs. lie mentioned that the
Prospectus stated the subscription list would open
ou 'J'lie.sday, the JOlh June, and would be closed be-
fore or at I p.ui, oil the following day, but in order
to avoid disappointment it was found advisable to
close it at 2 o'clock ou the Tuesday, as by that time
applications had been received for no less than 12,181
Shares, or more than twice the amount offered, and
he felt sure that if the list liadbeen kept open longer
it would have been covei-ed .several times over. This
he considered very sati.sf.ictory, as it showed tlie
confidence of theimblic in the uudertaking. The allot-
ment of tlie Preference Shai es was made with great
care, and as no complaint had been made it was pre-
sumed it had given satisfaction. In accordance with
the Prospectus an application for quotation was made
to the Cmiimittee of the Stock E.Kchange, and this
has been granted undei' the usual conditions. The
price ill the oTicial i >vu.s iO.s, to l.'is, premium,
and the vhalrman tl.uugi.ii .his quotation would ad-
vance. as it was not easy to obtain Sbaies so amply
seemed as these were to yield such good interest at
so cher.p a price.

With regard to the prospects of the Company it
was of course too early to make any definite state-
ment, but there was no reason at the moment to
alter the estimates. Up to the fiOth September, 19
per cent, of the estimated Tea crop had been har-
vested, which is considered by the Colombo Manager
in a recent letter as vei’y satisfactory, and on some
of the estate covering a large acreage it is expected
that ()U per cent, of the estimate will be secured by
Jlst December. This would be very good indeed, as
it wa§ usual to expect two-fifths of the crop during
the first six months, and three-fifths during the last
six months of the season, April May and June being
the best months in Ceylon for yield.

The quantity of Tea crop sold in London to date
was 79,7J8 lbs., which had averaged 7 89d per lb. net,
or upwards of ^d per lb. above the estimate of price
stated in the Prospectus, and as the qualitj' is uni-
form, there is no reason why prices should not keep
fairly steady.

Mr. Straclian also said that when the additions
now being made to the Factory were completed, the
Company would be able to take in all the leaf for
several years, and if further extensions should then
bo necessary, the Company would be able to nfford
the cost, as more space would mean more leaf and
more profit. The cost of the permanent; works would
he met out of the sum of .£10,000 set aside for capi-
tal outlay. About 900 to 400 acres of new land are
being opened up, this meaning virtually the aildition
of a new e.state to the group, as estates in Ceylon
average about 2.70 to 300 aci'es, and each year
fui'iher clearings will he opened up until all the avail-
able land is planted. Such buildings a.s coolie linei,
are being made permanent, and this is being done
at a small cost, as tlie Company owns a brick and
tile manufactory, a property wliicli adds a good deal
to the value of the estates. \11 these additions add
very materially to the security of the Preference
Shareholders.

The supply of labour on the Company’s properties
is Binplc, and full numbers of coolies are ahvaysob-

427

tainable, a.s tin's i.s a f,ivoiirite part of the country
with thorn, and tJioir comfort has always careful atteq-
tiou.

Mr. Sinclair said he had only to complain of one
thing, and that was that he had not been allotted
the full number of Shares he had applied for. Be-
ing an old Ceylon Plantor, and knowing these estates
well, lie would have liked to have had more of the
Shares.

The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to
the Chairman, proposed by Mr. Sinclair, and seconded
by Mr. Low. C. L. Str.-vciiak, Chairman.

The Mr. Sinclair i.s, of course, Mr. James
Sinclair, Cliainimn of the Diiiiluiia A'^alley Com-
pany. The latest rumour is that Mr. Straclian
has heeii oll'uring a large sum (£oD,U0D is the
report) for two well-known Maskmliya estates;
hut that may be for a .separate flonipany — that is
if tlie sale talccs place.

Of another

(.T.VLO.N I’KA CO.ni’ANV,
the F'niaiicinl Tiiiies has tlie following: —

CKNTUAL TKA OV CICYLON.

The report of the directors of the Central Tea
Company of Ceylon for the year ending 30tli .Tnue
last show's that the not profit was £'3,091. A divi-
dend of 10 per cent, on the ordinary shares is pro-
posed, leaving £281 to he carried forw.ird. To meet
the purchase of two estates acquired since the com-
pany w'as formed a temporary loan of £8,584 was
arranged, and it is no.v proposed to issue 593 ordi-
nary shares at a premium in order 10 deal with
this.

THE’ EA.STEEN PRODUCE AND E.STATK.S COMPANY,
eviiletitly doing w'ell this year : an ad interim
dividend of 2.v par share having just been
paid.

I quote the following

COMPANY REPORTS,

because first the exports of coffee from lirazil this
seu.son are said chiefly to depend on the capacity of
the San Paulo Railway as a trallic carrier, ami
.secondly Natalians are ambitions of developing
an appreciable tea industry : —

PUBLIC COMPANIES.

Sail Paulo Railway. — Yesterday, at the Gannou-strect
Hotel, Mr. Martin R. Smith presided over the seveiiU -
fourth general meeting of the shareholders of the San
Paulo (Brazilian) Railway C unpauy. In moving the
adoption of the report, he said it was true that the net
receipts for the lialf-year were some £'27, 000 less than
in the correspondiog six months of 1895; but last year
£.30,000 W'as absorbed in making provision for deprecia-
tion of assets. Therefore the net profits showed an
increase of about .£‘3,500 available for distribution. The
falling oil in receipts w'as due principally to a decrease
of no less than 32,000 tons of coffee ciuried, and the
increase of working expenses. They w'ere employing
more men, and until the duplication of the line was
completed they had to meet heavy expenses in the
maintenauoQ of the permanent way. The further
traffic expected would be provided for by an increase
of rolling stock and already they had shipped 15 loco-
motives and 2 5 wagons. The 6*tal cost of the additions
to the rolling stock would be .£150,000. This expen-
diture would come out of the creation of new capital
One adverse circums'aiice w'ns the dow'award tendency
in the rate of exchange, but on the other hand it was
valuable to them in Brazil. They had been unfortu-
nate in the colls.pse of the premium at first quoted for
the new issue of shares, hut it resulted from a variety of
c luscs. He was confident however that a recovery
would soon take place. In couclusion, ho mentioned
that, the receipts from .1 nne 30 up to date were approxi-
mately £‘10.000 in excess of the corresponding period
last year. The report, which recommended the pay-
ment of a dividend of (i per cent for the half-year, to-
gether with a bonus of Ss. per share, w'as adopted.

428

THE TROPICA!

AGRICULTURIST,

[Dec. I, 1896.

Natal Estates. — 'I’he first annual f'enoral meeting
was held yesterday at the offices, 3 Fenchureh-street.
E.C., Mr. Thomas Bell presiding. The Chairman, in
moving the adoption of the report, said the transfer
of the property had been comp eted, and that the trust
deed securing the debenture holder.s had been dnlv re-
gistered in Natal. The profit on the operations of fbe
company amoujited to £,10,483 Kir Cd. Fr «m ;...s
amount £l,0'!0had been written if or depr, ■.na''.cn, r.s
well as £1,.')3S the whole cost of the crau.'for i •
perty, .Vc., and after allow iiJS; for the pa- oo.i’.t ■ ‘ ii<-
henture intere.st &r., there was an av.iil tl'i-j ind n>.o
of £4,830 IGs. 6d. Out of this the director.s pr .p 'Sou to
pay a dividend of 5 per cent, for the past year which
would absorb £3,750, leaving a balance of £1,08G IGs.
6d. to be carried forward. In conclusion the Chairman
said that good progress was being made with the orectiv. u
of the building for the sugar machinery. Captain G. A.
K. Wisely seconded the motion, which was eavriocl. —
Doihi Vh-onide.

OOKFI'.l-: IN NVAS.SAL.tND.

Ghambiu's' Journal for November has an article
on cort'ee planting in Nyassaland worth giving
in the Tropical A(jrioulturist ; also a good deal
of information about India-rubber which must,
undoubtedly, be cultivated in Ceylon much more
widely than it i.s so far. Orange-growing in
Jaffa, Syria, is the subject of another paper.

AT THE NATAL TEA GAliUENS.

HOW A BIG INDUSTKY HAS GROWN— A VI.81T TO
KEARSNEY — RE-OPENING OF THE NEW FACTORY.

“ air. and Mrs. J. Liege Hulett at Home, Octo-
ber 14th, 189G, at ‘2 30 p. m., ou the occasion of the
opening of the restored Kearsney Tea Factory, , by
his Excellency the Governor.” Thus ran the invita-
tion received, aud which was readily accepted, for
several reasons. To begin with, I the first person
is adopted for the sake of convenience— had never,
despite a long residence in the Colony, seen a
Natal tea estate, and, in addition, I had so often
had to decline Mr. and Mrs. Hulett’s kindly in-
vitations, that I could not allow such a special op-
portunity to pass. Well, then, after much pre-
paration, such are the exigencies of the jourua-
list’e daily vouud, Tuesday saw me rushing madly
along, so far as N.G.R. conditions (with allowances
for long rests at the various stations, almost as
marked as the long waits at theatrical perfoiiuaiice.s)
and post-cait anangeinents would _ permit. The
roads were in oseellent condition-; indeed, as one
of the members for Maritzbuvg remarked (little
thinking of tlie compliment ho was p-tying to the
Qovernriiont), von could get along well on them by
bicycle. I has't-on to say that the member in ques-
tion was Mr. Tatham, who was in a most ompla-
c*nt mood, and w.is not heard to hinl y. singio
epithet at the ‘ terrible” Ministry by whieh Ndt .l
is at present governed. This, by the w.iy. There
was a race, en route, between the post-cart and a
Government official- but that is another srory,
which shall be duly related and embollished at
another time. On we bowled, arriving at St.mgor
just AS a rinderpest meeting was ovr-r. Twelve to
fourteen years ha>o rolled by since lust I was
at this village, and, while it did not se-m

much altered, there wore notable suivounding
additions. Our host’s stalwart sons and his
son-in-law (Mr. Clayton, met us, aud diove
us at an enjoyable and inspiriting pace the five
miles to Kearsney, which estate soon burst into view,
with the palatiaf residence of the founder of the
tea industry, comm Hiding an extensive and charm-
ing view from the eminence on which it is situated.
1 should say it is one of the finest residences in
the Colony, and its respected occupants are m we
than proportionately hospitable, fdome of thegno.-ta
invited for the occasion had arrived in the morning,
and the remainder arrived during the evening. His
KXcelleHcy the Governor, the Hon. Mr. Murray,

C..M.O., aud Capt. Marshall travelled leisurely in the
Government mule-wagon, breaking the journey at
the large new Tongaat Sugar Mill, which they spent
some time in inspecting, and also lunched with Mr.
Saunders. Ain 'Ugst ochevs were Colonel Gough, Mr.
G. UayU'3 (Moyor of Du.lian). Mr. 1’. S. T..\.tham,
M.T A . ..Ir. r. G mm, m t. a.. Mr. M Tshall Campbell
(of .'J "I'U E ,-f;a Humb'y, e -a umr

of 1 N'orr.l-. C'-a»t Lint. ' ho ''nil'ank.nent for WAich,
by :.o .1 t J - o-in'r s-nactiy pi’-;'., I on, wo-k

i. I' i--.. o- e.'i toA; . . -.4 rbo w'ay to .Stanger.

[' n s a Avi p;.- , a . ilinner p rty that as-

.lembleJ, and afterwards t.ne niaj*rity slept so soundly
that uhev were up by 3 o’clock next morning — at
least some of tlic-m — enjoying the fresh air and ex-
ploring the estate. The scope there is for this may
be gathered when it is stated that you oan walk
for 10 miles aud yet keep ^vithiu the bounds of
Messrs. Plulett A Sons’ estate. And such an
estate ! Row upon row, almost as far as the
eye can roaoli, are to be seen the verdant-look-
ing tea plants, all well tended and in order. It is,
in fact, a huge, well-kept garden, and g.rzing upon
it one. can realise the mmense amount of labour
necessary to keep it in order and carry out the work,
and also why planters and farmers are such con-
sistent advocates for the employment of Indian
labour. Mr. Hulett will tell you, for instance, that
tliere are not kafirs enough in the Colony able to
work to supply its needs; that if there were they
are not compirahle with tlio coolie, who gives twice
as much work ; that although in the old days native
labourers, to a limited extent, were employed at an
average wage of lOs, the coolie is much more satis-
factory at the increased cost. But this is a question
about which, amongst other.s, a great deal was said,
aud much that is useful during discussion at Kearsney,
and which scarcely come within the scope of this
article, which is to describe an industry and a pleasant
function in connection with it.

Dec. 27th last, during the hours of the night,
the industrious family at Kearsney were roused by
the dreaded cry of “ fire,” and hastily running to
their windows they beheld the factory on fire. It
was completely within the pow'er of the flames, aud
practically everything, except the engines and boiler,
was lo.st. It was about 4 o’clock in the morning
before Mr. Hulett, senr , was made acquainted with the
oalaniit^'', and in his practical way he set about con-
sidering the xiosition. Before G o’clock he had written
out telegrams to Durban, aud cables to England, order-
ing new machinery. Next day clearing the debris,
was commenced, aud soon Mr. Hulett an ! his sous
along with all labour that could be commended, were
busily engaged in brick-making and other w'ork, and,
a plan having been decided upon, the small sections
— i.e., small in comparison with the main building,
though large iii themselves — were commenced, and
were rc.ady to recei ve the new machinery, whi di
anivsd fiom England vvithin two months of the
fire, and wiiiiin two and-a-half months were in
po.'ition an-1 wo'.k coiniaenood. As a specimen of
colonial eut,elpll^J aud dcterininatian after disar.ter
it is s,ucly worth}' of the highest admiration. Th.e
main faot-:>iy. built ou the foundations of the old,
but a story higiier, was quick to follow, .and it was
the opeuiug of the completed f.rctory that prompted
t'.ia visit t'1 Rears my. The nr in (mikiing is 150 ft.
long b> 73 r . wide, and contiins in .ad-lition to
t.)--. gv..;iii;t 11. or. four I rgH \.'iiho:’iig fi 'o' > ;in full
B.Z6 of toe ouiidirg, aiul two, 150 ft. by 23 ft., in
toe lantern which surmounts it. W'ith the lavge
box-room, le.id rooin,, workshop, the large rooms con-
t.aining the machinery, Ac., the whole length of the
building is about 1.50 ft., and is Imilt of brick, with
Huhstaiuial wood and concrete floor.

A brief du.scription of the processes within these
premises may lie interesting aud instructive. As
th-i coolies come iu from the gardens with their
ha.skets, the pickle. 1 leaves from the tea plants ate
spread on the floors iu a thin layer, to wither, the
idea being that the loaf should then be to the touch
something like a soft silk handerkerchief. Becau-se

Dec. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

42.;

of the even and thin laying so much withering
space is required, The process is a quick one, as
indeed the whole of the tea gathered in one day,
should within 24 hours bo withered, dried, rolled,
and manufactured into tea ready for disposal
and distribution anywhere and everywhere. This
is the rule which obtains. On the seven

floors in the new mill, if all were laid, there
would bo suffloiont leaf for o,0l)0 lb. of tea and this
process continues from the middle of September to
the middle of ,Tune. Then commences the xiruning
and gem ral attention to the cultivation of the
iplants. iliroi.'gh all the floors in the mills is com-
munication with the ground room, where ahutes, .-on-
voying the duly withered leaf, pour it iid > the
rolling machines, whose work it is to brctik the
juice-cells. Five hundred men a day would not roll
out, as much tea as c.an the four machines (.Jack-
sons’s rapid rollers) in the corner of the room
referred to. These were the machines that were
cabled for at once on the night of the tire. The
length of time occupied in rolling dejjends upon the
condition of the leaf ; it may be 20 or 90 minutes.
The ne.\t machine to which the tea is taken is the
breaker and cooler, for the pur^rose of separating the
fine leaf from the coarse. This machine divides the
leaf into “ fine ” and “ medium,” and the latter is init
back into the roller. The tine finished leaf is removed
and laid on the floor to ferment. Fermentation
actually begins when the rolling commences, but the
leaf is left on the floor till such time as it changes
colour sufficiently to trass through the driers. Thus we
pass into the diwing room, a large and lofty room,
with concrete floor whereby all chance of fire out-
break again is, it is hoped, obviated. Here are four
of Davidson’s down draughts, one of Davidson’s up-
rights, and one of Gibb’s latest patent, a cylindrical
machine. The furnaces are of a patent chii’acter,
consuming their own smoke, and daring the after-
noon an experiment was made in the use of St. Lucia
coal, of which so much has been heard in connection
with the Natal-Zululand Kailway. St. Lucia coal is
considered to be of special value for furnace purposes,
being almost smokeless. Indeed, says Mr. Hulett,
in this respect there is no comparison with it and
Natal coal, which h.vs been tried. Continuing our
survey of the works, the next department encountered
was the carpenters' and engineers’ .“hop (all repairs
having to bo executed on the premises), the
engine rooms (containing between them 20
horse x>ow'er) b uler shed, a room in which the
tea boxes are lead-lined and soldered. In connection
with the latter, it is interesting to note th.xt it is ex-
pected GO tons of sheet Fad will he required this
year, and wdiich, like the timber for the boxes, has
to be imported. In the latter respect supplies are
also largely drawn from Durb.in firms. Again w*
have to hark back to the machinery. When the tea
comes out of the drier it h is still more processes to
undergo, and is next passed through the sorter, which
returns it in various grades. Still another sorting
machine deals with a certain proportion of the tea,
which is now in condition to be jilaced in the large
bins made for its storage, to be drawn therefrom as
required. Anent complaints of variation in quality
of the same brand of tea, it may be mentioned that,
in order to maintain as even a quality as possible, as
the tea is drawn from the bins, it is taken from the
bottom, and then, when extracted, is thoroughly
mixed, so that one day’s manufacture is not sent out by
itself, but several days’ teas are mingled. Tlie bins ar«
capable of holding from .S0,000lb. to 90,0-'t)lb. Next
comes the packing, .and exceedingly intere.sting it was
to watch theludian children making up pound packets.
It was very quickly done, and by a simple contrivance
hit u|)on by Messrs. Hulett, which they find far more
satisfactory and exp<‘ditioua tliahm.iny patent methods
they have tried, lead-piper is wrapii?.d round an
oblong box into a capacious saucer, on which the
weighed-off tea is poured. The wooden b -x fits into
a receptacle in the table, a wco len hand lever forces
mid packs the tea through the box, which is then
withdrawn fio.n the lead-paper, the package is sealed
and relieved from under the table, coming out neatly

made-up. The process is very rapidly executed, some
IG or 17 children being able to pack 4,000 1b. in the
course of a day, and up to G,U00 !b. of 'fine tea
The weakest feature at xu'cseut is the weighing tlic,
scales employed not being “atisfa.ctory in the 'inter-
ests of the firm, though the imblic will not gnu.ihie.
An instance will explain why. At Port Elizabeth
recently, the Customs authorities weighed a iiouiid
packet an.'l found it half an ounce too ho.ivy, and a
11 lb. box was found a little t ;o heavy, wiili the result
that duty had to be paid oii more tuau was actually
sold to the i-nporter. Of course the consumer gets
the benefit.

Conversation with Mr. Hul-ott eliciti-1 fuither in-
teresting information. An experienced tea planter
from Ceylon, who last week went over the f.ictory,
assured Mr. Hulett that then; wa.s not a factory in
tlio whole of Ceylon capable of turning out as much
tea as Ivearsney, whose output tliis season will bo
750,000 to 800,000 lb. Towiirds this Kearsney and its
sister estates will contribute 450,000 lb., while other
estates from which tea is purchased will provide the
balance. The factory, as a fact, is c-apable, by aiTamm-
ment and with appliances on Messrs. Hulett A Sons’
other estates, of manufacturing a million and a half
pounds of tea ; yet the drying room will probably
have to be enlarged next ye.ir. T'he other estates
are Kirkly Vale and Sprowston, the litier having
been purchased from the late Mr. T. Peachey
and the three are contiguous, and altogether
about 1,000 acres are now planted with tea. Leaf
is also purchased from 10 other grower.s. Messrs.
T. Ilindson A’ Co., likewise large growers au-l
manufacturers, whose tea is also well known are
neighbours of Mr. Hulett’s. There are five kinds
of tea placed on the market, viz. : Souchoiiff Pekoe
Soucheng, Pekoe, Flowery Pekoe, and Golden or
Orange Pekoe. The Souchong has to be made to
undersell the lowest and cheapest tea that can be
imported into Durban in bond, but all Natal teas are
cheaper relatively than bond teas imported. It will
probably be asked as a question of curiosity how
tea growing commenced in N.ital. The failure of
coffee was the cause, compelling people to look for
other means of living. Tea had been grovvino- after
a manner in the Colony for years. The first curator
of the Durban Lotanica! Gardens planted it at
Tongaat, and a few others also planted it. It was
known to grow well, but thev did not know how to
manufacture it. Messrs. Hulett and Sons were the
fii-st to start it on a commercial basis, and Lyle and
Reynolds at Kirkly Vale also entreed upon the
bu,siuess. The first plants of the tea now grown
were obtained from India in 1877, and from theeedS
Mr. Hulett planted his first live acres in 1880. seed
was also obtained from Assam, and from the plants
at Kearsney the seed has gone to almost all other
estates in the Colony. Fortunately, so far, locusts
have not seriously attacked tea, though they have
nibbled at it. They aitack the old leaf wdiich is
not used in tea manufacture, but the trees are thereby
spoiled though not mateifally injured. The effects
of locusts round and about Kearsney are most in, irked
trees that were an ornament co the grounds and
to the landscape being stripped of their foliage.

•Ji ViiV. Jl jj 1

Wednesday was like a holiday for Stangcr. Mr .and
Mrs Hulett had mvited their iieighboiu-.s and rriends
to be present at the opening of the factory, and to
rejoice with them m the achievement. In the -iftpr
noon therelore, a goodly number of l,-,die.s‘ and
gentlemen arrived at Kearsney. where they were
warmly welcomed, aim afterw.uds adjourned to th.
factorj’, where excellent provision was made The
large office was turned i to a refreshment loom' a-i i !
portior. of the main room was curtained off' aucl nCi
form erected. Here hs Excelleucv Sir Walter Heh"!
Hutchinson pcnoimel tlie openi g uionv bei 'nr
supported by the gentlemen whoso n mes are m m
tioned above, while among those present weie dressi--.-
Geo. H. James, A. S. L., E., and W. A, Hulett',

430

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Drc, t, 1896.

Mr. W. F. Clayton, Mr, F. Shnter (acting magistrate
of Stranger), llev. A. F. Howes, Dr. Jones, Messrs. If.
A. Clark, W. F. Addison, A. F. BAiss (I'lerk of the
peace), Geo. Stewart, A. E. Jackson, 1'. G. Colon-
brander. E. Essery, B. Balcoiub, \V. H. HiaJson, Geo.
Nicholson, Geo. A. Clayton, L. Moe, Arthur Bull, Carl
Weber, Ac.

Sir Walter Hely-Hiitchiason, in opening the
factory, said : — Ladies aud Gentlemen — I dare-
say some of you will remember that in addres-
sing the members of the Darl)iii and Co ist Agii-
cultuial Society, at the society’s dinner at Durban
last July, I dwelt at some length o r the duty which
rested ou the cjlonist-i of Natal of continually soek-
ii.g .tfeer tire adequate development of the resources
of the country. Taking, a.s 1 do, such a lively
interest in this motti^r, it lias hoen a source of
peculiar pleasuie to me to be able to accept M''-
ffulott's kind invitation to Ire hero to-day, and to 1. nd
hiiii ,vhat coimtonance and nncouragemont I c in in tlic
enterprise in which to-day’s ceremony marks a new
departure f-’he tea industry in Natal, of

which Kfiai'snoy is the leading exponent, owes its
inception and its promising state of devol ■pment
mainly to Mr. lluhtt’s enterprise, energy, and st-.-ad-
fastaess of purpose ; aud ho has shown that he pos-
sesses ill an eminent degree those qualities which
are the necessary attributes of the pioneer colonist,
and have given to our nation in these 1 iter years
the practical monopoly of successful colonisation.
You will. I am sure, gladly join with me in tyishing
well to Mr. Hulett’s enterpiise, and in anticipating
for him and for his firm that full measure of suc-
cess vhich his persistent efforts for the development
of the country’s resources deserve. This fine building
in sv !■ di we stand to-day is in itself a mouum.-mt to
our host’s tenacity of purpose. Its nre le ■ j -s-.-i ,
which was on the point of completion wlicn I
was here three years ago, was. as you ku > ., bur.it
down last D.'eembcr with all that it contained,
but its ashes were scarcely cool before a cable was
no its way home ordering new materials and machi-
nery, and a new structure has arisen within ten
months on the ruins of the old one, larger I believe
than its predece.ssor, and containing all the most
recent improvements in machinery for the manu-
facture of tea, aud fitted to deal with a crop twice
as large as that which is now afforded by the present
plantatious. The year 18% has been a trying one
for Natal — drought and locusts last summer; political
trouble in the Transvaal, which at one time threat-
ened the peace of the whole of South Africa, and
has arrested its development in many ways; terrible
accidents by land and sea, which have brought
monrniiig into many a N-ital household; rinderpest
threatening our borders, and even now a dearth of
rain which promises, if long continued, to do serious
injury to the growing crops. But the colonists of
Natil have hiced difficuhies and have overcome them
in the past, and they will meet the present difficul-
ties in the same spirit. “’Tis not in mortals to
command success: but we'll do more, Semprotiius,
we’ll deserve it.” These words, put into the mouth
of a heathen, might well be in the mouth of a God-
fe 'i’ing, Garistian man (applause). Providence helps
those "^who lielp themselves, and I have cliatf Jlhin
the qualities of the colonists of Na.tal, amongst whom
our host is to be reckoncl as one of the phineers,
that I behove their con.l u-t, under exi.sting difli 'ul-
ties and drawbacks, will be snch as to deserve the
success in tha development of this conn ry which,
U'.idec Providence, they will in the end nnd .ubtediy
achieve (applause). I ask you, ladies and gentlGinen,
to join ms'in wi filing all succcs? to our host ( dr. Hullet)
ari'i Ins great eiuerprise (applause).

Mr. Hulcti expresso 1 tha pie ’.sure it gave In n to
welcome the representativi' of ’.ho Queen on an oaca-
siou of that kind. They w, -re all iu Ntial 1 y.il sub-
jects of tho Ihitish Crown (ipphtuse), and wiiatover
tueir position, it was for them to do their par;, in con-
nection with the building up of the mightiest I'hiipire
in the world (applause). Tnero were some amongst

them who came from other portions of Europe, but
they were all there as Jfritish subject^, endeavouring
to assimilate into, he trusted, a large and mighty
South African Empire (applause). However that
might be, it gave in n greit pleasure to welcome them.
He was an old coloni.st now. He came there nearly
■id years ago, and in spite of difficultis all round
them, they had h.td but one motto, an that was,
under ati}' circumstances, alw.tys endeavor, if any-
thing happen .adversely, to t ike a step forwrd instead
of backward (applause). He had to hank his

friends and neiglibouiM, and colonists generally,
for the largo amount of earnest sympathy in
their serious loss 10 months ago. Ho hoped
th.it, de-mite the difficulties surrounuiughc'.u them
at t)ae pre.sont time — tliero ware difficulties arising
fro.'ii drought and locusts which gave them pause,
and to as!t .vhatber after all they could overcome
ih'.-m— t-i-’y would look back on whatlitd be m over
come, aud remsmbev that every clmul hod it.s silver
lining (appl.iusei. In conclusion, he tii inked .Mr.
Miinav, us representing tire Governtnent, for b-'iug
present to counten’ince their enterprise, hatliinkeU
His Excellency for opening the new factoi'y. and
his niany old friends for their presence.

d.'ho Hon. Mr. .Murr.ay, in refereao-c to ih 3 r-om irks
of i\lr. Hulett in regard to Mr. Campbell, said they
inn t realise that tea was no use without sugar. It
affo. Jed him great pleasure, on behtlf of (iovernment,
to be pi’es.-nt, an I he en ior.sed every word his Ex-
cellency the Governor had said in regard to the
industries of the Colony. He had done his little
best in that direction, and the Government would
do all it would to encourage Colonial industries.
With regard to the many difficulties they had
to encounter, to the Government those d ffi-
culties were f ir greater, f.ir the bind ui was
upon th-un, a.Ju mey were look-*d to t-- help
tlicui. Jhey ui'. try all the} pos.sibly could to le.=*sau
tiijse hurdcas aud prevent further Imidens falling
upon them. With regard to the seldom affliction
— the terrible plague of riiiderpast— tbreatening the
Colony, he assured them that Government was doing
all it could to prevent it. Should it come, they would
do e.veiythiug possible to prevent it spreading, and to
alleviate and assist in any way those who suffered
from the plague. They trusted to everyone doing his
hast, for it rested with every individual in the
Colony to assist Government in carrying out the
duties it liad to perform. It would be useless to com-
plain afterwards unless they tried to help iu averting
the trouble (apjil iuse). He endorsed all hisE.xaelleney
had said iu reference to Mr. Hulett’s perseverance and
energy. .Asa politician in the Colony once Slid, he
w.is like an indiarubbar ball ; the more he was kicked
the more he jumped. The more he had to contend
with tha more be rose to the oocasio’i, to contend with
it in that spirit they all admired. Not only was he
assisted by Mrs. Ilulett, but by a family of sous
and daughters vv 10 took as lively an interest in the
tei industry as jM-'. Hulett himself. It was a source
of gratification to him to see them assisting thoir
father to develop so line an industry (applause),

Mr. G. Payne, calleJ upon as mayor of Durbin,
pointed out tiiat Durban was essentially interested
ill ibis indu-itr}', for wliat proved successful
in that district would benefit Durban. ’Tiuirefore,
tho people of the Port were interested in Mr. Iluletfa
enterprise, and he wished to convey to Mr. Hulett
his pei'sooal congratulations ou the evidence bcfoie
them of the enterpri.ie' he had shown. This w is his
first visit CO the locality. He h id of.en heard of the
attractions of Xcirsnoy, aud he could truly s.iy that
“ not one-!ialf h.ad ever been told.” Ifewas cerlaimy
mueh iinpresse.I with the lioanties of the district. Mr,
Hul :tt liad resided nd w n ked there for a g.iod many
lean, and his efforts wore worthy of tlie fu'.lust
admir.itiou. Seconded by his sous, ho liad suecocdid
in i.iking the industry beyond the experiment. tl stage.
He had dealt witli difficulties, and in a manly aud
courageous manner had erectei a mill, for which he
hop ill Hulett and Sous woull bo amply rewarded.
— W-i'rt/ Mercury,

Dec. I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

431

NOTES EKOM THE METKOPOLIS.

London, Nov. G.

An ex-Ceylon Colonist wrote to me some weeks
tliat 1 mast not leave Lomlon without pay-
ing a visit to the new oMiees in City Koad of
the faifamed

MU. LIUTON.

Such was my full attention, apart from tliis re-
minder ; for, whatever feeling may have been
aroused in the minds of (.'eylon plantcr.s and
other residents - ourselves among the numher—
in tlie early days of Mr. Inpton’s connection
witii Ceylon tea, through his adverti.se-
ments —tea direct from his estates, his use of
“Ceylon” alihougli his sales were chiefly if not
entirely “ blends ” rather than the pure .article
and his ))icture placards of the island and
Lipton’s estates as if he said “ I own or personify
Ceylon tea”— yet, allowance being made for the
ingenuity, imagination and entcrjirise of adver-
tising lieutenants — there can be no shadow of
doubt now about the enormous beneiit conferred
by this big caiiitalist and far-reaching distriiiutor
on our staple and local planting industry. In
the first jilace, there is the capital he introduced
(at a time wlien faith in Ceylon tea was not
too strong in the City of London and Companies
were tew and far between) to ])urchase the
Dambatenne and Pooprassie grou[).s of [dantations,
and tlie first-class way in which he lias since
developed these properties, and fitted up model
factories. No one can say that “Lipton” is
liehind any Ceylon estate iiroprietor in tins re-
spect. Tlien it is undouiited that few, if any,
buyers of tea in “tlie Lane” (not to spe.ak of
Colombo or Calcutta) handle so much of Ceylon
as well .as Indi.an tea in the pre.sent day as does
rilr. Li[)ton. The trade in Ceylon tea for his
Jjondon open and bonded stores has grown to an
enormous extent ; we are now speaking of what
w&hava seen during our vksit. But even liefore
then, we ivere aware that the great food dis-
tributor could not be honestly regarded as other-
wise than a benefactor to the colony. Two
stories we have been fond of repeating in and out
of Ceylon of late years, as compens.ation for some
sharp criticism in earlier times of “ Lipton” 's
system of working: — (1) An oM planting friend,
still in the island, brought out from Nottingha.m
samples of “ Lipton's teas” and coming to
the Obserccr Office, arranged to Ineakfast with
the editor at Mount Laviiii.a, in oriler to give
a fair trial to the teas and to state the result

condemnation, as I fancy both mentally

anticipated ! The samples wore of the Is. 4il. and
]s. 7d. teas — the latter about the best sold of
Lipton’s blends and our cups from it were
suflicient to convince both the critical planters
and myself that there Mas no room for c.ondcm
nation— the tea Moas simply about the most
palatable and refreshing ^ve had ever drunk. 1
then learned and admired Mr. Lijdoii’s enter-
prise in getting Mater from all the large iJritish
cities and inepariug his blends (.as experts only
can) to suit the tlilierent M’ater.s. [ N. B. — There
must be something in common between the
M’.ater of Mount Lavinia and that of Nottingham 1]
Such enterprise ileserves, as Nvell as commaiuls,
suece.ss. Story No. 2. — Another old (Jeylon
idantcr and friend, set u|i in busine.<s as Agent
for a Ceylon- London tea tUstributing house
in Dublin : fdpton had not been long at Mork
befci'e he hatl to stop, because, to use his om'u
worils : — “ Li[)ton had startetl next door and sold
a better tea for a less price than he had to oiler,”

“ Such testimonies were from men Mdio desired
to be critics rather than admirers of the great
dealer. Here again of his enterprise in Ceylon
as capitalist, mc have been hearing lately that
during the nresent year he muU have added live
or si.x additional plantations to his purchases of
Iironerties in Ceylon.

With some such mingling of thoughts in our
mind, M’e made our May the ocher evening to
City Koad expecting to sjiend half-an-hour or an
hour in running over the ncM' oflices. But M’e
little anticipated their extent or M’hat M’e had to
see ; for, although every facility was shoM’n to us,
first, by Mr. Lipton himseif, his Secretary, and
the scpaiate managers of haif-a-dozeii Depait-
menis, and althougii M-e literally M'afked through
M’ith very little standing about— indeed merely
glanced in at the doors of certain working
rooms or scores, it took us from 3 '30 to well-
nigh G'30 p.m. (the establishment cleared at 7) to
complete our round, M’ith only one break for a
cup of tea and reireshnient M’lth Mr. Lipton and
his tea m.anager. First of all, the conspicuously
handsome block of buildings, with its huge flag,
amt huge stone-cut letters “ Lipton ” beneath
the central front turret as well as on the doorway,
arrested attention. The site, though a little out of
tlie best of the ordinary city-goer (at least among
the colonists at home) is for the business no doubt a
highly convenient one. It is most advantageous
in occupying the corner between tu’o roads, so
that the extensive accounting offices below, and
the many Departments above in the main block are
most admirably lighted from tM’o sides. No
doubt engravings of these oflices are familar to
many Ceylon re.aders; for, alreay such have ajipeared
i:\Blaek and White, M’here the oflices M’ere described
as “ an important addition to the architecture of the
district — designed by the late Mr. Mark \\ . King of
Fenchurch Avenue, the buildings have been con-
structeil of white stone and red brick and they
pre.senic an imposing aspect. The Illustrated
London Ncios pays a higher coinjiliment; lor it not
only offers a first-cla-ss engraving, but tiie follow-
ing liberal amount of letterpress : —

A Great Industrial Enterprise. — An imposing
addition to the architecture of the great thorough-
fare known as the City Boad has been made by the
completion of the new Central Offices of Mr. T. J.
Lipton, “ the Tea-King,” as he has been dubbed by
bis friends. The new buildings, which have been
erected by Messrs. Grover and iSon, under the guid-
ance of Messrs. King, the w'ell-known architectural
tirni of Fenchurch Avenue, are of red brick and
white stone, with a spacious doorway flanked on
either side by grey marble pillars. The staff of
more than three hundred men and women engaged
as clerks is accommodated in a fine saloon with a
floor area of some six thousand feet and a Uand-
somely panelled ceiling. Smaller offices conveniently
arranged flank this saloon, the mest notable being
Mr. Lipton’s own private room, which is panelled
with no less than tou different kinds of wood and
tastefully fitted in every respect. The most striking
feature of the first Moor is the advertising depart-
ment, wherein are filed twelve hundred newspapers
containing advertisements of Mr. Lipton’s wares.
Other oflices on this floor are allotted to Mr. Lipton’s
own staff of architects and solicitors, whose services
arc retained for the building, leasing and other
operations cunstaiitiy required by Mr. Lipton’s great
provincial organisation. On the second floor are
printing work.s., in w’bich some two hundied hands
are engaged in tho printing of posters, circulars, and
other “ copy," and not in one language only. On
a still higher floor all the tin and wooden boxes
necessary for tlio proprietor's many wares are manu-
factured by a staff of skilled workmen. Truly to
explore such a building, to see its ample accommo-

datiou for a thousand employes of one kind oy

432

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS P.

[Dec. I, 1896.

another, is to endorse to the full Mr. Lipton’s
motto ‘ Lrbor omnia vincit.” As a pleasant illus-
tration of the cordial relations which prevail between
Mr. Lip’.on and the great army of workers engage I
in bis service, it is worthy of note that the enter-
prising proprietor has been presented with a por-
trait of Ihmself, painted by Professor Herkomer, for
wdiich his employes in all parts of the world have
subscribed.

Next, the Illustrated Sportiurj and Dramatic
News goes one lietter still botii in engraving
this several “Lipton” blocks in the rear of
tlie main new olHees, and in letterpress which is
still fuller in description. This, however, wo need
not repeat ; for our one (quotation already
saves tlie needs of elaborate description at
our liand. We may premise by saying tint
in many respects Mr. Lijiton himself as the centre
and head of the vast establishment — and a busi-
ness literally w'orld-wdde — commanded niostinterest.
He is still a young man*, tall, litlie and alert ; but
without any over-powering sense of force of charac-
ter or intellect visible ; and yet few men, to judge
by results, can excel him in keen business per-
cei)tious, ])Ower of organisation and ability to
select suitable deputies in the dillercnt depart-
ments and agencies of his widely spread enter-
prise, and to attach them to himself. In this
last faculty of selection, must rest the secret of a
great deal of Ids success. Manager after mauagei
was introduced as being with him “ from tim
be‘’inning ” or for a long number of year’s and
the feeling on both sides appeared most conlial ;
wddle all \ve sahl indicated that better accom-
modated employes from the Managers and Ac-
countants down through many rooms of men,
women, girls and lads, to the ham curers in
the last block, are scarcely to be found in the
City of boudon. Surrounded by every modern
apidiance in teleirhones, electric bells, clerical
aids, iNc. , in his own room, Mr. Lipton is norv
ena'ded, to devolve his duties at every turn, so
as if he -so cares, to be a man of comparative
leisure ; but this, 1 gather, he does not desire ; for,
thou'di he takes an interest in horses (and has
full stables) — in his gardens and conservatory,
lie is likely to be able to show tea, coflee and
cacao plants in all varieties there erelong— his
devotion to business continues unabated : and
in referring to a |)rivate oiler (of a large amount)
made to Idiu by a well-known London promoter
of' Companies, Mr. Lipton indicated his answer
to be a (juestion as to what he wordd do with
the money — a man of the sim [dost tastes, delight-
iinf too in work and in being the active head
of” a concern giving useful employment to
thousands. Then again to his credit be it
mentioned that though freciuently pressed, and
tempted by assurances of large returns and
uvomotion ‘money, Mr. Lipton has never become
director or shareholder in any ^'ompany or con-
cern beyond his own- (piite enough for one man
in all conscience. Since writing so far, I have
seen' a Lomlon /slwn/a,'/ Wcaw wdth its No. XXXI
of “ ^len wdio have earned success ’ — “ Mr. Lip-
ton I’urveyor of Tea to H. M. the (iueen.”
1 don’t know if this has been laid before your
readers ; but two passages will l)ear repetition

evcH uo'V : — . _

Twenty-six years ago there were tears and liand-
Hhakings abundant in a little house in “ auld Glescii.”
Young Tom Lipton was going away— so the rumour
•'LU down the street— to make his fortune in .\merica.
Tom’s parents were in a small way, and it behoved
their son to make a push and exert himself for them,

~ * (T^r 10 years, i see it stated, but I should have
aaid not more than 05 by his fresh looks.

So he bade them “guid-bye” tore himself away,
and took a steerage passage in an American liner.
He soon settled down in the States, anJ regularly
as clockwork came remittances for the old folk at
home. Several years passed away, and at length
young Lipton, lindiug himself in possession of a
hundred pounds or so, returned to Glasgow, and opened
a small provision shop there.

Hut how many people start small provision shops
and never get any “ forratder ”! Tom got “ forrar-
der,” though. He used to make his customers “larf”
did Tom. Funny cartoons, tunny placards, funny
advertisemeirts made the canny buj'ers smile and
sty that young Lipton “gaed at it wi’ a vir.” For
instance, one of his best cartoons represented the
members of a defeated Ministry entering Lipton's
shop by one door in a sadly dejected condition, all
limp and wobegone, miserable sinners indeed. But
cheek by jowl came another cartoon depicting the exit
of those politicians in a highly mirthful condition,
smiling ad over their faces, and

CLUTCHING PACKETS OF LIPTON's TEA

with the result that th '.t small shop proved to be the
nucleus of the biggest provision-dealing establishment
in the world 1

Mr. Linton is a little over -10, strongly built, and
b ft high, though his erect carri-.ige, which would do
credit to a Lifeguardsman, makes him look taller.
His hair and heavy dark moustache are tinged with
grey, and he has keen blue eyes which gaze in a
penetrating way from l)eneath his arched eyebrows.
His face is one of great power, the expression firm,
yet most kindly. In short, he strikes one as being
a man who was born to control large forces, and
carry on a bewilderingly huge business.

MU. LIPTON IS A BACHELOK,

for his business takes the place of wife and family.
Every morning he is at his office early, and rarely leaves
it until late at night.

As to the Deiiartinents in the City Road Offices,
I will only very briefly refer to a few items that
made an imjire.ssion, leaving out the offices par
excellence for managers, .solicitors, architects,
accountants, &c. The iirinting department was
specially interesting with its 2U0 Scotch workmen
and great variety of machines, some very nunsnal
for the printing of coloured labels on tin as well
as paper. The m.achines for forming cardboard,
as well as tin, p.ackages of all sizes, were most in-
genious, mainly worked by girls who, ]>aid by
“piecework,” in some cases did 1.5, OdO a d.ay —
that is of one iiarticnlar operation. 3Ve ask
“ M'hat is done with the strips of tin left of the
sheets blocked onf'” “Sent to Germany for a
chemical process which takes of! the tin for .soldei’,
wdiile the iron strips arc utilised for mattresses.”
The ai iny of cooiiers making ready the chests —
for tea export for America (North and ISonth),
Africa, all parts of Europe, &c. — need only be
mentioned, to say that the lead saved in chests
from Ceylon, India, Ac., brings in TlOU a week.
“ What stock of tea do yon usually store here?”
wo asked the exjierienced suave Tea Manager and
chief buyer, Mr JSniith. “ Not fewer than .50,000
to ()0,0OU chests of all kinds”— and as we iias.seil
through long rows and lofty [dies of Ceylon tea
chests, it seemed to our “ Directory ’’-trained eyes,
as if nearly every estate? in the island was re-
pre.sen'ted 1 f he oOO lo OUO young women busy
at long tables in a comfortaldc room, weighing
and filling tea-p.ackets, each “table” [i.aiil by its
work w'ith a bonus to the “tables” that tnrnerl
out most (so requiring little or no su|iervision)
was an interesting sight. The tea-tasting room,
with its stair of c.\]H*rts, was more extensive than
any we have seen “in the Lane,”- 110 doubt here
(ho “ bhiiids ’' for dill'ereni cities and mai’kets
have to be tested aiul decided on.

But in respect of tea, what surprised me wa.s the

Dec, I, 1896.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

BONDED STORE,

with oflicers oi H.M. Customs in uniform in
charge, Mr. Lipton’s employes working inside. I
am not sure if any other London Tea dealer has
a private Bonded Store on his premises? Here,
of course, only tea for re-export for foreign coun*
tries or colonies — and therefore duty free— is
allowed in or out. And here I may beg special
attention on the part of Ceylon planters to the
business which Mr. Lipton has developed. We
saw a huge array of chests marked for New York^
Chicago and Toronto and learned that his
American tea-trade in charge of his former Cal-
cutta manager is developing rapidly and entirely
to Mr. Lipton’s satisfaction. The irrocess of
educating the American ])alate to understand the
difference between good and bad (and even arti-
ficially treated) teas is going on steadily. For
St. I’etersburg, where Mr. Lipton has now a
highly successful branch, a single order for 3,000
chests of tea was being executed. Besides these
we saw considerable consignments of tea chests
in this warehouse marked for Durban and Fort
Elizabeth in South Africa ; Buenos Ayres,
Bio de Janeiro and Valparaiso in South
America ; Barcelona and Hamburg and Alex-
andria. Here is enough of indubitable
evidence to show how wide a tea distributor
Lipton is. It is specially interesting to learn the
)»i inciplc on w’hich he began and continued busi-
ness : all projitu to go in adcertising— ilui secret
of so enormous a bu.siness being built up. [It
reminds one of the American storekeeper who,
coming into a big legacy, thought he w'ould
throw- awTiy L40,O00 in advertisements to make
his name know'ii as his “pile” w'as made— the
result being that he had to Turange forthwith
to double his stores and employes !] In advertis-
ing, Mr. Lipton told me he never now spends
less than £1,000 a week : sometimes £1,500.

THE COCOA AND CHOCOLATE DEPARTMENT,
a separate block, was extremely interesting, had
I had time to watch the various curious machines
and modes of manufacture designed by the
Manager, Mr. Kozairo (a Frenchman), more closely.
In all branches of

CONFECTIONFBY

as well as in so many staple articles of

FOOD

of baking — pies, etc., as well as sansage-m.aking,
ham-making — Lipton excels ; in fact, he only added
tea, coffee, cocoa, and chocolate, to these of late
years. The sam|)le-room, iiunlc up with French
taste for confcctioneiy ami tinned goods, is an
attractive sight. A separate ))acking-r()om was
devoted to orders from the Army and Navy.
Another to butter and cheese.

I omitted to mention the huge revolving cy-
linders in one room for

BLENDING

the teas with the ho]>pers in a floor above, into
which chests are literally emptied by the dozen.
The weekly sales a’e said to equal 200 tons from
Lipton’s stores. — I must, however, close this hasty
and discursive notice of the result of my three
hours’ wamlering and observation : let anyone
who thinks 1 have said too much go and see for
himSelf and he will conclude the Inilf was not
told me. Again in South London there is a .separ-
ate establishment, I was told, where 700 woipen
— in all, )ierl!aps, 1 ,000 employes — are engaghf] in
the preiiaration, packing, etc , of jams and jellies;
and yet there a[)])carcd to be no one so cool and
nnconcerne<l in the City Koad offices as the
responsible and sole head of this most world wide
business— Mr. Lii)ton himself.

54

433

THE CALEDONIAN (CEYLON) TEA
PLANTATIONS, LIMITED.

Eeport of the Directors to be submitted to the
Third Annual Ordinary General Meeting of Share-
holders, to be held at 11, Old Broad Street, in the
City of London, on Wednesday, the 11th day of Novem-
ber 1896, at 3 o’clock p.m.

The Directors beg to submit the accounts for the
year ended 30th June, 1896, duly audited.

The profit and loss accounts, after payment of in-
terest, London charges and income tax, and writing
off £250 for depreciation, and £200 the balance of
debenture issue and transfer .of estates expenses,
shows a credit balance of £2,014 8s 4d for the year,
to which has to be added £334 18s 2d, the balance
brought forward from 1894-5, making a total of
£2, .349 6s 6d.

The directors recommend the payment out of this
amount of a dividend for the year of 12 per cent,
free of income tax, which will absorb £1,800, and
leave a balance of £549 6s 6d to be carried forward.

The yield of tea from the estates has been a6
follows : —

Venture .. .. 193,676 lb,

Selegama .. .. 77,140 lb.

Total .. .. 270,816 lb.

Against an estimate of . . 270,000 lb.

and a total crop in 1894-5 of 240,900 lb.
and 1893-4 of . . . . 235,237 lb.

The yield of coffee from Venture is now reduced
to a very small quantity.

The total acreage and the area planted in tea are
as follows

Total. Tea in full Tea 1 year
bearing, and under.

Venture . . 406 acres 389 acres

Selagama • . 934 198 „ 225 acres

On Selagama 77 acres more have been cleared and
will be planted this year, which will make the total
area of this estate planted in tea 500 acres.

At the same time that the yield of tea has in-
ci'eased, there has also been a rise in the net aver-
age prices year by year, although the average price
of the total market sales has been declining.

The crop estimates for 1896-7 are : —

Venture . . . . 200,000 lb. tea.

Seligama . . . . 82,000 „ „

The last advices report both estates in good con-
dition, and the yield of tea leaf fully up to that of
last season at the same time.

In accordance with No. 96 of the Articles of
A.ssociation, two of the Directors, Mr. William Gow
and Mr. II. P. Hanssen, retire from the Board, but,
being eligible, offer themselves for re-election.

An auditor has to be elected in the place of Mr.
A. N. Frewor, A.C A., who has accepted an appoint-
ment requiring his entire attention, and therefore
does not offer himself for re-election. — By order of
the Board, H. F. Stanley, Secretary.

11, Old Broad Street, London, E.O., 31st, Oct., 1896.

A CEYLON PLANTER ON HIS JOUR-
NEYINGS IN EUROPE AND
SOUTH \ ERICA,

We have been favoured with the following in*
teresting conimunication from Mr. John Fraser
of Brae wlio lias just returned from a triji to
Europe and South Africa

Nearing Galle, Nov. 20th, 1896.

Impressions formed on a run from Ceylon
via England and Scotland, the Conti-
nent of Euroiic and South Africa— by a Ceylon
planter ; —

Tlie “ Himalaya” steamed into dock in London
on 1st June after a most pleasant and agreeable
passage from Ceylon — and there we parted from
those we knew there would be little chance of

'434

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec. I 1896

ever meeting again. But such is life. After a
few (lays in London I took train for Aberdeen,
where 1 liad the i>leasure of meeting a number of
old and young Ceylon f(dks: — Dr. Craib and
family, Mrs. Anderson, Bandarapolla, and family,
•Mrs. .Joseph Fraser, Damboolugalla, and family.
Geo. Maitland and Angus, b^oth late Kelani
'■Valley men; Mrs. Fraser, Abbotsford, and
family, Charles Forbes, W. .Jackson, of Boiler
T'ame, Mrs. Davidson and daughter, late of
^adulkele, all living in tlie West End and look-
ing' well, and all apparently enjoying the
bright side of life ! 'Faking a run further
north I met more Ceylon folks. At 'rmritl' I
niet . James Beaten and family, nvIio had pur-
chased a farm and settled down, but had not
given u]) all hope of visiting Ceylon at some
future time. I next visited Kedhythe, Portsoy, the
home of the late Geo. Wighton, but whose remains
now lie in the Churchyard there. Peace to his
liioiuory. Not a better hearted or more honest
fellow ever came to Ceylon. A run through
Craigellachie to Coulnakyre brought me to the
present home of the Shirelf's of Aldie, Bogawan-
talawa, who are spending th.e summer there. Mrs.
Shirell' had not been well, but was better, and
all hoped to be. back in Ceylon early in Decem-
?jer. JVly next run was to Stonehaven to call
on the Boss’s of "N^cnture. Mr. Boss, senior,
had hot been well but was better and had come
from London to s)iend the summer witli his family,
■'who were all living there. Mr. Boss, junior,
lioiied to be in Ceylon in November.

'The weatli r during the early summer was
most. iavourab'o for croi)s, but rather too much
rain for the holiday seeker. However, on the whole
lit was considered a fairly good season for all.
'After a cou)de of montlis in Aberdeenshire sight-
seeing with some golf and shooting added,
'I left Aberdeen for Glasgow (Imt not on my
bicycle as I found the roads too narrow'.) I met
there IMr. Poison of tea box fame, also Mr. David-
son, late of Bajawella, Ceylon. Both told me tea
was making great strides in Glasgow, and that the
metal chest was to be the chest of the future. I
went to look for some fricTids who left Ceylon for
Carlsbad some time before the “ Himalaya ” left
Ceylon, but they had not then returned, in Edin-
burgh I had the i)leasure of meeting Mr. D. Kerr, of
■Abergcldie, and .James Brown of Hatton, both
looking v\ell. The former when 1 met him
•seemed rather in a .switha-, but would no doubt
get him.self mi to the scratch beb.re lie returned
to, Ceylon I The weatlicr in tiie noith of Eng-
land a|)peared to ha\ e been much the same as in
.Scotland, luit- as you gt'l murrer London there
had evidently been a. great want of rain. The
crops were poor, .and a very little pasture for cattle
.anywheic near London (luihiford and Chellen-
hfini ways being specially dry. At the former
I had the pleasure of meeting .Mr. 11. L. Forbes
at his bungalow, one of the loveliest sjiots in
Fnghunl. I'hey were just incparing to leave next
(lay for their liolidays, ami w ci'e busy packing up.
•Mr. Foi'bcs was expected l<> join hrs friends —
.Messrs. Cross, Kerr and Porter at .some (Isliing in
the liighlands, wdiile airs. Forbes and family
were going to the sea-side for their holidays to be
joined by Mr. Forbes later on. At Cheltenham —
the great seat of learning, where I understand more
young men jiass into the Army and Civil (Service
than from any other College in Fngland— I
found Mr.s. Mackie, of (lre.it NVestern, and
family settled down there for their education.
All the .schools and colleges were thcnclosi'd being
the holiday .season, but judging fiom what I saw
and had cxidained to me of the methods for

exercise, the training of the pupils must be ex-
cellent. We had a splendid drive out as far as the
.source of the Thames, returning through a very
pretty part of the country. 1 %vas unfortunate in
mi.ssing some of my “Himalaya” friends, who had
•• gone north some days before my arrival in Chel-
tenham. During my week’s stay at London I
came acro.ss several Ceylon men; — SirJolin Giin-
linton, Messrs. .J. L. Siiaiui, and Thomas Dickson,
senior, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Parry, Messrs. W,
t Taylor, W. Jenkins, C. and W. Strachan, Colombo
1 met, Messrs. E. S. Grigson, A. Orchard, J. Forbe.s.
J. (Sinclair, W. Foreythe, Millington.s, F. D.
Mitchell, Capper and others, at the Jameson-
Aspland marriage, where we did our best
to cool the air by dr'nking the health of the
bride and bridegroom in iced champagne ! All
these old friends looked well, and appeared in the
best of spirits.

The weather in L -ndon was very hot during
the summer, and very dry. I took a run through
Belgium, Holland, and Germany to Frankfort
and Homburg via Cologne and the Bhiue, return-
ing to London via Paris. Notwithstanding Homburg
being the watering-place of Royalty, I considu
it in many respects a long way behind Carlsbad.
For one cure effected at Homburg, I should thiri"
there were ten at Carlsbad. But fancy not being
able to get a decent cup of Ceylon tea on the
Continent of Europe ! ! ! There is evidently a lok
of room to exploit Ceylon tea there as well .as in
America. l.,eaving London by (hr 11 40 train for
Southampton on the 15th of August, we were all
aboard the s.s. “ Norman,” and on our way to
South Africa by 5 p.m. The leaving docks of
a Union steamer from (Southampton is a scene
not likely to be .soon forgotten, many last looks
of friends of one another that day. When once
on board, all farewells and wavings of handker-
chiefs were soon over, but by many not for-
gotten. Three days’ run brought us into Madeira
harbour and during the few hours’ stay a "ood
many had a run up by train, which is on'^the
Swiss jirinciple on tlie Bigi mountain, and down
bvthe Sleigh, which ap).eared to come down much
faster tlian the train went up. After a look into
the King’s Palace and the principal street all went
on board. 'Phe houses on the hillsides apjieared
covered with vines and grapes. Madeira is evi-
dently the home of the vine. We had now to
make up our minds to .see no more land till
we reached Cajie J’own, twehc to thirteen days
lienee. We liml the usual sports on boanl in
which most joined and made things pretty lively
during the rest of the voyage. Captain ‘ xMolony
and tlie ollicers did all they could to make thinifs
pleasant for the pas.sengers during what may §e
termed a short but pleasant run to Cape Town.
On arrival there we were delayed a short time
till the Governor, Lord Bosmead, had lamled
there being a large escort of military drawn
nil to receive him on landing. Lady Bosmead
was there to meet her husband. After their de-
liarture it did not take long to clear the shiii
of passengers. Both Governor and Lady Bos-
mead look \ ery old and very different from the hue
handsome couple they were when they landed
in Ceylon over thirty years ago. The Governor
apneared to bo in weak health, and never entered
into the spirit of the sports. He told me he
had very iilcasant recollections of his Governorsliii)
in Ceylon. *

After a few days in Cape Town, driving and
sight-seeing, I left for Kimlicrloy in company
with a namesake, and broker from Glasgow who
had come out on a health trip, ami like myself
to see the great mines of ,S. A, Wc left Ca[>e

THE TROPICAI

AGRICULT UK 1ST,

435

[Dec. r, 1896.

Town on the 4tli of September, and after two
days and nights’ travelling reached Kimberley. We
rose some 4,000 ft., buo through a very bare
although rugged country — no forests of any sort
to be seen along the line. Farmhouses were
to be seen, buc generally at long distances aj>art,
showing very little cultivation. Uf course the
whole country 1 presume is suitable for graz-
ing, and the only cultivation necessary would
be for foodstutl's— food for the people which is prin-
cipally mealies — ^Indiancorn— and forage for cattle
on transport, and it may be exported to neighbour-
ing .states. We spent a most interesting twodays at
Kimberley after a journey of about 750 miles from
Cape Town. Wesp'entan afternoon belowinspecting
all tl'.e mines, and next morning went through the
diamond stores and sorting room, where we saw the
previous week’s diamonds being sorted, valued
and packed for England and other countries —
valued at about £90,000 sterling. In the afternoon
wewent to see the crushing, washing and the rough
sorting, before sending to the valuing andas.sorl-
ing rooms for export. Since the de Beers Coin-
pany was founed there is little bu.sine.ss doing in
the town ; the small Companies are now rolled
into one large Company, which rules the diamond
market very much as it likes ! Our next stage
was Bloemfontein, in the Orange Free State, per-
haps 300 miles from Kimberley, and at an eleva-
tion of about 6,000 feet. The town is small, bnt
ciuite English in appearance, Aberdeen being well
represented by a Doctor, a Lady Principal of
College, as well as teachers and other business
men. I understand Dr. Poison, a brother of Mr.
Poison, of Alnwick, Kandapola, lives at Iliddes-
burg, some distance out of town. I there met
Mr. Smith, dairy expert, and Mr. Murray, Minister
of Lands and Works in Natal. Both gave me
introductions to their friends in Natal, for the
better enabling me to see the country. We then
left for Johannesburg, in the Transvaal, the
young London of South Africa, and the centre of
the great gold-mining districts. 1 am told that
nine years ago there was not a house on the plain,
where to-day you find a town of 150,000 in-
habitants, and thousands pouring in monthly from
all parts of the world. Judging from the shops in
some' of the principal streets you might fancy
yourself in Regent Street, London. We visited
several mines in the different districts. Robinson,
New dunes, Vogulsti-aus, Durban, Roodepoort,
Cyanide Works, Clydesdale Coal Mine, Heidelberg,
and other districts, as well as the Town of Johan-
nesbur<s which is now of considerable dimensions.
The ro”k from which the gold is taken in the
Rand district is what is called IkinJ-et, more resem-
bling porphyry than granite or quartz, and is
very rich in gold and extracted by the Cyanide
process after crushing. There is no doubt a great
luture for the Transvaal, Matabele, and Mashona-
land (Rhodesia). We visited Pretoria and the
historic jail of Jameson fame. Saw the Presi-
dent and was promised an interview, har ing got
letters of introduction, but he was called suddenly
away to the country that afternoon by telegraph.
We then left Jouannesbnrg, my friend, to
return home by the “ Norman,” and 1 to make my
way to Durban, leaving Park Station, Johannes-
burg) ^'t 7 p.m. We reach the boundary of Natal
next morning about daylight. Charleston station
is not far from the two historic spots — Boer and
— Majuba Hill sx.m\ Langs Neck of 1880-81.
The elevation at this point in Natal must be over
6,000 feet, and the country from here down to Fieter-
Maritzburg appears most suitable for pasture.
Large droves of cattle, hoises, sheep and goats are

to be .seen grazing, ami all look remarkably
healthy comiiared to the. half-slitn-ed .,apj)carance
of the cattle on the Transvaal, side of the border.
Lower down in Weenen and Maritzburg.. counties
there is more cultivation, farming being carried. on
to a very large extent in these two counties, and
most farms are said to be jiaying well. ' There Is
also a portion of this land rich in c.o;il. Several
mines already opened are paying well, but for want
of labour and rolling stock on the. railway, the
owners are unable to send it down fast enough to
meet requiieineuts of steamers calling at Durban,
Steamers at [iresent are lying for a week at a
time waiting for coals, while one mine,.! .was
told, was capable of putting out 800 tons a day. 1
called to see an old Skene man, Mr. Masson,
who is now Surveyor-Ceneral in Natal, and lives
with his family in Maritzburg. We called in the
afternoon to have tea with Sir Walter and Lmly
Wragg (late of Ceylon). Sir M'alter " lias veiy
keen recollections of his Ceylon days. He tola us
his knowletlge of Tamil and Sinlialese- had been,
and was still, very useful to him. Duly the othoi’
day a Sinhalese man came to him in trouble-und
was so pleased when he was able to explain' hi$
troubles in his own language. Sir Walter takes
a great interest in gardening ; he has a very large
collection of ro.ses and in great variety, as well a?
many rare llowers. He is looked npoii as a lifsl*
class judge and specially in native cases.

The journey to Durban shews some good scenery
as you get near the Court. Durban is a very
pretty town, but especially the Bereu where most
of the towns-people live. On the face of a small
hill which overlooks the town and the sea beybmL
tramcars run all day to and from the jioinc wherb
the ships di.scharge and load, about 2 miles from
the Town-house, and to the Bereti other 2 miles
but in the opposite direction. The ]io'r£s' along
the East Coast of Africa are so often blocked by
the accumulation of sand on the bars.tluit it is im-
possible to kee]) regular dates of sailing. From
Durban we went to Delagoa Bay to .dischaige
cargo. This is the terminus of the Netherlands
railway from the Transvaal, between the Portu-
guese and Netherlands. 1 have never seeib such
mismanagement and such carele.ss treatmbut '. bf
goods. Judging from api»earances some of ’ the
goods must have been L'ing the.re for years qhd
exposed to the weather all the time. The Dut^i
and Portuguese ought to . be ashamed, of thenr-
selves. ■ ■; . ;

Beira was our next and last port of call,': and
will eventu.ally become the terminus of the
Cape Town, Kimberley, Mafeking, Matabele,
Mashonaland, Halisbury Railways and tlirough the
Portuguese territory to Beira, aVlistance, I slionld
think, of over2,0U0 miles. It is to be workeil I
understand bj^ the British Coverninentr- And
now in bidding good-bye to the “ .Clan Menzies,’’ .!
have to thank the Cajitain and hi.“ olfice'rs for
making what might have heen a very ic'di nets
and tiresome voyage a most pleasant and agree-
able one. J. 1'.,

/■qHAFED SKIN, PILES, SC^ALDS, BRUISESi
Vy CUTS, STINCS, NEURALCIC ami RTIe;U.'
MAITC PAINS, SORE EVES, l-:.\B-ACHF,
THROAT COLDS, and SKIN ATL^ll■:^■.'L■^quff•LI'y
CALVERT’S CARBOLIC OIINTm’eNT.

Large Pots IJ.Ul. each (English rate). Sold at
Chemists, Stores, v'tc,

F. c. CALVERT & C0-, Manchester. .

43^

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec, r, 1896.

DATE PALM GROWING IN CEYLON.

In “The Ceylon Forester” for this month
there is quoted an article from an Indian paper
in which it is suggested that numerous sites on
tea plantations, such as in and around tlie cooly
lines and factory buildings, sides of roads, tanks,
&c., might be utilised by cultivating the I'hcenix
dactylfera or date palm. The editor of “ Tlie
Ceylon Forester” adds

tSurely it would be well worth while Govern-
ment trying a small experiment of an acre or
so, in the dry low country of the Northern or
Eastern Provinces The trial would not cost much
and if successful, it would open up a grand
new industry for the natives as thousands of
Rupees worth of dates must be impoi'ted annually.

THE SPRING VALLEY COFFEE COMPANY,
LIMITED.

5, Dowgate Hill, Loudon, E.C., 7th Nov. 1890.

Sir, — I am instructed to inform you that the Board
have decided not to pay an interim dividend for the
past half-year.

The coffee crop for 1895-96 has been almost an
entire failure, and the outlook as regards coffee for
1896-97 is, at the present time, little, if any, better
than last year.

Tea prospects continue good, but the profits from
the comparatively small acreage at present in bear-
ing are severely taxed by the necessary expenditure
on the upkeep of young tea and the extension of the
tea area.

Under these circumstances the directors have de-
cided to postpone the payment of a Dividend until the
end of the financial year.

The area under tea is as follows ; —

Over 5 years old
Planted November — Dec-
ember 1892..
Ditto 1893,.
Ditto 1894..
Ditto 1895..
Now being planted

1896..

711 acres in bearing.

53

243

179

145

1.5o;

770 acres not
bearing.

in

From the above statement it will be seen that
the extension of tea is being rapidly pushed on.
The directors regard this as of the first importance,
as until we have a large area of tea in bearing,
steady profits cannot be relied upon, and although
the cost of extension and upkeep of young tea is
a heavy burden on the revenue, the intrinsic value
of the property is much increased, and future pro-
fits assured so far as is possible. — 1 am, sir, your
obedient servant, J. Alec. Roberts,

Secretary.

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Nov. 12.

A large and increasing business continues in pro-
gress in the shares of most of the Indian Tea Com-
panies, and the official list shows a considerable num-
ber of advances in quotations.

Mincing Lane, after the rest of Lord Mayor’s day,
has firmed up, and notwithstanding the largest day’s
sale on record of yesterday, prices have strengthened
rather than weakened. This rise in price, however, is re-
quired in order to compensate planters both for the
‘fractional rise in the cost of few production resulting
'from the higher cost of the rupee and the increased cost
of wages incurred by the rise in the price of rice
owing to the unpropitious weather in some of the
rice-growing districts.

Meetings.— The Associated Tea Estates of Ceylon,
'Limited, and the Lanka Plantations Company, Ld.,
held their meetings this week. Reports of the same
appear elsewhere. The Empire Company calls its
first statutory meeting for NoVember 20th, at 2 p.m.
(■Winchester House.)— i/. and C. Nov. 13.

1‘LANTING AND FRODUCE.

(Froiii the IL tb C. Mail, Nov. 13.)

The Supply or Tea. — A correspondent of the Grocer
who has great faith in his own capacity to see round
a corner, forecasts the tea market as follows: ‘‘At
this period of the year, when the Mincing Lane
market is supplied to overflowing with Indian growths
of tea, it is customary for many wholesale and pro-
vincial buyers to ‘ rush in ’ and purchase abnormally
large stocks under the impression, no doubt, that
prices are about bottom. We are in the ‘ period of
glut,’ and at any moment may have a sick market
when supposed cheap purchases may suddenly look
dear. Allowing for the increased home consump-
tion, there is e^ery indication that supplies from
our colonies of India and Ceylon will fully keep
pace therewith. Taking as examples the production
of several large Indian companies as ‘cabled’ up
to end of October against output in previous
season, there are indications of a largely increased
crop. The figures furnished herewith relate to two
Assam tea companies and one Sylhet company : —

Production to end of October.

1895. 1896.

1,595,600 1,752,960

2,911,520 3,233,440

1,403,120 1,630,800

Doom Dooma Tea Company
(Limited)..

Jokai (Assam) Tea Company
(Limited)..

liungla (Syhlet) Company . .

5,910,240 6,617,200

Showing an increase of nearly 12 per cent. The
usual telegrams respecting cold and unfavourable
weather, early closing down of some gardens, A’c.,
are. to hand ; still, as Indian tea 's growing over such
an enoi’mous area, many districts will doubtless be
plucking greatly increased quantities, to more than
compensate for any alight falling off in other parts.
Ceylon is an important factor, and the ever-increas-
ing supplies from that sunny spot should not be lost
sight of. Within two or three mouths w'e may ex-
pect supplies gradually increasing from nine to twelve
millions per month, and of tea that will not
keep but must be sold quickly after his arrival.
Your readers who work out the figures for them-
selves will probably come to the couclusion
that there is plenty of tea before us, and
that buying for requirements means keeping prices
on as favourable a basis as at pi’eseut for a long time
to come."

Tea and Bkokehs.— In an article under this title
which appears in our Calcutta contemporary. Capital,
the writer advocates the selling of a larger quantity
of tea in Calcutta. He says in the course of his
comments, which we confess we do not agree with,
that — ‘‘ It will have been noticed that a very great
number of companies’ teas have been withdra,wn
from sale and snipped from London to deal with,
and the reason is not very far to seek. We are aware
that the greater number of planters prefer having
their teas sold in Calcutta, as they know what they
are doing in a very short time instead of living in
uncertainty as regards the quality of their teas, till
one might say half their crop was made, but hei«
conies in the handicap. The London agent likes the
teas sold in Loudon, as no doubt there is a ‘ picking,’
and when the local management ventures to protest
mildly that it would be iireferable to sell in Calcutta,
the reply conies back; how can your teas get justice
done them when your broker is both buyer and
seller? And, surely, the trade is large enough now
to admit of the business being divided ? To the
beginning of October altogether 343.100 packages had
passed the hammer this year, and this number,
we feel sure, would be considerably increased
had we a distinct diiision of the busiue.'s into buy-
ing and selling departments. We feel certain that
it must come sooner or la'er, and the sooner the
change is effected the better it will bo for all
those concerned. Of the 3-13,100 packages that changed
hands, taking a package as equal roughly to 801b,
about 29 million lb. out of a total export of nearly 70
millions, about 40 per cent., wore handled. Dividing

Dec. 1, 1896,]

4.^7

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

this evenly amongst the six films of brokers it gives
an average of nearly five millions to each, whicli
meant handling, lotting, sampling, &c., of about 62,500
packages. We feel certain that were business divided
as we suggest this quantity would be considerably
increased, and we commend the matter to the Indian
Tea Association and Chamber of Commerce, feeling
sure that it will receive the attention it deserves."

Pabaguayan Tea. — Apropos the fact that as we
announced some months since, n.ate or Paraguyan
tea is advertised in London, the Vail Nall Gazette is
quite fervent. It says : “ Shall we import our tea
from South America instead of India and China V
Shall we grow it ourselves ? Shall we suck it
up like a straw drink through a bonibilla?

It mate tea is introduced to this country we may
do any or all of these, and there are those who are
trying to introduce it. It is the drink of the Para-
guayans and the Brazilians, and of the Europeans
who dwell in their midst, and there is not wanting
evidence in its favour— the evidence of medical
science, the evidence of travellers, the evidence of
those at home who have had the good fortune to try
it. Those who speak with authority on such subjects
declare that it contains a nitrogenous principle which
is both nourishing and sustaining; that it does not
tax the digestive powers ; that it contains more theine
than tea itself and less tannin ; that, for many other
reasons, it should fi»ht tea and coffee on their own
ground and win easily. Let the capitalist scent a new
industry, the tea-growing East look to its laurels, and
the Chancellor of the Exchequer think of transferring
the Customs duty.” The increasing favour of tea
with the consumer and the importance of the Indian
and Ceylon tea industry have developed some fanci-
ful views as to the possibility of a rival product, but
we do not think this competition will come in the form
of Paraguayan tea. Up till now the shares of Indian
and Ceylon tea companies have not shown signs of
weakness, nor are the public, so far as we can gather,
showing any keen desire to be nourished and sus-
tained by mate, either with or without the bonibilla.

Only a Modest Suggestion. — We sympathise
with the editor of our Calcutta contemporary Capital,
who mentions that a Calcutta journal has published
a list of Calcutta tea compianies taken from Capital
without acknowledgment. We know something of
the feeling called into play by that kind of thing,
and have borne with fortitude a long series of offen-
ces with but an occasional remonstrance. Articles,
tables of statistics, and paragraphs appearing in
these. columns are not only sometimes inserted in
other journals without acknowledgment, but they
come back from the East to the West and quoted
from the journals which, shall we say, purloined
them, they again appear in this country with all
the coy graces of a first appearance. That accidents
will happen in well regulated Press circles we have
a proof only this week. In our issue of September
18 we gave an extract from a magazine called
Colonia, in which Mr. Elphinstone had written on tea
planting in Ceylon. We prefaced this with some
remarks of our own on the attraction of tea planting.
Our contemporary the Indian Planters' Gazette repro-
duces the entire article and quotes our com-
ments, we feel sure, in absolute good faith,
ir ova. ihe Ceylon Independent. We make no complaint
against either of the journals named, who are,
no doubt, not intentional sinners, and usually
give credit where it is due. We merely take this
opportunity of suggesting that in cases where ex-
tiacts from our columns are made the source
should, when the printer has the necessary type, be
quoted. If this is not acceptable the name of this
journal being long, there is a really admirable way
of meeting the occasion by adding the letters H.
and C. M., which is mysterious to the uninitiated
and does not necessarily mean anything at all.
We would not mention this trifling matter if it were
not for the short and simple fact that we write
mainly for our own readers, and although it is
kind and attentive on the part of other journals
in Timbuctoo and elsewhere to honour ua by re-
i producing the gems we set, it occurs to our mind

in moments of depression that it is not so condu-
cive to our welfare as they fondly imagine. It is
an age of self-denial and hair shirts. Keluctantly,
therefore, we surrender the pleasure of seeing our
pet paragraphs reproduced without acknowledg-
ment, and bay to those who do not quote us ;
if you find it necessary to the happiness of your-
self and your readers to use any extracts from this
journal print the name somehow, if only in initials
and comparative happiness will be our portion.

Not Too ;N:uch Adulteration, But Quite
Enough. — The report of the Local Government
Board on the adulteration of produce is always
pleasant reading in the far-awa}' home of the grower
of produce. It proves that the watchful eye
of authority is guarding his interests and that if
the guardian dozes sometimes he wakes up at
times and convicts the offenders. There were for
the year 4,093 cases cf adulterated samjiles and
2,313 convictions. Of tea the Commissioners
of Customs reported to the Board that the
analyst to the Commissioners had analysed
646 samples, and 573 of those samples were
considered satisfactory. The remaining 73 samples
were reported to the Board, and were dis-
posed of as under: 10 samples (425 packages)

were admitted to home consumption ; 59 samples

(1,524 packages) were restricted to exportation owing
to the presence of exhausted leaves and admixture
with other substances ; and 4 sample (4 packages)
were destroyed as being decomposed and unfit for
human food. These, we take it for granted, all
came from China. Of the 2,046 samples of coffee
examined, 204 or 10 per cent were condemned. In 141
of these cases the proportion of added chicory
was at least 40 per cent, a few of the samples
being almost entirely chicory, though one was sold
at the rate of Is 6d per pound. There were 135 pro-
secutions, and in 119 coses penalties were imposed
amounting in all to £157 17s, only 8 of them being
of £5 and upwards. Out of 855 samples of ginger
61 were adulterated; of 182 samples of cocoa 36 were con-
demned ; 353 samples of sugar were examined, and
only 6 were found to be adulterated. There were 1,599
samples of pepper analysed, but only 8 were adulterated.
This contrasts favourably with the report of a few
years ago, when pepper was found to be extensively
adulterated. Fines were inflicted in two cases of
pepper.

The Latest Fibre. — Sir H. .Tohnstou, Her Majesty’s
Commissioner in the British Central Africa Protec-
torate, mentions a plant indigenous to that part of
the globe which may have a future of great utility
before it. An English firm recently gave their at-
tention to the valuable fibres produced by three species
of liliaceous plants of the genus Sanseviera. The
Sanseviera grows in great quantities on all the barren,
stony ground of the Protectorate, at low levels, es-
pecially on the rocky islands in Lake Nyassa. A
machine has been invented which is able to turn out
enormous quantities of fibres from this plant in a
very short space of time, and it would seem as if
the barren ground of the Protectorate would prove
to be of almost equal value to the rich coffee pro-
ducing tracts, since this fibre is worth neaily ,k40 per
ton. Moreover, the Sanseviera is of most easy pro-
pagation, requires little or no attention, and in three
years from the time of planting is ready to reduce
to fibre. The fibre has long been used by the natives
of Africa and India for making bowstrings, and has
been called bowstring hemp.

THE TEA MARKET.

In the Tea market business is active at steady
prices. The record deliveries for October should
strengthen importers’ position, especially as the
strain of large imports (Indiiui) begins to abate. It
is evident increased production, at any rate for
season 1896-7, will not be more than to meet the
universal increasing consumption. Of China Tea a
further, though slight, easing in prices has not
altered the general position. Ceylon Tea is firm with
moderate imports. — L. and C. Express, Nov. 13.

438

THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Dec. I, 1896.

WYNAA I ) l»LANTEliS’ ASS< )CI ATK »N.

Proceedings of a general meeting held at the Cluli,
Meppadi, 4th Nov., 18% : —

Import Duties. — Read letter from the Secretary,
U.P.A., euclo.siug copies of correspondence between
the Secretary U.P.A., the Madras Chamber of Com-
merce and Messrs. Binny A Co. on the subject of
Import duties on Artificial Manures and Tea Seed.

'J his Association is of opinion tiiat the matter of
Import duty on Tea Seed from Ceylon is not of suffi-
cient importance to enter into.

Read letter from the Secretary, U.P. A., asking for
the views of this Association on the resolution
passed by the Nilgiri Planters’ Association with
reference to the appointment of a Specialist fo en-
quire into fever. This Association is of opinion
that this is a matter that may safely be left in
the hands of Government.

CuTCHERRY AT Meppadi. — Resolved that the Honor-
ary Secretary be instructed to write to the Col-
lector of Malabar, asking, if it could not be arranged
that the 2nd class Magistrate of Vayitri should hold
Court for 2 days once a month, regularly, at Mep-
paid; and if so, that due notice of his visit should
be sent to the Honorary Secretary and be j > sied up
at the Police Station and Post Office at Meppadi
and the Post Office at Vellera Mulla. Also that
beat constables be instructed to leave such inform-
ation at the estates oh their several beats.

Coffee Romrehy.— Resolved that the Honorary
Secretary be instructed to write to' the Superin-
tendent of Police, Malabar, with' reference to police
arrangements during this crop season.

thp: tea market.

In the Tea market another series of auctions
(.55,000 packages Indian), taxing the buying powers
of the trade, have passed off satisfactorily’. Prices
rule at so moderate a range as to impart confidence,
but a big margin exists between the middleman
and those paid by the consumer. The gradual extinc-
tion of our trade with China is at last attracting
serious attention, and some effort, it seems, is likely
to be made to resuscitate it. At the prices ruling
this season there has undoubtedly been more of it
taken for home consumption. The change must
proceed from Chinese sources, who have the
foundation to favourably compete against all comers.
Ceylon tea, its nearest competitor, is not now
relatively above China values, as supplies are fre-
quently of a disappointing nature.— //. and C. Express,
Not. 6.

TEA IN AMERICA.

New York, Oct. 28.

There is considerable speculative activity in the
market, particularly in low-grade tea. Blacks, Ja-
pans and Country Greens aie all doing better, and
in an invoice way are up over l-I to 2c per pound
Fancy grades of Formosa are in light supply and’
firmly held. The better grades of Japan are steady.
— American Grocer.

New York, Oct. ,S0.

■While prices have not advanced q notably, there
is a very firm tone to the market, holders ignoring
all offers below their views and resisting sales at old
nuotations. There has been some improvement in
the demand, which covers all grades and sorts.
India and Ceylon teas are steady.

Today at noon the Montgomery Auction and Com-
mission Company will sell H,158 packages, viz.:
64ti half chests Moyume— new season's attractive
chops • 511 boxes Pingsuey — new season’s ; 5% half
chests’ Congou, including fancy Pekoes ; 2i) boxes
Capers; 77 packages India, Java and Ceylon ; 1,;J04
half chests and boxes Formosa, including now sea-
son’s,—Animcan Grocer.

INDIAN TEA SALES.

(From ]\’atsoH, Sibthorptb Co.’s Tea Report.)

Cai.CUTT.A, Nov. 2.5tli, lS9(i.

15,394 packages changed hands in the sales heM
on the 19th instant. 'The qu.ility was above the
average, but the demand was hardly so active as
before and prices for all grades, ahhough rather
irregular, generally favored buyers. 'There was a
fair amount of business done for the Colonii.s and
other places, but the demand frjin the Bombay side
was again very slack.

'The average price of the 15,394 pick.i,gos sold
is As. 7-1 or about 8Jd per lb. as compared with
17,550 packages sold on the 21st November 189.5
at As. 7-1 or about 7}d per lb. and 19,707 2jaik-
ages sold on the 22nd November 1894 at As. 9 8 or
nearly lOd per lb.

'The exports from 1st April to 23rd November from
here to Great Britain are 102,334,515 lb. as compared
with 90 529,065 lb. at the corresponding period hist
season and 90,912,724 lb. in 1894.

Note. — Ijast sale’s average was As. 0-8 or about

8id.

Tflegrams. — Reuter telegraphed from London on
the 19th iustaut.— Offered 51,000, sold 43,0:0 pack-
ages. Common qualities irregular. Finest very firm ■
Average 8Jd. “ Type ” 0 9-lOd.

Exchange. — Document bills, 6 months’ sight

Is 3Jd. ^

Freight. — Steamer — .fl-lO-Oper ton of .50 c. ft.

(From William Moran Co.'s Market Report.)

C.ALCUTTA, Nov. 2r)th, 1890).
.. TEA.

The sales on Thursday last were again rather
small for this time of year, 15,791 chests only be-
ing offered ; nearly all of which were sold. Com-
mon sorts were a shade easier-, while all other des-
criptions were freely taken at steady prices.

Tomorrow 21,000 chests will be brought to auction

Total quantity of Tea passed thi-ough Calcutta
from 1st April to 23rd No’vember.

Great Britain
Foreign Europe
America
Asia

Australia

1890.

102,988,131

274,420

1,083,227

3,313,194

3,595,8U

1895.

90,398,943
219,988
881, .588
3,184,128
5,059,247

1894.

89,271,432

204,635

427,.503

3,044,128

3,047,421

111,255,089 105,743.894 90,595,179

DEAFNESS,

An es.s.ay (lescrihing a rciilly
genuine Cure for Deafnes.s,
Ringing in Ear.---, A’c. , no matter how severe or l<mg-
Htanding, will he sent post free. —Artificial E.-ir-
drnm.s and similar a|)plianees entirely su|)er.se(led.
Addres.s 'THOMAS KEMPE, YiCToitiA CiiAM-
BKR.8, 19, .Southampton Buildings, Holboun,
London.

Dec. I, 1896.]

tHE

TROPICAL

AGRlCULTURtSr.

43V

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

{Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce).

Colombo, Dec. 8th, 18%.
Exchange on London ; Closing Rates, Bank.
hates:-On demand 1/3 5-32 to 3-16; 4 months sight 1/3

3-16 toi ; 6 months' sight 1/3 7-32 to 9-32 ^

Bank Buyinq ^a<cs Credits 3 months siglR 1/3
7-16 to 15-32; 6 months’ sight 1/3 17-32. to
3 months’ sight 1/3 15-32 to i; 6 months sight 1/

^^CoFFEE.— Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot
ner bus. R16 to 17.12J Very scare. Estate Crops in
Parchment, delivery no quotations. Plantation EsUte
Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. R84 00
Very scarce. Liberian parchment
bushel, no quotations. Garden a,nd Chetty Coffee,
f.o.b. per cwt. no quotations. Native Coffee f.o.b. per
cwt. R60 00 to 63 00. Very scarce.

Tea.— Average Prices ruling during the week. Broken
Pekoe, per lb 49c. Pekoe per lb 36c. Pekoe Sou-
chong, per lb 28c Broken mixed and Dust, per lb
23c. — Averages of Wednesday’s sale.

Cinchona Bark.— Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
per lb 03c. — 1 to 5 %

Cardamoms. — per lb Rl'80 to
CocoNET Oil.— Mill oil per cwt. R14.30.

Dealers’ oil per cwt. R14T2. Coconut oil in orGinary
packages f.o.b. per ton ;B325 (W. 330 hhds.

CoPRA.-Per candy of 560 lbR42 00 to »0 00.

Coconut Cake: (Poonac) f.o.b. perton,Roo to lOOO.

^Cocof— Unpicked and undried, per cwt. R22 50 4®.

„ , , o I Kogalla per cwt. R9 to 18

Coir Yarn.— Nos. 1 to o-j Colombo ,, R7 to 14.
Cinnamon.— Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. ^Oic.— Nominal.
Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 06Jc. do

Ebony.— No sales. iJnQ,->f„Qin

Plumbago Large Lumps per ton, R130 to .iiu
Ordinary Ijunips per ton, R130 to 260.

Chips pm- ton, 1170 to 120. Dust per ton, R30 to 90

Very scarce. _ ^ , ,

RiCE.-Soolye per bushel, R3 W to RAoO.

per bag, R9 00 to RIO 00.

Pegu and Calcutta Calunda.— no quotations.

Coast Calunda per bushel, R3'35 to 44W.
Muttusamba per bushel, R3 8o to R4 00.

Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel 3.40 to 3.75
Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag -no quotations.

Cargo.

Tea

Ciconut Oil
Plumbago
Coconuts in bags
Other Cargo
Broken Stowage
SAILERS.
Coconut Oil
Plumbago

§ L
§ L

3 s.

8. d.
20/
20'
17 6
17/6
17/6
10.

ri*J M

® M
-*->

(0 .

r'' fl
rC ® .

O CO
^ *H

CO CO

T* CD
H t-

sis

CD

fin ^

tH ^

H p.

c3 g

a ft

s. d.

s. d.

B. c.

s. d.

20/

2.5

20/

-20/

25

20;

-20/

25

■20/

20/

25

‘20/

•

20/

■25

20/

••

• •

• •

« •

30/

«

• •

• •

28/9

• •

• •

• •

Genoa 20/

41 -00 to 43-00
14-00 to 14-50

do
per cwt

do

do

Coconuts.— Ordinary R35-00 to 46-00 per 1,000 (nominal)
do Selected .'...if, .i~ .1.

Coconut Oil.—

Copra.— Market steady
Kalpitiya
Marawila
Cart Copra
Poonac.— Gingelly
Chekku
Mill (retail)

Ebony. — quotations at
Satin wood. —cubic feet
Halmilla.— do

per candy
do
do

R44-00 to 45-00
42-00 to 43 00
37-00 to 41-00
85-00 to 92 -50 per ton
82 -50 to 87-50 do

75-00 to 80-00 do

11100 to E195 (nominal)

2 00 to 2-26 do

unfi... ...... V.V. 1-25 to 1'50 do

Kitul Fibre.— Quoted at R28-00 per cwt (nomin.-il)
Palmyra Fibre.— Quoted nominally:-
Jaffna Black. — Cleaned (Scarce)

do Mixed Rl7-(i0 to 18-00 per cwt.

Indian do R7-00 to 9-00 do

Do Cleaned 10-00 to 14-00

45-00 to 50-00 per ton
7 "50 to 7-55 per case
2-82 to 2-87 per tin

Sapan Wood.— Quoted
Kerosne Oil — American
do Bulk Russian

Oai-dcn Parchment
Chetty do
Native Coffee .Scarce
do f.o.h. do
liibcrian Parchment,
do Coffee
Cardamoms.—

COCOA.— (nominal)

ICE.— Market is steady :—
RKazla
Soolye

Callunda Scarce
Coast Callunda
Kuruve
Muttusamba

nnamon. — Quoted Nos. 1
Ci70 cents per lb (nominal)
Chips.— R8.5 '00 to 87-50

do Russian in Cases B6-00 per case
Kapok.— Cleaned f. o.b :— R-29-00 to 30"00 per cwt
do llTiclea.nfid fnewl g-QO to 9-00 do

Scarce do

do Uncleaned (new)
Croton Seed

Nux Vomica

2-50 to 3-00

d(

CEYLON

EXPORTS AND
1895-1896.

DISTRIBUTION

0> • O

loo Ci

to . CO O 1- w ^ • r-f

I CO - CO C-) CO

CC I-* O -N to

to to Cl o
• CO C5 ©•! lO

c:' I- 05
50 Ci 00 Cl
I-* Oi P- Tf
O 'M
O CS — .>1
CC (M >0

Cl X O O X o o

o

X Ol Cl ^ CD ^ l-s*

• rH •

• X Ci to rH Ol Ol •

X tO X X

X Ol f-i

,rH

• Ci rH O
-14

I-H

rH P* •
rH

50 O O O

r- •— (M O

. CO 04
- V. . . - w w-f GO O O

(M Ci CO f--' CO Oi <M

CO (>' CO ifi 1-4

« 1-4

... ' CO --1J* r- CO
C: 1-4 I-- CO

O lO <M I-H

• I- CO ^

I'- O CO

— Ci ‘O c
Cl CO O Oi
(O X Ci •TO
C5 X O 01
Ci r-t
CO CO

C

o

a

A

a

a

a

o

a

6

Oi O o 3-1 CO

CO Cl O O CO 50

CO 5£) Ci Ci • f-H

I-- 50 -1J4 • Ci

XXI'- X 1-H

Ol rH r-H

0 oi

01 I-H

» I--. rH

X o

CO o
. Ci *50
• 50 • 1-0

Ci -X f
to UO Ci

lO f-« 50
X X Oi X
lO Cl 50 0>
1- tc; to

^ .
fQ

O O O ^ CO CO

t- O O rH lO CO

-4* ^ l'« I'- •

I-- Js. I>- c Ol • »0

■ CO 50 oi

O Ci
CO Ci
• CO C-1

X

o

o

o o o

O O Ci

0 O 1-^

01 CO -4*

X O Q O 50
O O O O CO

• CO X tc CO

• Ci 1— CO P- I--.

oi r- 1-H

s

ss

OJ o

Ci — CO

I— —

Ol CO -*f
oi X CO
•xO X X Ol
O Oi C»J X
M r^ rH rH

to CO X t-
Hji CO O hH
50 O ^

CO X C-1 50
X OI •- X
CO CO OI X

04 W I'- X CO
-44 Ci -'f I- X
l-s. rH X X
-If4
04

lO 50 Ci

OX 50

• 1-H -44 • • -44

X Ol I'. O
5D OI to t'-
OI Ci X o
I - X X I-
OI Ol — OI

0‘OX050r^50XiCOl--*fiXlfiOIOr- >rHi/5
500i-4X — X4'-0iX«Or-0i^0H--tO04 0I-^
, X X Ci -t X X X — OH-- -4« W to 1-- X X »Q OI
gOwCiXr-sXXX — — ,

X X 1

X tc
OI

OOtOXXOlCinfC

•'OOIXXrHQ.il-,-
? 144 X I-H X rH

X

r. 1— if; 4-0 1-- o o 144 sT o Hf i--^ Ol o X co 40 *444 o

O — Cl X <M OI f-- OI X X O -«4' O 01 X 60 -T »0 «0

o O O — I- f-- to O OI X T»4 O OI O O I- OI I--.

S r- r- 04 0 1 to O I'- O Ci I-- X 1-- C1 r- r-< X -44

r-XtO rHXtC-4*X‘OCi04X

Ol X g l-O r-t X r-t rr

f— Hf X '•I*
OI C<; Ol Tp
X X I - CO

ec X i>- X

^ X X 50
O -4» X CO
X -X t- I'-
Ci X' C- I-

X o

rH iO

Ci r- X X
*C X Ol X
X Ol Cl
r- -44 X Oi
X Oi X U!i
Ol X ^ -444
f-> 04 X

local market.

71 1/ Mr A. M. Chittanibalam, 7, Baillic St., borl.
“ Colombo, Dec, 12tb, 1896.

Seart-fi per bushel
(Nominal) H15 to IS'.IO do
R(35-OOto 66-00 per ewt
RVO-OO to 7100 do
12'50 per bushel (nominal)
63-00 to Ct'OO per cwt
1-76 to 2.75 per lb (nominal)
00 to 30 to per cwt do

1 &
' o
1 H

M-, Qi C tC O ^
: X Ol p- 1'- w Ol CO

50 X X CD 1-- X

-«4 X ITS rH

• Ol X to Ol I-H

O t'- '?! X
Ci P- t, X
Ol X rH
r, rH GO CI
04 CD Ol to

iC

O

'll Oi
CD

. to

X

Ol

I- O Ol rH
CD i-- to to
W CD

§2

As

'r\ 1-- Ol Hf’5D*0 •t OI -«445DXX5DI'.tO

c. X Ol 1-- CD I- C I to CD I.'i Ol X

O -»J4 XtO i-H« •CM'-tO Ol

R8'.)0 to 9 per bag
9-25 to 9. .50 do

9-75 to 10 do

3* !7 to 3-60 per bushel
Z'M to 3 ’37 do
3-50 to 1-75 do
to 4, at 66c and No.s. 1 and 2 at

H

o

sc

.s

X !'• O Cl

Ol o OI X

1-, -rj. l-^ |s*

0 !'• l>. Ci

01 to Ol Hf4

• X tD X
C Ci Ci Ci Oi
CA X X X 00

^ rH rH I-H rH

ss ®

a, X

440

The tropical agriculturist,

Dec, I, 1896.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD ARD NEW PRODUCTS,

(From Lt’wis Peat’s Fortnightly Pric<s Current, London, November 18th, 1896.)

ALOE^, Soc50triiie

Zanzibar A: Hepatic
BEES’ WAX,

Zanzibiir & I White .
Bombay I Yellow.,
Mnur tiuH .V. iVladaKascHr..
CAMPHOR, China
Japan

CARDAMOMS, Malabar..

Ceylon.— Mysore

„ Tellicherry.

„ Long

,, Mangalore

CASTOR OIL, Calcutta.

Madras .
CHI I T IES. Zanzil'ar .
CINCHONA BARK.—
Ceylon

CINNAMON. Ceylon Ists
3rd>

4tti8 and 5th.s
Chlpi-

CLOVES, Penang

Amboyna
Zanzibar 1
and Pemba /
Stems

COCITLUS INDlCl'S ...

COFEBK —

Ceylon Plantation

Native
Liberian
COCOA. Ceylon

COLOMBO BOOT

COIR ROPE, Ceylon ...

Cochin . .

FIBRE, Brush

Cochin ...
Stuffing ..
COIR YARN, Ceylon ..

Cochin ...
ilo.

CROTON SEEDS, s l't.d...
CUICH ... •••

OlNUKIl. Bengal, rough
Calicut, Cut A
B & C
Cochin Rougli...

Japan

'JU.M AMMUNIACD.M ...
ANIMI, Zanzibar...

Madagascar ..

ARABIC E. I. & A.bii ..

(rliniti ..
Kurrachee • .

Madras

ASSAVCETIDA

KINO

.MIRRH, picked ...

Aden sorts
OLIBANUM, drop

pickings

siftings

ISDIARHBBER, As.saiu

Rangoon

Borneo

QUALITV.

^UOT'ATiONiS.

F’air to rine dry

44s a lOOs

^utuiuoii to good

lls a 76s

G od to fine

C7 a £S

F'air

£6 A .*^7

Dark to good palish .

£6 a £6 12s 6(1

F'air average (piality ...

120s

». ,, noin. ..

125s

Clipped I'old bright tine

2s 6d a 3s

Middling, stalky & lean

2s a 2s 4d

F’air to fine plump

2s 6(1 a 6s

vSee !s

.3s lOd a 4s

Gooil to

2s 9d a 3s 6d

Brownish
Shelly to good
Med brown to good bold
Ists and 2nds

Dull to fine bright

Ledgeriana Chips
Crown, Renewed

Org. Stem
Hybrid Root

(;hip

Ordinary to fine quill...

Woody and hard
Fair to good
Dull to fine bright bold
Dull to fine

Good and fine bright ...
Jomniondiill to fair ...
Fair
Fair

Bold to tine bold colory
Middling to fine mid ..
Low mid. and low grown
.Smalls

Good ordinary
Small to bold
Bold to tine bold
Medium and fair
Triage to ordinary
Fair to good

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to tine long straight
Ordinary to good clean
Common to fine
Common to superior
., ,, very tine .1.

Rojiing, fair to good .
Fair to good
Fair to tine dry
F'air

Good to tine bold
.Small and medium
Common to fine bold .
Small and D’s
Unsolit

Sm. blocky to fine clean
Kcked fine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
Med. A bold glassy sorts
Fair to good palish
,, „ red

Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to fine pale ...
Good and fine pale
Reddish to pale selected
Dark to fine pale
Clean fr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine bright
Fair to fine pale
Middling to good
Good to fine white ...
Middling to fair
Low to good pale
.Slightly foul to fine ...
Good to fine
Common to foul & mxd
Fair to good clean
Common to tine ,,

2s 6d a 3s
Is 6d a 3s
3s a 4s 6d
3id a 3id
3d a S^d
^50s a 47s 6d

Id a 3id
2d a 4id
lid a 3d
2id a 2?d
lid a 2d
lOjd a Is Id
h?d a is
9id a Hid
S^d a 9jd
3d a 3|d
6Jd a lOd
3d a 4jd
2 5-16d a 2|d
2l.](lda2 5-16d
Id

7s 6d a 8s

llOs a 115s
I03sa 108s
97s a 102s
87s a 97s
Os a 86s
70s a 80s
63s 6d a 73s
53s a 62s
30s a 50s
25s a 27s

nominal
£10 a £15
£10 a £22
£12 a £17
£5 a £6 lOs
£12 a £26 10s
£12 a £.34
£11 Ills a £15
7s (id a 80s
9s 3d a 32s Oil
15s 6(1
Sis a 85s
33s Ola 74s
28s a 35s
lOs a 27s
I6s

1 7s cl 36s Od
£10 7s 6d a £13
£7 17/6 a£10 lOs
70s a £7 12/6
£4 5s a £9
90s a 137s 6d
£4 8s a £6 15s
£5 a £7 5s
50s a 60s
25s a 60s
55s a 60s
35s u 45s
37s 6d a 45.S
40s a 70s
15s a 35s
£45 a £55
80s a 90s
33s a 60s
34s a 60s
20s a 31s
lisa 12s 6d
9s Od a 14s
Is lOd a 2s 3i<l
■3d a Is Od
Is 4d a Is lljd
Is a Is 7d

INDIARUBBKR, (Contd).
Java, iSing. & Penang

Mozambique

Madagascar
INDIGO, E.I.

MACE. Bombay, & Penang

MYRABOLANES, Madras
Bombay

Bengal ..

NUTMRG.S—

. Bombay & Penang

NUTS, ARECA
NUX VO.MICA, Bombay
Madras

OIL OF ANISEED
CASSIA
LEMONGRASS
NUTMEG
CINNAMON
CITRON ELLE
ORCHELLA WEED—
Ceylon
Zanzibar.

PEPPER - (Black) —

Alleppee & Tellicherry
Singapore

Acheen & W. C. Penang
PLUMBAGO, lump

chips

dust

SAFFLOWER

(QUALITY.

Foul to good clean
Good to fine Ball
rdinary to fair Ball
Low sandy Ball
.Samsage. fair to good
Liver and livery Ball
Fr to fine jiinky & white
F’air to good black
Niggers, low to good .
Bengal- -

Shipping mid togd violeti

QUOTATIONS

Is 3d a 2s 3d
2s 2d a 2s 6d
Is 2d a 2s Ijd
lOd a Is Id
Is 4(1 a 2s 5jd
Is ojd a 2s IJd
Is 11(1 a 2s 5(1
Is 3d a Is lOd
lOd a Is 5d

4s 4d a 5s id

•'I

Consuming mid. to gd.

Ordinary to mid. good
.Mid. to good Kiirpah..

Low to ordinaiy
.Mid. to good Madras .

Pale reddish to fine .

Ordinary to fair
Chips and dark
Dark to fine pale UG .

F’air Coast
Jubblepofe
Bhimlies
Rh.ijpore (fee.

Calcutta
64’s to 57’s
112’s to 67’s
160’s to 130’s
Ordinary to fair fresli ,

Ordinary to middling .. 4s 6(1 a 6s
F'air to good bold fresli 6s a 7s 6d
.Small ordinary and fair 4s6da7s

3s 4(1 a 4s 1(1
2s 8d a 3s 2d
2s a 2s 10(1
Isa ls5d
Is 4d a 2s 6d
Is 7(1 a 2s 9(1
Is 2d a Is 6d
is

3s 9d a 5s 6d
4s 6d
4s a 6s 6d
4s 3d a 7s 6(1
!4s a 6s
4 s a 6s
i3s a 3s 2d
'Is Id a 2s lid
9(1 a Is
13s 6(1 a 15s

.SANDAL IVOOD—

Bombay, Logs
Chiji.'
Madras, Logs
Chips

S.APAN 'WOOD, Bombay
Madras
Manila
Siam

SEED!, AC
SF3NNA, Tiiinevelly

SHELLS, M. O’PEARL—
Bombay

Mus.sel
TAMARINDS, Calcutta
Madras
TORTOIS FISH ELL-

Z,anzibar and Bombay

TURMERIC, Bengal
Madras
Do.

Do.

Cochin

VANILLOFkS—

Mauritius and I Ists
Bourbon ... / 2nd.s
Sevchelles 3rds

yer.mTlion

WAX, Japan, .squafcs

F’air merchantable ...jSsOd
According to analysis.. 6s 6d a 8s 6d
Good flavour & colour ..|2|d
•ingy to white ... Sfdald
Oriiinary to fair sweet ..[4(1 a Is 3d
Bright (fe good flavour lls 2d a Is 4d

Mid. to tine not woody
Picked clean flat leaf
,, wiry Mozambique

lls a 15s
lOs a 20s
15s a 17s 6(1

Fair to bold heavy . 2jd a 2jd

Fair , .

Dull to fine i’3d a 2§_d

Fair to fine bright bold 15s a 17s 6d

Vliddling to good small
Dull to fine bright
Ordiiuiry to fine bright
Good to fine pinky
Middling to fair
Inferior and pickings .

3s 6(1 a 13s
Is 6(1 a 8s 9d
2s a 6s
80s a 90s
80s

60s a 60s

F’air (o fine Havour

F'air to good flavour
Inferior to tine
Lean to good
Clood average
, Rough & rooty to good
i bold smooth
Ord. dusty to gd. soluble
Good to fine bold green
F’air middling medium
Common dark and small

. : c;;o a £5o
...£5s a .£'!

. . [.£30 a £50
, I £4 a £8
£4 a £5
£4 a £5

£4 10s a Lo 15s
£6 a. £7
70s a. 80s
4(1 a 8(1
■2}d a lid
Id a 2d

Bold and .V’s
D’s and B’s

Small

Small to bold
.Mid. to tine bl’k not stony
Stony and inferior

Small to bold d.ark
mottle [lart heavy
Fair

Finger fair to fine bidd
.Mixed midlng. (bright
Bulbs
Finger

Bulbs

Gd. cry.sallized 3,i a 9 in
F'oxy & reddish 4.J a 8 ,
laian and inferior
F’ine, i>ure, bright

nom.

£i 10s

£4 lOsa £4 12s
85s .a 90s
20s a .50s
9s

6s a 7s

19s a 20s 6(1
Ss 6d a 9s
Us0dal2s
10s 6d
8s a 9s
10s

s Od a Ss

Good wliite liard

19s 6d a
17s a 22s
10s a 16s
2s 4id

32s

... 52s Qd

SEE PAGE 482.

440

the tropical agriculturist.

(Dec. I, 1896.

o< MONTHLY.

/V«

Vol. XVI.] COLOMBO, JANUARY ist, 1897, [No. 7.

[THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION OF THIS
IMPORTANT SERIES OF ARTICLES
HAS BEEN SPECIALLY SECURED
FOR THE TROPICAL AGRICUL-
TURIST FROM THE AGENTS
OF MISS ORMEROD.— Ed. T.yl.]

[All Rights Reserved.]

Agricultural Pests:

WITH METHODS OF PREVENTION,

BY

MISS E. A. ORMEROI),

(Laic CunsuUincj Entomologist to the Royal Agricultural
Society of England)

I.

Insects Injurious to General Crops.

HE order Dipt era includes the
Gnats and Corn Midges, also
the Daddy Longlegs, of which
the grubs are so hurtful to
many kinds of crops ; the
Blowflies, which cause great
waste to meat in summer ;
the Gadflies, and a very large
number of other kinds, which, by means of their mag-
gots, do boundless damage year by year to the roots of
cabbage, onions, and other garden-crops, and likewise
to the heart or stem of the growing corn, &c. All
flies of this order have only one pair of wings ; occa-
sionally they are wingless. The hinder pair of wings
is represented by a pair of appendages, often like a
slender pin with a small head ; these are known as
“ poisers ’’ (scientiflcally, haltcres), because they
help, or aiipear to help, to poise or balance the
insect. Some of these insects feed by suction, as
in the cise of the gnats, to our great annoyance.
The maggots, or larva), are fleshy ahd (with few
e.vceptions) footless ; sometimes, like the Daddy
Longlegs grub, they have a hard head, furnished with
uppers, or jaws; sometimes they have a soft mass
which answers for a head, commonly bearing a
pair of hooks instead of jaws, with which they
clear out the substance between the two sides of a
turnip-leaf, or from the inside of an onion-bulb, or

other soft material in which they may be feeding]
The pupa-case, or chrysalis, varies in shape ; in soma
kinds, as of the Gnat and Daddy Longlegs, for
instance, it is in shape much like the creature within,
with its limbs folded ; in many other kinds, as the
Onion Fly, Carrot Fly and others, the pupa-case
consists of the hardened maggot-skin, which shelters
the forming fly within.

The Daddy Longlegs, or Cranefly, likes damp
surroundings, and thus we get an idea of how to
keep its numbers in check. The flies frequent damp
overshadowed herbage, or marsh-land, or wet, ne-
glected weed-growths, and in such places, they lay
their eggs. The grubs thrive in such positions or
at the roots of crops so long as the ground is not
too dry for them, and when they have fed for some
months they turn into a pupa, which, by means of
the spikes at its side, sets itself up in the ground
conveniently for the fly to come out from.

The best way to forestall attack is to make the
land unsuitable for egg-laying. Draining marsh-land,
and rough mowing long grass or'Jneglected herbage
in shady parts of pasture-fields hedge-sides, and other
like places, drives off a great deal of attack ; but
the cliief difficulty is on land broken up from pas-
ture or clover-ley. The eggs are mostly laid, to-
wards autumn, in such localities (that is, pasture
fiilds or clover-ley); therefore, if these are merely
broken up, without any measures having been pre-
viously taken to prevent egg-laying, or to kill the
“ leather-jacket ” grubs in them, it is no wonder that
the next crop should often be totally devoured. Any
measures that will serve cither of those purposeo
are highly desirable. Where pastures are to
be broken up, it is a good plan to fold sheep on
the ground and hand-feed them, thus making the
ground obnoxious to the Cranefly for egg-laying, and
also by the trampling and by soddening the ground
with the droppings of the animals, destroying mo.st
of the eggs or young grubs that may chance to be
on the surface. Heavy dressings of hot lime are
useful, and dressings of fresh gas-lims, or alkali
waste, which kill everything they touch whilst in
their caustic state, are an excellent preservative
from attack. These two chemical dressings cost little
(where they are procurable at all), and gradually

442

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Jan, I, 1897.

turn to a manure of the same nature as gypsum.
Salt also has been found useful for dressing leys
with in autumn. Laid on at the rate of 10 cwt.
the acre, and ploughed in, it has been found to kill
the couch-grass (a very serviceable means of preven-
tion of insect-ravage), and there was no further
trouble from either grub or wireworm. Bush-harrow-
ing does good, and paring and burning tbe surface
is also an excellent remedy ; but this has drawbacks,
on account of the expense of labour, also wasting
so much of what, in rotting, would have been
fertilizing material.

Where eggs and maggots are in the ground, the
most hopetul method of meeting coming attack is
to make all possible arrangements to push on a good
growth, and, firstly, to secure a good start. This
IS one reason why deep ploughing is advised in
breaking up leys. Some of the eggs and young grubs
will thus be turned down too deep to hatch, or to
make their way up again. Also judging by what
has been observed in other instances, those eggs
which are well turned down, out of reach of the
amount of air natural to them, will either not
hatch or be so much retarded in date of hatching
that the date of attack will also be retarded, and
the youug crop has a good chance to get well estab-
lished before the grubs are ready. This first start is
a very important matter; if the young plant is
stunted in its first growth, it most likely will never
do as well as if it had begun heartily; and this
point should be borne in mind as one great method
of counteracting injury from insect attacks to roots
or leaves. Get a good start, by using good, fresh
seed, by proper treatment of the land beforehand,
and, if you can, by burying the enemy so deep down
that it will neither uiike its own way up at the
natural time, nor be lui nedup again by afterploughing
or cultivating ; and thus we get our plants so ahead
in the race that we may hope to win. This is a
general principle, suited to all crops.

But to return to special treatment of Daddy Long-
legs grubs. If attack is found to be bad in growing
corn, some fertilizer, such as guano and salt mixed,
applied, say, at the rate of 4 cwt. the aci-e, has
been found to do much good. Nitrate of soda also
acts well, both by benefiting the plant and injuring
the grub. In experiments tried by placing Daddy
Longlegs grubs at a depth of one inch below the
surface, it was found that where nitrate of soda at
the rate of 2 cwt. the acre was well watered in,
the grubs so treated were very relaxed, soft and
helpless, and so continued whilst observed and re-
ported. This helplessness is a very important point, for
thus the grub, instead of creeping away, is kept under
the action of tbe solution good for the plant but
bad for itself, and ultimately dies.

Special chemical applications, only intended to kill
the grub, have (in tlie instances noted) been found
not to do good, because they are so much weakened
in passing through the ground that tliey are quite
harmless by the time they reach the creature they
were meant to kill. This has been the case with
chemical acids — carbolic acid, for instance, but
whether we might not do gooa by vegetable appli-
cations, such as that of mustard-cake, is a matter
for further consideration. The treatment may shortly
be described thus prevent egg-laying, if you can ;
burv eggs and grubs deep down out of the way ;
give your plant a good start, and keep it well up
under attack, if attack comes. But, further, we
should in this, aud in all cases, look at the special
habit of the pest. The Daddy Longlegs grubs cannot
bear heat, light, and drought; therefore two kinds
of treatment, appearently quite opposed to each other,
have lieen found useful, for they both bear on the
above habits. Hoeing has been found useful, because
thus, in dry sunny weather, the powdery, dry ground
is just what tbe “ Leather-jacket” grub dislikes,
Also rolling at night, or at early dawn, does good;
for then, during the cool dusk hours, we may catch
many of the grubs on the surface, and they may be
crusher by the Cambridge roller or Croskill’s clod-
crushed ; and rolling the ground firmly in this way

likewise prevents some of the grubs '‘travelling.’’
There is one more point which has not been brought
forward, but which, by watching the habits of the
creature, I think might be very usefully worked in
garden ground. I find the grubs like to lie under a
thin damp turf ; they will collect in large numbers
in such a sjiot. Probably it wouid answer well,
in garden-ground, to lay slates, or tiles, aud send a
boy round every morning to clear what lay below.
I have only worked this plan out myself on a small
scale, but it is worth considering. The above is one
of our regular yearly attacks, especially to be looked
for after a damp autumn and winter, because as we
have seen, dampness and moisture suit the Daddy
Longlegs in all their stages.

The next of this gnat-like division of flies that
may be considered is the Wheat Midge ( Cecidomyia
tritici), the eggs of which produce the little orange
or red footless grub known as the “ lied Maggot,”
often found in wheat-ears. These little gnats are
hardly more than an eighth of an inch long in the
body, but have long legs and horns, and the female
has a long ovispositor, as thin as a hair, with which
she inserts her eggs in the wheat-florets, or those of
such other kinds of corn or grass as she may infest.
This operation is mostly performed in the evening,
and we are indebted to the observations of Mr. Swan-
wick, of the Royal Agricultural College Farm,
Cirencester, for the information that, just at the
time of development, the flies were not only attack-
ing the wheat, but were to be found in great
numbers in clover-land which was in wheat the
previous year, and also amongst rough grass at
hedge-sides. The Maggots soon hatch, aud feed on
the germ or some part of the soft grain ; they are
very little grubs, hardly more than the twelfth of
an in^h long, yellow, orange, or scarlet in colour,
and slightly pointed at the head. The loss they
cause by feeding on the corn-grains sometimes
amounts to as much as from one to about three
sacks ("that is, about half a crop) per acre. After
they have left off feeding, some remain in the corn,
and are carried wuth it ; others remain in the stubble,
or fall, or go down into the earth, where in lime
they change to crysalids, from which the Midge-flies
come out about corn-flowering time in the nexl year.

Our best method of prevention is to destroy the
Red Maggot (for the chrysalis, if it has turned to
it) in its winter shelter. Deep ploughing, such
as will turn infested stubble thoroughly down, will
act well, for once deeply buried the Gnat-fly either
will not develop or cannot come up again. It is
not enough considered iu these matters that we
may by our own common knowledge often guide
ourselves. If a weak small grub (so small that we
can scarcely see it) has a weight of earth put on
it, somewhere about as much as if at least thirty
or forty yards deep of earth were placed on one
of ourselves, it is very unlikely that, where it is
not specially supplied with powers for piercint' the
ground, it will come up again as a grub ;° and
the Gnat-iMidge, if it does develop, certainly
cannot make its way through. This is one of the
points that show us how to keep insects in clieck •
we need often merely to consider just what is be-
fore our eyes and act on it. Once down, and left
down (for, of course, if we bring the grubs up again
by a second equally deep ploughing we lose our
labour), we have in all probability buried the com-
ing attack safely away. All measures which will
lessen the amount of couch-grass, or other wild grass
(it is either known or believed, to lie in the heads’
or shelter at the roots during winter), would help
to keep tbe amount of this midge in check. Clear-
ing and burning rou-b grass by hedge-sides is one
niethod ; gathering up the corn-stubble and burning
it, directly the corn is harvested, gets rid of what-
ever is at the roots; and also (and this is very
important) all the dust from the threshing-machine
should be burnt where wheat is known to bo at all
infested. The Red Maggot may often be seen in
millions m this, and absence of attack has been
found to follow the plan of carefully burning the
infested dust.

Jan. I, 1897.1

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

4n

Tlio llessiauFly ((’cridomi/im dent ructor) is another
of the Cccidomyiir which is very hiutful to various
kinds of coru in America, and in various places on
the Continent of Europe, and which was first ob-
served in this country in the year 1886. With us
the attack is in some degree to wheat, but chiefiy
to barley ; and it does not appear likely to be a
serious crop-peat. The perfect fly much resembles
a stout-made little brown gnat, about one-eighth of
an inch in length, with one pair of smoky-grey
wings, and with long horns.

The attack may be to the young plant, but with
us it mostly occurs only as a summer infestation
to the growing stalk, where the small white legless
maggot feeds outside the stalk, but inside the leaf-
sheath just a little above one of the knots. Com-
monly it is just above the second knot, but the
attack may occur lower down at the first knot, or
close to the root, or higher up above the third or
fourth knot. The mark of attack being present is
the stem elbo,>ing sharply down just above where
the maggot lies. It does not commonly break, but
iruless the straw is very firm, it bends at the
weakened spot, and thus damage is caused to the
fallen head, besides difficulty in reaping from the
confused state of the straw. The maggot may live
for about four weeks in this position, and then it
changes at the spot at which it fed, to a flat brown
chrysalis, in the size and shape and colour minutely
resembling a rather small and narrow flax seed,
whence the name of “flax seeds” is commonly given
to these chrysalis-cases or puparia. Within this hard
outer husk the maggot changes to chrysalis, aud the
chrysalis to the perfect fly, but how long this may
take depends very much on circumstances. It ray
occur, under natural and favourable circumstances,
so soon that the whole time occupied in the life
of the fly from egg to development is only about
forty-eight days ; or under favourable circumstances
t may be retarded. Thus some of the Hessian flies
may come out in autumn on the fields ; whilst some
of the “flax-seeds” threshed out, or stacked in the
straw, or kept artificially for investigation, may very
likely not hatch == util May, or much later in the
following year.

With this attack, more than, perhaps, almost any
other, we rest on the application of common
cultural measures, and dates of sowing, for the
treatment which, joined to effects of the climate,
has hitherto kept this infestation in check. A great
part of -the damage caused by the maggot s pre-
sence, arises from the stem being so weakened that
it elbows down ; therefore, all selection of kinds of
seed, aud all treatment calculated to give a healthy
strong straw which will not give way under a moder-
ate amount of maggot infestation, are direct means
of preventing loss. So far as wheat is concerned,
our usual time of autumn wheat-sowing places the
spring of the young plant well after the lime when
the summer Hessian flies are about. In the process
of threshing, the so-called “ flax-seeds” are thrown
down with the light screenings, and can readily
be gathered up with them and destroyed, thus
putting an end to all chance of recurrence of at-
tack from this cause; and as hitherto we have only
been troubled by the summer attack on the corn
stems, and had no difficulties from tlie additional
multiplication caused by a winter infestation on the
young plants, it may be well hoped that this coi n
attack will not take the serious place in this couriti y

which it does in many other parts of the world.

di-

B[BLlOGK.A.l’HY OF CACAO.

Abels, A. F. G. under Coffee.]

Academies- Saler)io. |]See under Iea.j
Arisi, J< raiicesco. It cioc olato : trattemments
tirambico. Gremone. 1736. 4o. • ,

Avanzini, Giuseppe. Lezzione academica in lode-
della cioccalata del dottore G. A., xledico. . .Ber-
nardo Paperiui. Firenze. 1713. 4o.

Bachot, S. Qiiaestio medica, an Chocolatae usus
salutaris’? Paris, 1684. 4o.

IJannister, llichd. Cantor Lectures on Sugar, Tea,
Coffee and Cocoa. [Socy. of Arts. Apr-May. 1890.]
London. 1890. 4o.

Jlarber, Jas. H. Cocoa Planting in Ceylon, with
Hints as to the best Varieties to be cultivated.
Colombo. 1888.

Baron, Ifi/aciiUhe Theodore, the Elder. Praes. See
]jC Monnier, L. G. Qiuestio Medica. ..An senibus
Chocolatae potus ? 1739. 4o. [Idem, ffe.sp. dforand, J,

F.C. Paris. 1749. 4o.J

Bartelink I'J. J. Handleiding voor Kakao-planters.
Amsterdam. 1885. 80,

Barton, IVilliam P. C. Some account of a plant
used in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, as a subs-
titute for Chocolate (Holcus bicolor). Philadelphia,
1816. 80.

Becman.i, (.'. II. licsp. De Chocolatae analepii-
coruin principe See Cartheuser, J. I< . Francof. ad
Viad. 1763. 4o.

Belfort de la Roque, L. de. Le Chocolat, 400 pp.
52 fig. Paris. 1892. I60.

Belli, B. I See under Te.v.]

Bernoulli, C. G. Uebersicht der bis jelz & bekanuteu
Arteu von Theobroma. Zurich 1869. 4o.

Blankaart, S. [Sea under Te.vJ
Bleyny, X. de. [See under Tea.]

Boissel, . [et Pelissart, .] Observations sur le
cacao et le chocolat. Paris. 1772. 12o. See Obser-
vations.

Bontekoe, C. [See under Tea.]

Boreux, . [See under Coffee. |

Bouryoin d'Orli, P. II. /•'. [See under Coffee.]
Boutiyny, P. Ii. De Chocolat, de sa fabrication,
des moyens do reconnaitre sa falsification, et de sea
proprietes alimentaires et medicales, &c, Evreux.
1827. 80.

Brancatius, I ranciscus Maria[i.e. Brancaccio, F. M.]
F. M. Cardinalis Brancatii de chocolatis potu diatribe,
[With an address to the readers by D. Mayrus.]
Romae. 1664. 4o. [Ibid. 1666-J
Brisset, Carolus. Itesp. ^ee' Dxipont, M. An salu*
bris usus Chocolatae ? Paris. 1661. 4o.

Broudbent, //. [See under Tea.]

Browne, Jos. M.D. [See under Tea,]

Brucckmann, Franz Ernst. Dissertatio de Avellana,
Mexicana. Praes. J. C. Spies Helmstadii. [1721. J
4o. [Edito secunda. Relatis brevis de Avellana Mexi-
cana vulgo Cacao dicta. Brunsvigae. 1728. 4o.j
Buehoz Pierre .Joseph. Dissertation sur le Cacao
et sur sa Culture. Paris. 1787' 80.

Buehoz, Pierre Joseph. [See under Tea.]

Butler, John. Bishop. An Address to the Cocoa-
Tree from a whig. See whig. 1763. 80.

C., J. Jj. M. [See under Tea.]

Cacao. Le Cacao. Historique, preparations et pro-
prietes du Chocolat. Le Chocolat d’Aiguebelle, &c.
Aiguebelle 1889. 32o.

Cacao Cultivation. Cacao Cultivation in Ceylon.
A. M. & J. Ferguson. Colombo. 18—.

Cadbury Brothers. Bournville. A descriptive ac-
count of the growth of Cocoa and of its manufacture
by Cadbury Brothers. Reprinted from the “ British
Trade Journal.” Carlisle. [1880.] 80.

Cardelli, M. [See under Coffee.

Cardelli, P. [See under Coffee.]

Cardenos, .Teande. Del Chocolate che provechos
haya, y se es saludable o no. Mexici. 1609. 80.

(Jarthenscr, Johannes Fridericus De Chocolatae, &c.
See Beemann, C. II.

Cerjherr de Mcdelsheim, Alphonse E. Le Cacao et
le Cnocolat conside'res au point de vue hygienique,
&c. [Extrait des E'tudes industrielles a propos de
PExposition universelle de 1867. Paris. 1867. I80.
2nd. edition. Paris, Clichy. 1873. 80.

Chamherlayne, John. [See under Tea.]

Chelus,de. Histoire naturelle du Cacao et du Sucre,
Ac. See Ihstoire. 1719. 80. [Taris. 12o.] [Also
1720. 80.

Chclus, de. The Natural History of Chocolate...
Translated from the last edition of the French [of
de Chelus.J See Hisloire. 1724. 80.

ClFlus, de. , It. See Brookes, E. M.D. The na-
tural History of Chocolate. Translated from the
I itnch. 1730. 80.

444

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. t, 1897.

Cltevallicr, Jcini Baiitiate Alphonse. Sur lea fiilsifi-
catious qi'iou fait subir an chocolat, &c. (Extrait du
Journal de Ch6iuic M6dieale.. .d’Avril. 1853..) Paris.
[1853.] 80.

Chevallier, Jean liujttiste Alphonse. Meinoire sur le
Chocolat, sa preparation, sea usages, &c. Paris.
1871. 80.

Chocohule. Die Chocolade, oder Erfindung und
wirkuug, so wie die Einfuhrung und Zubereituug der
selbeii, &c. (von Korth). Berlin. 1817. 80.

Chocolade, — Vahtil;aiion. Die Ci ocolade fabrika-
tion nach den neuesten Verbesserungen. Niirnbeig.
1841.

Chocolade. —Vahrihant. Der aufgedeckte.. .Choco-
ladeufabrikant, oder bewiihrter Unterricht wie alls
Sorten Chocolade . .am bequensden zubereitet werden,
&c. Kitzingen. 182G 80.

Chocolate. [See under Coffee.]

Chocolate. Chocolate, its character, history and
treat!! ent. Strasburgh. [1870 ?J Uio.

Chocolate. Imperial Chocolate made by a German
lately come into England. [An advertisement.]
[London. 1700 V] s. sh. i’ol.

Chocolate Xursenj Uliijmes Boole. Chocolate Nur-
sery Rhymes Book, [illustrated.] Dean and Son.
London : Holland. [1891.] 80.

Chocolate Surprise Hook. Chocolate Surprise Book
of Nursery Rhymes. [Illustrated.] Dean and bon.
Loudon : Holland. [1891.] 80.

Cocoa-Tree Club, A Letter from the Cocoa-Tree
to the country-gentleman (in reference to the for-
mation of an “ Opposition party ” by the Duke of
Cumberland and others.] London. 1762. 4o. [Second
edn. 1762. Third. 1763.

Cocoa-Tree Club. A Derbyshire Gentleman’s Answer
to the Letter froih the Cocoa-Tree. ( London.] 1762.
80.

Cocoa-Tree Chib. ^oeArtlmrs Club-JJonse. A Letter
from Arthur's to the Cocoa-Tree, in ansv\er to the
letter from thence, Ac. | 1762.] 4o.

Cocoa-Tree Club. See H7nV/. An Address to the
Cocoa-Tree [in reply to the Letter. ..to the country-
gentleman.] P’rom a whig \J. Butler, D.l). Third
edition. 1762. 4o. , ^ ^

Cocoa-Tree Club. A Letter from the Cocoa- Tree
to the Chiefs of the Opposition. Loudon. 1763. 4o.

Cocoa-Tree Club. Wonder upon wonder, or the
Cocoa-Tree’s Answer to the Surrey Oak, &c. To the
tu"e of William and Margaret. [1757. J s. sh. fol.
Coflee. [See under Coffee.]

(^olmencvo dc Jjedes^nn, Antonio, [See under Tea.]
Cohnencro de Ledesma, jUitouio. Curioso tratado
de la naturaleza y calidad del Chocolate dividido en
quatro puntos, &c. Madrid. 1631. 4m

Colnienero de Ledesma, Antonio. Chocolata Inda,
Opusenlum de qualitate et nature chocolatae.. .His-
paiiico idiomate editum.. .nunc in Latinum translatum
[By /. G. Volcamertls.^ Norinbergae. 1644. I60.
(Some say Latin translation by M. A. Severinus.)

Colnienero de Ledesma, ^Intonio. A curious treatise
of the nature and quality of chocolate. Put into
English by A»iV(/o ((e I'adesforte [i.e. .J . Wadsworth.]

London. 1640. lo. . ■ ,

('olmcnero de Jjcdesma, Antonio. Chocolate: or an
Indian drinlse. . .written originally in Spanish., .and
faithfully rendered in the English by Capt. ./. RiuL-
v-orth. London. 1652. 12o. _

Colnienero de Ledesma, .Inlonio. Du Chocolate.

Discours curieux.. .traduit d'Espagnol eu Pranyais.. .
Par R. Moreaux.. .Plus cst adjoustc un Dialogue (par
B. Marradon), Ac. J’aris. 1643. lo. „ , ,

Colnienero de Ledesma, Antonio. Della Cioccalata
discorso.. .tradotto dalla Lingua spagnuola nell Ita-
liana, con. . .annotatioiii de A. \ i trio It [from the
Spanish of /<’. idarrailon.\ Rcma. 1667. 12o. Venetia.
1678. l2o. Bologna. 1691. 12o.

Coniiers, Claude dc. [Suc under Te.v.J
Concilia, llanicle. Meuiorie storiche sopre ^1 uso
dalla cioceoiata in tempo di digiuno, Ac. See A., N.
A Memoire. 1748. 4o.

(Aisniiu.s, Ucnriciis. [See under Tea.]

]>. [See under Tea.]

Damme, <>. [See under Tea. j

Dehaij, .1. [See under 'J'ea.]

Delajontuine. . Le Chocolat. Par Delafoutaiue
et Deiwiller,, successeur de M. Masson, Ac. Paris.
1859. l2o.

Delcher, K. Recherches historiques et chimiques
sur le Cac-.io et ses diverses preparations. Paris.
1837. 80.

Denis, Jean Ferdinand. Legeiide du Cacahuatl.
See Maw/in, ,1. Le Cacao, Ac. 1860. 12o.

Disdier, h . M. [See under Tea.] (Also) La meille-
lire manieie de composer le bon chocolat.

Duncan, D. [See under Tea.]

Dupont, M. An salubris usus Chocolatae ? llesp.
C. Jlrisset. Pans. 1661. 4o.

Durante, C. [See under Tea.]

Eselnceiler, J/. J. liesp. De Chocolata Indorum
ej usque viribus medicis. See Stahl, J. J Erfordiae.
1736. 4o.

Etienne, . [See under Tea.]

Eiipel, Johann, Christian. Grundlicher Unterricht,
ohne Voikenutnisz alle Sorten Chocolade zn fabrici-
ren...Nebst xVnweisnng zu Verfertigung der beliebster
Sorten.. .Getriinke, Ac. Goiha. 1821. 80.

Ewbank, Thomas. Life in Brazil : or a journal of
a visit to the land of the cocoa and the palm...
with over one hundred illustrations. New York.
1856. 80.

Eijsel, Johann FhiUp. De Chocolatae usu at abusu.
Erfordiae. 1694. 4o.

helici, Giovanni Battista. Parere intoruo all’ uso
della Cioccalata, scritto in una Lettera..all’ Illus-
tris. Signora, L. Girolami d’Ambra, Ac. Firenze.
1728. 4o.

Eerguson, A. M., C.M.G. [See under Tea.]

Flayer, Sir John. [See under Tea.]

Forest, 11. Du Cacao et de ses diverses esphees, Ac.
Paris. Abbeville. 1864. 12o.

Foucault,!. Resp. See Bachot, E. An Chocolatae
usus salubris V Parisiis. 1684, 4o.

Fraser, . Handbook of Cocoa ? [ I 'hfe Trop. Agrio.

1882-3. p. 726.]

(lallais, A. Monographic du Cocao, on manuel de
I’amateur de chocolat : onorage contenant la descrip-
tion, I’histoire et la cultme du Cacaoyer, Ac, Paris.
1827. 80.

Gensher, TIl M. Dor Chokolaten-Fabrikant : eine
giiiodliche Anweisung alle sorten feiner Chokolade
zu verfertigen. Q uedlinburg. 183S. 80.

Gimtini, Girolani’ Opinion sur I’usage du bon cho-
colat (en italien).

Goelicke, Andreas Ottorner. De Balsamo Cacao.
Francof. ad Viad. 1723. 4o. [Ibid. 1736.]

Gorkom, K. IF. van. See under Tea.]

Cosselin, Augustin. Manuel des chocolatiers traitant
de la partie pratique des appareils en usage et de
confection des boutons a base de chocolat. 1869. 80.
Graf Strom, U. J. [See under Coffee.]

Grouser, . Essai medical sur le chocolat.

(To be continued.)

CAPSICUM, POTATOES, AND SOMK
OTHKU ECONO 1C SOLANACE.E
OP INDIA.

[Bv C110.SA, of the Atiitr-

llOIi'I’lCOLTURAL SOCIETY OK INDIA.]

( Continued from page 3/G.J
The uses and the habits of the potatoes are so
well known that it is quite unnece. sary to say any-
about them here. Suffice it to say that although
the cultivation of this wholesome tuber has become
quite general in almost all parts of India, there
are still to be found several ortliodox enough so
as not to use it in their food, rejecting it as a
foreign article, and the number of such individuals
in a town or viliage may be counted on the fingers.
But there are numerous sciupulously pious Hindoos
who still abstain fiom the use of potatoes ou
ceremonial observances, e. g., on the death of parents
or husbands, Oti such occasions no Hindu, properly

Ian. I, 1R97.]

445

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

BO called, should touch anything that does not
belong to the category of “ Ak.iaralavana” a tech-
nical phrase, literally meaning ‘ iion-alkaline salt,
but including in that term the following articles of
food (1) cow’s milk; (2) clarified butter from cows
milk; {?,) paddy (rice); (4) munga, a pulse (Phase.o-
lus Mun;o); (5) til seeds (Sesamum oiientalo) ; (b)
barley ; (7) sea-salt and salt from the Sindh. A.
longer list, however, technieally called Habisycinna,
contains the following; —

1. Paddy (Rice) which has ripened in the cold
season and which has grey husk, I'ice made from
such paddy without boiling it for unhusking.

2. Munga (Phaseolus Mungo).

3. Til seed (Sessamum orientals).

4. Barley.

5. Ivalai, pulses of the Phaeolus order.

6' Kangu, Panicum italicum, the Kauk of the
N. \V. P., Kanknidana of Bengal.

7. Vastuka, the Betuasag of the B.ngalis (Ghe-
nopodium album).

8. Hilamocika, an aquatic weed (Enhydra Bing-
cha, D.C).

9. Kala. The kariin or karm sag of the Thibe-
tans and the Punjabis. A wild form of Cabbage
or Colewort, much cultivated all the year round as
a pot herb. (Brassica sylvestris '?) In Bengal, how-
ever, the kideJcada, a variety of Gapparis brevispiua
is considered the same as the kahi salca of the"Gastras.
This letter weed grow, after the rains, in dried
paddy fields, and is much sought after as a tonic
and health-giving pot-herb.

10. Mulaka.

11. Panasa.

12. Amra.

13. liaritaki.

14. Tintidi.

15. Jiraka.

16. Nagaranga.

17. Pippali.

18. Kadali.

19. Labani.

20. Dhatri.

21. Kemuka.

The radish.

The Jakfruit.

The mango.

The Terminalia Chebula.
Tamarind.

Cumin seed.

The orange.

Piper longum.

The plantain.

The nona of Bengal. Anona reti-

[culata.

Emblica officinalis, Gaert.

The Kaun of the Bengali Kavi-

[rajas

With potato ends the unarmed section of Rox-
burgh Solanums. The foremost amongst the armed
Solanums of Roxburgh is his

7. S. Melongeua Wild, in which may be included

his —

8. S. longum Roxb. This is the w'ell-know'n
Begun of the Bengalis, the egg-plant. It has been
diversely named and variously divided into sub-
species and varieties.

A. Solanum ovigerum. Dun.

S. pseudo-undatum. Be.

S. esculentum. Dun.

S. insanum, L.

B. S. Melongena spontaneum.

S. incanum, L.

S. undatum, Lam.

S. zeylanicom. Scop.

Dr. Watt, in this Dictionary of Economic Products
of India, gives the following synonyms in addition
to those mentioned before: —

S. trongum, Lam ,

S. ferox, Var. B. Kurz.,

S. torvum, var. Inerme, Dalz and Gibs.,
which brings 7, 8, and 9 under one genera! species. The
uses of Brinjal as a vegetable is too well-known to
be repeated here. One thing, however, should be
noticed that almost all the species of the Solanace®
are considered by the Indian Kavinijas as inci'easiug
the wind-temperament. But the fruit of the Brinjal,
if cooked when tender, i.e, when the seeds are net
sufficiently developed, is considered the best food
for one with disordered liver. It regulates the action
of the liver, which influence ir perceptible within
twenty-four hours.

10. Solanum .2Ethiopicum, Wild, same as Lycoper-
sicum tuberosum. Mill. This is not of much economic
value.

11. and 12. Solanum diffusum is perhaps the same as
S. incanum, Ghienense of Pluck. This is, no doubt,
the same as S. Jacq ini, Willd, and the two varieties
a with larger fruit and B with smaller fruit are
the two varieties noticed by Roxburgh. He says
under S. diffusum “ there is another sort so exceed-
ingly like this in every respect, that it was long
before I discovered they were distinct. The chief
distinguishing marks are the leaves in this are

longer and more or less deeply lobated and

the prickles much more numerous, longer and sharper,
all perfectly straight.” , , ^

This is the Kantikari of the Bengalis and the
Sarpatanoo of the Sanskrit authors, otherwise known
as Gadhini.

The fruits are much esteemed by the people, and
are eaten freely in their curries, for which the
plant is cultivated in some parts of India. As to
its officinal properties, there is no place for them.

The S. diffusum, Roxb. (11) and S. Jacquini (12)
therefore may' be made into one species, S. diffusum.

13. Solanum indicum, L. This is the / i/akuda.
of the native physicians, the Vrkati of the Gastraa,

It is the same as : —

S. violaceum, Jacq.

S. canescens, Bl.

S. cuneatum, Moench.

S. Heynii, Roem.

S. pinnati fidum and agreste, Roth.

It lias been wu’ongly identified by some authors
with the Gudakamui of the Bengalis. The Oudaka-
inai, however, is S. nigrum, as stated under that
species.

The fruits are used in curries, and it must have
been known to the Sanskrit authors as early as the
Brinjal, for under the list of foods prohibited of
particular lunations both this and the Brinjal
occur. — Journal of the Agri-Horticidtural Society of
India.

( To be concluded.)

•

TEA PLANTING THIRTY-FIVE
YEARS AGO.

[By an Old Planter.]

Much has been written about the first efforts to
establish the tea industry in India, but chiefly in
official papers and in language too technical to excite
more than a passing interest, and as most of the
earlier pioneers have died out or retired, upon what
not a few dividendless shareholders are wont to
stigmatise as tlieir ill-gotten gains, few have the
slightest idea of how many of the older plantations
were formed, the sholcec and vagaries of those who
opened them, what led first to the rush up Assam
way, the crash of 1866. and the many ups and downs
that have attended on the industry since. Of course,
the old Government garden in Sibsaugor, as every
one knows (or ought to) formed the pioneer or
Assam Gompany, though the Saharunpore plantation
in the N. W., stocked with seed from China by
Mr. Fortune, was looked upon as the guide for all
matters pertaining to planting and manufacture ;
we may remark, parenthetically, it would perhaps
have been better if Dr. Jamieson, the Superintendent,
had not compiled that almost forgotten record No.
XXV., which, like most amateur essays, put us all
wrong from the commencement. However, the above
preliminary gallop must be curtailed.

Those who journey to what was considered, six
and thirty years ago, the Eastern Eldorado, have
but a faint idea of how the land of promise was
reached. True, some ancient Government Steamers
ran at odd times up the Bral.maputra, but the journey
Wits chiefly performed by boat, the emigrant em-
barking from t!'c Ghitpore canal, then the main
drain of Calcutta. Towards the close of 1858 I began
my pilgrimage thither and for three weary weeks
threaded the intricate water waj's. It was necessary
to rexirovision at Khoolma; at least so said my
Calcutta servant, and again at Burrisal, where I
was most sumptuously entertained by the then Judge.
The ‘•dumpy levels” and yeomaury cavalry had

446

THE TROPICAL

AGRICUI.TURISr.

[Jan. 1, 1897.

not then been disbanded so the ffeniis loafer was
unknown; hence the wayfarer throughout the coun-
try was received with the old unbounded hospitality
which the now defunct Indians of the old school
delighted to exercise. I tarried at Dacca, then
garrisoned by H. M. 51th whose worthy Coiuinaudant
I had become acqiainted with a year previously.
On resuming the journey I found the Moss Presi-
dent had restocked both my larder and cellar in
the most bountiful manner and I was conducted to
my boat in the witching hour, by a band of well-
wishers, after one of those dinners the regiment was
famous for. To cut a long story short it was ou
the evening of the twenty-first day I reached Chattue,
having to proceed to Gherrapoonji first of all. All
notice of that damp but, 011 the whole, delightful
sanitarium — oh why was it ever abolished? — I re-
serve for a future paper. After a short sojourn of
two days, during which I learnt my temporary desti-
nation was to be Gachar, 1 rode down to Sylhet for
the X’mas week. That pre'.ty liitle station, nestling
in its ernbaymeut of wooded teelahs, was then a
far different place of residence than now ; there was
a full staff of civilians ; a wing of the gallant S. L. I.,
who had earned for themselves tho distinction of
holding the frontier tribes in check lur three decades,
capping their exploits, the previous year, by scatter-
ing the misguided mutineers of the 31th id. I. ou
the field of Latoo, but with the loss of their genial
C. O. whose tomb in the cemetery, on the anniver-
sary of his death for some years afterwards, was
regularly illumined with chirags by the men of the
regiment, till theirs and his tame faded gradually
away into matters of frontier history. Shot througn
the groin, poor Byug bled to death, declining all
surgical aid until his wounded men had been attended
to. 1853 was the last great X’mas held in Sylhet,
for tliere were 150 men of the Naval Brigade there,
and a capital little theatre. It being before the
adveut of competition wallahs, at least to the penal
settlement as Sylhet was then designated, all,
from the Judge down, were true to the old Hailoy-
bury traditions, good horsemen and tolerably decent
shots. Perhaps the perfunctory method of conduct-
in'' public business at that time would not suit the
present idea of the presiding powers, but that’s a
detail. More of Sylhet anon. Five days in a sump-
tuous pinnace took my guide, philosopher and friend,
together with myself, to the highest point ou the
river that could be reached in our heavy, cumber-
some, albeit comfortable boat, and here wo expected
to find our horses but, as not uufrequently happened
in those days, the animals had gone to the wrong
place, so a trudge of eight miles over a roadless
country awaited us and, as the troubles of the past
year, when my friend's regiment had saved the
bustees from being looted, were still fresh in the
people’s memory, milk and what fruit was to be had
at that season were freely tendered, payment being
declined, though sundry siccies distributed among
the children were duly appreciated. At length we
reached the station and were soon comfortably
housed in the hospitable bungalow of Bob Stewart,
the Superintendent, as he was then cal'ed. An effort
had been made to induce the hill men to come in
aud enter into friendly relations— an invitation not
over freely responded to as the moat urbulent failed
tJ put in an appearance having sundry qualms of
conscience mayhap, relating to past misdeeds, IXow-
ever, there was a goodly sprinkling of Munipoories,
a few Burmese, with a mixed community of Kukis
and representatives of sundry claus of Nagas : a
few of the latter, by the way, caused the two ladies
present to beat a hasty retreat, by thier novel
costume — or rather the want of it for with the
exception of an ivory or jade ring they were in
mluralibus puribus. However, all went merry as tlie
marriage bell, for the four days devoted to the
mela It may interest p anters of the present day
to learn that some first class ponies were brought
down, the highest price then given being KGU, for
which I became the lucky poisessor of a mouse-
colored beast afterward well-known in the district
as the Mutpjra, but who carried me for eight years
without being a day sick or sorry.

The European patriarch of the district was an
elderly Frenchman who some four years previously
had come up from the Mauritius, wandering all the
way to this ultima thule of British India to plant
colfee. Failing in that he had invested the remains
of his capital in rice land, becoming a zemindar in
a small way, taking unto himself a Muni^ioorie wife,
and eventually subsiding into a veritable bustee-
wallah. His only ouiting was these annual gather-
ings, but as years passed ou he kept to his solitary
ban, communicating with no one but two of the
pioneer planters, till his death in 18(12. Boor old
De Fouche, I visited him once, finding t at though
fallen as he was, the innate politeness of his nation
still shone out in vivid contrast to his meagre
surrounding.

’The gathering over we scattered. We planters
(save the mark) hieing us’ off to the five factories
(?) then existing. There were but six of us all told,
and our qualifications for performing in an efficient
manner tne duties required of us may be gauged
from the fact that out senior was a wild Irisiiinau
caught in a lawyer’s office in Belfast, next came one
from a London broker’s esLab.ishmeiit who asiouished
the natives by appearing for some months in full
fig as if he weie about to attend church ; two
brothers, one of whom had been quarrying lime-
stone, the other fresh from tne Australian diggings,
an cn Bengal pilot and myself (almost direct from
three years at sea). All were actuated by the best
intentions but somewhat deficient in the agricultural
line. The place to which I was bound necessitated
oar passing the night at the nearest plantation (?)
and as we neared our goal my curiosity was rather
excited as to what a tea garden for growing the
plant was like ; my previous notions being derived
from such Loudon suburban retreats as tlreeiiwich
and i£ew, where you regaled on shrimps and bread
and butter, in the back premises, and brought your
own tea and sugar, the hostess supplying boiling
water at 2d. a head. “ There’s the garden " said
my friend who was to initiate me into the mysteries
of planting; I certainly failed to detect anything
in tne shape of a garden, though among a sea of
luxuriant waving thatching-grass the dilapidated roof
of a tolerably large building towered ; further pro-
gress on pony back was interrupted by a deep aud
exceeding muddy khal, spanned by what was known
as a Kuki bridge, a delightful contrivance of two
bamboos laid lengthways ou others driven into the
mud in the form of the letter X, there w s a hand
rail, deficient in parts, to keep one steady on the
six-mch foot-way, but we all got over without mis-
hap, each carrying his saddle, the ponies flounder-
ing ihrough the slush as best they might, and ou
emerging from which, their heads alone shewing the
real color of their hides, the rest ef the body being
of a dingy bluish grey. A rather sinuous path led
through the grass, before mentioned, to the house,
which stood on piles about three feet from the
ground ; there were sundry gaps in the creaking,
bamboo floor which our host cautioned us against
intimating he intending building a new bungalow
immediately. I mentally thought it about time, for
the present walls were propped up secundum arteni
by cross bamboos that endangered one’s head and
shins. The furniture having been derived at odd
times and from various sources, had the recommend-
ation of variety, chiefly consisting of a table formed
of planks, ultimately destined to be turned into tea
boxes, bed-steads of bamboo, aud a few cane chairs
that needed cautious sitting upon first of all, to avoid
sundry obtrusive spikes that came through the seats,
aud needed careful balancing lest tne occupaui
should topple suddenly over : I must not omit to
mention a “Sam Slick” clock whose outward shell
having succumbed to the dampness of the previous
rains was neatly kept together by strips of split
ca le. I essayed a bath, but beyond the coolness of
the water can't say I henedtted much, as when
eniptying the gurrahs over my head I became aware
of little tricklets of mud coursing down my body.
As I rejoined the party after my ablutions, the host
remarked that the water was clearer in the rains.

Jan. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

447

aud he was digging a well ; I subsequently learnt
he had a habit of commencing many things but
seldom finished one. Tiffin over, we strolled out,
and being anxious to see a vei itable tea plant I
asked where they were: •‘Oh” said the Manager,
‘‘ here you are, ” and forthwith plunged into the
grass, where after diving about for some little time
i was invited to inspect a small single stemmed-
shrub about a foot in height. “Oh then,” said I,
“tea needs shade?” ‘‘No” was the answer, “but
the new buildings will require a lot of gras?, so I’m
letting it come on.” It certainly was coming on,
but the tea did not appear to be doing much in
that line. I was shewn, however, several trees of
the then despised wilder indigenous tea, some twenty
feet high, which the Manager, with a view to mak-
ing as much out of it as possible, had rung near
the ground to get the Iqaf from the shoots, reserv-
ing the upper branches for seed. It did not seem
to strike us professional planters, that by diverting
the sap the iruit would suffer. A plentiful dinner,
washed down with clean water brought from a mile
away, closed my first day on a tea plantation, and
we were up betimes next morning to the shrill
crowing of the jungle cock and sundry other novel
sounds. We were soon mounted, riding through first
heavy forest, then grass, an occasional clearing
where tea plants in better condition, as they had
plenty of room for development, being some twenty
leet or thereabout; apart, shewed up; then through
a largo Kuki poonji (ruled by a most grimy unwashed
potentate called Manji How) who came out to greet us,
and on hospitable thoughts intent tendered a bam-
boo flagon of mood, tipple, when fresh, by no means
to be despised, though being somewhat squeamish
at the time I should have preferred a cleaner drink-
ing cup, more specially as, to shew his good will,
the tenderer took first pull, previously removing a
ball of some masticated delicacy from his mouth,
in which by the way he only partially succeeded,
ere imbibing. However, it was the custom of the
country, so I explored. The worthy old fellow had
evidently taken several stoups ere our arrival, for
his heart was so much opened that he presented
me — under the impression, from my youthful appear-
ance and dearth of hirsute adornments, that I was
one of the sefter sex — with a very handsome piece
of amber, much to the mirth of my companions.
Settling some matters as to contracts with His High-
ness, we hurried.on, shortly emerging on the Chutta-
bheel with its then enormous stretches of swamp,
pool and seas of eka ; the path was not over well
defined and as we came on damp places we had to
proceed rather gingerly, for, as my companion said,
there was a “ nag tel ” somewhere about but they
didn’t know the exact place. “ What is a nag's tail?"
said I, imagining it to be some animal or other;
I was soon to be enlightened, for suddenly my pony
plunged his forequarters into the earth, up to the
girths ; “ Jump off, jump off,” cried the other fellows :
i was saved the trouble, being precipitated over the
struggling creature’s head, where, falling sideways,
I lormed a stepping stone, of which he at once
availed himself, as planting his forelegs on my
stomach, with one desperate plunge he extricated
himself from the abominable quagmire. Directing
me to lie fiat, my chums hauled me out on to terra
iirma by my legs ; having thus had ray curiosity
gratified as to nag tels, we resumed our journey till
we came to the crossing of the Gogra, the passage
of which then lay in the open bheel. Bridges, above
the water, in Cachar were then rarities, but an
elephant bridge had been put down here ; that is to
say, the bed of the dirty stream being uncommonly
boggy, sundr logs of wood had been from time to
time thrown in, to form a foundation; however,
suitable the dodge was to keep the ponderous beasts
for which it was intended, from getting bogged, it
certainly proved trying to the legs of other animals,
either bipod or quadruped; however, it had to be
negociated : the heaviest of our number went first ;
now his beast almost disappeared underwater; then
scrambled on to a tolerably sound log, then got
stuck between two, finally scrambling out on the off

side pretty well blown ; performing much the same
evolutions, we followed, 1 again distinguishing my-
self by coming over the tail this time, as my steed
mounted the final log. Nothing of any ronsequence
occurred for the rest of the ride and we were soon
in the bungalow, a far superior structure than that
in which the previous night had been passed. The
garden ? stretched away at the back while in front
lay the open bheel and hard by ran the Jalingacherra,
a small stream of what I did not till then believe
existed in Cachar, viz,, clean water. Present planters
might have objected to the want of such people as
dhobies, sweepers, etc., as also living on their guns,
the absence of bread, butter and modern adjuncts
to the table — for, even did the salaries then paid
admit of indulgence in such luxuries, our only means
of obtaining the latter were by the monthly boat
from Calcutta. The boat-club — there was then one
for each station — was a great institution, aud the
secretary’s honorary appointment by no means a
sinecure. The dak took thirieen days from town;
so by the time the invoice came in the boat should
have passed all danger and when she was due ex-
pectation was on tip toe. During the cold weather
but little anxiety was manifested, but from March
till October there was gloom on many faces did she
not turn up, and earnest confabs as to the ark's
safety. One would contemplate his dilapidated boots,
pondering as to whether the expected new ones
had been despatched, or whether they’d fit when
they did come to hand ; as for clothing, that troubled
us but little, Munipoorie cloth being cheap, suitable,
and uncommonly good wear. But space is limited
and having brought this opening chapter down to
arrival in the district, we purpose setting forth our
efforts in actual tea planting and manufacture—
according to our then lights— in future papers.— P/ie
Indian Planters' Gazette,

PLANTING IN LAGOS, WEST AFRICA.

Fr m t e JlsT Repokt For the quakteu
ENDED .30th September, 1895,

ON THE Botanic Station, Colony of Laoos,
we quote the following passage : —
ECONOMIC PLANTS,

Many new aud valuable plants have been intro
duced during the quarter, my thanks are due to
the Kew authorities, who have helped us consider*
ably, also to other establishments who have assisted
to increase our collection.

Before leaving England the Kew authorities placed
in my care a Wardian case of Plants that I
selected. Since then two cases of Para rubber
plants. Hevea brasiliensis have beeu received these
plants are no doubt among the most valuable
plants introduced during the quarter.

Puhber Plants: — Most of these that have been
introduced thrive exceedingly well, especially the
Manihot Glaziovii which yields Cearar rubber,
any soil appears to suit it light or heavy. The
Castilloa elastica, West Indian, Guatemala, and
Honduras rubber trees have done remarkably well,
and promise to be well adapted for cultivation in
this Colony, some of these have been attacked by
a borer, which if not destroyed kills the tree.

Hevea Spruceana, although it has not made such
robust growth as some of those previously named, yet
it has done fairly well. Ficus elastica, splendid trees
of these exist, and it should do well, as numerous
species of this genus Ficus, are represented hero.

Coffee, Coffea liberica. As Coffee is being largely
planted in this Colony, it may prove interesting to
record the following report on samples prepared at
this Station, it will be seen that they are not
everything that could be desired, this was duo to
my departure, and being anxious to take the
samples with me, before sufficient time was given
for the beans to be properly dried.

Messrs Lewis and Peat to Royal Garden, Kew.

Mincing Lane, London
11th February, 1895,

44^

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Jan. I,; 1897.

Dear Sir, — We duly received your favour of the 8th
instant, with two samples of Coliee which we have
carefully examined, and beg to report upon the same
as follows.

The sample of Liberiati is good, both in size and
appearance, but it has not been dried sufficiently
the berries turning out very soft and green.

The sample marked Aheokuta is however smaller, in
size, hard and very coated, and has the usual
growth of African Oolfee.

Most of the berries are shaped like Liberian, and
only a very few are of the Arabic kind.

from its appearance we should think this lot
must have been affected by drought or probably the
soil is not moist enough which would account for
its poor appearance.

Liberian Coffee can be cleaned and sized here
in Loudon, but please urge thorough drying before
shipment.

For low lying districts the Maragogipe (Brazil)
kinds promise well, and where it has been tried it
has given belter results than liberian, but both
samples that you sent would find a market, especially
if better cured.

We are, Dear Sir, Yours faithfully,
LEWIS A PEAT

D. Morris, Esqr., Royal Gardens, Kew.

It is a most important tiling to have the beans
thoroughly dried as will be seen in the report;
this can easily be carried out.

Abeokuta Coffee is evidently different to the
Liberian Coffee, when at Abeokuta I had an oppor-
tunity of seeing a small plot of these two varieties
of Coffee growing together, and one could at once
see that Abeokuta was very different to Liberian
in growth and appearance.

In appendix I. 1 give a report on two Coffee planta-
tions which I visited on my return from Abeokuta

COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN THE

COLONY OF LAGOS.

It will probably be interesting to record the
advancement made in Coffee plantations in this
Colony, which have originated through the es-
tablishment of this Botanical Station,

When returning from Abeokuta His Excellency
the Acting Governor gave me permission to visit
two plantations situated near the Ado river.

The first one 1 visited was at Soto, and is owned
bv the Haro Estates Plantations Co. Ltd, it was
commenced in 1892, and is under the management
of a European. The manager Mr. Punch took me
round and kindly gave me quarters for the night.

Mr Punch calculates that he has 150 acres
under cultivation which includes 50,u00 plants of
Coffea liberica, these plants are in different stages
of growth, 1,200 plants are three years old and
are nroducing a fine crop of large bold berries.
5 000 trees are two years old and are m a very
h’ealtv and flourishing condition, these also are pro-
ducinc berries, these are doing remarkably well
when taking into consideration that a crop is ex-
nected much before three years, 9,000 plants were
planted out last year and 3(3,000 during the present

^^Aliout 1 000 Coffea Arabica are planted out, these
have produced good crops of berries which are of

^°Cocoa^'s also being grown 1500 plants have been
planted out and their appearance is everything that
could be desire ! for young plants.

Rubber (rces:— Ceara rubber, Maniliot Glaziovii are
also being cultivated, 700 trees have been planted
out and are doing exceedingly well, a few plants
of Ficus elastica have made considerable growth.

AViaVs— Pine apples, the cultivated varieties of
this fruit, are grown to a small extent, and pro-
duce fruit of good size and flavour.

The work is being carried out systamatically,
good roads cut, shelter belts left, and planting and
holeing being attended to, and carried out properly.

The ground is kept free from weeds as much as
possible.

Nurgerieti: — Seedling plants of Coffee in bed®
number about 10,000 large nurseries are being made
made for the reception of seeds for supplying plants to
further extend the plantations, Mr. Punch hopes
to raise 50,000 plants.

The plantations are worked at the present time
by about 70 Kroo and Native labourers.

Judging from the healthy appearance of the plants,
and their development since they have been planted
out, the soil must be everything that could be de-
sired, and well suited to the cultivation of Coffee
and other plants.

The work is very creditable to Mr. Punch who
takes great interest in his work, and who was
pleased to see me to obtain information on many
points.

I next visited the plantations the property of
A. C. Campbell & Co., situated on the other side
of the river and about 1 hour distant from the
town of Ajilete. I visited this plantation in the
early part of 1893, and reported on it, then pre-
parations were being made for planting out during
the rains, I could see a marked improvement since
my first visit, and considerable work had been
done.

Mr Campbell offered me every facility and was
pleased to see me visuing the plantation. Mr.
Campbell states that he has 160 acres under
cultivation most of these being planted with li-
berian Coffee, which number about 67,000 plants,
and are represented in three stages of growth,
13,000 of these plants were planted out in 1893 and
are in a most flourishing condition the berries
are well matured and of good size. In 1894, 22,000
Coffea liberica were planted out and are doing
well, 32,000 have been planted in their jaermanent
place during the present year, the plants are look-
ing very satisfactory for the time of year.

Here also are a few plants of Coffea Arabica,
they have done so well that Mr. Campbell intends
to extend the plantation and plant more of this
kind.

Nurseries: — About 25,000 plants, of Coffea liberica
are in beds large enough to transplant.

Vanilla: — Vanilla planifolia, these were obtained
from the Batanic Station and put in a shady and
cool place in the plantation, here they have made
enormous giowth, and have been doing so well
that Mr. Campbell anticipates planting out an
acre with this valuable plant.

Kola : — Kola acuminata about 600 of these have
been planted under the shade of forest trees.

300 plants of Cocoa have also been planted out
to ascertain their suitabilily of further cuitivation.

The plantation is kept in a clean condition free
from weeds, the soil here too is rich in vegetable
matter, it is pure forests land, and several streams
pass through the plantation, which are very useful
in watering the nuvseries.

The work has progressed considerably since my
previous visit; and ihe work carried out by Mr.
Campbell is vrey creditable indeed. This i)lantation
is worked by 45 labourers.

Insects: — To a small extent these exist in both
plantations’ the borer is the most destructive, but
there are very few plants attacked by it, on its first
appearance it should be at once got rid of. Mealy
bug and scale attacks some of the trees’ also a
peculiar caterpillar at certain season of the year
devour the leaves.

H, MILLEN,
Curator, Botanic station
Botanical Station, Ebute iMetta ,23rd October, 1895.
(To be continued.)

Jan. f, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

449

adulterated manures.

A matter wliicli lias for sometime been engaging
tlie attention of jirominent members of the Plant-
ing Community in Ceylon is that of adulterated
manures, and from what we hear, we should not
be sui'iirised it the Hon. Mr. Christie brought it
before the Legislative Council on an early occa-
sion. We have not before us at the moment a
copy of the Agricultural Eertilizers’ Act which is
in force in England, but we are informed
that its operations have had a very benelicial
effect. Of course there is much more occasion
for such a law in the old country than here on
account of the extent to which artilicial manures
are used, there ; but tliis is a distinctly
Agricultural, communitj’’, and if it can be
shown that our planters suffer in any way on
account of the quality of the manures with
Avhich they are supplied, we think the Legis-
lative Council might very well consider how
far the provisions of the Home Act may be
utilized here. It may be pleaded that the busi-
ne.ss in manures here at present is very small.
Granted that it is, is that any reason why
the business may not develop ? ; and is it not
wiser to take protective measures in time than
wait until the evils have arisen ? P>y some we
know it is felt that there will be a dilticulty
about securing a sufficiently independent man to
act as chief analyst umler such an Ordinance
as the Act that has been passed in England.
Difficulties exist in order to be surmounted, and
we cannot think that the one mentioned is an in-
superable one. In this connection the name of Mr.
Cochran naturally occurs to us. Of large experi-
ence in analytical work and proved ability, he is,
we believe, sufficiently independent in character
and position to perform with satisfaction what
may be required of him under the provisions
of such an Ordinance as we are referring to ;
and we aie certain that if he were soundecl
0:1 the subject it would be lound that the expense
of carrying out the law so far as his work is con-
cerned, would be comparatively trifling. A well-
known planting colonist of considerable standing
in discussing this matter was most emphatic
in expressing the opinion that manure was as
essential to the success of the planting industry here
as it was to agriculture at home and that manure
dealers should bo bound to sell on analysis, — ad-
ding “ the way we are practically swindlc<l
at present is monstrous.” The case of a planter
whose experience in purchasing manure has left
him “ a sadder and wiser” man has been men-
tioned to us. According to our information a
certain firm handed to him an analysis showing
2‘dO per cent .sand in the manure and said fhali
what they would supjily would apiiroximate to
this, though not prepared to guarantee the analy-
sis. Out of a large jiarcel purchase*! on the
.strength of this, four analyses were made which
showed tlie per centage of sand to range from
28 per cent to 35 per cent. J.egal advice was taken
on the matter, and we understand that it was
stated that no guarantee having been given
no rebate could be allowed. We merely
give the alleged facts as they have been
brought to our notice, and wesliall look forward
with much inteicst to the decision in the case
which we understand will come before the
Kandy Court at an early date. The case n il I
no doubt be regardeil as a test one, and show
wdiether the ordinaiy law can be relied upon to

rrotect planters in transactions of this nature.

n the meantime it is well, we think, that pub-
lic attention should be directed to the advisabi-
56

lity of provisions like those in the Fertilizers.
Act being aj plied to Ceylon, and we shall be
glad to hear what our planting correspondents
have to say on the subject.

^

LADY BIRDH.

We are glad to be able to publish the following
extremely interesting notes by Mr. H. 0. Newport,
Honorary Secretary of the Lower Pulneys Associ-
ation. The thorough manner in which he is pursu-
ing his investigations is worthy of all praise, and
in view of the possible enormous value of such re-
search, the need of an entomological export must
be patent to all : —

NOTES ON LADY BIRDS AND COFFEE BUG ON TUB
LOWEK PULNEYS.

The following letters that I have lately received
from Mr. Waterhouse and Professor Tryon are of
sufficient interest to publish, I think.

Mr. Charles 0. Waterhouse, of the British Natural
History, Museum, does little more than corrobo-
rate Mr. Alcock s identification of the Lady bird.
Ghilocorus nif/ritus, but Professor Tryon, of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture of Brisbane, gives a lot of very
interesting information.

The reason why the specimens of Cri/ptolcemus
31ontrouzeri and Hhizohius Vcntralis have not come is
here explained.

With regard to Chiloeorm nirjritus, so far as ex-
periments have gone up to date, they have been
absolutely unsuccessfully tried upon both the Brown
bug {Lecanium coffee) and the White or Mealy bug
Pseudoccous adonidum). The Lady birds have
in the case of the former refused to touch
the scales. This is only natural, as it is

only the larger and stronger Lady birds that do
prey upon the hard shelled scales, to which
class Lccanitiiii coffee belongs, and there are not
many Lady birds that will do so at all. There are
other flies that do so, but these are more of the
nature of Ichneumonidon and do but little good I am
afraid.

In the case of the Mealy bug. Pseudococcus adoni^
dum, some of tliese scales were put into the bottle
containing the Chiloconis nigritus. The Lady birds
had for two or three days previously not had any
food, and on this scale being put with them attacked
it at once, but only devoured a very few and shortly
afterwards died. Some were let free upon some Atti
trees that were covered with this scale, but these
flew up to the tops of the trees and were lost sight
of. Experim.ents are being carried on, but from what
I have seen, I doubt if ( 'hilocorus nigritus will prey
upon any of our coffee sc.tles but the one I first ob-
served it upon.

The Pseudococcus adonidum, however, does not do
one tithe of the damage to coffee that any of the other
scales do, and of these especially fjecanium riridi w'hich
hns so rapidly increased in S India during the past
year.

One Jj.ady bird au'^ =cveral species of small yellow
or pari,!- coloured fi e have been reported tj p-ey
upon the .Brown b g Lecanium. coffee and one Lady
bird and seve -al more flies upon the White bug
Pseudococcus ar! midum. One or tw'o other predaceous
insects have also been reported to prey upon the
coffee louse [aphis coffee) and tea scale bug ((7/riwas;;ts
thew), but so far as lean gather none have been re-
ported as destroying either Lecanium nigrium, BacUjlo-
pius adonidum', or the Green bug Lecanmniviridi,ex~
cept the Black Lady bird Chiiocoms nigritus.

This Lady bird bas, I am glad to say, increased
rapidly on this Estate during the past month. I
have observed it in all three stages of eggs, larva#
and mature insects upon the coffee. These are doing
good wuk, but are not increasing as rapidly as 1
shoubi like to see them, and certainly not as rapidly
as ci’.hcr of the two Australian Lady birds did in
Hawaii.

When the Gri/ptolcemus Montrouzeri was introduced
into Hawaii first, some pains had be takou

450

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. i, 1897

tect. them and careful notice taken of their habits
and movements to assist and make snre of their
rapid propagation and increase. So far nothing
has been done with Chilocorus niyritnx. Whether
the alow increase is due to the presence of a
parasite or to other natural causes, I cannot say.
I have never, in my observations, seen more than
five or six eggs together that have been laid by the
Lady birds, and this may be a reason, but until sn
expert entomologist looks into the matter, this point
will not be satisfactorily settled.

It appears from frofessor Tryon’s letter that this
is a bad year for Lady birds in Australia, and until
we have the opinion of an expert to the contrary,
may conclude that the ‘ exceptional meteorological
conditions ’ Professor Tryon speaks of may have been
present in India also. Chilocorus niyritus on the
Lower Pulneys have increased to a great extent
since first noticed, and so far as I can tell as fast
as could be expected, without any protection of any
sort, and if they continue to increase a little while
longer will do all that is expected, and hoped of them.

With regard to the Ceylon Green bug [Ijccaniwn
viridi), it appears, from notes on the subject 1 have
obtained from the India Museum, that hitherto no
male has been observed. Mr. E. E. Green in his
Life-History of this scale (Lecaniuin viridi) says ; —

“The male insect is at present unknown. It is
probable that the insects now existing, though
externally resembling the female form, are asexuala,
and that their broods are produced by the pheno-
menon known as ‘‘Parthenogenesis, by avnich several
successive generations are fertile without the aid of
the male element ^as is known to occur in the de-
velopment of Aphis and a few allied ins3ots).” It
may, therefore, be presumed that this pest will
appear and disappear again at regular intervals
probably of some years’ duration, and that when the
male element becomes necessary again, the scale
will die off, or disapjpear, leaving only a very few
living to perpetuate the species which will again after
due season becomes asexual and propagate in very
large numbers. It is 10 to 15 years since green scale
bug did much damage in Ceylon, and so far as is
known was reported in S. India for the first time
last year. How long the bug remained in Ceylon
is difficult to say, as its natural food, coffee, was
probably removed before it had naturally disap-
peared, but we may reasonably hope, I think, that
in a year or within a few years time, this pest will
disappear as rapidly as it appeared, and that wo
shall then be free of it for another long term of years.

With the many insects that are reported as prey-
ing upon various of our scale pests — a list of which I
give below — as far as I can ascertain no experiments
have been carried out or endeavours made to propa-
gate any one with tho object of exterminating coceiV/fr.

The following list will show that we have several
indigenous Lady birds and many flies that will and
do prey upon plant lice and scale, the examination
of which, together with the introduction of well-known
foreign insects, would surely give an entomologist plenty
to do and sufficient material to work upon to ensure a
satisfactory result. If our indigenous Lady birds with
ordinary care are not found to propagate sufficiently
fast, the imported Lady birds can, as has been shown,
be propagated with due care.

Liat of coffee scales, die., and predaceous insects.

Brown Bug — Jjccantum cofee — Chilocorus circum-

datus. Lady bird.

„ „ „ „ „ Eucyrtus nieC

neri, Fly

„ „ „ „ 1) Eucyrtus 2>ara-

disicus ,,

,, „ ,, ,, „ Scuiellistra

cyanea „

„ ,, ,, ,. ,, Marietta Ico-

pardina ,,

„ „ „ „ .. Cephaleta

piupureincn-
tris „

„ „ „ „ Cephaleta jus-

civentris ,,

White Bug — Pseudococcus adonidum „ Scymnus rottin-

datus. Lady bird.

,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Eucyrtus nietnei-i.

Fly.

Green Bug — Lecanium viridi
Coffee Louse— ^lp/( is coffee

„ Chartocerus

musciformis „

„ Chilocorus nig-
ritus. Lady bird.
,, Syrphus nietneri^

Fly.

>> n

»» 1)

Tea Scale Jiag—Chronaspis iheoe

„ Syrphus splen-
dens ,)

,, Micromus aus-
tralis, Ant Lion.
,, Appelinus

theoe. Fly.

Coffee Bug — Dac'ylopius adonidum.

Black Bug — Lacaniuni nigrum.

India Museum Notes, Vol. II., No. fi. Howard O.
Newport, honorary Secretary, Lower Pulnej Planters’
Association, loth October 1896.

Letter from Cash O. Waterhouse to H. O. Newport,
dated British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell
Hoad, Loudon, S.W., September 1th, 1896.

Dear Sir, — In reply to your letter of 11th August, I
beg to inform you that the Lady birds sent are to the
best of my judgment Chilocorus Nigrilus, Fabr. Cryp-
ptoloemus Montrouzeri and Hhizobius Centralis belong to
the same family, but are both quite distinct from your
beetle. I can give you no information respecting the
scale insect at present. I am, dear Sir, Yours truly,
(S gned) Chas 0. Watkbhouse.

Letter from P rofessor demy Tryou, Queensland, De-
partment of Agriculture, Brisbane, to Howard 0.
Newport, Esq., Ilomrary Secretary, Lower Pulneys
Planters’ A,.ssociation, Dindiyul, S. India, dated 1th
September 1896.

Dear Sir,— I have delayed replying to your letter
of 15th June until now, having hoped in the mean-
time to have received additional specimens of the
coffee-tree scale insects, concerning which you have
consulted me; those you have sent not b.in( in a
condition suitable for accurate investigation owing
to their having been badly molded. However , as
you wiite to me again on the subject, under dats
of 11th August, I will no longer delay communi-
cating what I have to say in the matter.

Tlie “ smaller almost transparent light green
scale” that appeared upon the trees during the
“ hot months of March, April and May, but dis-
appeared again when the rains came on in June
and July” is, I presume, the insect that I have
met with upon the cofTee leaves you have sent.
If so, I may state that this is with little
doubt the coccus that Mr. E. E. Green has de.scribed
under the of name Lecanium viridi. This species
is recognisable owing to the preseuce of a series of
branched appendages of microscopic dimensions that
occur along the margin and which are not difficult of
demonstration.

The second variety of scale that you mention, but
neither describe nor designate, I have however failed
to meet with in your consignment and therefore can-
not now treat of. But I may remark that I have
detected, upon some leafless brauchlets, from which I
presume the Gt •rillca leaves— that you also send— have
becoiue detached and which therefore may too belong
to this shade tree, numerous elevated rounded black
bodies. These may have formeily been sca’e insects
but at the time of their receipt were merely masses
of fungus having blackish-hrown spawn-threads and
bipartite spores.

I have little doubt but that the green bug
fhecanium viridi), as are other members of
the genus to which it belongs, would be held
in check by either of t wo of our scymnid boo ties—
Cryptolmmus Montrouzeri ot Hhizobius Ventralis—A con-
sigumeut of both of these predaceous insects I had
expected to have placed at your disposal ere this •
but it has unfortunately happened that owing to
e-xceptional meteorological conditions that haveTboen
experienced during our winter mouths, these twg

Jan. r, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

45*

insects — that are usually plentiful — are comparatively
scarce, so that the obtainmeiit of an adequate ex«
perimental shipment would now involve three or four
days coutiuuous labour, i.e., the expenditure of more
time than I can at present devote to this business.

Past experience however leads me to conclude that
this scarcity is only a temporary one. Meanwhile
it is ffratifyiug to learn (though I still consider my-
self pledged to assist you) that you have in your midst
an Indian insect that you have found to be destructive
to the green bug in a manner similar to that which it
was hoped the Queensland Lady birds would displuy.

I may inform you then, in conclusion, that these
Lady birds that you send, and that yott have
observed “ feeding on the green bug on the Coffee
Bushes ” have been examined by me with much
interest, and I must congratulate you on the discovery
of an insect ot such great economic importance. At
first I thought they were examples of a variety of
the European and Asiatic Exochomus nifjroniactdatus
Gbeze named by Erichson mgripenuis ; but the
structural features that they manifest clearly locate
them in the genus Orcuti. This being so, I am
inclined to think that the species is undescribed :
but I have not access to the most recent literature
relating to Indian Coleoptera, and, therefore, cannot
pronounce on this point with certainty. Doubtless,
however, its habit of consuming Lecanium viriiU has
not hitherto been observed or if so recorded.

We have a related though a quite distinct species
of Orcus inhabiting Queensland from Keppel Bay
northwards that is a formidable enemy of scale in-
sects— especially feeding upon the species ot Jfi/tilaspis
and Aspidiolus that injuriously affect citraceous trees.
And other congeners, that however present marked
dissimilarity both in livery and pattern, but that are
also most useful in destroying coccus insects, occur
in the latitude of Brisbane and elsewhere in the colony.

From the foregoing statement you will have also
inferred that your Lady bird is neither of those
you mention, i.e., liJdzohius or Ventralis Cnjptohxmus
Montrouzeri. Indeed from both of them it may be
once distinguished at a glance in being glossy and
hairless, instead of being dull and copiously clothed
with a short pubescence.

Apologising for the length of this communication,
I am, dear Sir, Your faithfully, (Signed) Henry
Tryon, Entomologist.

P. E. — Your last consignment arrived in excellent
order. I hope you will continue to send me ex-
amples of injurious insects. When it is necessary
to send me them occurring upon their food plants,
as in the case of scale insects, the specimens should
bo dried (not desiccated) prior -to being packed.
All specimens (except butterflies and moths) should
preferably be first dipped in a weak solution of cor-
rosive sublimate in alcohol.

Letter / om H. O. Newport to Professor Henry
Tryon, Department of Agrienlture Jirishuiie Queens-
land, Pillavaly Estate, Abtoor P. O.. Madura Dis-
trict, dated 13th October 1896.

Dear Sir, — I am in receipt of your letter of the 7th
September 1896, for which, and all the information it
contains, I am much indebted to you.

The green bug or coffee scale that I forwarded to
you 1 have little doubt is as you say Lecanium viridi.
The black scale that I sent upon some cuttings of the
Grevillea robusta, I am inclined to think may be
Lecanittm nigrum, but am not at all sure of this. I
will however take the liberty of sending you some
more specimens of that, and any other coffee scale
I can find, packed in testitubes with weak spirit as I
am doing at the request of the Superintendent of
the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and trust that thus pre-
served they will reach you safely and in good condition.

The black Lady bird, specimens of which I sent you,
I have obtained an identification of from Mr. A. Alcock,
of the India Museum, Calcutta, as Chilocorus nigri-
tus, and have had this subsequently confirmed by Mr.
Waterhouse, of the British Natural History Museum,
London. Mr. Waterhouse says that Crgptolvemus
Mountrouzeri and Rhizobiu, Ventralis belong to the
same family, but are both quite distinct from my
beetle. He gives no further particulars however.

It appeal's that this black Lady bird is known
therefore ; but is peculiar to India I believe. Another
Lady bird Chilocorus circnmdalus has been reported
to feed upon the Lecanium coffee : but the fact of
Chiloconis nigritus preying upon any of these scales
does not appear to have been noticed or reported
upon before this.

I thank you for your congratulations, and hope
this discovery' may be of use to the planting com-
munity here. I brought the matter to notice in a
paper I read before the United Planters’ Association
of Southern India at the Annual General Meeting
in August last, and hope they will now take the
matter up and engage the services of some ento-
mological expert to carry on further experiments.

As I am not a Naturalist, I feel the subject is
getting beyond me. Since last writing to you the green
scale Lecanium viridi has, I am sorry to ssy, very
much increased in this district. The Lady birds
have also increased and are doing good work in a
small way but are not increasing as 1 should like
to see them, nor are they increasing in anything
like the proportions lihizobius Ventralis or Crypto-
lunnus Montrouzeri must have done in Hawaii.

^Vhe:hor this slow increase points to the presenc
of a parasite or is due to other causes I cannot yet
say. I am still carrying on experiments, but find my-
self very much handicapped by want of knowledge
of the subjects and experience.

I hope soon to receive the consignments of Rhizo-
bins IcMf raffs and Cryptolcemus Mont rouzeri you. sperdk
of and to experiment with them.

I am confident that these insects will do all we
require in eradicating, or at any rate keeping the
pernici jtis scales in check, if we can only propagate
them in sufficient numbers.

If the slow rate of increase of the Chilocorus ni-
giitus is due to the presence of an iehneumonidon or
paiasite, do you think it likely that that same para-
site would give us any trouble by attacking and re-
ducing in numbers either Irtiso&iws Vantralis or Cnjp-
tolcemus Montrouzeri if we imported them ?

The presence of a parasite very much complicates
matters, and for this reason particulirly I am urging
the engagement of an entomological specialist. I did
what I could at the U. P. A. S. I. Meeting, but for
want of funds the matter had to be temporarily
dropped.

I am now in correspondece with the Honorary Se-
cretaries of other Planters’ Associations endeavouring
to start a fund in conjunction with the Ceylon and
Singapore Coffee Planters to engage the services of
Professor Koebele or some other expert for this
work.

Apologising for the length of this letter, I am sir,
yours faithfully, (Signed) Howard 0. Newport, Hono-
rary Secretai'}', the Lower Pulneys Planters’ Associa-
tion, Dindigul. — Planting Opinion, Nov. 21.

«

AFPJCANA.

ROADS AND RAILWAYS.

Every year, when crop comes round, the transport
dii'ficulty becomes more acute. Want of good roads
still prevents the general use of ox-waggons. The
planter has to compete with the trading companies
and the Administration for human carriage. Often
he has to take the sorely needed labour from es-
tate-work and send them tenga-tenga and still no-
thing seems to be done to mend this deplorable
state of matters. If our Chinde correspondent is
right and some of the three millions voted for the
Uganda railway is to be applied in B. C. A. for
railway purposes then we will have much cause for
thankfulness. Most of us are wondering why our
railway schemes are still so much in the air. If a
serious block i.s not to occur soon then a railway
must be put in hand early next year. According
to all reports the Quilimane-Euo lino is being
started in earnest and it is not consonant with
our boasted energy that our line should still bo
in abeyance. There is no question but that it wil

452

THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

IJan, I, 1897.

pay ; the route presents no insuperable difficulties ;
and the time is ripa for it. Meanwhile the nee.l '
for roads is as urgent as ever. Why can Govren-
ment not got out a military engineer cither from
homo or from India instead of frittering away
money in amateur attempts by men who know
nothing whatever about roadmaking. One of our
Indian Officers might easily be picked from the
engineers and then we would be able to get roads
and not useless tracks. Money is, in many cases,
simply being wasted on socalled roads which will
never be fit for vehicular traffic. Once a road is
surveyed it would be better, too, to get it made by
contract and let the Government cease to compete
with merchants and planters for labour.

THE PRESEUV.VnON Ol’ G.\ME.

We have, of late, had more to criticise than to
praise in the action of the Administration so that it
is a pleasure to be able to commend the proclamation
in the last Gazette as to the preservation of the game
in what used to l>e known as the elephant marsh.
The elephant marsh being so easily reached from
Chinde is a favourite hunting-ground, but unfortunately
the hunting has not always been carried on in a
sportsmanlike manner. Game is sometimes s’'.ot irres-
pective of size, sex, or condition ; and often the car-
cases are left to the vultures and the hysEiias. Tue
declaring of this area a preserve will therefore com-
mend itself to all right ihinking persons. Tliei e is,
moreover, another aspect of the matter. It may yet
be found possible to utilise the zebra, if not the
buffalo, as draft animals and this preserve will afford
the material to experiment upon. Both the African
elephant and the zebra have been tamed and used
and it is a pity we here in this protectorate cannot
rpake use of their services. The African elephant,
for example, would very quickly solve the transport
difficulty if only someone with capital sufficient w'ould
serioirsly attempt to utilise it.

COMMEND.VBLE ENXEUP1U3E.

Mr. Morkel, who has started a transport service
on the Blantyre-Zomba road, is now busy making
drifts at all the streams and doing his best to improve
the road for transport work. This is w'ork the Admin-
istration have been urged to do again and again but
as usual it has been left to private enterprise to see
the improvement effected. We hope, however, for the
sake of their own good namo that the Administration
will see that Mr. Morkel is suitably recouped for his
work, undertaken in the public behoof as much as his
own. It will be remembered that Mr. Morkel success-
fully carried through his contract with the Trans-
continental Telegraph Company when they were
laying the line between Blantyre and Zomba and
lately he has taken a large quantity of the Messrs.
Buchanans’ coffee from Zomba to Michiru. Such
work as Mr. Morkel’s deserves every encouragement
as it sets free much needed labour for plantation and
other work.

A COFFEE EXPEBT.

The African Lakes’ Corporation deserve the thanks
of the planting community for the latest fruit of
their enterprise— Mr. J. B. Ferguson of Coorg, S.
India. Mr. Ferguson has been appointed to visit
the various coffee plant-ations and Lo report on the
p>rospects of the coffee-planting industry. We are
sure planters all over the country will give Mr.
Ferguson a warm welcome and we trust they will
not be backward in stating their difficulties as only
thus can we hope lor much good from Mr. I'org i-
Bons’ visit. We are glad to see that the ‘‘Ca Giiber”
accorded him a warm welcome and we are s ire that
in his journeys he will fi id the B.C..'V. Planters^as
hospitable as those of any other country. So far,
we understand, Mr. Ferguson’s opinion of our indus-
try here is a very favourable one. Ho advocates
shade and manure, the former, native fig trees or
the Indian Banian tree; and iho latter, bonolust
and poonac. We understand bis opinion of Pride
of India as a shade-tree is very low. — Centi-al African
rtanter for October.

SUGAl! AND TFA.

VIEWS OF XATAL OUOWEllS : ON VARIOUS POINTS.

“ We don’t rub sboulders enough with each other”
was the observation of a ])lanter, after a long and
discursive chat, the remark being prompted by the
interchange of views on vaiious topics, during which
each taking part in the discussions saw matters more
cleaily from his neighbour’s standpoint. During my
visit to the Nortli Coast I had talks on many matters,
and afterwards I regretted that I had not taken
note of many of the points advanced. It is impossible
to remember all just now, but I purpose to give off
various “ ideas ” as they will submit themselves to
my pen. Of course, the Indian question served as
a fertile topic, and the views of planters thereon can-
not fail to be of value. They warmly assert that
the coolie has been the greatest blessing this country
ever had, for without him Natal would have stag-
nated. As may be expected, they resent as unjusti-
fiable the bitter opposition manifested in Dur-
ban to the coolie, not, be it remarked — for I did
not hear a single word in that respect — the opposi-
tion to the iutioductioii of the astisau. It was pointed
out that until wo got railways, Durban largely
depended upon the coast sugar industrie.s, and
the merchants and tradesmen were tlieii only
too pleased ti compete for and get the business
resulting from them. And even now, it is asserted,
Durban and adjoining towns and villages profit
hugely. As the result of the labours of tiie Indians
on the estates, about f8J,00t) per aniiuiii is obtained
from the soil. This is disiributed in varioin w'ays.
Supplies are drawn tor the feeding of the Indians,
there is transport requiring wagons to be made,
machinery and appliances have to be purcliased and
repaired, building aud other materials are necessary,
ironmongery is an important item, managers and
assistants havo special needs, their houses have to be
furnished, they and their families have to be fed and
clothed, tiieir horso.i require harness, their carriages
need repairing from time to time, and so on. Over
and above tlii--, a large amount of freight is provided
for the railway, aud customs also benefit from imports.
Then, as to the wages piid to the coolie labourers.

I vvas informed tint a very small amjunt com-
parativel}’ went out of the countiy or was hoarded;
but on the c nitrary, the money' was spent in the
Colony. This, I was assured, wascorreite i by on
plan er, who informed me that ho was banker for his
Indian employes, and therefore knew it to be a
fact. Of course, it i-j also argued, tint the
employer spends largely of his profits in success-
ful saisons, aud that the Colony rcapi the benefit.
In short, it is contended that as the re ult of
sugar, tea, and other indus'ries, a very large sum
is annually put into circulation, and, directly or
indirectly, benefits everybody, it being maintained
that so long as the coolie (and the wdiito man could
not yjossibiy' do his work) brings sometiiing out of the
soil he is doing the Colony good, aud gives scop; to
the merchant and tradesman to meet requirements
thereby created. Now this is an assertion whicli is,
oert'iiuly deserving of study in connection witii the
arguments for and against Indian immigrition.
While the planter strongly maintains that Indiui
labour immenso'y benefits the Colony, he is equally
at one with those who object to tiie import iiion of
the free Iiulian. 'This, says the planter, is the man
doing the mischief, and from whom no re.il benefit
is derivable, and agrees that, if possible, means should
be adopted to check him. die not only conipjtes,
but fails to distribute his profits in the Colony. In
connection with the free Indian imports, I m ly
mention an important feature which oime to my
knowledge. 'Those agents who are importing ihsse
men aro actually offering them as labouiers to the
planters, at a loss rate aud at lower wagei th lU have
to be paid for those olit.iiiioJ t iiough tin Indian
Immigration Department. 'Thus it will bo seen that
by private enterprise Indian labourers are being
brought to this Colony in competition witli the
official department. 'They aro offered to the p.aiiters
on an agreement for a cert. tin number of years,
such agreement to bo ratified before a magistrate.

Jan. I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST

453

Of Course, there is no authority over sucli men,
the Protector would have nothing to do^ with
thenij and only the common law of the Colony
would affect them or their employers. It is only
fair to say that, despite lower wages, the planters
are looking askance at these men, but they Jiiay
be secured by the inexperienced. A question sug-
gests itself in connection with these men. Ilow will
they be affected, if at all, by the new Indian Immi-
gration Liaw ? That law provides for re-indenture,
return to India, or a penalty, ilow are those con-
ditions to be applied to men introduced inde-
pendently, and who, as we know, are coming in
boat-loads of 300 to 500 ? If there is no application,
it is probable there will be demand for amendent
of the law to cover all Indian labourers employed on
estates, farms, &c. In that way the difficulty may,
perhaps, be met, birt the alternative may he to drive
these men to enter the competiug ranks of Shop-
keepers and small farmers. Anyway, this phase of
the question is a new mid interesting one. Amongst
demands in connection with the agi'ation is that tlio
duty of 3s. 6d. on sugar should be abolished. See-
ing that sugar has done so wall lately, (his seems
a fair and equitable demand, but (he planter main-
tains that its removal would be a groat mistake. Tiie
amount added to the price of tlieir sugar is noth-
ing but it is just sufficient to enable, them to manu-
facture profitably. The amount of the duty does
not go into their pockets, but the exchequer of the
Colony gets the benefit. Its removal would have the
effect of introducing an inferior sugar into the
market, whereas at present the consumer gets a
good article at a reasonable rate. Abolish it and
harm is done to a big industry, which may be crippled
by competition, with the result that up would go
the price of the imported and inferior and foreign-
made article. Where, then, the benefit? The same
contention is made in regard to tea. Ilqmovc the
6d. duty, and you admit all sorts of rubbish (some
of it now is bad enough in all conscience !), and at
no cheaper price than that now required for the
pure and unadulterated colonial article. Further, the
tea industry would be crippled, the Colony at the
same time losing trade benefits and the revenue the
exchequer now derives {ro:n the duty. It is thought
by some people that the planter pockets the equi-
valent of the dut}^ on tea, but he does nothing of
the kind. He charges the lowest level price for his
tea, the consumer gets it cheaply, and the colonial
revenue benefits by the duty on the imported article.
On this point, and on the great benefit the Colony
has derived from the introduction of the Indian, the
planter is unswervingly strong, and asserts that those
who are so warm in the Indian agitation do not
look all round the question, being rather led away
by fancied or at best minor grievances, instead of
weighing the undeniably great advantages, as
against the minor drawbacks. In comparison,
the Colony (whatever the planter may have
done) has, it is held, been enormously bene-
fited, and that the introduction of the Indian
labourer was the best thing that Colony ever
did. In proof of the folly of prohibition, Queens-
land is pointed to, where Indian labour vvas slopped
and Kanaka labour tried instead. What v.'as the
restrlt ? So serious were the effects of the banish-
ment, so rapidly did the indiis’.ry decline, so dis-
astrous were the effects on trade generally, ihr. t
the very man who introduced the expulsion measure
moved for its repeal, for reversal of his policy,
and for a return to former conditions. Tjev-vnig
that branch of the question, and going to another
as affecting colonial industry ; the question ryas
asked why Natal tea was not pushed in the English
market, where Indian and Ceylon teas have done
so well. That at once brought out another reason
why the Natal growers should bo encouraged as
far as can legitimately be done. “ Hive us the
same conditions as our competitors in other parts
of the world,” said one, “ an 1 we will compete.”
Enquiry as to the disidvantage led to the informa-
tion that currency affected the question to a very
important extent. In Ceylon the Indian labourer

is paid in rupees, and the difference between that
currency and English coin is often considerable-
This enables the grower to send his tea to the
Eu^li.'h market, for which, of course, he is paid
in Eimlish money. Were it not for this maigin
in tho° cost of labour it is very doubtful whether
tea-growing would pay in Ceylon and India, and
it is thi.s advantage which tells against the
Natal grower, who has to pay for his labour
in Brilish coin. V/!iero hundreds of Indian
iabourers are concerned, it will be seen that
the difference in the aggregate is consider-
able, and that it precludes the Natal grower from send-
ing his tea to the English market withany piospect or
profit. As a fact, the competition in that market is
exceedingly severe, and when, in addition, the com-
parative high coat of shipping, and the ffeects of
drought and locusts on food crops are consider®“> •I'
evident the di.sabililie.s are not of a light
There is no question as to the suitability of th® I-®
grow good tea. That has been abundantly prov®*^)
no one can doubt it after gazing upon the hundred®
thousands of acres in Victoria County covered w^**^ I'h®
pretty and luxuriant tea qilant, and seeing th®
turned into the article of commerce. The Cap®
the Transvaal have, therelorc, to be looked to as the
markets of the future. These again are affeit®^ by
Customs duties, but, had the Natal Government’s pro-
posals at the last Customs tlonference been acc®pfed,
the barrier would by free trade . iii South Afri-
can produc'.s have been removed, each Colon 7 and
State would have been benefited, Jand at least two
iinporlani, industries in Natal would have been im-
mensely encouraged. It is hoped that the time is not
far distant when an under.standiug will be arrived at
by which South Afiiean neighbours will be enabled to
supply each other freely with artices of commerce that
e ich requires. The foregoing is given — without imply-
ing occurrence with the views expressed — as an exposi-
tion of some of the arguments of colonists prominently
connected with indnsirial enterprise in Natal. — C.W.
— Xalal Mercurtj, Oct. 23.

o-

TEA COMPANY MEETINGS.

THE LANKA PLANTATIONS COMPANV, LIMITED.

The ordinary general meeting of the shareholders
of this company was held at the offices, 12, Fen-
churcli Street, on Wednesday last.

The Chair was occupied by Mr. George Allen,
chairman of the directors, and amongst those present
were Messrs. William Austin, Henry Bois, and Edward
Fettit, directors.

The Secretary ('!r. Robertson) read the notice con-
vening the meeting, and the minutes of the previous
meeting having been read and confirmed, the Chair-
man said.

Gentlemen, — I presume you will take the
repDort, which I hope you will take fairly
satisfactory, as read. Referring to the para-
graph.T given therein in their order you will observe
first th.'.t tbe coffee crop snipped to Londou w'aa
005 cwl., against 1.371 cwt. last year, a deficiency of
700 cwt., and a deficiency in cash of ±‘3,807. In 1894
wo received about the same as now, aud I hope that
next year the figures will be equal to those of 1895,
although I doubt it. The coffee grown on the estates
is certainly as fine as any grown in Ceylon. With
reg;iid to cocoa, we now have 1.50 acres more than in
189.7, the cost of the land and the new planting
having been charged 10 capital account. Prices have
been somewhat lower. We have always produced an
extremely good crop from the estate, and continue
to add to the acreage by buying small bits of land
from the natives as opportunity occurs. Referring to
tea, the next item in the report, I may mention that
the increase ill the quantity received from the estates
during the year as compared with last year w’aa
118 113 lb., representing an increase in cash of £4,460.
Our teas always maintain good prices, and I think
that great credit is due to onr Supierintendents for
having so well maintained the quality of tlie teas.
With regard to L’le sf 'c inent showing the acreage of

454

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTUKlSf.

[Jan. I, i8q7.

the Company’s estates you will observe they are as
follows : — Golfee, 210 acres ; tea, 2,106 acres ; cocoa, 671
acres; grass, 163 acres; chena, 379 acres; forest and
timber trees, 511 acres; making a total of 4,303i
acres. I will now deal with the profits for the past
ear. These, as you will see by the report, have
een £10,708 Is Id, to which must be added tne sum
of £1,270 18s lOd. the balance brought forward from
the year 1894-5, making together £11,978 19s lid. In
my remarks last year I referred somewhat fully to
the suspense account. As I at the time explained,
this account was brought about by the substitution
of Cinchona for Coffee and Tea for Cinchona. This
has been done at a cost of .£21,704 14s 7d, of which
£14,056 8s 8d has been paid. The accopt is being
I’educed every year, and I hope you will consider
the result satisfactory. In dealing with it I think
we have been a little too virtuous. This year, for
instance, in my opinion, £150 of the amount charged
to this account might have been charged to capital,
instead of to the suspense account. To those who
have bought shares in the Company at a low rate,
it does not much matter whether items are

charged to the suspense or capital account,

but it is only right that “ Shareholders

who have been through the brunt of the

battle should share in dividends fairly earned. I may
state that during the past six years our dividends
have been as follows 1891, 2i per cent; 1892, IJ
per cent : 1893, 3 per cent ; 1894, 2 per rent : 1895,
4 per cent ; and this year 5 per cent. With regard
to the future prospects of tea, our principal customers
abroad have been Russia, Canada, and America,
and in all those countries the popularity of
Indian and Ceylon tea is growing fast. I read in
the report of Messrs. George White and Company
that in the year ending 31st July last there were
8U million pounds against 75 millions in 1894, the
exports being Ti millions in 1896. It is gratifying to
find that the exports of Ceylon Tea in 1896 was
73 million pounds of Indian Tea. I will read you an
extract from a letter by Mr. Mackenzie which appeared
in the Home and Colonial Midi of June 5. With re-
gard to Indian and Ceylon tea in America Mr.
Mackenzie says “ The increase in the im-
ports of British-grown teas into North America from
5,379,542 lb. in 1894 to 9,283,1-14 lb. in 1895, an in-
crease of 72 per cent, is a striking fact, and, while
demonstrating the value of past efforts, gives the
greatest encouragement for the future. It may be
confidently anticipate! that, as in the United King-
dom, so in America, Ceylon and Indian teas will
now' rapidly come into general use and establish
for theniselves a wide demand. . . . Besides gene-

r.ul advertising, we assist by subsidies many firms
who advertise in many ways— in papers and maga-
zines, by circulars and samples, by posters and signs,
and by ‘ demonstrations,’ where g.rls give away tea,
and advise as to method of making it, in leading
shops in many towns. We have also done much at
theatres, giving tea to such as care to have it between
the acts ; and we have a lady who attends all church and
social gatherings in New York and Brooklyn, to which
she can gain admittance, with a complete apparatus
of "urn, teapot, several dozen cups and saucers, &c.
She le’ctures on the merits of pure machine-made tea
as contrasted with the weak, washy, hand-rolled
article.” This, I think you will agree with me, shows
the great effort which is being made to supersede
Japan by better class tea. At home there is still
considerable difficulty in procuring pure Ceylon tea
at the stores and elsewhere. This I can only account
for by the fact that, in order to keep up a certain
retail price, the Ceylon tea is mixed with inferior
kinds by the retailers. I shall now be pleased to
answer any questions Shareholders may wish to ask,
and move that the report and accounts be received
and adopted.

In reply to Mr. Tye, the Chairman stated that the
variety of the coffee on the estates was what remained
of the old Ceylon coffee. The Liberian coffee was
interlined in the cocoa.

Mr. Ford North expressed his entire satisfaction
with the report, which he maintained did great

credit to the directors and managers. He was
pleased to see that there had been no tendency to
do away with coffee, which he believed would pay in
thi long run. He deprecated the existence of the
suspense account. As a man of t wenty years’ experi-
ence in large tea concerns he had long been
accustomed to see suspense accounts extinguished.
In the present case he would be quite satisfied if
the account was not increased.

The Chairman explained that when the suspense
account was opened they issued 6 per cent, stock,
which now stood at 12, and they (the directors)
did not want t > issue more. If they were their own
masters they could charge everything against revenue,
but when others had to be considered this would
be decidedly unfair. This year they had to
face a factory, and two or three years hence
perhaps another. He considered that the ex-
pense should be charged to capital account,
but circumstances might make it desirable to
charge it to suspense account. Subject to this there
need be no more additions to the suspense account.
This year the additions had been made by the cost
of fresh plant, a withering shed and timber for the
new factory. He might add that if the profits had
been taken from the suspense account there would
have been sufficient to have paid 7j per cent.

The following resolutions were then unanimously
adopted : —

1. Proposed by the Chairman and seconded by Mr.
Pettit : “• That the report and accounts be received
and adopted.”

2. Proposed by the Chairman and seconded by Mr.
Bois : “ That the payment of a dividend on the 6 per
cent preference shares for the six months ending De-
cember 31, 1895, be confirmed, and that for the
six months ending June 30, 1896, be paid forth-
with,”

3. Proposed by the Chairman and seconded by

Mr. Austin : “ That a dividend on the ordi-

nary shares for the year ending June 30,
1896, at the rate of 5 per cent, equal to lOs
per share (free of income tax), be paid forthwith ”

4. Proposed by Mr. George White and seconded by
Mr. Ford North, ‘‘ That Mr. Henry Bois, a director
who retires on this occasion, be re-elected.”

5. Proposed by Mr. Collinge and seconded by
Mr. Ford North : “ That Mr. William Austin, a
director, who retires on this occasion, be re-elected.”

6. Proposed by Mr. Collinge and seconded by Mr.
Tye, “ That Mr. John Smith be re-elected auditor for
the year 1896-7 at the remuneration of £21. ’

A vote of thanks to the Chaiiman, Directors, and
Managers of the estates in Ceylon was proposed by
Mr. Ford North and seconded by Mr. Collinge.

Mr. Giles Walker expressed his pleasure at the
inclusion of the Managers in che vote of thanks. Ha
knew how hard they worked, and a recognition of
this kind was sure to give a fillip to their efforts.

The Chairman having briefly responded, the pro-
ceedings terminated.

THE ASSOCIATED TEA ESTATES OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

The statutory meeting of the shareholders of this
company was held at the offices of the company,
31, Billiter Buildings, on Monday last.

The chair was occixpied by Sir Alexander Wil-
son, chairman of the directors.

The secretary having read the notice convening
the meeting, the chairman said : —

Gentlemen, this is merely a formal meeting which is
held within four mouths of the formation of the
company, in accordance with the Act of Parlia-
ment. I have very little to say except that all the
estates purchased by the company were transferred
about the 10th of September, with the exception
of Doragalla, the transfer of which was delayed
on account of a marriage trust sottlemont on a por-
tion of the estate, the existence of which had been over-
looked by the vendjr, having been originally made by
him over fifty years ago. The matter has now been
put right, and the necessary documents arc at pro-

Jan. I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

455

sent en route to Ceylon to enable the transfer to be
completed. Our agents in Ceylon, Messrs Finlay,
Muir, and Co., have now obtained control of the
other four estates, and the tea of recent growth has
been shipped home to the company, the first of it
being printed in public auction for tomorrow. The
delay with regard to the transfer of Doragalla
estate has caused delay in making application to the
Stock E.xchange committee for a special settlement
and quotation, but all the papers have now been
lodged, and it is probable that the Stock Exchange
committee and its meeting today will arrange the
matter. The aggregate yield of all the properties up to
latest advices received is satisfactory in comparison
with the corresponding period of 189.o, and the teas
sold by the vendors, the proceeds of which,
for all manufactured after the 1st of July,
belong to, and will be accounted for to this company,
show an advance in prices over those obtained at the
time of the formation of the company. The outturn
is also better, and in fact everything bids fair for
smooth working. I hope to visit the estates within the
next three months, having other business in the East,
and to be able to give my personal views at our first
ordinary general meeting. With regard to the
making up of accounts and the payment of dividends,
the directors have decided that the preference divi-
dends shall be paid in two equal instalments on the
3lst of March and 30th of September, which divi-
dends will relate to the periods ending .31st of Decem-
ber and 30th of June, me interval of throe mouths
being necessary to get the produce home and sold
and the accounts made up. I shall be pleased to
answer any questions, and hope at the next meeting
to have a much more interesting account to give.

In reply to a shareholder, the chairman stated that
the tea which had been sold belonging to the vendor-
had been of good quality, and had reached higher
price than was anticipated.

A vote of thanks to the chairman for presiding
at the meeting, proposed by Mr. E. Loewenstein
and seconded by Mr. G. W.'Bake, was unanimously
adopted.

The Chairman, in briefly responding, expressed
the hope that, being an old tea planter, his forth-
coming visit to the estates would be beneficial.

The proceedings then terminated.

[The quotation referred to above has been granted
by the Stock Exchrnge committee, and the special
settlement fixed for Nov. 18th.] — JL and C. Mail,
November 13.

«

THE CEYLON HILLS TEA ESTATES
COMPANY, LD.

The lirsb general or statutory meeting of the
Ceylon Hills Tea Estates Company, Ld., was held
at the offices of Me.ssrs. Bosanquet & Co., Chat-
ham Street, in the afternoon of Tuesday 1st Dec.
Mr. J. H. Kenton presided. The Directors present
were Messrs. E. Lieschingand \V. \V. Kenny, and
the following shareholders were present or repre-
sented by returns : — Mes.srs. Delmege, Reid «& Co.,
Mr. Harry Creasy, Mr. A. M. Caldecott-Smith,
Mrs. Caldecott-Smith, Mr. K. A. Bosanquet, Mr.
G. E. Traill, Mr. W. li. Alexander, Mr. James
Alexander, Miss C. M. E. Alexander, Miss K. A.
Alexander, Mr. W. Dougall Stuart, Rev. C.
Bosanquet, Mr. F. A. Bosanquet, Q.C., Mr. E. F.
Bosanquet, Mrs. R. A. Bosanquet, Mr. R. W.
Wickham, Mr. N. C. Davidson,

Mr. H. Creasy proposed that the retiring
Directors (Me.ssrs. J. H. Renton, F. Liesching,
and W. W. Kenny) be re elected.

Mr. Caldecott-Smith seconded. — Carried.

The Chairman laid a short account of the
position and prospects of the company before the
meeting ; and re-election of Directors being the
only business the proceedings ended.

THE FERNLANDS TEA COMPANY,
LIMITED.

This Company is being registered by Messrs
de Saram with a capital of R275.000 with the
object primarily of acquiring the Fernlands and
Eton Estates at Pundaluoya for £16,000 sterling.
The signatories to the memorandum published in
tonight’s Gazette are : — Isabella Frances Green,
Edward Ernest Green, Helen Mary Green, Geo.
H. Green, Arthur P. Green, Staniforth Green,
H. L. Egan.

♦

INDIA-RUBBER.

India-Rubber is in a fair way to become one of the
prime necessities of civilis.ation. Numberless human
beings, in the class which could not afford wet-
nurses, owe their lives 10 the feeding-bottle. Every-
body knows that in the last five years the use of
pneumatic tyres for cycles and solid rubber tyres
for horse-vehicles has enormously increased our con-
sumption of this article ; but, quite apart from that
more obvious fact, india-rubber is daily being in-
troduced more and more into all sorts of machinery.
Highly competent judges say that if the output
could be doubled within a .year, so many new
applications of the material would instantly arise,
that the pi ice would not fall appreciably. As
a matter of fact, the export of Para rubber
has increased within the last twenty-five years
from .5,600 t'uis to 20,000 tons; and the price
fetched by the best quality has risen from 2s. to
3s. a pound. It is the one jungle product which
society finds indispensable. Hundreds of men have
racked their brains to produce a substitute, but none
has in the least degree succeeded ; and ouch attempts
must be permanently discouraged by the knowledge
that india-rubber exists in limitless profusion upon
known spots of the world’s surface which may at any
time be made accessible. In any of the swampy equa-
torial regions, where vegetation grows rank and
sappy, so that a knife will slash through branches
as if they were made of cheese, there is pretty certain
to occur some one or two of the score of trees
which produce rubber. hVh le forests of [them are
known to cxiit in Centril Africa, only waiting
to he tapped. But the regions which' produce
them are precisely the regions most deadly
to the white man; and when the rubber
is made it has to come to the coast on the
heads of negroes, and vyill not pay the cost of trans-
port. When an accessible forest is discovered it
pays like a goldmine. A tree was discovered near
Lagos which was believed to produce rubber ; speci-
mens of bark and foliage went home to Kew and
the authorities pronounced it the right thing. In
1895 the export began, and amounted in the year
to 2,263 tons, with a value of £270,000 in round
figures.

India-rubber would seem to be the one certain
source of wealth now locked up in Central Africa
and perhaps the most valuable thing that the region
produces or can produce. Ivory is only a fancy
article, and palm-oil has many substitutes. Gold
no doubt exists there, but in the first place it is
doubtful whether the pure negro can be made 'into a
miner; and in the second, gold is to be got in regions
where white men can live. It seems, therefore, as if the
special function of the tropics just now was to pro-
duce India-rubber, which is wanted everywhere and
cannot be grown elsewhere. No cultivation is needed •
Nature requires of man very little skill, scarcely
any exertion, and only a reasonable avoidance of
waste. Yet this is asking more than the African
negro is at present able to give. The great rubber-
producing region of the world is the basin of the
Amazon, which yields about two-thirds of the
entire annual output. The quality of this rubber is
immensely superior to all others; the best Para will
fetch in England as much as 3s. 6d. a pound ; the
worst African goes for under a shilling. Brazil has,
of course, an immense advantage in its great watoV’

456

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. i, 1897.

way ; ocean-going steamei';3 r in twelve hundred miles
up the Amazon, whereas every African river ex-
cept the Congo has a bar at its mouth, and
cataracts not far distant from the coast-line
On the other hand, the fore'ts in Brazil seem even
more impenetrable than in Africa. Not even such
roadways as the African man-paths can be maintained
against the encroachment ot tiie jungle. BuL tiie native
Brazilian race is incomparably more intelligent than
the negro. Their caoutchouc is better jirepared, and
what is far more important, they farm the trees as
carefully as the Red Indians used to farm the beaver.
In Africa the rubber is generally produced not from a
forest tree, as in Brazil, but from the i.aiuIolpJiia,
which is a climbing shrub. The negro.es deal drasti-
cally with this, and simply cut it down, and then get
what milk they can out of it. So year by year the
rubber-trees are destroyed, and year by year the ne-
groes have to go further afield to seek them. If
they are left to themselves they simply cease to pro-
duce india-rubber, and there is an end of it. If they
have the fortune to live in the happy Congo State a
certain amount of the stuff is exacted annually from
each village ; when the trees within each are
exhausted, the collector comes round, finds no
rubber, and goes lionie with a string of cars and
noses instead. No doubt the V/est Coast negro is a
trying person to deal with, but those m thods have
been so long employed unsuccessfully chat civilisa-
tion, we hope, may discover a better vray, and
educate the black man instead of torturing him.
One is sorry, therefore, to hear that at L.xgos,
where the rubber is being produced from a forest
tree, the Kicksia, the natives have been allowed to
over-drain the trees of their milky sap and stop its
production. The supply of rubber-producing plants
in Central Africa is practically inexhaustible ;
but the number of places where they exist within
easy distance of some export station is ^ small,
so far as our present knowledge goes. A'ct for
the present, speculators will probaly' hasten to be
rich and if they hit upon a forest will treat it
like a mine, anxious simply to take out the maxi-
mum at the minimum of cost.

Whether our State, or any other, will, ever make
this a groat branch of its tropical forestry remains
to he seen. The Germans, with their usual through-
ness have a strong scientiiio btalf at the Caineroons.
The' English, in their usual makeshift way, content
themselves with sending homo to Kew for sugges-
tions. But the Government of Itidia have at least
tried an experiment upon the great scale. No
private firm, however wealthy, would embark upon
the cultivation of indiarubber ; the trees take a mat-
ter of twenty years before they can produce a penny-
worth. In addition to that, cultivation must occupy
a huge extent of ground of such a nature that
no European can enter it during Ihe rainy

season, and where the growth is so thick that
twenty men might bo tapping trees within a
mile of the ranger, and ho none the wiser. Never-
theless, the Indian Government have a nursery of
Para rubber-tres in Assam, extending over two
hundred siiuare miles, which will m time begin to
vield ; and if any department can control such a
farm the Indiaiii Woods and horests will, let it
seems, perhaps, a likelier scheme to carry out bir
Henry Johnston’s general policy in this particular,
and organise under Indian surveyors a forestry de-
partment in East Africa, where the trees exist iii
nlentv. The industry is of course not confined to
Africa' and South America ; rubber comes from
Assam, Rangoon, Borneo, Penang, and Madagascar,
amongst other places, but last year s export from
Ea"OS more than doubled the united output of all
those that have been named. If we are to stay m
equatorial Africa, it will be a satisfaction to think
that we can mako some advantage out of it. What it
coats to keep slavery in check fioai Uganda to
Coomasaie only mothers know who have sous m those
happy regions. Civilisation is spending a groat
deal of energy on Africa, and one will he glad
to find that Africa makes some return, if it bo only
to lower the price of pneumatic tyres —Sjicdator.

^VE UYA TEA COMPANY, LIMITED.

At a meeting of tlie Sliareliolders of the above-
named Compan.y, lieli on Monda.y 7tli Decem-
ber 1896, the following were pre.sent : — Directors ;
Mr. E. <J. Young in the Cliair, Me.ssrs. \V. J.
Smith & E. S. Anderson.

Mes.srs. J. D. Balfour, A. Thomson, E. H. A.
Vanderspar, G. Vanderspar. Mr. C. J. Donald
acted as Secretary.

The following were represented by their Attor-
ne.ys : — Mes.srs. 0. Young, A. Morrison, W.
Cookes, Majoi G. L. Gwatkin, Mrs E. C.
Baillie.

The following were rejiresented by proxies; —
Messrs. W. R. Tatham, J. Poison, Sir J. W,
Bonser, I). Edwards, F. G. A, Lane, G. P.yper,
W. H. P. Spunvay. A. L. Hine Haycock, H. S.
Rix, Mrs. E. C. Baillie, Mrs. A. S. Donald.

The following resolutions were carried : —

1. “ That the following resolution passed at the
Extraordinary Gener.al Meeting of the Coinjiany
held on the 19ch day of November 1896, viz :
That the We-Oya Tea Company Limited be wound
ii[i voluntarily be, and the same is herehj'' con-
lirnied as a Special Re.solntion.”

2. (a) “That George Hay Alston of Colombo,
Merchant, be and he is liereby appointed Liqui-
dator of the We-Oya Tea Company, Limited.”

(6) That the said Liquidator be paid a remu-
neration of one-half per cent on the price real-
ised by sale of the Company's estates, in addi-
tion to all general Agency charges and com-
mission similar to those at present paid liy tlic
Company.”

THE YATIYANTOTA TEA COMPANY
IdMITED.

At a meeting of the Shareholders of the
uhove-named Company, held on Monday, 7th
Oecember 1896, the following were present: —
Directors; Mr. W. 1). Gibbon in the Chair, and
Messrs A. Thomson, E. S. Anderson, Mr. E. H. A.
Vanderspar.

The following Shareholders were represented
by tlie holders of their Powers of Attorney; —
Ji'ir. Chas. Young, liy IMr. E. J. Young, Mr.
M'. H. G. Dnncan by Mr. A. Thomson, Mr.
G. Carlyon by .Mr. A. Thomson, Mrs. L. T.
Carlyon by Mr. A. Tlionison, Mr. Jno. McLiesli
by Mr. J. D. WL M'^ilson, Mr. J. K. Morrison
by Mr. .J. D. \Y. "Wilson.

The following shareholder was represented by
proxy — Sir J. W. Bonser.

The following re.solutions w'ere carried 1.
“ Tiiat tlic following resolution ]iassed at the
e.xtraordinary general meeting of the Company

lield on the 19th day of November 1896, viz :

That the Yatiyantota Tea Coinnany Lini’ited be
wound up voluntarily be and tlie same is liereby
conlirined as a special reisoliition.” ^

2. {n) “That George Hay Alston of Colombo
IMcrdianb no and ho is lierchy appointed Liqui-
datoi' of tlui Yantiyanbota Tea Company

(b) “That the said Liquidator be paid a renm-
neration of one ball per cent on the price rea-
lised by .sale of the Company’s Estates in addi-
tion to all general Agency Charges and eonnnis-
sions sunilar to those at present paid by the
Company.”

Jan. I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST^

457

SELANGOR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION.

The following are extracts from the minutes of
a General Meeting held at the Selangor Club on
Saturday, 21st November.

Read letter from the Colonial Secretary in reply to
the Hon. Sec., S.P.A., re “ An Ordinance, for the
Protection of Indian Immigrants.” Resolved that
the Hon. Sec. should, as suggested by the Colonial
Secretary, apply to the Resident-General for inform-
ation as to whether fresh legislation on colonial
lines is meditated for each or all of the Confederated
States.

The Draft Federal Produce Protection Enactment,
1897, was discussed and it was resolved that the
following additions be recommended to Government
— viz., that “ plantation ” shall include in addition,
pepper, nutmegs, ramie and rubber ; That ‘‘ pro-
duce ” shall also include “ sap ; ” That in para 4,
the words “ nutmeg tree ” and “ sap of the rubber
tree” be added.

The following resolution, proposed by Mr. Carey
and seconded by Mr. Walker was carried unanimously
— viz., •' That Government be urged to throw open
the Magistrates’ Courts of the Federated States to
legal practitioners of status and position, the large
vested interests of capitalists deserving in the opinion
of this Association more adequate protection than
that afforded at present.”

Read letter from Mr. Gunn re closing market prices
and it was decided that all the planting members of
the Association be invited to support the project
on the basis of a pro rata payment for each estate,
or group of estates owned by the same proprietors.
A sufficient number of the members present having
signified their wish to join in the scheme, it was
agreed that the offer of the Secretary of the Sin-
gapore Exchange should be closed with.

Mr. Dalrymple was elected a member of the As-
sociation.

^

NOTES FROM THE METROPOLIS.

Via Genoa, Nov. 16.

THE DUMONT COFFEE COMPANY.

Possibly you may have heard by telegraph of
Mr. G. A. Talbot’s very reassuring report on the
property of this Company. It was, indeed, a
very wise move to send Mr. Talbot across to
Brazil ; for he lias . riot only had a long and
varied experience ) hilt is noted for his caution and
has a special C^lpn reputation at stake. When,
therefore, Mr. Talbot reports so favourably, <as
be does in his “cablegram” to Mr. Rutherford,
of the Dumont property, it is rpiite evident to
all who know them both that the position of
the Company ought to be greatly strengthened.

THE LANKA PLANTATIONS COMPANY

has had a successful annual meeting, at which a
favourable report h.as been adopted and a satis-
factory dividend declared.

The affairs of the

OPIENTAL HANK ESTATES CO.
are, however, not yet settled, although the Com-
mittee of investigation or arrangement, lias had
several meetings and gone to a good deal of trouble.
There can be no doubt of the valuable assets
owned by the Company if only a fair st.art
could be got. The Mauritius management of
the Company’s affairs, I see, is blamed in a letter
to a Financial paper and a change called for.
If only there could be a separation of Ceylon
and Mauritius interests w'itli a dilferent Board
for each, it might be a case of plain sailing ;
and there could scarcely be a more favourable
time than this, for, rvith the troubles in Cuba
and the Philippines, it looks as if Mauritius

57

might have “a good time.” Let tho.se v/ho
know, and believe in, the Sugar Island get
their own Company for the estates and busi-
ness there ; while iinttin? the Ceylon business
and estates under a Company supported by those
who know about our island, its ])roducts and
prospects.

A lecturer on Hygiene of high standing in
Lonrlon has recently been recommending the
drinking of a decoction not of “ Cocoa or
“ Cacao” nibs, birt one made from the husk,
or what is known in the trade as

“COCOA .SHELL.?”!

He mentioned that these could be bought at
4d. a lb. and that the preparation was specially
valuable to brain-workers because of the large
proportion of pho.sphorus — he was lecturing
mainly to an assembly of clergy. .Some years
ago, I announced in the Observer, the use of
these cocoa husks for a palatable drink and
how one West End clergyman regularly u.sed it
in his family (along with their servants) — gave it
the preference over tea or coffee — and Avho,
moreover, bought their supply by the bagful
from the Cocoa-preparing Factory at the low
rate of l^d per lb. I have verytied this account
and finil that the experience continues and the
price has not risen.

The question now arises, whether the

COFFEE HUSKS, OR CHAFF
from Colombo mills— alas 1 a greatly diminished
quantity — might not be utilised in the same way.
Probably they are not so rich as cocoa husks ;
but the experiment may be worth trying.

I have just heard from the editor of The
Friend that the Society of Friends has noY^ de-
finitely taken up the Industrial Mission to Pemba
(Zanzibar) in the interests of the Freedmen with
a view to employing them in the

CLOVE AND COCONUT

“Shambas ” ; and that Mr. Theodore Burtt, sails
in the P. Sz 0. ss. “ Caledonia” from Marseilles
on 2nd January, to take up the superintendence
of the Mission. I have been applied to for copies
of our Planting Manuals, — “All about Spices,*
copies of which I have much pleasure in placing
at the disposal of so deserving a Mission.

VOGAN TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LD

An extraordinary general meeting of this Com*
jrany was held on the 12th ultimo., for the
purpose of authorizing the directors to accept the
purchase of land, ai^gregating about 210 acres,
made by their authority on the 30th November
and 1st December last, and to issue debentures
from time to time as required for the purposes of
the Company, the aggreg ite not to exceed R100,000
at 7 per cent interest or less.

THE KANAPEDI WATTE TEA CO., LD.

The latest of the new Tea Companies registered
is the Kanapediwatte Tea Co. , Ld., for the pur-
pose of .accjuiring .and working the Kanapedi-
watte, Blackford, and St. Cuthbert’s estates, situ-
ated in the Pussellawa and Ulapane districts.
The signatories to the Memorandum of Associ-
ation are Messrs. W. Kingsbury, E. M. Shattock
by his attorney W. Kingsbury, A. J. Gordon
Field, Reginald Jolin, A. M. Caldicott Smith,
E. H. A. Vanderspar and A. Alex, Hankey,

[Jan. I, 1897.

458 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

THE OTTERY TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

An ordinary general meeting of tlie Ottery Tea
Co. of Ceylon, Ltd., was held at 12 noon on Tues-
day the 8tli Dec. at No. 1, Baillie Street, tlie offices
of Messrs. Lee Hedges Co. Those j)resent were
Mr. K. H. S. Scott (in the Chair), Mr. W. Kings-
bury, Mrs. K. H. »S. Scott (re[>resented by her
pro.xy,) Mr. K. H. S. Scott, Mr. V. A. Julius,
Mr. E. M. Shattock (represented by his proxy),
Mr. W. Kingsbury.

The ChaiRiMAN proposed that the Report of
the Directors and the accounts as presented be
arlopted.

Mr. Shattock seconded:— Carried.

THE REPORT

The Report was as follows : —

The Directors beg to submit their Report and
Accounts for the season ended 30th September last,
which they trust will be considered satisfactory.

The total quantity of Tea secured was 147,613
lbs., or a yield of 404 lb. per acre off 36.5 acres,
which realised a nett average price of cts. 53 51 per lb.

After providing for the payment of Rl,793’.57, inter-
est on Mortgage, R8,328 59 in reducing the Mortgage
debt by £500, and Rl,507'32, the total amount of
Preliminary expenses, the balance available for dis-
tribution amounts to R30,040'45. Of this sum,
R14,900 were absorbed by the payment of an inteiim
dividend of 5 per cent, for the 6 months ended 31st
March last, and the Directors now recommend a
farther dividend of 5 per cent, for the last 6 months,
making 10 per cent, lor the year, and the carrying
forward of the balance R240'45 to the new year.

A sum of R1,988T8 was spent on manuring during
the 12 months under review, and was charged to
Estate Expenditure.

The Estate was visited by Mr. Keith Rollo on the
8th October, and his Report on the condition
and prospects of the property is highly satisfactory.

The meeting will have to elect an Auditor for
season 1896-1697.

A DIVIDEND.

Mr. Shattock proposed that a final dividend
of 5 per cent, be paid fortliwitli.

Mr. Julius seconded : — Carried.

ELECTION OF AUDITOR.

Mr. R. H. S. Scott proposed that Mr. II. S. Scott
bo elected auditor for the season 189G-7.

Mr. E. M. Shattock seconded : — Carried.
This was all the business done.

^

AN AUXILIARY TO TEA.

Those possessing suitable land at the proper
elevation, might well go in for the cul*
tivatiou of the Jalap plant, Jprmaea Punja. This
is a beautiful climber, with rose-coloured flowers
and belongs to the natural order convolmhiceue. It
grows wild on the mountains of Mexico, and derives
Its name from the city of Xalapa, the capital of

the state of Vera Cruz, which has long been the

emporium of the jalap trade. It is successfully cul-
tivated on the North-West Himalaya, at Mussorie,
and the Nilgiris near Ootacamund’ The dried roots
or tnbercules of well-matured plants, give an equal
yield of the active resinous principles with the best
jalap imported from Mexico and South America.
So it is well worth the while of planters,

favourably situated, to study its culture and
extend its cultivation to other parts of India, where it
has not as yet found its way. As a secondary

crop and as an auxiliary to tea, it will well repay
attention. It has also been established on the Cin-
chona plantations of Jamaica, where it thrives re-
markably well. Jalap occurs in commerce, in dry
pear-shaped masses, usually called tubers, and vary
m size, from that of a small nut, to that of an
pfange. The so-called tubers are however, simply

enlarged divisions of the root known botani-
cally as tubercules. A tuber is an enlarged
underground stem, and the term is therefore,
incorrect by applied to the transformed roots of the
jalap plant. Jalap is used medicinally as a hydragogae
purgative. This ti-ue jalap must not be confounded
with Iponuea Turpethum — the Indian Jalap (Turpeth
Root), which the Bengalis call 7'eori or Dhud, and
the Hindustainis Pitohri or 'Parbud. This is a peren-
nial plant growing wild almost all over India. The
root-bark is obtainable in the bazaar, and is cathar-
tic and laxative, resembling the true jalap in its ac-
tion. Jalap requires a rich soil, for the crop is an
exhausting one. It cannot be growm amongst tea
bushes, for it will thrive at the expense of the tea.
A rich, deep vegetable sandy loam is best suited to
the cultivation, and although moisture is necessary,
undrained soils are fatal. In its natural condition,
the jalap plant is found in shady woods, at an
elevation of 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea : in
regions where there is an abundance of rain, and
where the temperature during the day ranges between
60 ° and 70 ° Fahr. Plants may be obtained from
cuttings of the side shoots, set in a sandy soil in a
shady place, and kept constantly moist. But
for cultivation on a large scale the smaller
tubercules should be planted, or cuttings of under-
ground stems may be buried a few inches below
the surface. The tubercules should on no account
be exposed to the sun, or they will lose their vitality,
and they should be planted out as soon as possible
after they have been dug out of the ground. The land
should be well tilled, and trenched to the depth of
two feet. The trenches may then, with advantage,
be partially filled with surface soil. The tubercules
are planted in the trenches one foot apart, and to the
depth of about six inches. When the vines grow,
stakes must be firmly fixed on the ground for them to
run on. After the plants have made some growth,
they should be moulded up with earth, taken out
of the trench. Weeding should be done at intervals
to keep the laud free from weeds. At the third
year a return may be expected. Out in this
country 1,000 lb. of dry tubercules can be gathered
from an acre, and crops may be reaped every
third year thereafter. This best plan is to lift
two or three plots one year, leaving others undis-
turbed until the following year, and so on. By so
doing crops will be got every year. The drying pro-
cess is a difficult and trying one, for 70 per cent,
of the weight has to be evaporated. It frequently
happens that when the tubercules are in the sun,
there is a considerable loss on account of some be-
coming mouldy, and others becoming subject to
fermentation. This loss may be prevented to a
great extent by gashing the tubercules, or cutting
them into slices. But jalap prepared in this way
fetches a lower price in the English and American
markets. The tubercules might be dried in an eva-
porator or drier, but great care would.be necessary,
as too much heat spoils the product. The Indians
of Mexico prepare jalap in the following way. The
tubercules, when gathered, are freed from earth and
foreign matter, and then hung up in a net over a
wood fire. The fire is kept constantly burning in the
hut, and in consequence the jalap acquires a smoky
flavour, which is considered by buyers to bo one of
the tests of “ the good tubers.” This method might
be adopted. Rough inexpensive sheds or bashas might
be easily erected, and the tubercules dried slowly
in them, over a wood fire. The fires could bo
damped, or put out, at night ; the heat and the
smoke would prevent fermentation and mouldiness.
As jalap is used in medicine alone, in order to
obtain the highest price, it is best to place the pro-
duct on the market in the form best known to
wholesale druggists- Itesina Jalapw of the Pharma-
copccias is a pale brown powder. It contains two
glucosidal resins, which have been named Convoh'ulin
and Jalapiii. Jalapin of pharmacy is the purified,
decolorized resin of jalap, in whitish amorphous
powder. Jalapin sells at about 2s 3d per oz. or 1
lb. 30s Radix Jalapre Is per lb., or 100 lb. lOd per
lb. — Jiulian Planters' Gazette, Nov, 21,

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

459

Jan. I, 1897 ]

THE COFFEE SITUATION.

The crop of 1896-97 ie a demonstratiou of the extent
to which a period of high prices has stimulated pro-
duction. The area devoted to coffee has been rapidly
extended in Brazil, in Central America, United
States of Columbia, Venezuela and Mexico. Coffee-
growing is a profitable industry when coffee sells in
New York at prices considerably below a basis of 100
cents for No. 7 Eio. At the prices of the past five
years planters have been receiving enormous profits.

It is apparent that we have entered a period of low
cost. A decline has taken place of over 5 cents per
pound in the cost of Brazil sorts, and the question is
whether this fall in the price has fully discounted a
supply largely in excess of the world’s requ’rements.
The answer will be found in the estimated outturn of
the 1897-98 crop. If that is up to or above the average
supply, then there is a chance for lower prices. If the
next crop is to be light in Brazil, it would seem as if
the present basis was near bottom.

Messrs. W. H. Crossmau & Brother are very close
students of the coffee markets of the world, and show
their faith by their works, and generally take the
public into their confidence by issuing a circular
giving their views. This they have again done

under date of October i23, estimating an enor-
mous crop in Brazil for 1896-97, viz., a total
export of not less than 8,000,000 bags. This is a
total far beyond the yearly average for seven
years, ending June 30, 1896, of 5,657,236 bags
(332,781 tons). In 1891-92 Brazil exported 7,267,000
bags, and it is certainly not unreasonable to esti-
mate Biat the exports from the largest yield on
i-ecord shoul i exceed the shipments of 1891-92 to
the extent of 733,000 bags. Brazil has furnished
51 per cent, of the world’s supply. On that basis
the crops of 1896-97 will aggregate 11,814,800 bags.
Crois.nan & Co. estimate the total crops a". 14,000,000
bags, based on a minimum Brazil yield of
8,000.000 and 6,000,000 for other countries, or about
500,000 bags above the average crops of the past

three years. tt j

The total deliveries in Europe and the United
States for five crop years ending June 30, 1896,
were 54,677,976 bags, or a yearly average of 10,935,
595 bags. ,

Hard times curtail the use of coffee, especially
if prices rule high. There has been 11 1 increase
in the deliveries of coffee worthy of note since the
advent of high prices, as the following table of
deliveries in Europe and the United States shows:

Year.

Bags.

1895-96 . .

11,142,813

1894-95 . .

11,212,851

1893-94 . .

10,571,533

1892-93 . .

10,916,228

1891-92 . .

10,804,551

Total five years . . 54,677,976

Yearly average (643,270 tons). . . 10,935,595

The above shows the stexdy nature of the world’s
requirements, which is subject to other than crop
influences. Hard times and high cost cut down the
demand. With a return t) prosperity, the United
States should increase its consumption of coffee at
least 400,0’ 0 bags. Last year the deliveries fell below
1894-95 here and m Europe, but to slight extent.
This shows the fairness of Crossman & Co.’s esti-
mate of requirements, viz., 11,500,000 bags, to meet
which there is an estimated supply of 14,000,000
bags. Has a 5 cent drop discounted this big yield?
Crossman & Co. claim not, and - evidently look for-
ward to coffee on a basis of 7 cents for No. 7 Rio
in New York, based on former experience with a
visible supply of 5,000,000 bags. The outlook for the
1897-98 crop is favorable for a full average yield.
If it should duplicate the supply of 1896-97, we
cannot see how it can fail to foster and maintain
an era of cheap coffee. There is certainly no basis
in sight upon which to carry forward a bull cam-
paign, We have arrived at a time when it is fairly

safe to carry liberal stocks, and the lower prices go
the safer the operation of buying freely. Based on
the actual movement of coffee, the Crossman & Co.
circular is a conservative presentation of its situa-
tion.— American Grocer, Oct. 28.

PL.ANTING AND PRODUCE,

(From H. A- 6'. Mail, No. 20.)

Russia and Tea Cultivation. — In an address
recently delivered by M. Alexis Yermoloff, who since
1893 has been Minister of Agriculture and State
Domiins in Russia, before the Societe Nationals
d’Agriculture, in Paris, reference was made to tea
cultivation. In his address M. Yermoloff said that
in any attempt to obtain a complete view of the
practical agriculture of the Russian Empire it is
necessai’y to remember that the country extends
from the Polar regioni of the nirth to the semi-
tropical regions of the south, from the Baltic Sea in
the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east; that
Germany and China alike approach its borders.
Throughout this vast area agriculture forms the
chief occupation of the people and is the main
source of their wealth. Prom the lichen (Iceland
moss) which serves to nourish the reindeer in
Lapland to the olives and bays and tea-shrubs of
the Caucasus, all species of plants, cultivated or
wild, of the temperate region of the northern hemis-
phere have their representatives in Russia. But it
is the cultivation of cereals that forms the basis
of Russian agriculture. With regard to the cultiva-
tion of tea in the Caucisus this work has been
undertaken not >uly '>u the Imperial dom.ains, but
by private growers, who h ive studied the industry
in China, India and Ceylon. Russia claims to be
the largest tea-drinking country in the world, and
till recently has bean entirely dependent upon
China for supplies

Still on the Down Gk.ade. — The Chinese have
not now much tea trade to boast of e.xoept with
Russia, but up to a year or two ago there was
something doing as regards the export of scented
teas. Now, however, this trade is ou the down
grade, as is evidenced by a recent consular report
from Canton. The export of scented tea to Great
Britain during the season 1895-96 was 5,750,000 lb,
against 5,500,000 lb. the previous year, and 6,000,000 lb.
for 1893-94. The quality of the early shipments was
fully up to the average, though not so good as that
of the previous year, and it deteriorated towards
the end. The resqlt was again disastrous to ship-
pers, in spite of the fact that teas were laid down
cheaper than ever known before. The unprecedentedly
low prices ruling in London are attributed to
shipments being more than the trade required
and to the absence of competition consequent
on the fact that, whereas these teas — scented
capers — were formerly taken by a number of retail-
ers in various parts of the country, they are now
only used by a few large blenders, preference being
given to low price Indian and Ceylon teas. This
latter reason also accounts for the deliveries falling
short of those of 1893-94. ’The demand for scented
capers has steadily declined for several years past,
aud it is not unreasonable to suppose that at no
very distant date it will become altogether extinct,
Great Britain being the only country where such
teas are used. It is thought by some that, but for
the low prices, there would be no demand at all.
Others, however, do not share this opinion. Congou,
a peculiar kind of black tea known as Hoyune Con-
gou, was several years back shipped in considerable
quantities. It is now hardly worthy of notice, the
export barely touching 200,0001b. Kooloo, a high-class
tea for Chinese consumption in Australia, and low-
priced teas of similar kind for the River Plate, con-
tinue to be taken to a moderate extent, but do not
hold a prominent place in the tea trade as carried
on by foreigners. The trade in long leaf scented
orange pekoes is now reduced to practically dU, tb^
shipments being most insigniflcaat.

460

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan, I, 1897.

Japanese Tea.— Owing, as they say, to the late
war the Japanese have been doing little of late as
exporters of tea.

This season’s exportations have been only about
half those of last year. We inclined to the belief
that it is the competition of India and Ceylon that
is the real cause.

Coffee Prospects. — Although coffee drinking is on
the decline in the United Kingdom owing to the
wonderful increase in the popularity of tea, coffee
still holds its own on the Continent if we except
Russia ; the demand for France, Germany, the United
States, and South America being sufficient to sti-
mulate a constant increase of production. The
coffee planters of South America have found coffee
growing so remunerative that they have extended
the area devoted to the crop with some recklessness,
and the result is that the supply is in excess of
apparent requirements. Authorities estimate “ an
enormous crop in Brazil for 1896-97 — viz., a total ex-
port of not less than 8,000,(X)0 bags. This is a total
far beyond the yearly average for seven years end-
ing June 30, 1896, of 5,657,286 bags (332,781 tons)
Brazil has furnished 54 per cent, of the world’s
supply. On that basis the crops of 1896-97 will ag-
gregate 14,814,800 bags.” The estimate for the total
crops is 14,000,000 bags, based on a minimum Brazil
yield of 8,000,000 and 6,000,000 for other countries,
or about 500,000 bags above the average crops of the
past three years. It is anticipated that the improve-
ment of trade in the United States will bring the
demand for coffee, which the working classes use
sparingly in hard times, into line with the enormous
supply.

To Detect Ciiicouy in Coffee. — The following
method of detecting chicory in a sample of pow-
dered or ground coffee is suggested by a French
paper : Take a sample of the suspected powder,

and add to it about ten times its weight of water.
Add a few drops of hydrochloric acidjto acidulate
the water, and then shake up the whole mixture.
The coffee powder will float, and will impart a yel-
low straw tinge to the water. Chicory, on the other
hand, will form a deposit, and will give the water
a brown colour.

Tea and Coffee in the Uniter States — Mr. Mc-
Kinley, the President-elect, is moderating his zeal on
behalf of protection. It is said that he is not in
favour of a tax on tea and Coffee.

Jeddah Coffee. — A curious fact about the Jeddah
coffee trade is mentioned in a report to the Foreign
Office for the year 1895 from that consular district..
In the beginning of the year the price of coffee
remained high. But after a time the arrival of an
enormous quantity of coffee from the interior of the
Yemen, where there is no sale for this article, the
people themselves using coffee-husks called “ Kesher,”
brought the price of coffee down. This led to a
large quantity of coffee being shipped at the eud of
1895.

Very Soothing to their Feelings. — While the
sugar planters of British Guiana are bemoaning the
decay of the sugar industry their Governor, Sir
Augustus Hemming, has returned to them full of
hope on one point. He is bent on soothing their
feelings with good cricket. He has arranged with
Lord Hawke, who will take out an Englisn cricket
team early next year to Georgetown. Sir Augns-tua
Hemming remarked in conversation before his
departnre a few days since that at Georgetown they
had a very good cricket ground and a very good
team; and one could play cricket ii British Guiana
all the year round. Planters who do not play cricket
to any groat extent are more interested in the
^taving off the crisis which must inevitably come
unless something is done about sugar. In answer
to the suggestion that they should improve their
methods of manufacture, they say : “ What is the

good of laying out our dwindling capital on new sugar
machinery in order to produce a better article at a
lower price, when we know that Germany will
respond by increasing her bounties ? ” Tliey

maintain that they have been sacrificed in the
interests of cheap jam and the expansion of the
confectionery trades, forgetful of the fact, perhaps,
that this is a free trade country, and that the home
consumer who has a vote would kick if his sugar
were taxed. The decay of a West Indian industry
counts for little, as against the great principle or
fetish, as some prefer to call it, of free trade. Any-
way it looks like it.

Latent Life i.\ Seeds. — Professor Casimir de
Candolle, of Geneva, recently contributed, according
to Nature, some exceedingly interesting notes to the
Botanical Section of the British Association on
latent life in seeds. The author gave an account of
some experiments recently carried out on the power
of germination of seeds exposed for different periods
to a low temperature. He also recorded striking
instances of the development of normal seedlings
from seeds which had been kept for a great number
of years. Robert Brown obtained perfect seedlings
from seeds of Nelumhwm speciosum more than a
century old. Plants buried under rubbish heaps
collected by the Greeks have been found to
develop and bear flowers from seeds which
must have been at least 1,500 years old. To
test the condition of a dormant seed, M. de
Candolle exposed the seeds of several plants to a
temperature too low to permit of the continuance
of the process of respiration. Seeds of corn, oats,
fennel, &c., w'ere exposed for 118 davs to a tempe-
rature of 40 deg. F. below zero. The experiments
were carried on atLiverpool in refrigerating machines,
in which during eight hours each day the average
temperature recorded was 40 deg. F., and occasion-
ally far lower. Nearly all the seeds of corn, oats,
fennel, and many of the others germinated. The con-
clusion to be drawn from the experiments seems to be
that in resting seeds the protoplasm is not actually living,
but has reached a stage of inaction in which, although
not dead, it is endowed with potential life. In other
words protoplasm in resting seeds is not analogous to
a smouldering fire, but rather to those chemical mix-
tures made up of bodies capable of combining under
certain conditions of temperature and illumination.

^

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Thursday Evening, Nov. 19, 1896.

Business in Tea Shares of the Indian companies
has been ” a shade ” quieter during the past week.
A steady investment business, however, still continues
in progress, more especially in the Ordinary shares,
the high yield of interest obtainable on which, com-
pared with what can be got on their securities of
equal soundness, seeming to tempt investors even
more than the greater security offered by the Pre-
ference issuer few of which latter can now be got
to yield 5 per cent.

Mincing Lane, though still steady, has shown a
slight weakness in the face of the largo supplies
brought to auction. News from India, moreover, by
wire gives rise to the belief that the shortness of the
late “ fall ” crop, recently forecasted in the public
press, will not be so marked as was at one time
expected, though the total available for shipment to
the United Kingdom is still expected not to be in
excess of actual requirements.

meetings.

The Empire of India and Ceylon holds its first
statutory meeting to-morrow (Friday), 2 p.m., at
■Winchester House.

Our readers will learn with regret of the sudden
demise, while presiding at a business meeting at
Winchester House to day (Thursday), of Mr. John
Berry White, whose cheery face and stolid form were
well known to all Tea shareholders o.ving to his close
connection with tho Tokai and other companies, as
well as his stalwart championship of Indian Tea
interests for many years past. — //. and C. Mail,
Nov. 20.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

461

Jan. I, 1897.]

THE BORNEO COFFEE COMPANY, LTD.

The Annual General Meeting of the Shareholders
of this Company was held at the Office of the Company
24, Rood Lane, on Wednesday, 28rd Sept, at 3 p.m.,
Ml-. C. A. Whitehead presided. After the business of
the meeting was over the Chairman called upon Mr.
Henry Walker, who had recently returned from
Borneo, to address the Meeting which he did, as
follows : —

Having lately returned from North Borneo, the
Shareholders will probably be glad to hear some
details concerning our Estate, which 1 visited a few
days before my departure —

The present planted acreage is 185 acres planted
with Liberian Coffee, and 25 acres planted with
coconuts, and from about 100 acres of the older
coffee I expect we shall this year get a crop of
about 300 piculs or say 350 cwts. A large area will
be in bearing next year, and I believe we shall get
nearly 600 piculs of coffee, or about double what we
expect to pick this year. When sending in my es-
timate of crops for the current year I noted what
amount of crops we might expect each month of
this year, and I see from the Manager’s returns,
which we have received for the first four months,
that the crop already gathered is in excess of the
amount I estimated for the four months.

Estimated gatherings, four months ending 31st
July 326 piculs cherry.

Crops gathered . . . . 386 ,, ,,

ten piculs of cherry turn out one of clean coffee.
The appearance of the estate generally is very pro-
mising.

W'e have hitherto had great difficulty in keeping the
estate clean, and a very serious expenditure has
annually been incurred on weeding, but now that we
have a large supply of coolies we have been able to
cope with this difficulty, the estate is being gradually
cleaned up and the Manager’s later reports shew a
saving on the estimate. When I last visited

the estate, in April and May, I was able to compli-
ment the Manager and assistant on the great

improvement under the item of weeding,
and I anticipate that we shall be able to
get and to keep the land thoroughly clear

of weeds, and in this we shall be assisted by
the growth of the coffee, which will shade the
ground as it ages. Our oldest field, 27 acres,
is a proof of this, as it is perfectly clean, and the
cost is only fifteen dollars a month or about 55
cents per acre.

To enable us to cope with the weeding during tbe
wet season, a strong force of coolies is requisite, and
this we have now got. We had to go to consider-
able expense in providing accommodation for our
coolies, and in putting up a bungalow for the assistant,
and I am glad to be able to tell you that our

eople are well and comfortably housed. We
ave never had to contend much with sick-
ness, and I am glad to say that the coolies are
in a very healthy state. The food supplied by
the estate shop is of good quality and the
prices of the principal articles, viz., rice, fish, salt,
sugar, etc., etc., are on a fixed scale of prices, a
list of which, in Malay and Chinese, is hung up in
the shop. In addition to the estate shop there are
several shops at the new Government Station on the
Bay, which is about two miles from the estate, where
our coolies can also buy their supplies, and in ad-
dition to the shops the Malay and Chinese fisher-
men bring fresh fish to the estate several times a
week ; besides this a Fupply of beef and poik is
frequently obtainable at about ten and twentj cents
the catty of lb., or say about twopence and four-
pence a pound, and fish at one penny a pound.

Of course, when we first commenced operations,
we had not the same facilities we now- have. Communi-
cation with Kudat and with the East and West Coasts,
is now possible four times a month by means of the
Sabah Steamship Co., w hose steamers call at Taritipan
or as the new station is named, Tanjong Batu,
where there is a woeden wharf; and later on, I
think it is likely that Holt’s steamers may eventually

call for the tobacco crops from the five tobacco es-
tates adjoining our estate. From Tanjong Batu to
our coffee estate, tbe Government has lately made
a riding path, which continues through our land
up to the cart road on the adjoining tobacco estates,
and I hope the day is not far distant when this
riding path will be converted into a cart road. At
present our transport is done by the shop boat,
brings the shop supply from Kudat up a creek to
the estate landing place, from whence the goods are
carried by bullock cart along our private cart road,
not quite half a mile to the shop, which is close to
our coffee store. The expense of the boat and boat-
men is borue by the shops, and the estate finds the
bullock cart and driver. In return for this our coffee,
our coolies, and our estate requirements generally
are carried to or from Kudat in the boat free of
charge. The estimate of expenditure on transport
for the current year is not large, but I see that the
expenditure for the first four months is less than the
estimate.

On my way home I visited Selangor and Ceylon, and
after comparing our coffee with that of our competitors
in the native states and Ceylon, I came to England
more convinced that it was my duty to impress ou
your Directors the desirability of increasing our
acreage. We have the labour supply, and we have
the management necessary to carry out the work. In
Mr. Shuck and his bi-other we have the assistance of
two gentlemen whose hearts are in their w-ork, and on
whose energy and integrity of character I have the
greatest reliance, but the acreage the Manager has in
hand is too small for the cost of superintendence.
With the same superintendence we ought to have, at
least, double the area, and the Manager and the
pssistant will reap a benefit by the system we have
adopted of paying a bonus on each picul of crop
picked, the larger the area and the larger the crop so
the bonus will increase.

I think we ought to lose no time in planting an
additional 100 acres with coffee, and 100 acres with
coconuts. I have supplied your Directors with esti-
mates of cost, and I have shewn that the additional
cost of adding to our present acreage is really
very small. We require no new buildings, many of
the expenses are the same for a small estate as for a
large one, and we shall be able to keep up a good
sized labour force, which the Malay coffee likes to
see. He likes society, and he likes the good things
obtainable by a large number of people ; for instance,
more frequent killing of cattle, a large and more
constant supply of fish and other things. I mention
these details so that you will realise more vividly
tbe advantages to be obtained by a further outlay.
I believe our position warrants our increasing our
estate, and I believe we shall reap a very handsome
return on the capital we have expended, and in re-
turn for the long delay in seeing a dividend. I
think w'e shall be in a very strong position next year,
our crops of this year will probably be doubled or
nearly doubled next year, and when the different
clearings come into bearing we shall get a crop
quite equal to the estates in Selangor, which I un-
kerstand bear an average of 7 cwts. per acre.

The expense of gathering, curing, and bagging
coffee on the estate is now about 15s per cwt. which,
with the introduction of machinery now proposed,
will be reduced to about 11s 6d and the freight and
dock sale charges amount to about 9s, say a total cost
under these headings of 20/6, to which must be
added the expenses of management, weeding, etc.,
etc., v^hich will probably total 35/-per cwt., on a
crop of six to seven cwts. per acre, which, would
yield a profit of say 25/ per cwt., at the present Lon-
don market price of about 60/-per cwt.

I may say that the appearance of our coffee war-
wants very sanguine hopes of what it will do in the
future. I took measurements of our different pro-
ducts, which I published in the “ North Borneo
Herald,” of 16th May, 1896, and when I visited
Selangor and Ceylon on my way home, I compared
their growth with ours, and found that age for
age, we could shew a sux^erior size of stem and spread
of branch, and from the appearance of the coffee

462

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. r, 1897

crop on our trees, I have little doubt that we shall
eventually shew larger crops per acre than those
countries have done. Our soil is decidedly richer.
1 brought home a sample of soil which it may
interest you to examine.

I have asked your Directors to send out a tur-
bine, and to put up a drying chamber which will
enable us to work with greater economy, and to
place our coffee on the market in greater perfection,
and so command a higher price.

I would finally urge upon the shareholders the
desirability of taking up their quota of the new issue,
which will be at the same figure as the old shares,
viz., £8 paid up, and £2 liability. I have applied
for more than my quota, as I believe it is to my
advantage to increase my holding as much as
I can. The area planted w'ill be larger, and proper
machinery will be put up which will enable the Mana-
ger to economise on the annual expenditure.

I have drawn up an estimate of the probable ex-
penditure of this year and of next year, based upon
the actual expenditure up to date, which shews that
with the assistance of the cash obtained by tne issue
of 200 new shares, which will b expended on new
clearings and on machinery, we may expect to have,
a balance in hand of about four hundred pounds
after paying our very moderate London manage-
ment expenses, which only amount to about fifty
pounds a year. I would take the present opportunity
to remind our shareholders that we pay nothing to
our Directors, and before I sit down I should like to
propose a very cordial vote of thanks to our Dire . tors
for t'u.,- time and care they g'va tj o ir iute --ts.

\V.i.h a vote of thanks to olr. II:iry >V . liter, and
to the Directors, the m *eting terminated.

THE OXIDATION OF TEA.

Messrs. Richard Moreland and Sou, the makers of
Mr. Nathan Sharpe’s tea machinery, have just con-
structed a machine which they call the “ Simplex Cool
Oxidizer" (Nathan Sharpe’s Patent). It is designed
for keeping rolled leaf perfectly cool during the im-
portant process of o.xidation or fermentation, and it
is claimed for it that it thus improves the quality and
market value of the manufactured tea.

At present oxidation occupies various periods of
time according to atmospheric and other con-
ditions. These various periods of time, it is
stated by the manufacturers of the machine, may now,
by the use of the “ Simplex ” Cool Oxidizer, be
turned into regular periods of given time, at
the termination of which the tea maker can rely on
the proper colour being attained. It is also claimed
that nesides improving quality by cool oxidation and
ensuring regular time, this machine dispenses with
the present necessity for the erection of separate
fermenting rooms or houses, as well as the attendant
labour for syringing the walls and surroundings
with water. Great economy in room is also effected,
as the machine only occupies a ground space of 12
feet by 0 feet, 864 square feet of leaf surf, me being
attained. Thus a machine of this size will approxi-
mately take 36 rolls, or 11,000 1b. of rolled leaf at

Tlie "Simplex” Cool Oxidizer is made m two sizes, al-
though any special size can be made to suit garden

requirements.

The machine consists of a series of racks, upon
which the trays filled with rolled tea leaf are placed.
A tank at the top of the machine is kept full of water
and this water is fed by means of perforated pipes in
small sprays down inclined boards on to the (ferment-
ing) cloth ends and sides of the machine, which are
thereby automaticallv saturated, thus forming a
saturated cloth chamber in which the leaf is placed,
For the effectual cooling of the air, and consequent
reduction of temperature, two air propellers play on
to and force air through the saturated cloth ends of
the machine. The air thus forced around the leaf is
effectually cooled by its displacement and contact
with the saturated cloth. When the desired colour of
Uftf i« attained the water i« turned off (by the regu

lator taps), the air propellers stopped, and the satur-
ated curtains at the sides of the machine pulled on one
side. The trays being withdrawn, emptied, and re-
charged with freshly rolled leaf, the curtains are
again closed up at the sides, the water turned on and
the air propellers started. Some idea of the cooling
capacity of the “ Simplex ” Cool Oxidizer can be
imagined by the fact that the two 42 in. air propellers
pass 26,000 to 30,000 cubic feet of thoroughly cooled
air through the machine per minute, and without, it
is said, in any way disturbing the leaf. — I’lantiwj
Opinion, Dec. 5.

DIGESTED TEA NOTES.

In studying Damber’s ever-useful pages, it has
often struck me how little the scientific portions of it
are appreciated by the ordinary reader. Nay, even
the practical parts are only half-digested, if one can
judge from casual conversation w'ith those who profess
to highly appreciite the book. I have an idea the
fault is as much due to the author as to the reader ;
to the former bec.anse he introduces a vast deal that
might very well have been left out (he was told to
wi’ite out a book atid he had to smell it out some-
how!),, and to the latter for carelessness iu seizing
upon the main points. So that now' the book has been
in print so long that even a bare-faced reprint w’ould
hardly effect its sale, I venture to give your readers
what I have called a “Planting Digest” of sorts.
Inasmuch as most eminent scientists, Huxley and
a few others except- d. ha e their bumbler public
(xponent-i of thc-irhig-i jny- ie.' es, M . Keiwav Piamber
will Slot <ju:.r; el Witn m fos r. .lUer iu'.T him a imil ir
service.

Gexi:h,\l. — In his opening chajitci on the history
of tea, thj first practical fact we have is that ts.i
grows over the vast spree of 23 degrees latitude and 30
degrees of longtitude, consequently can stand almost
any climate ; from the snow-covered hills of Darjeeling
to the moist burning plains of Assam. The chief
differences iu climate , between China and India are
that in China the rains are much better distributed,
and the range of temperature is fir greater. The
tea shrub gets a far longer period of rest, and the
picking season is a great deal shorter. In Java, as
everywhere else, it has been found that the higher
the elevation the better the flavour; the best altitude
for all-round profits is from 3, .500 to 4,000. Tea plants
from China were first introduced into India in
1780, but there is strong evidence to show that the
tea plant is indigenous to India, from whence it was
probably introduced into China hundreds of years
ago. After various abortive attempts to introduce
the culture of the plant, some Bohea seed was ob-
tained in 1835 and distributed in various parts of
India : the Nilgiris we.-e one of the only two dis-
tricts in which they grew at all. Captain Minchin
planted a few of them at Manautoddy, Wynaad,
where their growth was excellent. It was in 1823
thit indigenous varieties were found to be growing in
Assam, but the value was held to be but sm dl.
Finally in 1818 Mr. Fortune made his famous trip to
China, but by that tune ab -ut 3')0 acres ha-ii been
plauie-d in viriou.s parr.s of Upper I, dia. These
pl.uititions were ail Govt.rnmeuL or rither " John
Company ” ones. Hence in our frequent railings
against the G iv eminent, we should not forget that
the very industry on which we (some of us) thrive
is due to their initiation

Plan i- Life : the Bark. — Tlie usual scientific plati-
tudes that the roots go down and the shoots grow
up, I will pass over. But the almost equally trite
remarks on the bark are worth dwelling upon, for
the most astonishing ignorance prevails on this point.
The bark consists of a layer of vitally active cells,
which in a mature plant are the only channels by lohich
the food saps pu.M up from the roots. In cold weather
the cells are inert, but in spring they are in full
activity. Yet how often one sees a man puzzle his
brains over a sulky tree, with a flagrantly dilapidated
bark. What can be the matter with the tree ? He finds
a few spots on tlio leaves. Now he has got it 1 It’s
a fungus, that’s what it is. And though he doesp'li

Jan. I, 1897.1

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

463

dream of trying to cure it, yet the supposed discovery
of the cause of the sickness relieves his mind of
a certain responsibility.

Roots. — Another fact that bears dwelling upon. The
feeding rootlets convey the nutriment they have
absorbed into the bxrk cells of the large miin rojts.
If these food-chinnels (i.e , bark cells) are e.'cposed to
the air and bruised, the flow of food stuffs is hindered
and the growth of the tree is retarded. Yet how often
does one see exposed, bruised and torn ro ots starting
from the ground, as if mutely pro'esting agiiint
the brutal treatment they have received. Dumb
yet eloquent victims of gross neglect ; one would think
your story was plain enough without these words of e.x-
planation! A clean out, on the other h ind, is only a
temporary check, as new rootlets soon form, and the ab-
sorption of food proceeds as fast as before. Thus in
young plants, as every planter knows, or it is high
time he did know, the main thing to be observed
in transplanting is to preserve the delicate feeding
rootlets uninjured. At the same tims the food-chan-
nels of the tap-root should be kept in working order,
by keeping it from being bent. The freest use of
a (sharp) knife in trimming tap-roots is to be pre-
ferred to running any dangers from the coslies
twisting or bending them.

TB.VNsPL.iNTiNO. — If plants are transplanted in the
growing season, a warm soil and moist atmosphere
are indispensable for success, as though miny of the
young rootlets will be destroyed, yet a fresh
lot will soon start. But it is best to transplant
when the growing season is almost or quits over,
when the needs of the youug plant are fewest.
This most important point needs to be made very
clear. If a young plant is in active growth, there
is a constant flow of food up from the roots. Now
this food can only be taken up by the tips of the
young and freshly formed rootlets. If the plant is
removed at this stage in the usual way, the majo-
rity of these tips are broksn. The plant thus has
its food supply suddenly stopped, and until fresh
rootlets are formed, has to starve. On the other
hand, if the plant is dormant, the sap stagnates so
to apeak, and removed at this stage can only af-
fect the plant in a very slight degree, and the
fresh rootlets have ample time to form by the
time their services are again required.

Roots. — As a snake swallows its prey by in reality
crawling over it, so does a root travel through the
soil solely by the absorption of the plant food it
(the soil) contains. Roots grow in length by the
formation of cells at the r extremities, and as they
almost wholly feed with these extremities, they are
always in the most favourable position for a good
supply of food, as they are continually getting into
new soil. Roots have a marked power of selecting
certain foods they require, hence the great differ-
ence in the constituents of different species of
plants. • But his power is strictly limited and does
not prevent their absorbing poisonous juices should
such be present, often in this way causing the ill-
ness or even death of the plant. Another peculiar
property, and one very little known, lies in their
power of excreting substances injurious or un-
necessary to the plant. This is distinct from
their solvent root action, t.e., power of exud-
ing acids that decompose and render soluble ooher-
wise useless, because inert, minerals. As may bo
imagined, one of the chief reasons of the failure of
great numbers of any particular species of plant to
grow continuously in the same soil is due to the
accumulation of these excreta. This, as Mr. Bamber
says, would p.artially account for the gradual decay
and dying out of old tei plants.

As I mentioned before, anything that tends to
obstruct the free passage of sap along the sap-chan-
nels, i.e.. the bark, must result in weakening the
growth. Knots are one of the commonest forms of
obstruction, and should be sedulously removed.

Sap. — The uses of leaves are principally the con-
version of the crude sap taken up by the roots into
forms available for the production of new wood and
other growth ; the evaporation of excess of mois-
ture f(Om the sap ; and lastly the absorption of gases.

Evaporation proceeds in the case of tea principally
through the openings on the under side of the leaf.
The result is concentration of sap, which by the law
of endomosis (the power of fluids of different densi-
ties to mix and become of the same density) results
in a farther supply of sap coming up from’ the roots.
The moister the atm osphere the weaker or more di-
luted is the sap, especially in the growing shoots.

Now, the thorough transformation of the crude sap
in the leaves into those products suitable for the
formitiouof fresh cells, requires certain conditions
of climate, season and time. The special “tea-moral"
of this is, as Mr. Bamber points out, very obvious.
What we cill flivour, body, pungency and strength
are entirely due to certain sap compounds formed in
leaf under favourable conditions. Yery quick flush-
ing means a loss of seme of these compounds, especi-
ally wnen this quick growth is from a freshly pruned
bush, which has net sufficient leaves to carry on tho
necessary chemical changes.— Tea Planter.

— Planting Opinion^ Dec. 5.

empire of INDIA AND CEYLON TEA
COMPANY.

The first ordinary general (statutory) meeting of
the Empire of India and Ceylon Tea Company
Limited, was held on Friday at Winchester House’
Old Broad Street under the presidency of Mr. W. h'
Verner the chairuaan of tho company.

The Secretary (Mr. H. P. Turner) having read the
notice convening the meeting.

The C.iairman said Oentlemen, this beiuc' the
statutory general meeting it will not be necessary
tor me to Ueal at any length with the position of
the company. In tact, I could not do so, for wa
have not got the necessary figures. There are
however, a few remarks that it would, perhaps be
"'u- There is one matter about

which we have heard certain people complaining' viz
the delay in obtaining a Stock Exchange quotation.'
1 le soUoifcors I think are in some measure res-
ponsible for this, for they have required a great deal
to informatioo, and although we are inclined to
tomk there is generally some useful excuse in all
uoh cases, there is, in the present instance, a
re asonaole explanation to be given, because in the
matter of these properties I find that the solisitors
nave had to satisfy themselves as to the good title in
tho case of soms fifty-seven tenures, and that means
a good deal of Jnvestigation which cannot all be
done in a day. If any shareholder wishes for an
explanation of the matter our solicitor is in the
room, and will reply to any question which may
bs put with reference to the property about which
there has been some diffimlty in closing the transac-
tion, viz. the ILimlai property. It is comparatively
srnill an i unimportant property, but owing to a
aiffiouity that has arisen it is not quite certain that
it will really become the property of this comnanv
although it is believed it will. At all events there
has bee i some delay about it. Some of you gentle-
men will perhaps be saying, “ Well, now, we are
getting on in the year, and perhaps you can tell
113 something about what the results are going to be "
Well, gentlemen, I am very sorry to say i cannot
tell you thati witu any assurance ; but what I
can say is this, that ths company’s gardens
generally have bsen making good teas, some
of them very high-class-teas, those of the
principal garden having averaged up to date close
upon 13d ; and tea experts, of whom I see several
in this room, will tell you that is a very good fio’ure.
On the other hand, these same tea experts miirht
turn upon me and say, “ What about the prices you
are getting for your Haiha Patha teas?” These are
low, 1 quite admit, but I would point out that this
garden is giving a yield of about eleven maiinds to
the acre, so that I hope this large and very un-
common yield of tea will make up for the lowness
of Its price. The greater number of the gardens
of the company are turning out teas far above tbg

4^4

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan, i, 1S97.

average, aud some of them are realising very high
prices. Of course we have only sold a certain por-
tion of our tea, and it would be quite premature
on my part to predict what is likely to be the re-
sult of the current year. Everything, however
points to favourable results. Some few weeks later
— about the end of the year — when the time
comes to pay you an interim dividen'l, I hope
I shall be in a position to tell you what the
teas have realised and what is the approximate
value that they are likely to realise through
the whole year. I can only say that the portion
which has been sold has been sold satisfactorily.

As regards the future of the company I will not say
very much, but I may tell you that the directors enter-
tain a very strong expectation of success. There are,
of course, certain matters which must always be guar-
ded against, and possibly even be feared, ' but those
are attendant on any commercial undertaking, and
in the case of this company, as in most othor tea
undertakings, they are of quite a minor charac-
ter. There may be dif&calties about exchange

and similar matters, but there are two things
particularly upon which our success must greatly
depend, and to these I will draw your

attention. One is the question of obtaining
new markets, and I am glad to be able to tell
you — for I know something about the matter,
as I happen to be on the special committee ap-
pointed by the Indian Tea Association, which deals
with the question of new markets — every day seems
to show that Indian teas are spreading more and
more abroad through America, Canada, Australia,
Persia, and many other countries ; and — we hope
we shall be able to make a very considerable advance
in the consumption of Indian teas on some parts
of the continent of Europe. There is one other
thing which is of very great importance, and that
is that, so far, matters connected with the tea in-
dustry have met with very little of what I might
call scientific attention, but now I am glad to say
a number of people who are most active in the tea
business are trying to look at the thing from a more
scientific point of view, and the quest'on has "Tjcen
raised aboiu the appointment of a scientific in-
vestigator or analyst in connection with the Indian
tea industry. Now, I would remind you of the words
that fell from Mr. Balfour yesterday. What he
pointed out was that the manufacturers of Germany
were maintaining at their own cost special scientific
investigators to consider how far their business could
be advanced by recent discoveries, and also to make
discoveries so far as they could themselves. Now, we
are just in the position of manufacturers. We grow
tea, but we are also manufacturers of it, and if there is
one thing that the tea industry requires more than
anything else — one great safeguard — it is that this
matter sliould be dealt with; I refer to the growth
and production of tea by real experts, fully versed in
the latest scientific discoveries. You can well under-
stand why this matter has been raised, and I am glad
to say we are told that the Government of India will
ive the tea industry some support in this direction,
hope we shall be able to make some arrange-
ment whereby we shall get some really good men
who will not merely help us to guard against
blights and other dangers to which tea-growers are
subject, but who will go into the whole question
of the manufacture of tea — the drying, withering,
and fermenting from scientific point of view — show-
ing where we can hope to make advances in quality
aud where we can hope to guard against the blights
which have already appeared, but which I am
glad to say have made no further pi’ogress. I refer
to the mosquito fly, red spider, and so on. I trust
we shall then bo able to guard against all future
evils of the same sort. I have no doubt that a
large number of conqianies, including the company
which I here represent, and also otlier companies
of the directorate of which I am a member, will join
together and arrange matters so that we may not
be surpassed in the business by Gormans, but may
bring to our assistance all the resources that
Bciouce can produce. Such a step would, I think,

greatly contribute to the success of not only this
company, but of all other Indian tea companies,
and enable them to obtain large profits and
distribute large dividends in the future. It is
hardly necessary, perhaps, for me to address
you about these things, but you can under-
stand that it is just as well that such an important
question as I have referred to should be ventilated
as far as possible. I see before me a large number
of gentlemen well acquainted with the business and
well versed in such matters, and it is for that
reason that I have made these few remarks upon
the question of scientific help.

A Shareholder inquired when a settlement in the
shares would take place.

The Chairman : — I am very hopeful that;it will take
lace almost immediately. It is a matter that is
efore the Stock Exchange to-day. We have ap-
plied, but there was a little legal difficulty in one
oint which, I think, kept us back a little. That,
owever, has now been got over, and I hope the
Stock Exchange will fix a day fora the special settle-
ment and will grant us a quotation.

There was no motion to submit, and, there being
no further questions, the meeting closed.

fTlie quotation, referred to above, has been granted
by the Stock Exchange Committee, and the speciai
settlement fixed for December 2.]

TEA MACHINERY.

There are many planters still on the active list, who
will remember the old days, when every process
connected with the manufacture of tea was done
by manual labour, and when tea was fired over
charcoal tires. When driers were first introduced,
a great controversy arose as to whether tea could
as,, effectually be dried by pure hot air, as the
heated air which arose from burning charcoal. It
was alleged by some, that the fumes arising from
live charcoal tires, acted in some way chemically
on the leaf, aud that this ac^ion was essential to
good tea being manufactured. So also with rollers :
the conservatism of that time, declared that leaf
could never be so well rolled, aud such exquisite
twist obtained, by machinery as by hand. Many
thought that although machinery would be a great
saving of labour, it would practically mean the
deterioration of tea. As for packing by machinery,
such a thing was never dreamt of, even in the
wildest flights of imagination. It was as far from
the thoughts of the old generation as plucking by
machinery is from ours. Yet, when we look back,
even the past ten years, what wonderful improve-
ments have taken place ; and if we progress in the
same ratio, we see no reason why there should not be
plying an automatic plucksr, ere another decennary
passes over our heads. When wo look back, dow'u
the vista of the past, and survey all the machines
which have been invented, and which have had their
day and passed out of use, we are simply amazed at the
rapid progress which mechanical skill is making, in
turning out new aud improved machinery for the tea in-
dustry. In fact, so rapid is the pace, that before some of
the late inventions have had time to be classed as old,
they are superseded by latter improvements, which
place the former in the category of those defunct, and
merely to be added to those already gone before.
Thus, early in their infancy, having finished their
course, they serve only to stand as memorial stones
along the path of progress. There are now so many
machines that purchasers find it very difficult to
decide which to choose. The two best known inventors
are Messrs W. and J. .Jackson, whose tea machinery
are manufactured by klessrs. Mai'shall, Sons and
Co., Ed., Gainsborough, England, and the Messrs.
Davidson and Co., of llelfast, Ireland. The brains of
these gentlemen never seem to tire, and the rivalry
is so ]((>en between them, that wc are not
allowed breathing time to decide the merits of anyone
machine, before it is “ capped" by another, In these
days of competition, it is impossible for such machinists
to rest on their oars. Go ahead they must, for if they

Jan. I, 1897.]

T^ME TROPIC \L

AGRICaLTQPiSr.

do not, the only alternative for the one which
fails to keep pace with the times, is to go to
the wall. It is a death struggle, and one
which of sheer necessity must be maintained.
The question is what is it leading to ? Have
their machines by any means reached the point of
perfection, or will they yet produce machinery, which
it has not yet eve i entered into our minds to con-
ceive of in our flights of fancy ? Is tea machinery
yet in its infancy ? We are inclined to think, judg-
ing from the past, that the day is not far distant,
when we shall look upon our present machines as
antidiluvian — so many more milestones marking the
march of progress. It is impossible to forecast what
evolutions will take place, but the finger of history
points very clearly to vast improvements, even on
our present machines. We consider them well nigh
perfection, and can scarcely conceive of more per-
fect machines, but time alone can show us what the
ingenuity of engineers and machinists can devise.
When we come to think of it, even the bast of our
tea factories are far from what they shjuld be. This,
of course, is owing more to economical reasons, than
aught else. Estates cannot afford to cast aside their
old machines and be constantly investing in new ones.
But, little by little, the old and antiquated machines
will have to be discarded, and replaced by those of the
latest type. The change will be gradual, but certain.
And so with our present tea-house, they will also give
place to vastly improved factories. As new and im-
proved machinery is evolved, so the edifices to
contain them will likewise have to be built to new
patterns. In another ten or fifteen years’ time, we
shall look upon our present buildings as so many
veritable Noah’s Arks. These remarks have been
called forth by our attention having been drawn
to soma new automatic machinery advertised (in our
advertisement pages) by Messr.s. Davidson & Co., —
Mr. Davidson’s patent new Automatic Sirocco
Tea Drier, and the DavkDon-Maguire Patent
Tea Packer. It is necessary for us to introduce
“ Sirocco ” machinery to our readers, as its
merits are so widely known among d all planters,
but ns Messrs. Davidson & Co. have recently
Introduced so many improvements in their old
machinery, and have also put on the market some
entirely novel machines, we feel justified in giving
a few particulars. With reference to the ‘‘ Automatic
Continuous Web Sirocco Tea Drier,” the machine
has worked the whole of this season, and yielded
results beyond expectation. It has turned out an
average four maunds an hour of pucca dried tea,
which shows what an advance it is on other similar
machines. The chief feature about it is that the
damp leaf is introduced into the hottest blast of
air, which effiectually and instantaneously checks the
fermentation. The tea is then finished off at a lower
temperature, as it automatically traverses through
the machine, finally coming out cool to the hand,
with a delicious aroma. 'This method of drying
allows for the extraordinarily high tempera-
ture of 300° to be used without risk of

overfiring, as, for as long as) the tea contains any
moisture, its temperature cannot be raised above
about 200°. It may apnear strange to our readers
such a high temperature being permitted, but when
we can state as a fact, that the teas dried in this
machine this season, have fetched Jd. a pound
more than last season’s teas, they will see for

themselves the advantages to be derived from this
method of drying ; one which is sure to be followed
in future machines. The stove is of the multitubular
pattern, the smoke and flame passing tJn-ouph the
tubes, enabling any accumulation of sort to be
removed by means of a wire brush, a very much
simpler operation than cleaning the outside of a
nest of tubes. The whole of the furnace is of iron,
no brick entering into the arrangement.

All types of Updraft Siroccos are built with com-
bined air and smoke chimneys, on the principle of
the original No. 1 Sirocco, which has ahvays been
considered by planters as the best machine for dry-
ing tea. These machines have been giving very
good results as regards the cmality of tea made,
and Managers report increased outturn,

465

The tea Packer has bseu affording satisfaction,
and its advantages duly appreciated, especially by
the brokers in London, who have been issuing very
valuable reports on the condition of the teas packed
by this machine. The latest improvement to it is a
self-feeding hopper, which considerably facilitates the
working of the machine.

In addition to those machines Messrs. Davidson
& Co. have also Sorters ; but their latest marvel is
a new patent Tea Roller, which, if it fulfils all
expectations, and accomplishes all that is claimed,
for it, will indeed take the cake, and put the other
makers on their mettle. This Roller has a capacity
for holding 300 to 400 pounds of withered leaf, and
is said to require the very small driving power (in-
dicated by dynamometer test) of 1-20 H.P. only
when empty and 5 H P. when working at its maxi-
mum load. The leaf is kept absolutely cold during
the rolling process ; lumps, etc., are automatically
broken, and any tea that escapes from between the
upper and lower rolling surfaces, is automatically
swept round to a delivery spout on the table, where
it can be collected in a basket or box. The machine
is strongly and wall made ; all parts in contact
with the leaf are made of brass, and the price f.o.b.
steamer, Birkenhead, is £115 only.

No spec al machine, or apparatus, for fermenting
has as yet been devised, but doubtless this process
will also in time occupy the attention of some
scientific mechanician, and so ne patent be produced,
which will enable us to catch on to, and permanently
hold, th« exact colour required by the market. It
is not by any means an impossibility; a man with
his wits about him, and who will take the trouble to
thoroughly study the subject practicalhj , will, we feel
sure, eventually succeed iu inventing an apparatus,
which will automatically ferment leaf to any colour
required. Suph a machine is certainly not out of the
realm of practical possibility, and it is more than
probable, that ere long, a fermenting apparatus will
be found in every tea factory throughout India. — ■
Indian Planting Gazette, Nov. 27.

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

Persian “White Tea. ’’-^According to the Keni
UuUetin a small quantity of the “ white tea ” of
Persia, as it is called, has been forwarded by Her
Majesty’s Consul at Ispahan for the Museum of
Economic Botany. The tea proved to be very
similar to that described in the Bulletin under the
name of P’u-erh tea in 1889. The finest of this tea
is said to be reserved for the Court of Peking. The
sample from Yezd was composed of the undeveloped
leaf but buds, so thickly coated with fine hairs as
to give them a silvery appearance. The liquor from
the Persian white tea was of pale straw colour with
the delicate flavour of good China tea. It is known,
but now little appreciated, in the English market. The'
following particulars respecting it were communicated
by Messrs. Gow, Wilson, and Stanton; — “This
class of tea has been very scarce during the last
few years upon the London market, the price which
the English trade were prepar.1l to pay being very
unsatisfactory compared with that which could be
obtained in Persia. In London this class of tea is
called ‘flower pekoe congou,’ and the last lot that
we remember having seen, which w.as some two or
three years ago, we ourselves sold to a client iu
Constantinople, the tea evidently being destined for
the Persian market. For home- consumption this
tea is not worth much more than Is per pound, but
for export purposes good specimens command as much
as 3s to 5s per pound.”

The Competition in the Tea Trade.— The energy
and enterprise shown iu the pushing of packet
and other teas are remarkable, and there seems
no limit to the devices employed to catch buyers.
Nearly all the articles comprised in the furnishing
trade, including pianos, have been offered at one
time or another to the purchaser of a given quantity
of tea, and now we notice the following advertisement;
“ Free.— One lesson (twenty minutes) on violin oj

466 the tropical

mandoline will be given to every one who buys one
pound ot adveitiser’s two shilling tea. ’ As a contra:,!
to this kind of thing a supply stores in Essex wooes
customers with a notification which says: ‘-We have
no expensive advertising or crack-jaw names for our
customers to pay for. When you buy tea don’t pay
for other people’s boasting. For ready money we
guarantee that you will get better tea from us than
you can buy anywher else at the price. Will you put
us to the test? Our tea is justly celebrated for its
marvellous strength and luscious fragrance. Will you
try a quarter-pound sample packet to-day?" The
ingenuity of the advertiser is profound. The latest
development is so remai-kable that it deserves
special notice, although it has nothing to do with
tea in this case. The proprietors of a certain article,
which shall be nameless, are going to send up a
billo ■)n at an early date from which a number of
cheques, varying in value from £1 to tTO, will be
throw’n out. They will, of course, subsequently be
cashed at the offices of the firm in question.

Last Week’s Tea Markets. — Referring to last
week s tea sales the Produce Markets Jteview says :
“With ample supplies to meet the increasing de-
mand, the market for Indian tea continues steady,
excepting for the common and undesirable kinds.
The latter have formed a large proportion of the
quantity brought forward, and as they have now
receded to a low point they will, no doubt, go
more freely into consumption. As the imports,
however, will probably for some time Ir.rjjly
consist of common gra'es, buyers will bo able
to replenish their stocks as the necessity arises ; at
the same time prices now appear to have reached
a sate level. For the better sorts there has been
good competition at quite former rates, and it is
quite likely that there will be a firmer tendency
rather than the reverse, as the consumption is keep-
ing pace with the supplies. It is evident from the
deliveries, which show a considerable increa.se over
those of the preceding year, that even if the latest
estimate of the crop is reached, it will not prove ex-
cessive to meet the considerably increased consump-
tion. At the public sales there were 50,800 packages
offered, Including a good assortment of most growths,
competition being very active in some cases. This
was particularly noticeable for the finer Davjeel-
ings, which were of exceptional quality, and fetched
extreme rates, while the finer descriptions of other
growths sold readily at rather firmer prices. Me-
dium sorts were well bid for at late rates, while the
common teas sold in favour of buyers. At the
Calcutta sales on the Ifith inst. the common grades
generally passed at slightly lower latos, but there
was a strong demand for the better teas. The
market for Ceylon teas has been rather better sup-
plied, although the quantity offered is still small.
Competition for all good grades continues active,
especially for medium Pekoes, and tlie m.arket closes
‘ with a stronger tendency. Tlie demand for tlie com-
mon descriptions is steady at prices showing no quot-
able change, and the values of the lower broken
kinds remain unaltered. Good broken Pekoes are
still difficult to obtain at about lOJd to lid, whilo
the finer descriptions have been well competed for
at firm rates.”

Free Trade in Tea and Coeeee eor Belgium. —
The Bchjian Times states that it is the intention of
the Belgian Government, in the course of the pre-
sent session to introduce a Bill for entirely freeing
both coffee and tea from import duties.

The Indian Mango. — Surprise has often been
expressed that no effort has hitherto been
made to introduce the Indian mango to the
home fruit market. Except in the form of chutney
it is unknown here, and we are, therefore, glad to
learn that a determined attempt is to bo made next
year to bring the mango to London in sufficient quan-
tities to bo of commeicial consideration. 'I he possi-
bility of conveying a fruit so delicate and quickly
spoiled as this has on several occasions been demon-
strated, and for some years past a dish of them has
been a feature of the official dinner of the Secretary
pf State for India on tho t,)ueeu’s birthday. Several

AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. i, 1897.

gentlemen, who take an interest in tho matter from a
pitriotic as well as an industrial point of view, want
to give the experiment a large and conclusive trial-
English taste has taken kindly to the banana and the
pomegranate, and is grateful for the West Indian pine
apple, and there seems every reason to think that the
Indian fiuit would be no less ivelcome.

THE CENTRAL AFRICAN PLANTERS
DINNER.

(From the Central Afiicaii Planter, Oct, 15.)

Tlie Fiist Annual Planters’ Dinner was held
on the evening of the 18th Sept., at the Zambesi
Trading Coiniiany’s new hall, kindly lent for the
occasion by tlie iVIanager, Mr. Beyer. The hall
was beautifully decorated with a coffee wreath
going the round of the walls ; also with four
fe.stuons of colfee leaves hung from the centre of
the ceiling to the four corners. The tables had
a nice dis))lay of flowers and evergreens and the
general eifect was very tasteful. Mr. C. M.
Duncan of Miehiru was in the chair.

After various sentiments had been pledged,
our contemporary’s report continues; —

The Chairman then rose to propose the toast
of the evening — “Colfee .and the Planters.” In
the course of his speech he said th.at whatever
else might he saitl this country must st.and or
fall by Colfee ; things no doubt would finally
come out all right ; he had himself taken up
large interests in the country, and he was not
afraid of iiigli money.

Ml. Paolucci, who replied to the toast,
said — Mr. Cliairm.au, (Jentlenien, Friends — Our
chairman has done me the honour ot calling upon
me to respond to the to.ast of the evening
“ Collee and the idanlers.” I see here Scotch-
men, Englishmen — 1 regret there is no repre-
sentative of the Emerald Isle Imt we shall h.ave
later on — and foreigners of various iia' ionalities :
but all Britishers and foreigners either by reason
of nationality, or old connections and a.ssoci.a-
tions, or deeply laid interests, are all extremely
interested in this country, and our prosperity
and welfare are bound up with the prosperity
of the Shire Highlands and British Central
Africa--,and this prosperity de])ends mainly
on coffee. Some of us have load a crop tiiis
ye.ar, .and .as for those that have not got
one, why they are even better off, as the

joys of an anticipation are far sweeter
tliau the satisfaction of a jierhaps iudiff'er-

enb realit.y. It is well befitting that after all
our trouble, we should hold tliis social gathering
as a relax.ation. I remember when some ye.ars
ago I used to go up and down the river about
this time of the year iu those boats and canoes,
that were then the real tramiis ot the river, I
started many times from Chikwawa with two little
boys hoping to wake up my crew on the way. I
stopped at the first village and made cinjuirics but
w.as told the people were all ou the other side.
Doing wh.at? At a beer-drinking! Everywhere
almost the same answer and then it struck me
that re.ally the native after all his trouble iu
getting in his chimanga, shouting himself hoarse to
frighten .aw.ay the birds, after his tremendous exer-
tions, which perhaps we cannot well re.alize, when
he load gathered his crop he w.anted to relieve his
pent up feelings and went beer-drinking. 'NVe
also have bail our crops and want a relief. Do
not think the comparison un justified as it is all
well within tlie iron ring of human nature, which
encompasses all humanity, at whatever age, in
whatever climate, undei whatever colour ot skin.

Jan. r, 1897.)

TIIK TROPIC U. AGRiCULTaRHT.

467

Ido not pretend or s, ay tlint tliifi dinner constitutes
in itself the rehixaton ; no, hut it is a tjood
stait, and if any planter wants nnjre relaxation,
why, he knows where to «o and 5,'et it (Ianjj;htcr).
1 said that we have had our crops, for some tlie
second or third, for some their maiden crop. Here
remark, please, how appropriate the word maiden
is. The striving after those lew hundred pounds,
represented by tlie maiden crop. Is certainly quite
.as exciting, and in its inner working (jiiite as
poetical anti interesting, although not quite so
ple.asant, as the wooing of a fair maid. You
remember when you had decided to turn planter,
the looking lirst for the land, that was to be the
picic of the land, the tramping up hill and down
dale ; but that w.as nothing. Tlie troubles
began when you oegan canv,a.ssing for friendly
advice (laugliter). You went to a friend and
said, “ Oh 1 I have my eye on a splendid
piece of land, full of masiiku trees.” “ My
dear fellow, have nothing to do with masu-
ka land — I kno.v too well by experience. Tlien
you started again and went to another friend —
“ found the linest bit of land out -deep loam-
chocolate colour — the very tiling to plant collee
on — ” to be met with, “ Well, old chap, of
course the money is your own and you can do
what you ple.ase witii it, but if you care for
my candid opinion, if you want to ruin yourself
you could not start better than by buying that
laud” (laughter). Howe\er you linally take the
])lunge, buy the land, and there you are land-
owner and planter — a country squire. Then

begins the whistling for labour which does not
turn up and for rain that won’t fall, but at hast
after all your eH'orts and exertions you .see then
the dower's on your trees, the young spikes funn-
ing and linally the young berries formed. Oh,
those berries ! they are from that moment the
children of our hearts and we give them all a
father’s care. We keep away from them the
weeds .and the vermin, and when they are ripe
we leave them to 'oe plucked ny dark but comely
Anf'oni m.aitlens and children. Then we submit
them to the short but severe trial of the
pulper, out of which they come free of
uncoil tlmess, and as “cleanliness is next to godli.
ness” we wash them in the tank prepared for them.
In this opera, ion all the bad characters, all the
refractory ones, are revealed — uidike the child in
Pears’ soap, instead of staying at the bottom of
the tank, these b.ad ones insist on coming to the
toj), and with an aching heart we put them
away. It is very sad but cannot be bellied— as
there are black sheep in every dock so there
.are empty berries in every crop (laughter).
After the beans h.ave been w.ashed .ve expose
them to the kisses of the African sun,
which makes them ready for their journey
boil e, to be admired by our fellowmen across
the sea, and be snatched u)) as they are offered.
And now see these beans, the children of our
hearts, closely elbowing each other in a b.ag, a
nice bag, we shall say a hundredweight bag,
marked with our brand. They .are lifted on the
shoulders of stahvart M.achingas, who start on their
journey to the river. We bid them God-speed, .and
in that moment we forget all past troubles, and
with a contempt for arithmetic, which does us
credit, we never stop to think what a small part
of our troubles and money those beans repre-
sent, and after .all if we had only ten bags for
the dfty we expected, what does it matter ? A
merciful Providence (or shall I s.ay the other
party ?) looks after its own, and the next
crop will be a bumper crop, and soon

re-establish Hie balance of accounts. Yes,
there arc good times coming, but we
must wait. Do not take this as a common-
place ))latitude, usual to be said on such occa-
sions no, sterling worth to be proved must

stand the trial by lire and i he fact is borne upon

me that we are simply going through a neces-
sary jieriod of (irobation. Men die of black-

water fever or other insidious disease, cattle are
taken off by some mysterious pest we cannot
cope w'ith, coffee is inflicted with bastard
wood and other passing ills, but we shall

go through them all and triumph. Th»re
has been a lirst period of pure and

simple i)ioneering when people did their best with
a rule of thumb, now we are in the second
period in which we talk very learnedly, very learn-
edly iiuleed, about shade, nuanure, pho.sphates,
potash, nitrogen, but still take care not to go in
for them as we cannot afford it. Then there is
the third period near at h.and and this is 'when
the man with the 00/ (excu.se the vulgarity of the
word but it is very expre.ssive) be he the large
capitalist, alilicted with .a plethora of cash apd
seeking investment for his surplus, or the young
scapegrace whom a noble family loves very dearly
but likes to see far away for a while, or the
thrifty son of a thrifty father looking for higher
interest for himself or his jiapa, the man with the
oof I say will come, plank down his money, apply
all the latest teaching of chemistry and .agricul-
tural science— and succeed. When that time comes
we shall know (within thirty per cent or there-
about) what we are worth. Two kinds of people
will regret this new state of affairs— those gifted
with a lively imagination who will no more be
able to count their wealth by thousands and sent
of thousands, and those hopelessly despondent
jieople who affect to be in a perpetual lit of the blues.
Gentlemen, we could otter to the home investor
2.3 i)or cent, 15 per cent if we w.ant to make
sure, but for a dead cert.ainty we can offer 12 per
cent. Nor for 10 per cent men will soar to the
skies and go deep down to the bowels of the earth
but after having found, proved and established a
truth the next thing is to hammer it into the
heads of the people and this is the task which
lies before you. Bring home to the investor the
soundness of the investment we offer and there
will be no money left at the Bank of
England in a short time (laughter). In the
meantime go on working hard and be of
good cheer — there is nothing more manly
than a proper spirit of cheerfulness under ad-
verse circumstances and let your w.ntchword be
patience. Patience is a domestic virtue that
everybody thinks the ea.siest thing to pract se, in
fact a cheap virtue .and is identified get erally
with that humble but very useful animal (whicli
of all our importations and improvements is cer-
tainly the .successful one) the jackass ; but
patience, friend, is at the s.ame time the virtue
of the strong, conscious of good and .solid work
done— sulking is not patience, grumbling is not
patience. I would like to repeat the woi’ds that
Oliver Cromwell told his soldiers on the eve of a
great battle if they might not seem ludicrous in
the mouth of a young man like myself — “ Trust
in the Lord and keep your powder dry ” — that
means in our case, go on extending and improv-
ing, especially improving your estates, work
hard and cheerfully as you have done before,
and success will follow — it cannot fail to come.
At the end of my speech I cannot help ex-
pressing some disappointment at many of our
fellow-planters not turning up, Many have

THE TROPICAL AGRICUL 1 URIST.

IJAN. I, 1897.

46s

pleaded extra work and distance and we will
absolve tliein this time from the sin of omission.
Tills year wo have only Ijceii a little over lliirty,
hut we have done what wa.s necessary, established
the precedent. Next year we will Ije fifty,
sixty, let us hope. Next year instead of the
Committee or the honorary Secretary having to
button-hole every fellow and coddle liim to come
to the dinner, wo shall simply advertise in the
local papers that “The Guild or Corporation of
Planters will hold t heir annual dinner at Beyer’s
Hall on such and such a date” and lam sure
everyone who possibly can will come. In this
place where there is an excellently organised and
highly successful Shooting Club, a Sports Club
wliicli promises to be eipially successful, a Socil
sociable Club, open to everybody on the most
liberal terms, surely there is enough public
spirit left to support a I’lanter’s Dinner, a social
function which occurs only once a year and at
which planters renew (»r cement friendships
and discuss, 1 won’t say their interests,

b\ct some choice viands irrigated by a not
too abundant How of ligl»t wines. Material
interests must stand preeminent, but you
cannot in things human abstract from the
moral noint of view. A dinner such as this
will not put a penny in your [i >cket — in fact it
will subtract from it the exact amount of one
pound eight shillings and six pence (laughter) —
but it cannot fail to piomote liarmony and goed
feelings and .so, in however a small degree, it may
help to promote material interests also. f
cannot conclude without giving greeting to
the oldest pioneer amongst us, and in doing so
1 am sure 1 express the feeling of all. I refer to
Mr. J. Duncan — he is known and ilear to us all;
he brought the first collee plant into the country;
he has Worked hard and is the portrait of health.
He is an excellent si)ecimen of the Planter of this
country and so 1 will C(iU[)le his name with the
toast which I ask you to drink— the health of
the Planters and the succe.ss on the coffee grow-
ing industry in 13. C. A.” (Applause).

Mr. Jonathan Duncan, the pioneer planter,
then rose and gave a few words on coffee and his
experience of it.

CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA AND RUSSIA.

AVe were only able yesterday to direct atten-
tion to the minutes oi the last meeting of the
Passara Planters’ Association. The business,
howevei, is worthy of more than mere passing-
notice; and the subject to which we would now
make special reference is the resolution i)roposed
by Mr. Deaker to the elfect that private enter-
prise might now be left to exi)and the Ceylon
tea market in America, and more money should
be spent in pushing our trade in Rmssia. Some
weeks ago we ventured to expre.ss the opinion
that the time had now come when those who
were charged with the disbursement of the Tea
Fund should consider the desirability of discon-
tinuing private subsidies both in North America
and Ru-ssia, that opinion being based upon in-
formation we had received fr »..i reliable sources
that our tea had now gut such a good hold in
both countries that it was being handled by far
more firms and individuals than tho.se receiving
aid from the Tea Fund. It will be seen that
Mr. Deaker’s resolution is not (piite in line
with what we then advocated ; but wo are pleased
to think that the subject even in a [)artial form, has
been ventilated in a meeting of planters with the

result that it is likely to be brought before the gene-
ral body at its next meeting. We do not advise
the abandoning of America in favour of Russia;
we wish both countries to be treateil with on
equal terms, no ])articular trader or traders re-
ceiving special advantages in the way of subsi-
dieq over others; and now that so many feel
it necessary to handle our tea in conse(pience
of the demand that has been created, we think
the fairest plan is to let ordinary business com-
petition take its place, and expend our funds in
carrying out a general system of direct adver-
tising from which all would benefit alike.

In connection with the American campaign <a
contemporary he.ars “that, by the recent Oi-ient
mail, a letter was received by the ‘ Thirty Com-
mittee’ from the Ceylon Commissioner in America
containing a further report on his work. Mr.
Mackenzie wrote in a vei'i" hopeful strain as to
the prospects before Ceyloti [danters in the
States and Cana<la, and stated that, if we con-
tinued tlie campaign vigorously, victory would
be ours. But to attain this end extensive ad-
vertising must be done, and for this purpose an
appropriation of £l'2,006 from the Tea Fund was
asked for. The ‘Thirty Cammittee’ at a recent
meeting considered the '.-cquest, .and it was found
tliat >a lialancc of .about £8,000 was in hand to
meet next year’s expenditure.” But the question
now is, — who .are to have this money? or how
is it to be spent? Let the planters carefiilly
consider this matter.

TEA IN AMERICA.

New York Nov. 11.

Tho firm tone of the m.u-ket continues. Low
gra lea hold tlio advance of 2 to 3 cent per lb. Fine
Formosa Oolongs are steady at full figures. Greens
are held with more confidence. Japan grades
steady. To-day at noon the Montgomery Auction
and Commission Company will se'l .3,353 packages,
viz : 50',) packages Moyune, including the celebrated
, Emperor Chop ” — new season’s ; 210 boxes Hoochows,
new season’s 82S boxes Pingsney, new sjason’s:45
half-chests Japan Nibs ; 575 half-chests Congon, in-
cluding new season’s fancy Monings and Keemnns,
and handsome Leaf Pekoes; 135 packages India,
Java and Ceylon — an attractive assortment ; 573
half-chests and boxes Amoy ; 40 half-chests Foochow ;
417 half-chests and boxes Formosa new season’s and
comprising a Fancy Chop, grading fine to choicest
Extra Sifted Teas. — American Orocer.

THE TE.V TR.ADE IN RUSSIA.

Tea is the national drink pur excellence in Russia;
it is as indispensable in the food of tho people as
bread or meat, and is taken at all hours of the day.
In every town tea houses are found where a large glass
of tea, with plenty of sugar in it, is provided at a cost
of from three halfpence to twopence halfpenny,
according to tiie town and the position of the cus-
toimr.s frequenting these establishments. In these
circumstances it is only natural that the consumption
of tea in Russia attains enormous proportions, and is
yearly on the increase. According to the Journal de la
< 'hambre de Commerce de Constantinople, Russia imported
in 1894, through the port of Odessa, 15,592 000 kilo-
grammes (kilogramme — 2,204 lbs.) of tea from China.
Through the Custom-house of the Baltic large
quantities of tea are entered, chielly consigned to
Moscow, or for local consunqjtion, and by tho land
customs of Eastern Siberia, about 20,000,000 kilo-
grammes of tea, representing a value of about .5i., 000, 000
roubles, were imported. All tho tea imported by way
of Odessa or other European frontiers is leaf te.i, but
that coming into tho country via the Chinese frontier

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

469

Jan. I, 1897.]

is chiefly tea in bricks of different dimensions. These
teas are consumed by ttie nomads and ttie northern
peasants, by reason of their cheapness and the facilities
of transport. The customs duties on this kind of tea
are much lower than those on leaf tea. In the various
retail shops leaf tea is sold in packets weighing i, 4,
or 1 Russian pound at prices, varying according to
quality, from 80 copecks to .5 paper roubles the pound,
but, as a rule sufficiently good tea may be purchased
for 1 rouble 50 copecks to 2 roubles 50 copecks per pound.
Russia exports annually a certain quantity of tea in
packets, prepared by the large importing houses of
Moscow, which are well-known throughout the whole
of Europe. Ry way of Odessa, 30,000 kilogrammes
were shipped iu 1894 to the destination of Roumauia,
Bulgaria, Turkey, and Austria-Hungary. Abo"t two
years ago tea from Ceylon began to be imported, but
the quantity so far has been inconsiderable. — Journal
of ike tiocietij of Arti, Nov. 27.

ANOTHEPt CEYLON TEA COMPANY.

AN IMPORTANT AND EXTENSIVE
VENTURE.

We learn that it has been decided and the
preliminary steps have been taken to float another
large Company to work several very line pro-
perties in the Upper Dikoya, Upper Diinbula,
Raml)oda and Nuwara Eliya districts. Tlie estates
which the projected Comi)any liave acquired .are
Kandapola, and Monkswood worked in connec-
tion with it, Erotoft and Tymawr, with Kush-
brook estate and Poojagodde est.ate worked with
these ; Erroll estate, and Middleton and Tallan-
k.ande estates. The following is the acre.age of
estates : —

Total acreage. Cultivated

Kandapolla (Nuwara Eliya

280

in tea.
249

Monkswood (Nuwara Eliya)

197

197

Protoft and Tymawr (Rambodde)

316

306

Rushbrook (Rambodde)

306

1.50

Poojagodde (Rambodde)

450

50

Erroll (Dikoya)

239

215

Middleton (Dimbulla)

250

. . 225

Tallankande (Dimbulla)

265*

121

-

2,333

1,513

• Tallankanda 118a. cinchona, 10a. coffee.

The Ceylon agents for the above estates are
Messrs. Rosanquet ilc Co., but tiie (Jompany is
being jironioted in London. We underst.and th.at
the estates will be worked for and on behalf of
the Conqiany as from the end of tlie current year.

CARDAMOMS.

It is a good many years ago since cardamoms have
been so dear as they are today. In fact, there has
been no such scarcity of the drug since Ceylon com
meuced to supplant Southern India as the principal
source of supply. That was about twelve years ago.
So recently as 1884 the bulk of the card.unoms seen iu
the London market were the produce of the native
States of Travancore and Cochin, while smaller but
regular consignments were also I'eceived from other
portions of the M.ilabar coast. The Maharajah of
Travancore used to di aw a handsome revenue from his
cardamom monopoly, which was mainly based on the
simple plan that the growers must consign the whole
of their crop to a specified port — Aleppey — and thei e
sell it to the officials of his Highness. Cardamom
culture by Europeans was discouraged at Travancore
in those days. We believe that it is now permitted,
and that a tax has been substituted for the old
monopoly system. But the low market-rates of the

past few years have taken the gilt off the industry in
Travancore, just as the former high prices stimulated
by the monopoly system encouraged the spread of
cardamom-culture in Ceylon.

Before 1884, r'eylon did not export any cardamoms
worth mentioning, and those that she did send abroad
consisted mainly of the long, greenish-brown, three-
sided arched fruit which wo know as wild cardamoms.
This variety is but rarely seen now, and when a few
cases appear on the market they are always well
competed for by German exporters, for the seeds have
a very distinct aroma, and are prized in Southern
Germany for confectionery and, we believe, as ingre-
dients in liqueurs.

In the early eighties, European planters in Ceylon
commenced to turn their attention to cardamom
growing. The cultivation of that product is rather
easy, and was, at that time, very profitable. More-
over, the soil of Ceylon proved to be excellently
adapted to the raising of the drug, especially at
altitudes of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet. The
process adopted in Ceylon for drying and bleaching
the fruit was also much better than that generally
used in India, and as a result of all these favour-
able circumstances Ceylon cardamoms quickly be-
came xropular in the London market. During the first
years of prosperity of cardamom-growing iu Ceylon,
it w’as calculated that certain small plantations in
good positions yielded a year’s profit of from 2007.
to 300/. per acre. Naturally, the thing was over-
done. In 1880. 81 there were about 1,200 acres under
cardamoms in the island. The entire exports
amounted to about 16,000 lb. The highest price
paid for Ceylon cardamoms in Lonion in that
season was 9s. Id. per lb. In 1831 the cardamom
area had risen to 4,000 acres, and the exports to
236,056 lb.; but the average price had fallen to less
than one-half that of 1881. The output of Ceylon
cardamoms was then estimated at about 20 per
cent of the world’s production. Since then Ceylon
has shipped from 300,000 to 400,00 lb. a year, and
the present season appears to have been the first
in which the demand has outrun the supply.

The presenr scarcity seems to be due rather to a
failure of the Indian crops than to a serious falling-off
in the Ceylon output. India is a very large consumer
of cai'damons, and imports, even in ordinary times, a
considerable proportion of the Ceylon crop. This
season, owing to the failure of her own harvest, she
has taken more than ever, and as London at first
declined to believe in the possibility of a cardamom
famine,” and would not pay the prices that could be
obtained in India, it now finds iiself with a depleted
stock, a strong demand from America and the Contin-
ent— the consuming season being at its height — and
uncertain prospects of sufficient shipments for two or
three months to come. No wonder, then, that values
have already more than doubled, and that there is
thought to be no prospects of a serious decline. The
new Ceylon crop, which generally begins to arrive
in January, will no doubt, be hurried forward with
unusual speed this year, and it seems likely, therefore,
that the Ceylon cardamons of 1897 will fall below the
average in quality. In is somewhat strange, by the
way, that the present scarcity of the ordinary com-
mercial varieties of cardamoms has not led to an
attempt to introduce upon our markets the Siamese
cardamom, of which huge quantities (much larger
than the produce of Ceylon) are shipped every year
to Singapore and China. Though the fruit differs
greatly in appearance, the seeds of this variety, the
true A /noma ccn-damomum, greatly resemble those of
the M dabar kind. — Chemist and Druyyist, Nov. 28.

- —

TEA IN MELBOURNE.

At the auction on 24th November 598 packa*res
of Ceylon were offered, of wliich 558 packages
sold up to the following prices : For pekoe,
9Rl ; orange pekoe, lO.jd ; pekoe souchong, 8d.’
broken pekoe, I04d ; broken orange pekoe, Is 2d
^Leader,

470

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. I, 1897.

SALE OF ASSAM TEA GARDENS.

NELLIE TE.\ GARDENS.

Messrs. Mackenzie, Lyall and Company, on behalf
of Messrs. Cresswell and Co., offered for sale by pub-
lic auction at the Tea Sales Roooni, No. 5, Fairlie
Place, Calcutta, at 1 p.m. on Monday, in four
separate lots, four valuable tea gardens. The first lot
put up to the hammer w.ra the garden known as the
Nellie Tea Garden, situated in Zillih Nowgong in
Assam. This garden comprises an acreage of about 6()1
acres, of which about 612 acres are held under fee-
simple grant and about 52 acres under ten years
pottage. The area under tea cultivation is about 225
acres. The tea is on the fee-simple land, with the
exception of about three acres, which are comprised
in the pottah land. The out turn of this garden
last season was -15,120 lb., and the estimated out-
turn for the current season is 52,800 lb. The fac-
tory buildings consist of a woode:; bungalow with
thatched roof, a tea house with corrugated iron sides
and roof and cemented floor, size 66 feet by 18 feet.
Also two large cutcha withering houses and one fer-
menting house, and machinery. The bidding at the
onset was brisk, starting with R2,000 and advancing
up to R6,500, at which figure the property was
knocked down to Mr. Rates.

HII.LISUR THA GAIIDENS.

The second lot that was auctioned was the Hillisur
Tea Garden, situate at Tezpur in Zillali Duming
in Assam. This Garden comprises an area of
about 466 acres, of which 17.8-1-1 acres are held
under fee-simple grant and about 293 acres under
a pottah or lease from Government for 99 years
from 1st Augus. 1860. There ai’e also about 73
biggahs 11 cottahs to the south of the above 466
acres held in ryottee tenure. The area under tea
cultivation is 17,850 acres. There are several build-
ings on the garden, and machinery. There were no
bidders fer the property, so it was withdrawn.

LIZZIEPUB TEA GAIIDEN.

Tire next lot was the Lizziepur Tea Garden, situ-
ate at Kurseong near Darjiling. This garden com-
prises an area of about 1,956 acres, of which about
306 acres are held under Government pottah for 30
years from 1st June 1870, about 80 acres under
Government pottah for 30 years from 1st April 1869,
and about 850 aerrs under the same Goveriiinont
DOttah for a similar period from 1st April 1869. The
area under tea cultivation is 374 acres. The outturn
for the past season was 83,5201b., and the estimated
outturn for the current season is 81,000 lb. There
are several buildings on the garden with machinery.
The first bid made was Rl0,000 which rose to
R40,000, after which there were no bidders, and the
property was withdrawn.

THE MATTAGAimAH TEA GARDEN.

The valuable tea garden known as the Mattagarrah
Tea Garden, situate at Siliguri, Darjiling, was th )
last to be put up to the hammer. The property
comprises an area of about 750 acres, of which about
346 acres arc under tea cultivation held under renew-
able Government pottahs. The outturn for the past
•season was 101,868 lb. and the estim.ited outturn for
the current season is 104,0001b. The buildings at-
tached are spacious, with some excellent machinery.
The bidding started with R5,000 and advanced up
to R31,000, when on behalf of the vendors, a further
advance of 1135,000 w.is made by the auctioneers,
but there being no more bidders, the property was
withdrawn. — Englishman, Dec. 9.

THE AMSTERDAM DRUG-MARKET.

Our Amsterdam correspondent, writing on Novem-
ber 24th. states that about 27 tons of new-crop Java
cassia fistula has arrived. Four tons were offered by
auction, but only about 12s per cwt. was bid, and the
owners will not sell for less than 13s 4d per cwt.
The crop is of fair quality, but not fine. A small
parcel of cassia-pulp lias also arrived. Cubebs remain
Quite neglected and without business. About 138
boxes of flue second Sumatra Benzoin have changed

hands at about £8 7s 6d per cwt. Only common
qualities are now left in stock, but for these there
is no demand. Cananga oil : Fresh arrivals have filled
the requirements, and for the present there is no
demand. — Chemist and Druggist, Nov. 28.

HIGHLAND COFFEE OF SIERRA LEONE.

[Coffee stcnophylla, G. Don.)

The Highland Coffee of Sierra Leone (Cofee steno-
phijlla is an interesting plant, as being, according to
the Botanical Magazine, t. 7475, “ one of the two in-
digenous West African species* which in point of
Commercial value may prove a formidable rival of
the Arabian coffee.” It was discovered by Afzelius
upwards a century ago ; but was not published until
1834, when G. Don. described it from specimens
collected by himself at Sierra Leone. Sir Joseph
Hooker remarks : — ” It was regarded by Rencham,
perhaps rightly, in the ‘‘Niger Flora,’ as a variety
of C. arahica.'’

The plant is an evergreen shrub or small tree up
to 20 feet high ; youngest leaf-shoots ar-e pink.
Leaves four to six inches long by one to one and
a half broad, bright green and glossy above, paler
beneath; nerves, six to ten pairs, with small glands
at the axils, which are white, and perforated on the
upper surface. Flowers large, white, one to one and
a half inches across the corolla lobes. Rerry half-
an-inch in diameter, globose. Seels he.mispherio,
with a narrow ventral furrow.

It owes its name, ‘‘ The Higlilaud Coffee of Sierra
Leone,” to Dr. Daniell.

Mr. G. F'. Scott-Elliot, F.L.S., the botanist to ihe
Anglo-French Boundary Commission, in 1892, also
collected specimens, which are now in the Kew
Herbarium. Sir Joseph Hooker remarks that these
are of a very slender shape, with lanceolate leaves
only two to two and a half inches long by one-third
to two-thirds of an inch broad, very different from
those represented in the accompanying plate, ‘‘and
these together favour the opinion entertained by
Rentham, that both are forms of C. arahica, Linn.”

Mr. Scott-Elliot’s account [Kcm Bnllelin, 1893, p.
167) is as follows : —

“ Coffee stenaphijUa, the narrow-leaved ‘ wild,’

‘ bush,’ or ‘ native coffee,’ is sometimes found wild
in the hills, and is more often cultivated than
the Liberian. It grows very freely, and yields quite
as much as the Liberian, but is somewhat longer in
coming into bearing. Roth the natives and French
traders at Freetown say that it has a superior fla-
vour, and prefer it to the Liberian. In fact, latterly
a certain amount has been exported to a French
dealer, who is said to sell it at -4 frs. 50 cents, a lb.
as ‘best mocha.’ Considering that it is worth at Free-
town 6d a lb., this should be a fairly profitable trade,
and a trial shipment should be made by the English
merchants to find out exactly what the market
value in Liverpool woiTd be. The plant appears to
thrive best in the hig’uer hills about Sierra Leone,
on gneissose or grantic soil and can be grown at
from 500 to 2,000 ft.

The plant, from which the accompanying plate
was produced for the Botanical Magazine, was raised
at Kew from seed sent in May 1894 by Sir William
H. Quayle Jones, late Chief Justice of the West
African Settlement and Deputy Governor of Sierra
Leone.

The circumstances under which the seed was col-
lected is given in the follow’ing despatch communi-
cated to Kew by the Colonial Office : —

Deputy Governor, Sierra Leone, to Colonial Office.

Government House, Freetown, Sierra Leone,

April 10th 1894.

My Lord Marquess, — In reply to your Lordship’s
Despatch, No. 15, dated the 23rd January last,
transmitting a copy of a letter from the Director of
the Royal Gardens, Kew, asking that a few
pounds of fresh and authentic seed of Coffee steno-
phylla may be obtained and transmitted to him for
distribution to the botanic stacions in the West
Indies, which request your Lordship desired should

47i

Jai4. I, 1897.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

bo complied with if possible, I have the honour to
report that on the arrival of Mr. Crowther, the
curator of the Gold Coast, in the Colony, 1 nifinired
what was being done in the matter, and on learn-
\ncf that it was said to be too late to obtain seed,
and as authentic seed was required, and we have
no expert in the Colony, I asked Mr. Crowther
to be so good at to endeavour to obtain some
seed, and if it was not possible to do this now,
to be good enough to ear-mark some of the colTee
plants of the authentic kind, so as to enable us
to supply authentic seed when obtainable.

I am glad to say that Mr. Crosyther was able to
obtain some of the seed iciinired (nine po inds), which
he certifies as true seed, having seen it growing be-
fore it was gathered, and also gave instructions for
its being packed.

The coffee is being addressed to the Director,
Boyal Gardens, Kew, and will, if possible, be des-
patched by s.s. “ Sherbro,” which takes this des-
patch.—I have, tfec.

(Signed) W. H. Quaylk Jones, Deputy Governor.
The Most Honourable the Marquess of Ripou,
K.G. &c. &o.

Plants raised from the seed, above mentioned,
flowered at Kew as early as September 1895, in one
of tlie tropical houses. Supplies of seed and plants
of this coffee have now been distributed to the Botanic
Institutions in India and the colonies from whence,
if the plant resists the coffee disease anl proves to
be as excellent a coffee as the French merchants
declare it to be, good results may be expected.

The results of the introduction to the West Indies are
so far of a promising ch uaoter. The plants have not,
however, thriven so well as could be wished at Dominica
and Ceylon. In the /{'•.port of the Botanic Station
at Dominica for 1895 it ii stated:—" A few plants
of Coffea were planted at the station, and

twenty plants distributed in couples to various phuiters
who expressed a desire to try them. Some are re-
ported HS thriving well ; others are not so satisfac-
tory. The plants put out at the station are by no
means a success as yet, one only being in a really
healthy state.”

From Trinidad tho prospects are mere encourag-
ing. In Mr. Hart’s Annual Report for 1895 we find:
— “ From seed of this new coffee, sent from Kew, a
number of plants have been raised Some of tho
larger plants have been planted in permanent posi-
tions, and are now over three feet in height, and it
is expected will flower in a few weeks for the first
time.”

At the Castleton Gardens, Jamaica, Mr. Fawcett
is able to report Fifteen plants of Coffea sten-
raised from seeds from Kew, have been planttd
ill different places about the garden and are doing
well.” From the /tejiort of the Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, fur the year 1896, we
learn —

“ A small plantation of 36 plants of Sierra Leone
or ‘upland coffee’ {Coffea stenophulla) received from
Kew in 1894 was made in April, and plants of Lon-
chocraims so. (the one used in Trinidad as a shade-
tree for Cacao) planted among them for shade. The
growth of the coffee plants has been very irregular,
varyint» from a few inches to 3 feet, and cannot be
said to bo very promising. They have th^ appear-
ance of plants out of their element, and look as if
tho climate here did not suit them. On the other
hand, the Lonchocarpm is certainly at home, having
grown very rapidly with a branching habit, and it
promises to be a very useful shade-tree at low ele-
vations. Some of the shoots have grown 8 feet in
nine months.”

The Director of the Botanic Gardens and Forest
Department, Straits Settlements, refers to the African
coffee in his Report for the year 1895, as fol-
lows : —

“ Among these feconomic plants] is a small lot of
the new coffee {Coffea stenophijlla), a plant spoken
very highly of. It is growing steadily and well, and
ftt present docs not appear to be affected at ail by

disease. Plants have been distributed to coffee plan-
ters in different parts of the Peninsula for experi-
ment and observation,”

THE FATHER OF COFFEE-PLANTING
IN MALAYA.

The introduction of Liberian Coffee into the Ma-
layan Peninsula is to be attributed to Mr. Leonard
Wray, the fat'ier of the Curator of the Perak
Mu.seum.

Mr. Wray came out to the East early in life and
■was interested in the Assam tea fields, and eventu-
ally retired after having made a small fortune, which
he invested in planting-industrie.s Malaya. He was
a large shareholder and a Director of the Penang
Plantations Company, Limited, which owned the Alma
Estate in the Province, and also some tobacco estates
in Serdang, Sumatra. The interests of the Company
in the East were left in the hands of Mr. Walter
Knaggs, also another experienced nlanter. In 1877,
Mr. Wraj was sent out by the Board of Directors
to replace Mr. Knaggs, and it was when he was on
the Alma Estate that he gave his attention to Libe-
rian coffee. He was a firm believer in the adapta-
bility of the soil of the Peninsula to the culture of
this berry. The first nurseries of Liberian coffee
were made in the Province, and thence seeds were
taken into Perak to the Waterloo Estate, which at
one time was owned by the Company represented by
Mr. Wray. Arabian coffee was also not forgotten
by this gentleman, and he had a large nui-sery of
of the sm iller berry from which Pei'ak raised its
supply.

After a lapse of twenty years, coffee is booming
in the Malay States ; but the younger planters of
the present day may not recognise in Mr. Wray the
Father of thii Industry, if indeed they know or
have ever ho.ard of him. Mr. Wray is now retired
from active life, and lives in seclusion in Taiping,
Perak, where he has two sons in the Government
Service, one of whom is well-known in scientific
circles, while the other is a capable administrator.
— P. G. — Riiifjapore /•'icc Press, Dec. 8.

♦

Ti<:a in South Carolina, Unitkd Static, s.—
Mr. .1. M. Maitlanil-Kirwan (who i.s a passenger
on the incoming P. A' 0. steamer "Cliina” on
one of liis periodical visits of inspection of pro-
perties in which he is interested, in the colony)
semis us a letter in reference to Mr. Shepard’s
experiment in tea planting in South Carolina,
whicli makes ns curious to learn more. We
passed through the Carolinas in 1884, stay-
ing some time in the towns, but, of course, Mr.
Shepard had not begun te.a growing then. We,
however, saw the tea bush flourishing in the
open in Wa.shington under the care of the Secre-
tary to the Agricultural Department — a great
admirer of the then young Tropical Agriculturist
— and <a most enterprising promoter of new in-
dustries. But candid man as he was, Mr. Saunder
quite agreed with us that paying a dollar a day
for negro labour, tea cultivation in the Southern
States of America could not be made to pay,
even with a good ma ket at the producer’s door,
unless a heavy protection duty w.as imposed on
imports. We trust there is no likelihood of this
even from President McKinley. At the same
time, we should like to see Mr. Shepard’s in-
dividual enterprise meet with a due reward, more
especially as his produce ought to aid in educat-
ing the taste of his countrymen in appreciating
wholesome, pure tea. It will he remembered that
for some time, Mr. Shejiard employed an old
Ceylon ])l.anterwho has rolled about everywheie,
Mr. Henry Cottam ; but he must have left before
Mr. Maitland-Kii wan’s visit.

472

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

[]an, r, 1897.

INDIAN MANGOES FOR THE RKITISIl
MARKET.

Tlie following artic e appears in the Fruit
Grower of the 18th November : — If there were no
other psychological reason for bringing before
our reader's the importance of introducing the
famous mangoes grown on the island of llonibay
to tlie British markets, tlie unquestioned suc-
cess of the recent importation into tliis country
of oranges from New South Wales would surely
serve. But the celebration next year of our
Queen’s long reign leads us to seriously urge
upon the merchants and salesmen of this country
the advisability of taking advantage of the special
occasion, and considering the most important
question of popularising the fruits grown in our
colonies and dependencies. We think an ed'ort
should be made to show next year in every
possible way the facilities we possess of supplying
the home markets with, not only the necessaries,
but the luxuries of life produced within the red
line of the Empire.

INDIAN FRUIT GFNF.RALLY.

If the orange, which is a fruit to be handled
with considerable care, can be safely and satisfac-
torily transported from the Antipodes to this
countrjq and meet a ready demand, there can be
no reason whatever why fruits grown in Imlia
should not be more than equally successful. India,
the native home of the orange, of the lemon, ami
other citrous fruits, is within 15 days’ steam of
the markets of the mother country ; and the
merest tyro can estimate lor himself what this
means to the fruit growers of India. It may bo
urged by the thoughtless that, well suited as
India most unquestionably is for the growing of
almost every kind of fruit, it is a land where very
little fruit is actually grown, and the varieties are
singularly few. This, however, is only a matter
of time, and we shall without doubt succeed
in stimulating the native landowner and produce
grower in India as soon as we show him clearly
that a safe and sure market exists for all orchanl
produce that he can place in sound condition
upon the markets here. It is not only in this
country that fruit may (irove the salvation of the
owners and tillers of the soil. It is a far larger
question with regard to India, but none the less
worthy of the serious consideration of all concerned.

SIR GEORGE lURDWHlOl).

There is one fruit, however, which is grown in
India as it is grown nowhere else— the succu-
lent, toothsome, savoury mango ; and it was
only natural, when we had decided to introduce
this matter to our readers, that we should en-
deavour to collect, for their edification and in-
struction, some particulars of what has been
done in respect to the importation of this fruit
into Great Britain ; and this ’irought us into
immediate communication with Sir George C. M.
Birdwood, K.C I.E., C.S.I , who may be said to
be the pioneer importer of the mango into this
country.

Sir George has, however, only attempted to
deal with the matter on purely private lines.
He has for twenty-live years past received from
frieiui.s in India small consignments of mangoes ;
and his success up to within the past few years
was only, to say tlie most, moderate. The fruits
arrived in this country in a badly unsound con-
dition, until that system of packing which we
have for so hnig advocated in connection with
nearly all fruits was adopted ; and the moment
this simple and elfective method was tried it was
successful. The beautiful mango fruits now arrive

in .splendiil condition, and they are a luxury
rvith which only very few in tliis country are
acquainted. Grown on the island of Bombay,
where by far the best mangoes are cultivated,
gathered at the right time, carefully wrapped
in paper and packed in shallow boxes partitioned
olF in pigeon-holes, as it were, each to hold one
fruit, with holes drilled to admit of perfect
ventilation, the fruits now come over in abso-
lutely ]ieifect condition ; and are received by
.Sir George Birdwood and those friends who are
fortunate enough to share his con.signments with
the real pleasure which their merits a.s a fruit
umpiestionably deserve.

Sir George was led to inqiort these fruits from
the fact that being an old Anglo-Indian, and
having eaten the fruit regularly for years, as
soon as he came back to this country the crav-
ing for the mango developed to a (legree that
was only to be satisfied by the actual article
being brought within his reach ; and the disap-
pointment and vexation attendant upon the un-
succe.ssful nature of the early importations can
be best conceived by those who, under similar
circumstances, have patiently awaited the ar-
rival of a much cherished luxury.

The best consignments of mangoes received by
Sir George Birdwood have invariably been from
Mr. Jamsetjee N Tata, Justice of the Peace,
Esiilanade House, Bombay; and no one could
better advise than this princely Parsee merchant
in organising the coming great fruit trade be-
tween British India and this country.

TRANSPORT ARRANGEMENTS.

The acceleracion in recent years of the service
between Bombay and England has overcome
the ditliculty of transport. The judicious gathering
and packing of the fruit has followed, and thus
all hindrance to its introduction on commercial
lines here are abolished. The P. and 0. boats
usually arrive at Bombay on the homeward
journey with a fair amount of room for cargo,
and there is, therefore, no iloubt that special
arrangements could be made between merchants
on this side and consignors on the other to
develop this very jiromising branch of the fruit
trade. The credit of establishing this [irofitable
Anglo-Indian business will, we believe, be eagerly
sought by merchants and growers alike.

AROUT THE MANGO.

A good mango is one of the most luscious fruits
grown, and a mango grove is a sight to be remem-
bereil. Full of juice, fleshy, with a soft puli> like
flesh of the consistency of iiardened butter, about
the size of a very large orange with a peculiar
point at the end of the fruit, the mango grows
three or four on a stalk at the end of a branch.
It is in shape very like a large kidney potato.
In the centre of the fruit is a large stone. Hat like
a bean, the kernel being of a most peculiar and
delicate llavoiir, and considered a great luxury
when roasted.

There are many peculiar virtues attributed
by the native Indian to the mango to which we
shall refer when dealing with the matter in a
second article ; but we feel that we have suHi-
ciently urged the permanent title of the mango
to be pl.aced on the list of fruits for the home
markets from over-sea dependencies. We trust
that no time will be lost by those of our readers
who are in a position to move in the matter of
introducing this fruit on a sulliciently large scale
to make it jiupular in this country.

We shall bo pleased to i>lace those willing to
ncgoti.ate for consignments of mangoes in com-
inunication with growers iu India.

Jan. I, 1897.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

473

CHINA AS A POSSIBLE COMPETITOR
WITH MACHINE-MADE TEAS?

INDIAN PLANTERS MUST WaKE UP

LIKE THEIR CEYLON BRETHEREN.

Is the news true that a full-blown Chinaman
is ainoii" the Ceylon “creepers ” of the present
day, busy learning' “all about tea” as carried
on in this progressive Colony, in order to carry
his knowledge and experience for application in
his mother-land ? We believe our question has
been answered in the aHirmative and the fact,
taken in connection with the projiosal of a
London Syndicate to send out machinery for a
model factory to “ the Middle Kingdom ” and
with the information recorded from China in our
issue yestcrd.ay, is by no means to be despised.
If “John Cliinaman ” — under the auspices
and encouragement of British and Russian Tea
merchants, — wakes up to the need of adapting
himself to the existing conditions of the Euro-
pean market, it is quite possible that a
revival to some extent of the China tea trade
even with the United Kingdom, may be on the
tapis. For, it is not alone what may be done with
machinery, especially in assortment, that would
tend to awake rivalry once again ; but there is the
great adv.antage at present existing between the
use of silver on a natural and an artificial basis.
It will be remembered how effectively Mr. Bal-
four in the House of Commons pricked his col-
league, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, as well
as Sir Wm. Harcourt, when he inquired if the
condition of our Emi)ire with no fewer than
three different currencies, could be considered
satisfactory : —

(1) A Gold Standard in the United Kingdom,
Australasian Colonies, &c;

(2) A Silver Dollar Currency in the Straits
Settlements and Hongkong; and

(.3) An artificial Rupee Currency in India,
Ceylon and Mauritius.

As between China and Ceylon [and India]
both silver-using countries, the advantage to
the former, in having a natural dollar against
our inflated rupee, is very great. Here is an
estimate handed to us by a London mer-
chant interested in Ceylon, just before we
left the metropolis

15th 18th

Exchange. July. November. Difference.
Bombay TT 1/2^ 1/3 19-32 1 say

Calcutta „ „ 1/3 21-32] l/3i -li say IQi per

cent higher.

Shanghai 4 m’s. 3/OJ 2/lli 1| 3 per

cent lower.

China, receiving silver for its tea, and
having no concern in the artificial 13J per cent
lise in the rupee consequent on the / in China’s
Indian Government closing the mints, favor,
has the difference of

This advantage of 13J per cent on tea at 8d,
equals Ijd per lb. — sii.ce July.

We may add that, since November 18th, the
difference in favour of China is enhanced — so that
there is .serious le.ason to anticipate a revival of
trade such as must adver.sely alfect the tea
planters of India and Ceylon. There is the
greater reason, therefore, why both communities
should set to work, shoulder to shoulder, with
more earnestness than ever before, to endeavour
to win for their pure produce the markets still
so largely in the hands of China and Japan tea
exporters. The Indian tea planters have never
yet done their duty in this respect ; but have
allowed Ceylon to bear by far the larger share
59

of the responsibility and expense of campaigns in
Australasia, the Continent of Europe and America.
It is time, tlierefore, that our friends in Assam
and other Indian tea districts should wake up to
a due sense of their responsibilities. If Ceylon with
an export of 104 million lb. tea collects so much
for its campaign fund, it is a simple question in pro-
portion to show how much more ought to be contri-
buted by Indian proprietors. Moreover, if the total
expe jditure of Ceylon— oflicial and otherwise— in
this direction, say since the Melbourne Exhibition,
and also that of India, were made u]), it would
serve the more strongly to accentuate the failure of
duty on the part of our neigbours and ought
to shame them into making an effort equal to
their responsibilities on the present occasion.

THE COLOMBO TEA MARKET.

It should indeed be a matter for great and
general satisf.action among our planters th.at the
local tea market has assumed such considerable
dimension.s. Our detailed table of the weekly
sales, when completed, will show that not less
than 31 to 32 million lb. of tea have been offered
during 1896 in the Colombo market, or over 30
per cent of the total exports which, we suppose,
may now be taken for 1896, at from 103 to 104 million
lb. —or very close on the official estimate. Of the
offerings nearly 26 million lb. were sold and the
progress made (in sales if not prices) for some
years may be indicated as follows

Colombo Tea Market.

Tea offered. Tea sold. Average price

1891 .. 13,933,793 .. 9,578,611 .. 41 cents

1892 .. 15,060,681 .. 11,518,869 .. 41 „

1893 .. 19,250,940 .. 14,365,017 .. 43 „

1894 . . 20,810,539 . . 15,738,343 . . 43 „

1895 .. 26,192,586 .. 19,668,116 .. 48 „

1886 Ests. 32,000,000 .. 26,000,000 ..42 ,,

We have here the record of a great and grow-
ing local business which deserves the utmost
encouragement, because it means, to a great ex-
tent, a direct trade between this producing Co-
lony and such large consuming markets as are
found in the Australasian Colonies, South Africa,
the Continent of Europe and America, without
troubling the London market. Eor this cause,
also, it has not unfrequently happened that,
while the London market \vas depre.ssed, our
local tea sales have been both active and buoyant
and have given better rates than the .simultaneous
London quotations. There can be no doubt that
the distributors of tea on the Continent of Europe
and America will be inclined more and more
to deal direct in the Colombo market and with-
out the interv’ention of London. In many res-
pects too, Colombo has great natural advantages
over Calcutta as a central tea mart; and
if it were thrown open in the same way,
there can be no doubt that all the big

tea-buyers in the world would very soon
be represented here. Meantime, we must be
satisfied with the steady progress made under
existing circumstances and trust that for the
coming year we may experience an even fuller
supply offered and .sold locally with enhanced
prices. To secure the latter, several clouds now
hovering qu the planters’ horizon must roll
away — leaving us with cheaper money, more
moderate exchange and freights, and .an ample
labour supply to gather in the ab mdant flushes
which, we trust, maybe anticipate during 1897-
Meantime, that tiie Colombo Tea Market may con-
tinue to flourish and incre.ase in e.xtcnt and im-
portance, month by month, is our very sincere wish.

474

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. I, 1897.

MACHINE MADE CHINA TEAS IN THE
LONDON MARKET.

The firet ot the machine-made Cliiiifi teas
have been jdaced on the London market. We
have been shown a catalogue issued by Messrs.
Ferguson Odell of Great Power Street in-
timating that 187 ]>ackages of C!)ina tea
“ specially ]trepared by a new method" will be
sold absolutely without reserve by order of the
Foochow Tea Imiuovement Company. It will
be interesting to note what price machine-made
China teas will fetch in Mincing Lane.

“THE THIRTY COMMITTEE"

Minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the
“ Thirty Committee’’ held at Kandy on Saturday,
the 12th day of December 1896, at half past seven
o’clock in the morning.

Present: — Messrs. A. W. S. Sackville (Chairman),
A. Philip (Secretary), J. N. Campbell, A. A. Bowie,
James (}. MacfailatK-, J. A. Spence, If. .T. Vollar,
VV. D. Gibbon, J. 11. Renton, R. S. UulT Tytler,
F. G. A. Lane, Gordon Pyper.

The notice calling the meeting was read.

The Minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the
Committee held at Kandy on Saturday, the 10th
October 1896, were submitted for confirmation.

Resolved ; — “ That they be and they hereby
are confirmed.”

S ijmitted letters from the Manager, National
Bank of India, Limited.

Resolved: — “That copies of National Bank of In-
dia, Ijimited, Head Office letters be forwarded to
the Manager, National Bank of India, Limited, Co-
lombo, for his information and guidance, and that
further particulars bo asked regarding his request
for cheques in support of certain debits under
Letters of credit issued in favour of Mr. Wm.
Mackenzie.”

Submitted letters from the Treasurer of the Colony.
Read letter from Mr. Francis F. Street.

Read letter from Mr. Gordon Frazer.

Read letter from the Secretary, Ceylon Chamber of
Commerce, intimating that Mr. J. H. Renton had
accepted a seat on the “ Thirty Committee” in the
room of Mr. G. F. Traill, who has left the island.

Read letter from the General RIanager, National
Bank of India, Limited, London.

Read letter from Government acknowledging
copy of Minutes of proceedings of a meeting
of the “ Thirty Committee” held at Colombo on the
15th August and confirmed at a meeting held at Kandy
on the lUth October.

CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA.

Read letter from Government notifying that the
Governor has been pleased with the advice of the
Executive Council to sanction the expenditure of a
further sum of £2,000 in pushing Ceylon tea in
Russia.

Read correspondence between Mr. M. Rogivue and
the Chairman.

Read letter from the Manager, N itional Bank of
India, Limited. Colombo, forwarding letter of credit
in favour of Mr. Rogivue for £500.

rephese;<tativk in America.

Read letters from ?>Ir. Mackenzie to Rlr. S ick'ille
dated Scotland, 1st Octol cr ; London, 12th and 16th
October, 7th October; 23rd and 30th 0.!tober; New
York, lOtli November.

Read letters (two) dated Scotland, 30th September
to the Secretary, “Committee of Thirty.”

Submitted Mr. Mackenzie’s statement of . expendi-
ture for “Committee of Thirty,” dated 26th October

1896.

Read letter from 3Ir. S. Elwood May.

Resolved: — “That a further sum of £12,000 sterling
be granted to Mr. Mackenzie for the purpose of
pushing and advertising Ceylon tea in America, during

1897, and that the approval of the Governor in Execu-
tive Council be at once applied fur ; the amount
narred being the probable requirements of the Com-
mittee for advertising purposes in America during
that year under the scheme submitted by Mr,
Mackenzie.

GREEN TEAS FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Read letter from the Agents and Secretaries of
the Upper Maskeliya Estates Co., Limited.

CEYLON TEA IN BELGIUM AND HOLLAND.

Read letters from Mr. E. R. Templer.

Read letter from the Agents, Ceylon Tea Co.,
Limited, enclosing invoice of 20 half-chests — 1,000
lb. Ceylon tea shipped per ss. “Oldenberg,” costing
R611'07 and requesting payment. Resolved: — “That
the account be paid.”

Read letter from the Manager, National Bank of
India, Limited, enclosing “D” draft on London “P.”
£25 sterling favouring Mr. E. R. Templer.

Submitted connected correspondence.

CEYLON TEA IN NORWAY.

Read letter from the Agents, Ceylon Tea Co.,
Limited, enclosing invoice of 4 half-chests— 250 lb.
tea costing R170'25 in execution of the grant to
Mr. C. Palliser.

CEYLON TEA ON THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE.

Read letters from Mr. R. V. Webster. Resolved:
— “ That the sum of £500 be granted to Mr. R. V.
Webster for expenditure in further pushing and ad-
vertising Ceylon tea on the Continent of Europe,
and that the approval of the Governor in Executive
Council to the appropriation be applied for.”

CEYLON TEA ADVERTISING.

Read letter from Mr. Rowbotham. Resolved : —
“ That the Committee regrets being unable to enter-
tain the application.”

CEY'LON TEA IN AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY.

Considered letters from Messrs. Cooper, Cooper
& Co. on the subject of pushing Ceylon tea in Aas-
tro-Hungary. Resolved That the Committee re-
grets no funds can be contributed at the moment
for the purposes indicated in Messrs. Cooper, Cooper
& Co.’s letter, but the Committee will view with
interest any adveitisoments bringing Ceylon tea
prominently before the public in the countries
mentioned. Should such advertisements appear the
Committee will at a future date reconsider the
application, but at same time would draw Messis.
Cooper, Cooper & Co.’s attention to the fact that
in their letter of 17ch June pure Ceylon teas were
to be pushed whereas in their letter of 9th October
Ceylon only bears a small proportion to the teas sold.”

Read letter from Mr. C. M. B. Wilkins applying
on behalf of Mr. T. C. Anderson for a free grant
of 1,0(K) lb. tea for a firm in Buds-Pesth. Resolved:
— “ That under existing arrangements tlie Committee
regrets it does not see its way to giving a grant of
tea for Buda-Pesth.”

CEYLON TEA IN CANADA.

Read letter from Mr. James Lumbors. Resolved-
—“That in repiy it be pointed out to Mr. Lumbers
that a mistake has been made in supposing that the
Committee give bonuses, and that Mr. Lumbers be
recommended to communica'o with Mr. Mackenzie
in the matter of advortisonients.”

The “Thirty Committee” thou adjourned.

A. Pini.ii',

Secretary to the “Thirty Committee.

jAJ4. I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

475

THE GERM LIFE OF THE SOIL.

Formerly we were wont to reg.ircl the soil as com-
posed of dead, inert matter; now, however, thanks
to recent bacteriological research, we know better.
Most of it, it is true, is composed of dead matter;
but this is so inextricably and intimately permeated
by microbio life that it can hardly be regarded as
dead. What all the functions of these microbes are
we do not as yet fully know, but many effect the
decomposition of organic matter ; which, indeed, they
have been shown to be among the eai'liest agents
in giving rise to. The fertility of a soil is directly
due to their initiative, for they elaborate in varioi.a
ways the food materials of tho plant, and convert
the latter into forms suitable for assimilation. As
was pointed out in a recent article on this subject,
soils may be said to be, in a very direct sense, the
product of their work through tho long past ages.
Till recently, it was believed that these organisms re-
quired for the development organic matter ; but one
of the most important discoveries in this domain which
has recently been made goes to prove that some
of them, at least, are able to subsist on a purely
mineral food. These latter microbes are of very wide
occurrence, and are found even on bare rock surfaces.
Although we know as yet but very little with regard
to the methods .in which the decomposition of
tho material of the soil is effected, it would seem
as if the ultimate resirlts obtained are due to a
highly interesting system of co-operation. Thus to
one class is due the initial stage in decomposition ;
while another class carry out the work started by
the former bacteria to a further stage of development,
and so on.

Few of us probably grasp the importance, from
an economic pomtofview, of the process of the putre-
faction of organic matter constantly going on in
the soil. It is one of the great factors in maintain-
ing the circulation of matter, a law on which the
perpetuity of all life depends. There is in this uni-
verse only a certain definite amount of matter suit-
able for the formation of new animal and vegetable
life ; hence, to permit of the formation of new forms
of such life, it is necessary that the dead matter should
become broken up, and rendered available for this pur-
pose. Were this law inoperative, the result would
of course be that the earth’s surface would be-
come encumbered with the accumulation of dead
organic matter to so great an extent that animal life
would be impossible. Hence it is that, in this respect,
bacteria perform services to humanity, as well as to all
other forms of life, of incalculable value.

With regard to the occurrecce and distribution of
these organisms in the soil, investigations have shown
that it is almost entirely in their surface portion they
are to be found, and that the deeper we go the less
numerous do they become. Among the factors
determining their abundance, the season of the year is
one of the most important. Since among the condi-
tions ixnder which bacteria live one of the most
important is the existence of a certain temperature, we
find that they are most abundant during the summer
time. Indeed, from spring to autumn there is a
steady increase in the number. They may be divided
into different classes, according to the nature of their
products. A large class oxidise the ingredients of the
soil by assimilating the organic matter, converting
it into carbonic acid and water, and sometimes actually
giving off oxygen. We have another class whose
action is of a completely opposite character. These
organisms exercise a reducing influence that is
not helpful to the processes of agriculture. To
this class belong those which give rise to a loss of
nitrogen from its valuable compounds, and which
thus impair the fertility of the soil. But, happily,
the work of this class of organism is largely neutra-
lised by that of a recently discovered class which
enrich the soil in this valuable fertilising ingredient
by fixing the free nitogen of the air, and thus
bringing it within the scope of the plant. Of these
three types of organisms examples may be cited ;
and in doing so we shall select such as have to
do with either the fixation or elaboration of that
most important plant-food, nitrogen.

In the first place we have what are called nit-
rifying oragnisms. These organisms effect the prepa-
ration of nitrogen in a form suitable for the plant
to absorb, and furnish a very good example of the
co-operative method in which these minute denizens
of the soil carry on their work. In the process
three stages may be distinguished, in which, ic would
seem, three different classes of orgauisras are impli-
cated. The first stage consists of the conversion of
nitrogen in its various organic forms into ammonia.
Abundant in the air, in rain-water, and in the surface of
the soil, the microbes, active in the process of ammonifi-
cation, flourish best at temperatures between .SO
degs. and 90 degs. Fahr. Temperatures near the
freezing point, or above 110 degs. Fahr., check their
development. The second stage in the process is
effected by ferments of a globular form, and consists
in the conversion of ammonia into nitrites; while
the final stage, which is effected by ferments four
times as small as those effecting the second stage,
consists in the conversion of nitrites into nitrates.
Reference has already been made to this process in
an article contributed to the “ Scotsman ” about a
year ago, so that we need not further refer to it,
except to add that the conditions regulating this
process of nitrification are well known, and throw
considerable light on the question of the fertility of
the soil. We may also add that they are chiefly
limited in their occurrence to the superficial layers
of the soil, and have not been met with at a depth
below six feet ; while probably active fermentation
is not to be found much below eighteen
inches. The reason of this is that one of the
chief reasons of their abundant development is
the presence of a plentiful supplj' of air.

It is on this account that they are not found
in water-logged soils. Their susceptibility
to poisonous substances, such as certain compounds
of iron, which are apt to be produced w’here the
soil is not properly aerated, and to sulphur com-
pounds, serve to explain more clear than was pre-
viously realised the reason of the inimical action
of such a body as fresh gas-lime when applied as a
manure. And here a very interesting practical
question presents itself. Since the fertility of a
soil may be said to depend to no small extent on
the abundance of these nitrifying ferments, in the
case of a soil which from some cause or another
may have had these valuable ferments killed out,
is it possible — it may be asked— to re-seed the
soil ■? To this it may be answered that numerous
experiments have demonstrated in a striking manner
the value of inoculating a sterile soil with nitrify-
ing ferments. This h;os been effected by strewing
over the fields some soil rich in nitrifying bacteria,
such as an old garden soil. There can be little
doubt, indeed, that the value of farmyard manure,
to a certain extent, may be ascribed to the fact
that it supplies the soil with abundance of such
organisms. The principle of soil inoculation, as we
shall immediately point out, has been more syste-
matically worked out in the case of another class
of organisms — viz., those which fix free nitrogen
from the air.

The discovery of these organisms in certain ex-
crescenes or nodules on tho roots of certain legu-
minous plants, such as peas or beaus, was made in
the year 1880. It has since been discovered that
it is highly probable that quite a number of differ-
ent kind-) are implicated in the process ; indeed that
each different kind of plant has its own special kind
of organism. These invade the roots from the soil,
and give rise to the formation of nodules, where
they multiply with great rapidity, and stimulate the
growth of the plant cell. Three stages in the pro-
cess may be defined. The first is that during which
the bacteria live as parasites as the expense of the
plant cell. Gradually, however, the struggle for ex-
istence becoming very intense, the bacteria become
passive, and the cells become filled with bacteriods
or bacterium-like bodies. It is when this period is
reached that the plant absorbs the contents of the
nodules, and loaves the cells, out of which they are
formed, in a limp condition. How exactly the nitrogen

476

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. 1, 1897.

is fixed we do not know. All that is known is that
the nodules are necessary for the process, since the
more abundant they are on the roots of the plants the
more abundant is the quantity of nitrogen fixed. It would
seem that the soil is by no means on important factor,
since from it must come the fixing bacteria; and ex-
periments have shown that in this respect soils differ
very considerably, some being more plentifully pro-
vided with nitrogen-fixing bacteria than others.

The discovery of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria was
not long in being put to a practical use. Pot experi-
ments were very soon started, in which soil extracts
were used and experimented with. The result of these
experiments showed that all soils are not equally
suitable for growing leguminous crops ; that many,
indeed, are poorly supplied with nitrogen-fixing bac-
teria ; but that such soils when inoculated w'ith a soil
extract from a portion of the soil taken from other
fields rich in such bacteria yield a luxuriant growth,
These experiments have led Professor Nobbe, a well-
known plant physiologist, to prepare pure cultures of
the nitrogen-fixing bacteria for general use. This
very practical application of bacteriology to agriculture
was patented in February of this year. The cultures
are made on a wholesale scale by a well-known Ger-
man firm ; the same, indeed, as has already undertaken
the manufacture of diphtheric anti-toxic serum, Of
nitragin, as the culture is called, some seventeen
different kinds are prepared. The pure cultures
are grown in argar-gelatine — a common medium
for the growth of bacteria. Sufficient for the
inoculation of an acre of soil can be purchased for the
small sum of five shillings. The culture may be
applied in either of two ways — by making a watery
extract of it and immersing the seed to be sown in
this solution, or by mixing the culture with some
pure sand.

We have referred to a class of organisms whose
action is inimical. Among these the most important
are those which effect denitrification, as it has been
called. They undo the work of the nitrifying bacteria,
often with the result that a portion of the nitrogen
is set free, and, escaping in the gaseous form, is
entirely lost to the soil. The conditions which
favour the development of the denitrifying

bacteria are the opposite of those which
favour the development of the nitrifying
bacteria. Hence, in order to prevent the develop*
ment of the former, it is sufficient to aim at the
development of the latter.

It may be well to add, in conclusion, that the
soil may contain disease-producing germs. Thus,
those giving rise t o the deadly disease lock-jaw, or
tetanus, are known to be often present in the soil.
By the burial of animals which have died of germ-
produced diseases, the propagation of that disease
has been known to result. In one case, in France,
it was found that sheep pasturing in a field where
two years previous a single animal suffering from
splenic fever had been buried were infected with the
same disease, and died. Yellow fever, it may be
added, is another disease the germ of which seems
to be able to live in the soil. It need scarcely be
pointed out that such facts furnish strong {evidence
in support of cremation as a mode of disposal of
the dead. They also serve to indicate the risk
attached to the indiscriminate use of sewage from
our large towns as a manure for the fields.

— Scotsman. Nov. 23. .M.A.

THE BLACKSTONE TEA CO., LD.

A special meeting was lield at tlie offices of
Messrs. Carson & Co on the 18th Dec in tlie after-
noon to confirm the resolutions of a previous
meeting, viz. ; —

(1) That the Company be voluntarily wound up.

(2) That Mr. F. Maciudoe be appointed Liquidator
for the purpose of winding up the affairs of the
Company and distribute the property.

(3) That the remuneration of the Liquidator be
fixed at a fee of K750.

These were confirmed.

DR. MORRIS ON COMMERCIAL
FIBRES.

Dr. D. Morris, c.m.g., Assistant Director of the
Royal Gardens at Kew, delivered an interesting
lecture at the London Institution, on November
30, on the subject of “ Recent Researches in Com-
mercial Fibres.” The lecture was illustrated, and
Dr. Morris, with his usual ability, set forth a
large mass of valuable information in regard to
the various classes of fibres.

After a brief review of the progress made in
the production of fibres more or less familiar to
European commerce, attention was directed to a
floss yielded by the silk-cotton tree, known as
Kapok. This has already formed an article of
considerable export value in Java, and more re-
cently it has been taken up in Ceylon and India.
It is too short for textile purposes, but forms a.nd
excellent stuffing material, superior to everythii g
except the best sorts of feathers, w'ool, and hair.
The silk-cotton tree (Eriodendron) is one of the
most striking features of the vegetation in some
parts of the West Indies, especially in Jamaica,
if the silk-cotton now wasted in the latter island
were carefully collected, it is probaale that it would
yield annually 3,000 bales, of the value of several
thousand pounds. In the other islands it might be
worth while to plant waste places with this tree,
which begins to bear in the fifth year, and without
further trouble would yield yearly crops of an
article evidently in increasing demand at fairly
remunerative prices.

The recent developments in the singularly interest-
ing fibres known as China grass and Ramie were then
touched upon. These have hitherto been regarded as
at once the most attractive and elusive of fibres,
and as having not only raised the greatest expectation
but also led to the most lamentable failures. The
lecturer gave a sketch of their history, and stated
that on the results of efforts extending over 50 years
these fibres were at last being placed within reach of
manufacturers in this country, and utilised for textile
fabrics inferior only to silk. Considerable stress was
laid on the fact that there were two plants concerned,
viz., the China grass {Doehmeria nivea), a native of
temperate China, and a plant known in Assam as
Rhea, and in the Malay Islands as Ramie (B. tenacis-
sinia), a native of the tropics only. It was useless
to attempt the cultivation of the former except in
moderately warm countries, while the latter required
especially hot conditions. Remunerative crops could
only be grown from these plants in well-drained soils of
exceptional quality and fertility. A plentiful rainfall
well distributed over the year was also necessary, as
well as a high and uniform temperature. Under
favourable conditions it had been shown that two or
three crops of stems, weighing, in the aggregate,
15 to 20 tons per acre, could be produced in one
year, and as the plants were perennial, successive
crops could be produced from ratoons, as in the
ca.se of the sugarcane. From the quantity of green
stems above mentioned there would at least be
yielded ribbons or raw fibre of the value (at present
prices) of 8L, and fibrine (the finished product) worth
about 14/. According to returns from reliable sources
the cost of the cultivation in favourable localities,
on an average of years, would be at the rate of 4/. per
acre.

Provided there was a careful selection of suitable
sites for plantations, the cultivation was regarded as
likely to prove advantageous in some parts of the
West Indies, especially in the warm fertile valleys
of Dominica, parts of the humid parish of Portland,
in Jamaica, and similar localities 111 Trinidad, Brit-
ish Guiaii.i, and the yoiUhern districts of British
Honduras. Dr. Morris spoke hopefully of the future
prospects of the cultivation in the West Indies, but
was careful to point out the conditions essential to
success, and advised that only experienced and capable
planters should attempt to start the industry, which,
in their hands, might go a long way to relieve the
people in the West Indies from their present difficult-
ies.— Colonics and India, Doc. 5.

Jan. f, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

477

THE NAHAVILLA ESTATE CO., LTD.

The annual general meeting of this Co. \va,s hehl
at the oliices of Messrs. George Stenart & Co.,
Queen Street ,on the 19th Dec. in the ifbjr.io ) 1
were present, Mr. K. C. Wright (Chairman), Mr.
Gordon Pyper, Mr. De Saram, Mr. J. Patterson.
Mr. Chas. Gordon and Mr. E. S. Grigson were
represented by their proxy, Mr. J, Patterson.

The Keport of the Directors having been adopted,

Mr. Gordon Pyper proposed that a final divi-
dend of 7 per cent, be now paid, making alto-
gether with the dividend of 6 per cent, already
paid, 13 percent.

Mr. De Saram seconded. — Carried.

Mr. De Saram proposed that the Directors’
remuneration for the year ending 30th September,
1896, be fixed at R2,000.

Mr. Patterson seconded.— Carried.

ELECTION OF OFFICE-BEARER.S.

Mr. Gordon Pyper proposed that Mr. William
Anderson who retires by rotation from the Board
of Directors, be re-elected.

Mr. De Saram seconded. — Carried.

Mr. U. C. Wright proposed that Mr. .John
Guthrie be appointed auditor for the year ending
September 30, 1897, on a remuneration of KIOO.

Mr. J. Patterson seconded. — Carried.

This was all the business.

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Thursday Evening, Dec. 3.

Although quiet at the beginniug of the present
week, business in tea shares has again recovered a
little, with a fair number of transactions recorded.
The general range of values, however, is slightly
easier than it was.

Interim dividends are now the order of the day,
either actually announced or in early contemplation,
among them being ; —

January 1.

Assam Company

5

Cachar and Dooars (Pref.)

3

Chargola (Ordinary)

3i

Chubwa (Ordinary)

Chubwa (Preference)

Darjeeling Consol. (Pref .) (broken

H

period), 3s 4 1 per share.

East India and Ceylon (Ordinary) 3 „

East India and Ceylon (Pref.) . . 3 ,,

Jhanzie . . 4 „

Jokai . . 5 ,,

Mincing Lane keeps rather quiet, with some low
prices ruling for the commoner sorts. Home consump-
tion, however, as well as export, continue on a
liberal and progressive scale. — 11. & C. Mail.

WYNAAD PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION.

From official the minutes of a general meeting held
at the Club, Meppadi on 2nd December we extracts
following : —

Read circular letter from Secretary U. P. A. having
reference to the resolution of the Shevaroy Planters
Association re the adulteration of coffee, and the
formation of a Coffee Association for the prevention
thereof. Also the Chairman U. P. A’s letter on the
subject. Recorded.

This Association agrees with the Chairman U. P. A.
that the present is not the time to move in the matter.

Import Duties, — Read letter- from the Secretary
U. P. A. asking for statistics required by the Govern-
ment of Madras regarding the quantity of artificial
manures used in the district during the past 10
years. Resolved that the Coast Firms be requested
to supply the information and that the Ag. Honorary
Secretary be instructed towriteto them on the matter,

Cojf'ee Robbery. — Read Ag. Honorary Secretary’s
letter to the Superintendent Police regarding Police
arrangements for this season. Recorded.

Roads. — Resolved that the Ag. Honorary Secretary
be instructed to write to the Collector of Malabar
to ascertain what steps have been taken with regard
to H.E. the Governor’s reply to the Deputation.

TEA IN AMERICA.

New York, Nov. 18.

The change which took place in the tea market
early last month, and which led to largely in-
creased business and an advance of from li @ 3c
per pound from the lowest, has been well sus-
tained. There seems to be general confidence that
the year’s supply will fall from 12,000,000 to
14,000,000 pounds less of Greens and .lapans alone. The
Black tea crop is likely to be behind last season, except
for Ceylon and India sorts. The present outlook is for
a supply about 10,000,000 pounds less than require-
ments. A resume of the sales in first hands since Sep-
tember includes 18,000 packages Japan, 3,000 Country
and 12,000 Pingsuey Greens, 15,000 Formosa, 7,000
Foochow, 10,000 Amoy Oolong, besides 6,000 Congou.
This is the largest wholesale business in tea outside
of the auction room in three years for the same period.
— American Grocer, Nov. 13.

NEW TEA COMPANIES.

Pallikelle Ceylon Estates, Limited. — Regis-

tered November 11, by Hollams, Sons, Cowaid and
Hawkesley, Mincing Lane, E.C., with a capital of
£100,000 in 5,000 £5 preference and 75,000 ordinary
shares of £1 each. Object, to adopt and carry into
effect an agreement expressed to be made between
G. A. H. Vandespar, E. H. Hancock, and W. John-
son of the one part and this company of the other
part for the acquisition by purchase or otherwise of
the Pallikelle and Rajawella Estates, in the Island
of Ceylon ; to carry on busine.ss as planters, agri-
culturist fruit growers and preservers, breeders of
and dealers in livestock, and curers, packers, and
shippers of all kinds of p.ioduce ; as bankers, brokers
financiers, shipowners ship charterers, warehouse-
men, wharfingers, coal merchants, timber merchants
shippers, insurers, and carriers by land and water’
engineers, ironfounders, contractors, builders, milll
owners, spinners and -waavers, manufacturers of
rnachincry, patent articles, &c. ; to transact all
kinds of agency and commission business ; to
turn to account such lands as may from ’time
to time be acquired by the company by clear-
ing, draining, fencing, planting, cultivating, minin"
quarrying, building, farming, irrigating, and grazing’
The signatories, who take one share each, are :—
E. H. Hancock, 28, Mincing Lane, E.C. ; W. John-
son, 25, Mincing Lane, E.G. ; M. H. Paine, Stock
Exchange, E.G. ; H. A. Hancock, 28, Mincing Lane
E.C. ; H, S. Hancock, 28, Mincing Kane, E.C. ; c!
A. Reiss, 51, Lime Street, E.C. ; A. Zimmern, ’51’
Lime Street, E.C. 'The number of directors is to
be not more than ten nor less than five. The first
are C. A. Reiss, W. H. Dodds, W. Johnson, E. H
and H. A. Hancock, G. A. Vanderspar, ’and A."
Zimmern. Qualification, £250, Remuneration, £.500
per annum, divisible. Registered office: 51 ’Lime
Street, E.C. ’

Augusta Tea Estate Company, Limited. Re-

gistered November 17, by Harwood and Stephen-
son, 31, Lombard Street, E.C., with a capital of
£50,000, divided into 4,000 six per cent, preference
shares of £5 each and 20,000 ordinary shares of £1
each. Object, to adopt and carry into effect certain
agreements expressed to be made by this company
with Messrs. Henry Wills, L. Reiss Brothers and
Co., and Hancock and Co., to acquire by purchase
or otherwise, lands, factories, and buildings, and any
business in Ceylon or elsewhere, and in particular
the estate known as the Augusta Estate, situate in
the district of Hantane, in the island of Ceylon ; and,
generally, to carry ’ on business as planter.^, tanners’,
graziers, cultivators and growers of tea, coffee,
cardamons, and other crops ; as miners, shipowners,

478

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. I, 1897.

merchants, exporters and importers, carriers, af^ents,
brokers, storekeepers, and conti’actors, A'c. ; to con-
struct and maintain telegraph lines, telephones,
electric light, heat, and power works, canals, reser-
voirs, waterworks, wells, aqnedncts, watercourses,
furnaces, gas works, piers, wharves, docks, saw,
quartz, and otlier mills, hydraulic works, factories,
warehouses, &c. The signatories, are : — C. A. Reiss, 51,
Lime Street, E. : E. H. ilaticock, 28, Mincing
Lane, E.U. ; H. A. Hancock, 28 Mincing Lane,
E.G.; D. B. Crane, 28, Mincing Lane, E.C.; A.
Zimmern, 51, Lime Street, i'l.C.; G. E. Elvish, 96,
Embleton Road, Ladywell, S.E. ; C. J. Haycock, 20,
Birkbeck Road, Beckenham, S.E. The number of
directors is to be not more than five nor less than
three. The first are C. A. Reiss, E. H. Hancock,
H. A. Hancock, T. J. Lawrence, and H. Wills.
Qualification, £150. Remuneration, £300 per annum,
divisible. Registered office, 50 and 51, Lime Street,
E.C.

PUNDALOYA TeA COMPANY OF CeYLON, LIMITED. —
Registered November 19 by Allen and Son, 17,
Carlisle Street, Soho Square, with a capital of
£150,000 in £10 shares. Object, to adopt and carry
into effect an agreement expressed to be made bet-
ween G. Christian, E. Christian, E. II. Christian,
and C. M. Robertson of the one part, and this
company of the other part, for the acquisition
of the Sheen snd South Pundaloya Estates, in the
Pundaloya district, and the Wootton and Charing
Cross Estates in the Kolagaloya Valley of the Dimbula
district, and the Deeside Estate in the Maskeliya
District, all in the Central Province of Ceylon, and
to develop the resources of and turn to account the
lands, buildings, timber, and rights for the time
being of the company m such manner as the com-
pany may think fit, and in particular by clearing,
planting cultivating, farming, grazing, mining, build-
ing, felling, manufacturing, anl otherw'ise dealing
with the same ; as planters, farmers, and graziers,
cultivators and growers of tea, coffee, cocoa, &o. ;
as shipowners, warehousemen, exporters and importers,
carriers, agents; to ooustruct and maintain rail and tram
roads, telephones, telegraphs, reservoirs, waterworks,
Ac. The signatories, who take one share each, are :
E. Christian, 1, Gloucester Mansions, S.W. ; G.
Christian, Bighton Wood, Alresford, Hants ; C. M.
Robertson, 12, Eenchurch Street, E.C. ; A. Bethune,
44, Argyll Road, Kensington ; C. H. Dendy, 8, Old
Jewry, E.C. ; H. Bois, 5, Astwood Road, South Ken-
sington; P. H. Christian, Bighton Wood, Alresford.
The number of directors is to be not more than five
nor less than two. The first are E. Christian, P.
H. Christian, and C. M. Robertson. Qualification,
£1,000. Remuneration, £500 per annum and a share
in the profits, divisible. Registered office: 12, Pen-
church Street, E.C.

Tea in Carolina, U. S.— Since writing on
this subject we have receivcil a pamplilet from
.^lr. Shepard, pro[)riotor of the. Pinehurst Tea
Plantation, in Hm Southern Slato.s, entitled “ May
'I'ca lie prolitalily grown in the SouLlioru States
uf 'America'^’ We sliall re|)roduce it in our
monthly T. A., and meantime may notice that
Mr. Sheiiard fully acknowdedges the difference due
to price of labour: to pluck the leaf alone per lb.
with him costs as inucli as to supply the article
packeii from the East ; hut he aims at raising
tlie quality and says he is succeeding ! Assam
Indi'i'enous tea plants suffer because the tem-
perature falls to irP Pahr. in winter, and
yet the average on Carolina is as high as (15° and
the annual rainfall ofi inches. Mr. Slieplianl em-
ploys 20 negro children to pluck over 25 acres
and they are kept steadily at 'work during the
season. ' Evidently, too, the people of Charleston
appreciate the quality of the tea prepared. Por
further particulars of Mr. Shepard’s expenment
we must refer to the Tropical Agriculturist.

THE TEA MARKET.

In Iho Tea market the low level of quotations is
the fe.iturc ; quality, too, is at a low level, and at the
auclious (Indian) a large percentage of supplies does
not realise more than about 6J. per lb. The past
week shows an increased pressure of low grade Tea
offering, whereas quality has not been fully repre-
sented, and Tea at lOd. to Is. per lb. is dearer tUan
that obtainable, say, in October, the cheapest period
this season. 'The machine China Teas sold on 2nd
inst. at 4jd. to 10|d.perlb. — L. & C. Express, Dec. 4,

PUSSELLAWA PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION.

Minutes of proceedings of a Committee meeting
held at Gampola Hotel on Thursday, December 10th
at 9 a.m.

Tresent. — Messrs. J. Roberts, C. J. Jones, R. S.
Duff 'Tyler (Chairman), and H. M. Picken, (Honorary
Secretary).

Notice calling the meeting having been read,
the minutes of last meeting held on Saturday, the
9th of May, 1896, were read and confirmed.

Business. — Resolved that the official crop for 1897
be stated as follows : —

Croji. Total acreage under tea.

1897 .. 6,5.34,600 1897 .. 17,846

1896 .. 5,849,000 1896 .. 16,648

Increase.. 685,600 Increase .. 1,197

or showing an average of 405 lbs. of tea per acre in
bearing for the district.

Minor Roads. — Resolved that Government be a.sked
to grant the sum of R450 towards the following minor
roads in the district : —

Pnssellawa — Nawalapitiya
Xussellawa — Nilambe
Loolcondera — Karagastalawa
Pussellawa — Deltotte

R. c.

.. 100 00
.. 150 00
.. 100 00
..100 00

Total .. 450 00

and the Secretary when applying for funds, do point
out that no deductions should be made fi'oni monies
collected for Resthouses, as none exists in the
districts.

Gampola-Kaduoannawa Road. — Read letter from
Mr. Shelton Agar, dated December 1st. Re-
solved : — “ That Mr. Agar be thanked for kindly
undertaking the supervision of above road, and
that Government be asked to pay any unspent
balance to Mr. Agar for 1896 and that a further
sum of R3,000 be asked for, for 1897 vide Secretary’s
letter of July 29th, 1896.”

Pussbelawa-Nuwara Eliya Road. — Resolved: —
“ That correspondence be brought forward at next
General Meeting.”

District Hospital. — Read letter from Colonial
Secretary, dated July 2nd.

Read letter from District Medical Officer rc
medical fees. Resolved: — “ 'That the subject bo
brought before next General Meeting. Resolved : —
“ That Secretary write to the Principal Civil Medical
Officer rc the double allowance to D.M.O. whilst
keeping two horses.”

Blue Book returns for Assistant Government Agent,
Nuvvara Eliya.

Statistic forwarded by Chairman for the estates
asked for. H. M. PICKEN,

Honorary Secretary.

“ The (Iek.m Liee oe the Soil” is the title
of an inslnictivc article from the Scofsinan sent
ns by anox-(leylon jilaiiter as of special interest,
he thoui'lit, for his hretlireu out here in the
present clay.

Jan. I, 1897.]

THE TROPIC \L ACRICULTOPIS P.

479

DAV^IDSON’S PATENT SlliOCCO
TEA MACHINERY.

Last week we quoted au article from the Indian
rianiinf/ Gazette, in which complimentary notice was
taken of this well-known firm’s tea machinery. The
subject has again been brought to our atteniion by
the receipt of a very useful and interesting pamphlet
catalogue containing illustrations an 1 descriptive
matter of Messrs. Davidson & Co.’s va ous machines
for the manufacture of tea and accomi. uied bya port-
rait of the head of the firm. Mr. S. C. Davidson, whose
name, says the Borne and Colonial Mail, has been so
widely known throughout the teadistricts for years that
planters unacquainted w'ith his personality might
possibly have the idea that he is a grey-haired
veteran. Although Mr. Davidson has been up wards of
thirty years actively connected with tea, it
must be remembered (continues our contemporary,
that he started his planting career in his

early teens, and we can state from our own per-
sonal knowledge that the portrait is a good like-
ness of him, time having dealt gently with him,
and he not only is as vigorous, active, and enter-
prising as ever, but looks to be in the full posses-
sion of those important qualities, together with the
secret of perpetual youth. The pamphlet opens
with particulars of the various commercial changes
lately made in India and elsewhere affecting the
representation abroad of the Sirocco Engineering
Works. Messrs. Davidson and Co. have now a
branch establishment of their own at 4, 5, and 6,
Lall Bazaar, Calcutta, under the experienced man-
agement of Mr. II. M. Harris, formerly of the
Colombo branch, which is now under the management
of Mr. George E. Shanks, from the Belfast office.
Mr. C. W. U. Adamson is chief visiting engineer for
Assam and Bengal, with Mr. Garratt as assistant, while
estates in Ceylon, Southern India, and Java are
looked after by Mr. P. G. Maguire, chief visiting
engineer for the Colombo branch, with Mr. Farbridgo
as his assistant.

It is pointed out in the pamphlet : — “Our list of Tea
machinery has lately been increased by a number of
our Mr. S. C. Davidson’s newly patented inventions,
the addition of w'hich now puts us in the pioneer-
position of being the first to supply Tea factories with
an eiUireli/ complete outfit of mechanical appliances
for each and every process in the manufacture of Tea,
from the time the leaf is brought into the Pactory
up to its being sent off as finished Tea in packed
chests,

This complete outfit comprises machinery for With-
ering and Permenting, Rolling, Drying, Cutting,
Sorting, and Packing; also our recently patented
Steam Engines, Fans, and “ Double-Clincher ’’ Belt
Fasteners.

We have been appointed Sole Selling Agents in
Assam, Bengal, and Ceylon for Tangyes’ Patent Oil
Engines, The “ Unbreakable’’ Pulley and Mill Gearing
Co. Ltd.’s specialities for the economical transmission
of power, and the “ Titan ’’ Edge Belting. Particulars
as to prices, &c., can be had from our Calcutta and
Colombo Depots.’’

The II. and 0. Mail thus describes the pamphlet : —

The pamphlet, while partaking somewhat of the
nature of a catalogue, is intended more particularly
to refer only to improvements in existing and entirely
new Sirocco tea machinery, and we notice that the
order in which the machines are dealt with is accord-
ing to the order of each jirocess of manufacture,
tne first machine illustrated aud described being for
withering tea leaf, and as this is au entirely new
machine we have no doubt planters will be very much
interested, in the particulars given. It is stared that
for upwards of thirty years past the diificult problem
of successfully accomplishing the withering of tea
leaf by artificial means has received Mr. Davidson’s
unremitting study and attention, his investigations
during the first half of this period having been carried
out on his own estate, while his further experiments
towards the development of a suitably practical form

of machine for the purpose were conducted at his
works in Belfast, the outcome of which had been the
machine now under reference. 'The fii- t of these
machines tuts been in practical oneratlon during the
current season at Rasetpur 'Tea E.-'t<it ■, Sc;u-th Syi’aet,
where it was rhown to bo capable of withering each
charge of le.af, whether wet or cry, in an hour and a
half. The leaf has merely to be thrown into the drum
or cylinder, which is now' being made capable of hold-
ing a leaf charge of about six inaunds at a time, and
when the engine is started the fun and drum are put
in motion, and warm, moist air ciic.lated through
the leaf. All the heat necessary for warming the air
and withering the leaf is snpplieclf o:n the waste steam
of the engine, and the air is kcp. ccntinuously cir-
culated through and through the mu'titubular heater,
fan, and withering drum, so that it soon becomes
charged with vapour from the moisture out of
the leaf, and it is claimed that this hot moist
vapour, in conjunction with the motion imparted to
the leaf, accomplishes the withering of it efficiently
and rapidly, and at the fame time imparts to the
leaf an agreeable perfume.

The trials that the machine has been subjected
to at Rasetpur have shown that it fully withers the
leaf in an hour a-.id a half but as the loaf on
being delivo;ed from the machine is soniowh.-.t warm,
it is obvious th.-rt modified methods of handling it
in the subsequent stages of rolling, Ac., will be
necessary, as compared to the methods suitible for
leaf withered in the ordinary way, and although
Mr. Davidion is not as j'et entirely satisfied with
the quality of the tea produced by this machine
the re.sults already obtained are nevertheless suffi,
cientiy encouraging to convince him that, with a
few further modifications in the methods of treat-
ing the leaf after it comes from the machine,
as good, if not better, tea can be 0! tained from
the machine-withered leaf as with tint withered
in the ordinary wt.y. But as the mr-. bine Mr.
Davidson has been experimenting with at
Rasetpur would lie idle during the cold weather
months, we iiiider stand he is at present ar. anging to
have it transferred to Ceylon, where plenty of leaf is
available at this time of year, in order that its further
experimental trials may be continued there, and until
these experimental trials are fully carried out he is
notdieriug this machine for sale, but considers its
l)relia-iinary working has been sufficiently succesTrd
to entitle him to include it in his present catalogue.

As the success of this machine would have such far-
reaching effects, representing nothing kss, in fact,
than a complete revolution on present methods of tea
manufacture, wc, in common with every enterprising
member of the tea community, will be m’ ch interested
in watching its further trials and development, and
shall willingly keep our readers posted with such
information as we may be able to gain from time to
time wi ill reference to it, but we have no doubt it
will take some little time yet before the correct
line; of working the rrachine and effecting
whatever necessary changes in the subsequent
processes of nnrnufacture are occasioned by its
employment, can be definitely settled. However, trom
the results so far obtained, Blr. Davidson is thoroughly
confident of its ultimate success in every respect
and we will now only exj ress the hope that his most
sanguine expectations may be realised to their fullest
extent, and that this machine will eventually and
soon take a high place among the many successful
inventions with which his name is already a.“sociatcd
in connection w'ith the tea industry. ' ,

The next on tho list is Davidson's Patent Tea
Leaf Rolling .Cachin ', which is a new dufartureiu
this hue, and the leading features of w .dcli may be
summarised as follows : —

1. Xii'i leaf rocepta'.'l'j ahoy- ; the i*i.)l!ing table is
stitionary, and the in ichi . : crnseqiienlly has fewer
moving parts.

2. The discharge of the leaf takes place
through a side door in the stationary leaf
receptacle, and not down through the centre of the
rolling table, as in the machines hitherto in use.

48o

THE fROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

IJAN. I, 1897.

3. The leaf receptacle in this machine being station-
ary, the power, which is absorbed in other machines
for imparting motion, not only the movable receptacle,
but also to its contained chaige of leaf, is ilms eaved.
Tlie machiiio, when empty, can be easily driven
at full working speed by one man, and when charged
with about MoUUj. of withered leaf it only reqaires two
horse power to drive it.

■1. T.'i ; discharge of the rolled leaf is effected
through a door in the side of the leaf receptacle over
a stationary shelf or tray, so that the discharge is
effected with great facility and cleanliness.

5. The leaf receptacle is entirely open over top, and
all necessity for the apxjhcation of any pressure on
the leaf, by means of a weighted lid or cover, is
entirely obviated, through the employment inside
the leaf receptacle of what are termed in the catalogue
“ x)loughs,” and of a cone-shaped pr jjectio.i in the
centre of the cavity or well in the roiling table, the
combined operation of which, when the table is in
motion, causes the leaf to so circulate that it has a
continuous “ boiling-up ” movement in the centre of
the mass from bottom to top of the lerf ivceptaale,
where it falls outwardly ali around to the sides,
quickly finding its way down agai 1 to the bottom.

6. The outer surface of the leaf receptacle, and
the outer edge of the rolling table are so cou-
struoted that any leaf and juice which escape
through the clearance space between the lower
edge of the leaf receptacle and the upper surface of
the rolling table are automatieally swept round to
a delivery spout on the table, wnere they can be
collected in a bucket and returned from time to
time into the top of the leaf receptacle, whereby
the danger of collecting such escaped leaf by hand
from the upper surface of the rolling table, as
hitherto uecessary in other machines, is entirely
obviated.

The many practical advantages which, as above
mentioned, are claimed to be embodied in Mr.
Davidson’s new Rolling machine will be readily
apparent to experienced planters, and as Mr. David-
son has spent about a couple of years in bringing
the machine up to its present working efficiency,
and is placing it on the market at a price lower
than usual for Rolling maohiues of similar capacity,
we would anticipate for it a very successful
future.

Of the new Automatic Endless Web Sirocco Tea
Drier next referred to, it is claimed that the ope-
ratioiis of this machine, which has^ been in use
during the current season at Baraoora Estate, bylhet,
where it gave an average output of 3201b. per
hour of perfectly dried tea, accomplishes what has
lontJ been desired in the drying of tea-;-uamely, m a
continuous workiug maohiue to automatically subject
the wet leaf at the start to a high temperature, so as
to instantaneously arrest fermentation and then nnish
off the tea to perfect dryness at low temperature,
which system of drying is claimed to enhance the
quality of tea produced.

Then we come to the “ Down-Draft ” Sirocco, to
which the special feature of the large automatic drier
can now be applied in a modified form, so that the first
tray of wet leaf can be brought under the influence of
the fresh hot air from the store immediately on going
into the machiue. Then there is the Up-Draft

which rsitilT so popular. There is the well-kiiowu Tea
Sorter as well as tli-e Packer, to which a self-ac g
homier for filling the tea is now applied. There |s also
an unproved tea cutting mill, ut

tions and descriptions of a special design of double
cylinder steam engine suited for te.a estates. So con ■
■navativcly small a matter as a “ Double Clmcbei belt
fastener which has been a great success in various mills
aXactoUes in the United Kingdom, has not been
omitted, and in looking thiough the pages of this pam-
phlet the reader will gather a good idea of the i^qiiire-
Keiits of a tea garden and how efficiently Messrs.
Davidson & Co. endeavour to cater for same.

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

(From JI. & C. Mail, Dec. 4.)

Te.v in tuk C.rucAsus. — There have been so many
contradictory reports about the tea-growing experi-
ments of the Russian Government in the Uaucasus
that it is difficult to arrive at the truth. The
latest account indicates that mystery attends the
whole business. The Odessa correspondent of the
Times on Tuesday stated that “ another large body
of Ghiuese have arrived at Odessa en route to the
Caucasus, where they are going to superintend the
cultivation of the tea plant. “ Such success,” he
adds, “ has attended the Government’s efforts in
tea-plauting in the Caucasus that several large
estates there have been acquired by private persons
for this purpose, and it is expected that in the
near future Russian tea from the Caucasus will prove
a xiowerful rival in the tea markets of Plurope.”
As it has been stated that tlie tea plauting
operations had resulted in failure, the Russian
authorities must, if the last account be correct, liave
been “l.iying low” about them previously.

OrnEU WoiiLDs TO Conquer. — It is depressing to think
that the tea drinking country of the world par
exudleacc, Russii, is so faitlifiilly attached to the
Ciiiua market, and that although bold effort i have
been made 011 behelf of ludiati and Ceylon tea
garden proprietors to induce the Russians to change
their ideas and alter their palates so little com-
paratively has come of it. The consumption of
tea in Russia attains enormous proportions, and is
yearly on the increase. According to the Journal de la
Chamhre de Commercede Constant inople, Russia imported
in 1894, through the port of Odessa, 15,692,000 kilo-
gramme’s (a kilogramme equals 2,204 lb.) of tea from
Uhina. Through the custom houses of the Baltic
large quantities of tea are entered, chiefly consigned
to Moscow, or for local consumption, and by the
land customs of Eastern Siberia about 20,000,000
kilogrammes of tea, representing a value of about
50,000,000 roubles, were imported. All the tea im-
ported by way of Odessa or other European fron-
tiers is leaf tea, but that coming into the country
via the Chinese frontier is chiefly tea in bricks of
different dimensions. These teas are consumed by the
nomads and the northern peasants by reason of
their cheapness and the facilities of transport. The
customs duties 011 this kind of tea are much lower
than those on leaf tea. In the various retail shops leaf
tea is sold in packets weighing g, J, or 1 Russian
pound at prices vai'ying according to quality, from
81) copecks to 5 paper roubles the pound, but as a
rule sufficiently good tea may be purchased for 1
rouble 50 copecks to 2 roubles 50 copecks per pound.
Russsia exports annually a certaiu quantity of tea
in xiacketa, prepared by the large importing houses
of Moscow, which are well known throughout the
whole of Europe. By way of Odessa 30,000 kilo-
grammes were shipped in 1894 to the destination of
Roumania, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Austria-Hungary.
The import of Ceylon is so far inconsiderable, but
it is hoped that it will improve.

Crop Esti.wates, Revised and Otherwise. — A long
continuance of cheap tea is the outlook 4he Grocer
predicts. The speculative opinions indulged in with
regard to the Indian tea crop for 1896-97 have been
numerous and contradictory, but they have enabled
the Grocer to safely come to the conclusion that
the crop will be of much greater magnitude
than that in the previous year, or
even heavier than the one gathered in 1894-
i)5. The actual outturn in that season, it will
be remembered, was 127,l27,000lb, followed by a
largely increased yield of 135,479.0001b in 1895-96,
and now there is another materially augmented
crop raised for the piesent season. By favour of the
Indian Tea Association in Loudon, our contempo-
rary is iiiformod that the production for this year,
based on the “ first " revised estimate, was icckoued
at 141,781,6681b., which was 2,518,8521b less than the
original calculation in June, when it was expected
the Indian tea produce would equal 144,303,5201b ;
but later advices received only a week ago stato that.

Jan. r, 1897. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

according to the “ second” revised estimate, the
entire crop for 18915-97 will xjrobably reach about
146.000, OOUlb, or 1,700,0001b over the first or original
estimate that was formed six mouths ago. Details
of the enlarged, or what may be I’egarded as the
final estimate are not yet to hand, but are believed
to be on the way, and will doubtless confirm the
opinion that tho total crop of Indian tea coming
forward will embract! the outside quantity already
named. If so the whole crop landed here since the
middle of 1896, arriving, in course of shipment from
Calcutta and to come on afterwards, wall turn out
to be tho largest ou record; and the Ijondou whole-
sale dealers may make up their minds for the hand
ling of mammoth supplies of Indian tea during the
remainder of the season.

Lookino Backward. — The early portions of tire new
gatherings that were offered by auction in -July and
August, when the market was bare, met with a good
reception, and found free buyei’s, particularly for the
finer grades with pungency and tippiness, which
re.alised very firm prices to some advance. Subse-
quently, however, says the Grocer, the yield of many
gardens turned out disappointingly as regards the
quality, which showed a marked falling off from the
character of the invoices imported at the opening sales,
so that since then the demand at times has perceptibly
flagged, and prices have been more or less weak.
Autumn-flavoured kinds of the better class have mostly
been taken at full rates, but “ Calcutta bought”
teas, as they are termed, together with low
medium and commoner sorts whether leafy or broken
below is per lb. have been disposable only at a re-
peated decline, till they were Id to 2d cheaper than
at the starting point. Though the results financially
may not have been entirely satisfactoiy to importers,
the cheapening of the article has had the salutary
effect of greatly stimulating consumption, as is evi-
denced by the heavy quantities that pass out of the
bonded warehouses every week ; and the duty-paid
entries ou this description of tea in the United
Kingdom lor the first ten months of the year, as
ofticially stated, amounted to 99,732,168 lb, against
93,844,5351b in 1895, and 95,994,441 lb. in the corres-
ponding period of 1894. Favourable as these facts
may appear to the interests of consumers, there is still
the possibility of the trade being overdone with an
excessive glut of tea, and this too just when the
heaviest importations from Ceylon are usually expected,
which must swell the aggregate supply on offer,
besides helping to establish an additional reduction
in value all round. With this prospect before them,
dealers and retailers generally may reckon upon
having, as a benefit, a long continuance of cheap tea.

Chinese Imitation or Indian Tea. — Some Chinese
having got hold of some tea machinery, possibly of
their own making, having been trying to imitate
Indian tea, a few packages have been sent over for
sale in “ tho Tjane,” but it is poor stuff, and cer-
tainly unlike Indian tea.

Tea in CANADi. — A despatch from Montreal says
that the Canadian Tariff Commission is disposed to
favour a duty on tea. This report is much com-
mented on in the Canadian press.

Natal Tea Cultivation. — We have heard much at
times about the possibilities of tea cultivation on an
extended scale in Natal. The opinions expres.sed by
the few planters from India and Ceylon who have
visited the South African colony have dilfered, but
the general view baa not been very hopeful as to
Natal producing a large crop of high grade tea. A
few weeks ago Mr. John Fraser, a tea planter of
Ceylon, touched at Durb.an after a trip to Europe
recently, and after having seen something of the
local tea gardens said tea would grow anywhere in
Natal, but not at a profit. Maritzburg seems the
extreme upper limit of profitable industry. Beyond,
the vicissitudes of climate would probably prove
fatal. Ceylon has no winter as in Natal, and there
is no cessation in the plucking season. Ou the other
hand, in Ceylon there is required one coolie for lit
acres, whereas in Natal one coolie is supposed to
be ample for four acres. The result in Natal how-
ever, is to some extent an indiscriminate plucking.

481

“NEW PROCESS” CHINA TEA.

We noted in our la.sfc Issue that a new depar-
ture was announced in the sale of China tea,
prepared more on the lines of Indian and Ceylon.
Considerable interest is, indeed, lieing shown just
now in tlie arrival of various parcels of Foochow
tea, manufactured by a new process designed to
produce something akin to Indian and Ceylon
kinds. These parcels — live in all-— are described
as “ macliine ” and “hand-made,” and are, no
<loubt, produced with somewhat primitive ap-
liliances, and, therefore, capable of great improve-
ment; but if we can judge of results from these
experimental shipments, there is every promise
of success when undertaken on a large scale. It
is understood these teas — or some of them — were
maile in the Pakling district far on the season,
when only third crop leaf of more or less un-
desirable quality was available, and if so, the
result is all the more satisfactory. The quan-
tity oll'ered has been 119 half-chests aud 156
boxes, the highest price being lOjd. for “Golden
Pekoe” and 4.]: for “Broken Pekoe.” The prices
leali.sed are very good, and should give encourage-
ment to the pioneers of this new departure which
may be the beginning of a revolution in thewholetea
trade, and prove to be a turning-point in the history
and fortunes of China tea, ivliich it is now seen
can be produced more in accord with the English
taste by a simple alteration in the form of manu-
facture. This being so, there are hopes of a
new era of activity and prosperity being near
at hand for those who take up the manufacture
of China tea in an Indianised form. The only
dillerence between China and Indian and Ceylon
teas is one of manufacture — a question of retaining
the tannin in the one case and extracting most
of it in the other — and there is no reason xvhy
a rough, strong- flavoured tea should not be pro-
duced in China as elsewhere. With this in view,
and given a continuation of the present exchange
advantages to China owing to the artificial value
of the rupee, and with prospect of reduced duties
when the approaching revision of the tarift’ takes
place, there is a hopeful prospect for Foochow —
and, indeed the other tea ports. The machine
made tea was catalogued as being sold by order
of the “Foochow Tea Improvement Company.”
With such results as these, sales show there
is every reason to expect a large import of similar
teas over the next few years, and during the
forthcoming season it is expected some 100,000
halt-chests will be sent foi ward, “ specially pre-
pared b.y a new method,” as the catalogue des-
cribed those just sold. — L. it- 0. Exptess.

COFFEE PLANTING IN NYASSALAND
liRITISlI CENTRAL AFRICA.

LIST OF PROPRfETORS WHO HAVE TAKEN
UP LANDS IN THE SHIRE HIGHLANDS Ac.

FOR COFFEE PLANTING.

We have compiled the following list from the
Map accompanying t lie latest Report of .Sir 11. H.
Johnston, K.C. u., on the British Central Africa
Protectorate up to March 31st, 189(>. The land
taken up is spread over a large extent of terri-
tory in the Zomba, Blantyro, Mlanje.^nd other
districts. In some cases, enormous blocks of
territory have been taken u|i ; while in others, a
few hundred .acres comprise the allotment. We
])ick oil’ the names of the proiirietors from the
Maj^j, incUijftting the districts as well as we can,

482

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. I, 1897.

based cliietly on tlie scale of the Map.

The list

runs as follows

Approxi-

Proprietor's Xame.

JHstrict.

mate area.

Acres.

Messrs. Buchanau Bros.*

Zomba or

15,(X)0

Do. do

Upper Shire

12,000

Do. do

) J

20,000

Messrs. Hinde & Starke

9}

1,000

Do.

600

Mr. Burnet

9 9

400

„ Purdy

n

1,000

,, Smiley

))

1,000

„ Baird

1)

1,400

„ Cameron

))

800

„ Robertson

M

1,600

„ Morkel

600

„ Bruce

Namasi

70,000

Do.

Fort Lister

5,000

„ E. C. A. Sharrer Zomba & Blantyre

190,000

Church of Scotland Mission

Fort Roberts

1,000

Mr. Israel

Blantyre

1,000

,, Waller

*9

1,400

,, Hastings

if

1,400

,, Lindsay

9i

1,400

„ Duncan

9i

600

Chnrch of Scotland Mission ,,

600

Pettitt Bros.

>>

800

Messrs. Keiller & Nesbitt

)f

1,000

t>

|1

Chikwana

„ Buchanau Bros.

>> ,

Zambezi Industrial Mission

B.S.A. Co.

African Lakes Corporation
Mr. V. Cox
„ S. Steblecki
,, Sinderham
„ Hastings
,, Hunter

MacPherson
Wertin
,, MacLagan
i)r. Kankin
„ K. Stellecki
„ F. Moir

Messrs. De Jong & Visser
Messrs. Buchanau Bros.

Mr. Sharrer n

Kwa Kassi
Swardi

Schippers A Sinderham ,,

Kaisser >>

Taylor »

Boyd 11

Wertin »

R. MacLagan n

,, CARSONf J)

,, Laniagna >>

„ B. Blair »

„ Mackim »

„ Hunter u

,, Bianchi - — u

„ Hastings »

„ Lloyd »

„ Berringer »

„ Manning »

Messrs. Do Jong & Visser
Messrs. Buchanan Bros.

B.S.A Co.

Mr. Lloyd J

R. B. Bradshaw
Sinopscn
J. W. Moir
H. B. Bradshaw
J. W. Moir
Imlah|

H. Brown I

Messrs. Pettitt Bros.

))

Mr.

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

Ruo

Mlanie

Fort Anderson

8,000
2, too
8,000

14.000

18.000

1,200

4.000

1.000

800

1,400

800

500

800

14.000

3.000

2.000
8O0O
2,000

400

150,000

50.000

4.000
5,(X)0

2.000

3.000

1 .000

3.000
8.500f

2.500

1.000

4.000

3.000

4.000

6.000

3,.500

1.500
1,500
1,800

10,000
800
600
1,000
800
600
1,200
500
600
800

* xnciateJoiui Buchanan, c.M.o. and brother— no con-
nection of any Mr. Buchanau ever in Ceylon.— Ln. / ..1.
t This is Mr. J. H. Carson of Ilapulale : no uoubt

the 3,500 acres belongiug to the Ceyloii Nvassaland

Coffee Company is included in this block.— Ln. i ..-1.
J Ex-Ceylon residents.— Ep. C-C.

Tlie acreage given by u.s is from the merest guess-
ing based on applying the scale of the map to each
block as coloured. We have probably, in many
cases, under -estimated the blocks taken np. In
regard to the districts, too, we have been at a
loss, as the map does not indicitte such districts
or provinces as North Nyassa, South Nyassa,
Mirimba, Nyassaland, &c. Perhaps, we may
got a correspondent in Nyassaland to correct our
list so far as are.a and districts are concerned ;
hut it is of interest to put on record the rianies
of the first proprietors. We are surprized that
any one capitalist or inonccr should he allowed
to take up 365,000 or even 50,000 acres. We
should have thought that 10,000 acres ought to
hare been li.Ked as the maximum for any' indivi-
dual owner. Before many years elapse, there
may he regret at the alienation of such large
blocks.

In our Frontispiece, will he found a reduced
copy (by Mr. Larvtou of Jaffna) of the Map
issueil by Sir H. Jolinston with his Keport of
the Shire Higli'a-uls, showing the estates or blocks
of land taken up for coffee. It is roughly' executed,
hut gives a suliiciently' good idea of tlie relative
situation and size of the ] r iperties when the
numbers on the Map are comjiared with the fol-
lowing key : —

Hcferences to the Map.

Land which is left unshaded or the borders of
which are shaded belongs to the Crown or to the
natives under Crown control.

1. Hinde and Starks ; 2. Buchanan Bros.; 3. Shar-
rer ; 4. Robertson ; 5. Bruce ; 6. Baird ; 7. Ca-
meron ; 8. Smiley ; 1). Purdy ; 10. Bunies ; 11.
Hinde and Stark ; 12. Israel ; 13. Keller and Nes-
hit; 14. Waller; 15. Hastings; 16. Lamagiia :
17. Kumtoga ; 18. Blantyre ; 19. Duncan ; 20.
Lindsay' ; 21. Zambezi I. Mission ; 22. B. S. A. Co. ;
23. Mclagan ; 24. A. L. Corporation ; 25. V. Cox ;
26. S. Sieblecki ; 27. Chockahwing : 28. \*ertin;
•29. Livingstone; 30. Sinderham; 31. F. Moir;
32. Hunter , 33. MacPherson ; 34. Dr. Rankin ; 35.
De -Jong and Visser; 36. K. Steblecki; 37. Mcln-
nou; 38. Lamagna; 39. Carson; 40. R. Maclagun;
41. Boyd ; 42. Schippers and Sinderham ; 43. Kais-
ser ; 44. Taylor : 45. Pettitt Bros. ; 46. Bianchi ;
47. Cox Bros. ; 48. Beringer ; 49. Lloyd ; 50.

Manning : 51. Bradshaw ; 62. Simpson ; 53, J.

Moir ; 54. Brown ; 55. Imlah.

TEA AND COFFEE.

What a pleasant sight is the breakfast or tea
table ! However simple, there is something bright
and attractive there, it seems to smile gladness
and welcome to you as you sit down at it. The
tea and coffee send out a subdued fragrance i n
they are being poured out, and the cups and sau-
cers, however common, shine and sparkle. Tea
and coffee ! — what associations of comfort and re-
freshment and pleasure come with the words!
What can our forefathers have done without them?
They were, I suppose, much dependent on beer,
as down in Suffolk and Norfolk and in north-
eastern Essex to this day the farmer-folk, both at
breakfast and tea, indulge first iu a glass of beer,
and put a cup of tea or coffee on the top of it.
Well, that custom is gradually going out, too, as
tho ohier folks die off; and so, iu this way, as iu
others, the demand for tea and coffee increases.

TEA.

For a long time we were dependent on China
for tea ; but now other countries are producing
tea in large quantities, notably India, all along
the sloping sides of the hills in Assam, and iu
many fertile districts iu Ceylon, wher'e the
lie i soil and the “ spicy breezes’ are gioatly iu
its favour. The teas ol Assam — most of them, if
not all — are very strong ; while some of those of
Ceylon are more like the Chinese teas, and
nowadays tuo bnlk of the supply ooinos from those

Jan. I, 1897.]

THE TROPICA!

AGRICULTURIST.

483

regions, the Chinese teas still being used for
“ inixing” and “ blending.” This is still a large
business, at which many experts are employed.

The successful ” tea-taster” is a person who com-
mands a good salary and a good position. He has
to be very careful to keep his palate clear of con-
tact with certain other things ; taste and smell must
go in nice association in his case. For hours
before he begins his task of tea-tasting he must
not try his palate with certain wines or with any-
thing strong, but must keep it clean and ready for
the flavour of the tea. He does not drink tea in
the proper sense ; generally speaking, he mei'ely
sips, gets the flavour, aud then empties his mouth,
and after the lapse of a certain number of minutes
tries the next sample, or the next idending. He
is always trying this mixture, that blend, so as to
provide the best flavour for his patrons or constituents.

The tea plant, which is a very pretty' evergreen
shrub, grows to between five and eight feet high,
and has a deep-green, smallish leaf. It needs, at
certain seasons, a great deal of care and atten-
tion, trimming, dressing, etc. It .is not a long-
lived shrub. Niue years is about the long-
est it continues to yield the tender leaves
fit for tea, as then they get hard, dry, aud sapless.
As the first crop i.s not yielded till the third year of
the shrub's life, it is plain that on a tea plantation,
after a certain period from the start, there must be
a constant rooting out and replanting to keep up the
continuous supply of tender, fresh green leaves,
which are best the first year of yielding. When the
leaf has reached a certain definite stnge, then comes
the very imporiant work of picking. The shrubs are,
as far as possible, planted in lines ; and, just as in
hoppicking in England , a certain length of so many
lines is given to a picker or group of pickers. The
tender young leaf is that which is picked. The first
yeary crop is picked about the end of April,
the second about the end of May, and the third
about the end of .Tune. Archdeacon Gray, in
his great wo k on China — where he lived and worked
for a lifetime — tells us that a clever labourer can
pick from ten to thirteen pounds a day. Hut it should
be remembered that the strict plantation rule is that
he must pick only the young leaves, and never pick
more than one from the branch at a time. So the
work of picking is very monotonous and trying, as
there is a considerable amount of stooping in
dealing with the lower branches. The leaves of the
first gathering of the season is considered to be the
more delicate, and goes to make the finer teas mainly.

The teas having thus been gathered and sorted,
which means the removal from the finer of any
large and rougher leaf, what is called the “drying ”
or facing process begins. This is necessary to pre-
serve the tea ; so as to enable it to travel and not
lose its fragrance. In great measure, the different
teas, black, green, | souchong, pekoe, Ac., are pro-
duced by the variations of the process they are
submitted to at this stage. It is often said that
really to enjoy tea it must be drunk in China, or
India, or in Cejdon, before it has been faced aud
packed, and gone long journeys or voyages over sea
and land All teas, however, are and must be, in
greater or lesser degree, carefully dried either by
exposure to the sun or by expouser to charcoal heat ;
and some of the more highly- coloured teas ere in
different degrees treated with p.wrtercd gypsum or
turmeric, and s- ‘me, again, where a certain tint, ;s wmted,
are actually treatc,.! to a ru bing w,th t^rucsi.an blue.

Tliorc is stili a duty ‘-n tea wbicit adds a few
pence to the price of ever- pound ; and there is a
section of financial refoimers -who go strougiy for
what they call" a free breakfast-table,” and demand
that tills duty should be altogeth'cr repealed, since
tea has become a “ necessary of life,” which, at all
events, hard workers will admit it to be, from its
refreshing, stimulating qualities.

COFFK.E.

Coffee in many minds, contests the high
place with tea. If it does not have the deli-
cacy of fragrance found, at all events, in the finer
teas, it is refreshing, stimulating, and, especially

after meals, very salutary, Ceylon produced good
coffee befoz-e it was famous for tea ; but coffee ori-
ginally came from certain parts of Arabia, where
it is native. Now it is grown, aud grown to profit,
in several tropical countries. The finest cc-ffee is still
the Mocha, which comes to us from Yemen, in
Arabia ; but Java, the AVest Indies, Rrazil, and
stretches of Ceutral America produce the greater
quantity consumed. The coffee plant, left to itself,
in favourable circumstances, would grow to a small
tree some seventeen or eighteen feet high ; but
under culture the aim is to keep it low — a squat
shrub — to save trouble and time in climbing up to
pick the fruit; and for this reason it is seldom
allowed to grow higher than eight or nine feet.
The plant has longish leaves, placed exactly opposite
each other on the stalk, and is not inelegant. Eight
above the point where the pairs of leaves join the
stem, the berries grow in clusters. Each of these
contains two coffee beans, which separate from
each other when freed from the outside skin.
The gathering and drying of these, too, as in
the case of tea, demand skill, care, and exact know-
ledge of the progress of the fruit, which cannot all be
gathered at one time but the bushes have to be gone
over again and again.

One of the most import.ant processes in preparing
the coffee is the roasting, preparatory to the grinding.
This being underdone, the coffee does not grind clean ;
being overdone in the slightest, the fragrance is largely
lost. On ths Continent it is a common sight, in the
morning more especially, to see the servants come
out into the courtyards with a little circular, long-
drum-lookiug machine over a box with heating
apparatus. This they carefully turn, shaking the
coffee beans about in it ; aud they say their care and
expertuess in this process just before the grinding
is what gives the fine fragrance to Continental coffee.
The practice of hotels and families roasting their own
coffee in this style has not in the same way become
common in Englaird, but great improvements have
recently been made in the larger machinery employed
in the big establishments in England, and the
fragrance of the coffee much improved on what it
used to be — at which all those who do not roast their
own coffee have surely the best reasons to be pleased.
— A. H. Japp. — Foils at Home,

TEA IN NATAL.

As the tea industry is making such great strides
ill India and Ceylon, it will prove interesting to
look abroad and learn what is being done in other
lands. This journal, in its issue of the 3Ist October
last, referred, in a note, to “ Tea in Natal.” Some
samples of tea manufactured on the Natal estates,
and which were entered for competition at the Pieter-
maritzburg Plxhibitiou, were sent to London for ad-
j udication. They have been reported on as superior
in quality and value to those hithei’to seen from
Natal, as they resembled Indian tea of a good me-
dium grade. Unfortunately they lacked the dis-
tinctive strength aud flavour — the essential requisites
in desirable teas. They came from est.ates situated
close to the sea coast, at elevations ranging irom
100 to 50'^ feet above sea level, with an amiual rain-
fall of some 48 inches at the lower and some 40
inches at the higher level. It, is not surprising ' hat,
con.sidering the eituaiiou of those e.-tates. a more
favourable repo t '-v.is not foi t'ticorning. The rider
is added th-.i tiiese teas ‘ Oald not be exported with
profit. Natal and Ceylon both stu'tod tea growing
in earnest, and on a i.nge scale, in 1880, although
a small b ginning was made in the former place in
1876. The progress made by the latter in compari-
son with the former is remarkable. In Natal, how-
ever, there are barely 3,000 acres of land under
tea cultivation in the entire colony, and the
number of large tea gardens is five. It is only
since 1891 that tea cultivation may really be
said to have made any perceptible progress in
this part of the world. The tea district lies within
six miles of a place called Stauger, amid beautiful

484

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. I, 1897.

Bceaary, and a fine view of the sea can be obtained
from some points in the gardens. In the burning
of the large central factory at Kearnsey, 110,0001b.
of tea was destroyed at the same time. It is es-
timated that the total crop of Notal tea this season
will not be more than 700,0001b., but next year it
is hoped that one million pounds will be made.
The greater portion of the tea is consumed in
Natal itself. The planting community are en-
deavouring to introduce their teas into the South
African markets, specially into Johannesburg, but
this town does not take kindly to it. Ceylon teas
are getting firmly established there, and in many
Other parts of South Africa. It is a matter of
surprise that no efforts are being made to push
Indian teas in this quarter of the globe. Natai
planters have many difficulties to contend with,
their chief trouble being the cost of their labour
supply, which is far too expensive. It is not pro-
baole that the tea industry in Natal, as conducted
at present, will ever attain sufficient proportions to
be included as an important factor in the tea trade
of the world. The planters are very jealous of each
other, and very reticent as to their affairs. They
will not supply figures, so it is extremely diffieult
to know what progress is really being made. If
they were not so bound up in their own ideas,
and would accept of kindly advice, they would do
well to engage the services of experienced planters
and tea-makers from this country. Judging from
accounts received, they lack knowledge and ex-
perience of both planting and manufacture. They
are importing the latest and best types of machi-
nery, but have no system. Without experi-
enced men to lead and direct them, they cannot
hope to make satisfactory progress, and their best
efforts are bound to end m disappointment. — fwlian
Planters Gazette, Dec. 12.

ENEMIES OE THE COCONUT
TEEE IN MALA BAD.

A Correspondent of the Madras Mail writing
with regard to the ravages of the Ehinoceros Beetle
on coconut estates in Cochin siys: — Of coleopterous
beetles that are destructive to coconut, palmyra
and areca trees in Malabar, there are three varie-
ties, one being already named. That one belongs
to the genus dynastide and is easily distinguished by
its geniculate horn which has given it its title of
Rhinoceros Beetle. Another species is the hiitoccra
rubus. with two very long antennoe and with great,
long legs. It is commonly called the Coconut
Beetle. The third variety is the calandriiin. jiahna-
rum or Coconut Weevil. The natives call all three
vanities chclle, that is, fleas. Between these three
robust little creatures thousands of coconut trees and
coconuts are annually destroyed and human ingenuity
has not yet been able to devise any very successful or
practicable means of getting rid of the “ hercu-
lean" pests— I say “ herculean,” because such is
their strength, and such also is the title by which
some entomologists have called them. The two latter
kinds do not seem to be so much dreaded by the
garden farmer and toddy tapper in Malabar as ihe
other species, but all three are, I should think, equally
destructive. The larva of the Coconut Weevil
abides in the leaf bud and goes through its trans-
formations there, the fibres surrounding the pith
providing excellent material for the cocoon. However,
before the cocoon has been formed, the larva which
has been steadily at work has eaten pretty well
through tho heart of the tree, practically des' royin;; it.
The cocoon soon gives pla. e to the chi j s Bis. Then
in a little while, out comes the perfect beetle and
escapes to bring more evil larvae into the world. The
hutocera inchus is still more wicked, for it instals itself
at the very base of the trunk of the tree and the re
deposits its eggs. Indue time comes the grub which
eats its way up to the very summit, polishes off the
leaf buds and at times accounts for the destruction
of the whole head, spathe, leaf, stalks and all.
Toddy tappers will tell you that (his bei'tle in its
perfect form cannot effect much injury, as its long

feelers prevent it from moving about freely among
the tender leaves and flowers. But they do not
seem to realise the vast amount of havoc that the
larviB are capable of committing. The Rhinoceros
Beetle works in quite a different method, for its
larva enters the cocoi.ut tree at the top and works
downward, gnawing up all the wood and fibrous
tissue. It then builds its cocoon out of the very
refuse it has created. The natives say that this
beetle is most destructive after the new' rains set
in, and for good three momhs subseiiuently. It also
proves very destructive to the “cabbage” in young
plints, great numbers of which are tlius irrecover-
ably damaged. When the spadix appears on mature
plants, the beetle insinuates itself as at the base
of the stalk, eats through the enveloping spathe
and destroys the whole o' the promised fruit. Spring
leaves also are thus largely destroyed. The toddy
tapper carries a long iron probe whh him. and if
ever he spies his foe inbedded anywhere in tho
trunk or frond, in goes the probe, transfixes and draws
out the remorseless depredator. During the day time
these beetles keep out of the way, but at night they
emerge and start their destructive pursuits. The
Rhinoceros Beetle in particular is very hir-ely met
with hidden in the soft but unwholesome s> il of
dunghills, and the tapper sometimes searche.s for
his enemy in such places and destroys it. It is
interesting to note that the refuse of the horse stale
attracts the creature more readily than that of the
cow pen. In some p.trls of Malabar the trees are
afforded .some relief by placing sea sand or salt in
the midst of the leaves and flower sheaths. This
appears to scare away the borer. I have not heard
of any device in these parts for attracting the insects
by lighting fires.

Insects, however, are not the only enemies that
the coconut tree in these p.irts lias to bear with.
Bats, flying squirrels and flying foxes, tree dogs and
toddy cats are also among the pests. In rural parts,
monkeys also are very destructive, especially to toddy.
As for the rats, they either build nesis in the tree
tops and remain on tho scene to do damage,
or they visit coconut gardens in large num-
bers by night, leaving before daylight, after
having caused sad havoc all over the place
I have on more than one occ.ision observed at early
morn the intercs'.ing eight of a coio ly of rats hurry-
ing back home in procession after having had a
night of it in my neighbour, s coconut and cashew
garden. Toddy tappers place bamboo sliding traps
among the leaves to capture the rodents, or hang
large tins with wooden sticks attached loosely to
them. When the wind blows, the whole concern
makes a noise, and the rat dreads strange noises
which he cannot account for. Flying squirrels and
Hying foxes visit tho trees at night for toddy and
often get wofully intoxicated at these stolen orgies.
Tho tree dog (mara nai of the natives) has a bushy
tail and he will somehow dip tho brush in and get
it to absorb as much toddy' as possible. Then he
will pull his tail out and suck up the beverage.
Toddy cats are less patient. They do the drinking
awkwardly', often breaking the pot, get blind drunk
and then gingeily drop down to the ground. The
monkey on the other hand removes the pot, has his
li!l of toddy, and then throws the pot awuy.

— ^

CEYLON TEA CHOP IN 1897.

MAY BE()^'E1I l-iO MILLION LB.:
SPECIAL NEED TO CET A'l' THE NEW
MARKETS.

“ You have to face an incre.uso of 1.7 million
“ 11). in 1897 over the expoitsior 1S9G,” wrilcs
a ])buiter who wanders a good deal over the
country and knows wlmt he is .sayiiig. If he is
rigiit in his anticipation, our exports would run
foi live years: — |i,.

I89:i. .

1891..
189.'). .
189(1. .

1.897..

81,10ll.o(ll
81,591,711
97,989,781
|Es.] .. l()7,000,0tK)

lEs.J 122,(K)0,000

Jan. t, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

485

With anything like so great an advance — or even
if we have to face llo to 120 inillioii lb. — it is
quite clear tliere sliould be no relaxation in the
efforts to win new marke s. And most certainly
we are not in favour of restricting tlie expen-
diture on advertising in eitlier America or Russia’
Quite the reverse. If it be true, too, that any
dealer who can shew he holds and sells Ceylon
tea in either country on making apidication to
Commissioner or Committee, is almost certain to
receive help towards advertising, the objection
raised against partial subsidising should in a
great measure fall to the ground. It is quite
evident that no one can be more interested in
the success of the mission he has taken up
than the Planters’ Agent for America, Mr.
Win. Mackenzie, and no doubt he will feel as
all out here do, that a special ellbrt is required
to push our teas during the coming year in
view of the expected large increase in c'n.p. If
we could only move the Indian tea planters to
an adequate sense of their duty and responsibi-
lities ill America as also on the Continent of
Europe, in Australasia and South Africa,
success would be far greater. The want of stocks
of Ceylon tea seem to be a draw-
back in America and to give Indian tea a pull
over us. A common complaint seems to be : —
“ V'eiy good teas, but they cannot be matched
to standards” -consequentiy when Ceylon’s are
asked for and cannot be got, Indian’.s have to
be supplied.

TllOPlCAb FRUITS IN MADEIRA.

Once upon a time there was an agreeable connection
between India and Madeira, for it was to that little
island in the North Atlantic that Anglo-Indians, in
the latter part of the last, and the early part of the pre-
sent century, were indebted for the strong-bodied wine,
with the fine bouquet, that their souls loved. The in-
sidious attractions of the bleml that was called
*■ urandy-pawnee ” had been ci.^covered, but this was
not the beverage of what then passed as good society.
Indian pale ale had not yet commenced to point the
beery w.iy to a peer.i.ge; and whisky was only found in
the bungalow’s of the mo.st Caledonian of Scoto-In-
dians.. Abstemious officisls, like Warren Hastings,
prided themselves on their Madoria, and gave stand-
ing oi’ders to their wine-merchants in London to make
to them periodic.rl consignments of that wine. But
times and tastes have changed, and hardly anybody
in India nowadays drinks Maderia, or indeed, fancies
it. For all that the tight little island remains where it
stood in the dim and distant past, and it continues to
atiract to its rocky shores a number of people who are
afflicted with weak lungs, and who have to flee from t ie
severities of winter in Northern Europe. It is one of
the oldest possessiou.s, and it is u av a province of
Portug.al, so that it has the right to send deputie.s to
the Coites at Lisbon. It is 350 miles from the north-
west coast of Africa, 525 mites from Lisbon, an t 43fl
mites from the Azores. It is linked w'ith Europe at
Lisbon, to the north-east, and with Brazil to the far
West by submarine telegraph cables. It is about
thirty miles long, and it has at the rvid-
est poiut a breadth of only thirteen miles, and
its coast-line extends to about ninety miles. It
is of volcanic origin, and it is remarkable for its
ridges of lofty mountains, which attain an altitude
of (5,100 feet abeve sea-level. The sea all around it
is very deep, and the island is no more than the
crowm of a gigantic mountainous formation, that has
its wide base in the depths of the ocean. At one
period the islands was covered with primeval
forest, in which no other reptile than a liz.ard could
be found and it was owing to the weaUhof materia,
or *• wood,” ihat the early I’ortuguese travellers con-
ferred upon it, in their picturesque way, the eupho-
nious name that it bears. The forests were not
conserved, hut were ruthlesdy destroyed by the

strange mixture of Negro, Moor, and European that
constitutes the local population. The Portuguese
Government was far more skilful in making con-
quests than in turning its territorial acquisitions to
good account, and as at Goa, so also at Madeira,
Die material and moral progress of the country was
and is systematically neglected. The disafforestment
of the highlands in the island has robbed it of the
Best means of storing the torrential rains that fail
during the summer mouths, and the plains suffer
acutely from the consequent wants of moisture in
the winter. The Government has expended money
grudgingly upon the construction and maintenance
of irrigation works and tanks, but this e.xpeuditure
has been far below the needs of the island, and the
cultivation of all crops is seriously checked by the
chronic dryness of the ground in the best season. So
scanty is tlie water supply that in some localities water
commands a higher price than land. Bat in the few
favoured places where water is to be had without
much difficulty, it is no unusual thing to see vines,
sugar-cane, sweet-potatoes, and cabages growing thick,
ly on the same ground, regardless of the objections
to over-cropping. And as the temperature never falls
below 44 degrees in the winter, and stands at about
85 degrees in ihe summer, several tropical fruits, that
have been introduced from time to time, have taken
kindly to the soil. Some information about these
fruits is embodied in a report that was submitted to
the Marquis of Salisbury, as Foreign Secretary, by
Mr. Vice-Consul Bell, at Funchal, last October, and
we have gleaned some information from this record
that may possibl}’ interest those of our readers who
cherish a regard for natural history.

The “ lilligator pear” is the principal tropical fruit
grown in the island. This fruit is not indigenous, for
it was imported from Mexico or Certral America,
and acclimatised. It is called ‘‘ Aguacate” by the
Indiana in Mexico ; ‘‘ Abacate’’ by the Portuguese j
“Avocado” by the Spaniards; and “ Avocado pear,”
or “Alligator pear” by the English. Botanically it
is known J'orsta The tree is tail and

slender. It grows to a height of about 70 feet, and has
dome-shaped branches and smooth green leaves,
resembling those of the laurel. The fruit grows in
clusters of three to flve, and is shaped like a pear,
with a dark purple brown tint. It contains one large
globular seed, around which — mango fashion — is the
pulp or edible portion, which in some French colo-
nies is exiled “vegetable butter,’ as it has the con-
sistency of butter. This pulp is stated to possess a
delicate nutty flavour, which is greatly appreciated
by those who have acquired a taste for it. The
fruit is eaten either as a salad, being seasoned
with pepper and salt, and a suspicion of vinegar to
bring out the flavour, or as a dessert fruit, with a little
su ar, like a melon. Next in importance to the
alligator pear comes the banana, of which there are
two vaiieties in the isiiuid, namely, the dwarf, and
the filver bananas. The dwarf or Chinese banana,
is known botauically as the J/usa CarenJishii, and it
is grown largely for bo h local consumption and for
exportation. The wholesale price is about 3s 6d per
bunch, and a gcod sized bunch contains, as we all
know in India, a very large number of individual
bananas. In London the retail price of bananas, as
sold by costermongers from barrows in the streets,
is a half penny each, at which there is an active
demand. There would seem, therefore, to be a
handsome margin of profit for the wholesale im-
porter. The silver banana is much mors delicate in
flavour, and only about half the size of the dwarf
banana, which is sold and largely consumed in the
London stree’s, a coarse fruit that offers no attraction
to an old tropical resident who remembers what
well-bred and well grown plantains in Aladras are
like. The hanami in Madeira is found to grow best
on fresli lami shf llered from the wind, which is apt
to uproot the trees, and seriously damage the fruit.
Artificial manure is advantageously employed in the
fertilisation of the trees, and the application of large
quantities of offal from the slaughter-houses and the
fish markets is found to be beuelicial in increasing
the weight of the branches and the size of the fruit.

486

TEIE TROPICAI

AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. j, 1897

A is the case in India, it is usual iu Madeir to cut
bananas while green, and to|allow them to grauallv
ripen.

The so-called “ (’ape gooseberry ” is largely grown
in the island. This is the same fruit, we presume,
as is grown so successfully on the Ni'giris, where it
was introduced many years ago. The perfectly
globular and highly polished, amber-coloure 1 fruit
is, as our readers will remember, enclosed with-
in a loosely fitting and delicate green case, and
this envelope protects it from insects, and from the
impurity of dust. It lends itself most kindly to the
manufacture of a toothsome preserve, which, however,
has the demerit of not keeping well alter the atmos-
pheric air has been permitted to get at it. In Madeira
also a preserve is made from the Cape gooseberry,
and is in much local favour. Citrons used to be
grown on a considerable scale in Madeira, and a pipe
of citrons, containing about 500 fruit, would realise
from £‘20 to t'80 ; but the trade has been ruined by
the active competition of Corsica, from which little
Mediterranean islet Europe draws a large portion of
the citrons that she consumes. It is usual in Madeira
to pack citrons for export in pipes filled with strong
brine, and a pipe usually holds from 350 to 500 fruit
according to their size. Custard apples have also
been imported and acclimatised in Madeira. The
variety in most request is believed to have been
obtained from Peru. In In iia the taste for custard
apples is acquired with some difficulty, and only by a
comparatively few persons. Tna fiuit has a rather
attractive look when it lias upon it the b'oom of
ripeness; but when tlie gentle griff is solemnly told
by an old inhabitant that, according to well-authen-
ticated tradition, it was the custard apple that was
the cause of the fall of man, he is led to the conclusion
either that Eve must have had an extraordinary
want of good taste, or that the Garden of Eden was
poorly found in fruit. Yet in Madeira the custard
apple is a favourite with all classe-i, and tlie
doctors declare that it is a wholesome fruit for
invalids when eaten in a thoroughly ripe con-
dition. It grows there to a large size, and the
choicer fruit sometimes reaches a length of 6 to 7
inches, and weighs li to 2 lb. The hard, black, al-
mond-shaped seeds that are so disagi'eeably pre-
valent iu the variety that we are acquainted with
in this country, seem to diminish in size and number
in the largest and finest descriptions in Madeira ;
but, as in India, the smaller kinds are little sought
after in consequence of the superabundance of seeds.
The custard apple tree is not grown in plantations
or orchards, but almost every garden contains it,
and the largest trees attain a height of about 20
feet and the branches spread from 15 to 25 feet.
A w'ell-grafted tree, when well cultivated, yields
fully 200 custard apples a year, and sometimes gives
the ov/ner a profit of £5 in twelve mouths. J3iu, as
with other fruit-bearing ti-ees in the island, little
attention is given to the improvement of the culti-
vation, by pruning, manuriug, etc., for the Portugu.se
authorities are far too proud to condescend to bestow
attention on such a subject.

Guavas grow readily in the island. Inis fruit is
rarely used in an unripe condition, but is usually
stewed, or, as in India, made into the guava-jelly
of commerce. Hero also degeneration has resulted
from individual and official neglect, and good people
in London are tar better acquainted with the ^uava-
jelly manufactured by Veiicatachollum of Popham’s
Broadway, Madras, than they are with its Madcria
rival. Lemons, limes, and loquats are eiifily raised
in the island. So also is the mango. The variety
met with in Madeira w.is introduced from In li t, pro-
baby by the e.irly Portuguese travellers to the Ep at,
and it is conjectured tliat the first plants, or seeds,
were obtained from Goa. The tree grows well and
Mr. Ball happily remarks that “ wnen heinug
fruit the appearance is very beautiful, the
foliage being of smooth dark green leaves set
very closely together, and the fruit as it approaches
maturity being of a rich orange colour gradu rlly
changing to bright crim on which gives a very
handsome and imposing appearance to the tree.’
The tree is found in most gardens, and the islan-

ders eat the fruit while they live, and are enclosed
doubtless iu coffins made from its wood when they
die. Unfortunately no attention is given to the
production of fruit of a high quality, and none but
small fruit are obtaine.l, owing to the denial of
fertilising agents. As iu India so iu Madeira it is
found ihat the stone in the small-sized and low
grade mango is out of all pro^jortion to the pulpiii
or edible portion. Mr. Bell regiets the dangera-
tion of the mango, and considers with good reason
that if the best varieties were imported from India
and if proper attention were given to their cultiva,
lion, the local and foreign demand would soon
increase, and high prices would be secured by the
planters. It was hoped that oranges might be
grown on a large and profitable scale in the island,
and efforts were made to improve the local growth ;
but the results so far have Deen disappointing,
and it is now supposed that tlie want ot calcare-
ous matter in the volcanic soil is the cause of the
failure. Large quautities of Taugeriue orauges are
now imported into the island for local cousumpaou
from Portugal and the Azores. .At one time Madeira
enjoyed a lucrative export trade in pineapples, for
the truit that is grown there is of large size and
excellent flavour, but owing to the competition of
the Azores the local market price of first class fruit
has fallen from a maximum of 18s'. each to one of
(5i. In addition to tiie tropical fruits we have
named, the following fruits of Europe are grown iu
Madeira : — almonds, apples, aprico.s, cherries, chest-
nuts, tigs, grapes, passion fruic, plums, pears, pitaugas,
pomegranates, quinces, rose-apples, strawberries, and
walnuts ; so, one way and another, there is a con-
siderable show of fruits in tlie local markets all the
year roitnj. — M- d/uiV, Dec. 23.

TEA IN RUSSIA.

'I’wo English Members of Parliainent' Messrs
Kearley and Lougli — lately vi.sited Ku.s.sia on the
iiivibaiion of General Aiinenkoff, a fainons
Russian General and Member of the Council of
War. A very interesting account of the impres-
sions formed —generally favourable to Russia —
was given by Mr. Lough during an interview
with a CViroaicfc representative. Mr. l.ough
(known among liis friends as “ 'I'oiiiniy Luti ”)
IS coniiecced with one of the large City T'ea Com-
panies— the Towers Tea Company if we remember
rightly — and it is not impndiable that he had
an eye to busines.s as well as to general olrser-
vation, during his visit to Russia. A mutual
friend was anxious we should meet to discuss
tlie tea question ; but time did not permit before
we left England. .Mr. Lough, however, in
answer to inquiry, said lie was scarcely in a
position to give an opinion on tlie prospects of
Indian and Ceylon leas in Rns.sia “ .All trade
with that country i-^ carried on under gnat
ditliculries so far as 1 can find out.” .\t tne
same time, it is indisputable that the big London
dealers are m u'e and more turning their attention
to Russia, Ml. Lipton being a case in point with
a house and manager of liis own in St. Relers-
bnrg who has got a firm hold of the market
and is likely’’ to extend his lea bnsine.-,-, rlir >ngii
out European Rn-isi:i,

TE.A Ct)dU\NI!!;S .VAlALGAM.ATIO.x.

We give will, m ly bo “ llijJe^’^ new--, bu i'
worth repeating rcspeciiiig the amalgain.tiion 01
certain Kelani Valley Companies : —

'riie new (amipany is to ho called the Yati-
yantola, Ceylon, Tea (ki., lal. The nntliorized
Capital being .€‘2.')0,000 in iierforeiice and ordinary
shares. 'I'he first issue, to acijuiie and work
the A’atiy antola and Weoya Conqianies’ nroperties
and the Walpola group is to he TlOn.iiOO —
£30,U0U juefercnce and £70,000 ordinary.

Jan. r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 487

TEA CULTIVATION IN CEYLON,
INDIA AND CHINA.

MANUKINO AND RESULTS;
CRITICISM AND WARNINOS.

An up country correspondent sends us an
exti'act from tl)C letter of a friend in the North
of Ireland which oii'^ht to .amuse if not interest
Ceylon tea planters, it runs as follows ; —

“ I hope your tea iu'0[)crty is coming on well. 1

met a Mr. S a tea huyer of Shanghai when

over in Scotland lately; he goes out every year
for four months during the season and s[>ends the
end of the year at home, in Russia, and in America;
he buys principally for Russians and Americans, —
and he is greatly in f.avour of China Tea which
he asserts is more wholesome tlian Indian Tea,
as it is free ot tannin, — and he says no other
eounti’y can beat it. They have splendid soil
and unlimited extent— and when one garden is
exh.austeil, the Chinese abandon it and take in
fresh soil. He told me he load heard of many Ceylon
tea planters who were beginning to invest in
coconut estates as they were afraid of tea dying
out like eollee. 1 told him tea was quite different
from coffee as the Ceylon climate favoured the
production of leaf which was not so exhausting on
the soil as the coffee berry, but be did not agree
with me ; he said tea was also very exhausting
and that Ceylon tea plantations were yearly
becoming poorer in the quality of the tea
produced.”

Our friend, with his local experience, criticizes
this after the following- pungent fashion: —

“There are S ’s S ’s apparently;

but the best comment on tliis bogey of dying trees
and deteriorating quality of the leaf, is perhaps
the presence in our midst of a keenly intelli-
gent young Chinese creeper to whom nothing is
a greater surprise than the expan.se of young
vigorous bushes, he sees in Uimbula. In the
district from w-hich he comes he says, the tea
averag.es about 20U years old and without yearly
doses of manure the leaf is absolutely flavour-
less. The most effective manure is niylit soil,
which is very highly prized and diligently col-
lected from all the nearest towms. To this the
‘ superior flavour ’ seems in a great measure
due andif this is the only means of imparting it,
I fear we cannot compete w’ith the Chinaman ; for,
no money, no threats w'ill induce our squeamish
coolies to handle the stuff. A smart fellow is
this Ling and will learn mote in four weeks
than some sporting creepers in as many years.
He leaves Middleton, wliere he h,as been under
the tuition of Mr. MacLachlan, at the end
of this month. The tannin fad is rub-

bish, the result of over infusing the leaf.
Moreover tannin is not poison. Have we not
seen Australians boiling the leaf for houis
drinking the decoction and issuing out to
cricket! And let the fellows have their due;
such tea and such cricket ! ! ”

Now' it is a very old story this'of Ceylon tea fail-
ing. Some ten years ago, tw’o Indian tea planters
P'assing through Colombo and who went up as far
as Hatton, returned “ perfectly satisfied ” that the
limit of production would be reached in Jicc years
and that thereafter the exports from Ceylon would
be certain to recede. We have always pointed
with satisfaction to the oldest held on Loolecondura,

now’ in its 28th .year, and w’hich well m.aint.ains its
vigour, and to xMariawatte with its wonderful
croiis showing little or no abatement, ilie oldest
field on which of 104 acres was planted in 1879.
Mariaw'atte is, of course, about the most liberally
cultivated garden in Ceylon, and the advantage
of continuous sujxplies of bulky manure is
seen in ibe enormous crops reaching in one
ye.ar to 1,.S47 Ih. (1(5 maunds) of made tea per
acre ! Loolcondura has a very different soil and
situation ; but it has kei>t up its average well and
the only manure applied, we believe, has been
castor-cake. We are aw'are that a good deal has
been done in other districts with bulky manure ;
but the records of oui- railway traflic alone show
th,at there is also an increasing qu.antity of arti-
ficial manure finding its way into the tea
districts, and on this head we have recently
hear(l^ w'ords of vvarning. “ Nitrates and bone
dust” — not so much uncru.shed bones — “are
likely to play the very mischief with the tea
plant ” is the summing-up of an experienced
cultivator who says that very little “artificial”
is used iuAssam, because there, every cooly hut
having a cow or cows attached, they "have ahvays
a suthciency of bulky manure available. Now
the time has certainly come in the history of
our tea enterprise for enquiry as to what is done
in the way of manuring, and certain cautions
may well be necessary to those who are inclined
to force their bushes to the utmosC possible
yield on the principle of “ making hay while
the sun .shines ’’—making tea while the

price is fairly remunerative, regardless of
what may happen to their fields (or those of
their neighbours) some years hence. Possibly,
the expectation may be “to sell to a Company”
after the cream is taken off and before the trees
lose their vigour, tlie extra return of profits
through forcing manures telling .all in favour of
the price to be paid ! If that has become the
piactice even in isolated c.ases, it is time that
special mention was made in all estate reports
and valuations as well as in Company prospec-
tuses, of the extent to which manurino- has been
carried on, the manures used, and the iieriods of
application.

in tins connection we call attention to the letter
Mr. James Westland sends to us with reference
^ a lesson taught in the manuring of turnips
He thinks it may have been applicable in our
coffee experience; and certainly wherever there
IS disease in a plant or tree, it must be very
foolish to use any of the diseased portions as
manure. Dr. Thwaites advocated at one time
the gathering and burning of the fungus-covered
leaves of our coffee. But where there is no
disease, we cannot see objection to the manurin'^'
of turnips, or coffee, cacao or tea, any more
than coconuts and plantains, with the surplus
refuse of the plant or tree itself. Still there is
room for experiments after the fashion set by
Mr Sim, and we should also at this time like
to hear froni some of our leading jdanters on
the subiect of the manures used with most ad-
vantage at different elevations on oiir Ceylon
tea. The occasion, too. is one on ivliich our old
adviser. Mi- 'John Hughes, may have something
to say lyortli listening to; for, now that the mystery
about “third-class manures on the railway has
been removed, the way is clear for considering
low far the application to tea of imported or
Colombo manures h.as extended duriim the nast
few years and how far it is likely ?o be per-
waneiitly beneficial or the reverse."^ ^ *

488 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. IJan. i, 1897,

THE CEYLON CINCHONA ASSOCIATION

LD.

At an extraonlinary ^feneral meetiii;' of the
sharehoUIer.s of the Ceylon (,'inchona Association
Ltl., presided over by the Hon. T. N. Christie,
and at which tliere were present Messrs. ‘James
Anderson ami W. II. Kingslniry, hehl in the
oHice of tlie Agents, iMessrs. Lee, Hedges &
Co., at 11 a. in. today tlie following resolution,
passed at an extraoiaUnary general meeting on
8th inst. was jonlirmed : —

“ That the Ceylon Cinchona Association, Limited,
be wound up voluntarily.”

To confirm the appointment of Mr. T. N. Christie
as Liquidator, and to authorize the sale of Kanapedi-
watti estate to the Kanapediwattie Tea Company
Limited for the sum of rupees oue hundred and
eighty thousand two hundred, payable in fully
paid up shares in the said Kanapediwatti Tea Com-
pany Limited. — By order of the Board of Directors,

Lee, Hedges & Co., Agents.
Colombo, December 1(3, 1896.

VOGAN TEA COMPANY OP CEYLON.

An extraordinary General meeting of the share-
holders of this Company was held at noon to-
day in the office of the Agents and Secret.aries
Messrs. Lee, Hedges I't Co. Mr. F. W. Hois [U'c-
sided and present were Messrs. Y. A. .Julius, E.
H. A. Vanderspaar, \V. II. Kingsbury, Lie.^-ching
and A. G. Field. The meeting confirmed tlie
following resolutions adopted at an extra-
ordinary general meeting on Pith instant : —

(1) That the Directors be authorized to accept
the purchase of land, aggregating about 210 acres,
made by their authority on the 80th November and
1st December last.

(2) That the Directors be authorized to issue

debentures from time to time as required for the
purposes of the Company, the aggregate not to ex-
ceed moo, 000, at seven per cent, interest or less,
on such terms of repayment and for such periods of
as they may deem expedient. — By order of the Dir-
ectors, Lee Hedges A Go.

Agents and Secretaries.

Colombo, December 15, 1896.

OUK COMING TEA CHOP
ESTIMATES.

AND

We h.ave no doubt that the re.sponsible Visiting
Auent, who wrote to us-“ You have to face
“an increase of 15 million lb. in 18'.)7 over the
“ exports during 1896’'— will be able to justify
his position ami statement. Hlh object (equally
with our own) in giving publicity to what he
regarded as fact,-was entirely beneficial
ill the interests of the jilanters themselves,
namely, to stir up all concerned in the industry,
both here and in India to realize the neces-
sity for an earnest and united eflort during
the coming year to win now markets in order
to take oil' the increased quantity of tea. I he
earlier the Indian planters, especially, hear of
an anticiiiated crop increase, the more likely
they are to bestir themselves in the direction
we are all anxious to see them ti}'<e.-As to
our evening contemporary s hightalutiii
sentiments over exaggerated estimate.s emanating
from this ollice, he ought to take warning by what
liappeiied in the first part of 18!):i when he was spe-
cially loud on the subjcct-yresult shipments
over' 84 million against an estimate of ;7. Our
“ Handbook and Difoctorj^” contains a record ot the

annual estimates and results from the beginning of
the local enlerprise for which weaud onr informants
have been responsible ; and we have again and
again \critied the fact that while the London
market fur Ceylon teas is not in the very
slightest all'ected by annual crop estimates, but
only by anticipations of monthly shipments,
the Indian tea planters — both as to planting
and cropping— take very serious warning by
sncli a piece of information as a planting authority
sent us two days ago.

Imperial Dutv Free Tea, Cokeke, Ac.—
Mr. George Jager writes to the Saturdcoj
licwieiv about the foreign bounties on beet-root
sugar and the destruction thereby of the British
sugar-relining industry and also of glowing
cane sugar in British Colonies. I'lie remedy
suggested is one that Mr. Jager says would not
cost Government a farthing, but would increase
the trade of the country by millions. Here is
how Mr. Jager puts it : —

Tha measure that would bring about this wonder-
ful and beneficent change is simplicity itself : make
tea, coffee, cocoa, and dried fruit free of duty and
place a differential duty on sugar that will bring
in the same revenue. Thus tea, coffee, cocoa, chicory,
and fruits togetlier bringing in Tl, 338, 805, and a
duty of 8s. per cwt. on cane sugar, 4s. per cwt. on
beet sugar, and 5s. fid. per cwt. on refined sugar
would produce about the same amount.

The result would be that we should pay a
litt'e more for our sugar, but that we should buy
our tea, coffee, Ac., at a corresponding cheaper
price and no one would be the worse off or
Suffer in the least. For although jam and
such like products would be increased in cost
to the extent of a farthing in the lb., it would not
affect the trade; for sugar would still be much
cheaper in this country ilian in any other in the
world, and the jam and confectionery trades would
still retain the advantage they at present enjoy over
other countries. Neither would it have any bad
effect on our consumption ef sugar; for since sugar
has been retailed at 2 1. per lb. we have arrived at
what might be termed the saturation point of con-
sumption, any .nrther decline in price having had
little or no effect in increasing the consumption per
head of the population ; and as the retail price of
the people's sugar would, including the proposed
duty, be still 2d. per lb., we have actual experience
to prove that the importation of sugar would not
decrease, and consequently there would be no national
loss of trade.

Having now found that the proposed scheme of
placing a duty ou sugar and taking it off tea, coffee,
Ac. could be carried out without injury to any manu-
facturer’s or consumer's interest, let us see what
national and Imperial Advantages we should gain. In
the first place, an old industry now decaying would
revive and require new capital to the exient of
•t'2,000,000. Thousands of men now idle or pressing
ou the workmen of other trades would find constant
employment, numerous trades which to some e.xtent
depend on the sugar industry would be stimulated.
Shipowners would get an increasing amount of ton-
nage from cane-producing countries at rates varying
from 203. to 40s per ton, instead of freights from
beet-sugar ports at 8s to 8s. per ton. Then, with
the duty ofl tea, coffee, Ac., the consumption of
these articles would still increase, followed by an
increasing trade with the countries of their origin —
India and the East — wliero our most profitable trade
exchanges are made.

\Vc suispcct, liowever, that Sir Midtael Hicks-
Beacli as Cliatiecllor of the Exdie([ucr will
have iiGtliing to do with “ diHerential ” duties, —
though the case i.s au extremely hard one for
those deiiendont ou .sugar growing ami reliiiiiig,
uiulci' JJritisU auspices,

Jan, I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 489

Sale of Ceylon Plantations (Tea and Coconut) during^ 1896.

District,

Maskeliya

Gauipola

Haputale

Dolosbage

Dikoya

Do

Lower Dikoya

Maskeliya

Chilaw

Kurunegala

Knuckles

Lunugala

Hapulale

Diinbuia

New Galway
Upper Hewaheta
Nilambe
Kalutara

Medamalianuwara

Aiiibagamuwa
Kelani Valley

Badulla

Name of Estate.

Forres and Warburton
Vellekande
Wiliarateime
i St. Catherine
Friedland

St. Vigean.s

Agra Oya and Glenalvah

Lainniermoor

Nellienkullie*

Bolagama and Kiriwaule*

Aliaddie

Rathkele

Talipotenne

Chrystler’s

111

Glenorchy

Rutland

Upper and Lower Wariagalla
Knutsford

Woodside (including VVeWa-
tenne)

Kenilworth

Stinsford

Allagolla

Name of Purchaser. Amount.

Beaumont Tea Co., Ltd. £20,000

Mr. E. L. F de Soysa R 10,700

do )) 001

Mr. R. H. Henning ,, 19,000

The Iinpeiial Ceylon Tea

E.states, Ltd. £ 8,800

do ,, 10,000

The Ceylon Hills Tea Estates

Co.’, Ltd. £ 10,000

do )) 2,800

North and South Sylhet Tea

Co., Ltd. 1190,000

Mr. H. St. C Bowie Evans ,, o0,000

Messrs. C. E. and A. E. Bonner ,, 5,500

Mr. A. A. Delniege ,> 5,100

Messrs. Buckworth and Capt. A. J.

Farqnharson ,, 3,520

The Highland Tea Co. of Ceylon,

Ltd. £ 16,470

do ,, 13,219

The Consolidated Estates Co., Ltd. ,, 15, .500

do ,, 14,000

do R 79,000

Mr. P. C. MacMahon £200

Blackstone Estate Co., Ltd. R .35,000

The Stinsford Tea Co- of

Ceylon, Ltd. R170,000

Messrs. R. S. Pieris and G. T.

Pieris R 5,000

Kalutara

Pallegodde

Kalutara Co., Ltd.

£ 13,000

Do

St. Columbkille

do

11155,000

Chilaw

Atavilu*

Mr. Jacob de Mel

R125,000

Balangoda

i Denegama

The Ceylon Oriental Estates
Co,, Ltd.f

£ 6,500

Kotmale

i Atherton

Mr. E. Smith

R 20,000

Balangoda

Rowley, Fawnhope and Don-

The Ceylon Hills Tea Ests., Ltd.

head

„ 60,000

Haputale

Oakfields

Mr. T. J. Lipton

£ 2,250
R 35,000

Matale

Kahawatte

,, A. Ross

Maskeliya

Brownlow

The Ceylon Provincial Estates
Co. Ltd.

£,20,500

Puttalain

Karadypoor*

Mr. H. J. Pieris

R 20,000

Diniliula

Palmerston

Palmerston Tea < '0. £4,500 tS:R24§,500

Maskeliya

•vhieensland

do £3,

,050 & 11149,000

Do

4 CaskiebenJ

Mr. G. W. Carlyou

R 27,000

Kelani Valley

Ederapolla

The Ederapolla Tea Co., of
Ceylon, Ltd.

£ 12,0011

Du

Aril l oss

do

„ 7,00'i

Kelani Valley

Knavesmire

The Knavesmire Co., Ltd.

R295,000

Kadugaunawa

Kebel watte

iMr. J. < lovis de il\ a

,, 7,500

Kalutara

Rayi^am

Galella

The Rayigam Cu., Ltd.

,,400,000

Maturata

The Nahavilla Estates Co., Ltd.

£ 7,000

Kalutara

Vogan

The Vogan Tea Co. of Ceylon,
Ltd.

R393.G21

Badulla

Napier

Mr. H. D. W. Dudley

£ 3,700

Kurunegala

Moratenne

,, E. Scott

R 4,000

Kalutara

Ellekande

The Ro.sehaugh Tea Co. Ltd.

„ 360,000

Diinbuia

Easdale

Central Tea Co. of Ceylon Ltd.

£ 5,600

Do

Loxa

do

„ 2,900

Do

Edinburgh and Inverness

The Imperial Ceylon Tea
Estates, Ltd.

„ 33,000

Haputale West

Nonpariel

do

,, 8,000

Lower Dikoya

Binoya and Rozelle

do

,, 18,000

Maskeliya

Anibeganiuwa

Mottinghani

Penrhos, Hentleys and Daha-

do

,, 8,703

naike

Penrhos Estates Co.

„ 11,000

Coconuts. I The Company now own the entire property. + Fiscal's Sale.

61

490 TKK tropical AGKICULTURIS 1’. [Jan. i, liig^

SALE OF CEYLON PLANTATIONS (TEA AND COCONUT) DURING im.—fConld.j

District.

Maskeliya

Hantane
Kalulara
Lower Dikoya

Pussellawa

Kalntara

Haputale

(4alle

Do

Panwila

Balangoda

Ambagamuwa

Kelebokka

Dimbula

Do

Du

Do

Do

Do

Kadiiganiiawa
Nuwaia I'liya
Moiiaragala

Ealaugoda

Maskeliya

Do

Bogawaiitalawa
Kelani Valley
Anibaganmwa
Dimbula

Hantane
Maskeliya
Do ■

M atnrata

Dimbula

Maskeliya

Ambagamuwa

Kelatii Valley

Dikoya

Madiilsima

Do

Galle

Knuckles

Dimbula
Udapussellawa
Passara
M.adulsima
Haputale
Morowakorale
Heneiatgoda
Ivakwaiie
Kurunegala
Morowakorale
Kotmale
M.askeliya
Haputale
Nuwara Eliya
Do
Do
Do

Xamc of Estate.

Najiu of Purchaser.

Amount.

Ivies

The Stinsford 'Tea Co. of

Ceylon Ltd.

Rl30,ti00

Ingnrngalla and Horag.alla

Mr. Austin Seeker

£ 7,000

Sirikandura

,, A. Perera

R1 10,000

Kehelgama

The Alliance Tea Co. of

Ceylon, Ltd.

Mr. W. M. R. Elwes

,, 8,800

•J Gal lata Group

„ 50.000

St. Andrew's

,, C. F. Blacklaw

„ 42, .500

Ormiston

,, G. S. Duff

£ 2,500

J Dinton

INlessrs L. T. Boustead and J. W.

Bake well

„ 4,000

4 Nawalakande

Mr. L. T. Boustead

,, 500

Benveula

Mrs. Earl and Mr. A. B. J.

Hapugastenne and Walawe-

Brown

,, 6,5C0

duwe

The East India and Ceylon Tea

Co., Ltd.

)) 7,OoO

Blackwater

do

,, 25,000

Mou^akelle

do

,, 18,000

Lippakelle

The Dimbula Valley (Ceylon)

'feaCo., J;td.

R366,500

Tillicoultry

do

£ 30,000

Belgravia

do

,, 18,000

Elgin and Kellyhill

do

,, 20,000

Bear well

do

,, 20,000

Mousa Elhi

do

., 35,500

Kekunag.alla

Mr. H. Don Carolix

R 7,000

St. Amlrews*

Mr. M''. Meggiiison

,, 45,000

Walton

Messrs. James Duncan and R. C.

AV^right, and Lucy H. Deakcr

£ 1,500

Brambiellekande

The East India and Ceylon Tea

Co., Ltd.

„ 900

Aunandale

'The Raiyagam Co., Ltd.

„ 8,400

Kin lyre

The Kintyre Estates Co., Ltd.

„ 22,500

El tol ls

do

„ 25,000
,, 14,500

Ayr

do

Salem

Mrs. Pestonjee

R 55,000

A ad ne veil

'The Ceylon Provincial Flstates

Co., Ltd.

£ 11,100

^'ahalatcnne

Mr. H. Stevenson

R 34,300

F.kolsund
('askieben
( i oiiapat tia
( Jlassaugh

llomlura
Broad lauds
Midford

iloeberry
Deliigalla
Stokes Land
galla

C. H. Evil!

£ 5,500

Upper Maskeliya Estates Co., Ltd. RT25,000

and Honde-

Bambrella and Dawatakelle

Helbeck

Campaba

Dammeeria

Battawatte

Naliakettia

Paiiilkande

Moragodat

(llenalvali and Ben Lomond

Dea Ella

Hayes

Oonoogaloya

Lanka and t'raigliill

Kclbui'ue and Dambckettia

Hillside

Lover’s Leap

Nasidiy

(\nirt Bodge and Excelsior
*' 1'.) acres only exclusive

Mr. R. .Jackson

\ Tlie (.'oylon Provincial Estates
j Co., Ltd.

1 The Rondura \'allcy 'I'ea Co of \
/ Ceylon, lAd. J

Messrs. FT II. .Skiine, (’. Cam-
]don and W. S. R. Cox
The Roeberry Tea Co., J^td
do

The Ceylon Tea and Timber
.Syndicate, Ltd.

The Fbnpirc of India and Ceylon
Tea Co., Ltd.

Mr. G. L. Gwatkin
The Estates Co., of Uva, Ltd
do
do

Ml'. T. J. Lipton
Mr. T. .J. Lii)ton
Mr. Advocate Sampayo

T 3,000

,, 18,00(1

R 100, 000

„ 150,00()

,, 40,000
,, 8,500

5,200

1

„ 2,300

,, 18,000
R 60,000
£ 1(1,000
,, 11,000
,, 7,000
R 190,000
R72,500
,, 10,000

Messrs. Carlyon and Young

Mocha Tea Co.,

The Ragalla 'I’ea Flstates Ltd.,
Nuwara Eliya 'I’ea Estates Co. , L
do
do

_do

cottage. I Coconuts.

£10,000

,, 6,100
„ ,32,500
td.„ 20,000
„ 10,30t)
,, 8,500
., 29,000

Jan. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

491

SALE OF CEYLON PLANTATIONS (TEA AND COCONUT) DUPING 18%.-r(7o»P/.)

District.

of Fst'ttc,

Name of PurcJnisn'.

Amoiud,

Do

I^edro

Nuwara Eli va Tea Estates Co., Ltd. ,, 32,0u0

Do

Rai k

do

„ 18,000

Do

Ports wood

do

„ .32,000

Do

Kenmare. and Alpha

do

„ 15,000

Lower Hewaheta

Old Maddegaiua

Mr. Wright

„ 4,000

Kadu!,'annawa

Monkton Wyhl

Mr. Shelton Agar

„ IL'W

Kotnialie

Oonoo^aloya
Du kin he Id

Mr. A. J. A. Dickson

,, 5,000

Udapussellawa

The Associated '1 ea Estates of
Ceylon Ltd.,
do

„ 30,000

Kelani Valley

Chesterford

R500,000

Do

Madultenne

do

£12,000

Kahitara

Iloiayodde

<lo

,, 6,000

Russell a wa
Hantane
Nilanibe
Do

Dora>;a'la and Dawatasas

Galaha

Goorookella

(rodawclla

do

,, 16,000

Do

Kiriwana

The Galaha Ceylon Tea

£152,000

Hantane

Do

Lower Hewaheta
Do

Nilanibe

KitooUunulle
Dun ally
Maousakelle
New Maddegaine
East West and North

Vedehette ,

Estates and Agency Co., Ltd.

Dikoya

In west re

Messrs. Cameron

„ 16,000

Mata’e

Ballacadua and Nikakotua

The Kosehaugh Tea Co. , Ltd.,

„ 13,000

Dinilmla

Radella

Mr. F. H. Wiggin

,, 20,000

Hantane

Augusta

The Augusta Tea Estates Co. Ltd,

„ 14,000

Anibayainuwa

Blackstone and Kenihvorth

The Midland Ceylon Tea Plan-
tation Co., Ltd.,

„ 16,500

Do

Strathellie

The Midland Ceylon Tea Plan-
tations Co., Ltd.,

The Hornsey Tea Estates Co., Ltd.

„ 15,000

Dikoya

Hornsey

„ 16,000

Do

Abercairney

do

„ 14,000

Pundaluoya

North Punduloya

The Rosehaugh Tea Co., Ltd.,

,, 14,000

Do

Duiisinane

The Dunsinane Tea Co.. Ltd.,

,, 75,000

Balangoda

Pussellawa

^ Diknmkalane

Glenloch ']

Mr. A. H. Allenby

R50,000

Do

Riversiile

The Serendib Tea Estates

Kanibodda

Badulla

Karagastalaw'e 1

Wewesse and Debedde J

Co. Ltd.,

£56,000

Dolosbage

St. Catherine

Mr. Lane

R50,000

Kalutara

Mnnanial

Me.ssrs. A. Murray, M. M. Smith
and .A. A. Sinitli

,, 95,000

Hantane_

Hopewell

The Augusta Tea E.statesCo., Ltd.

„ .32,500

Kotmale Oneensberry and Strathlorach The Kotnialie Yalley Estates

Co., of Ceylon Ltd., £40,120

Maskeliya

Maskeliya

Mr. F. H. Gossagc

,, 15,000

Udapu.s.sellawa

Indi.an Walk

Mr. G. Marsbali

„ 3,400

Kalutara

Hahvatura

New Galway

Warwick

Dumbara

Katugastota

Maturata

Mandaranuuw'ara

Do

Gonakelle

The Consolidated Tea and Lands

Kelani Valley

Halgolla

Co., Ltd.,

£126,000

Do

Weweltalawe

Bakangoda

H opewel 1

Do

Medakande

Kurunegala

Delwita ^

Wattegama

Zululand

Mr. W. J. A. Bird

K 32,000

Do

Ivongford

Rajawe'le and Pallakelle

Mr. E. G. Simpson

„ .30,000

Dumbara

The Pallikelle Ceylon Estates

Co., Ltd.,

£ 38,000

Rangala

II eel oy a

The Burnside Tea Co., of

Ceylon Ltd.,

„ 5,250

De

Burnside

do

„ 2,000

Do

Wal.tegalla

do

,, 12,000

Maskeliya

Mid’otliian

do

,, 10.000

Badulla

Brecliiti

Messis. Pilkingtoii and Heltie

,. 6,000

Pundaluoya

Fendamls and Eton

The Keriilands Tea Co., I.tik,

., 16.000

Dolosbage

< iangw.nrily

The (iangwaiily 'I’ca Estates

Co., Ltd.,

,, 12,750

Kelani V.allcy

( Ilenaila

Do

,. 8,000

Nuwara Eliya

Tlie Nock

Nuw.ara Eliya Estates Co.

£4,000

Total Value £1,668,912 and Rupees 5,790,768.

49-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan, I, 1897.

— ♦

To the Editor.

TEA IN SOUTH CAROLINA, UNITED
STATES.

Billiter Square Buildings, London, E C., Nov. 22.

Dkar Sir, — I notice reference to ]\Ir. Charles
N. Shepard’s Tea in South Carolina in yonr
Overland Observer of 27th October. When in
South Carolina myself last March, I spent some
days with Mr. Shepard who was most kind in
allowing me to inspect his tea gardens. He also
showed me some extremely fine samples of his
productions. Mr. Shepard is one of the most
interesting men I have met and what at first
astonished me much, was his perfect knowledge
of men and matters of our island. This however
was explained by his informing me that he was a
regular subscriber to the Overland Observer.
He takes tlie keenest interest in Ceylon and I tried
to persuade him to take a run over and pay it a
visit and this I hope he will do when his domestic
affair’s ijermit. I shall long remember my visit
to Pinehurst and when I come out next month
for a few weeks, I will be very pleased to tell you
all about his tea trees. — Yours truly,

J. M. MAITLAND KIKW’'AN.

THE DUMONT COFFEE COMPANY.

Central Province, Nov. 2.).

Dkar Sir, — Do Me.ssr.s. P. R. Buchanan & Co.
really think that anyone here ^\ill take shares
in the Dumont Coffee Company, Limited, because
Mr. Talbot wires home that their coffee property
excels in luxuriance anything he lias seen in
Ceylon, Straits and Java. How often were Ceylon
oftee planters led on by the will-o’-the-wisp luxuri-
ance of their fields one month, and the next
month they had to howl over a virulent attack of
bug, gout or leaf-disease? I fancy Messrs. P. R.
Buchanan I'fe Co. find the .syndicating of this
Dumont Coffee Company rather a trying business.
—Yours truly, “ ONCE BIT TWICE SHY.”

COFFEE IN THE CONGO STATE.

Greenwood, Nov. 26.

Dear Sir, — I notice your leader of November
24th on “Coffee in the Congo State. ” I do not
think tliat much reliance ought to be attached
to the report of Mr. FI. Laurent, Professor in
the Agricultural Institute at Gembloux, Bel-
gium, who, I surmise, has never seen coffee
growing in the open before his trip to Afiica
and had a special mission as Government
servant.

In 1892, I went to the Congo as Director
of the State Plantations. Eight months’ ex-
ploring brought me to the conclusion that no
planting enterprise could be lucrative, be-
cause : —

1st. — There is no local labour available.

2nd. — T!ie mortality of the imported labour
is excessive, leaving alone the difficulty and
cost of importation.

8r,I. — 'I'lie soil is generally of a |)oor nature,
covere<l with rank high grasses. Gidy the
very steep banks of the rivers are wooded in
the Lower Congo.

4th. — The dry season lasts six months with-
out a single shower,

.">th. — The v:et season is only a succession of
“ tornados,” strong winds accompanied with
heavy showers lasting a few hours, at intervals
of from 4 to 15 days; but sunshine with 90®
in the shade meanwhile.

6th.— The railway Co. had fixed the price
of transport from Stanley Pool to Matadi
(when the rail shall reach the former place !)
at the franc per kilo of coffee (ab out F^d
per lb.).

7th. — Irrigation is not to be thought of. The
streams running generally in deep clefts in un-
dulating tablelands, would alone render the cost
prohibitive.

Deeming these circumstances insuperable, I
sent in my resignation and left a country
which may well be called the “ Strangers’ Grave”,
for the mortality amongst the Chine.se and Negro
imported labour, as well as Europeans, was ap-
palling during my sojourn.

In a garden, in the station of Leopoldville, on
the banks of Stanley Pool, a couple of hundred
Liberica coffee trees of five years had a fair crop
ripening. They had to be regularly watered
during the dry season. A large amount of them
had Hemileia vastatrix on the berries as well
as on the leaves, but few trees seemed to suffer
much from it. The seed was imported from
Monrovia, where I had made a stay and visited
several gardens, but had noticed no signs of the
presence of the fungus.

The coffee plants mentioned by Mr. Laurent
to be in the district of the Cataracts arc prob-
ably the result of the seeds distributed by me on
my return to the coast.

Be Tobacco — two experienced Sumatra tobacco
])lanters sent out for a Syndicate, during the
time I was in the Congo, agreed entirely with the
conclusions expressed above and left the country
before me. — I am, sir, yours truly,

A. 'VAN DER POORTEN.

NUTMEG CULTIVATIOxN IN THE
WEST INDIES.

Edinburgh, Nov, 27th, 1896.

Dear Sir,— I bought a copy of your valuable
work “All about Spices” several years ago.

I am interested especially in nutmeg cultivation,
having a plantation of nearly 400 acres in the
Island of Grenada. The trees about 20,000 in
number were planted in 1880, ’81, ’82, ’88, and
’84. and are coming steadily into beaiing. I
shall be glad to know if you have published any
thing recently on nutmeg culture that would be
of use to me. — I am, dear sir, yours faithfully,

PRO PRI ETOR. (Authenticated. )

[We can only refer our correspondent to the
volumes of the Tropical Agriculturist for infor-
mation gathered from all parts of the world of
what is doing in “ nutmegs ” since our Manual
was published. The T.A. is filed in most of the
West Indian Islands by order of the Colonial
Governments. — Ed. T.A.]

MANURING TURNIPS AND COFFEE.

Gammadiia Group, Gammadua, Dec 19.

Dear Sir, — I enclose a cutting from the Afrc/rfcca
Free Press, which I think ought to be widely
known and jtreserved in the Tropical .Agriculturist.
With this before me the idea has occurred to my
mind that possibly manuring coffee in the olll
days with coffee pulp had something to do with
bringing about destruction to our coffee,

Jan. 1, 1897.]

TfIR TROPIC \l. AGRICURTaPISr.

491

I remember well that the (iehls I used to look after
tlie manuring of in 1871 witli colfec pulp, pig
manure and hone-dust, were the first to go,
wlien attacked by leaf-disease. Coftee proprietors
might take a hint from Mr. Sim’s experience
and try the eflects of coftee ]julp on a few trees.
The experience may he also useful to cocoa
growers in their search for the cause of so many
deaths amongst their cocoa trees within the
past year. — Yours, «.'tc.

JAMES WESTLAND
FINGER-AND-TOE IN TURNIPS :

A DISCOVERY.

(Alerdren Free Press, 27th Nov.)

What seems to be rather an important fact for
agriculturists has just been brought to light by Mr.
William Sim, naturalist, Fyvie. It deals with finger-
and-toe in turnips. About a year ago Mr. Sim’s
attention was drawn by a neighbouring farmer to a
rather remarkable case of cankered roots. Across a
field of perfectly healthy bulbs was a wide strip of
very diseased turnips. On inquiry it w.rs found that
when the field had been in lea, three years pre-
viously, several cartloads of scrapings and refuse of
the turnip shed had been spread over the lea as top
dressing. At the same time, Mr. Sim discovered
that a turnip drill which he had himself laid down
under ordinary conditions for experimental purposes
on land which had not grown turnips for 23 years,
showed grave symptoms of finger-and-toe. He dis-
covered that this experimental drill had been manured
with a compost containing turnip refuse. Putting
the two cases together, Mr. Sim came to the conclusion
that the disease was caused by the presence in the
soil of turnip refuse. Now, it has long been known
to farmers that the refuse of cankered roots was
highly dangerous to the new crop, but it had never
been taught that the turnip remains of even sound
roots were a source of grave danger as well. Mr.
Sim determined to put the matter to a practical
test. He laid down two drills 30 inches apart, in
carefully prepared soil. The first drill got the usual
allowance of farmyard dung and ordinaiy turnip
manure as sold at manure stores. The second drill
received the same quantity of artificial manure, and
a rich compost of turnip scrapings. The results are
astounding. In the first drill 94 per cent, are splen-
did roots and the remainder diseased, while in the
other drill the results are simply reversed, there
being. only five sound but very small roots in the
hundred. The diseased turnips, moreover, were al-
most entirely useless, and the remainder following
fast. The presence of diseased bulbs in the first drill
is evidently the result of their proximity to the
noxious influence of the diseased root fibres, and had
the distance between the two drills been increased,
there is no doubt the first drill might have been
entirely free from disease. To obviate the evils
arising from the use of turnip refuse, Mr. Sim is
of opinion that this refuse should be carried back
te the turnip fiel J and there laid down to be exposed
to the frosts of winter and the heat of summer for
five or six years (presuming, of course, a six or seven
course rotation), until the dreaded germ has uaaq
destroyed.

THE DUMONT COFFEE COMPANY.

Sir, — No one in Ceylon is likely to question
Mr. Talbot’s assertion, that this property excels
in luxuriance anything he has seen in Ceylon,
Straits and Java. It had need, when it is pro-
posed to convey shares in this [iroperty to intend-
ing investors at tlie rate ot fl3i) sterling per
acre for the cottee in bearing.

I don’t know about ytraits and Java, but I
doubt very iimch if anyone has ever given half
this rate per acre for Ceylon Coflee, and tlien
made money by holding on to it. Can yon give
me an in.stanceV Yours truly,

TWICE fUT ISHY FOR EVER.

COFFEE PRICES, SERDANG, 0. K. SUMA-
TRA, A NEW PULPER FOR LILERIAN.

Sir, — Some time ago f sent you a few figures
relating to prices realised in Europe by Liberian
Coffee from Serdang. I lia\e today received
figures from another proprietor, who shipped his
coflee to Hamburg. The R. K. mark fetched
83 pfennings per J kilo when at the same date
2,000 bags coll'ee, from Liberia direct, could not
be sold for 62 pfennings and the highest price
Santos was 51 pfennings per ^ kilo.

My friend attributes his success in prices mainly
to special care in curing. Many, perhas most men
think. “ It’s all right if your imiper does not
cut.” Rut there is a deal more than that in
curing Liberian coll'ee.

Massr.s. J. M. Lyon & Co. of Singapore re-
cently sent me a photo and description of their
new p.atent pulper. I saw the machine some
18 months ago, .since when, they write me, it
has been much improved 1 certainly .saw little
room for improvement when I tried the machine,
so by now it ought to be perfection, there or
thereabouts. The three points that struck me
chiefly were simplicity of mechanism, economy
of power, and remarkable saving of labour. Ttie
perfect separation ot pulp from parchment is a
notable feature, and sa\es much trouble in the
cisterns while an ingenious arrangement of rubber
washers makes the breast eij^ually accommoda-
ting to large and small cherries, avoiding cutting
the big beans, at the same time successfully
pulping the smaller one.s. — Yours &c.

W. TURING MACKENZIE.

THE TEA CROP OF 1897, AND THE NEED
OF WINNING NEW MARKETS.

Central Province, Dec. 26.

Dk.vu Sir,— My reason for warning you that
the Tea Market would probably, most probably
have to face an increased production of 15,000,000 lb!
tea in 1897 was to prevent correspondents’ blow*-
ing cold on the exertions of the Committee of
30, and our able American commi.ssioner to
advertise Ceylon Tea through the channels they
have found out to be the best suited for the
purpose.

The Kelani Valley and the Pus.sellawa District
A.ssociations have already published in the news-
pipers their Estimates of Tea for 1897 and these
show an ii crease of lb. 1,999,200 over 1896
I'hese districts are fairly representative of Ceylon
a.-i regards bearing, one being a very heavy
ciM|i: iiig district, the other medium. These two
dis'.rivts comprise an area of .39,956 acres and
by your Directory the total area of culti’vated
tea land totals 30*4, 84.1 acres,* so it does not take
much calculation to discover that we may take
15,000,000 1b. as the increase on our outmitnf Vpa
in 1897.

We must not abate our efforts to push the
sales of our tea everywhere they (lan be pushed
and my personal knowlege of our Commissioner
in America convinces me that he is the last man
to keep to hinuself the weakness of any .scheme
He would have published it on the' houseton
long ago. ' '

People who re.side in Colombo seem to
forget that manuring is vc y ,nuch increa.sed and
tho.se who travel in the Tea Districts know ’what
that means ! — Yours faithfully, y '

* More than that considerably now Ed. T, 1,

494

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Jan. r, 1897.

MANUO (AS A MEDICINE) CONFOUN-
DED WITH MANGOSTEEN.

Dkar Sir, — One aometimes reada strange stutt'
in the columns of the i)ress and the a;.)i'emled
extract from the Medical Pre.ss is a notable
example.

The medico who penned this |)aragraph might
do worse than brush up his botany a bit, wlien
he woulil lind that tliere is no more affinity
between a mango atid a mangosteen tlian between
a plum and a )mmelo, or a strawberry and a
pumpkin.

The mango is a not a Garcinia — the tree named
after Dr. Garcia ; nor the mangosteen a mango,
though sounding something like it.

I shall endeavour to contribute to the export
of these two line fruits the (incst which India
produces— during the coming sea.son, and while
the doctors enjoy the luscious pulp of the
mangosteen and inlliot tlie rind upon their patients,
may the large mango seed also lie turned to
some useful imrpo.se ami so introduce a new
industry to us. Yours truly,

1* CAN TER.

Kxtraet.

“We are told 'i t a determined ett’ort is to be
made in the who.esale fruit trade next year to
bring the Indian mango to Lon Ion in sufficient
ouantities to be ot commercial consideration.
Its introduction would undoubtedly be the signal
for its use as a medicinal agent. The rind of
the fruit (Garcinia Mangostawi) contains a vola-
tile principle, allied in action to pure terebene,
and a better crystallisable substance to wdiich the
name of “ Mangostin” has been applied. A de-
coction of the fruit is commonly emoloyed in
tropical climates as an astringent, and is found
useful in sore throat, nasal calarrah, and other
allied comlitions. Mango chutney is used as a
condiment, and is found eflicacioiis in the treat-
ment of many forms of dyspepsia. Dr. Murrell,
who has obtained a small su))ply of the fresh
fruit from India, finds that it may be given with
.advantage in the treatment of chronic bronchitis
and winter cough.— Press.”

TEA ULUCKING AND TEA MAKlNtl.

Lower Ambegamuwa, Dec. 27.

Dear Sir, — 'TFe “ Times ” has sounded
iron" to the effect that superintendents ought
to be teamakers, and teamakers held men.
What a discovery ! Does the “Times” people
manufacture tea in their office? I should like
much to see their samples. Hot, Mr. Editor ;
Tea-making begins in the field and plucking is
the chief t actor. Give me a line plucking, .say
bud and U leaf and I will stake my totum
that I will put down a 9 1 tea in the London
market. The burning ([uestion to be thredied
out is <iual:ty vs. quantity. Then comes
in “will it piy'” of Lanka’s everlasting ciy.
—Yours A'c.,

The Best Soaps for Warm Climates are

CALVERT’S TOILET SOAP ((id. Tablets) and
PKICKLY-HEAT SOAP (6d. and Is. bars), plea-
santly perfumed, for Hath or Toilet containing
10 jier cent, of Pure Carbolic. V’ery serviceable
as preventives of Prickly-heat ami other skin
irritation. Sold at Chemist.s, Stores, A'c.

F. C- CALVERT & C0-, Manciieslcr.

INDIAN TEA SALE.S.

(From IVdlsoH, SiOlhorp d; Co.’s Report.)

Calcutta, Dec 80.

15.390 packages changed hands in the sales held
on the 22nd instant. The market was active and
prices for all teas with good style and liquor show
a slight advance, other sorts sold irregularly but
without material change. The demand for the Bom-
bay side was again very slack, but a very con-
siderable proportion of the sale was taken .or the
Colonies and “ other places.’’

The average price of the 15,390 packages sold is
As. 6-10 or nearly 8Jd per lb. as compared with
16,986 packages sold on the 20th December 1895 at
As. 7-0 or nearly 7^d per lb. a,nd 15,552 packages
sold on the 20th December 1891 at As. 9-10 or nearly
lOd per lb.

The exports from 1st April to 28th December
from here to Great Britain are 116,275,383 lb. as
compared with 108,19-1,990 lb. at the corresponding
period last season and 101 713,129 lb, in 1891.

Note. — Last sale’s average was As. 6-5 or nearly 8d,

Telegrams. — Reuter telegraphed from London on
the 21th instant.— Offered 7,000, sold 7,000 packages.
Generally firm and prices fully maintained. Average
8ld. “ Type ” 6Jd.

Exchange. — Document bills, 6 months’ sight,
Is 3 21-32d.

Freight. — Steamer — .£1-8-9 per ton of 50 c. ft,

(From William Moran db Co.'s Market Report.)

Calcutta, Dec. 23.

Yesterday’s sale comprised about 16,000 chests
nearly all of which were sold. There was a good
demand and prices, though a little irregular, showed
an upward tendency. Owing to the Christmas
holidays, there will be no further sales until the 7th
of January.

Total quantity
from

Great Britain
Foreign Europe
America
Asia

Australia

of Tea passed through
1st April to 9,1st Dec.
1896. 1895.

106,553,481

115,174,118

362,198

1.531,287

3,793,032

1,134,203

212,782

1.008,146

3,649,352

5,879,101

Calcutta

1894.

100,963,271

209,041

481,707

3,381,609

4,462,083

125,295,168 117.332,865 109,500,711

DRUG REPORT.

(From the Chemist and Druggist.)

London, Dec. 3.

Card.^moms. — The only arrival which we have to
notice this week is one of 13 cases per “ Cheshire '
from Colombo. Privately the market remains ex-
tremely strong. A parcel of fine medium to bold
Coylon-Mysore for which 5s 4d was refused at the
last auctions has since been sold privately, it is
said, at 5s 6d per lb., and for fair small to medium
Ceylon-Malahar, 4s 6d is asked. We also hear that
several parcels have changed hands for shipment on
the basis of 2s lOd per lb., c. i. f. November-De-
oeraber shipment for thin shelly Ceylou-Malabar. A
parcel of good seed offers at the high figure of 4s fid
per lb., c. i. f.

Cinchona. — At next Tuesday’s cinchona auctions no
fewer than 1,100 bags of Cuprea bark, imported about
thirteen years ago will be offered.

DEAFNESS.

An essay tlescrihing a really
genuine Cure for Dc'afness,
Ringing in Ears. Ac., no matter how seven' or long-
staniling, will lie sent jiost free. — Artitieial Ear-
drums and similar aiiiilianees entirely uper.seded.
Adilress 'I'llOMAS kE.Ml’E, X'ktoki.a Ciiam-
I'.ER.-i, HI, SorrilAMI'ToN Run, DING.S, llOLUORN,
London.

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

Jan. I, 1897.]

4'>'5

COLOMBO ITUCli CURB ENT,

{furnished by the Chamber of Commerce).

Colombo, Deo. 22nd, 1896.

Exchange on London : Closing Rates, Bank Selling^
Rates: — On demand 1/3 8-16 ; 4 mouths’ sight 1/3 7-32 ,

6 months’ sight l/3i. ■ mq.

Bank Buying Rates : — Credits 3 months sight l/o
15-32; 6 months’ sight 1/3 9-16; Doots 3 months sight
1/3 1-32 ; 6 months’ sight 1/3 19-32.

Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot
per bus., R15-50 to 17.12^ Very scarce. Estate C^ps in
Parchment, delivery no quotations. Plantation Estate
Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. R83 00 to 85'UO.
Very scarce. Liberian parchment on the spot per
bushel, R12‘00. Garden and Chetty Coffee, Per

cwt. no quotations. Native Coffee f.o.b. perewt. Rbo Du
Very scarce. ,

Tea.— Average Prices ruling during the week; Rroken
Pekoe, per lb 47c. Pekoe per lb 38c. Pekoe Sou-
chong, per lb 29c. Broken mixed and Dust, per lb
24c. — Averages of Wednesday’s sale. . .

Cinchona Bark. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
per lb 03c. — Very scarce 1 to 5 %

Cardamoms. — per lb R1‘50 to 2'50.

Coconut Oil.— Mill oil perewt. R14.37i.

Dealers’ oil per cwt. R13‘75 to 14 00.— Coconut oil m
ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R315'00. Sales.
Copra. — Per candy of 560 lb R42'00 to 50'00.

Coconut Cake ; (Poonac) f.o.b. per ton, R55 to 77'50.
Cocoa. — Unpicked and undried, per cwt. R27 to 42'.50.

1 i o I Kogalla per cwt. R9 to 18
Coir Varn.- Nos. 1 to 8 j to 14,

Cinnamon.— Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 66c.

Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 62c. do
Ebony. — No sales.

Plumbago.:— Large Lumps per ton, R130 to 310
Ordinary Lumps per ton, R130 to 260.

Chips per ton, R70 to 120. Dust per ton, R30 to 90
Weaker.

Rice. — Soolye per bushel, R3'55 to B3'7o.

,, per bag, R9'25 to R10 25.

Pegu and Calcutta Calunda.— no quotations.

Coast Calunda per bushel, R2'75 to 4 25.
Muttusamba per bushel, R3‘37 to R4'75.

Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel. — no quotations.
Rangoon Raw 3 bushel Dag — no quotations.
Freights.

Cargo.

Tea

Coconut Oil
Plmubago
Coconuts in bags
Other Cargo
Broken Stowage
SAILERS.
Coconut Oil
Plumbago

o 9 u

■2r§-g

<U <D

CL,i-4 p,
s. d.
20/
20/
17/6
17/6
17/6
10/

o "S

D

.V. (7.

31/3

tn OT
0)

•r- n

q;

H ft

.S', d.
22/6
22/6
22/6
22/6
22/6

/i‘. c.

25

.-a

XI a) .

,1. d.
20/

20/

20/

20/

20/

30/

28/9

Genoa 20/

LOCAL MARKET.

Coconuts.— Ordinary

do Selected 41 '00 to 43'00

Coconut Oil.— 14 00 to 14-25

Copra.— Market steady

By Mr. A. M. Chittambalam, 7, Baillie St., Fort.

Colombo, Jan. 6th 1897.
Scarce per bushel
(Nominal) Kl.5 to 15 '.50 do
1105 '00 to 06 ‘00 per cwt
R70-00 to 71 -00 do

12‘50 per bushel (nominal)
03'00 ^to 64 00 perewt
1'75 "to 2.60 per lb (nominal)
20‘00 to 32 CO per cwt do

Garden Parchment
Chetty do
Native Coffee Scarce
do f.o.b. do
Liberian Parchment,
do Coffee
Cardamoms.—

Cocoa.— (nominal)
Bice.— Market is steady
Kazla
Soolye

Callunda Scarce

CJoast Callunda
Kuruve
Muttusamba

118 '50 to 9 per bag

9-25 to 9.50 do

9-75 to 10 do

3'75 to 3’87 per bushel
S'iiO to 3-08 do

3'7.5 to 4 '25 do

C1NN.4.MON. — tluoted Nos. 1 to 4, at 63c and Nos. land 2
66 cent.s per lb (nominal)

Clill’S.— KbO UO to b7'50

B35'00 to 4U'00 per 1,000 (nominal)

do do

per cwt do

Kalpitiya
MarawUa
Cart Copra
Poonac.— Gingelly
Chekku
Mill (retail)

Ebony. — quotations at
Satinwood.— cubic feet
Halmilla.— do

per candy
do
do

R44'00 to 45 00
42-00 to 43-00
37-00 to 41-00
80 '00 to 87 '50 per ton
80 00 to 85-00 do

75-00 to 80-00 do

RlOO to B195 (nominal)

2-00 to 2-25 do

1'25 to 1'60 do

Kitul Fibre.— Quoted at B28'00 per cwt (nominal)
Palmyra Fibre.— Quoted nominally :—

Jaffna Black. — Cleaned (Scarce)

do Mixed R17-00 to 18 00

Indian do R7'00 to O'OO

Do Cleaned lO'OO to 14'00

Sapan Wood. — Quoted 45'00 to 50'00
Kerosine Oil— American 7-50 to 7'55
do Bulk Russian 2'82 to 2'87
do Russian in Cases R5'90 to 5'95per case
Kapok. — Cleaned f. o.b : — R-29'00 to 30'00 per cwt
do Uncleaned 8 '00 to O'OO do

Croton Seed Scarce do

Nux Vomica 2-i50 to 3‘00 d<

CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION
1896.

per cwt.
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per case
per tin

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THB TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

IjAN. I, 1897,

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS,
(from Lewis db Peat's Fortnightly Prices Current, London, December 16th, 1896.)

ALOE^, Soccofriiie

Zanzibar A: HcpatU
BEES’ WAX.

Zanzibar & ( Wliite ..
Bombay I Yellow...
.'tnuritius At Alai1aKa.scar..
CAMPHOH, China
Ja.pan

CARDAMOMS, Mal.-lbar..

Ceylon.— My. sore

„ Tellicherry...

„ Long

Mangalore..
CASTOR OIL, Calcutta..

Madras ,.

CHIT. LIES. Z.mzibiir ...

CINCHONA BARK.—
Ceylon

olNN A.MON.Ceylon Istr
2ml.~
3rd-
4tli'
Cliipr

CLOVES, Penang
Ainboyna
Zanzibar 1
and Pemba /
Stems

COCULUS INDICUS ...
COFFEE

Ceylon Plantation

Native
Liberian
COCOA, Ceylon

COLO.WBO ROOT

COIR ROPE, Ceylon ...

Cochin . .

FIBRE, Brush

Cochin ...
Stuffing ..
COIR YARN, leylon ..

Cochin ...
do.

OKOTON seeds, s fled...
CUTCH ... , •••

.il.\(*lCR. Bengal, rough
Calicut, Cut A
B & C
Cochin Roiigi!,..

J«pan

3C,M AMiMUiMACnM ..
ANL'H, Zanzibar...

Fair to line
Coiunion to

dry

good

f} od to fine
Fail-

Dark to good palish
Fair average ipiality
,. .. nom.

Clipped, bold, bright, fine
.Middling, stalky & lean
Fair to tine plump
See 's

•iood Id liiii-

Brownish
Shelly 1 1 good
.Med brown to good bold
Ists and 2nds

Dull to fine bright

Ledgeriana Chips
Crown, Renewed .

Org. Stem ,
Hybrid Root

Chip

Ordinary to tine quill.,

Fair to good
Dull to fine bright bold
Dull to tine
Good and fine bright ..

umiuondi'll to fair ...
Fair
F’air

Bold to fine bold co'.ory
.Middling to fine mid . .
Low mid. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary
Small to bold
Bold to fine bold
.Medium and fair
Triage to ordinary
Fair to good

Madagascar ...

A K A life E. I. Ad. n ...

Ghatti ..
Kurrachee

Madras

ASSAFfETIDA

KI.NO

.MIKKlf. picked ...

Aden sorts
OLIBANUM. drop

pickings

siftings

ISDl UtintRER, Assam

Rangoon

Borneo

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to tine long straight
Ordinary to good clean
Common to tine
Common to superior
i .. >, very tine

Roping, fair to good
Fair to good
F.iir to tine dry
Fail-

Good to tine ludd
Small and niedinm
Common to tine !. dd
Small and D’s
Unsolit
Sm. blocky to tine clean
Picked tine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
Med. .t bold glassy sorts
Fair to good palish
., red

Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to fine pale
Cfood and fine pale
Reddish to pale selected
lark to tine pale
Cle.an fr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine bright
Fail- to tine pale
.Middling to good
Good to fine white ...
.Middling to fair
I.ow to good pale
Slightly foul to tine ...
(.iood to fine
Common to foul & iiixd.
Fair to good clean
Common to tine

iUOTATlON.S.

44.5 a 100s
Us a 76s

L . a A b
£6 a £7
£5 15s a £6 1-2/6
1-20S

I - 25s

3s Id a 3s 2d
2s 9d a 2s lid

4.5 3d a 4s 3d
3s lOd a 4s
2s 9d a 3s 6d
•2s 6d a 3s

3s 6d a 3s lod
4s 9d a 5s 3d
3id a 4ld
3id

30s a 47s fid

Id a 3Jd
2d a 4 id
lid a 3d
■2id a -2id
lid a 2d
lid a Is 7d
lOid a Is 5d
lOd a Is 4d
9id a Is
2id a 3?d
4]d a lOd
3d a 4jd
•2id a 2id
2d a 2 3-16(1
Id

7 s 6d a 8s

II- 2s a 123s
I03s a 1 10s
97s a I02s
34s a 92s 6d
70s a 86S
70s a 80s
63s 6d a 75s
55s a 62s
30s a 50.S
•25s a 27s

nominal
£10 a £23
£10 a ,£21
£16 a £20
£5 a £6 10s
£12 a £26 lOs
£12 a £34
£11 10s a £15
(7s 6d a 80s
Is 3d a 32s fid
14s fid
its a S.‘)s
32s a 74s
27s a 30s
I Os a 25s
I5s6d

I7s a 36s fid
£10 7s 6d a £13
£7 17/6 a£ 10 10s
70s a £7 12/6
£5 10s .a ,£7 10s
90s a 137s fid
£4 8s a £6 15s
£4 5s a £9
50s a 60s
25s .a 60s
.55s a 60s
.35s a 45s
37s 6d a 45s
10s a 7(ls
15s a 35s
£45 a £55
80s a 90s
33s a 65s
34s a 60s
•20s a 31s
lisa l-2s fid
9s fid a 14s
is tod a 2s 4d
3d a Is fid
Is Id a 2s
Is a is bd

INDIARUBBER, (Contd).
Java, Sing. & Penang
f

Mozambiiiue

Madagascar
INDIGO, E.l.

MACE Bombay, & Penang

M YR A BOLA N ES, .Madras
Bouib.ay ..

OlTALn-Y.

Bengal

.NUTMEGS-

Bomb.ay ifc Penang

NUTS, ARECA

NUX VOMICA. Bombay
Madras

OIL OF ANISEED
CASSIA
LEMONGRA.SS
NUTMEG
CINNA.MON
CITRON ELL E

ORCHKLLA VVEED-
Ceylon
Zanzibar.

PEPPER - (Black)—

Alleppee & Tellicherry
Singapore
Acheen & \V. C. Penang

PLU.MBAGO, lump

chips
dust

SAFFLOWER

SANDAL WOOD-

Bombay, Logs
Chips
.Madras, J.ogs
i hips

S.VPAN WOOD, Itombay
■Madras
.ilanila
Siam

SEKDLAC
SENNA, Tinnecelly

SHELLS, .M. o’PEARL-
Bombay

Mussel

TAMARINDS, Calcutta
Madras

TORTOISESHELL—
Zanzibar and Bombay

TUR.MERIO, Bengal
.M.adras
Do.

Do.

Cochin

Foul to good clean
Good to fine Ball
irdinary to fair Ball
Low sandy Ball
Sau.sage. fair to good
Liver and livery Ball
F'r to tine iiinky & white
Fair to good black
Niggers, low to good
Bengal--

.Shipping niidtogd violet
Consuming micT. to gd.
Ordinary to mid. good
Mid. to good Kurpah...
Low to ordinary
.Mid. to good Madras .
Pale reddish to tine ..
Ordinary to fair
Chips and dark
Dark to fine pale UO ..
Fair Coast

Jubblepore ...'

Bhimlies ...I

Rhajpore. &c. ...

Calcutta
64’s to 57’s
tl-2’s to 67’s

QUOTATIONS.

Is 3d a 2s Sd
2s 2d a 2s 6d
Is 2d a 2s IJd
lOd a Is Id
Is 4d a 2s 5Jd
is 3id a -2a IJd
Is lid a 2s 5d
Is 3d a Is lOd
lOd a Is 6d

4s 4d a 5s 1(1
3s 4d a 4b Id
2s 8d a 3s 2d
2s a 2s lOd
Is 3d a Is lld
Is 4d a 2s 6d
Is 7d a 2s 9d
Is 2d a Is fid
lld a Is Id
3s fid a 5s 6d
4s fid
,..'4s a 6s 6d
... 4s 3d a 7s 6(1
...'4s a 6s
... 4s a 6s
...l3s a Ss 2d
...!ls Id a 2s lld

160’s to 130’s ... 9(1 a Is

Ordinary to fair fre.sh . |13s 6d a 15«
Ordinary to middling ..|4s 6d a 6s
Fair to good bold fresh .. 6s a 7s 6d
, Small ordinary and fair 4s 6da 7s

F’air merchantable
According to analysis.
Good flavour & colour...
dngy to white
Ordinary to fair .sweet
Bright (k good flavour

•Mid. to tine not woody.,
Picked clean flat leaf .,
,, wiry Mozambique

ANILLOES-

.Maiiritius and 1 Lsts
ISoiirboii .../ 2iids
Seycliellos 3rds

VER.MILION

WAX, Japan, s(puu-c.-i

Fair to bold heavy

Fair

Dull to fine
Fair to fine bright bold
diddling to good small
Dull to hue bright
Ordinary to tine bright
Good to fine pinky
•Middling to fair
Inferior and picking.^

Fair to fine flavour

Fair to good flavour
Inferior to tine
Lean to gooil
(,’ood ai erage
, Rough & rooty to good
\ bold smooth
Old. du.sty to gd. .soluble
Good to tine bold green
Fair middling medium
Common dark and small

7s 9d
6s 6(1 a 9s

aid

3td a 4d
4d a Is 3d
Is 2d a 1( 3d

10s a 12s 6d
10s a -20$

15s a 17s od

2id a 2{d
2 7-16d
2d a 2Jd
15s a 17s 6d
3s 6d a 13s
Is fid a 8s 9d
2s a 6s
85s a 90s
80s

jfiOs a 65.S

i

I £30 a £50
5s a £3
'£30 a £50
l£4 a £8
£4 a £5
£4 a £5 ii(ji»
£1 lOs a £5 15.S
£6a£'/-
70s a 80.S
4(1 a Sd

Bold and A’s

D’s and B’s

Sm.all

.Small to bold
.Mid. to fine bl’k not stony
Stony and inferior

Small to bold dark
mottle part heavy
Fair

2id a 4^d
1(1 a 2('

Finger fair to
Mixed midliig.
Bulbs
Finger
Bulb.s

fine bold
[bright

Od. crysallized a 9 in.
Foxy ,& reddish 4i a 8 ,.
Lean and inferior
Fine, pure, bright

Good white hard

, 2d

£4 17s 6d a £5
£4 5s a £4 ICs
85s

21.5 a 57s 6(1
9s

6s a 7s

19.5 a 20s fid

8s 6d a 9s
lls 6(1 . a l-2s
10s 6d
8s a 9s
10s

7s fid a 8s

19s fid a 33s
17s a ‘22s
los a 16s
2s 4.}d

THE

COLOMBO.

Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,^'

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine
for January : —

VoL VIIL]

SEASOIS^ EErOETS.
OCTOBEE.

E STERN PRO VINCE.— Y An crop
liarvested and threslied, Maha
cultivation going on, some damage
by rain to young j.'addy ylant.s,
Vegetables and IVuit.'^, especially
latter, scarce. Crop pro.spects
fair. Eainfall plentiful.

Central Province, — ibala crop being harvested
crop fair ; Maha cultivation commenced. Dry
grain crops are fair. Eiinfall plentiful.

Northern Province. — Paddy and dry grain pros-
l^ects good ; a fair amount of rain.

Southern Province. — Y.ila harvest over and cul-
tivation of Maha croii in xmogress. Some cattle
disease in the Bentota — M'elallawitti Korale.

Ena, tern Province.— Vnt\<\y, all harvests of pre-
sent year over, next year’s crop coming up;
preparation of tobacco lands going on ; cultiva-
tion of Indian corn and fine grains in proyre.ss ;
fisheries good.

N. Western Province. — Cultivation of next paddy
croj) going on ; some damage to young plants in
the Cbilaw district by rain.

North Central Province — Paddy cultivation of
Yala crop in progre.ss ; rain fall satisfactory ex-
cept towards Eurunegalle ; a good deal of cattle
murrain x)rev,'ilont.

Province of Uva. — Yala sowing going on ; fruits
and vegetables plentiful and cheap ; cattle murrain
in Buttala.

Sabaragamuwa Province. — Yala iiarvest over,
outturn good ; Maha cultivation going on ; good
Cheua grops and prospects ; health of cattle and

[Nos. 6 & 7.

people satisfactory ; rain at Ambanpitiya (up to
29th) 22.32, Euanwella, 21.16.

NOVEMBEE.

Western Province. — Paddy, a good deal of
damage done to crops by heavy rains and floods ;
but a fairly good Maha harvest is expected.

Central Province. — ^Maha crop of paddy in
various stages, some damage to crop in Matale
prospects very promising in Newera Eliya.

Northern Province, — Eainfall general, and heavy
in Jaffna ; crop prospects good ; some damage to
crops in North by caterpillar (Arakkoddiyan).
Murrain raged in Kilakumulai and spread south,
199 out of 208 reported to have proved fatal.

Southern Provmce, — Paddy prospects good,
though some damage done by rain in the Galle
District.

Eastern Prowncc.— Paddy prospects satisfac-
tory, though some damage done in Tamblegam
pattu. Tobacco planting going on in Trincomaleej

North Western Province. — Crop prospects gene-
rally fair in spite of some damage owing to ex-
cessive rain.

North Central Province. — Eainfall general and
satisfactory, tanks full, paddy crop in early stages
of growth; cattle murrain prevailing in some
parts and being trexted according to the Asst.
A’’eterinary Surgeon’s instructions.

Uva Province.— llQtivy rain ; young paddy doing

well; food supply good, fruits and vegetables
being plentiful.

Subragamuwa Province.— Puady crop prospects
good, but lower fields damaged by rain. Eain-
fall at Ambanpitiya (up to 29th) 22,55. in Euan-
wella 27.06.

JANUARY. 1897.

498

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.

[Jan* 1, 1897.

KAINI^'ALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OP

AGRICULTURE

DURING

THE MONTH

OF NOVEMBER,

1896.

1

Sunday

o7

19

Thursday . .

Nil

2

Alonday

■72

20

Friday

16

3

Tuesday

•oo

21

Saturday

U81

4

AVednesday . .

•38

2-2

Sunday

126

6

Thur.sday

•52

23

Alonday

101

6

Friday

•04

24

Tuesday

Nil

7

Saturday

Nil

25

AVedne.sday . .

■15

8

Sunday

■76

26

Thursday . .

■03

9

Alonday

•86

27

Friday

Nil

10

Tne.sday

142

28

S'lturday . .

•08

11

AVednesday . .

•88

29

Sunday

•31

12

Thursday

4-80

30

Alonday

Nil

13

Friday

■08

31

14

Saturday

4^06

1

Tuesday

Nil

15

Sunday

■31

—

16

Alonday

Nil

Total .

20’38

17

Tuesday

•65

Alean .

•65

18

AVednesday . .

Nil

Greatest amount

of rainfall in any 24 hours —

on

the 12th day

of November, 4’80 inches.

OURSELVES.

The pre.sent issue will reach oin readers during
the first days of a new A'ear which we earnestly
hope will be one of prosperity and plenty for all agri-
culturists in the Island, from the lordly tea planter
to the humble paddy cultivator. Every year while
it brings with it fresh knowledge of value to the
cultivator of the soil also makes the problem of how
to produce the best quality of crops, at the smallest
expense and with the least deterioration of the land
more difficult to solve. It has been our endeavour
during the past seven and a half years to do
what we could, albeit in a small way, to act
as a medium for cotiveying to those who have
chosen “the most healthful, most useful, and most
noble employment of man ” all such information
as would better help them to meet the difficulties
which they have to encounter in their attempt
to render the soil subservient to their own and
the general wants of the community, and we trust
we have succeeded in doing some useful work in
this direction. We take the opportunity of thank-
ing our subscribers for their sni)puit, and the
local press fptits encouragement.

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

The students of the Forestry School returned
from their tour on the oth December, after having
been away nearly si.v weeks. The route was
from Colombo to Kurunegalle, across country to
Dambool, from Dambool lo Nalande, .Matale, on
to Nawahq)itiya and Oalljotlde, ending up with
Ntiwara Eliya where the class broke up and
returned to Colomlio. ' 'I'he Conservator of Forests
himself accompanied the students who were put
through a practical training in foi-e.st oj)erations
besides receiving lectui-es during the tour. The
weather w'as not all that could have heen desired,
jjut the health of the students was on the whole

satisfactory. We understand that detailed diaries
have been kept by the students and that the Con-
servator of Forests means to have the best of
these published.

We regret to hear that the efforts of the Assistant
Conservator of Forests of Trincomallee to conduct a
Forestry Magazine have not met with success owing
to a want of help in the way of contributions
from the members of the Forest Department, and
that the “Ceylon Forester” will probably cease
to appear again on that account.

“Canary Guano” is the name of a new “ com-
pound manure” a sam])le of which has been
kindly sent us by Itlessrs. Clark, Toung & Co.
The fertilising ingredients are in a very concen-
trated form and a very small quantity of the
manure goes a long way. Canary Guano is
specially intended for garden crops and should
prove very useful in the cultivation of vege-
tables.

The Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, Mr. SturgesV
left for Bombay and Karachi about the middle
of December in order to select and purchase a
fresh butch of Sind Cows for the Government
Dairy, lie is expected back early in January.
Air. Iloole, Assistant Veterinary Surgeon, whose
station is Anuradhapura is attending to Air.
Sturgess’s duties in Colombo.

Cattle plague has been working great havoc
in the Northern part of the Island as will be
seen from the season reports for the months of
October and November’.

The rainfall in December may be said to have
been unprecedented. In some parts of the Island
much damage was done to crops and property
and traffic was greatly impeded by washaways
and earthfalls.

THE FOREST LAWS OF CEYLON.
The Pre.sent Law as enacted under Ordi-
nances No. 10 OF 1885 AND No. 1 OF 1892.

Chapter I, (Sections 1-.3,) deals with the Short
Title of the; Ordinance, Repeal of certain enact-
ments and fnterpretatioii Section.

Section 4. Enacts that if in any prosecution or
proceeding under the Ordinance a question of
title should arise the Court or officer has juris-
diction for the purposes of the prosecution to
try and determine the question of title, but that
such decision shall not be pleaded in bar in any
Civil Suit ; and if in any subsequent action bet-
ween the Crown and the claimant, judgment
should be given against the Crown, the forest
shall cease to be reserved from the date of such
judgment.

Reserved Furesls.

A preliminary declaration is made (Section 6)
of Avhich the object is to intimate to the public
and to persons interested the intention of Govern-
ment to ])r()ceod to the constitution of certain
tracts as reserv ed forests.

This declaration, of course, must specify the
limits of the )>roposed forest otherwise no one
can tell whether he will be all'ecteil by it or not.

Jan. 1, 1897.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical AgriculturisV'

499

It is not necessary (l)ut it is of course allowable)
to have recourse to artilicial marks, posts or pil-
lars, to indicate, in the lirst instance, the ])i'o-
posed limits of the forest generally ; it is enough
to specify the limits by such general indications
as practically meet the object in view. It is not
wise to go to any expense in putting up marks at
this stage ; because it is obvious that they may
be more or less altered during the process of
settlement. The permanent demarcation, which
is so necessary a part of the work of establish-
ing forest estates, is the last stage of all, when
everything is settled. The notilication also takes
the opportunity of appointing an otticer, called
the “ Forest Settlement Officer,” who will be the
proper authority to whom claims find objections
have to V)e adtlressed. Such an officer is not a
forest officer, so that fie may be perfectfy unbias-
sed by any professional interests.

Ad interim prohibition to fresh clearances.

When once this notification of proposals is out,
it is obviously desirable to prevent fresh
complications arising in the area by jreople continu-
ing to occupy new land or to acfpiire rights.
Section 8 therefore, prescribes that no one shall
make fresh clearances for cultivation, or other-
wise appropriate or occupy land, nor can any
process of prescription for acquirements of rights
go on. A person may be within a j^ear or two
of completing his thirty years’ exercise of some
practice which would then become a right ; but
the issue of the notification would be a bar to his
completing the acquisition. Only such rights
as exist are saved, and such as government
expressly desire to grant.

A person, u lio lias a right already, may, of
course, transfer it to another person, supposing it
is the nature of the right to be transferable.

This provision is very necessary, since, if
people were to go on developing new rights, and
appropriating new clearings, the settlement would
never come to an end. As fast as the first set
of claims had been dealt with another would
appear.

It is also absolutely necessary to draw' the line
and fix a date at which it may be ascertained
that the existing conditions of rights w'ere such
and such ; then it is easy to protect the estate in
future from being burdened afresh with rights.

The Pwclamation.

The next step is to exjilain to the neigh-
bours wdiat will be the consequence of making
the land into a forest estate, and invite tl.em to
put forward all claims and objections w'ithin a
certain reasonalde fixed time.

The preliiuiiiary iiniilicu.tion having lieeu issued
and the Forest Sctrlemeut Utlicer being in readi-
ness, the ‘ Settlement </l rights ” is the next
imporiant stage. All who desire to claim any
plot of laud as their own inside the proposed
forest or to make knowm any l ight or user or other
interest w'hich may be adverse to the Govern-
ment title have now the opportunity of getting
their rights fully established.

The settlement, in fact, is a simple and speedy
procedure w'liereby the rights of the state may
be separated from those of individuals, and thus
disputes may be set at rest, and injustice and
hardship resulting from the assertion of the state
rights in the forest be prevented and redressed.

Claims may be presented verbally and they are
taken dow'n by the Forest Settlement O'flicer
in writing.

The claims made will be found to come under
one or other of three distinct heads and a
moment's, consideration will enable any one to
uuderstaud that they cannot all be dealt with in
the same w'ay : —

{a) Claims to land (interest in or over land)
in the area [uoiiosed to be constituted
a reserved forest.

(/;) Claims to a right of w'ay, to water-course.

(c) Claims to rights of pasture or forest"
prod uce.

When the Forest Settlement Officer has ad-
mitted any claim under {a) he may (section 13.)

(1.) Come to an agreement with the claimant
for the surrender of the right Under this head
an exchange is often possilile. The owner may
agree to give up the plot in exchange for
another piece in another place. A suitable
corner of the forest may in this W’ay be cut
off as <a block of available land in w'hich a
number of little patches inside the proposed
forest may be provided for : or

(2.) Exclude the land from the limits of the
proposed forest, i. e , the Forest Settlement
Officer may either alter the jiroposed boundary
so as to let it remain outside the forest or
leave the land inside the forest as a privately
owned [ilot not subject to the forest regulations.
Care must however be taken that the limits of
the land a>e iierinanently demarcated so as to
prevent future eucroachment, and that a right
of way through the forest to the land for the"
cultivator and his cattle is provided for and'
that regulations are made for the lighting of
fires on the land which may spread to the forest
&c. ; or

(.'i. ) Acquire such land in the maymer provided
by “ TIlc La)id Acquisition Ordinance, 1876,’’ and
Ordinance 6 of 1877. In this case the Forest
Settlement Officer is vested with the necessary
powers under that Ordinance, and the process is
compulsory. It would be followed on failure
to come to terms under No. 1. It is always
better to proceed under the Land Acquisition
Ordinance where there is any doubt about the
title to the land, for in that case Government
gets the land with a clear title. If land is
taken by agreement it is taken only with such a
title as the owner really has. Where there
is no doubt about the title, then agreement
is a safe .and much more economical and ex-
peilitious method ; otherwise proceed under the
Land Acquisition Ordinance because then the
title .acquired by Government cannot under
express provision of the law', be questioned,

Claims to liight of Way and Water Pasture and
Forest Produce.

fn the case oi' claiiU' to such rights the Forest
SeUlcmcir Olficer p.a.sc^ an order admitting'
or rejecting the -^ame wholly or in part. When the
right is a.ii. lilted ari-i if it U fur the beneficial
enjoyment of any land or luiildings, the Forest
Settlement Officer is bcund to record the desig-
nation, position and area of such land and the
designation and position of such buildings. When
the right is a right to forest produce the Forest
Settlement Olficer is bound to record whether the
forest jiroduce obt.aiued by the exercise of such
right may be sold or bartered and such other
]iarticulars as may be necessary in order to define
the nature incidents and extent of the right.

When the Forest Settlement Officer has admitted
a claim to a right of pastuieor to forest produce,’
he is bound (Section 15) to provide for the exercise
of such right : —

500

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

[Jan. 1, 1807.

{a.) By alteiiug the limits of the proposeil
reserved forest so as to exclude laud of
sutticient extent, of a suital)le kind, and
in a locality reasonably convenient foi' the
pnrpose.s of the claimant ;

(6.) By recording an order continuing to the
claimant a right of pasture or to forest
produce (as the case may be) subject to
such rules as may from time to lime be
. prescribed on that behalf by the Government
Agent, The order passed under this head
shall record as far as practicable, the
number and description of the cattle which
the claimant is from time to time entitled
to graze, the local limits within which and
the seasons during which such pascure is
permitted ; or the quantity of timber or
other forest produce which the claimant is
authorized to take or receive, the local
limits within which, the season during
which, and the mode in which, the taking
of such produce is permitted and sucli
othor particulars as may be required in
order to deliue the extent of the right which
is continued, and the mode in which it may
be exercised.

The Forest Settlement officer has ]»ower, subject
to such regulations as tlic Governor may from
tune to time prescribe, to commute sucli right,
where such right has been admitted by paying a
sum of money in lieu thereof, or with the con-
sent of the claimant by the grant of land or in
any other manner as the officer may think fit.

tc will be observed that nothing is said of how
the riglits are to be valued, or on what principle
either the grant of land is to be made or tlie
grant of money awarded. All that is said is that
the Forest Settlement Officer shall “ commute”
the rights.

Unaer this section it will be observed that it is
the Forest Settlement Officer who determines, not
the parties, whether it is a case for commutation.
The Governor may make rules for the Forest
Settlement Officer’s guidance in such matters.
Still the ultimate decision rests with the Forest
Settlement Officer.

Extinction of unclaimed rights.

Having now dealt with admitted rights and
either : —

(a) provided for them outside the forest, or.

(b) left them properly regulated inside the

forest or

(c) having bought them out altogether,

no other rights can by any possibility remain in
existence so as to give rise to future question,
Tire law gives the amplest opportunity to people
to claim their rights without any formality or
bar in the first instance. They may come and
make any verbal representaion they please. Tlic
F. S. O., himself will endeavour to find out if
any rights not claimed, exists (section 9.); he
will act as the next friend of ignorant or timid
people and find out their rights for them. It is
of course impossible that the wants of peojile and
such claims as amount to lights and would be
equitably recognized as such, should remain
unknown. If they should, then such rights are
declared to be extinguished. This is absolutely
necessary ; for no forest would be safe, and
no repression of trespass or other oflcnccs in
future would be possible, if unsettled rights
remained for ever in the background. The only
possible plan is to take every pcrcaution that
all rights are ascertained, and having done every

thing that is po.ssible in this respect to declare
that no riglits not brought to liglit can be held
to have any legal existence.

The lau' m.ike.s due provision for any accident-
tal delay in presenting claims ; as long as the
final proclamation (.Section 19) lias not been
actually issueil, any delay, reasonably accounted
for, is overlooked and the claim entertaineif and
disposed of. Ami further, the power is given to
the Government to enquire into any claim during
three years succeeding the imstitution of the
enquiry and if a person oe absent from the Island
when the im|uiry of the K.S.O. was hehi the
rigiits of such person may be inquired into dur-
ing 10 years succeeding the institution of such
enquiry. (Section 20. 10 tS.5. as ameiuled by

Section 7 of 1 of 1892). With these ample pro-
visions it will be observed that there ctn be no
hardshi)).

Appeals from Settlement Orders.

It will be observed that the decision or order
of the F. S. O., in respect of claims to a right
in or over any land (Seel ion 13) of and in respect of
claims to rights of way, water course, pasture
and to forest produce (Section 11) only are open
to appeal.

Tne appeal may be by any party — either the
right-holder or claimant or the Government —
the forest owner. Throe weeks is the limit for
appealing. The appeal must be in writing and
must be lodged with the F. S. O., who must
transmit the same together with the proceedings
taken Viy him to the Supreme Court.

Besides the power of aiqieal. Government may
within o years from the imblication of the final
in'oclaniatiou constituting the Forest a lleserved
Forest (Section 19.), revise any arrangement
made by theF. S. O., under Section 12 as to the
practice of chena cultivation, or under Section 14
as to claims to rights of way, watercour.se pas-
ture and forest-produce, or under Section 15
as to the exercise of rights of pasture or fore-st-
produce, and may rescind or motlify any order
made therein and may direct that any one of the
proceedings in Section 15 be taken in lieu of any
other of such proceedings, or that permission
under Section 12 or rights under Section 14 be
commuted under Section 10. (Section 22.)

New nights cannot grow up in a Reserved
Forest.

Under Section 23 no rigiit of .any description
shall lie acquired in or over a reserved forest,
except by inheritance or succession or under
a grant or contract in writing made by or
on behalf of the Crown or some person in whom
such right or the power to create sucli right
existe.l wlien the final iu’oclani.ition tiiuler Sec-
tion 19 was published.

This provi-^ion cannot take efiect until it is
definitely know by the ojierations of Settlements
w'hat arc the respective rights of liie state and
of jirivate persons iirnl liosv tliey have been ;id-
justed from a given date. Ibiat being ascer-
tained the forest is declared “ reseio-ed ’ from
the fixed date and no right which on that date
has not been admitteil and rcc.nded is iio.hl to
have ;uiy existence. Hence tins .Saai.ni only
aiiplies to eases w here the final p. oeimi itmn
under Section 19 has been pnbiisin; I. and no
new' right can grow' up nor tiny proce.^.s ol pres-
criptive growth go on.

lliis provision ajiiilies otily to the definite
area indicated by demarcation tis the reserved
estate.

Jan, 1, 1897.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

501

Tlie rightholder of a right under Section 15 cannot
alienate tlie same without notice to the Govern-
ment Agent ; hut if suchriglit is appurtenant to any
house or land and tliis is sold, tiien tlie right goes
with tlie land and the sanction of the G. A. is
not reij[uired. (Section 24.)

Power i.s also given to the Forest OHicer to
stop any puhlic or private way or watercourse
in a reserved forest, provided that another way
or watercourse has been provided.

Persons who are in anj^’ way injured by
such alteration may he comriensated. (Sec-
tion 24.)

Final Notification of Forest.

The close of the proceedings is marked by the
issue of a final iiroclamatioii under section 19.

When all claims have been heard, appeals
decided, or when the pniods allowed in eaeli case
hfive elapsed, then nothing remains but to notify
delinitely the e.xact limits of the forest as in
future they will rem iin (for the limits originally
entered in the preliminary notification under
Section 6 may have been altered in the proce.ss
of Settlement) and to declare that from a
specified date the estate so demarcated is a
Kesened Forest” and therefore subject to the
provLsions of the Ordinance. But power is given
to the Governor by Pioclamation to direct that
from a date fi.xed by such proclamation any
such forest or portion thereof shall cease to be
reserved ; ri,ght.s extinguished do not however
revive in consequence (Section 80.)

Dcniarcntion.

It is e.ssential for the all the objects of a
forest estate that the boundaries should be
known. It is not possible to imnish people for
trespass and mischief unless they can certainly
know whether they are inside the reserved forest
or not. The special jirovisions of the law as far
.as they relate to the protection of estates
must necessaiily oper.ate witldn certain definite
li mits.

So with the Settlement of rights and the
prohibition to their .acquisition ; it must be
over definite areas that the rights have been
settled and within which new rights cannot
be acquired.

There is nothing in the Ordinance which
requires that any particular form or method of
demarcation should be .adopted; but the bound-
aries must be easy to ascertain.

Forest leased by Gorernment.

Forests leased by the ffovernment can also be
brought within the provision.s! of the Ordinance,
and tlie Governor is empowered by Proclamation
to do so and to alter amend or revoke such Pro-
clamation.

JADOO FIBRE.

In a commutiication receiveil from Colonel
Halford T!iomi)-on, of “Jadoo” f.ime, the writer-
says “ f iun forwarding you a iiamphlet which
is perhfips somewhat out of .date, but which will
show you the themy, so to speak, on which
.Jadoo was founded <ind the tpigiiial purpose which
it, was intended for. It was (piitc a chance which
shewed that the root action it established was
St) valuable for iihuiting purposes I have re-

cently had Mr. Filkington here on behalf of the
Mysore coflee planters, who writes me, “ I have
great confidence in Jatloo from what I saw.” He
has had a ton sent out to him, and ,says he is
going to give it a thorough trial, at both his

places in South Indi.a. It certainly seems to me
that wherever either coffee or tea is grown on
the - ■ sujiplies ” system, more especially when
baskets are used, that -Jadoo is just what is wanted
for it undoubtedly will encourage the young
plants to throw out roots, and make a certainty
that they will get thoroughly established when
lilanted out. M''e are getting most satisfactory
reports from the West Indies especially as to the
use of .ladoo for ])laniing young orange trees
which is now being done on a large scale in
Jamaica.”

We .are glad to be able to state that we expect
to receive shortly half a ton of Jadoo fibre, which
it will give us gieat pleasure to distribute, as
we have been requested to do, among those in-
terested in the new growing medium, for Jadoo
libre must not be looked upon as a manure but
a material in which roots grow and which encour-
ages the production and developement of roots. In
another issue we hope to give further particulars
regar<ling Jadoo— by which time the expected
sample will no doubt have arrived — and also make
reference to the pamphlet made mention of,
which is a reprint of .a lecture deliver, d at the
People’s Pal.ace, East Loudon, on Jadoo F'ibre.

THE FRUIT TREE.

The Nursery is th.at portion of land in -udiicli we
propagate and bring up our fruit plfints. The
Nur.stu-y required to start an orchard should be
divided, so tliab one separate portion may be
alloted to the sowing of seeds, aiiother set apart
for those subjects which are to be transplanted
hereafter in order to undergo grafting. Plants
propagated by cuttings, and which do not require
any grafting, should also have a separate area,
and la-^tiy a plot will be al.so required into which
to transplant and nurse the plants after having
been grafted and before planling out.

The orchardist will .ahv.ays obtain better and
more satisfactory results, by establishing a nursery
of his own at the spot, instead of securing his
plants from different sources and localities. By this
means he will be perfectly sure of the varieties
he wishes to grow, a more successful planting
out would follow, and there will be an opportunity
of promptly supplying those plants which acci«
dentally should perish. — •

The nursery should be started in a healthy and
airy spot within easy reach; the soil should be
ea.-'ily worked, and as regards fertility we have
seen that plants from a rich soil are to be pre-
ferred to those from a poor one, but are inferior
to those started in an ordinary soil. The best
fertiliser to be applied to nurseries is a compost of
decayed vegetable matter, sweepings, and well
seasoned cattle manure. Raw cattle m-inure
should never be used as it would cause rottening
of the roots. The soil of the nursery should al-
ways be kept cool, hence it requires to be per-
meable and deepi; under the.se conditions moisture
is eaAly maintained. In alloting the portion for
the sowing of seeds, we should choose the one easi-
est for irrigation or watering, with very loose
soil, it does not matter if not very deep, but the
most fertile and free of stones. For cuttings and
grafting subjects we should give the second choice,
and to grafted plants the portion of the nursery
which we find least e.\posed to the winds.

502

Su2iplement to the '■^Tropical Agriculturist.^'

[Jan. 1, 1897.

The preparing of the nurserj^ consists in a
general tillage to the depth of 3 feet ; while
doing this all weeds, roots, stones or pebbles
should be removed and the different layers of soil
generally met with thoroughly mixed, thus form-
ing a uniform growing medium as regards
fertility, texture «&c.. Virgin soil should never
be turned over as excepting the vine it has been
proved dangerous to all fruit plants.

To avoid confusion it is best to divide each
plot of the nursery into beds. Good nurserymen
have their beds 24 ft. by 4 ft. A space of about
9 in. divides one bed from the other and every
six beds have a path about 3 ft. broad. Cuttings
and grafting subjects are generally nursed in
larger beds. It is strictly necessary that the
nursery should be provided with broad and
commodious paths to freely carry out all the work
connected with it.

Seeds intended for the nursery should be heavy,
well formed, procured from good, middle-aged
trees andcultivated in perfectly opened and sunny
places ; they should be, if possible, obtained from
warmer climates and it is eseutial they should
have been raised from well matured fruits only.
The germinating power of seeds and their dura-
bility differs according to the species ; as a rule
those with a soft covering last longer than those
with hard shells. Seeds should be kept wliile
being collected ill dried sand. It is common, in
order to obtain quick germination to svet the sand
occasionally, a few day.s before sowing, and to
expose it to the sun for about half an hour daily.
The harder the shell of the seed, the longer it
will take to germinate.

Before sowing the seeds it is advisable to
spread over the beds .some pulverized soil, this
done, a light hoeing should follow.

The sowing of fruit seeds is done either in
furrows or in holes, in both cases in straight lines
and never at random, as symmetrical sowing will
render easy all the work connected with the nur-
sery. The depth at which the seeds are to be put
in, varies according to the mechanical texture (See.,
of the soil and the size of the seeds. Small seeds,
such as orange, lemon and similar fruits should
be sown to 1| in. deep.

The practice here of sowing seeds in bamboos
is good, provided the plants produced are not
allowed to remain in them longer than one month
and tran.splanted to larger receptacles afterwards.

Small seeds are sown in lines, by cutting with a
hoe, which is kept straiglit by a stretched string,
making furrows about 4 in. distant from each
other, '’and of the depth required by tlie species of
seeds to be sown. The seeds are laid at the
bottem of it if possible at regular distances of
about 3 in. Witli the back of the rake, the
furrows are covered and a finishing touch is given
all over the bed with the other side of the same
tool, rendering it as level as possible and free of
any roots or stones. For larger seeds and for
tho.se producing plants of rapid growth the lines
should be more distant from each other and the
seeds also sown at larger intervals. Sowing by
holes is also done in lines and with the guidance
of a string.

The work to be done after sowing consi.sts of
weeding, hoeing, thinning and watering. Weeding
is undispensable as tin* nursery must be kept per-

fectly free of weeds. Iloeing must take place fre-
quently, theoftener the better; this operation will
aerate the soil, will bring to the surface the roots
of weeds, and also remove the objectionable
superficial crust which tends to form as the result
of watering. Hoeing should not take place before
the plants are one month old as too tender plants
are extremely sensitive.

By thinning, we will remove all the fruit plants
which have sprung up between the rows, and
these could be transplanted to where the seed has
not germinated by taking them up with a ball of
earth adhering. This transplanting is not
always successful and even if so the jilants will not
turn out strong specimens.

Watering must begin only when thought strict-
ly necessary, as it must be remembered that once
watering has begun it must be done daily and at re-
gular houi’s ; a stoppage would cause more serious
harm, than if the seeds have been left in the
soil without watering at all. Coirdust spread about
I in. thick over damped beds should keep moisture
in this climate, enougli for the requirements of the
seeds.

About six months after sowing and with favour-
able weather plants intended to be a grafted
should be transplanted to that portion prepared
for them ; tho.se only should be picked out for this
purpose which are at least about the thickness of
a pencil. All others of inferior growth and vigour,
should remain in their places for another season :
with a sharp pruning knife these plants are cut
down to the base in order to provoke the si.routing
of a new and health.ier stem ; during their second
start they should be watched and not allowed to
grow more than one shoot, by suppressing all
others as fast as they appear.

The transplanting is done more successfully in
cloudy but not wet weather. In up rooting,
great care should be taken not to injure the roots
and if any bruises should occur it is better to
treat such injured parts of the roots by a clean cut.
Tap roots of all fruit plants should not be left
longer than .'i in., and the cut should take place
where there is most ramification of lateral roots.

Grafting is best done on a board, before trans-
planting and immediately after uprooting.

C. ZANETTI

“ NITRAGIN ” OR THE U.SE OF PUKE
CULTIVATION BaCTERIA FOR
LEGUMINOUS CROPS.

(Co)itinueil. )

Up to tlie present time there have !)cen j)re-
pared and put on the market j)ure cultivations of
the organisms deriveil from tlie noilules found on
the roots, and suitable for application to the
growth, of 17 leguminous field crops.

Eacli bottle as soM bears a diflerently coloured
label according to the kind of crop it is intended
for, and also the German and the botanical name
of the plant. The contents of a single bottle are
sufficient for securing the inoculation af about
half an acre of the land on whicli the crop is to
be sown, and the present cost of a single bottle
is M. 2‘50, or about 2s 6d in Englisli money.
Thus the additional cost of inoculating a crop
would come to about .'is an acre. To look at, a
bottle appears to contain at tlie bottoin of jt

Jan. 1, 1897.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist ”

503

alx)ut an inch and a half depth of a light brown jelly,
ramifying throughout which maybe noticed a white
growth or mould. The two principal precau-
tions that must be taken with the material are
(1) not to let it experience a heat greater than
the body temperature (about 98° F. ); and (2)
not to let it be exposed to a strong light.
Either of these would destroy the vitality of
the bacteria, but if tliey be guarded against, the
efficacy of the contents may be prolonged for an
indefinite lime.

The German name for the material is Impfdiin-
ger fiir Leguminosen, “nitragin” (inoculating
manure for leguminous plants.)

The method of using the “nitragin” in
practical agriculture is twofold. It consists either
in inoculating the seed direct by bringing it
by means of water, into contact with the “ Ni-
tragiu,” or 'in inoculating with the “Nitragin”
some of the soil of the field on which the
crop is to be sown and then spreading this soil
over the plot and working it into a depth of
of about three inches. The first thing to be done
is to render the contents of the bottle liquid ;
this is eflected either by putting the bottle for
a short time into lukewarm water, or by bring-
ing it into a warm room until the contents be-
come liquid, or by other obvious means. Care
must be taken, as already pointed out, not to
exceed a temperature of 98° F. and not to ex-
pose the bottle to strong light. The following
IS, practically, a translation of the

DIRECTIONS FOR USE.

I. For inoculating the seed direct.

For every i acre of land to be sown with the
crop, take H pint of water in a vessel, and pour
into it the liquid contents of one bottle. In
order to completely empty the bottle, shake up
some of the water with the liquid contents of
the bottle, so that the whole gets well mixed,
and then pour it into the vessel containing the
water.

With the water thus prepared, sprinkle the
seed thoroughly, and work the heap with the
hand (in the case of larger quantities with a
shovel) so that every seed is moistened.

If there be not water sufficient add more, but,
sneaking generally, 1^ pint is enough for small
clover-like .seeds.

Dry the seed by mixing it with some dry
sand or fine earth taken from the field that is
to be sown.

Avoid exce.ssive dryness or dustiness, and do
not expose to bright sunshine.

Sow in the usual way.

II. For inoculating the .soil.

Instead of inoculating the seed direct, it is
rather better to effect this purpose by inoculation
of the earth of the field that is to be sown.
To do this, for every ^ acre of land that is to
be sown, t.ake 56 lb of earth from the field, and
our the contents of the bottle over it as directed
efore, but using very much more water. In
this way the earth will be inoculated. Let the
earth dry in the aii-, or, if nece.ssary, add more
dry earth.

Then spread the whole evenly over the surface
to be sown with seed, and work it into the soil
to a depth of about 3 inches.

Sow the seed as usual.

Dr, Nobbe is of opinion that the inoculation
of the soil is to be preferred to the treatment of
the seed, inasmuch as it would seem more certain
that the organisms come in contact with the
joote during their search for food.

The production of “Nitragin” on a commer-
cial scale being of such recent date, there has
been little time as yet, even in Germany, to make
extensive field experiments with it under ordinary
agricultural conditions. Neverthele.ss experiments
are being made at several experimental stations
and on private farms, and so far as can be judged
at an early stage, the treated plots are reported
as showing some advantage over the untreated
ones, while the roots of plants grown on the
former appeared to have more nodules than the
roots of plants in the latter.

The question now remains of what practical
utility to the cultivators of the soil in general
is the discovery likely to be ? Is it likely to
enter into ordinary agricultural practice? And
will it pay to carry out !

— ^

VETERINARY NOTES.

A curious form of disease about which practically
nothing is known occurs among stock in Ceylon.
Among the symptoms are increased respiration,
a darkening of the colour of the coat eitlier com-
pletely or in patches, (while the hair of the coat
at the same time tends to become long,) and, in
milch cattle, loss of milk. On consulting Veter-
inary Captain Pease of the Indian Veterinary
Department, that well-known authority replied
that he had never heard or seen cases such as we
have described. Professor Wallace of Edinburgh,
who saw .some cases in the Government Dairy’
gave it as his opinion that the disorcler was due
to an affection of the liver and recommended treat-
ment with calomel. The natives have their own
treatment for the disease, which, according to
them, would appear to be clue to impurity of the
blood, and the drugs prescribed by them are
believed to be effectual.

Who knows but that this may not be a “ new
disea.se,” just as albuminaria (known as Brioht’s
disease in the human subject) is now recog-
nised by veterinary pathologists as a di.stinct
disease in cattle. We guote as follows
with reference to albuminaria amon» stock i—

It is a difficult subject to treat at’^all times
but endeavour shall be made to explain it as
simply as possible, compatible with facts. Albu-
men may arise in the urine from various causes
—lesions if the nerve centres, indigestion, from
injuries or cold, and from diseases of the kidneys.
Also, physiological albuminuria may arise from
the nature of the feeding, without any actual
disease being present, the albumen in none of
these cases being permanent, But, in tlie form
under consideration we have disquamation or
ulceration of the lining membrane of the urini-
ferous tubes or ducts of the kidney, thereby per^
mitting of the exudation of the albumen, one of
the principal constituents and most nutritious
substances contained in the blood for the nourish-
ment of the tissuses. The colour of the urine
is smoky-brown, and it easily froths from the
presence of albumen. The Specific gravity islow—
1-014— by abstraction of urea-, quantity of urine
much diminished owing to the reduced proportion
of water ; subsequently the urine becomes pale and
opalescent, and is less apt to froth from there
being much less albumen ; the specific gravity
declines yet much lower down, perhaps to 1-004
while the quantity of urine is increased, approach’-
ing almost to diuresis. To a.scertain whether
pathological urine is pre.sent or not, two sampes
should be sent to an organic analytical chemist
for qualitative analysis, as the urine of domestlitj

504

Suppltment to the “ Tropical Agriculturist '’

[Jan. 1, 1897,

animals is at all times dilHcult to test, that of
bovines difiering in its normal constituents fro m
that of the equine sjiecies, the latter containing
an acid peculiar to itself — hippuric.

In the early stages of the disease the animal lias
a stiff, straddling srait behind, cringes and
streches itself out, but in a very cautious manner,
almost indicative of the seat of tlie alfection. In
the first stage the pulse and respiration are but
slightly affected, but as the disease proceeds evi-
dences of pain are evincetl, the urine becomes
darker and mucilaginous, the pulse more fre-
quent, and res[)iration is increased ; the animal
continues to exhibit ]iain and restlessness, and
unless a speedy turn for the better takes place
paralysis ensues, death following from the poiso-
nous effects of the effete products of tlie system
not being eliminated by the diseased kidneys
but retained in the system, causing imemic or
other blood poisoning. There is no cure ; the
treatment can only be palliative, such as good
food, mineral tonics, mucilaginous drinks, &c.
Were the disease detected in its initatory stage,
before effete products had accumulated in the sys-
tem, and the animal slaughtered, there could be
but slight objections to the carcase being utilised.

Dr. Cowan Lees in concluding his able address at
the opening of the Glasgow Veterinary College
offers the following piece of advice to the younger
generation of “ Vets,” which they might well
take to heart : “ To those who are now leaving

College and about to enter upon the practice of
veterinary medicine, I would remind them tlnit
it is a profession in which they cannot staird
still ; they must either jirogress or retrogress —
and the only way by which they can prevent
themselves from falling beliind is by reading, by
studying, and by observation. Allow nothing
too small to escape your mind’s eye ; take up
every detail and satisfy yourself regarding it
before you pass on, remembering always that
the beginning of disease is very small.”

The benefit of judicious cros.sing is well illus-
trated by the facts recorded in a note by the
Assistant Director of Agriculture for Bengal
•with reference to the cross-bred cattle of Banki-

Eore. The reference is of particular interest
ecause it has to ilo with an experiment initi-
ated some 40 years ago. In 1850 a Mr. Taylor
started a small breeding establishment at Banki-

f)ore where he kept English bulls. A few months
ater the Indian Mutiny broke out and put an
end to his experiment. Some years later, how-
ever, Mr. Taylor resumed his breeding operations.
In the result' after nearly twenty generations the
present stock of cross breds still maintain
manifest traces of their superior origin in make,
colour, and size. The cows, which the Assistant
Director saw in Bankipore, he regards as the
finest that have come to his notice anywhere in
Bengal— the best being capable of giving 20 seers
of milk a day, and the worst 8 seers— a great
yield when compared with that of the ordinary
cattle of the Province.

The following remedy is given in the Scientific
American for flies on cattle : Coal tar one part,
oil and grease one part each ; mix with a small
amount of carbolic acid. Apply with a cloth,
and it will drive off every fly, ami last ten days
or more in dry wcatlier. Any kind of old lard
Or grease can be used. This remedy is equally
effective as a lice exterminator on poultry, and
fa used for painting the sides and roosts of the

fowl-house. For a hen and young chickens
saturate a clotii and place it in the bottom of a
box, and ])ut the hen and chickens in the box
for an hour or .so.

NATIVE LANDS.

Thei’e are large areas of land in different districts
of the Islands owned by the inhabitants of the
villages in the vicinity for ages. These lands are
generally grants which their fore fathers had re-
ceived for services rendered to the State, or by
way of compensation for services expected of
them. The Government under the Sinhalese Kings
was more or less a patriachal one ; every man re-
ceived justice whether he was rich enough to
engage lawyers or not. Crime was punished there
and then without the interference of busy bodies
and in the absence of technicalities. No man
was left without the means of employment ; and
whatever work a man was fit for he got enough
of it to do. The Agricultural population Avas given
as much land as they could cultivate, not only
for their own use but for the benefit of the general
public; and every facility was given for obtaining
the Avater necessary for carrying on the cultivation
of the staple food of the land. There were possibly
many draAvbacks in the method of government,
but in Agricultural affairs the system adopted avus
one that Avas most desiralde, in that it not
only made the peoiilo dejiendent on their land,
but made them independent of ('xtraneoiis aid in
the ])rocuring of the necessaries of life. Eren up to
the present day Ave see' somewhat of tlie same state
of things existing in many of the country districts
of the island. Every man is a landoAvner and raises
the few products required for his sustenance, and
which are sulTicieut for his wants excei>t perhaps
during exceptional sea^^ons when rain fails and as a
consequence drought jirevails. lb Avill be found
that in the majority of instances the criminals in
our Island are largely derived from the land less
population. The landoAvners are ke[)b busy Avith
their daily vocations and are iu their own sphere
a contented lot.

It may well be assumed that the more we rle-
prive the jieasant projirietors of their holdings the
greater will be the increase in the number of
vagrants and do nothings Avho not only disturb the
peace of the villages but re.sorting to populous
centres in search of Avork and failing to find it
turn their hands to unlaAvful occupations.

Since of late a large number of lands belonging
to these peasant proprietors have changed hands.

The new OAvners who acquire the land as cheaply
ns possible, utilise it for raising products not for
meeting the Avants of the local ])opulation but for
supplying foreign markets, while the original
owners frequently become their emj)loyers.

It may be said, however, that the villagers Avho
sell their lands, the great(U’ ]>art of a\ hich is left
uncultivated and neglected for long ])criods, obtain
the market value of property and hence in one sense,
instead of being losers, they gain the money v.-iluo
of the land which Avas j)ractically unproductive tc
them. Granted, they do so, hoAV do they invest
tdieir newly aiMpiinul “ wealth’’.'^ Being generally
an illiterate and ignorant class, the only use they
SCO for the money tliey have in hand is to sjiend it.
They cannot possibly boe.xpected torisoto the level

Jan. 1, 1897.]

SU2:>plement to the “ Tropical Agriculturht."

505

of the intelligent native or European capitalistand
find better means of investment or embark in in-
dustrial schemes or trade. They have been accus-
tomed from generation to generation to cultivate
their lands the only occupation which they have any
knowledge of; and giving up this occupation they
find themselves possessed of money which is com-
paratively of little value to them and does them
little good in the long run. It has been said that
those villagers who own large tracts of partly
cultivated land will benifit by selling a portion of
their holdings and applying the proceed towards
the improvement of the remainder. But the
question is, do they ? Is it not rather the case
that he who experiences the novel pleasure of
possessing money and of spending it in the enjoy-
ment of luxuries, does not cease to spend till there
is nothing left of his money h

it often happens that a capitalist is able to
buy only a small bit of land, say, twenty to fifty
acres, but before such a purchase is effected the
first inquiry the buyer makes is, whether there
are any more native lands surrounding the block :
if there are any he is quite satisfied, since he
knows fully well that he will be able to extend
his property by making further purchases from
the villagers. Often it is the village headman, who
with the object of pleasing a wealthy proprietor
induces the villager to part with his lands
to extend a newly purchasesd property. If the
villager does not see his way to oblige his head-
man it will happen in many instances, that the
form'er will lose both the land as well as the money.
It is well known thatUn many cases the villager is
induced to part with his land, by bringing outside
influence to bear on him and very often by harassing
him in a hundred and one ways. He will be pro-
Becuted for trespass on the capitalists’ land, he
will be charged for damages for the tresspass of
his cattle, his cattle will be shot down, a survey
will be made and the villager probably charged
with encroachment, and in the end he will be forced
to see that if he parts with his land he will be
rid of all this worry and will in addition get a
little money for his expenses. How many pro-
perties are there not, in the Kurunegala and
Hegalle Districts, which began with twenty to
thirty acres or fifty acres and which have
now extended to hundred and hundreds of acres.
How many men who possessed land at one time
and who led a life of peace and plenty in their
villages have turned out to be penniless drun-
kards vagrants and thieves ? A census will show
that they could be counted by hundreds, and yet
the “ Capatalists ” complain of a little wholesome
advise given to these villages by a well inten-
tioned revenue officer. Mr. Davidson’s circular
has been published in the vernacular papers since
the discussion in Council and the fact is that
he has under stated the case instead of over stat-
ing it. All the vernacular papers in the land,
papers which are often in conflict with one another
in their opinions, are unanimous in welcoming the
circular in question as one that was not issued a
day too soon. In fact most people who know any-
thing about the villager and village life would like
to see the intervention of Government to prevent
the sale of native ancestral holdings, to the first
capitalist who can pay down money or exercise
liis influQUCe to acquire them. W .A.D.S.

MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS.

By Mb. Jame.s Mollison
Sup>t. Govt. Farms, Bombay.

{Continued^

The wash room with a built-in copper boiler
should be a separate building.

The dairy for a herd of 20 to 40 milk cattle
should be equipped as follows : —

Rs. a. p.

One Laval Separator “Alpha Baby”;
separates 30 gallons per hour; com-
plete ... ... ... ... 360 0 0

Refrigerator with stand and fittings,
complete, with two block tin drums
or receivers ... ... ... 190 0 0

Six block tin pails ... ... ... 36 0 0

Two milk strainers, one fitted with wire
gauze, the other with muslin ... 5 0 0

Two hair sieves ... ... ... 3 0 0

Sandringham Herd Recorder Avith pail
and tripod for weighing milk ... 35 0 0

Iron scales with China pan for weighing
butter ... ... ... .». 14 0 0

Temperature can ... ... ... 4 8 0

Theimometer ... ... ... 2 8 0

Half pint, 1 pint and 1 quart measures
Avith hook handles ... ... .... 5 0 0

Victoria Churn (No. 3) to churn 40 lbs.

of cream ... ... ... ... 85 0 0

Cunningham butter Avorker ... ... 45 0 0

One pair Scotch hands, one pair scoops
ana one pair beatersfor handling butter 10 0 0
Moulds and prints for Making 2oz.,4 oz.,

and 8 oz. pats of butter ... 3 0 0

Set of three cleaning brushes for churus,

cans and separator ... ... ... 4 8 0

One gallon refined oil for separator 400

Total... 806 8 0

Cream-separator, s as now manufactured are
simple and effectiA'’e, and although protected by
patents, which necessarily enhance their valu6|
are still moderately cheap. They vary in size and
price. The hand power machines can effectively
separate 30 to 40 gallons of milk per hour. The
larger horse or steam power machines separate
200 gallons or more. The principle of all is the
same. The milk is fed at a regular rate into a
cylinder which revolves at high speed. The rate
of revolution is so great that it exercises cen-
trifugal force on the milk constituents. The
lighter cream forms itself into a column Avhich
occupies the centre of the cylinder whilst the
heavier separated milk is thrown against the inner
wall of the cylinder ; each product escapes se-
parately from the cylinder and runs through .se-
parate tubes into different vessels. The De Laval
“ Windsor” hand-power machine is the one in
most common use in India. It separates 3d
gallons per hour and costs in England £ 24. For
thorough separation the handle should be worked
at a regular rate of 38 revolutions per minute ;
if worked at a higher rate, the cream comes thick;
if at a lower rate, separation is not complete.
The driving power is obtained partly by cog-
wheels and partly by friction pulleys. The
cylinder revolves on the latter. If tlie friction
pulleys are coated Avith oil, the cylinder partly
turns with and partly slips upon the friction
pulleys, and therefore although the handle gets
the correct number of revolutions, the cylindej;

f06

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.^’

[Jan. 1, 189?.

does not turn at the proper rate which is about
6,500 revolutions per minute. To safeguard against
this error the friction pulleys shoultl be rubbed
free of oil immediately before starting the
machine. The separator shouUl be set accurately
level and fixed, so that it cannot be dislodged
from its position. All its parts must be kept
Bcrupulously clean and the friction portions be
regularly oiled with the purest lubricating oil
obtainable. Milk should be warm when under-
going separation. The temperature at which it
is drawn from the under is sufficiently high. If
milk is colder than 90oF. before it is brought
to the dairy, it must be raised to at least that
tamperature before it is separated. This is speci-
ally necessary wdth buffalo milk which ordinarily
is extremely rich in butter fat. A temperature
cani.e.,atin vessel with a tight fitting lid, and
containing hot water, if dipped into milk and
gently moved through it, will soon raise the
temperature to the desired standard. All milk
before separation should be well strained first
through a wire or hair sieve and then through
muslin, a double-fold of whicii may be stretched
on a strainer frame of ordinary form. If the
quantity of milk to be strained is considerable,
both the wire and muslin strainers should, from
time to time, be rinsed in jture water as the
straining proceeds. This should be done as often
as there is any observable accumulation of
foreign matter on the strainers.

Complete separation means that less than A
per cent, of butter fat remains in the separated
milk. It may be stated that approximately wdiole
buffalo milk yields ^ cream and | separated milk,
and that 2 lbs. of the cream will yield from 1 lb.
to Ig lbs. of butter. A pound of butter can be
made from 9 lbs. of milk, if rich, but it wdll take
16 lbs. to make the same quantity if the milk is
poor. Euffalo milk is so rich in butter fat that
the ordinary lactometer as graduated for use in
England is necessarily misleading in India — thus
it will indicate that separated milk is of better
quality than whole buffalo milk. To make this

plain it may be stated

that the lactometer

will

show pure milk when 8 per cent, of
been added to separated milk.

w^ater

has

Slightly salted pure
proximately : —

butter should

contain

ap-

Water

• • •

... 7-5

Salt ...

• •

.. PI

Casein. .

• •

. . OG

Milk-sugar

• »

... 0-3

Butter fat

• •

... 90-5

Butter can be made to take up water to the' ex-
tent of nearly 20 per cent- The presence of a
high percentage of water indicates that the butter
has not been properly washed ; because the re-
moval of butter-milk and other impurities from
butter implies not only thorough washing, but
thorough working or squeezing also. The process
should not leave more than 10 or 12 per cent,
water in the butter. Imperfectly washed butter
contains butter-milk and curd. The nitrogenous
substance, casein, is highly fermentative and th«
presence in the butter of even a small per-
centage causes the butter soon to turn tancid.
Eancidity is believed to bo due to a Chemical
change, i.e., The s])litting up of butyrine into
butyric acid and glycerine. Air and liglit are

necessary to initiate the change The melting
point of butter is of some importance. It is a
means by which expert analysis can detect
whether it has been adulterated by animal fat
or vegetable oil. The food given to dairy
cattle however, influences the melting point.
Those foods which are least astingent produce
the softest butter. Cotton seed, pulse meal,
pea straw and other pulse fodders, also ground-
nut cake produce lirm butter, whilst manj' oil
cakes give soft greasy butter. A simple and home-
ly method of detecting impurities in butter is
to place a small piece in a test tube and plunge
the tube into hot water. The butter melts and
separates into layers which will indicate ap-
proximately the relative propotions of its cons-
tituents. The clarified butteiYghiJ will form the
upper layei’, the curd a middle layer dividing
the ghi from the w'ater which will occupy the
bottom of the test tube.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF COTTONS.

A late issue of the Agricultural Ledger Series
deals with Indian Cultivated Cottons. The
account is written by Mr. T. II. Middleton. B. Sc.
Professor of Agricultuie, Baroda College. In a
concluding note, the Editor (Dr. George Watt)
takes exception to some of Prof. Middleton’s
“botanical interpretations ” in the latter’s paper
wdiich Dr. Watt readily admits is “ a most valu-
able contribution to our knowledge of the cotton
plants of India.” The Editor thus refers to the
difficulties in classifying the various kinds of
Cotton that are found under cultivation: —

The subject of the origin of the various races
of cotton in the world is a subject wdiich unfortu-
nately has its parallel if not its origin iu the
obscurity that involves the determination of even
the species of Gossypuim. While a very large
proportion of the cotton area of India still remains
to bo explored by me, I do not propose to publish
my peculiar views of the botanical jiroblems
briefly touched on by Professor Middleton. I
may say, however, that the errors that obscure the
study have passed down from the very earliest
times, so that certain species described by even
Linmeus himself in his Species Plantarum will
have to be spoken of in future as not being the
species of that name in his herbarium. If, there-
fore, uncertainly exists as to the exact iilants
meant by Linnaeus under such names, for ex-
ample, ns Gossypium barbadense, G. hirsutum aud
even G. arboreum, it is no w’onder that numerous
subsc(iuent writers have got hopelessly confused
and new names such as G. obtusifolium, G. iu-
dicum, G. 'Wightianum, G, roseum, and G.
neglectum have been proposed and rejected or
translated from one form to another. The writer
had the pleasure recently to receive a large and
valuable collection of obtnnical specimens of
Gossypium from the United States of America.
These proved of exceptional interest since they
revealed the fact that G. herbaceum of American
writers was for the most part neither the G.
Herbaceum, Li/m Sj). IH. nor G. herbaceum, Linn
Herb. The intei'est in thi.s matter turns mainly
on the interpretation that must now be placed on
th(j so-called American hybrids between that

Jan. 1, 1897.]

Supplement to the '‘Tropical Agriculturist."

507

species and G. barbadense. Indeed it is from
an exactly similar reason that the whole iiroblera
of the solution of the species of Gossypiuin calls
most urgently for solution. Until wo are in a
position to say so and so are delinite forms,
varieties, or species, we are not in a position
to propose tlie steiis tliat should be taken in the
direction of improvement of stock.

NEW INDUSTRIES FOR CEYLON.

Wlien the question of establishing a technical
College in Ceylon was under discussion, much w-as
said about the way that it would help the people,
of the country in acquiring a knowledge of what
to them would be new arts, and in showing them
how to work at new industries. Teclinical edu-
cation is a very wide term, and no doubt the
present iiosition of the Ceylon Technical College
as a training scliooi for those who would qualify
to enter the Railway, Survey, and Telegraph
departments does not belie its name, but it is
questionable whether the Institution would not
have been better employed iii helinng to develope
the latent resources of the Island and open

new fields of work for the peoi)le. A careful

consideration of the subject will show that there
are many industries which can be established with
benefit both to the governors and the governed.
Take for example the extraction of cutch.

The Island is rich in tan producing trees of
which there are so few in western countries.

Some trade is no doubt being done in the export-
ing of tanning barks and myrobolans, but how
much more remunerative will such a trade be
to those engaged in it, if thej' knew how
to extract the material for which the bark or
fruit of trees is valued, and export it iu a concen-
trated form. AVhile the people of the country
remained in ignorance of the technical knowledge
which would have stood them in such good stead,
we find that a Scottish Cutch Company has step-
ped in and established itself in the Island. Apart
from the question of a trade in Cutch, our
local tanners would be able to turn out much
better leather if they were in a position to treat
their hides with tanning extracts of standard
strength instead of by the more or le.ss indis-
' criminate use of tanning barks in the raw state.

Another way in which technical knowledge
would have helped to develope local industries
is in the treatment of indigenous and naturalifsed
fibres.

Indeed there are many natural products which
the natives of the country could be taught to
make capital out of, such as gums, resinis, oils &c.

We would go still further and say that chemical
industries like inkmaking, pottery, the art of
dying and cleaning by chemical means and other
operations would form part of a technical school
curriculum witli much resulting advantage to the
people. We note that an enterprising native is
advertising ink of his own manufacture. All
honour to him. The wonder is that it has taken
so long for so simple an industry — particnlarly in
a country where tan-yielding substances are so
easily available — ^^to be started. Cleaning and
dying works are sadly wanted in Ceylon, where
owing to tropical conditions woolen and silk

clothing soon becomes unfitted for wear. We
have only referred to a few of the ways in which
a technical education of a more varied character
that is available at the Technical College (which
has so far been a school of mechanical engineering)
would help the people of the country, and we
have no doubt that after a careful enquiry a cur-
riculum for a very useful course of training could
be arranged for.

» ■ '

BREEDER’.^ TABLE, giving period of ges-
tation, and date of production from time of
service of the Mare, Cow, Ewe, Sow, and Slut.

Time of
Service.

MARE
340 days.

COW
283 days.

JiiWE
150 days.

SOW
112 days.

SLUT
63 day.s.

.Jan.

1

Dec.

6

Oct.

10

May

30

April 22

Mar.

4

s

13

17

June

6

„ 29

11

t

l.i

it

20

I )

24

13

May 6

18

22

27

Nov.

31

20

„ 13

25

29

Jiin.

3

7

27

„ 20

April

1

Feb.

5

M

10

if

14

July

4

27

8

12

17

21

11

J line 3

15

10

24

Dec.

28

18

„ 10

22

2(i

Feb,

31

5

25

17

May

29

Mar.

r,

7

12

Aug.

1

„ 24

6

»J

12

i i

14

19

8

July 1

13

J >

19

it

21

yy

26

15

„ 8

20

J 1

April

29

Mar.

28

.Jan.

■2

20

„ 15

27

2

7

9

29

„ 22

.June

13

) >

9

14

ii

16

Sept.

5

„ 29

10

) »

16

ti

21

1

23

12

Aug. 5

17

»>

23

if

April

28

30

19

„ 12

24

30

4

Feb.

6

26

19

July

1

May

7

,,

11

13

Oct.

3

26

8

14

>

18

n

20

>»

10

Sept. 2

15

n

21

isiay

25

Mar.

27

17

„ 9

23

>>

28

2

6

24

„ 16

29

J line

4

J >

9

))

13

Nov.

:i

„ 23

Aug.

5

i )

11

) >

16

20

7

„ ?0

13

))

18

))

23

April

27

14

Oct. 7

19

July

2.1

if

June

30

3

21

14

26

2

6

1

10

»»

28

21

Sept.

2

>1

9

) J

13

17

Dec.

5

„ 28

9

10

»l

20

M.ay

24

12

Nov. 4

16

)

23

i »

27

1

19

11

23

30

July

4

8

20

„ 18

30

Aug.

6

11

15

Jan.

2

2)

Oct.

7

1

13

it

18

22

9

Dec, 2

14

»»

20

Aug.

25

29

16

.. 9

21

>

27

1

J line

5

23

„ 16

28

Sept.

3

i »

8

»>

12

30

„ 23

Nov.

4

if

10

15

19

Feb.

6

„ 30

11

a

17

*)

22

if

July

26

13

Jan. 6

18

Oct.

24

Sept.

29

3

20

„ 13

26

1

5

10

Mar.

27

„ 20

Dec.

2

y,

8

12

17

6

„ 27

9

1,5

>»

19

24

13

Feb. 3

16

22

Oct.

26

31

20

„ 10

23

Nov.

29

3

Aug.

7

27

„ 17

:o

5

) )

10

14

April

3

„ 24

Jan.

G

12

> )

17

21

10

Mor. 3

13

fi

19

>>

24

28

17

„ 10

20

if

26

Nov.

31

Sept.

4

aiay

24

17

27

Dec.

3

7

t)

11

1

., 24

Feb.

3

) )

10

}•

14

18

8

„ 31

10

if

17

»)

21

25

15

April 7

17

a

24

Doc,

28

Oct.

2

22

.. 14

24

if

31

5

ii

9

if

29

„ 21

Mar.

3

PECULIARITIES OP COCONUT CULTIVATION
IN INDIA.

[In concluding the account of coconut culti-
vation in Bombay, we should have .-itated that
according to the various di-trict Gazetteers there
are from 30,0i)0 to 40,000 acres under the
palm, with about 100 trees to the acre. Kanara,
Ratuagiri, and Kathiawar appear to be the
districts where the largest number of trees occur.
Of Ratuagiri, it is stated that where grown for the
fruits only each tree gives a net yearly profit
of Rl'3 as.]

508

Supplement to the Tropical AgricultimstT

[Jan. 1, 1897.

II. — Madras.

In the Madras presidency the palm is stated
to frequent the banks of estuaries and back
waters, abounding on the sandy tracts near the
sea, especially along the Malabar and Coromandel
coasts. In South Canara it is estimated that
there are 80,000 acres under coconuts. “ The
Malabar coast and the Laccadive and Maidive
Islands are pre-eminently the seats of the coconut
industry. The enquirer after Indian coconuts,
coir or oil, need practically concern himself with
no other part of the country unless he add to these
the Nicobar I.^lands.” The Nicobars are said to
produce a large number of nuts, but, apparently,
the Islanders are ignorant of, or too indifferent
to learn, the art of making coir and expressing
oil, while the same is said of the Maldives.
The imports from the Maladives in 1888 were
7,897,453 nuts to India, and fromthe Nicobar Islands
4,510,000 nuts. The imports from the Laccadives
(which are mainly under the administration of
the collector of Malabar) are treated as if they
•were produce of the mainland and are not given
in the trade returns. The inhabitants of these
groups of Islands are not reported to manufacture
coir and apparently prepare a small quantity
of copra, although they sell their nuts at a price
below that which prevails on the Mainland of
India. The following reference to the system
of coconut cultivation in Madras occurs in
Morris’s Descriptive and Historical account of
the Godavery district : young plants of a year’s
growth are planted out and watered for si.x years,
after which they do not require much water.
The trees generally bear fruit about the ninth
year after transplantation. The expenses of
cultivation are stated to be R668 for a putti of
land namely 11140 being the price of GOO
young plants, R48 being the value of the labour
required for planting them, and R480 being the
wages of labourers employed to water and tend
the trees untill they come into bearing. When
the trees begin to bear fruit the value of the
produce of a tree, exclusive of the fibre is
estimated at about 12 annas a year, making a
total value of the produce in a, putti of land 11300.

III. — Mysore.

In Mysore there are four varieties of the
coconut, (1), red (2) red mixed with green, (3)
light green, (4) dark green. These varieties are
permanent, but although the red is reckoned
somewhat better than the others, they are
commonly sold promiscuously, and their produce
is nearly the same. The soil does not answer in
the Bangalore ditrict unless water can be had on
digging in to it to the depth of 3 or 4 cubits and
in'such situations a light sandy soil is best. The
black clay (called ere) is the next best, and the
worst is the red clay (called kebbe) ■, though with
proper cultivation all the three varieties of soil
answer well.

The manner of forming a new coconut garden
is as follows : — The nuts intended for seed must
be allowed to ripen until they full from the tree,
and must be then dried in the open air for a month
without having the husk removed. A plot for a
nursery is then dug to the depth of 2 feet, the
soil is allowed to dry 3 days. In March one foot of

earth removed from the nursery and the surface
of the plot covered with 8 inches of .sand Upon
this the nuts are jdaced close to each other, with
the end containing the eye uppermost. They are
then recovered with 3 in. of sand and 2 in. of earth.
If the supply of water be from a well, the plot
must be watered once a day ; but if a more copious
suj)ply can be had from a reservoir one watering
in 3 days is sufficient. In 3 months the seedlings
are fit to be transplanted, and by this time the
garden must have been hoed to the depth of 2
feet. Holes are then dug for the reception of the
seedlings at 20 feet distance from each other in
all directions, for when planted nearer they do
not thive. The holes are 2 ft. deep and a cubit
•wide. At the bottom is put sand 7 inches deep,
and on this is placed the nut with the young
tree adhering to it. Sand is now put until it
rises 2 inches above nut, and then the hole is
filled -with earth and a little dung. Eyery day
for 3 years, except when it rains, the young tree
must have water. The palm begins to produce
when 7 or 8 years old. young trees produce
more fruit which comes forward in every
season of the year. A good tree gives annuallv
100 nuts.

Coconuts are planted in Chicknayakanhalli in
rows round the araca-nut gardens, and also
separately in spots that would not answer for
the cultivation of the latter. Tlie situation for
these gardens must be taken rather low, but it is
not necessary that it should be under a reservoir:
any place will answer where water can be had by
to the depth of two men’s stature. The
soil w hich is reckoned most favourable is a red
clay mixed with mud. It must be free from lime
and salime substances. Other soils are used but
black w'onld is reckoned very bad. The nuts in-
tended for seed are picked in the second month after
tlie winter solstice. A square pit is then dug which
is sufficiently large to hold them, and is about
a cubit in depth. In this fifteen days after being
picked are placed the seed nuts, with the eyes
iqipermost, and contiguous to each other, and the
earth is throwm in so as just to cover them, and
on the top is spiead a little dung.

In this bed, every second day for six months
the seed must be watered with a pot, and then
the young palms are fit for being transplanted.
Whenever during the two months following the
A'ernal Equinox, an occasional show'er gives on
opportunity by softening the soil, the garden must
be ploughed five times. During tlie next month it
is allowed to rest. In the month following the
summer solstice the ground must again beplouglud
twice, and next month, at a distance of 48 cubi’s
in every direction, there must be dug pits a cubit
wide and as much deep. In the bottom (f
each in little dung is put and the young plains,

having been previously well watered to loosen tlie*
soil, are taken up and placed one in each pit. T1 e
shell still adheres to the young palm, and the pit
must be filled with earth so far as to cover the
nut. Over this is put a little dung. For 3
months the young plants must be watered every
other day; afterwards every fourth day, uiitU
they are 4 years old e.xcept when there ‘i.s rain.
Afterwards they require no water.

(To be continued.)

509

‘Jan. 1, 1897.] Supplement to the ''Tropical Agriculturist'’'

THE NUTRITIVE PROCESS IN PLANTS.

(Prof. J. Reynolds Green, d.s.c., f.r.s.)

Proteid stores are not however confined to
seeds. If we examine a young potato we find
in certain cells, a little way below the outer skin
some regular cubical transparent crystals of appa,
rently the same material as the crystalloid of
the complex aleurone grain.

The fleshy roots we have noticed as contain-
ing stores of sugar, also contain large stores
of proteid material, which is held in the meshes
of the protoplasm of the cells in amophous
and not granular form. It can be dissolved out by
appropriate solvents aud its chemical nature
ascertained. The way in which these bodies
reach their ultimate reservoirs is not quite so
well known as is the case with starch. The
seat of construction we have seen to be, in tlie
first case the cells of the leaves, the same cells
most likely in which the carbohydrate matter
is formed. But we have not yet found any
enzyme there which will act upon them as
diastase acts upon starch. We do not know
what form of proteid the leaf con.structs. But
whatever it may be, and however it may be
made soluble, there is no doubt that it leaves
the leaf and travels down the vascular bundles
much as the sugar does, the form in which it
goes being partly that of some variety of pro-
teid, and partly that of crystalline bodies called
by the chemists ainides, of which asparagin is
the most common. Arrived at the seat of its
deposition, the packing away of it in the form
of aleurone grains seems to be carried out by
the protoplasm of the cell, and not to be the
work of a plastid of any kind. The mode of
the formation has been traced out in the seed
of the lupin, a leguminous seed a good deal
like the bean. In this seed they begin to be
formed at a very early period, just a.s the growth
of the embryo is sufficiently advanced to swell
out the seed coat. The cells of the emb -yo at
that period show the protoplasm not sufficient
in amount to fill each cell, so that a number
of spaces or vacuoles occur filled with sap.
Somewhere from the protoplasm small project-
ions of spherical or ovoid shape may be noticed
which gradually increase in size, growing in-
wards into the protoplasm ns well as outwards
into the vacuole, till they can be seen to be in
the form of grains embedded in the protoplasm,
which in consequence of their developement,
a.«sumes the appearance of a coarse net work,
As this process continues, the original grains
growing in size and new ones being constantly
formed, the original v cuole becomes obliterated
and the cell swollen out by its own deposits.

While this mechanical process is going on, che-
mical changes also take place in the material depo-
sited. The protoplasm forms the grains originally
at the e.xpense of the amide bodies brought down
to the cell ; these can he detected in it at the time
the aleurone forma’ ion is beginning. .\s the grains
begin to be formed they are not soluble in 10 per
cent or saturated solutions of common salt. Later
on they can be di.=solved by both of these fluids.

The deposition of aleurone in the cells is thus,
like that of starch, a process of secretion carried
out by the protoplasm, a process, that is, of
manufacture of the grain by the latter out of less

highly organized material brought to it. It is so
constructed by the intervention of the protoplasm
itself, the grain growing at the apparent expense
of the substance of the latter. There is no
doubt that the amorphous deposits of proteids
in the cells of fleshy roots and stems are due
to a similar process of secretion.

There is yet another form of reserve material
which i- of very common occurrence in many
agricultural plants; this is oil which is prominent
in the seeds of various families. Specially may
be mentioned rape, hemp and linseed ; in less
amount we find it in many leguminous and cruci-
ferous plants. The mule of deposition of oil
or fat is not much known. It is generally found
saturating the protoplasm of the cell in which
it lies, and not occupying a definite space as
do aleurone aud starch grains. Whether it is
secreted from the substance of the protoplasm,
or whether the materials of which it is made
are taken to the latter in a state near the
state of finished fat, is uncertain. It is formed
by the combination of a fatty acid with glycerine.
Both these bodies can be formed in the plant,
but how they are finally presented to us in the
state of oil is still in need of elucidation. As
the oil appeal’s in the cell it seems to point to
a process of breaking down of the protoplasm
itself, and not to a direct combination of the
antecedents. Thus if we stain cells which are
forming fat with osmic acid, which colours fatty
bodies brown or black, we see in the protoplasm
small specks of fatty matter, which, while in the
youngest cells are mere dots, are in the older
ones larger, and can be recognised as droplets. In
older ones still the blackness permeates the whole
protoplasm, indicating that the latter is saturated
with the oil, the droplets having rnn together
in consequence of their number and dimensions,

Pat or oil is not only deposited in seeds bub
also occurs in similar quantity in the leaves of
plants belonging to certain orders, particularly
the Liliacete. Drops of oil may be seen in the
cells of the epidermis of the leaves of vanilla
of the coloured floral leaves of ornithogalum ^e.
These cells also contain curious bodies of very
irregular shape, lying near the nucleus, which
have been thought bj’ their discoverer to be
plastids like the chloro plastids and leucoplastids
already spoken of. They are like them composed
of a .spongy protoplasmic frame work, but
contain no colouring matter. The oil is formed
in the meshes of these plastids, much as it is
formed in the protoplasm of the seeds already des-
cribed. These bodies have been called elaioplasts.

Other forms of stored material may be met
with in plants. Inulin in artichokes, cellulose in
palms and other plants (to a small extent in
cereal gr.is-es) ; curious bodies known as glucosides
in many plants, particularly seeds of crucifers
such as mustard &c. These are less common
than the forms described, and seems rather to
be appropriate only to a few plants.

AVhatever m;iy be the character of the material
its meaning is the same ; it shows us the provision
of nature for the maintenance of the orcranism
during times unfavourable for nutrition, and for
the survival of the species under the peculiar
conditions of cessation of active life which are
characteristic of the seed.

(TAe End.)

510

Siqiplemcnt to the “ Tropical Agriculturist''

[Jan. 1 1897,

RAPE.

Dr. Watt in his Dictionary of the economic pro-
ducts of India says tliat the Indian forms of
Brassica Cumpestris may, %vith at least a certain
degree of certainty, he referred to three primary
sections ; —

Section 1. Colza, wliich corre.sponds to Rox-
burgh’s Sinapis Dichotoma, and tlie abnormal
forms of that plant wliich have came to be known
as B. trilocularis and 13. f/undrilocularis-

Section II. Rape or Sinapis ylauca.

Section 111. Toria or another form, most
probably of rape, which lias received the name of
S. qlauca.

There is every iea.son to believe that II and III
are commercially known as rape, although jKir-
haps the last may he occasionally cla«sed as mus-
tard. These three forms individually represent
agricultural products of the greatest importance
to .India.

The subdivisions of the Indian forms of B.
Campestris as above helps for one thing to .separate
the oil which in Indian Commerce is called raiie-
oil irom that which might with advantage, in
order to remove confudon, receive the name of
Colza as well as both these from mustard oil and
other oils obtained from members of the same
genus. It is enough to suggest such a separation ;
subsequent research may reveal further connections
and sub-divisions, for there are many iioints which
it is difficult to settle definitely in the pre.«ent state
of information. Perhajis the best botanical cha-
racter which can be cited in support of the
proposed separation is the glabrous nature of the
ground leaves of S. Dichotoma, corres])onding
with those of Colza. The seed.s in the former
are smooth and light, in the latter smooth or
rough, but dark coloured. Rape oil (-S'. Glauca)
is regarded as better in qualify than th - oil
from 6b Dichotoma (colza), the latter being chiefly
used to anoint the body, while the former is
largely used in cookery and is exported to Europe
for illuminating purposes and to meet a demand
in Indiarubber manufacture. In the trade
returns of the export of rape oil and .seed from
India apparently both the above are included as
different qualities of rape, if not the oil evpressed
from B Jiincea (1 ndian M ustard,Sin Aba) and Dnica
Sativa (a cruciferous plant clo.^ely allied to mms-
tard and exten.sively cidtivated in N. W. India.)

In European commerce rape and colza are
names which unfortunately have come to be used
almost synonymously. The separation recom-
mended of the corresponding India.i forms has
been deemed advisable chiefly with a view to
more clearlv identifying the Indian oils allied to
mustard The oils obtained from the.se are even
more distinct than the oils from the Kuropean
ulaiits and their re.spective properties are well
understood and appreciated in India. In India
rane seed is very commonly sown mixed with
mustard seed and almost always as an auxiliary
with grain crops. It jirefers loams and does not
thrive on clay soils. The sowing takes phic ■ in
October and the harvest in the following February,
the iilants being cut somewhat prematurely to pre-
vent the bursting of the pods and the slieddmg
of the seed. The seed is ripened by o.xi.osure
to the sun for 3 or 4 days on the threshing floor.

and is then easily separated. The Indian seed
known as Guzeratrape, largely crushed in Dantzic,
is found to yield per cent more oil than
European seed, and leaves a cake richer in fatty
matter and albuminoids ; it is shipped from
Bombay and brings the higliest price of any.

Guzerat rape, regarding the superiority of
which much lias been written, seem.s to be a
superior quality of Toria (6. Glauca). The Bom-
bay Gazettee has the following note of this form.

“ Rape .seed holds the first place among oil seeds
and the third place among crops in general. Land
intended for it is left fallow for four months and
ploughed twenty times before the seed is sown.
The crop does not require any watering. The
seed is sown in drills in Amvember at
the rate of 2 to o seers to the bigha, and
reaped in IMarch, and tlie average yield varies
from 400 to 800 lbs." Besides yielding 3^ per
cent, more oil than European seed, the cake
contains 10 oer cent of fatty matter and 34
per cent >'.l•■lmi•!oids — botli in excess of the
amounts yiekled by’ ordinary’ rape.

general items.

Tlie Indian Agriculturist in reviewing Dr.
Ribbentrop’s reports on Forest administration in
India says : The benefit whicli the people them-
selves receive from forest oiieratioiis cannot be
represented in figures. If left to their own
devices they would fell timber indiscriminately’,
burn clearings for cultivation, destroy young
trees, and of course take no thought whatever
for reproduction. The Government steps in and
its Forest staff prevents the deforestation of
large and valuable tracts. Their operations are
often distasteful to the villagers, and occasionally’-
the rogulati<ms do bear hardly upon the rural
population. The latter however are not deprived
absolutely of all their time-honoured privileges.
In the year under review, the value of forest
produce given free or at reduced rates to right-
holders and free grantees amounted to 59 lakhs
of rupees.

The experiments with various kinds of paddy-
on the Biirdwan Farm in Bengal have led to the
conclusion that the better prices obtained fo r the
finer varieties more than compensate for the larger
yield of the coarser crops.

The Science and Practice of Dairying is the
title of a new translation from the German by’ Dr.
Aikman and Prof. Wright. The author is Dr.
Pleischmami, Prof, of Agriculture in Koiiigsberg
University, Prussia. The publishers of the English
version are Messrs. Blackie & Son, and the value
of the book 10s Gd.

— Two well-known Dutch analy’sts have sent for
signature to the cocoa-manufacturers in Holland a
memorandum, which they are requested to subs-
cribe and to forward to the Dutch Parliament.
The memorandum states that serious injury is
done to the reputation of genuine Dutch cocoa
by’ the prevailing practice of offering for sale as
cocoa powder a mixture of ground cocoa and Hour.
Parliament is asked to make it an offence to sell

Jan 1, 1897.1 Supplement to the “ Tropiccd Agriculturist^

511

anything, except pure cocoa under the name of
cocoa, and to decree that all parcels containing
mixture shall bear in plain figures an indication
of the percentage of adulterants. It is said tliat
the great majority of the Dutch cocoa-manufac-
turers have signed the memorandum, which is about,
to be laid before the States-General.

Dr. Somerville, Prof, of Agriculture, Newcastle,
draws particular attention to the benefits of mixed
manures even of the same class, in a paper on
“ some aspects of the practice of manuring.” He
says :

The reason why a complex dressing produces
a larger crop tlian a more simple application is
not far to seek. Where plants are fed on, let
us say, one form of phosphate the probabilities
are that their phosphatic food is either too
soluble or not soluble enough, so that they
either get too much in the early part of the

season and are starved later, or vice-versa. But,
on the other hand, if one offers plants a mixture
of phosphatic foods differing in their degree of
solubility, the plants feed upon the most easily
assimilable portion in t he early part of the sea-
son, and as that is gradually exhausted the other
forms come into use and supply the crop with
suliicient nourishment later in the year. And
similarly with regard to nitrogenous and potassic
food. In this way, then, the crop is well supplied
with nourishment right through the period of
growth, and a maximum yield at the minimum
cost is the result.

Among the subjects which are lectured on or
taught practically in the Glasgow Technical College
are Agriculture and Agricultural Chemistiy, Agri-
cultural Botany, Forestry, and Horticulture,
Poultrykeepin, Beekeeping, and Butter making.

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ALEXANDER CAMPBELL WHITE, Esq.

Tropical Agriciilliirisl Tortrait Gallery
No. X

Vol. XVI.] COLOMBO, FEBRUARY .st, 1897. [No, 8.

“PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON,

{Second Series.)

ALBX. CAMPBELL WHITE.

PLANTER AND MERCHANT.

E confined our first series of
Pioneer Colonists, connected
with Ceylon, to men who
had passed “ that bourne
whence no traveller returns.”
In beginning a second series,
Ave are pleased to include
several who, though long ago
retired from the Colony, are still in the ilesh, and
who continue to hold property in tlie island, to
read their Overland Observer and to take an interest
in all that concerns t!ie Avelfare of old Lanka
and its people. It was our privilege during a
recent visit to England to meet several of these
retired pioneers ; but, unfortunately, we were not
able to keep a promise to visit Cheltenham and
meet once again the subject of our [uesent
notice, or we should have been able to fill up
a great many blanks in our story. But as it
is, we must make what we can of the rather
scant material before us.

Alexander Camim5ELl White’s birth dates
so far back as 1816, so that he must now be in
his 81st year. Born a Scotchman he had the
privilege of being fitted, for his work in life with
that useful practical education for which the
Parish Schools of Scotland (long before tbe era
of Board Schools) have been specially famous.
In Glasgow, Mr. White acquired some experience
of business before

SAILING FOR KOMILVY

as a youth of 18, with the mission of starting the
Firm of “White, Barlow N: Co.” Wliat would be
thought in the pre.seni dayofa youngster in his teens
coming out to the East to start anything! But

in the early part of tire century men remeiii-
bered that William Pitt rvas Prime Minister of
England at 23 and that both Clive and Warren
Hastings had landed in India when they were
only 18 years of age. To return to A. C.
'White : on his rvay to Bombay, he visited Cairo
and met, and made friends, with the enter-
prising, far-seeing Lieut. Waghorn, at the time
engaged in his enterprise of opening and estab-
lishing the “Overland route” which sliortly
after became an accomplished fact. At .Suez
Mr. Wdiite had to remain ten day.s before he
got away in the East India Company’s steamer
“Hugh Lindsay” which had been sent from
Bombay to ascertain whether tire Bed Sea and
Gulf of Suez were really navigable and safe for
steamer.s. The whole voyage from London to
Bombay occuided nearly three months-, while,
now-a-days, letters (and passengers travelling
with the mails) c.i i get from St. Martin’.s-lc-Grand
to Bombay in twelve days !

Mr. White remained eight years in Bombay
wilii varying fot tunes but ever-increasing ex|)cri-
ence, until, in 18-12, he decided to make a new
(kqiarture and to venture Ids tlieu comparatively
limited capital (£2,000, we have heard mentioned
as the total) in a cofi'ee plantation

IN CEYLON.

Tiie Colony was fast coming into notice. Five
years earlier, Mr. Tytler— witli the experience of
Jamaica— had shown how the shrub could be
lu'operly cultivated and the cherry fruit properly
prepared for market. A rush into tbe new pro-
duct had commenced : the extensive and attrac-
tive lull country of the island was invaded from

THE TROPIC\E AGRICaLTQRtS T.

[Feb. I, 1897.

all sides. Still there was no lack of forestland
at the upset price of 5s per acre; and any coin-
petititn W’as considered such “bad form,” that
as .soon as a pioneer inaile his selection, he cut
the boundaries and began forming a nursery as
if the land had already been knocked down to
him and the Crow'n transfer made out. And
that there was a rapid fortune in

“coffee” in thosh early days,
let the following illustration testify: —

Here is an estimate we find in the Ceylon Observer
of May 1842, referring to Oduwella estate, in Hantaue
probably, which will give an idea of the yield and

profits of coffee from its growth on virgin forest-land
m a favourite district in those early dajs: —

‘‘ The 0—— Estate was commenced in July 1837
— Extent of Forest 1892 acres.

Dr,

“Total Expenditure up to 31st Decem-
ber 1811, including purchase of forest,
planting 305 acres, stores, machin-
ery, &c. .. i’G,938 7 3J

Cr*

1839 Sale of seed and 42

bags of coffee . . 445 18 6|

), Sale of 176 acres of

forest . t . . 176 0 0

1840 Sale of seed and 796

cwt. of cjffee .. 3017 10 5

1841 Estimated value of

2,000 cwt. shipped 83C0 0 0

£11,6.39 8 Hi

“The crop of last year, 2000 cwt., which is now
going home, was gathered off 200 acres, and only
about .50 acres of that in full bearing. The crop of
the coming season is estimated at 3,000 cwt. and it
will be gathered off about 250 acres. Judging from
the experience of these two years, when the whole
dlanted part (about 350 acres) is in full bearing, it
will give fnlly 5,000 cwt.”

The total export of coffee from Ceylon in 1841
was 80,000 cwt. ; in 1842 it rose to 120,000 cwt.,
but it went to a splendid market protected at
t'le time by a differential duty as may be judged
from the prices indicated above.

On arriving in Colombo, Mr. Wliiie at once
proceeded upcountry and on to the Knuckles Dis-
trict as well as he could — for there was neither
bridge beyond Kandy nor road beyond Katugas-
tota, in tliose early days.

IN THE KNUCKLE.S,

however, he had secured through tlie agency of the
then well-known Mr. Donald Davidson, a compact
block of 400 acres of forestland which he proceeded
to open as tlieKandekettia estate, which is in exis-
tence to this day, though it has long ago passed out
of the hands of the original owner. At the same
time, Mr. Wliite— young (in liis 24t!i ye.ar) and en-
ergetic—opened Allacolla estate for Mr. Davidson.
He must liave had for his neighbours at the
time Mr. .lames Wright, still of Dimhula and
his then Assistant, i»oor “ Sandy Ilrswn.” Mr.
White continued to reside for several years in the
Knuckles district and he there experienced tlie
financial crisis of 1 845-0 and the dark j)eriod of
depression which followed, when one- tenth of al

the coffee estates opened in Ceylon, were aban:
doned and many more were forced to sale for a
fraction of their value.

MR. WHITE A.S PROPRIETARY PLANTER AND
MERCHANT— HI.S MARRIAGE.

Mr. White next moved

TO PUS.SELLAWA

wliere he took up land and opened the well-knoWh
properties of Dawatagas and Doragalla. Early in
the “ fifties” we find Mr. White had his own
Firm of “ A. C. White & Co.” in Kandy ; but
very soon after he became partner in tlie Colombo
House of “ Kicol, Cargill & Co.” which included
besides Mr. Andrew Nicol, C. B. Cargill and
S. T, Richmond. Mr, White had by this time
married and we, personally, recall his handsome,
stalwart figure on Galle Face early in the “six-
ties,” Mr. and Mrs. Whitebeing always on horseback
of an afternoon. The adventurer “ P, Hudson,” at
one time a large estate proprietor in Ceylon, got
Nicol, Cargill & Co. into trouble by obtaining heavy
advances, and eventually about 1868, there was a
dissolution of partnership and the coffee estates
of the Firm were divided between Messrs, White
and Nicol. The former got for his share the now
splendid property of Mount Vernon which then
included Hudson or Fairfield, the whole aggre-
gating 840 acres (with 538 acres in coffee), Mr. John
Martin being Superintendent ; while Mr. Nicol
took Union and Niagara 740 acres (with 480 in
coffee), Mr. John Stronach being Manager. The
latter now form the Dimhula estate with nearly
600 acres of tea, while Mr. "White has 750 acres of
the same product on Mount Vernon.

HLS RETIREMENT AND .SETTLING DOWN AT HOME.

Retiring from Ceylon soon after, Mr, A. C.
White was long known as about the largest (in-
dividual) owner of estate property connected with
Ceylon. For, besides his Dimhula and Pussellawa
plantations, he owned Bukanda near Gampola,
Delpottonoya in Medamahanuwara and with
interests in .some other districts. Were there time
and space, good stories could be told of how
the once famous “ Wm. F. Forsyth” of Waita-
awa managed for Mr. White as an absent pro-
prietor, while opening Delpottonoya. Still Mr,
White was one of the fortunate Colonists— every-
thing he touched, for many years, “ turned to
gohl” and he became one of the wealthiest pro-
jtrietors connected with the island. After set-
tling down at home, Mr. M'f)ite paid occasional
though rare, visits to the island in the “seven-
ties” and “ eighties,” and he would havecomeout
again and again since, were it not for an accident
he met in the hunting-field, through falling and
breaking his collar-bone some years ago. It
shows what a splendid constitution he has had, that
well on in the “ seventies”— perhaps in his 75th
year— Mr. White should Ixeable to continue to fol-

B. /, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

515

low the hounds as he had done in Gloucestershire for
many years after retiring from Ceylon, and still
more that he should recover so well from the shock
and breakage of bones caused by his fall.

IN CHKI-TEHHAM.

For several years back Mr. White has resided
in a very comfortable mansion surrounded by
a fine garden in Cheltenham. He continues to
be the most regular of men in all his arrange-
ments. After breakfast, from 9 to 12 noon, nearly
every day he gives to his correspondence and
to anyone calling on business, and then he has bis
midday walk, seldom going out of an afternoon,
though fond of visitors coming in to “ tea ” or
dinner with him. Nothing delights Mr. White more
than to encounter Ceylon men and talk over old
limes, and lately he enjoyed in this way at
Mrs. Mackie’s residence, meeting Messrs. Wm.
Kollo, Humphreys and Tilly. Were it not for
the heat of the Red Sea, Mr. White would
even now visit Ceylon, so much would he like
to see the dear island again, where he laboured so
long and well. Kut of this, we fear, there is
little hope. We were not aware till the other
day that Mr. White had become a Koman
Catholic— a fact that must shock his nephew,
Lord Overtoun (John Campbell White), the well-
known Liberal supporter of Evangelical Protes-
tant Missions, and a great philanthropist. But
our Mr. A. C. AVhite is not wanting either
in good works, according to his light : he is
the most liberal supporter of his Church in
Cheltenham ; but he goes further and in deeds
of kindness and charity which are confined to
no Charch, few men are so open-handed ; and the
Treasurers of the Hospital, Convalescent Home,
and ocher deserving charities in Cheltenham have
reason to bless the day that the wealthy Cey-
lon estates proprietor settled in their midst.

Our latest news through a friend is that Mr.
White, though over 80, continues to look young
for his age, with his erect ligure, and steady
walk, a favourite little dog being his companion.
What tales he could unfold of his “ days of
old,” fifty years ago, on die hills of Ceylon,
when he laboured and watched

The coffee shrubs in springing up
The forest going down ;

— and of all the vicissitudes of the Colony since,
until now as proprietor of Mount Vernon in
tea, he has a property far more valuable than
ever it was in its days of virgin soil in coffee.
Altogether no tale in romance can be half so
strange as that of the coffee cinchona-tea Colony ;
and no one has stuck by it more faithfully
and continuously in good and evil report (for heavy
losses had to be experienced from time to time,
even in recent years) than the subject of our notice,
Mr. Alexander Campbell White. May his
shadow never grow less !

Agricultural Pests :

WITH METHODS OF PREVENTION.

BY MISS E. A. OIIMEROD

(Late Consulting Entomologist to the
Royal Agricultural Society of
England).

[Special for “ Tropical Ayriculturii>tf)

II.

PESTS AFFECTING FROM CROPS AND
ANIMALS.

G.tD FLIES, WAUBLE AND BOT FLIH ?, FOREST FLIES, &C.

The family of the Tabanidcu, or Gad Plies,
which are injurious as blood-suckers, include some
of the largest flies which we have in this country,
and cause injury by piercing into the skin (it may
be of cattle, or it may bo of ourselves) with the
lancet-like apparatus which they carry iu their pro-
boscis. In shape they may be described as like com-
mon flies ; but the great, dark brown fly, striped
across with yellow, known as Ox Gad fly, is some-
times as much as an inch and three quax-ters in the
tpread of the wings,

From the circumstance of the Larva, or maggot, of the
2'ohanus JJovinus having a distinct horny head, and
the pupa being naked and incomplete (that is to
say in some degree resembling the perfect fly,
will be seen that, technically, this family is nearly
allied to those of which the Tipula may be taken aa
a type. But the points under consideration being
the animals or plants attacked, I deal with thQ
Gad Flies here, together with the other cattle flies,
As in this case it seems impossible to lessen attack
by destroying the maggots, the next best way of
saving the cattle from annoyance would appear to
be moving them from pastures by streams, or such
localities as the flies frequent, to more open and
drier land, where the state of the ground would
not suit the gad-fly maggots, and the flies would
not find the trees which they love to lurk amongst.

In case of dressings being desirable to ward off
infestation, the same that are known to answer
iu the preventing attack of Warble Fly would be
useful.

The large family of the (Estridoe, popularly known
at Bot Flies, differ from the Gad Flies, entirely,
in their method of doing harm, inasmuch as, .
generally speaking, tlie mouth of the (Estridoe is
obsolete, only represented by a few minute fleshy
tubercles ; also the maggots of this family of flies
live within some part of the animal that is attacked.
Prof. Westwood notes three principal differences in
their habits : some live iu tumours beneath the

skin ; some attack the cavities of the head, which
are reached through the nostrils ; and some are
gastric in their attack, by the maggots being in.
troduced iuto the stomach.

The kind we are about to notice (the Gastro-
pliilus equi, or Horse Bot Ply) are about the size of
a house fly, or rather larger, and are somewhat
gaily coloured with yellowisli and dark markings,
and very hairy.

In the case of this Horse Bot Ply, the female
hardly touches the animal, but, whilst lightly flying
to and fro, places the eggs on the hairs, until the
very numerous supply are laid. These are fixed by
a kind of sticky moisture on the shoulder, or on the
mane, inside tlie knee, or on any other part selected,
The maggot forms within the egg, aud when it ia
ready to hatch (which may be in a period of from
about live days to three weeks), the warmth and
moisture of the horse’s tongue in licking the in-
fested hair, causes the kind of lid or cap to open
or crack, and the maggot within sticks to the tongue,
and is thus gradually transferred to the stomach.
Here the maggets fix themselves to the mucous
membrane by means of two dark brown hooks, one
of which is placed on e.ich side of the slit which
serves for a mouth, and there they nourish them-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Fee. I, 1897.

selves by suction, and are considered to pass from
eight to ten months in maggot state, attached b
their mouth hooks to the lining membrane of
portion of the stomach.

Sometimes there may be only a few of these mag-
gots present ; sometimes (as I have seen myself) they
are present in such numbers as to lie close up against
each other over a large patch of surface, so that it
hardly seemed possible to find room for another
amongst them. Hero they live until, when full-fed,
they loose their hold ; and after being thrown to
the ground, tuin to a brown pupa, from which the
fly comes out in a few weeks.

For prevention of this attack, such treatment as
combing, brushing, or clipping hair, so as to get rid
of the eggs, is sure to be of use. Also the applica-
tion of soaps, or washes, with scents deterrent to in-
sect attack ; and, likewise, freedom to the horses to
shelter in sheds in the heat of the day. Hemedies
fall within the province of the veterinary adviser, as
special advice is needed for their safe application.

The Ox Warble Fly, or Hot Ply, is a two-winged fiy,
upwards of half-an-inch in lengtli, so b.anded and
marked with differently coloured hair as to be not
unlike a humble bee. The face is yellowish, the body
between the wings yellowish before and black behind,
and the abdomen whitish at the base, black in the
middle, and orange at the tip. The female is fur-
nished with a somewhat teiescopic-formed extension
of the end of the abdomen, which acts as a long egg-
laying tube, and the egg is white and oval, with a sm 11
brownish lump at one end.

On hatching from the egg, the maggot is not of
the thick, oval shape to which it afterwards changes,
but is almost worm like in shape, and is furnished
with a pair of cutting forks at the mouth end. By
careful examinations of sections of hide in the very
earliest stage of attack, a fine channel or perfora-
tion will be found leading from the outside of the
hide, right through it, down to the under side.
Here the young maggot will be found, and by
gentle pressure, the course of the maggot channel
may be clearly traced by the little drop ef blood
which (in my own observation) I have found can
readily bo forced along it from the larvie working
below, till it stands as a minute drop on the outside
of the hide. This channel I have found to bo rough
and jagged ac the side, thus showing it was gnawed
or torn (uot cleanly pierced, as by an ovipositor),
and the direction was very various, so as even to
be much cured.

The maggot gradually increase in size, still lying
with the tail end uppermost, or nearest the opening
in the hide ; and as it grows it presses back ancl
opens the surrounding tissue, till it lies with the
tail extremity in the opening of the boil-like swell-
ing, commonly known as the “ warble.” Here it
draws in air through what look like two small
black (-pots in the tail, but which ai-e really the
spiracles, or masses of minute breatliing open-
ing.s, by which air is admitted into the breathing-
tubes or trachea of the maggot. It feeds by
sucking in the putrid matter flowing into the
cavity its presence has caused, and there it remains
until it is full grown, that is, about an inch long.
This may be at any time from May to much later
in the season, and then, with the help of the rows
of prickles with which it is furnished outride, and
the powerful net-work of muscles with w'hich it is
furnished within the skin, it drags itseil through
the opening of the warble, tail foremost, and fails
to the ground, where it finds some shelter, cither
in the ground or under a stone or clod, where it
changes to a chrysalis. The chrysalis is dark-brown
or black, much like the maggot in shape, only flatter
on one side ; and from this brown husk the warble
fly comes out in three or four weeks, but this lein.jth
of time is ii. creased by cold weather.

Where the attack is severe, the eondition of the
surface of the carcase baneath known as “ licked
beef,” or “ butcher’s jelly,” is to bo found, which
is a very serious drain on the health, condition.

and (iuality of the animal, thus well described by
Mr. 0. E. Pearson, wholesale butcher, Sheffield ;

” I may say that the effect of warbles on the
carcase is more serious than can possibly be imagined

by the outside appearance of the beast

The carcase of beef assumes a nasty yellow
colour, and also a soft, flabby appearance
on the outside rind of the beast (where the warble
has been in operation), so much so that the carcase
has, in some cases, to be pared down to the flesh
to make the appearance of the animal at all pre-
sentable for the rrrarket, causing thereby a grievous
amourrt of loss to the butcher. I am speaking from
tactical experience, killing on an average twenty
easts or move a week.”

On applying to Mr. Henry Thompson, M.rs.c.v.s.,
of Aspatria, Cumberland, who has long devoted much
attention to w'arble attack, for an exact descriptiorr of
the damage, he replied : — What causes the damaged
nreat or beef is the chronic inflammation set up by
the warbles irr the skin, which extends to the con-
nective tissues, thence to the flesh, producing the
straw coloured, jelly-like appearance of a newly slaugh-
tered carcase of beef, which, in twelve or twenty-
four hours, when exposed to the air, turns a dirty
greenish yellow colour, and thus spoils the beef,
having a frothy discharge oozing from the surface
with a soapy-like look.”

Its prejudicial nature in all points of view is thus
shortly given, in the last words of some obseiwa-
tions with which I was favoured by Mr. John Peu-
berthy. Prof, of Pathology at the Itoyal Veter-
inary’ College, Camden Town, N.-W., regarding
some specimens on which I had requested his
opinion : — “ The material is uot fit for human con-
sumption. I think it very deleterious to the health
and comfort of the affected animal.”

The yearly loss from this attack of is enormous.
Firstly, there is the loss on milk, and on many
other points of damage consequent on the wild
gallop of the cattle when terrified by the fly.
Secondly, there is the loss on the condition of the
infested animal. Every warbled hide is a sign of so
much out of the farmer’s pocket, for the food he
spent in feeding grubs in his cattle’s backs which
should have gone to form meat and milk, instead
of being wasted in foul maggot-sores. Thirdly,
there is the loss, falling mainly on the butchers,
consequent on damage to surface of carcase known
as ‘‘licked beef” or butcher’s jelly.” Fourthly,
there is a great loss on the injured hides. The
two following returns, from Newcastle-on-Tyne and
Aberdeen respectively, taken from a number of re-
turns from hide or cattle companies, etc., with
which I was favoured in 1888, give some slight idea
of the loss going on, simply on this one item of
pe fectly needless waste. The following is from New
carstle-on-Tyne : —

“ In a period of twelve mouths, 102,877 hides
passc'd through the market; of these, 00,000 were
warbled. Loss esliniated at £15,000.” — J. McG.

‘‘In five months, from February .Ird to June 24th,
01,103 hides passed, of which 11,0.30 were warbled.
Loss, T2,873.” — W. M. & Son, Aberdeen.

'The above loss, in all its details, is wholly un-
necessary. By the use of the simple measures
mentioned below, we have now found, from the
experience of our leading farmers, cattle owners,
and veterinary surgeons, during about twelve years
(that is, since attention was first directed to the
subject), that the attack may, to all practical purposes,
be stamped out.

Squeezing out the maggots is a sure method of
getting rid of them, but they may be destroyed
easily and without risk by dressing the warble with
a little of McDougall’s smear or dip, or with a little
cart-grease and sulphur, applied well on the opening
of the warble. Mercurial ointment answers, it care-
fully u.:ed-that is, in very small quantity, and only
applied once as a small touch on the wnrble; but
where there is any risk of careless npp.ication it
should not be used. Any thick, greasy matter, that
will choke the breathing -pores of the maggot, or
poison it by running down into the cell in wffiich it

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTUPIST.

Feb. I, 1897.]

517

lies and feeds, will answers well ; and lard or rancid
butter, mixed with a little sulphur, has also been
found to answer. Tar answers if carefully placed,
so as to be absolutely 011 the hole, into the warble.
Bought cattle are often badly infested, and need
attention.

To prevent fly attack in summer, tiain-oil rubbed
along the spine, and a little on the loin and ribs,
has been found useful ; so has the following mix-
ture— 4 oz. flowers of sulphur, 1 gill sjiirits of tat,

1 quart train oil ; to be mixed well together, and
applied once a-week along each tide of the spine of
the onimal. With both the above applications it
has been observed that the cattle so dressed were
allowed to graze in peace, without being started off
at the tearing gallop so ruinous to flesh, milk, and,
in the case of cows in calf, to produce.

Where cattle are suffering badly from warbles, so
that the health is clearly affected, and the animal
wasting, the use of the old well-known black oils
has been found to do much good.

Mr. Henry Thompson, m.r.c.v.s., gives the following
recipe used for a bad case; — “Turpentine, li oz. ;
sulphuric acid 1 drachm (here a chemical action
seta in and must be done with caution). To this
I added 10 oz. raw linseed, and rubbed the cow’s
back once a day with the mixture. ... In a
fortnight the back was cleaned, and all the mag-
gots destroyed.

There are many other points that bear on pre-
vention, of which one is the noting that Warble Flies
are most active in heat and sunshine, and appear
not to pursue cattle over water; consequently, allow-
ing the cattle the power of sheltering tiiemselves,
and access to shallow pools, is desirable. Likewise,
with regard to pastures, or standing-ground of in-
fested cattle, it is matter of course that where
the maggots have fallen from their backs the flies
will shortly appt'ar to start new attacks.

The attack of the Sheep Bot Fiy is a very serious
matter, which causes much suffering to the animals,
and loss to their owners. This fiy is rather larger
than the common house fly, and of an ashy colour,
spotted with black between its wings and silvery or
yellowish white. The female either lay her eggs, or
deposits living maggots on the margins of the nos-
trils of the sheep by means of the mouthhooks with
which they are furnished, and attach themselves to
the membranes of the cavities. Here they feed on
the mucus; and it is stated that they at times feed
oil the membrane itself. Their presence causes great
irritation ; and where the attack is severe leads to
gradual loss of strength, and convulsions and the
death of the animal. When full grown the maggots
are about an inch in length, ahd in the common
course of thing.s they remain in the head of the
sheep for ten months to a year beforo they are
mature. They then leave the animal, by going down
tho nostrils, and fall to the ground, where they turn
— either amongst roits of grass, or in any conve-
nient place above or below the surface — to a black
or brown pupa, from which the fly comes out in
about six or eight weeks, or after a variable number
of days, according to the ciimato.

The preventive in this case is to keep the fly
from getting access to the nose of the sheep, The
sheep protect themselves to the best of their power
by holding their nostrils down to the ground, or in
any other position which will keep off the fly, when
they are aivare of attack, and this principle is worked
on, in the application of tar or other remedies to
keep the fly from settling.

The attack of Sheep Islostril Maggot is of quite a
different nature from that of the Cienurus cercbralis,
or Hydart, which in its young state causes the disease
known as staggers or “ gid’’ in-sheep ; but the two
attacks are popularly confused. Tne differenc.? is
easily shown by an anatomical demonstration of
the maggots in the nostrils in one case, and the
hydatid-infested brain in tlie other.

The Forest Fly ( lliinioboica equina), which infests
horses and cattle, and is especially common in the
New Forest in Hampshire, im.y be taken as a typo
of the division. This fly possesses an egg-like pupa,

and also a peculiar toothed claw. The main colours
of the little fly are brown or black, varied with
some shade of yellow. It causes irritation both
by blood sucking, and by creeping, which it can do
backwards, forwards, or sideways with great nimble-
ness, on the parts of the animal especially preferred
for infestation. The remedies used are local appli-
cations obnoxious to the fly, and careful attention to
cleanliness.

In some cases the head of these flies {puqnpara) is
so withdrawn into the body, and the horns into the
head, that in addition to their sometimes being with-
out wings or poisers they have a spider-like appear-
rance, and are known as Spider Flies. The Melopha-
f/us oviuus, known, though incorrectly, as the “ Sheep-
tick,’’ which lives in the wool and sucks the blood
of the sheep, is one of this division.

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( Concluded from page 4d4.)

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5^8

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

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(Juciiis, de. See Chdius, de.

[Feb. I, 1897.

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[See under Tea.]

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Volckamer, Johann Georg. See Colmenero de Le-
desma, A.

Wadsworth, James, Ex-Jesuit, See Colmenero de
Pjedesma, A.

WanIdyn, J. A. [See under Tea.]

Whig. See Cocoa-Tree Club,
irander. See Cocoa-Tree Club.

Zeti, P'rancesco. See J., P.C.C.S.

— «

PLANTING IN LAGOS, WEST AFRICA.

From the 31st Report for the Quarter ended
30th September, 1895, on the Botanic Station, Colony
of Lagos, we quote the following passage : —

ECONOMIC PLANTS.

(Continued from page 448.)

Sir, — I have the honour to submit for the infor-
mation of His Excellency the Deputy Governor the
following report on my tour to and from Abeokuta.

Having keen granted permission to accompany His
Excellency the Acting Governor to Abeokuta I made
every preparation for collecting, and departed from
the Botanical Station on Pith September and re-
turned on the 30:h of that mouth.

I should mention that owing to work requiring
my supervision since my return I was prevented iu
submitting this report at an earlier date.

The collection of plants made wlien travelling were
principally confined to the forest roads or paths, and

5'9

Feb. r, 189?.] THtE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

also my observations on the vegetation, I had not
sufficient time at my disposal to collect in the forests
Where accessible, or I should have been left behind.

The collection of herbarium numbered 408, this
includes duplicate sp cimens, one of each specimen
will be forwarded to Kew for determination. Many
living plants were also collected'.

Cultivated Plants : — Throughout the \Vh0le route
taken the products grown are very similar, the .prin-
cipal articles of food being Corn, Zea Mays, Yams,
Dioscorea sps’. Cassava, Manihot utilissima, Colocasia
antiquorum, Phaseolus, several species of this plants
are extensively grown around Abeokuta, Aractus hypO'^
goea is not often seen, a large variety of this species
is cultivated, Cajanns indicus is used also as an
article of food.

Buliber producing plants : — The chief source of L \,gos
rubber is obtained from Ire, Kickxia africana, a tall
growing tree in the forests. This tree is plentiful
throughout the forests from Ottoto Papalayito also
near the forests at Adawo, andfrom Ilaro to Ajilite,

Landolphias L. oioariensis This species is the most
common. When I had time to go in the forests I
met it, but it appeared not to be sought after, for
it is more difficult to collect and requires more time.
I found several other plants that furnish rubber
probably of the Genus Vocanga but unfortunately
these trees were not in flower. Several species of
Pieus where frequently seen on the journey. I noticed
that at Abeokuta cexra rubber Maliihot Glazivio had
been introduced.

Fruits: — These like most other plants receive but
little attention in their culture, the Pine apple An-
anas sativa is found growing everywhere in a wild
condition, Papaws, Carica Papaya, Sour Sop, An-
ona mufricata. Sweet Sop, Auona squamosa, also
Bananas and Plantains grow near towns and villages
and I noticed a very dwarf Banana at Abeokuta.
similar to the Grand Canary Banana. Oranges and
Limes are seen but not in any quantity, the Hog
Plum was grown around the villages on the way
Spondias lutea no doubt. Thaumatococcus Danielli
is grown throughout the whole of the districts, it
is not grown so much for its fruits as its leaves
which are used in lieu of paper, also for thatching
roofs of houses. Sideroxylon dulcificum, another fruit
possessing very sweet properties and known as one
of the Miraculous fruits of West Africa, was not
seen to any extent. Another of the peculiar fruit I
also found in large quantities, evidently an annual,
for the plant had died down and i was only able
to obtain the seed of it which had been sown,

Kola acuminata: — In some districts this i? grown
extensively at Otta, Igbessa, Ilaro, and Ado, this
tree appears to thrive best in damp situations and
under the shade of forest trees.

Palms: — The most common of all palms met with
throughout the journey was the African Oil Palm,
in some districts it is almost the only vegetation.
After leaving Papalyto on the I5th September the
vegetation somewhat changed, plains of tall growing
grasses and large numbers of the Fan Palm Borassus
oothiopum existed, a small Pheeuix probably P. spinosa
was also seen, Jblaffia Vinefera were found only in
damp situations.

Timber trees: — Chlorophora excelsa or Iroko tree
is very common in some of the forests, it is the
indigenous wood used as it is very durable and re-
sists the attack of white ants. Irvingia Barteri ; —
This I found only within two days journey of
Ebute Metta. Spathodea Companulata was the only
large tree I could recognise by its large bright
clusters of flowers; in the forests large lofty trees are
seen, but to collect specimen from thtso is indeed a
work that will take time to obtain and overcome.

Fibres: — Sanseviera guineensis : this plant under
the shade of forests trees grows luxuriantly, but its
fibre is not sought for much by the Natives. Ad-
ansonia digitata ; — Before reaching Abeokuta this
tree was not often seen, but w'hen travelling on the
Ibadan road it was one of the chief trees seen, its
fibre is used by the Natives. I saw a few plants of
a species of Paudanus, many other plants were seen

from which fibre could be obtained. 3 Hibiscus, sp,
Crotolarja sp. Sida sp. Corcoorus sp. abutilou etc.

The Vegetation by the forest roads is compara-
tively the same, up to the Ogun river, where the
forests do not exist it is 1 mg grass, or scrudly bush ;
near villages the laud is cultivated. The soil is
much richer than that around here, and as one gets
near to Abeokuta stones and rocks are frequently
s6eh, and several streams are passed, which would
prove very benificial if planting should take place.

At Abeokuta and surrounding it for miles the
laud is under cultivation or has been ; like all other
places the natives have no idea of manuring the
land, but this work is left for nature to fulfil, land
is cleared and planted for a few ycar.s then aban-
doned for sometime; this means great destruction
to the forest ; consequently the forest for some dis-
tance around this large town have been destroyed.

The soil here is very rich and the food crops are
very large.

The soil is of a volca'iio nature ; at one time
cotton was grown extensively at Abeokuta, but as it
is very short staple, it cannot compete with American
cotton. I visited a small plantation in the town,
it consisted of plants of Liberia Coffee, Cocoa and
another species of Coffee which is evidently not
Liberian; all the plants were in a most thriving
condition, and large crops were being produced,
this convinced one that the soil was everything
that could be desired for the cultivation of these
and other economical plants.

After spending sometime around Abeokuta I tra-
velled a day’s journey on the road towards Ibadan,
here the country is hilly, and most of the growth
is stunted, here for the first time I saw the shea
butter tree Butyrospermum Parkii, but unfortunately
it was not the season to obtain seed. Adansonia
digitata was also very numerous, & Acacias. Among
the many dye plants found around this district
which include Indigofera, and Bixa etc. Loncho-
carpus cyane.scens, native dye, this latter plant is
cultivated and is the one principally used, in some
places it was very abundant, and I noticed to in-
duce young leaves from whi h is prepared the dve
old leaves are gathered off the plants.

Calabashes— Lagenaria vulgaris and species of the
cncurbitaceaeous order are largely represented, and
cnltivated to a lar^e extent, and used larcfely by
the natives for utensils. ^

On returning by way of Ilaro His Excellency
gave me permission to visit the plantations at Soto
and Ajelete. I have already sent in this report
(see appendix I. of the quarterly report for Sep-
tember quarter on this Station.) Tiiese plantations
are in a very thriving condition, cultivation is carded
on to a far greater extent inland, and I think that
if a Botanical out-station was established near some
of these large inland towns the people would soon
become aware of the value of Coffee and other oco-
nomic plants, and take up the cultivation of com-
mercial plants.

I have the honour to be,

Sir,

Your obedient Servant,

H. MILLEN,
Curator.

(To be concluded.)

TEA PLANTING THIRTY FIVE YEAPs A('0
IN INDIA.

ijhj an Old Planter.)

Having at length accompli.shed the raising of
seed, the next process wo took in h.iiid wa.s plant
ting out the seedlings ; for the expeditious method
of sowing 111 the open did not answer ; purchasers who
are always fastidious, asserting, when they ca iie uo
in the Poojahsto report upon or examine the pronertv
that they expected to see rows of plants instead of
as one impertinent person observed, a beggarly arraj^
of emptu stakes One gentleman of an econoihio turn
of mind had utilisod ticsh eka stems for liniim off’

sprouted but the
seed didn t follow suit, somehow. Once the plantation

520

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

was staked off, we had a little leisure, for our
uotions of the proper season for transplanting were
rather crude, and as the bustee-wallahs waited for
the rains, to plant out their rice, we came to the
conclusion that, as they must be the best judges
in all agricul.ural matters, we could not do better
than follow their example ; so, until the middle of
June, we visited one another, talked shop or whiled
away the time in studying the luxuriant growth of
the under-wood, as it came on merrily with the
advance of the season; we did not imagine such
vegetation needed removal, as it would keep the
ground moist and cool. The proceedings o he
professional gentleman, we regarded as somethin
akin to lunacy, for he put in his plants in the d y
weather— a slow laborious process, over which theie
was much shaking of heads-moreover, he kept his
place as clean as a roadway, wiping constant war-
fare with the second growth. There had been a
talk of importing labour, but it ended in talk, so
that when the first burst of the monsoon came on
us we had but a fortnight to get all in, or, as
we phrased it, “ slapping in, for labor vvas on y
available for the above-mentioned period, when the
people went off to attend to their own affairs. The
slap^ping-in process was peculiar— though expeditious
one^oporator was provided with a pointed stick,
which ^ie drove into the ground anywhere i n the
neighbourhood of the stakes, when su^ch were found,
keeping the li' e as best he could, when those land-
maiTs^were missing, then came No 2 with a bundle
of seedlings, torn bodily up from the nurseries ; the
downpour vvasbing the root clear from all such
contamination as soil, these wore pushed down mto
the dibbled holes, the earth round the surface stamped
well round the stem, leaving a vacuum for the
to spread in, and so the plant was ui silu,
Toim phaXerwh started in the Educational

Departnmnt, was wont to observe. Weeding was
put off to a more convement season, for the best
of all reasons-there was no labor to carry out
such an operation, even had we deemed it neces-
sarv which we didn’t. In October, or thereabouts
the^’bustee folk again made their appearance and
ie clearance begai” but the first operation being o
clear the underwood and the coolies not up to
disUn-uishing tea from jungle, a goodly number of
promising seedlings fell before the reclaiming dhao;
porcupinis, crickets, withes and creepers had also
li f\ fill! filine the recess, so the early plantings

™ e jot „ we de.i»d It meet not

L supposed that we were left entirely unmolested
Lrin^^the summer, for our employers were hard at
work hr town preparing ^bose prospectuses th^ ^
.e fVto nnhlic 111 the autumn of loo... Aiiuiing
Sles adS-ably composed, shadowing forth such
drrams €f El Dorado that drove all India mad.
Wratevei may have been the laches, or muddles
of the Irorage planter of the day on the plantations,
craJh tLt eventuated was brought about mainly
the ciasn pandered to the

by the geiitle'nen in^^tow

d'w by da?"there were the same iniperative instructions
to Vi, in"^ ,o.u- » 'S

rSd So r i? .s

gardens, '-be which was a local lu-

propnetors ly possible losses

ventiou , there „i.,cc was not presentable, which

ol «;S.o“n,t nlotol, olicito,. tho
alarmed the mo

oTX^lifo with " Well, we can’t make

of tb'8 I'lc wu inspoctiug depu-

uUon did^iot turn out such dreadful people as we

had been led to expect, and seemed, on the
had been leu with matters— as they

Tgtt’ to'bave bein considering that they travelled
ouglit ‘'b diverging as a rule to

oUlTapoouibb. tiibugh why they went there did not

transpire in the publi shed reports. However, out of evil
came good, and one thing was impressed upon the
Agents, that dependence on local labor was a myth:
then arose the class known as coolie contractors;
but ere describing their early efforts we must take
a retrospect as to the formation of the various
Ooiiipanies that rose before the public with meteoric
brilliancy. The prospectuses, after a discursive disser-
tation upon tea in general, plunged into figures, and,
as is well-known, if you can manipulate them
cunningly, you can do almost anything with them,
especially when periodic frenzy seizes the public
mind. One concoction, with a lordly disregard for
details, dealt in nothing but round numbers, so
people were informed that an acre of tea would
produce 3001bs. and realise He, 1 per lb,, that the
up-keep would absorb half this and the balance be
divisible among those lucky enough to get tlie scrip.
The morning that this announcement appeared caused
a block in Church Lane, like that on Boxing Night
at the doors of popirlar London theatres. Energetic
brokers fought and scrambled on the stairs, the
durwans w'ere swept clean away; obese baboos, Mar-
waries, every one in fact who could collect a hundred
rupees besieged the portals of the Agents. The
benign vendor of this wonderful property, who“ hung
out ” at the butt end of the thoroughfare, chuckling
to himself as he viewed the scene from his terrace ;
and thus the great Sylhet and Cachar Tea Companies
saw the light. Up went the shares, and then the
wild gamble commenced. Prospectus after prospec-
tus followed each other in quick succession ! the
preamble of one on the Assam side was remark-
able, for the inditor somehow got mixed, devoting
a whole paragraph of the preamble to dwelling upon
the tea house being in a right line with some
peak in the Khasia Hills; the connection between
the site of a building for the manufacture of
Pekoe Souchong and a dis.sertation upon plane
trigiiometry was somewhat hazy, though the public
appreciated it, as the capital was subscribed for
twice over. The rush for shares begat a similar
demand for assistants, and all sorts and conditions
of men, who could get an introduction, went up the
office stairs as simple clerks, decendiiig them again,
after a short interview, full blown tea planters. We
were thus reinforced ; the station of Cachar present-
ing a bu tling aspect, between the .ai-rival of coolies
and budding planters almost daily. Ere going into
the coolie business, I may as well glance at the
community of which their mas ters was composed.
An amusing, but perfectly correct, list was given in
one of the dailies, about 1862, of the previous avo-
cations of those sent up, which reminded one of
the rather mixed society that dwelt in Canvastowu,
Melbourne, ten years previously. Clerks predominated:
there were lawyers’ clerks, bank clerks, merchants’
clerks, and one who had been in holy orders, run-
away apprentices from ships and one or two ship
captains, leadsmen and pilots, raw, schoolboys from
home who addressed their Managers as “ Sir,” a stray
German whose career commenced as a flageolette
player in the Calcutta town baud, bar assistants and
one from a job master’s stable (the last named
subsequently becoming our authority on all racing
matters), gentlemen from the lower grades of the
Uncovenaiited Service; while homo importations
were diawn from equally heterogeneous sources — it
was ere the days of traincJ gardeners of premium
wallahs. Few remained very long, soon finding that
tliey had mistaken their vocation, though many
settled down and now form our best planters. — Intiian
Planters' Gar:ette.

Tiik Sokcmum I’i,.\N'I' makos an excellent
forage crop, and is e.specially relished by cattle.
It is cut and dried somewhat like hay. If
syrup is to he made liom the plant, the blades
are removed and used for stock, and the stalks
lull tiiroiigii the mill. The rotiise from the syrup-
mill makos an excellent grade of i) iper. —'Southern
1‘lantcr,

{'eB. J, 1897.]

The tropical agriculturist.

521

THE FUTURE OF TEA IN CEYLON:

THE MISCHIEF ALREADY DONE BY MIS-
LEADING INDIAN PROPRIETORS AS TO
LOCAL CAPABILITIES ;

A WORD OP WARNING TO INDIA FOR THE
FUTURE.

There can be no clonbt that the chief factor
in the lowering of the average prices in Ceylon
tea for the i)ast two years lias been the great
development of production in India as well as
the increased attention given to preparation by
our neighbours. And in respect of the future,
there is no element so full of risk to our sta-
ple as the continued planting of more and yet
more land out of tlie immense reserves lit tor
tea, both in Northern and Southern India.
What may be done by producers or agents
in Java, or in China and Japan to im-
prove their teas, does not toucli us so nearly as
the prospect of our Indian neighbours continu-
ing in the course which lias marked their labours
in the past tew years. Now, one of their chief
encouragements in this course has been the be-
lief that Ceylon was fast reaching the limit, of
its firoduction. We have done all in our posver
to dissipate this unwarranted belief — we have
again and again shown that even though Crown
land sales fell off, there were private reserves
bound to be planted, to add to our crops and
that a steady increase year by year from Cey-
lon as from India must be faced. With singular
perversity, as well as pertinacity, has our position
been locally assailed, and our motives questioned.
We were denounced for prophesying the day of
a hundred million lb. e.xport from Ceylon. “Ex-
aggerated estimates” have again and again been
made the text of attacks; and “ smooth things”
for Indian planters’ ears have been far too much
the rule in some business and planting circles as
well as in a contemporary’s columns. What has
been the consequence ? Why, of course, that
the utmost encouragement has been given to
Indian Tea Companies, individual proprietors and
pioneers, to clear and plant large areas with tea
in both" Northern and youthern India of recent
years. Had the truth been known about
Ceylon and its prospects, we feel certain the
process of clearing new areas would have been
a far slower and more judicious one. But no —
“ Ceylon has got to the end of its tether —
has used up all its land — has almost reached
its maximum export” — seem to be the sul)-
stance of the consolation which some in
our midst would still send to India 1 And
surely we have a specimen before us in the
following editorial deliverance in the local
“ Times’’ : —

“ Other things being equal, Dimbula has nearly
reached the limit of its production. And tin
same remark holds good
tricts, such as those we
other besides. Extension
to the low country and

amount is not,
creasing, yearly.”

Can anything be more
effect on Indian proprietors
encouragement for them to
which already
to

Let it be
certain of

of several other dis
have named and manj
now is nearly conlinei
Uva, and the tota

we think, increasing, but de

mischievous
and planters
pursue the
as a merchant said today-

full of Indian teas
available reserves
nearly aU plantei

London at this time being
granted that the
our districts are

in il
? Wha
corns
-has loi

what about manuring ? Not one word of reference
does our contemporary make to a departure
which is now every year more followed in Ceylon and
which, of itself, with the results before us, ought to
render Indian Tea Company Directors and other
planters of tea, more and more careful how
they rush on large new clearings without
any proper consideration of how the over-
production already threatened, is to be cleared
off. The response already made to our “ Manur-
ing” circular shows that the majority of planters
clearly recognise the importance of making their
Indian brethren acquainted with what is being, and
can be done in Ceylon. Only one of our corre-
spondents thinks it better not to stir this
subject of manuring, lest it should become more
general. As well may the ostrich hide its head
in the sands in view of its pursuer ! The Ceylon
tea country is far too compact, too well opened
by roads and railways, far too admirably served by
Visiting Inspectors and shrewd business agents,
to find any prolitable departure neglected in any
district or among an appreciable group of estates.
Some planters may wisely decide that the
time for i/ic/n to manure has not yet come.
But let Indian tea men understand that, taking
our tea country as a whole, the time for
careful judicious experiments with fertilisers has
almost, if not fully, come — and let them more-
over beware of the result. For, we aver, without
fear of contradiction, that the capitalist who,
at this time of day, whether in India or
Ceylon, goes clearing and planting any large
area with tea is im]rerilling his owm as well as
his neighbours’ investments. If the market as
well as planting statistics are carefully studied,
w'e think it will be found that the time for
large additions to tire cultivated area is not the
present year. We may except tea grown at
such a high elevation as to compete with
Darjiling’s or our finest Ceylon’s. For such the
market may not be overdone ; and the same
argument leads to the counsel that Ceylon
planters generally w'ould do well to pluck and
make finer teas in view of possibly approaching
contingencies. But our chief object in Avriting
today is to warn our neighbours over the way
that Ceylon is by no means played out, that
the maximum of our exports has not been
reached, and that they will do wisely not only
to pluck finely, but to restrict new clearings}
and above all to unite as one man with theit
Ceylon brethren to advertise their teas and win
over nciv markets in America and Europe.

— ♦

A JAPANESE TEA VISITOR.

We have now in the island a Japanese gentle-
man, Dr. K. Obayaslii, who has come chielly
on a “Tea Mission.” He has letters of intro-
duction t(j several iiilluential residents, and
notably one to II. E. the Oovernor from the
British Legation in Japan. He is very interested
in our Tea Industry, wants to know ail about it*
spends a few weeks in the island and left for
Kandy toilay. He is acquainted Avith our

Tropical Agriculturist ; and is studying all the
available liierature bearing on our planting and
.agricultur.al | iro( I ue ts.

Cea'i.on Tou.acco. — According to the season
reports for December in t\\Q Gazette, a large ex-
tent of tobacco land at Nilaveli in the Trincomalee
^ifjtriet has been abandoned.

522

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I,

POKTMOKE TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON,
LIMITED.

llegistered on December 7fli by Murray, Hut-
bins and Company, 11, llircbin Lane, E.C., witli
a ca))ital of £o0,0ui) in £1 sbares. Objects : To
adojib an agreement with 11 C. Bowie for the
purchase of tlie Port more Tea Estate, in tlie Agra
Patana Division of tlie Dimbula District, Ceylon,
and with Lionel M. Torin for tlie purchase of the
“ Aldourie” Tea Estate, in tlie Agra Patana Di-
vision, and to plant, grow, .and jiroduce tea, cotl'ce,
chinchona, cardomans, plants, etc. The subscrib-
ers are : —

Shares.

E. C. Bowie, Eavensby, Carnoustie, N.B. . . 1

L. M. Torin, Junior, Carlton Club, Ball
Mall . . . . . . . . 1

W. H. Anderson, Enpert Lodge, Burn-
ham, Bucks . . . . . . I

J. E. Grant, 101, Leadenhall Street, E.C. 1

J. N. Shand, 24, Hood Lane, E C. .. 1

E. C. Haldane, do. do. .. 1

E. E. Neale, do. do. .. 1

The first directors (to number not less than three
nor more than five) are : H. C. Bowie, L. M. Torin,
and W. H. Anderson, t^ualitication £20. Ke-
gistered office, 24, Rood Lane, E.C. — Financial
Truth, Dec. 11.

■*

THE CEYLON LAND AND PRODUCE
COMPANY, LIMITED.

crease over that of 1896, standing at 18,083,0(W lb.,
against 16,382,000 lb. This must be considered
satisfactory, as evidencing that the Market has been
able to deal with the extra quantity shipped without
any decided reduction in values. The Crop has been
about an average one in quality. Quotations on the
whole ruled below those of last year, especially in
the case of the Common to Medium grades, owing
mainly to increased shipments from other producing
countries ; but Fine an Finest met a good demand
throughout.

It is to be noted with pleasure that the shipments
from London to Russia, the Continent generally, as
well as to Canada and America, continue to expand,
the total figures for the first ten months of this and
the two previous years to 31st October being : —

1896. 1895. 1894.

6,684,000 lb.. 6,073,000 lb. 4,400,000 lb,

Cocoa. — The more hopeful view taken by your Direc-
tors of the prospects for improved values of this article
has been realized, and a gradual advance in the
price of good to fine red Ceylon from 6.5s. up to 75s.
per cwt. has taken place during the twelve months,
although other growths have been much depressed.
A further recovery in values is probable.

Coffee. — This article, as anticipated, has not main-
tained the values of last year, and the price of bold
yellow Ceylon Liberian has fallen from 90s. to 76s.
per cwt. The prospect of large supplies from other
producing countries prevents hopes of a permanent
recovery in values.

Acreages. — The following Statement shews the ap-
roximate acreage of the Company’s Properties at
ate : —

Director.s James Wil.son, Esq., Chairman,
William Keiller, Esq , Sir N. A. Staples, Bart.

Report of the Directors, to bo submitted to
the Twelfth Annual General Meeting of Shareholders,
on Tuesday, the 15th day of December, 1896, at 2
o’clock p.m.

Your Directors have the pleasure to submit the
annexed profit and loss account and balance sheet
for the crop year ending 30th June, 1896, duly audited.

The amount at credit of profit and loss account
is £12,125, 15s 2d, which, with the sum of £437 Os lOd
brought forward from last year, leaves £12,562 16s
to be distributed.

On the 22nd July last, an interim dividend of 7J
per cent on the ordinary shares and 3 per cent on
the preference shares was paid, and your Director's
now propose to pay on the 24th day of December,
1896, the balance of the fixed cumulative dividend
on the preference shares (3 per cent), making (i per-
cent for the year, and 7| per cent on the ordinary
shares, making 15 per cent for the year, and in
addition a bonus of 5 per cent on the ordinary shares
— all free of income tax. It is also proposed to
transfer £5,000 frem profit and loss account to re-
serve fund, increasing that account to .£7,000. and
carry forward the balance of £1,675 16s, subject to
the Directors’ remuneration for the year under re-
view, to be fixed at the general meeting, and to
the paj ment of income tax, Ac.

Your Directors are again pleased to chronicle the
continued success of the Company, the Tea and
Cocoa crops largely exceeding the estimates framed
at the commencement of the financial year. The
prices obtained for the Company’s Cccoa mark an
improvement upon those secured for the previous
crop, but the net average for Tea was somewhat
lower for the period under review.

Tka. — During the eleven months from January 1st
to November 30th, the total number of packages
from Ceylon Estates disposed of at Public Auction,
amounted to 962,000, realising 8,id. per lb. average
compared with 896,800 at 8Jd. per lb. for the same

Eeriod in 1895, so that the result should on the whole
e favourable to the trade of the Island, owing to
the larger out-turn, although the price realised
shows a falling off. Deliveries, moreover, about kept
pace with the fuller supply, and the London Bonded
Stock ou the 31st October only shewed a small iu-

Names of Estate.

Tea.

o3 o
O

o

a

as -

Ji u
a a

r- nj

oi

60

eS

0>

O

o

H

Alloowiharie Group

117

400

153

670

Andangodde Estate

135J

—

40i

176

Fetteresso Estate

405

—

33

438

New Peradeuiya

458^

Estate

386.^

174

544

North Matale Group

296

822

459

1577

Owella Estate

26

75i

1.59i

261

Rickarton Estate

500

96

696

Strath isla Group

127

216

59

402

Forest Land

—

430

430

1993i

1530^

14844

6008^

Since the date of the last Report, the litigation
therein referred to, which your Directors felt com-
pelled to enter upon with the Company’s late Ceylon
Agents, has been brought to a successful issue, they
having paid more than was claimed, and would have
been accepted by the Company had an amicable settle-
ment been come to at the beginning. Y’’our Chair-
man, shortly after his arrival in Ceylon, discovered
that the late Agents had debited the Company with
unjustifiable items in account; he therefore instructed
the solic'tors who were conducting the legal proceed-
ings for the Company to claim repayment of such
amounts. The result of the proceedings was that
after protracted negociations, initiated by the defen-
dants, and shortly before the date fixed for the trial,
j’our Chairman decided to accept an offer that was
made by them (the defendants) which settled the
amount at their debit in the Company’s books,
covered estimated amount of costs and charges con-
nected with the litigation, also the Chairman's ex-
penses during his prolonged absence, and in addition
left a balance to credit profit and loss account with.

The crop prospects for the season 1896-97 appear
to be, so far, favourable, and according to last re-
ports the estates were in excellent condition.

Your Directors are pleased to learn from reports
brought homo by your Managing Director that ho
considers the present stall of pnperinten^^ts \

Feb. I, 1897. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

523

Ceylon to be of a high standard of efficiency, and
that they show much intelligence in all they under-
take appertaining to the Company.

Mr. Henry Beveridge having placed hi.s resigna-
tion in the hands of your Directors, they have, in
pursuance of the power granted to them under the
Articles of Association, elected Sir Nathaniel Alex-
ander Staples, Bart., in his place. Sir N. A. Staples,
Bart, by rotation, retires from the Directorate, but,
being eligible, oilers himself for re-election.

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Thubsday Evening, Dec. 10.

Notwithstanding a general easier feeling in the
Stock Markets, Tea sliare prices are, on the whole,
maintained, although here and there, especially
among the Preference issues, a little weakness is
manifested. Considerable lines, however, of the
better known shares, which stand at relatively
lower prices than others, continue to be absorbed by
investors.

INTEKIM DIVIDENDS.

Brahmapootra announces 8 per cent., as last year.
The following are the companies which, thus far,
have announced interims on the Ordinary capital
for the current year’s working ; —

Assam
Balijan
Brahma
Chargola
Chubwa
Doonia

5

5

8

3i

3i

5

per cent.

East India
and Ceylon
Jhaiizie
Jokai
Lebong

per cent.

Other announcements are expected shortly.

Mincing Lane again rather easier for common and
undesirable Teas, but steady to firm for fine classes.
Quality tending to improve, and consumption, as well
as export demand, good and increasing. Recent lower
values in Calcutta seem also to be stimulating the oS
take thence for the Colonies, Americ i, and other out
ports, as well as for Central Asia (via Bombay). —
H. & C. Mail.

CEYLON AND CHINA TEA.

Judging by the tone of some remarks in the latest
Ceylon papers, though affeciing to pooh-pooh possible
competition from China tea prepared by new methods,
the island seems to be aware that China is waking
up in the matter of her tea trade. It is said the tea-
makers of China are not to be intiuenced or made to
alter the'ir ancient methods of manufacture, simply
because a syndicate of British merchants, with
characteristic energy, have started a factory with
improved machinery on the sea co ist. But this is
not quite correct. No factory' on the sea coast that
we are aware of has yet been erected, though
inquiries are now being made as to the most
suitable machinery, &c. These teas have been pre-
pared upcountry tiy the Chinese, though the mg-
gestion has of course been made by the foreigner.
The diSerence between the two classes of tea is not
probably one of soil or climate, but one of preparation.
The teas sold last week were prepared with the
tannin largely retained, so that they liquor like
Ceylons and Indians. To lovers of real China tea it
would seem that the difficulty they now experience
will bo made even greater, and the soft, delicate
flavour, hitherto its excellence, give place to rough,
dark liquoring leaf. — L. & C. Express, Dec. 11.

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

(From tlie H. ct- C. Mail, Dec. II.)

CHATTY NOTES ABOUT TEA AND
CINNAMON, COFFEE, B.C.

AFRICA, &c.

The Prospect or Too Much Tea. — Some of the
Indian and Ceylon papers are sounding a note
of alarm lest the cultivation of tea should be
overdone, and are expressing the view that China and
Japan will not remain content with the back seat
^he^y are forged to tahe as tea exporters. It is always

safe to preach caution, and a warning against the
exuberance which leads to unlimiled cultivation is
useful. The Globe, in re-echoing the advice thus
given, sounds a note of warning on its own account
which is in some respects a little too shrill. It says ;
‘•Enormous as is the world’s consumption of tea,
and largely as it is increasing, it seems to be a question
whether supply will not exceed demand before very
long. It is now very clearly demonstrated that the
shrub needs only certain conditions of soil and
climate to thrive and produce first-class leaves. It
is equally proved that the required conditions exist
in many parts of the world which have never gone
in for tea growing. In both South America and
South Africa initial experiments are said to have
been crowned with bi-illiant success, while Russia is
making a determined effort to supply her own require-
ments. At the same time, the outturns of Assam and
Ceylon steadily increase, in spite of the discourage-
ment afforded by lower prices. The Dutch East
Indies are also beginning to compete in eai’nest, and
there are some who believe that the industry would
flourish in Northern Queensland. It may be taken
for granted, too, that China will, before long, make
strenuous endeavours to regain her lost hold on ex-
ternal markets ; when the empire is opened
up by railways, the cost of transport to the
coast is bound to be largely reduced. All

present circumstances thus point to the like-
lihood of a continuous augmentation of production,
and unless consumption increases proportionately,
tea drinkers will have a better time than tea
growers. Happily, our Indian and Cingalese gar-
dens have achieved such high reputation that they
will enter into this competition with great advan-
tages in their favour. But they should spare no
exertion to cheapen cost without loss of quality.
We do not think that Indian and Ceylon tea
planters have much to fear from the threatened
competition in South America, Queensland, and
Russia. It is highly probable that Chinese and
Japanese tea groweis will make a strenuous effort
to regain lost ground and that they will try new
methods. This is a greater source of danger than
any other. Yet it is well to be wise in time.
There is a widespread notion that tea planting is
very profitable, and that there is no limit to
the demand for tea. It is very necessary,

therefore, to lay to heart advice as to the perils of
over-production, and the uses of economy in the cost
of cultivation and manufacture.

China and Tea Machinery. — ^We referred last week
to the effort which is being made in a small way
at present to manufacture tea in China in imitation
of the Indian and Ceylon methods. We now learn
that this movement is favoured by capitalists inter-
ested in the China tea trade, and that operations on
a larger scale will be undertaken by a syndicate.
Machinery has been imported for the purpose, and
great expectations are formed as to the advantages
that may accrue to the Chinese tea trade in conse-
quence. We have mentioned that in the absence of
patent laws the Chinese may endeavour to imitate
the British tea machinery thus imported, although
for the present and for some time to come the
chances of their being able to do this success —

fully will be very small. So long as the

experiment is controlled by British capitalists

inventors of tea machinery will not run much risk

in this direction. We should say that there is greater
danger to inventors of tea machinery from the imi-
tative skill of the Japanese. Should the Japanese
tea-growers use machinery in their manufacture

efforts will soon be made to tuin out a complete
native outfit. A ‘'tip” for machinery engineers is
given in a San Francisco telegram to the Neio YorTc
Herald. M. Oshina, technical director of the pro-
posed steel works in Japan, and four Japanese en-
gineers have arrived in that city on the steamer
“Rio de Janeiro’’ from Yokohama. They are on a
tour of inspection of the great steel works of America
and Europe, having in contemplation an order to buy
a plant costing approximately 2,000,000dols. They
have informed the Americans that they will buy where

524

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Feb. I, 1897.

they can get the best and the cheapest. The plant
when finished is to have a capacity of 100,000 tons.
It will be built in the coalfields of Southern Japan.
Both Martin and Bessemer steels are to be inanu-
factored. “ We want to put our country,” said Mr.
Oshina “where it properly belongs — in the van as a
manufacturing nation.”

Planting in Central Africa. — The Right Hon.
Lord Loch, g.c.b., formerly High Commissioner at
the Cape, presided on Tuesday night over a large
audience which assembled in the Whitehall Rooms
to hear a lecture delivered under the auspices of
the Royal Colonial Institute by Sir Harry H. John-
ston, K.C.B., British Administrator in Central Africa,
on England’s work in Central Africa. In the course
of his lecture Sir Harry Johnston said that at the
present day, while the whole of British Central
Africa, otherwise known as the British sphere of in-
fluence north of the Zambesi, was placed under a
Commissioner and Consul-General, only that portion
of it which was directly styled the British Central
African Protectorate was administered by the Impe-
rial Government through the said Commissioner, while
the remainder lay under the charter of the British
South Africa Company, and was administered by
that body. The growth of that administration had
merely kept pace with the increasing development and
prosperity of the Protectorate. In 1891, when they
commenced this direct administration, the total trade
of Great Britain with British Central Africa scarcely
reached the annual value of .£30,C0O. At the present
time the trade was over .£100,000 in value per annum,
the exports having risen from TiJ.OOO in 1891 to nearly
£20,000 in 1890, much of this being represented by
the coffee grown in the country. In 1891 the Euro-
peans in the British Central African Protectorate
scarcely exceeded ninety in number. They now
amounted to about 800, of whom about 100 were
connected with the planting industry. In 1891 the
total amount of coffee exported from British Central
Africa was tw'elve tons, whereas in 1896 no fewer than
320 tons had been exported, and the prices touched
by the recent samples had been almost the highest
in the market, viz., 113s per cwt. Tea was grown
to a slight extent and cinchona. Tobacco was ex-
tensively cultivated by one firm, who had started
a cigar manufactory. Cotton was grown on one or
two estates, and another company was developing
the various fibres, some of which were of consider-
able value.

The Quauteuly Sale of Cinnamon. — At the perio-
dical auction of cinnamon, the last of the series,
held last week, only 1,400 xiackages Ceylon, or barely
one-half the quantity put forward in November, 1895,
were included. A brisk demand prevailed from both
the home trade and exporters, so that the bulk of
the above supply was taken off at enhanced
rates. The medium and lower sorts realised id to
Id, and the finer and superior qualities 2d to 3d,
per lb. advance on the prices ruling on the August
sales, thus establishing the following range of quo-
tations : Ordinary t© fair firsts at lid to Is Id,
tine garden cinnamon at Is 4d, superior quill at
Is 6d to Is 7d, and very low at 8d to 9d; seconds
from lOJd to Is 2d, finest plantation at Is 5d, and
coarse at 7id to 8Jd ; thirds from 7d to Is Id, and
beat at Is 2d to Is 4d ; with fourths at 7*d, and
9Jd to Is per lb. The “unworked” portion went
at from 8d up to Is Id for the commonest to the
better kinds, with a few lots broken (in boxes) at
8id to 9^d.

The Blackwood Coffee Comi>.vny, Limited. — Mr.
Justice Chitty heard a petition last week asking the
Court to confirm lesolutions which had boon passed
for the reduction of the capital of this comxiany. The
company was formed in 1879 to cultivate coffee
estates in Ceylon. The nominal caxiital was £100,000,
divided into £5,000 shares of .£20 each ; 3,250 shares
had been issued, of which 3,140 were fully paid up,
the remainder (110) having been forfeited. .Shortly
after the incorporation of the company two estates

were purchased for .£58,000, but owing to the almost
entire failure of the coffee crop in Ceylon the culti-
vation had been discontinued, and the estates were
sold for £5,21*0 The directors estimated the present
value of the Blackwood estate at £15,000, and the
entire loss amounted to £37,800. 'This deficit it was
proposed to extinguish by writing off .£12 per share,
and as the company had capital in hand, far in
excess of its wants, it was proxiosed to return £2
per share. Resolutions had been passed for reducing
the capital of the company from £100,000, divided
into 5,000 shares of .£20 each, to £39,340, divided
into 4,890 shares of £6 each, such reduction to be
effected by (1) cancelling llO shares which had been
forfeited, (2) cancelling capital which had been lost
or was unrepresented by avail assets, to the ex-
tent of .£12 per share ou 3,140 shares, amounting
to £37,680, and (3) by returning to the shareholders
paid-up capital to the extent of £6,280, being at the
rate of £2 per share, which was in excess of the
lequirements of the company. Mr. Carson, who
apxieared for the company, having stated the above
facts, his lordship made an order sanctioning the re-
duction, and directed the company to use the words
‘‘ and reduced” after its name fora xieriod of one month.

^

THE INCREASE OF TEA GROWING.

Enormous as is the world's consumption of tea,
and largely as it is increasing, it seems to be a ques-
tion whether supply will not e.xceed demand before
very long. It is now very clearly demonstrated that
the shrub needs only certain conditions of soil and
climate to thrive and produce first-class leaves. It is
equally proved that the required conditions exist in
manj' parts of the world which have never gone in for
tea growing. In both South America and South Africa,
initial experiments are said to have been crowned with
brilliant success, while Russia is making a determined
effort to supply her oau requirements. At the same
time, the out-turns of Assam and Ceylon steadily
increase; in spite of the discouragement afforded by
lower prices. The Dutch Bast Indies are also be-
ginning to comxiete in earnest, and there are some
who believe that the industry would flourish in
Northern Queensland. It may be taken for granted
too, that China will, before long, make strenuous
endeavours to regain her lost hold on external mar-
kets ; when the Empire is opened up by railways,
the cost of transport to the coast is bound to be
largely reduced. All present circumstances thus point
to the likelihood of a continuous augmentation of pro-
duction ; and unless consumption increases propor-
tionately, tea drinkers will have a better time than
tea growers. Happily, our Indian and Cingalese gar-
dens have achieved such high reputation that they
will enteriuto this competition with great advantages
in their favour. But they should spare no exertion to
cheapen cost without loss of quality. — Globe, Dec. 8.

THE TEA TRADE IN RUSSIA.

Tea is the national drink par excellence iu Russia ;
it is as indispensable in the food of the people as
bread or meat, and is taken at all hours of the day.
In every town tea-houses are found where a large
glass of tea, with plenty of sugar in it, is provided
at a cost of from three halfpence to twopence half-
penny, according to the town and the position of
the customers frequenting these establishments. In
these circumstances it is only natural that the con-
sumption of tea in Russia attains enormous propor-
tions, and is yearly ou the increase. According to
the Journal dela Cliambre de Commerce de Gonstanti-
nople, Russia imported in 1894, through the port of
Odessa, 15,692,tXX) kilogrammes (kilogramme— 2,204 lbs)
of tea from China. Through the Custom-houses of
the Baltic large quantities of tea ore entered, chiefly
consigned to Moscow, or for local consumption, and
by the land customs of Eastern Siberia, about
20,000,000 kilogrammes of tea, representing a value of
about 50,000,000 roubosl, were imported. All the tea

Feb. I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

525

imported by way of Odoasa or other European fron-
tiers is leaf tea, but that coining into tlie country
via the Chinese frontier is chiefly tea in bricks of
different dimensions. These teas are consumed by
the nomads and the northern peasants, by reason of
their cheapness and the facilities of transport. The
customs duties on this kind of tea are much lower
than those on leaf tea. In the various retail shops
leaf tea is sold in packets weighing g, j, i, or 1 Rus-
sian pound at prices, varying according to quality,
from 80, copecks to 5 paper roubles the pound, but
as a rule sufficiently good tea may be purchased for
1. rouble 50 copecks to 2 roubles 50 copecks per pound.
Kussia e.xports annually a certain quantity of tea in
packets, prepared by the large importing houses of
Moscow, which are well-known throughout the whole
of Europe. By way of Odessa, 30,000 kilogrammes
were shipped m 1894 to the destination of Roumania,
Bulgaria, Turkey, and Austria-Hungary. About two
ears ago tea from Ceylon began to be iraporteil,
lit the quantity so far has been inconsiderable. —
Journal of the Society of Arts, Eov. 27.

COFFEE AND TEA IN MLANJE.

(From the African Planter, Nov. 1.)

We lately had a visit from the genial manager of
the African Lakes Co. who has been at Chinde and
returned via Mlanje. The Nyasaland Coffee Co. has
also had a visit from the Maudala Gardener.

Owing to che bush fires being early this year,
we have experienced great heat — the thermometer
rising to 90 deg. in the shade. This is also the
driest year on record in Mlanje, nearly two months
with only '27 in. of rain.

There is a splendid blossom in spike only want-
ing for sufficient rain to bring it out. I have seen
a blossom stand in spike two mouths at both high
and low elevations, and when the rain did come,
the lower estates’ blossom was burnt off at the
collar and fell to the ground ; the higher ones set
well, resulting in a fine crop.

Tea is decidedly a promising product in Mlanje
as we have tea bushes at three years old which
would equal if not surpass any I ever saw at either
a high or low elevation in Ceylon or India. The
bushes were topped about eight mouths ago and
regular flushes plucked about once a month or three
weeks ever since. It is equal in flavour to high
grown Indian and Ceylon and resembles verj'much
in aroiua the teas produced about Kandapola and
Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon, which fetch very high prices
in the London market. The Tea plant unlike our
coffee seems so far to have no enemies and flushes
freely all the year round, except during our winter
months, May, June and July, during which time
pruning should be done. It is satisfactory to know
that we have another string to our bow should King
Coffee (of course the better paying product of the
two) fail, by the importation of leaf disease or
otherwise.

Our coffee has been a good deal scorched by the
late drought in fact many trees have suffered from
sunstroke which I have not seen before in this
country, so I am now convinced that suitable light
lofty shade would not be out of place in some parts
of Nyasaland. I shall give you my experience and
opinion of shade in another paper.

«

TEA PLANTERS AND THEIR WORK.

Lahore et Scientia.

The popular conception of a tea-planter’s life is a
very hazy one. Those unacquainted with the true
facta of the case, and who judge from a mere cur-
sory glance of things, seen from the outside, imagine
the life to be one continual round of enjoyment.
To them it seems that all a planter has to do, is
to mount his horse or pony, ride round the garden,
if necessary swear at some of his coolies, and then
return to his bungalow ; have his beer or his peg.

and spend the rest of his day, either in playing
tennis or cards, or some other form of amusement.
* * ♦ »

The vocation of tea-planting is just as as important
a one as any other calling or profession in life,
and should not be undertaken lightly. Directors and
shareholders of tea companies at home are some-
times inclined to think that no educational outfit is
required by those entering tea. That no qualifica-
tions are necessary, and that any booby will manage
to get along, somehow or other, in the business.
The result is that occasionallj^ (thank goodness it is
not often), dolts, utterly unfitted for any other
calling in life, are pitch-forked into billets in tea. In-
fluential personages at home, with sons or w'ards
on their hands unable to pass the severe competi-
tive tests for entrance into any of the professions
or services, naturally turn with longing eyes to
farming and planting industries abroad. The tea
industry ia India and Ceylon looms before them as
a most desirable opening for their off-spring or
proteges, so all the influence they can bring to bear
on directors and shareholders is brought into play,
and an appointment eventually secured. If the
young men have received a sound general education,
and been subject to discipline in some good school,
they turn out well. But if they have been petted
and spoilt in their homes, allowed always to have
their own way, and work their own sweet wills, they
cannot but help proving failures. Tea-planting is
gradually but surely rising to the high level of a science.
'The c.all is now for young men with intellects
trained to habits of thought and observation — the
alumni of our colleges at home, who know by experi-
ence what study is, and who, when they join their
appointments out here, will conti ue to study one,
or more, of the branches of knowledge in which they
have already received a thorough grounding. This
is the class of men the tea industry wants from home.
Men who have received their preliminary training,
and who when they come out here, can at once catch
on to some particular branch of knowledge connected
with tea-planting and make of it a thorough study.
To such men there is a vast field open for research
and investigation. There is every opportunity for
them to make a name for themselves. The harvest
is great, but the scientific labourers are few at present.
The industry for her ordinary wants, such as merely
supervising the coolies, can obtain more than her
requirements in this country.

The body of young men in this country, available
for service on tea estates, are just as intelligent
and well educated as the majority of those sent out
from home, and equally good, if not better, in point of
physique. They have the further advantage of being
acclimatised, and knowing the people and the language
can make themselves useful at once. Although
they may possess no knowledge of tea at the first
start, they very soon pick up their work, and are
at home with their labourers. Not so the young men
fresh from home. They are, and feel themselves to
be strangers in a strange land. It takes them a long
time to get accustomed to the manners and customs
of the natives, and to settle down to their new life.
The remarks do not apply to the men who come out
as Meclianical Engineers. They are professional
men and can make themselves useful from the day
they first set foot upon a garden. As these men have
been trained to manual (combined with intellectual)
labour, so the planting industry requires men from
home trained to mental (combined with scientific)
study. Scientific men can, like their confreres the
engineers or the doctors, start work at once on one or
other of the special courses of studies they have
elected and decided to make a speciality of, in con-
nection with their general work on a tea estate.
Possessing a thorough knowledge of the principles of
the subjects they purpose making a special study of,
they know exactly what to do and how to set to work
to accomplish their purpose. The necessary
materials being at hand, they can start experi-
menting without delay, and altliough their
investigations will doubtless take time, beiig
naturally a laborious process, still they are doing

526

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. r, 1897.

olid good work for the advancement of the so much-
needed knowledge. Whatever works they initiate are
done with a purpose, and directly tend to fruit
bearing in due course. No haphazard sloveutly
methods are adopted, but the latest systems in vogue,
and the most recent discoveries of the scientists,
the world over, are employed in the analysis and
synthesis of the work in hand. For the outdoor i.e.,
garden work, men who have graduated in some
standard agricultural college, and have also made a
study of entomology are the class most needed ; for
factory work, men who h ive gone through a course
of study in the laboratories of well known chemists
and scientists, in which scientific e.xperiments have
been systematically carried on. It may be urged
that this class of men can always find ample con-
genial work at home and would not care to come
out to tea gardens. They certainly would not on
the meagre pittances at present apportioned to the
young men sent out. But if sufficient inducements
were held out doubtless advantage would be taken
of them. iMen who have received years of special
training and education at a heavy outlay, will

certainly not come out to this country on small

salaries. But to engage the services of such men,

at whatever cost, will repay the industry a hundred
fold in the future. The old and experienced

planters, whose services ai’e being dispensed with,
yearly to make room for the new importations
of raw j'ouths from home, would not have such
just reason to complain if the recruits were special-
ists but when they have to give away to young
sters, whose only recommendations are rich or in-
fluential relatives at home, their cup of woe is not
only filled to the brim, but runs over. The draught,
bitter enough at the best, is made all the more
poignant by the knowledge that their places are
being filled by others, who are not as competent as
themselves to fulfil even the most ordinary duties
on an estate; others, who cannot “hold a candle”
to them in respect to their abilities. The industry
undoubtedly suffers from the dismissal of old and
experienced hands. Introduce “fresh blood” by
all means, but not at the sacrifice of old and faithful
servanis, who have devoted their whole lives to the
cause, and who have been instnuneutal in bringing
up the industry to its present pitch of prosperity.
These men but require scientific men to help them,
and as in the past they have done their duty and
gradually worked up the industry to its present
greatness, so in the future, they will, with tlie assis-
tance of competent men, raise tea-planting to the
status of a science. The jjrogress will be from within,
and developed by the men iu the ranks themselves,
and although help from exterior sources will be
gladly welcomed, planters, as a body, will not need to
look to outsiders to advance their interests. Their
hands strengthened with the right stamp of men from
home, they will be in a position to cope with all diffi-
culties, surmount all obstacles, and build up the tea-
industry on a broad and solid foundation. — Indian
Planters’ Gazette, Dec 19.

BOTANICAL STAFF, CEYLON.

The Koyal Gardens, Kew, Bulletin of Mi,scel-
laneou.s Information. Ai)perulix III. 1896, has for
contents List of stall’s in Botanical Departments
at Home, and in India and the Colonies. For
Ceylon we quote : —

Ceylon. — Department of Boyal
Director
Curator
Clerk

Draughtsman
Superintendent
Clerk & Foreman
Conductor

Peradeuiya

Hakgala

Botanic Gardena ; —
♦.John C. Willis, m.a.
fHugh McMillan
J. Ferdinandus
W. de Alwis
tWilliam Nock
M. G. Perera

Henaratgoda Conductor S.dc. Silva, Arachchi

Anuradhapura ,, D. F. de Silva

Badulla „ D. A. Guneratne.

* Recommended by Kew. f Trained at Kew.

We are glad to see worthy Mr. Macmillan made
“ CtirQ.toj,”

THE TEA MARKET.

In the Tea market, though business at this
period of the year slackens down, prices rule at
so moderate a lange there seems no margin for
a further dro]> ; indeed, good li(iuoring Teas en-
courage competition. The inferior qualities from
all sources are in exce.ss. The machine-made
China Teas promise to make headwa}', and,
with a demand created, must interfere with the
Ceylon industry ; meanwhile, deliveries of the
latter for the twelve months show a marked
increase over 1895. — L. and C. Express, Dec. 18.

MARKET FOR TEA SHARES.

Thur.sday Evening, December 17, 1896.

A fair busine.ss continues in many of the Tea
companies’ shares, though the range of price is
a little lower, and the lines sold are not quite so
large. Many, how^ever, of the best rej)uted
shares still stand at high figures.

Mincing Lane has again gone a little easier for
the lower grades, but sales are now beginning to be
curtailed in quantity for the Christmas closing.
Calcutta advices by mail, just in, show further
increased absorption for Australia, Central Asia,
and other i)ort.s. — H. and C. Mail, Dec. 18.

PLANTING PROSPECTS.

HRITISII CKNTR.VL AFRICA.

At a meeting of the Royal Colonial Institute
on Tuesday, Sir Harry H. Johnston read a paper
on England’s work in Central Africa. The chair
was taken by Lord Loch. Sir Harry Johnston
said that the administration of British Central
Africa was begun in 1891, wben the total trade of
Great Britain with that part of the world scarcely
reached £39,000 annually. At the present time
it w'as over £100,000. The local revenue had
risen from £1,700 to £22,000. There was reason-
able hope th.at before long there would be a
continuous line of railway from the East Coast
of Africa to the lie.ilthy districts, where the
cotl'ee planters were establisheil. Besides coffee,
tea was grown to a sliglit extent and cinchona.
Tobacco was cultivated liy one linn ; cotton was
orown on one or two estates ; another linn was
developing various fibres ; and gold miners were
already busy in the western districts, where
gold was believed to be present in paying quanti-
ties. There were also several valuable deposits
of coal ; hematite iron was very abundant ; and
tlie forests alforded valuable timber, indiarubber,
and gum. A young planter going out to the
healthier portions of the protectorate ran no
more risk tlian he would in going to Brazil,
while he could start with infinitely less capital
and would find abundant and cheap native
labour. Sir 11. Johnston said he did not believe
in the eventual colonization of tropical Africa by
the white uiim.— London Times, Dec. 11.

PLANTING IN ; AND CLIMATE OF.

NYASSALAND.

Mr. J. \V. Moir’.s paper on the climate of
Nyassaland accepted for the British Association,
is promised to us for the Tropivul Agriculturist,
In a letter dated Edinburgh, 28th November,
Mr. Moir writes : —

“ Your Iropical Agriculturist I have taken
from its beginning, as Manager of the African
Lakes Corporation, and have found it most useful
and stimulating. It was a remark of one of your
contributors that started me on Agricultural.s
Chemistry. Now, I am spending my whole da y.^
analysing my own coffee soils,”

Feb. I, 1897.] THF TROPICAL AGRICULtURlST. 527

THE NAHAVILLA ESTATES 00., LTD.

REPORT OF DIRECTOR.?.

The following is the report of the directors
submitted at the annual meeting : —

The directors have the pleasure to submit their
annual report together with a statement of accounts
for the 5'ear ended 30th September 1896.

The coffee crop this last season has been a short
one as compared ;vith the harvest of 1894-5 and the
year’s protits have in a great measure been deli-
vered from tea, the output of which was 221,976 lb.
not reckoning some Mahapahagalla leaf sold in the
green state.

With the amount carried forward from last year
the profit and loss account shews a balance of
R42,216'78 at credit after paying an interim di-
vidend of 6 per cent and all expenses in connec-
tion with the conveyances of Mahapahagalla and Gal-
lella estates besides other legal outlays. The direc-
tors now recommend that a final dividend of 7
per cent (making 13 per cent for the year) be paid
which will absorb R27,330’00, and that the balance,
subject to director’s fees and an allowance for
Secretariat, be carried forward to season 1896-97.

During the past season some small addition has
been made to the area of Ury, and the acreage of
tea on that estate, has been largely extended, there
being now 478 acres under that product, against 311
acres this time last year.

Since the shareholders last met the purchase of Gal-
lella estate in Maturata has been concluded by the
directors. The price paid was £7,000 stg. ; and
particulars as to the acreage of the property are
given below.

It is thought, that the coming coffee harvest will
be better in the matter of quantity than that of
1895-96, and the output of tea will also, it is believed,
be larger.

The following is a definition of the Company’s pro-
perty as at present constituted.

d

d .

d

d

M

[ahap
gall a

'd

O

;z5

P

o

H

Tea in full bearing. .

195

177

170

320

862

Do partial Bear-

25

135

ing

78

32

• •

Do not in bearing

61

269

22

3

355

Coffee '

120

48

35

203

Forest

Cinchona, patana.

44

66

5

72

187

498

scrub, chena, &c. .

103

85

244

601

677

323

639

2240

Mr. W. Anderson

retires

by

rotation

from

the

board of directors, but is eligible for re-election. —
By order, George Steuart & Co.,

Agents and Secretaries.

Colombo, 8th December 1896.

the ratwatta cocoa company,

LIMITED.

An extraordinary general meeting of the
shareholders of this Company was held at the
(Queen’s Hotel, Kandy at 10-30 p.m. on Satur-
day. Present Messrs. Gordon Pyper (in the chair)
and E. JeflVies, Directors. Messrs. M. Athorpe,
J. A.. Burmester, T. B. Cahipbell and J. A.
McGillivray representing the Agents and Secre-
taries—By Attorney Cai)t. A. Burmester and
Mr. F. M. Mackwood, and by proxy Messrs. J.
11. Fairweather, A. G. Seton, S. P. Blackmore,
A. Collingwood Smail and G. J. Jameson.

Proposed by Mr. Gordon Pyper, seconded by
Mr. M. Athorpe and carried unanimously.

1. That the share capital of the Company be
and the same is hereby increased from 11150,000
to 11200,000 by the creation of 100 new sliares of
Koto each.

2. Tliat the remaining uncultivated area of
the Estate (400 acres) be planted up with Tea —

The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to
the chair.

CINCHONA CULTIVATION IN INDIA.

Thfi report on the plantations in Bengal slates
that the capital cost of the plantations has long since
been paid off, and that the sole object of the Govern-
ment is now to secure for the people of India a
cheap remedy for fever without loss. The whole of
last year’s crop, amounting to 467,190 lbs. of bark
has been made over to the quinine factory, with the
exception of small quantities supplied to medical
depots or sold to Government institutions ; and
170,000 lbs. has been bought from various tea Com-
panies in Darjeeling. The factory has produced 9,004
lbs. of quinine sulphate, and 3,124 lbs. of cinchona,
febrifuge. There has been an increase of 2,725 lbs.
on the issue of quinine sulphate, partly owing to the
demand for pice packets to be sold through the post
office, and partly to the demand in connection with the
Chitral expedition. The stock of quinine sulphate at
the end of the j^ear was 2357 lbs., and that of fabri-
fuge 7-J8 lbs. The scheme for the sale of quinine
through the post offiee department makes
steady progress, and the demand is increasing with
such rapidity that it has been necessary to limit the
sales in Bengal and Assam, and to discontinue the
supply to other provinces. As a further satisfactory
result of the operations, it appears from the Sanitary
Commissioner’s report that there is s. general
correspondence between fever mortality and the
demand for quinine. The severe drought of last year
has had a very damaging effect upon the young
seedings intended for extending the plantations, but,
on the whole, the Lieutenant-Governor considers
the results obtained to be entirely satisfactory.—
Planters' Gazette, Dec. 1.

^

CEYLON AN’D INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA.

“ A new Tea Company called the Marzapoura
Tea Company, has lately started in New York,
Brooklyn and surrounding towns. They have
ladies canvassing from house to house, and are
advertising extensively with papers, have large
board signs in every elevated railway carriage
(soine 70U in number) large posters at railway
stations, a tea room at one theatre, and have
rented a room for ?1,800 in a principal street,
which they arc to open as a ladies’ tea room, after
the fashion of similar rooms in London. All this
means expenditure of a deal of money on behalf
of Ceylon and Indian tea, since it is these they

sell.”

De gustihus non est clisputandum.

It is often dillicult to decide which is the better
of two articles Avliich depend for their value to a
great extent on habit, faith, and individual opinion.

A chemical test may determine which of the
two has the most icholcsomc ingredients, as tvholc-
someness- goes this vear or this decade, but the
fickleness of medical authority is proverbial.

Then, analysis may show that the component
parts of one ai tide are, at the present moment,
standing at a liigher price in the market than
those of the other. But next year’s harvest may
reverse the jiosition.

When we find, however, that an article which
has had po.ssession of the field for generations is
being rapidly driven out of all civilized countries
by a young and uiorQ expensive rival, we may

528

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

reasonably conclude, that some Merit has been
discovered in the new article, which M as aM-anting
in the old.

A signal instance of unanimity of public juilg-
nient is the gradual disappearance of the old te.as
of China, before their young rivals from Ceylon
and India. Inherently there is great similarity
in the analysis of those teas. I>ut the methods 0/
manufacture make all the difference. The old
teas of ancient nations are made by hand
processes in the unclean hovels of Mongolians.

Mark the contrast. The modern teas of M’hite
Capitalists are made by machinery in airy, clean
and MODERN FACTORIES. W. McK.

♦

HARD LABOUR IN THE TROPICS.

The scene is a lovely tropical Isle, about M’hich
Poets and Travellers have raved through many
volumes. The time is early morn, when the
first rays of the sun are seen in the East, shoot-
ing far up athwart the gray sky, heralding
the speedy approach of tiie Cod of Day, Mdiile
tOM'ards the West, the stars are still shining.
For in this latitude, DaMoi and tM’ilight are
short — the change from darkness to brilliant sun-
shine in the morning, and the reversal of the
order in the evening, being matters of only a
a feM’ minutes. These rapid changes, too, occur
at almost the same hours throughout the year,
say from 5-45 to 6 a.m and again between G
and 6-15 p.m. — the length of tire day being
always 12 hours.

All nature aM’akes suddenly. In the jungle
the birds are singings in the marshes the toads
are croaking. Round the huts of the natives,
dogs are barking and roosters are eroM’ing.

The rat-a-tat, rat-a-tat of a tom-tom drum
•is being beaten to summon native M'orkmen to
their muster ground and they can be seen tighten-
ing up the long ends of their many colored
cotton garments, as they M’alk along by the
devious roads, M’hich starting from the lines or
villages where they live, converge towards the
factory. They are of both sexes and of all
ages from 6 to 60. In truth, I might say from
3 months to 60 years, as many of the mothers
carry babies in their arms ; while beside fathers
and mothers, trot several infants naked as M’hen
to earth they came.

Wlien mustered and counted, they are sent in
gangs to difterent parts of the plantation. The
men, peiadventure, go pruning ; or armed with
croM’bars and shovels, go clearing fresh land,
cutting roads or digging holes lor plants, or a
new field opened, for the further extension of
the cultivated area.

The women and children are sent to light work,
such as pulling Aveeds or gathering crop from
one or the other of the many plants, cotton, codec,
cocoa, or tea, which grow luxuriantly in these
happy Isles. Headmen or overseers accomi»any
the laborers in the proportion of about one to
twenty. Besides the cotton garments worn by
all, tiiese petty chieftains generally Mcar a coat
of some thick M’oollen material— often an old one
of masters— the owner of the ])lantation— and
they invariably carry umbrellas. If an umbrella
covered with a brilliantly red cover, to obtain
Mhich is the acme of his ambition, cannot be
lirocnred, then the headman or “kangany” as he
calls himself must be content M’ith a black or
white one — but an umlnella there must be ; and
one often meets several kanganies M’alking Avith
tU«ir ulubrellas open long after the sun has gone

down, protecting their dusky countenances from
the light of a misty fickle moon, or an un-
lucky star. Vanity, as expressed in parti-colored
sun shades, is not peculiar to Avomeu.

Arrived at the lield of operations, one laborer
is told off to each row of shrubs to i)iune, pluck or
Avhatever the Avork may be. Among them are many
good singers — as they judge singing. One of such
is told by the Cangany to “ strike up.” Then
folloAvs Avhat Ave all liave heard in more ad-
vanced gatherings. He or she pleads a cough,
or inability to sing, or the lack of any incidents
Avorthy of song. For your natiA-e, in this ca.se,
improvises as he goes along, and does it, too,
very cleverly. After the usual badinage he does
“ strike up,” sometimes a chant Avhich all knoAv,
Avith a chorus, Avhich all join in ; sometimes a
verse Avhich is responded to by another, Avhen
the song take the shape of a duet. Or the
singer improvises, and touches in rhythm of
measured length or cadence on such events as
their simple life supplies — the goodness or other-
Avise of their curry— flirtations of Ramon Avith
Letchemie— the glances which Sadion Avas seen
to throAv at Salachy, during the absence of the
latter’s husband Coropin — or the doings of the
Cangany or Master, for even the follies of their
white employer arc fearlessly .shot at by these
fun loving rogues-

A wise employer ahv.ays encourages this sing-
ing, as Avhile it goes on, aU the laborers, even
Avhen joining in a chorus diligently attend to
their Avork. On the other hand, when no one
sings, chattering, dialling, arguing and laughing
are incessant, and work is less carefully done.

About mid-day, there is a halt, and the crop
gathered by each laborer is Aveighed, counted or
measured. In the illustration photo you sent
me. Master has come, and is aAvaiting the •
arrival of carts M’hich are to carry the produce
from the basket to the factory. The pluckors
have gathered around him, and are sitting
examining their baskets lest any foreign sub-
stance, or portion of branch, or even loo coarse
a leaf, may have found its Avay into them.

Even these children of the sun feel the heat
at noon on a sultry day, and are grateful for
the rest this halt gives them. At this hour, too,
many of them take “ a snack” — the simple lunch
they affect being brought to them by children
or friends from the villages, or, as is often the
case, having been brought out by themselves in
the morning, carefully rolled up in a banana leaf
or a handkerchief.

Then to Avork again till 4 p.m. Avhen a horn
is bloAvn Avith a note as lugubrious as that of
an Atlantic steamer during a fog, as a signal
that Avork is over for the day. The gangs are
again mustered and counted, and the day’s AVork
checked. As soon as dismissed, aAvay they all
rush singing and shouting, chaffing and chasing
each other. Old and young, they are all as
happy, because as thouyhHess and iinpi'ovident,
as kittens or puppies at I'lay.

Bless them 1 they care nothing for politics or
stocks; Avinter and Avant are unknoAvn to them,
they have free houses, fuel costs them nothing,
and tAvo cents Avorth of oil gives them all the
light they Avant for a month. They can dress
extravagantly on tAvo dollars a year, the tax
collector ncAer visits them, Tammany ncA’er
scpieezes them, and Avhen ill, doctors, medicine
and food are supplied gratis.

These labourers are absolutely free, and can
leaA'c their employer Avithout notice, if theU’
ivages are 24 hours overdue.

Feb, I, 1897.)

thp: tropical agriculturist

529

They work only three or four clays a v/eek,
for though the employer is obliged by law to liud
them work, or at all events, pay them, should
they desire to work six days, they never do de-
sire it. Even when crop is ripe and all hands
are needed, it is useless to appeal to them to
“turn out” one extra day. No 1 their few wants
can be supplied l>y four days’ work, and their
philosopliy inculcates no work not actually
necessary. As for “next year,” or a “rainy
day,” “well, ‘Sammie poorium,’ or ‘ the Lord
may provide ! ’ but, we ‘ count not our troubles
before they come,”

This picture is one of a Ceylon tea plantation
and from such leaf as is observable in the bask-
ets above, is made by wiac/ifuccv/ the famous new
and pure teas of Ceylon and India, which have
supplanted the coloured and adulterated hand-
made teas of China and Japan, in nearly all the
tea markets of the world. W.McK.

“Hard Labour in the Tropics” is an answer
to assertions made in U.S.A. that coolies are
slaves.

WHEAT:— INDIA’S SCARCITY— AMERICA'S

OPPORTUNITY.

The rapid rise in the price of wheat has come
as a surprise, as well as a blessing, to the
thousands of western farmers, who have been
struggling for years against dwindling prices,
and who were told by Bryan and other silver
blatherskites that no rise of any consecjuence
was possible until silver was placed on a par
with gold. Or in other words, until these
honorable gentlemen were empowered by Law
to pay their household bills of iflOO.OO with
$60.00.

Short crops in Europe, locusts in the Argen-
tine and drought in Australia, have all helped
to stimulate the upward trend of prices of grain.
But the chief factor has undoubtedly been the
dry weather anfl water famine in the Northern,
Midille and Western Provinces of India. From
being an exporting country, India has sudden-
ly and unexpectedly become an importer of
wheat. ' True, the imports have not as yet been
large, and it is to be devoutly hoped they will
not become so ; — as that would mean that
famine, with all its dire consequences, had
overtaken its peaceful and industrious popula-
tions of an ancient and interesting country.

To us, good Americans, who aie in the h.abit
of regarding the west as the most marvellous
portion of the Earth, the word India is as
Mesopotamia. We think of it only as a vast
country which good old “John Bull” has ex-
ploited to his own advantage, rather than for
the good of the teeming millions of many Races
and Religions who inhabit it. “ John’s” bold
and adventurous seadogs, who pursued the Spa-
nish, French and Dutch explorers into all
parts of the new Continents and Islands dis-
covered in the 16th and 17th Centuries, and
by dint of hard knocks, marauding and pri-
vateering, generally succeeded in reaping
where others had sown, have left him a legacy
of a bad name, which bis many good
deeds since, have failed to eradicate.

But let us think fora moment of what “John”
has done in India. Unless it be the astonishing
one of his own recent success in Egypt, with
administrators trained in India, we douob if the
history of the world cm furnish a similar in-
stance of improvement in the internal Govern-
ment of a nation.

A hundred and twenty years ago, India, far
from being a homogeneous nation, as the one
name for all of it would imply, contained as many
different countries, rulers, races and religions, as
our great republic has states. The nations were
constantly at war with each other :— the robu.st
and Wailike tribes of the North-west and moun-
atinousj regions, annually devastated some por-
tions of the great plains and fertile valleys of the
Indus and Ganges, whose lazy, cowardly and
cringing inhabitants seldom offered any resis-
tance. Besides these, what might be called —
invasions by neighbouring nations— bands of well
armed robbers called Dacoits, roamed at will
over the continent of India, burning, pillaging
and ravaging without check or restraint.

At that time “John” or “.John Company”
as he was called, was a peaceful trader in Cal-
cutta. To defend himself from a repetition of
the awful tragedy of the Black Hole of Calcutta,
he had to arm some defendants and to fortify
some territory beyond the walls of that city.
From this small beginning, “John” was liter-
ally forced in self-defence by the incessant attacks
of barbarous neighbours on his everwidening
frontiers, to annex and occupy province after
province, until his strong but peaceful sway has
made life and property safer in a vast region
containing 300,000,600 of people, than they are
now, in our United States.

This population too has doubled during the
last 100 years, and there seems to be no
limit to lbs extension. Before the reign of
“John,” internal wars, consequent famines, with
their never failing attendants. Cholera and Pesti-
lence, kept down the i)opulation. By roads, canals
and railways, besides suppressing wars and Jacob
try, “John” has to a great extent put an
end to famines.

When rains fail and crops are short, relief
works are started, wells are dug, and food is
purchased and poured inco the threatened pro-
vince. Pestilence is combated by science, for
doctors, dispensaries and hospitals abound. The
consequence is that population increases with tro-
liical rapidity.

Without the aid of immigration, the increase
is actually, not comparatively greater than that
of the United States. And When the last trum-
pet sounds, and “John” is asked, “What of
thy brother?” he can point to the vast increase
of a native race under his sway. But what an-
swer have we to give as regards the Red man,
the Spanish of the Mexicans, or the Australians
of their dusky predecessors ?

As already indicated, it is in the northern
middle and north-western provinces of India that
wheat is the staple food. Rice is the mainstay
of the Ijast, Central and Southern Provinces,
known .as Madras and Travancore. In the north-
east provinces it has been many years since the
government has been called upon to find food
and work for the people because of famine.

The Indigo lields employ many ; numerous
factories are working with large gangs of natives*
.and the Tea In lustry which has sprung up lik •
a Gigantic Exhalation gives work to 1’iumlreds
of thousands of laborers from the congested dis-
tricts. To give some idea of the strides made by
tea, it will be enough t.) say, that where India
a few years ago impurte l tea from China, it now
not only supplies its own wants but will export
about 150,000,000 ])ounds ihis year.

In Southern Imlia actu.al famine is rare, as
is a very ancient, extensive and elaborate
system of irrigation. Thg people of Southern

530

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

India called Tamils, ai'o Industrious and enter-
prising. When long drought brings the pinch of
scarcity miori them, they .swarm in hundreds of
thousands across lo the little Island of Ceylon,
ancient Lanka. There, they hnd relief and plenty
of work, on the nourishing Tea Gardens.

Perhap.s no industry ever grew so rapidly as that
of lea in Ceylon. Fourteen years ago, the
export was 1,000,009 iiounds, this year it will
reach 105,000,000 pounds. The Teas of India and
Ceylon have only recently been brought to the
notice of the American jmblic, but ther superior
strength, purity and flavour are already making
them household dainties.

Americans are great travellers, but only a few
penetrate as far as India, yet that country would
well repay a visit, and we would advise all who
go there, first to read the glowing pages of Mac.au-
ay’s Essays on Clive and Warren Hastings, India’s
ancient civilization, its temples, its grand ruins at
Delhi, Lucknow, Benares and a hundred other
places and the Taj at Agra, the “ glory of the
world” would all teach us to be less boastful of
our hideous twenty storied modern iron structures.

A RECENT SOJOURNER IN INDIA.

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

(From the H. tO C, Mail, Dec. 18.)

A Te.\ Deai.er’s View of Indian Tea Piiospects. —
It is not often that tea dealers are sympathetic with
tea growers, or show any disposition to weep tear
for tear with them. The following note on Indian
tea prospects issued by Messrs. Brooke, Bond and
Co. is interesting, not only on account of its review
of the position generally and its fervent advocacy of
British-grown teas, but also by reason of its appre-
ciation of some of the difficulties which attend the
planter. The following is the note referred to: “The
Government figures show that the British people
drank more tea in the last financial year than in
any previous twelve months ; and in these days of
foreign competition it is gratifying to know that
though thirty years ago all our tea came from China,
very nearly all we consume nowadays is grown on
the British soils of India and Ceylon. It is hardly
ossible to think of India just now without being
epressed by the appalling famine which has so
sorely smitten that densely-populated Empire. Though
our Government can and will save the lives of
many millions who would otherwise perish, it will
be impossible to prevent the awful misery of stir-
vation, extending over many months, with resulting
life-long weakness. Though the famine will not ap-
preciably affect the quality or quantity of Indian tea,
it is indirectly a disaster to the British planter, for
the doubling of the price of rice means nearly doubl-
ing the cost of cultivating his crop. Under every
contract between the tea garden coolie and his em-
ployer the latter is bound by the Government to
provide for staple food — rice — which the coolie may
require for his family at a price not exceeding a
certain normal limit. If rice is cheaper, the cun-
ning coolie can buy his rice elsewhere, but so soon
as the market price touches the stipulated limit he
and his family flock to their master’s granary and
demand all they want at a price which already in
this famine is but half that which the planter has to
pay. Fortunately the drought has come too late to
lessen the new season’s growth of leaf in the Indian
gardens, so the tea-loving English public will get
their tea at the same price as usual. As to
the general quality of this year’s output, it may
be classed as ‘ average,’ and whilst ’Dli will not
be known as a ‘ vintage year’ in tea, the leaf this sea-
son is very good. Uufortunately the excessive rain-
fall in England early in the autumn has not improved
the tea-making properties of tho water now being
supplied to our northern towns, but if the British
boase-wife will only buy teas of universally good

repute, and will make her tea carefully, she will
have every reason to be satisfied with this season’s
infusion of her favourite leaf.”

The Wonderful Caucasus. — The Caucasus seems
the modern Land of Promise. Not only is tea culti-
vation the subject of great expectations, but M.
Rotovosky, a well-known Russian botanist, has just
published a report on the medicinal plants in the
Caucasus. During last year he carried out experi-
ments in the cultivation of these essential oil
plants, and at the same time investigated the Cauca-
sian flora. He discovered about 100 varieties of medi-
cinal plants. The satisfactory results of his inves-
tigations have induced the Russian Government to
cultivate the castor-oil plant in the Caucasus, with
the view of providi)ig Russian firms with large
quantities of this drug. M. Rotovosky has been
appointed to superintend this undertaking.

Coffee Planting in Central Africa. — In our
reference last week to Sir Harry H. Johnston’s
paper on Central Africa and planting operations
there we mentioned his reference to the development
of the coffee planting industry. The British ad-
ministrator, in the course of his paper, read an ex-
tract from the report of a well-known firm of colonial
brokers to an industrial mission in Central Africa,
which especially concerns itself with the spread of
coffee-planting amongst the natives. This report
says : “ With reference to the shipment of thirty-
four bags of Nyasaland coffee just arrived, we have
carefully examined the samples, and the quality of
the coffee reminds us of high-grown Ceylon coffee in
its palmy days. It is a good, bold plantation bean
of rather open character, well prepared and dried,
and from its stylish appearance would always com-
mand a ready sale, being well liked by both home
trade and export buyers. It is singular that al-
though every effort is being made all over the world
in coffee-growing districts to produce fine quality,
it is quite the exception such a result as yours is
obtained. The two bags of peaberry that realised today
107s per cwt. would fetch 115s in larger quantities of
fifteen to twenty bags and upwards. The same re-
mark applies to a certain extent to the other small
lots. ‘‘A reference,” said Sir Harry .Johnston in his
paper, “ is made in this quoted opinion to Ceylon
coffee. It has been a great satisfaction to me to
note the interest taken in our Protectorate by the
Ceylon planters, who very soon made inquiries about
our country, and two years ago established a strong
Ceylon company, the Nyasaland Coffee Compan}’,
which is now busily planting in the Mlanje district
of our Protectorate.”

The Planting Outlook in Java. — The crop pros-
pects do not appear to be bright in Java. Drought
is complained of, and the outlook for produce gene-
rally is not encouraging.

The Planting Operations of the British North
Borneo Company. — At the half-yearly meeting of the
British North Borneo Company, held on Tuesday,
the chairman (Mr. R. Biddulph Martin), referring
to the planting operations of the company, said
that arrangements were now being made to culti-
vate on a large scale ramie, for which it was be-
lieved there would be a practically unlimited market.
The syndicate interested in that matter had already
engaged a manager, who would shortly proceed to
Borneo. The growth of indiarubber would, he
hoped, also receive attention. This was a product
which was in increasing demand, and could only
be cultivated in certain parts of the world. The
result of the tobacco-planting operations of 1895
had been, generally speaking, highly satisfactory,
and the prospects were most encouraging. Then
they had a syndicate engaged in the manufacture of
catch, and they heard that it was doubling its plant
in their territory. In reviewing the present position
0 f the company as compared with former years,
he could not help being struck with the marked im-
provonieut that had taken place. The constant do-

Feb. I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

531

ficit shown in the earlier years between the revenue
and expenditure, amounting to £62,000 in the first
ear, was gradually diminished until in 1895 the
alance was for the first time on the right side.
The amount of that credit balance was more tlian
doubled in the first hall of the current year, and
if their surplus continued to increase from year
to year as rapidly as the deficits were reduced
they would not have much to complain of in an-
other ten years. The volume of trade in the country
was what they had to look to in order to find out
their real position and prospects, and w'ith this they
had cause for satisfaction. In 1895 the imports w’ere

1.663.000 dols and the exports 2,130,000 dols, while for
the first six months of 1896 the imports were

898.000 dols and the exports 1,850,000 dols, which was
a very large increase. He believed they had now
not only turned the corner, but had made good pro-
gress in the right direction.

A Suggestion to West Indian Tlanters.— Mr.
Thos. T. P. Bruce Warren, of the Indiarubber,
Guttapercha, and Telegraph Company, Silvertown,
suggests that the West Indian planters should
cultivate Indiarubber, He says ; “ I have no hesita-
tion in saying that the West India Islands are well
situated, geographically, for the cultivation of india-
rubber of good quality, and, looking at the fact that
our supply is diminishing, I think that our Govern-
ment may assist the West India planter with seeds
or saplings of different varieties or species, to find out
what plant will be best suited for the soil and climatic
conditions, and, what is of equal importance, what
plants can be depended on to yield a profitable
product as soon after planting as possible. Arbore-
scent plants, as a rule, yield better qualities of
rubber, but, of course, must stand a few years before
being tapped; vines and creepers reach maturity
sooner for yielding, and, although the quality is
inferior, it is far more encouraging to a planter to
obtain a commercial status for his product than to
place the whole of his venture on more ambitious
hopes. It is not unreasonable to try plantations of
plants yielding indiarubber quite equal in quality to
what we get from Central America, or even Brazil.
An inspection of the map will show that they are in
the same physical zone, and, being so near to the
American coasts, there is a fair prospect of success ;
but, of course, a few years will be required before a
tree can be freely tapped.”

INDIARUBBER IN AFRICA.

THE LANDOLPHI.\ VINE AND THE LAGOS-BUBBEB TBEE.

Sib, — I have read, as I am sure many West-Coasters
will have read, with great interest your article in
the Spectatoi- of November 14th on india-Rubber, and
I should much like to ask the learned writer thereof
if something might not be done to reinstate the
rubber-vines in those West African districts wheie
the wasteful way in which the natives have collected
it has stamped the trade out, and whether this re-
instating might not be effected by the judicious
felling of timber at a slight expense, because, if done
judiciously, the timber felled would be of value and
help to pay expenses. From what I have seen of
the rich rubber districts of Western Africa stamping-
out of rubber in a district arises primarily from
the native pulling down every rubber-vine he sees
and cutting it up into small pieces with a view to
putting those pieces round a fire and running the
rubber into a calabash ; or, when the vines are too
strong for him to do this, making murderous wounds
on them with his machete ; secondarily, it arises from
the very trying habits of the Landolphia in insisting
on starting life from a seed — it will not send out
side branches if its top is cut off, and it will not
send up shoots from its roots. Now in dense African
forests the chances of seeds are few and far between.
They fall upon the ground 150 ft. or 200 ft. below
the region whereon the sunshine and the rain plays.
You may go for months through the great Forest
Jlelt of Africa in a grim twilight gloom, seeing

nothing day out and day in but countless thousands
of bare grey tree-stems festooned with great bush-
ropes twined and twisted round each other and round
the tree-columns, as bare of foliage as a ship’s wire
rigging, and looking like some Homeric battle of
serpents arrested at its height by a magic spell. If
your way takes you on to a mountain-top and you
look down on the country you have traversed you
can hardly recognise it in the wild, luxuriant mass
of beauty, redolent in colour and perfume, that
stretches before you, the top of the forest; but if
you keep on the level ground you will come now and
again to an oasis of new life where one of the forest
giants having grown above his fellows and so given
the tornado a grip on him, has been destroyed. He
has been cast by the tornado wind a wreck to rot,
or turned in a second from a glorious living thing
into a seared skeleton by the tornado’s lightnings.
If you will carefully examine such an oasis of new
life, caused by the sunlight and rain reaching the
ground instead of the top of the forest, you will
see thousands of young plants coming up, and
among the medley you will, I think I may say,
always see young rubber-vines. A very few
of these vines will ultimately survive; only those, in
fact, which by their wonderful hook-tackle arrange-
ments have gripped on to the two or three sap-
lings of great forest trees which are destined to
W'in in the race for life with their neighbours, and
take the place of the great fallen monarch tree
and those round him which have been wrecked by
his fall. Of course, to carry out clearings in West
African forests means the institution of a Forestry
Deiiartment like that of India, and this for trade
purposes is not immediately required ; for the
quantity of rubber in West Africa is enormous.
The Kicksia, the Lagos rubber-tree that has been
brought so profitably forward by Sir Alfred Maloney
and Sir Gilbert Carter of Lagos, is by no means
confined to Lagos. It grows in great luxuriance all
along the South-West Coast; but at present the
African does not know it is a rubber-tree down
there, and confines his attention to the vines, to Lan-
dolphia Owariensis, from which he gets the high
quality rubber ; to Landolphia florida, from which
ire gets flake rubber ; and to five other bush-ropes,
from which he gets a sap which is not true rubber
at all, but which he uses, with many other things,
to adulterate his rubber with, to the end of mak-
ing it heavier, because it is bought of him by weight,
and it is his nature to adulterate everything that pas-
ses through his hands. A Forestry Department is, how-
ever, a great need in those portions of the West
African Coast that fringe the Western Soudan, like the
Gold, Ivory, and Slave Coasts. The forests here are only
fringing forests between the Sea of Sand, the Sahara,
and the Salt Sea, or the Bight of Benn, and are in
danger of being destroyed by the native, in his ter-
ribly destructive way of making his farm, — clearing a
patch of bush, cultivating it for a season, then letting
it go into a worthless jungle ; and clearing another
patch. Such disforested regions you will find round
Accra and the Elmina Plain ; and in those regions of
this disforested land most remote from the Forest it is
almost impossible now for the native to make a plan-
tation whose yield is sufficient for his needs, because
the destruction of the forests diminishes the rainfall, —
for example, the rainfall at Accra is about 45 inches per
annum, and this is not sufficient to support a luxurious
food-producing vegetation in a tropical district sub-
jected to a long dry season and the intensely drying
action of the wind from the Sahara, and if the destruc-
tion of the forests is allowed to go on at its present
rate for a few more years, we shall find ourselves facing
famine in West Africa. The South-West Coast, which
commences at Cameroon, is under different climatic
conditions. Cameroons, with its volcanic island series
of Fernando Po, San Thome, and Principe, has an in-
finitely richer soil and heavy and evenly-distributed
rainfall ; below Cameroons you are in the region of
double seasons, two wet and two dry, until you reach
Congo ; and in this double-season region the growth
of vegetation is so rapid that the native has to fight
back the forest as a Dutchman fights the sea, and

532

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

moreover the mass of the South-West Coast natives are
not so much depemtent ou plantations as those of the
W'est Coast, for they are nomadic hunters. I see you
notice the German efforts to improve the producing
power of Cameroons, and I should like to add that the
French Government in Congo Frainjaise are etjually
active, and among other things have encouraged the
planting of the para-rubber tree, which flourishes ex-
ceedingly.— I am. Sir, etc., M. H. Kinusley.

100 Addison Road, Kensington, W.

— Spectator, Dec. 12.

THE WEST INDIA SUGAR INDUSTRY.

We are officially informed that General Sir
Henry Wylie Norman, Sir Edward Grey, and
Sir David ’ Barbour have been a))pointed to be
Commissioners “to inquire into the conditions
and prospects of the West India sugar-growing
Islands”— not, be it observed, .solely into the
conditions and prosi)Ccts of the cane s>igar in-
dustry. The wording ot this communication is
not (^uite clear. British Guiana, which is the seat
ot a larger sugar industry than any of our jios-
sessions in the Western Tropics, is not one of
the West India Islands, though a Secretary of
State at one time thought that it was, and thus
described it in a Desi)atch. It is contrary to
common sense to supi>ose that this Colony is to
be excluded from the scope of the investigations of
the Commission, for it is the best, if not the last,
stronghold of the West Indian planter'. Nor is it
inquiry, we appi'ehend, to be limited to the “ Y est
India sugar-growing Islands,” for, with the conspi-
cuous exceptions of drinidail, Barbados, .Jamaica,
and one or two others there are several i.- lands
where the cultivation of sugar for export has
practically ceased. What we umlerstand the
Colonial Office to mean is that the Commis.sion
is to inquire into the economic conditions and
prospects of all the West India Colonies, whetlier
island or mainland, and whether sugar culti-
vators still light for life or have given up the
struggle. It is admirably constituted for its task.
If we were asked to describe it negatively, we
should say that it is decidedly not a planter’s
Commission. If its composition is analysed, it
will be seen that there is little hope for the belief
that was entertained in some quarters th.at the
Commission would be more favourably disjiosed
towards the planters than to any other class of
We.st Indian pioducer. It is a thoroughly im-
partial body. General Sir Henry Norman was
Governor of Jamaica from 1888 until he was sent
to Queensland in 1889. In other words, he was
at the head of an important West Indian Colony
diirin" years of crisis in the sugar industry, when
Jamaica w'as compelled to seek other outlets for
productive energy than in the cane lields. I hanks
in some measure to him, though more to neces-
sitY— the fruitful mother of new enterprises.
Jamaica has succeeded fairly well in keeping' out
of bankruptcy. Sir Edward Grey I'/is »» '^est
Indian experience that we can recall, but he is
an able man, with much business faculty, and
will doubtless lind the I.slands a pleasant place
for a Winter holiday. Sir Edward Barbour is a
distimniished Imliail 'Preasury official, who lately
served on the Commission on the Eii.ai.cial Rela-
tions between Great Britain and Ireland. We shall
be surprised if he does not iliscovcr that the West
India Colonies are wastefully governed and that
drastic economies can be effected and inequalities of
taxation redressed. With the coolie question Sir
David Barbour, of course, will be jiarticularly
Pitted to deal. We note that the Commission
is to have the exiiert help of Mr. Daniel Morris,

the Assistant Director of the Royal Gardens at
Kcw. Mr. Morris graduated as a botani.st in tlie
West Indies, and there is not, perhaps, another
man available who jiossesses his wide knowledge
of the commercial uses to which the vegetable
wealth of these Colonies might be put, weie
capital and energy forthcoming. it is evident
from the constitution of the Commis.sion that
what the Colonial Office has in mind is a general
and all round development of the.se neglected
Colonies, many of which are, for the most part,
beautiful primeval wilds. If it can also inci-
dentally assist the sugar planters to continue to
hold their own, it will be a useful service.
— Standard, Dec. 19.

<,

RUBBER PLANTS AND THE CYCLE
TRADE.

At the meeting of the Royal Botanic Society
at Regent’s Park on Saturday three new Fellows
were elected — Mr. H. S. Clutton, Mrs. W.
Hern, and Mrs. Twdney. An interesting collec-
tion of indiarubber-producing plants grown in.
the gardens was shown by the secretary, Mr.
Sow'orby. There are about a dozen varieties of
the plant from which rubber is produced for
commercial purposes, and sjiecial importance is
given to the subject by the large consumption
of rubber for cycle tyres, whicli has caused the
price to increase sometliing like *2s. a pound
within the last few years. The jirice would
have gone still higher but for the discovery in
Central Africa of several species of Itnulolphia
a climbing rubber plant which is likely to pro-
vide the great reserve su])])ly for future use.
Several specimens of landolphia were shown.
Other kinds exhibited w'ere the castiUoa dastica
(Central America), and the manihot (/laziovi
(IJrazil). A large proi>ortion of tlie supply of
rubber at ])reseni comes from America, but
American cultivators are said to be very reck-
less in their methods, destroying large numbers
of plants for a greater immediate return.
Although rubber was used by the natives ot
San Domingo for making balls and for waatcr-
])roof shoes even in the time of Columbus, it
was looked upon merely as a curiosity, and hail
no commercial use until 1792, when Dr. I’riest-
ley noticed its value in rubbing out pencil
marks. It was brought at the time from the
East and West Indies, and from the purpose
to which it was ajiplied became known as
“ indiarubber.” In 18LS its usefulness was
greatly increased by the discovery that it would
absorb sulphur, and by this proce.ss, described
as “ vulcanising,” became capable of withstand-
ing high temperature.s. — Daily Chronicle, Dec. 14.

TEA IN AMERICA.

New York, Nov. 2o.

Demand is not as quick as in October, but prices
are well sustained for all descriptions. There is no
evidence that the lower grades are not holding their
advance. Greens are firmly held. Japan steady.
Fine Formosa strong.

Today at noon the Montgomery Auction and Com-
niipsion Company will sell 4,010 packages, viz; 1,1. '>9
packages Moyune, including chops new season's; 1,079
boxes Piugsuey, new season’s; 98 half. diesis Japan
Nibs ; 9 half-chests Dust ; .'>51 half-chests and boxes
Congou, including fancy new season's; 1 59 packages
India, Java and Ceylon, an attractive assortment;
278 Foochow, the celebrated '• Tong Shing” 'Third ;
79 half-chests and boxes Formosa. — Anicri,cm O'roccr,

533

Feb. I, 1897.] THE TROPIC \L AGRICULTURIST.

MANURING BY CKYLUN PLANTERS
AND OTHERS:

THE NEED OF A FERTILISERS' ACT.

The time has not yet come for .summing up
the valuable information contained in the several
letters sent us in reply to the circular on the
Manuring of Tea Plantations. Indeed only a frac-
tion of the responses have, as yet, seen the light.
In the last budget published — including t'vo letters
from Northern Districts, one from Dimbula and
one from Maskeliya, — there was given not only
practical information of the utmost importance
to all engaged in tea cultivation ; but a ques-
tion was raised, not for the first time, to whicli
attention should at once be drawn. From the
Correspondence we refer to, it is becoming evident
that planters are awaking to the necessity of
Guaranteed Purity in Manures. More than one
of our coriespondents makes pointed reference
to this, and the e.vamples which both “ Hantane”
and “ D” have adduced, show how buying in
tlie dark is about as unsatisfactory as the
proverbial purchase of “a pig in a poke.”
Things according to their showing have been
improving in some directions, and falling away
in others, but even where the improvement is
most marked, the need for still further care is
manifest enough. Fifteen to twenty per cent of
sand in “ lish-manure ” is a very large propor-
tion, and wlien it is remembered tliat this use-
less stuff may have to be conveyed to distant
estates, and all the expense of applying it gone
through, while the i)lanter is wholly unaware
of the value, it is about time that something were
done to let in light. In the mother country,
there is a “Fertilisers and F'eeding tttutfs Act”
which has done very much to protect buyers
of artilicial manures, and it would seem, as if
now that the question of manuring is locally
so much in evidence, and the need to avail our-
selves of every advantage in connection with our
principal product is so keenly realized, that some
such Ordinance should find a place in the Statute-
book of Ceylon. What is wanted is a warranty
of sale. “ Every person,” says the English Act
“ w'ho sells for use as fertiliser of the soil, any
article manufactured in the United Kingdom,
or imported from abroad, shall give to the pur-
chaser an invoice stating the name of the
article and whether it is an artificially com-
pounded article or not, and what is at least
the percentage of the nitrogen, soluble and in-
soluble phosphates, and potash, if any, contained
in the article, and this invoice shall have effect
as a warranty by the seller, of the statement
contained therein.” If the fertiliser is not up
to the standard guaranteed, there are penalties,
■\yhich, of cour.se, ai'e only inteiuled for the frau-
dulent Before the Act came in force tlie trade in
artificial manures in the United Kingdom had
become very degenerate; but now things are com-
pletely changed and the Act is a hardship to
no one, as the seller know-s what he sells, and the
buyer what he buys. Merchants here can easily
protect themselves, through local analytical talent,
and a Fertilisers’ Act would .be a boon to all
concerned — to the dealers tuid importers as
saving all disputes and dissatisfaction on the
part of their customers ; and to the i)lanters as
showing them precisely, the value of the
fertilising constituents, they were a[)|)lying to
their tea. We do not think His E.xcelleticy
the Governor wouhl liave the slightest ob-
jection to the passing of such an Act.

THE TEA ESTIMATES.

A proprietor writes ; —

“ V. A. surely meant 1C millions over last year’s
estimate, not 15 millions over actual shipments.
District estimates for 1897 are compared with 1896
estimates, not with the actual outp>ut.

“ Something should be done to make the Customs
and Chamber of Commerce returns correspond.
At present it is very much a case of you don’t know
where you are.”

That would mean 116, iu place of 120-122 millions
lb. for 1897 ; but surely, in the case of the districts,
the comparison will be between actual results for
1896, and the estimate for 1897. Why should a
Committee with the actual results available, go
back to an estimate framed nearly ayear ago 7 We
agree that it wouhl be an advantage and great
convenience to have the Export figures of the
Customs Department and Chamber of Commerce
made upon the same basis, if that were possible,
and so to agree.

COFFEE PLANTING IN NORTH BORNEO.

F'rom the letter of a reliable correspondent
this Dependency, we quote as follows : —

“ Coffee is ceitainly looking up in B. N. Borneo
Large clearings are being opened in Maundu Bay,
and felling has just begun. Labour is very plentiful
just at present. Could you not induce a few more
Ceylon planters to come over ? There are only two
])lanters here. I am sure either Mr. Henry Wal-
ker or myself would be most happy to give all
information about the country and coffee.”

Here is a chance for young gentlemen command-
ing a certain amount of capital and who, after
learning all about “ planting ” in Ceylon, find the
openings for moderate cajdtal and experience, are
locally few and far between.

MANURING TEA AND THE LABOUR
SUPPLY.

An experienced planter in sending in his answer
to our circular .sa^ s I cannot help thinking
were all owners of tea estates on old coffee lands
to go in for manuring systematically we should
find we had not done half enough in pushing our
teas into new markets. That the extra production,
the result of manuring with the increasing area
coming into bearing, would prove too great for
the demand, provided we had the coolies to apply
the manure and harvest the result.”

^

THE CEYLON TEA OU.'PUT:

A HARD CASE?

The editor of the “ Times of Ceylon ” thinks we
have dealt hanlly with him — indeed that our cen-
sure is for his not suppressing the truth ! — and fur-
ther that Mr. James Ryan put forward the “fact ”
on which his remarks were based and that we
did not attempt to justify our own position. Well,
let us compare tlie “Times” of the 6th Jan.’
with that of the 4lh Jan. : —

“Ceylon Times,” Jan. 6th.

We recently called attention to the fact, newly
revealed by the figures published by Mr. James Ryan
the Hoii. Secretary of the Dimbula Planters’ Asso-
ciation, that some of the larger upcountry districts
having all their large acreage already planted up,
in tea, had nearly reached the limit of production

“Ceylon Times,” Jan. 4th.

Other things being equal, Dimbula has nearly
reached the limit of its production. And the same
remark holds good of several other distJets, such
as those we have named [Dikoya, MaskeliyaJ and

534

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

many others besides. Extension now is nearly con-
fined to the low country and Uva, and the total
amount is not, we think, increasing, but decreasing
5’early.”

There is a good deal more than Mr. Ilyan’s
“fact” here, especially in the words we have
italicized.

In justifying our censure we need only quote
two sentences from our article

“ Let it be granted that the available reserves in
certain of our districts are nearly all planted, what
about manui-iny? Not one word of reference does
our contemporary make to a departure which is
now every year more followed in Ceylon and which,
of itself, with the results before us, otight to render
Indian Tea Company Directors and other planters
of tea, more and more careful how they rush
on large new clearings without any proper consi-
deration of how the over-production already threat-
ened, is to be cleared off.”

What our contempoiary means by the “total
amount decreasing” it is hard to say — surely
not that Ceylon is to give a lower tea export
in 1897-8 or 9 than in 1896 and yet where is
the “truth”!

THE CEYLON TEA OUTPUT— AND
MANURING.

With reference to our evening contemporary’s
statement that besides Dimbula, Uikoya and
Maskeliya, “ many other districts” had nearly
reached the limit of their production, an ex-
perienced planter very pertinently asks : — “ Is
not manuring equal to opening up new land,
thereby increasing tbe output of tea ?”— and in
illustration we are told of a case where castor-
cake and bones doubled the yield nine months
after application and this on land that had been
in continuous cultivation for forty years with
collee, cinchona and tea. “If any bulky manure
has been applied to this estate, it would only
have been in small quantities, such as a little
stable manure or from a few milch cows and
scarcely worth alluding to.”

We may well ask whether it was consistent
with “ telling the truth,” to .say nothing about
what “ manuring” is doing and is likely to do
for the “ many districts” that have no more land
to plant.

We are, however, more and more struck with
the agreement in opinion among planters, that
unless the Labour Supply is reinforced, it will
be impossible to keep up or extend manuring,
to do justice in plucking leaf, or in cultivation, and
even to ensure due care in preparation of the tea.

TOBACCO PRODUCTION AND CIGAR-
MAKING IN CEYLON.

At a time when tea production, if not pi lin-
ing, is supposed to be overdone and when we are
receiving such discouraging news of cacao (as
comes today from one district “ most distre.ss-
ing how old cacao is dying”),— it is .almost re-
freshing to receive such a paper from a Tobacco
Expert as we publish below. He alleges
that tobacco, even in Ceylon, should be
made to pay better than tea and that a fair trial
has never been given to this product, — that there
is a great market at our very doors and that
Ceylon cigars should beat tho.se of India and
North Borneo; while never before was there
sucb a chance for profitable investment with
Cuba and tlie Philip[)ines in trouble.

Now how is it that only an Indian Expert
knows all this? And why does he reveal the secret
to provoke competition, and not rather make hay
in his own gardens while the sun shines? Ceylon
planters are supposed to be pretty sharp and
yet .some of the shrewdest of them, of late years
even, have tried tobacco and burnt their lingers.
Let “Pixpert” raise the capital in India and
come and show us “how to do it” with tob.acco
in Ceylon.

Our Expert friend sent us a previous paper
on the same subject which can be referred to at
page 378 (December’s) Trojncal Agriculturist.

THE CIGAR TRADE AND CEYLON
TOBACCO.

No. II.

(Cornmnnicatcd by an Expert.)

When comparing the success that Borneo
tobacco and Borneo cigars have obtained at home
with the efforts of this Island in this direction,
the cmiparison is indeed an unsatisfactory one,
the reason is not far to seek. PI very up to-date
Tobacconist at home stocks Borneo cigars while
a Ceylon cigar is not in it and never has been.

The general excellence of Borneo leaf coupled
with the enterprising manner in which this leaf
has been forced upon the public notice, has done
everything to make a Borneo cigar a popular
one and the dem.and for the same a great one.

To Hood the markets at home with any hope
of permanent success requires a good thing to
begin with. Borneo has this in its tobacco ;
the rest is mere push and enterprise. To be
able to put a lirst-class cigar upon the markets
to retail at 2d and 3d each, means .an enor-
mous demand. About nine-tenths of the cigars
consumed at home are those that sell at 3d each
and under, mostly under and this is the class of
trade to cater for.

So f.ar Ceylon has not h.ad a chance to
look in. The experiments that have been
made have moved beyond question, that
a very fine and high class leaf is produceable in
the Island and the fact that these experiments
were not continued or enlarged upon is certainly
not due to any f.ailure to produce <a requisite
le.af. There is nothing that pays like “ Baccy ” —
not even “ tea ’’ — given a fair start and fair condi-
tions.

The Havanna tiade, owing to the Cuban in-
surrection is in a state of collapse and now is
the time for (’eylon to make a fresh start. De.a-
lers at home are being forced to look about for
new fields to fill up the g.ap made by the failure
of the Havanna trade. Anything in the shape
of a good ami pure cigar that is placed before
the public, is bound to do well always provided
that it is well and sufficiently forced upon the
markets. The Havanna trade is not at all likely
to recover itself for .a year or two yet, even sup-
posing that the Cuban troubles .are now coming
to an eml and this is by no means the case.

Borneo Cigars are now being pushed .at an
opportune moment and Indian manufacturers
have also awakened to the situation and are
doing all they know to take .advantage of it.

India would have no chance against Ceylon,
were Ceylon to properly contest the tratle.
Indian tob.acco is not and never can beany thing
e<|ual to th.at produced by Ceylon; the climate and
soil are against this.

What Ceylon should do, is not only to produce
leaf, l)ut also to manufacture it and export only

535

Feb. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

after selection, such leaf that it does not itself
require for manufacturing purposes. India would
prove a good market for any excess of leaf,
manufacturers are constantly looking out for new
stuff for blending purposes.

In this way Ceylon would secure for itself only
the choicest leaf and therefore Ceylon should he
of the very best, while the profit upon the
same would be uncommonly satisfactory. The
cost of production would be infinitely less
than that of Borneo leaf, while the cost of
manufacture infinitely less than that of the
home-made cigar.

Ceylon imports from India something like 20
lacs of cigars annually upon which import duty
is paid.

A good cigar made in the island would as a
natural consequence divert the most, if not the
whole, of this trade, if only the question of
duty were taken into consideration.

All that is necessary to ensure success is a
thorough knowledge of growing and of manu-
facturing, coupled witli businesslike manage-
ment and the requisite capital.

An opportunity such as at present offers it-
self to develop this trade is never likely to
occur again and should not be lost sight of.

I am firmly convinced that tobacco in Ceylon
could be made to develop into a great success
with the necessary enterprise.

OUR STAPLE EXPORTS FOR 1896.
THE CREAM OF THE FIGURES.

The principal totals of the Chamber of Com-
merce tables with the export results for 1896

are as follows : —

1896

1895

Increase

or

Tea lb. 108,141,412

97,939,871

decrease.

10,201,541

inc.

Coffee cwt. 22,747

63,920

41,173

dec.

Cocoa cwt. 31,366

27,420

3,946

inc.

CiNCHON.v lb. 1,309,560

921,085

388,475

inc.

Cardamoms lb. 452,595

374,635

77,960

inc.

Coconut

Oil cwt. 343,497

.384,140

40, .343 dec.

Plumbago cwt. 340,491 334,921 5,571 inc.

As to the distribution of our great staple, tea,
we have the following main facts : —

In 1896. .'895. Increase.

United King- lb. lb. lb.

dom ... 93,936,361 85,753,3.39 8,183,022

Australasia ... 11,062,832 9,379,561 1,683,271

America ... 718,600 393,527 325,073

Rest of World... 2,42.3,619 2,413,444 10,175

The great increase has been to the United
Kingdom ; but nearly if million lb. additional
to the Australasian Colonies is very good, and
also the 325,000 lb. of incre.ase to America,
.although, of course, a good deal re-exported
from London should be added to these figures.

IMPORTS.

Rice.— During the first .six months of the year,
prices were moderate and steady but about Sep-
tember they advanced and, continued to do so,
as the prospects of the monsoon rains in North-
ern India became less favourable. Soolye rice is
now about R2 per bag dearer than it was in
January last; but as the much needed rains have
fallen in many parts of India, the famine, which
otherwise must have supervened, has been to some
extent averted. Imports of all kinds in 1896 have
been 5,917,096 bushels against 8,722,822 in 1895.

Cotton Goods. — Business was overdone in 1895
bub in 1896, the imports were on a smaller scale,
being about 2,000 packages less than weie im-
ported in 1895. During the past few months the
purchasing powers of dealers have been mnch
eurtailed owing to the limiting by the banks of
the facilities hitherto afforded, for the discount
of promissory notes.

Metals and Hardware.— A good and exten-
sive business has been done in tea requisites, and
metals and hardware generally, but there is still
a large proportion imported from continental
countries. It is hoped that English manufactu-
rers when they see the samples of continental
made goods that are being exhibited by the
London Chamber of Commerce will awake to the
necessity of meeting more fully, the wants of their
customers by trying to provide what a consumer
wants, and not only what a manufacturer pre-
fers to make.

The high rates of exchange that have been
ruling for some time have stimulated import
business generally, owing to the lower rupee cost
for which goods could be laid down.

From 1st January 1897 the old method of enter-
ing goods at the Customhouse for duty is being
discontinued, and in future, sterling invoices will
be taken at the exchange ruling, which wilt be
fixed from time to time. A Select-Committee of
the Legislative Council has been appointed to
consider and report upon the question of ad
valorem and rated articles for duty and also the
kerosine oil duty, which is considered to be far
too high.

Coal. — The imports of coal in 1896 »vere 340,750
tons against in 1895 326,297 tons.

Indian coal is now being more largely used
than formerly, the quality having considerably im-
proved.

EXPORTS.

Tea.— The total quantities exported in the last
two years have been : —

To United Kingdom
Continent
Australia
America
India

Other Countries

1896. 1895.

lb. lb.

93,936,.361 85,753,339

617,345 786,741

11,062,832 9,379,561

718,600 393,527

924,272 831,070

882,002 795,633

^

THE TRADE OF CEYLON IN 1896.

Having noticed, above, a very few of the
principal figures and comparisons aflorded by the
staple exports of the island during 1896, we
are now enabled through the courtesy of a mer-
cantile authority to give our readers the benefit
of a Review of the Import and Export Trade in
its main features for the past year. The increase
in the import of coal and in the export of “ de-
-siccated coconut” are among noteworthy experi-
ences

108,141,412 97,939,871 1b
During the first half of the year, the weather
was favourable and the yield on most estates was
good, but during the latter half there was a
snper-abundance of rain which, in most districts,
has kept back flush.

Shipments to Australia show a marked increase,
whilst those to the United States and Canada
are growing steadily. The Russian markets
should now bo more vigorou.sly exploited and
every encouragement should be given to those
who are striving to introduce Ceylon Tea into
these markets. The area under cultivation iq

536 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. i, 1897.

the island is being slowly increased, and produc-
tion in 1897 will show up larger than in 1896, but
there is no large expansion of planting, nor can
there be, especially in the higlier districts.
[Although the eliect of extended manuring must
not be overlooked. — Ed. T.A.']

The higher exchange now prevailing is curtail-
ing producer’s prolits by about Id. per lb. and
if it continues, either the sterling price of tea
must go up, or, the value of tea estates must
come down.

Coffee. — The past year has been an unfavour-
able one, only 22,747 cwts. having been exported
.as compared with 63,920 cwts. in 1895. With the
good prices obtainable, it is surprising that more
Liberian is not planted.

Cocoa. — Tlie crop of last year has been on the
whole a good one, 31,366 cwts. having been .sent
away, and prices have lately shown signs of
recovery.

Cinnamon. — Shipments have been on more
than average scale, and as the value has continued
to rule high in Europe, the stocks there being
light, rupee prices liere liave been maintained at
a high level.

The heavy rains of the past few months
ought to have stimulated growth, and the cut-
tings the first halt of 1897 ought to be large.

Coconut Oil. — This article has been very de-
pressed in the markets of Europe and America
during tlie p.ast year owing to the abundance and
cheapness of other greases, chiefly tallow, which
has been in large supply from South America
and Australia'

A strong demand, however, lias prevailed for
Indian, and ports farther East, partly owing to
scarcity of Cochin oil. The total quantity ex-
ported in 1896 was 339,870 cwt-, against 384,150
cwt. in 1895.

Copra. — A lively demand for this has been
experienced, and, besides the usual export to
Indian ports, a considerable quantity lias been
sent this year to Antwerp and Hamburg, where
copra oil is made.

1’lumbago. — The exjiorts have been on an aver-
age scale, and the quantities taken for Contin-
ental ports and for America have been about the
same as in 1895. The total quantity sent away
was 340,470 cwt. , against 334,921 in 1895. Fine
qualities have been scarce and in demand and
low qualities plentiful and neglected as usual.

In the latter halt of the year, the enquiry for
America has been slack owing to the rre.si-
dential election interfering with trade.

FIBRE.S,— There has been a poor business in
in these during 1896 and a considerable falling-
off in the quantities exported, chiefly owing to
first cost having been forced so high. These re-
marks apply to coir, kitul and palmyra.

Desiccated Coconut.— The trade in this ar-
ticle has increased by 2,052,525 lb. as compared
with 1895, the figures being

1896. 1895.

10,603,598 lb. 8,551,073 lb.
the great bulk going to the United Kingdouj.

♦-

MAKIAWATTE TEA PLANTATION.

We learn through the courtesy of the Chief
Manager of the Ceylon 'Tea Plantations Co. that
the whole estate of 467 acres has given 410.436 lb.
tea, or 878 lb. per acre in 1896, against 870 lb.
per acre in 1895. We are promised an e.xact
return for the old 100-acre field, which cannot
iftil to be interesting.

TEA IN JAPAN: OUR JAPANESE VISITOR.

Dr. Obayashi has returned from his trip to
the* Central Province, charmed with Kandjq as-
ton shed at the extent and variety of the Royal
IJotanic Cardens, very much impres.sed by the
tea districts he saw, and by the machinery in the
New Peradeniya and Scrubs factories, and with the
feeling that Nuwara Eliya is “too cold.” He
now returiis to Japan and will probably lecom-
mend some machinery being imported, although
he says it is not so suitable in the jneparation
of Japanese green teas. The “facing” of Japan
teas, our visitor says, is done in the godowns at
the shipping port, and this “facing,” as we have
often mentioned, is of Prussian blue and other
deleterious matter. Latterly, however, American
dealers — according to Dr. Obayashi — have been
objecting to the facing. Our visitor is greatly
impressed with the fertility and resources of
Ceylon and thinks (despite our deprecation and
attempted correction) that our future crops of
tea must very largely increase— indeed to a
figure which we pointed out to be inqjossible ;
but in vain ! How far this impression may afi’ect
the extension of tea growing in Japan or still
more in Formosa, we cannot say- But our visitor
is certainly anxious to introduce improved tea
factory buildings and machinery into his native
land.

■ — ♦

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

“ CiioCHO.” — It is wonderful how the merits
of the West Indian vegetable introduced to the
East for the first time, we believe, by Mr. Nock,
of our flakgalla gardens, get s[)read after a round-
about fashion. A London daily newsjmper has
the following editorial note upon it : —

It is of interest to note that as a result of the work
doue at the Nimcly Ooog Nursery, the Chocho, Christ-
ophine, or vegetable pear introduced from the West
Indies is now being cultivated by the natives in
serveral villages in Mysore, and is becoming quite a
popular vegetable both in the vilages and in some of
the towns. It is largely used in the gaol at Bangalore,
where it is carefully grown, and it is considered one
of the most useful and wholesome of foods for the
prisoners. The large fleshy part of the root sometimes
weighs nearly twenty pounds, and is very good when
cooked and eaten like a yam, a fact which is not
generally known. It is, we belive, now being grown
under glass in this country, and does well under
similar conditions to tomatoes and grapes or cucum-
bers, and the large flat single seeds, carefully
cooked, are considered a great delicacy.

Coffee in the Far W^est.— There is no end
to the cofi'ee inve.stments of Ceylon ])lanters
in America: we call attention to the cheering
report |given on page 541 of the Dumont-Brazil
Company ; and now we learn from Mr. Mait-
laiul-Kirwan that he is interested in no less
than 10,000 acres of land in Independent
Honduras, taken up mainly for coffee, of which
200 acre.s are jilanted and in bearing. 'The estate
is within 20 miles of the sea with a river for boat
transport ; but the supply of labour is uncer-
tain. We shall have more to say on the sub-
ject. Meantime Mr. W. J. Forsyth, formerly of
Maturata, .sends us a Mexican pajier with corre-
.sj)ondence and rejiorts showing that a fungoid dis
ease (Stclbum FlavUiinn, Cooke) already known in
•lamaica and elsewhere, has appeared in one
division in Mexico. We shall give the whole
Correspondence as also extracts from the pam*
phlct on Coflee in Honduras,

Feb. I, 1897.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

537

MARIAWATTE OLD 100-ACRE TEA FIELD
STILL GIVING NEARLY 1,100 LB.

PER ACRE.

We !ue iiuleljLcil tu Mr. .Salinoncl, tlie Manager
of Mariawatte, for the following extremely
satisfactory return : —

“Mariawatte Estate Tea Crop return for 1896. — Total
acreage 467 acres ; total yield 410,436 lb., being
878 lb. per acre all round ; of which the original 100
acre field has contributed 1,090 lb. per acre.”

This lOO-aere field is now 18 years old and that
it should still give nearly 13 maunds of made
tea per acre is, we fancy, unique in the historj’-
of tea c\iltiv,ation. From our “ Handbook and
Directory” we quote the jiast recoid of Maria-
watte : —

“ Mariawatte Estate original 104 acres planted 1879.
— Yields : 1884, 1,050 lb. per acre ; 1885, over 1,13,3 lb.
per acre; 1886, 1,018 1b. per .acre; 1887, 1,115 1b. per
acre. The acreage of young and old tea plucked over
in 1887 was 307 acres and the total yield was 184,695 lb.
or 600 lb. per acre, and when it is considered 147 acres
of this was only 3-year old tea, the yield may certainly
be called magnificent — Mariawatte yield for 1889
over 424 acres was 625 lb. per acre ; the original
hundred acres gave in 1889 1,094 lb per acre; in 1888
the yield from this field was 1,023 lb. per acre ; in
1890 the crop was 321,167 lb. or 767 lb. per acre in
bearing, the old 104 acres giving 140,144 lb. or 1347 lb.
acre — no manure for two years. In 1891, the yield
was over 120,362 lb. or 1,114 lb. per acre ; For 1892,
it was 417,80 I lb. for the estate — the old 100-acre
field giving 1,114 lb. This was planted in 1879 and
from 1884 has given over 1,000 lb. an acre, the highest
return being 1,347 lb. in 1890. The average for nine
years is 1,1.30 lb. For 1893, 1894 and 1895 we may say
that the yield of the old Tea is still keeping up to
over 1,100 lb. per acre and has every appearance of
continuing its large yield, owing to the systematic
application of bulky manure, say over 20 tons per acre
one-thii'd of estate being so manured every year.”

♦

THE “FORESTS” AND THE “NINETIES.”

I.S HISTORY REPEATING ITSELF IN CEYLON
PLANTING ?

The gentleman who wrote the first Essay on
Coflee Planting in Ceylon early in the “ forties” —
a planter and afterwards a merchant (member
of a firm still in existence), writes to us from
England, under date Dec 23rd

“ Tea Companies are Stirling weekly and as
each Company comprises three or four properties,
very soon 75 per cent, of your tea gardens w’ill he
in the hands of Companies, a rather prominent
indication of the drift of proprietary public
opinion, though in any case the enormous
sums paid are inducements wdiich few can allow
to pass by. We have had all this in Ceylon
before, except that individuals not Companies
were the buyers and for tea we had coffee.”

THE RAGALLA TEA ESTATE, LIMITED.

directors’ report.

Report of the Directors to be submitted to the
shareholders at the ordinary general meeting, to
be held at 39, Lime Street, E.C., on Tuesday, 29th
December 1896, at 1 p.m.

The directors beg to submit their report, and
also statement of accounts duly audited for the year
ending 31st July last, on which date the balance
at credit of profit and loss account, including T840
15s 5d brought forward, stood at T2,035 5s 2d.
Against this an interim dividend of 8s per share
was paid on 1st July last, and it is proposed to pay,
on 1st January next, to shareholders on the Register
at this date a farther dividend of 4s per share, free
68

of income tax, iu respect of the 3,100 shares fully
paid as at 31st July last, making altogether six per
cent for the year.

During the year the crops realized in London
were : —

Tea, 188,535 lb., at a gross average of 10.42 per lb.

Coffee, 373. 0-20 cwt. do 92s9dpercwt.

The following are the acreages now in tea on
Ragalla aud Halgran Oya estates : —

In bearing. Partial bear- Young Tea. Total,
ing.

Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres.

623 193 117 933

The total acreages being as follow:—

Ragalla. Halgran Total.

Tea

Acres.

722

Oya.

Acres.

94)

Acres.

9.33

Tea and Coffee . .

—

117)

Timber

73

—

73

Patna, &c.

204

181

385

Totals . .

999

392

1391

During the season under review, the directors
authorised further expenditure on capital account
to the extent of £2,070 5s 4d, as shewn in the ac-
counts, this sum being spent on machinery, build-
ings, roads and drains, nurseries, and general im-
provements. A new down draft sirocco drying
machine was purchased, together with the neces-
sary appliances. Considerable additions were made
to the coolie lines, thirty-six new rooms having been
built ; new caddies were also built aud the old
ones and approaches put in order. The item of
roads and drains includes the cost of draining 482
acres, this important work being practically finished
on the estates, only about 30 acres remaining to
be done. The purchase of tea seed amounted to
50 maunds, the cost of this being charged to nur-
series account.

As already advised to shareholders, a further issue
of 800 ordinary shares of ,£10 each has been made
for the purpose of erecting a new factory on Ra-
galla estate at a cost of about £7,000, and to pro-
vide for other improvements which it is estimated
will involve an outlay of about £1,000 to £1,500.

The estimate for Ragalla and Halgran Oya estates
for the year are as follows : —

£

Tea Crop.— 275,000 lb. at 9d per lb. nett 10,312
Coffee Crop. — 200 cwt. at 90s per cwt. nett 900

Profits on Leaf Purchase, Caddies
aud Manufacture

£11,212

500

£11,712

Less Expenditure in Ceylon for up-
keep ; rupees, 96,768 at exchange
Is 3d .. .. .. 6,048

Gross Profit .. £5,664

The directors having obtained the sanction of the
shareholders, also completed the purchase of the
Kelburne estate, at a cost of £35,000, as from 1st
July last, from which date profit on the working
will accrue to the Company, and have every reason
to believe that the addition of this estate to
the Company’s properties will prove of great value.
The provision for the purchase was arranged by
the issue of 7,000 cumulative 6 per cent. Pre-
ference Shares of ,£5 each, all of which have been
taken up.

Under clause 97 of the articles Mr. M. P. Evans
retires from the Board, but being eligible offers him-
self for re-election.

The appointment of Auditors also rests w'ith the
shareholders under the articles of Association, and
Messrs. Fuller & Wise, the present Auditors, ’ offer
themselves for re-election.

C. E. Sthachan, Chairman,

17th December 1896.

538

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

[Feb. I, 1897.

BANANA CULTIVATION IN MADEIRA.

Two varieties of banana arc generally grown in
Madeira, viz., the dwarf banana and the silver banana.
The dwarf banana, the haiimia <nio, or Chinese banana,
the botanical clasbihcation of which is Musa Caven-
dishii, of the order oi Scifawinnr. Consul Crawford,
of Funchal, says that this is the banana most pre-
ferred for the export trade, the fruit being much
larger and the bunches much heavier than the silver
variety of the fruit. The silver is much the more
delicate in flavour, and only about one-half the
size of the dwarf varietj', but it is seldom exported,
as the total quantity grown in the island is scarcely
Buffleient to supply the home consumption, but
Consul Crawford says that in all probability if this
variety of fruit were better known it would be in
greater demand, and, although smaller in size, it has
a nnrch better appearance, being of a beautful bright
golden-yellow colour without any of the dark brown
spots or patches w'hich usually disfigure the dw'arf
banana when ripe, whilst, as regards the flavour, it is
so much more delicate that those who have once
eaten the silver banana seldom use the dwarf or
ordinary variety, except for cooking purposes. The
dwarf banana forms by far the largest proportion of
the total quantity of fruit that is exported from
Madeira. The greater part of bananas are grown on
the south side of the island in plantations varying
from a few plants to many thousands ; they thrive
best on fresh land sheltered from heavy gales of wind,
which are liable to uproot the plants and to damage
the bunches of fruit. The artificial manure has been
used with great success in their cultivation, but large
quantities of effal from the slaughter-houses and the
fish markets are also freely used, and this treatment is
found to be most beneficial in increasing the weight
of the bunches, and also of the individual size of the
fruit. The season for bananas virtually lasts the whole
year round, the largest export taking place during the
winter months when fresh fruit is scarce in England,
but the fruit is at its greatest perfection from July to
December, being much more abundant, the bunches
larger, and the fruit better flavoured. Tbe banana is
one of the very best fruits growni in Maderia for export-
ation, as the bunches can Le cut w'hilst the fruit is
green and firm, it sustains comparatively little damage
in transit, and the fruit ripens by degrees according to
the temperature in which it is kept. The usual method
of packing is in large rough wooden crates, holding a
dozen or more bunches, between each of which straw is
placed to keep them firm and to prevent them rubbing
one against another ; another method of packing is in
baskets made of a coarse native broom, one bunch only
being placed in each basket, straw or bracken leaves
being likewise placed round them to ensure their safety
in transit. — Journal of the Society oj -Ir/s, Dec. 18.

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

(From the U. £ C. Mail, Dec. 25.)

China Tea anb Indian Methods.— The fact that
China tea growlers and manufacturers are very anxious
to acquire Indian methods of manufacture, and that
0116 Gnterprisiug Foochow inanufacturor has iinpoited
machinery, is cheering to the spirits of China tea
importers, who believe that with the use of machi-
nery the tea trade of China may be set on its legs
again. But the men in possession of the maiJcet are
not likely to be scared because one or two Chinese
growers intend to use machinery. Even if
of niachinerv should become general in China, the
re-capture of the tea markets would be well-nigh im-
possible task for the Chinese. Indian and Ceylon
Las are so popular, and the planters whogv_w luein
are determined to hold the markets against all
comers. The use of machinery by the Chinese and the
adoption of Indian methods will onl}^ lead to fiuther
efforts on the part of their British competitors to
increase the strong hold they now have on the tea
trade of the world. Competition in the production
of tea, however, n-iiist bo expected and prouded for,
Indian and Ceylon planters who arc iinident have
recognised the possibility of this competition becom-
ing very keen in the future.

Bkazii. and Tea Cultivation. — The success of
Indian and Ceylon tea in the markets of the world
lias naturally occasioned a little excitement amongst
those planting communities whose operations have
not bitherlo extended to tea. In Brazil they believe
they can grow nearly everything. Tempted by the
wonderful accounts received of the tea industry of
India aud Ceylon, and the comparative ease with
which tea companies can be floated in London, capi-
talists and planters are turning their attention, as we
stated some weeks ago, to Brazil. It is said that the
soil and labour conditions are very favourable to tea
cultivation, aud that the three provinces of liio de
Janeiro, Minas Geraes, and Sao Paula possess first-
rate tea-producing qualities.

Coffee Planting in Mexico. — Coffee planting in
Mexico is making rapid strides, and, if we except
eilver mining, coffee growing is the most important
industry in the Republic. The sudden development
of this industry is ascribable to the coincidence of
the increase in the price of coffee in the United
States with the decrease in the cost of labour in
Mexico, consequent on the depreciation of the silver
dollar, which called the attention of investors to
the large profits to be made by its cultivation.
There is little doubt, however, that, even without
these more or less ephemeral advantages, the con-
ditions of climate and soil in Mexico, added to the
cheapness of land and labour, are sufficiently
favourable to its production to enable Mexican coffee
to compete profitably in foreign markets with that
of almost any other country. The exports in the
year 18i)5 amounted to 834,059 cwt. valued in the
returns at i-4 3s 9d per cwt. Nine-tenths of this
total was exported to the United States, and the
remainder was divided between Geimany, France,
and England.

SuGAii Planting and the Royal Commission. —

It is to be hoped that the Royal Commission to
enquire into the state of the sugar iudustry in the
West Indies will not be merely a pleasure excur-
sion. The Special Commission will meet on De-
cember 31 at the Colonial Office, and will receive
evidence from traders and others interested in the
West Indian colonies between that date and January 13,
when the Commissioners sail in the “ Don” for British
Guiana. 'J heir itinerary snb.sequently will be as
follows From Deincrara to Trinidad, were cocoa
as well as sugar will dealt with ; from Trinidad to
Grenada and St. Vincent, probably to Baibados. The
Commissioners then go north to St. Lucia, Aut'gua
and St. Kitts, possibly visiting Dominica and Mont-
serrat. In Jamaica an extended inquiry will be made.
New York is the last place on the list, and the in-
quiry there will be as to how West Indian trade is
affected by the United States tariff and other ar-
rangements. The tour is to last over four months.
The constitution of the Commission is as follows ; —
General Sir Henry Wylie Norman (Chairman), Sir
Edward Grey, M.P., and Sir David Barbour 10 be
Commissioners to inquire into the condition and pros-
pects of the West India sugar-growing islands; and Mr,
Sydney Olivier, B.A., to be their secretary. Mr.
Daniel Morris, D. Sc., Assistant Director of the Royal
Gardens, Kew, will accompany the Commission as ex-
pert adviser in botanical and agricultural questions.
Sir Henry Norman, the chairman, has been Gover-
nor of .Jamaica and of Queensland, and is therefore
well acquainted with both the sugar-growing industry
and with the labour problems which have to be con-
sidered in connection with it. His Indian experience
also is invaluable on questions of administration
where native races are concerned. Sir David Bar-
bour shares with him the groat advantage of this Indian
experience. Sir David is besides, bj' this

time, thoroughly well up in Commissioner's work,
having served on the Royal Commission on the
I’inancial Relations between Great Britain and Ire-
land and the Currency Commission. Sir Edward Grey
is an ox-Uiider-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and one
of the heat-iufovmed and most statcsmaiiliko men on
the Radical side of the House, la scuding Mr,

Feb. I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

539

Olivier as secretary to the Commission Mr. Chamber-
lain gives up his own private secretary — one who
before receiving that post had been engaged at the
Colonial Office in the West Indies Department.
Finally, for an expert adviser on cutivation questions
the Commission will have the services of Mr. Morris,
from Kew Gardens.

A Vehy Trying Position. — Even the o.rdent lovers
of Free Trade will admit that the condition of
most of our sugar growing colonies calls for sym-
pathy. Although British Guiana is developing its
mining industry as rapidly as circumstances admit,
sugar and its by-products are understood to
account for 92 per cent, of the total exports, in Bar-
bados for 94 per cent., and in St. Kitts, St. Lucia,
St. Vincent, and other smaller islands for about the
same proportion. In Jamaica the sugar exports are
still 60 per cent, of the whole, and even in Trinidad,
where a pitch lake is a valuable asset, sugar is the
largest product. The colonies do not suffer from a
lessened power of production or from a falling off in
demand. During the last fifteen years the annual
reduction of cane sugar, most of it West Indian,
as increased from 2,200,000 to 2,904,000, tons, and
the annual consumption by the whole world has
increased from 3,8.90,000 to 7,879,000 tons. The im-
mediate cause of the depression of the trade in the
West Indies is, of course, the increased production
and the artificially sustained cheapness of beet sugar
in non-British countries. The output of beet sugar
has risen in the fifteen years from 1,630,000 to 4,975,000
tons. According to the evidence given before a
colonial Commission in 1894, the cost of producing
both the cane and the beet sugar was greater than
the current price. A ton of cane sugar, it was
stated, cost *14 15s lOd to produce, and fetched
£13 19s 2d, while a ton of beet sugar cost £9 and
fetched £8 15s. For the beet sugar producers the
loss was turned into profit by bounties from their
Governments, amounting in 1894 to £4,290,000. The
loss to the West Indian growers might have been
saved, nevertheless, if consumption had been given
free play. But the bounty-giving Government are
also Protectionist in the commoner sense of the term.
By protective duties on foreign sugar France helps
to keep down the average annual consumption of
sugar by each of her inhabitants to 281b a head.
Germany to 261b a head, and Austria to 17lb a head.
Were all the inhabitants of Europe consuming sugar,
like Englishmen, at the annual rate of 731b apiece,
our West Indian growers might still make shift to
live, but they are very rhard hit by a policy which
checks the demand for their sugar while it bribes
others to sell theirs fo r less than it costs.

A New Manure. — Mr. F. J. Lloyd, a well-known
analytical chemist, has called attention to a result
of the use of basic slag as a manure which has
not previously received attention in this country. It
appears that basic slag, in addition to its phosphate
of lime, contains a good deal of free or caustic
lime, which acts as a solvent to any nitrogen stored
up in the soil in humus or otherwise. Thus, unlike
superphosphate, which depends for its fertilising uti-
lity upon the phosphoric acid which it contains,
basic slag has its greatest effect in rendering inert
nitrogen suitable for assimilation by plants. This
difference may account for variations in compara-
tive trials of superphosphate and basic slag,
which have often puzzled observers by their
apparent contradictions. Where there is plenty
of nitrogen in a soil in a form fit for plants, super-
phosphate is usually more efficacious than basic slag ;
but if there be a deficiency of available nitrogen the
converse result is likely to be shown. If this theory
be proved beyond dispute it will follow that slag
must be regarded as a nitrogen-exhausting manure
when used freely without any nitrogenous accom-
paniment. A French chemist, whose remarks on the
subject, received by Mr. Lloyd since he broached it
recently at a meeting of the Loudon Farmers’ flub,
has made some experiments to determine the ques-
tion, and he states that he found that slag converted

the inter nitrogen in hiiinus (organic matter in the
soil) first into ammonia and next into nitrates, in
which forms it is readily assimilable by points.

THE CEYLON LAND AND PRODUCE
COMPANY, LIMITED.

The twelfth annual general meeting of the share-
holders of the Ceylon Land and Produce Company,
Limited, was held at the registered office of the
company, 353 and 354, Leadenhall House, 101, Leaden-
hall Street, London, E.C., on Tuesday December 15,
The chair was occupied by James Wilson, Esq.

The Secretary having read the notice convening the
meeting.

The Chairman rose and said : Gentlemen, the
report of the directors, with statement of accounts
for the year ending June 30 last, are presumably in
your hands, and with your permission I will take
them as read. With your leave I will first take you
w'ith me through the figures. One of the main
features of the debtor side of the balance-sheet is the
total amount of our liabilities, which you wull notice
works out at £52,000, constituting a reduction of
£4,675 as compared with the previous year. It is wor-
thy of notice that during the past two years we have
been enabled to redace our liabilities by £14,000.
These figures speak for themselves. On the other
side of the account, the capital value of our estates,
&c., has been increased during the past twelve months
by £3,270 — being the capital expenditure incurred in
the purchasing and opening of land plus the up-keep
of planted area not yet in bearing. Perhaps I may
here point out that the company has in bearing
l,555j acres of tea and 1,137 acres of cocoa and
other products, or a total of 2,693 acres. This area
divided into the total capital works out under £37
per acre. If, however, we take the planted area,
1,9931 acres under tea with 1,530| under cocoa, &c.,
it will be found that the capital value will be £28
per acre, without taking into account either our unopened
lauds or our reserve fund. There is no doubt that at
the prices presently ruling for Ceylon estates, our pro-
perties are worth considerably more than what they
stand at in the company’s books. At the moment the es-
timated produce account has been reduced to £1,350,
and I have every reason to believe that this account
will soon be closed at a profit of, say, £100. Tha
other items do not call for any special comment
at this time. Turning to profit and loss account
the expenditure 011 crop is much the same as last
year. Charges in London and Ceylon mark a reduction,
owing principally, to a much lesser debit of exchange,
Our gross revenue for the year amounts to £38,913,
against £35.833 in the previous period, whilst the
net profit figures at .£12,125. The past year has
been a record year in this respect, the previous
best being 1890-91, wiien, before allowing for tha
£9,052 written off, the profit amounted to £12,121,
The report of the board is so full that it leaves
yery little for me to add, but you will be glad to
hear that our clearings are coming on very well,
having regard to the bad weather encountered when
a portion of them were planted, but I think, in spite of
this, they are to be a success, and our last reports
from the isl iud corroborate my view. With Str.athisla
I am specially pleased, and I look forward to
the time when this estate will bo very remunerative.
At last m :etiiig the chairman explained the then
position of the litigation entered upon by the com-
pany again u their late Ceylon agents. You will
now see by the report that this very troublesome
matter is at an end. There is no doubt but that
wo ought to coiigi-atiilatc ourselves upon the suc-
cessful issue of tnis litigition, which has caused me
an immensity of trouble aud anxiety.

Te.v. — ^The Secret iry thou reported that the intake
of the company’s own tea created a record, the figures
for the crop being (i'.l 1,0. ) j lb. against an estimate of
655,001) lb. Tlututii crop for 1891-95 was 597,000 lb.
aga^iust 1893-91, 608,000 lb, The net prices realise^

540

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTDRIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

are as under ; — 1895-96, 6'80d ; exchange, Is 2d *,
rupee cents, 48i ; 1894-95, 7'.84d ; exchange, Is Ijd ;
rupee cents, 55^ ; 1896-94, 6'77d ; exchange. Is 2H ;
rupee cents, 46^. The total outturn of all tea, in-
cluding tea made for others and that made from
purchased leaf, being— 1895-96, 1,286,000 lb ; 1894-95,
1,033,000 lb ; 1893-94, 950,000 lb. The yield per acre
• — 1895-96, 446 lb ; 1894-95, 384 lb. To indicate the
progress made during the current year, I may say
that to November 15, 1896, the crop totalled 256,000 lb.
against 229,0001b. to same date last year.

Cocoa. — The crop for 1895-96 was 2,335 cwt. com-
paring with an estimate of 1,905 cwt. The crop for
1894-95 was 2,840 cwt ; 1893-94, 1,211 cwt. The net
price realised for 1895-96 was 60s 6d (estimated);
1894-95, 52s 9d ; 1893-94, 58s 4d.

Coffee. — The crop for 1895-96 was 865 bushels,
against an estimate of 875 bushels ; 1894-95, 618
bushels; 1893-94, 986 bushels. Net price: 1895-96,
76s per cwt. (estimated) ; 1894-95, 82s 9d per cwt. ;
1393-94, 86s lOd per cwt. I conclude by placing be-
fore you the estimates for the current year. The
company’s own tea, 686,0001b. ; total tea, 1,096,0001b.;
cocoa, 2,316 cwt.; coffee, 415 bushels.

Mr. T. J, Lawrence congratulated the directors
upon the favourable state of things as disclosed in
the report, and remarked that there was certainly
no need of writing the properties down, but rather
that they might ne written up considerably. He
was very glad to see the litigation in Ceylon
brought to such a successful issue, and thought
that the directors deserved the thanks of the
shareholders. He criticised the action of the board
in making a call of 10s upon the ordinary shares ;
but the Chairman explained that for years many
of the shareholders have given opinions that it would
be better if the whole of the uncalled capital could
be gradually paid up, thus making, in time, all the
shares fully paid. This view had commended itself
to the Board, and it was hoped that the dividend of
15 per cent, would still be continued, with a bonus
added in prosperous time.

The Report and Accounts having been adopted, divi-
dend and bonus declared. Sir Nathaniel A. Staples,
Bart., re-elected a director, and Mr. James B. Laurie as
auditor, the Chairman moved a cordial vote of thanks
to the company’s superintendents in Ceylon, of
whom he spoke in the highest terms.

Mr. T. J. Lawrence seconded the motion, which
was carried unanimously.

Mr. L. A. Lewis proposed a hearty vote of thanks
to the chairman and directors for their careful,
prudent, and economicivl management of the com-
pany’s affairs, which was seconded by Mr. W. E.
Thompson Sharpe, M.P., and carried neni con.
U. cC C. Mail, Dec. 25.

♦

THE PUBLIC SALES OF TEA.

The monotony of life with those who frequent
Indian tea sales has been somewhat relieved lately
by a few gentlemen lighting their cigarettes whilst
the sale was proceeding. The non-smokers, of course,
resenting this invasion of their old customs, and a
considerable discussion has been the outcome of it.
The following circular from one of the leading buy
ing brokers has been extensively circulated in ‘‘ the
Lane” : —

PUBLIC SALE OF TEA

IN THE

LONDON COMMERCIAL SALE ROOMS,
MINCING LANE.

December 1896.

The sale of tea in public sale does not constiiute
a right for the public in general to bid for tea in
that public sale. For public sale is simply ‘‘ publi-
city” in contradistinction to sale of tea by private
contract.

The assembly of members of the tea trade in public
sale is di.e to the fict that those members find it
convenient to meet in a given centre to compete
and bid (or each successive lot, and facilitate the
(isle of the enormous mass of tea to be sold in a

quick and expeditious, and, at the same time, fair
and public bid for each lot, by which the merchant
may know that the best has been done for his
interests.

Under the old system of private contract, still in
use for re-sale of tea and also for some class of
merchant’s tea, it would be impossible to deal with
the daily sale of 500 to 800 breaks of different teas
except in public sale.

In the course of twenty years’ attendance
in public sales in Mincing Lane Commercial
Sale Rooms, I have never known an instance
of one of the general public bidding for any lots
offered in public sale, and, in fact, the conditions
of sale and customs of the trade render this pro-
ceeding on the part of the general public im-
possible.

Before anyone outside of the trade can sample
any lots of tea advertised for sale in public salct
it is necessary that two brokers shall certify that that
person is a fit and proper person to draw the sale,
and with this certificate ceases to be of the general
public and becomes a member of the tea trade, the
secretary of the Tea Brokers’ Association issuing
on that certificate a sampling card, without whicli
card as permit no one can draw tha tea lying in the
wharves and warehouses.

Supposing that one of the general public
obtains a sample of tea on show at the broker’s
office on the morning of the sale, the stipulation of
the selling broker’s catalogue that he does not hold
himself responsible for the correctness for any such
sample on show, together with the fact that dry tea
requires an admirably trained mind and a delicate
palate to distinguish the value of such tea, and,
if this stranger did bid, so many questions would be
asked as trantamount to refusal to accept bis bids,
so long as unguaranteed by some well-accepted
warranty from a broker of the Lane present in
sale.

The contention, therefore, that the public sale of
tea in a public room to which the general public is
admitted to bid is untenable for, except strangers
who are curious only the members of the tea trade
ever come to public sale, where each seat in the pub-
lic sale room is appointed in name to the several
firms in the tea trade who compete daily for the
lots sold in public sale. Such apportionment of
seats, so as to be with uit dispute or disturb-
ance of the sale (a result solely due after great
contention to your humble servant) a contention
that we are members of a trade, and have a business
right to be undisturbed in the “ peaceful carrying
out of our business,” and free from disturbance or
annoyance, which contention was eventually admitted,
and fixed seats granted and appointed.

The warrant and weight notes issued against tea
sold in public sale and private sale stipulate as sold
in public sale, or when sold privately as sold by
private sale, and deliverable to the several parties
concerned, with the stipulation of public sale or
private sale respectively — that the tea was sold in
market overt, either with publicity or privately, and
according to the conditions of public sale, not in
any case that the general public were concerned, but
solely that it concerned the members of the tea
trade, that the tea in question on the face of the
warrant was sold w’ith publicity in contradistinction
to sale privately, and always under the conditions
of market overt.

Up to the present time the possibility of
any question of public sale of tea being dis-
turbed) and annoyance sprung upon the mem-
bers of the tea trade assembled in the publi*
sale rooms by individuals of this trade who wish
to contend that the public sale room is a public
rooms and that therefore the persons coming into the
public sale rooms, either members of the tea trade or
otherwise, were not bound to observe the accepted
customs of the public sale, room for sale of tea by
public auction is absolutely futile, for the public sale
room is a sale of tea to members of the tea trade
only, assembled in public to buy tea in market overt
by public auction in contradistinction to private sal(j
in market overt.

Feb. 1, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

541

It is therefore an impossible contention that a
member of the tea trade, who is bound by the con-
ditions and customs of the tea trade, that that mem-
ber is also one of the general public who is not bound
by the rules and customs of the tea trade wheu as-
sembled together in the public saleroom, and for any
member of the tea trade to smoke in the public sale
room to the annoyance and discomfort and caus-
ing disturbance to be sprung irpon business men as-
sembled to peacefully carry on their business, is con-
travening the accepted customs tha t have bound such
members into a trade, and up to the present never
been attempted.

Such smoking in public sale room causes injury to
a delicate palate, and to breathe the nauseating
nieotined atmosphere injury to health of other mem-
bers of the trade present in the saleroom.

I therefore humbly crave redress of this great
grievance, and that I may be permitted to carry
on my business, as heretofore, in a peaceful
manner, free from annoyance or injury to palate or
health, and therefore my business.

Your humble servant’s contention for non-smoking
is supported by all the principal firms in the tea
trade, both by firms of dealers and brokers.

And I beg that redress for this great grievance
may be that a clause shall be inserted in all pub-
lic sale catalogues absolutely forbidding smoking
in the public sale room, and the selling broker in
possession of the room must order the removal of
such smoker, and any catalogue without a non-
smoking clause, the sale of the tea in that catalogue
to be invalid.

And failing to obtain fit and proper redress 1 have
no other option but (with great regret) to seek for
such legal redress as the low may provide. — I beg
to believe me, yours faithtully, C. Pukd Hunt.

(Tea Broker, 55, Eastcheap, E.C.)

— H. and C. Mail, Dec. 25,

♦

DUMONT COFFEE COMPANY.

(From the II. cC C. Mall, Dec. 25.)

The statutory meeting of the Dumont Coffee Com-
pany, Limited, was held at Winchester House, E.C.,
on Tuesday morning. The chair was occupied by
Mr. P. li. Buchanan.

Addressing the large number of shareholders pre-
sent, the Chairman said : — As you are aware, this is
a meeting called in compliance with the Companies
Act, so that there is really nothing on which we have
to ask your decision today. But if I may be allowed
to say so, it always seems to me one of the wisest
provisions of the Companies Act that the shareholders
joined together in any particular undertaking should
meet together as soon as possible, so as to under-
stand one another and to know what progress is
being made in the new undertaking. Therefore, I
need scarcely say that we are very glad to see you
here today. In the first place I have to report to
you that we have a body of 570 shareholders, and,
if I may be allowed to say so, we have a very strong
body of shareholders indeed, which is very grati-
fying to us to feel. We have had our calls most
readily responded to ; in fact, I may say that
although the last call was only due a week ago,
practically the whole of the capital has been paid up
and is in our bank. (Applause.) We have managed
to carry through, under considerable difficult circum-
stances, the transfer of the property. I say difficult
circumstances, because, as you are aware, we have
had to deal with Brazil, which is a considerable way
off. But we have met with every assistance on the part
of the vendors, and I am very’ happy to be able to
acknowledge here the very straightforward way in
which they have dealt with this company. (Hear,
hear.) I am glad to be able to acknowledge it, and
I am sorry there is no representative of those
gentlemen present to hear what I have to say. The
profits for 1896 you may remember were guaranteed
by the vendors. The accounts for 1896 have not ytt
been made up, so we do not know e.xactly what the

profits are, nor have we any claim upon the vendors
for that money until the accounts are complete,
but I am glad to be able to tell you that the ven-
dors have handed us the sum of £120,000 which is
at our bank at the present moment, so that these
1896 profits are absolutely secured to the company.
(Applause.) We shall have the accounts and expendi-
tures of 1896 at least in March or April. Mean-
while, it is satisfactory to know we have the princi-
pal thing — the profit — in our hands. We have
applied for a Stock E.xchange quotation, and all the
papers have been sent in in connection with the shares.
They wore sent in at leist a fortnight ago, and the
only thing remaining in connection with the Stock
Exchange settlement is the reception of a document
relating to the dcbenCures, which is necessary
before we can get that settlement. We heard that
the document was dispatched two weeks ago from
Brazil, and we are awaiting its arrival, so that we ex-
pect to get our quotation in a very short lime. With
regard to the jorospects of the company for the future
and the 1897 crop, it is not my business to prophesy,
and in all my dealings with this company 1 have not
the slightest intention to ever assume the role of pro-
phet. But I think it is better to deal with facts.
Well, with regard to the 1897 crop, we have good
reporis upon it so far. The blossoming has been
good, and there is every reason to suppose that it
will be a favourable crop. But the directors have
turned their attention as much as possible to trying
to improve the prospects of the company. At the
first moment we took over the direction of affairs we
started to see what could be done, and as Brazil is a
long way off and. only two or three members of the
board were acquainted with the work, it was thought
it would be very much better that one of our mem-
bers should go out and arrange with our representa-
tives out there for the working of the estates in the
future, and who, when he came home, could advise us
to what was the best thing to do for the interests
of the company.

As you are aware, Mr. Talbot, our colleague, a
considerable personal sacrifice, agreed to go out and to
confer with our colleagues in Brazil as to what were
the best steps to bo taken for the future working of
the ijroperty. Mr. Talbot, I am glad to say, is here
today, and he will tell you himself his experience
out there, so it is not necessary for me to dwell on
that. So far as we have been able, wo have carried
out the recommendations made by him. We entirely
agree with them, and we have every reason to be-
lieve that these recommendations will tend greatly
to the benefit and prosperity of the company. You
are all aware that the 'Brazilian methods of curing
coffee have been of a somewhat crude description.
There is great variation of prices between the Brazil-
ing coffee and Eastern coffee, and even Costa Rica
coffee. We are of opinion, and the opinion is shared
by those in Brazil, that great improvement could be
made in the curing and preparation of the coffee for
the markets, and we are taking steps to have these
methods, which have proved so successful in other
parts of the world, introduced into the w'orks of
this company with regard to the curing of coffee.
We believe that there is a very large margin of profit
between the method hitherto carried on in the Dumont
and what we shall be able to bring about gradually
We hope to do a good deal this year, but it is a
very large thing, and we cannot do everything at
once. However, we have made a good beginning,
and are going energetically to work to improve the
crop as much as we can. As you are aware, the
Dumont Company have to deal with an unusually
large crop. I have been assured that the crop
we have to handle is about one-tenth of the
whole coffee crop which Ceylon produced in its
palmiest days ; so that gives one an idea of what
a big thing it is to handle. There is no doubt in
my mind, and in the minds of those who have seen
the property and have seen the coffee, that there
is a great deal to be done to improve it ; and, of
cour.se, the more wo improve it the better the price
and the better it is for the shareholders. Of coui'so,
gentlemen must remember that we have to deal witlj

542

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

a crop which, like all agricultural products, we
cannot depend upon being always good. We have
our good seasons and our bad seasons, and our good
prices and our bad prices ; there is no question about
that, and, consequently, it is pleasant to think that
we are in a stronger position, so far as we can
judge, than any other undertaking of the kind. We
have undoubtedly a magnificent property ; there is
no doubt of that. In the next place, only 60 per
cent of our crop area has yielded a crop at present ;
therefore we have 40 per cent at least to come,
and that places ns in a very strong position. Again,
we have the great possibilities in the improvement
that I have mentioned, which we hope to be able
to bring about in the curing of the crop. If
we take these things into consideration, we shall see
that we are in as strong a position as a company
of this kind can possibly be. At the same time, it
will be our endeavour still further to strengthen
the position of the company by endeavouring to build
up as strong a reserve as we can. (Applause.)
Tnat will be our policy, and I think you will admit
that it is a right and proper one. We have a re-
serve, as I say, in our plant, we have a reserve in
possible improvements, and we shall try to get a
good cash reserve, which is the best of all. (Applause.)

The only other poinc I have to deal with is just
to say what we propose to do with the Profits we
have now in hand. The directors, after considei'a-
tion, have agreed that, besides paying the interest
on the debentures, which is due on the 31st inst.,
they will also pay at the same time a dividend at
the rate of 74 per cent, per annum on the prefer-
ence shares; and they will also ■ pay at the same
time a dividend of 10 per cent, upon the ordinary
shares. These moneys will be sent out on December
31 next, and will, I hope, be a pleasing commence-
ment of the new year — a year which I sincerely hope
will be a prosperous and satisfactory one to us all.
That is all I have to report. Perhaps it would be
as well for me to say one or two words more; in
fact, I have been asked to do so, although it does
not come exactly under the head reporting progress.
It is on account of this fact, that our company is
an exceptional one in this way — that it is
the first of the kind that has ever been intro-
duced to the British public, and, consequently,
everyone is more or less interested in it. AVe
are all specially interested in it because of the
circumstance — I wish to emphasise that fact, although
it was stated pretty clearly in our prospectus— that the
most thorough investigation that could be given was
given to this undertaking before we ventured to bring
ft before the public. We are satisfied that it is really a
good property, and that the statements given were, so
far as we can gather, absolutely correct, and we had
no hesitation in bringing this company before the
public as a good, and sound, and safe one for an in-
vestment of this sort. That was our opinion then,
and it is our opinion now. We were aware then, as
now, that there were a certain number of people who
distrusted South American affairs and concerns alto-
gether. Well, I do not know what to say to that.
South America is rather a big place, and there are

food things and bad things in it, I have no doubt;

ut as for making any general remark that all
South American things must be bad, that does nc t
seem me to a very wise thing. AVe believe, at all
events, that there are good and bad things there as in
London. Of this particular undertaking we be-
lieve it to bo a thoroughly good and sound in-
vestment, and that it will be a most satisfactory
one to the shareholders. But it can't help being
situated in Brazil ; for if ic had not been there
we should not have been here today. Certain
people would prefer that it should be on Primrose-
hill or in Hyde-park, and think if it would bo
safer. And so, perhaps, it would ; but, so far as
I can judge, I have very little I’eason to doubt
that our position in Brazil is as strong and secure
as if this property were situated in the United
States, on the continent of Europe, or, as a matter
of fact, in British India. Wo can only deal with i
history in trying to form our judgment, and tho

Brazilian Government have never evaded their en-
gagements, but have acted uf) to them. They hold
out to foreigners that freedom of interest which
England holds out. They make no difference
betvveen foreigners and ther own people in the hold-
ing of lands and the titles of land and so on.
They have behaved in a most liberal manner to
British enterprises in the past, and we can only
judge people by their record. Their record is good,
and I have no hesitation in saying I have the
most absolute confidence in the way we shall be
treated by the Brazilian Government, It is well to
know, when speaking of the Brazilian Government,
that really we are under the San Paulo Govern-
ment. I do not wish to draw distinctions, but as
we are in San Paulo we can congratulate ourselves
that it is well known to be one of the richest, if
not the richest, and the most business like of all
the united States of Brazil, and, as I say, it is
matter of congratulation that our properties are
situated in this State, and I feel perfectly sure
that the good citizens of San Paulo will
be too much alive to the advantages to be
gained by a closer connection and honerable re-
lationship between the City of London and San
Paulo, to endeavour to do us anything but good
So I think, really, the talk about the misfortune of
our property being in Brazil is beyond the mark
altogether. At all events, I have every confidence
in telling you that I believe we shall find we have
no reason to regret that it is so situated, and that
it will prove itself in the future what it has been
in the past — the most profitable coffee-growing con-
cern, not only in Brazil, but in the world. (Ap-
plause.)

Mr. Talbot said that, as the chairman had stated,
he had visited the estate. AVith regard to the estate
itself, the points they would look to would be its
accessibility, the climate, the soil, and the lay of
the laud. With regard to its accessibility, there was
a railway to within 13 miles of it, and then there
was a railway belonging to the company, which ran
over it, so that the traus port of goods was uninter-
rupted. As to climate, ho was only there a short
time; but it was very healthy, and it must be good
climate, because tbe coffee, after bearing one very
large crop, was in good blossom. The soil was a
chocolate loam, and was very free, which was very
necessary for coffee. It was a rather sandy loani, and
the rain sank in, and yet it was rich, which was easy
to see. The lay of the land was very easy. It was
gently undulating, and could easily carry off the
water. It was about the same kind of lay as Hyde-
park. Coming to the coffee itself, it would be asked
what the yield was, the vigour of the trees, and
the cost of production. 'The yield of Dumont
coffee was about 10 cwt. to the acre, which was a
very good yield in the East. AVith regard to the
vigour of the trees, they were grown there in a per-
fectly natural way. In the East, generally, the top of
the tree was 3 ft. or 4 ft., and in some jmrts of
Java they planted shade near the trees. At Dumont
the trees grew naturally to a height of about 12 ft.,
and had no shade and yet with that more exposed
system they were very strong and vigorous. With
regard to the strength and lasting property of coffee
in Brazil, he passed an estate which was pointed
out to him as being seventy years old. If the Dumont
trees lasted that time, and bore like they did last
year, that would be good enough for them. With re)
gard to the cost of the work, that was certainly very
cheap compared with anything they had been used
to, but he thought the picking had been done too
cheaply, and would have to be done rather more
expensively in tho future. As to the security of tenure
he had made a good many inquiries. He bad con-
sulted the manager of the English bank at San Paulo
and many merchants there, and tho conclusion that
they came to was that their property was absolutely
secure.

Answering a question, Mr. Talbot said he thought
they need have no fear of not getting sufficient labour.

In reply to another Shareholder, tho Chairman said
ho had no moans of knowing whether the A'120,O0U

Feb. I, 1897.]

THE TROPICA!

AGRICULTURIST.

543

was earned last year. Ills own private opinion was
that t‘100,000 had been earned this year. They would
do all they could to improve the interests of the
company.

This concluded the business of the meeting.

♦ — ^ — — — -

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CEYLON :
LAND Foil TEA AND OTHER
PRODUCTS.

An old planting resident — one who has tra-
velled about the country as much as anybody
we know — thus treats of the reserve resources
in land suitable for tea and, we suppose, other
products : —

“ I do not think anyone in Colombo even quite
realizes the extent of land in Ceylon suitable tor tea.
When last in Surveyor-General’s Office he showed
me plans of such land already surveyed in blocks
amounting to 200,000 acres, and this only forms a
small portion of the available, and does not include
the splendid plateau from Horton Plains onward,
which had we known was to be locked up, the rail-
way to Uva would never have been suggested. I do
not say it would be wise to extend, but it is less
wise to diive away capital and capitalists to Wynaad
and elsewhere. Overproduction is, of course, possible
in anything. We have it even in wheat, corn, meat,
and silver, &c. Meanwhile it affords work for the
many. It is our duty to cultivate and trust Provi*
dence that mouths will increa e. Adam did as he
was told and didn’t worry about markets!”

Between Maskeliya, Balangoda and Bambara-
botuwa there are large forest re.serves ; on the
Western slopes of Adam’s Peak, there is an immense
extent of Crown land suited to tea, and lower
down to cacao, Liberian coffee, and even coconuts.
Our “ Handbook and Directory ” gives much
information on the subject. But first we should
like to ■ see the Crown reserves between Dimbula
and Uva uidord<ed, as we mention elsewhere ;
because these are specially suited for the growth
of the finest tea.s, and tlie railway w'unts traffic.

CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA.

Under the heading of “Chib Echoes and Tea
Leaves” by “an ex-Upcountry Resident” on
page 545, a report is given of an inter
view with our American Tea Delegate, in which
reference is made to a circular sent out by a
Boston firm. The following, we believe, is the
circular : —

GENERAL LETTER TO CUSTOMERS.

The tea growers of the British Colonies, India and
Ceylon, finding the markets for their productions of
lea limited to consumers of the Congou or English
Breakfast variety, and wishing to open up new
markets have formed themselves into an Association,
and for some time past have had a duty imposed on
their export, the amount so collected being passed to
a fund to be expended in advertising and such other
means as will increase the consumption of these
growths.

For such a purpose, naturally the largest tea
consuming market using the smallest quantity of
their tea would be sought as the best field for their
labour. TheUnited States offered ihis,theconsump:ion
being only about 10 per cent, o'^f the breakfast sort,
while more than two-thirds of the 90 per cent is
green tea, the balance being Oolong which, while
black in dry leaf, is only slightly fermented, and
resembles more in dtink the green tea, thus show-
ing the United State.s to be consumers of light liquor-
ing, bright aromatic tiu, rather than the black, ttiick
liquoring type acceptable to the tea consumers of
the British Isles,

Hence, the United States has been selected, a
Commissioner appointed by each association, aTid
the funds placed in their hands for disbursement.
The advertisements extolling the virtues possessed
by only India and Ceylon leas show these agents
are at work.

While W'e are not advocates of this variety of tea,
having no desire to change the popular taste (pre-
ferring to cater to that, rather tlian adopt any edu*
cational methods) we ieel that the time is ripe for
us to be represented by a package of this type of
tea, that we may secure part of the ten per cent
of consumers using the variety, and benefit by such
demand as is influenced by the funds of the two
associations.

We now offer such a tea under name * * * as we be-
lieve will prove more acceptable to consumers of the
variety than any tea of its kind yet placed on
sale, being of higher quality, than any other India
and Ceylon tea on the market. Wholesale price for
this tea is 40c. per pound f. o. b. Chicago — 41c. per
pound freight prepaid.

The ‘‘ Orange Pekoe” will be packed only in half-
pound lead packages, and in boxes of 18 and 36 lb.
net — we think atcractive sizes. The label we con-
sider strikingly handsome. We recommend 60c. per
pound for retail selling price, believing the margin
shown is enough, while such quality should induce
business at the price as against the inferior teas of
English packing now being pushed for sale.

TEA-PLANTING AND CROPS (BY A
CONTEMPORARY).

NOT A WORD AGAIN ABOUT MANURING !

Discussing the prospect for tea exports in the
future, our evening contemporary writes as
follow'S . —

“Extension is taking place chiefly in Uva, the
Kelaui Valley, Kalutara, and Sabaragamuwa, and
the number of new clearings in Dimbula, Dikoya,
Maskeliya, Ambagamua, Kotmalie, Hewahetta, Han-
tana, Pussellawa and in all the northern districts is
comparatively trifling and insignificant. It may suit
some people to ignore these facts or to minimize
them ; but we do not believe in half truths or the
self-satisfied morality which encourages them. We
are not sorry that there is no prospect of a further
large increase in the output of tea from Ceylon. If
there were any prospect of such it would be disas-
trous for us. There is quite enough tea opened and
being opened, as it is ; and it will require all the
efforts which we can command to maintain prices at
a paying level. Let us, therefore, be thankful that
further expansion will be on a moderate scale, such
as the markets of the world will be able to take off
without very great difficulty.”

Not a word, it xvill be observed — not even the
shadow' of a reference to sucli an in.si^^nificant
subject as Manuring ! But a curious commentary
on “further expansion Avill be moderate,” is the
statement in the same paper that in Balangoda
district, one firm is about to open 2,500 acres
witli tea !

We trust Indian tea proprietors will take note
of the latter fact and also of our “Manuring”
coriespondence before they feel encouraged l>y
our contemporary’s Avilful minimizing of tlie
future ot tea in Ceylon, to put in additional
large clearings in North and Bouth India.

Coffee Flanting in Brazil.— Mr. Talbot’s
exposition of the way in which coffee is worked
in Brazil, is very interesting ; Avhile his ligures
are distinctly encouraging to all interested in
the Dumont Company (page 541).

544

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

COFFEE PLANTING IN SUMATRA.

Mr. W. Turin" Mackenzie who iia.s come to
Ceylon on a visit from tlie Straits "ave an
Observer roi)rescntative an interestin" account of
collee plantiii" in Sumatra. Jjately Mr. Mackenzie
has been travelling in Perak ami Selangor. The
coftee that he saw there he described as doing
very well and he has a great o[)inion of tlie
country remarking, “I wouhi chuck u|> my
Sumatra land tomorrow to take uy) land on the
Government terms tliere, Imt the climate of
Sumatra is very mucli better, .at .all events than
that of Perak— witness the churcliyard at Taping
which speaks for itself. It is excellently well
furnished mostly with men under 3.") years of age,
malaria being tlie gre.at .scourge. lint to return
to Sumatra, I have 4,300 acres of l.and tliere
jiart of which I am about to open. For the
most part the land consists of jungle, hut a
sm.all portion has been iilanlcd with tobacco and
another sm.all portion with coconuts. As regards
labour I consider the supydy to he the best I
have seen out of Ceylon.”

“ Which, according to some people,” interpo-
lated the pressman, “is not very good.”

“Well,” replied Mr. Mackenzie, “I w. as a good
many years in the isl.and and I never had any
difficulty, though I heard a good m.any comidaint.s.
Our labour in Sumatra is indentured labour from
Java. It is easy to manage, the coolies being
under the direction of a Mandor, mIucIi is the
same thing as a Kangany. We p.ay 0 dollars a
month for men and 3 dollars a month for women,
which, roughly speaking, is .about U12, and HO
resyieclively. You have to give 00 guihlers (a
"uihler is aboat 1/Sd) advance jicr hc.ad. Thirty
"uilders are recoveralile from each cooly,
and thirty guihlers has to be written oil' capital ac-
count. Of this latter, 20 guilders goes to the
cooly broker in Samarang and 10 guilders go
for the cooly’s p.assage and expenses in reaching
the estate. Every cooly is registered before a
m.a"istrate, he is measured, and his name, age,
village and special marks taken. E.ach cooly
has his own paper, describing himself and when
he is employed that paper is locked up in the
estate safe by his employer. Do they ever bolt?
you ask ? Not very often. On e.ach estate there
are private i>olice, who are also em))loyed as
tapal runners, &c., and they generally know when
a cooly is going to bolt. If they iuid out
he is h.andcuiled .and .sent to the Controller
who gives him 12 days for the first oll'ence ami
one month for the second offence. It is in the
Sardaii" district of the Island that the coffee is
planted" There is an Itali.an planter whose four
years old coffee hast year gave 10 piculs an
Lie equal to 1,333 lb., an acre. On aiiot ler estate
well-known to me owned by at icrman, and on v Inch
the coffee will be4ye.ars old next year the crop or
the current year w.as piculs an acre. 0'> this
German’sestate I know of coffee that was picked, dm d
cured and desiiatced to Hamburg before the trees
were 20 months in the ground It is the wonder-
ful richness of the soil, and it is hardly to be
believed.

“Does this not injure the trees”?

I h.ave heard people say it does; but I don t
believe in tlnat .argument. We were told not to
take the b.ark from our cinchona trees uiilil tin y
were so imany years old ami so on but
the men who waited for the market found
that the market went aw.ay fiom tlicim
When nature offers you a thin", .take it, dint

wait for the “tomorrow.” She may then give

you a slap on the f.ace. Wh.at .about life in
Sumatra ? It is not rougher than life was in Ceylon
twenty years ago. There are three Englishmen
and .Scotsmen planting in tlie Sai’dang district.

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

Ckylon Land and Produce Co.— The Chair-
man’s statement to the shareholders of the Ceylon
Land and Produce Co. .at the twelfth .annual
meeting shows a very satisfactory state of affairs.
The liabilities of the Company in pursuance of
the iiolicy hitherto pursued, have been materially
reduced and in the matter of gross revenue the
past year has been a record one. We think
the policy of the Directors in gradually c.alling
in the capital so that the shares may be fully
paid up, is a sound .and wise one, inasmuch as
it removes all element of dubiety .about the posi-
tion of the holders. We hojie, with the Chair-
man, that the dividend of 13 ]ier cent, will still
be continued (pa"e 539).

Ckyeon Tea in America.— On another
])age Our London L.a.ly Corresjiondent under
the heading “Club Echoes and Tea Leaves” re-
ports an interview with Mr. William Mackenzie
on his return to London from America in the
end of last month. It contains much that is
gratifying and we are proud of the success that
li.as so far attended the energetic labours of our
Tea Deleg.ate, who, we .are "had to know, is “well
and hearty.” It is extremely pleasing for in-
stance to know that “ in Philadelphia the firm
whi(di ranks second orthird highestamongteahon.ses
in America is workingin conjunction with us that
“.another firm in Poston which cl.aims to stand
eijual with the one just mentioned” h.as intimated
to its customers “ that they had never hitherto
pushed Ceylon or Indian teas, but now having
discovered others were doing so they intended
an alteration of their previous policy that
“ Ceylon tea is largely in most of the blends of-
fered to the public and that excellent work
w.as done on behalf of our staple ])roduct at the
annual food show by a latly who was formerly
resident in Ceylon. All this, we repeat, is very
gratifying indeed and we rejoice at it; but does
not tiie fact that firms such as the one men-
tioned are being obliged to handle our teas
because others are doing .so, go to su])port our
contention that the time is appro.aching when
we must tre.at all tr.aders alike either by advertising
or subsidisin" direct so that all may have an
equal chance of p.articipating in the benefit
accruing fiom the local fund ? We have only
warm aiiprov.al for expenditure in connection
with exhibitions and Demonstrations. What
we contend is that there must be a limit
to special subsidies .and gr.ants, and th.at that
])oint will erelong be reached botli in Americ.a and
Rus.sia when priv.ate enterprise .and tr.ade com-
petition mu.--t be allowed to t.ake its ordinary
course. If advertising in the press, as Mr.
Maedeenzie s.ays, must be followed up by other
means of bringing our teas before the public,
surely the dealers might fairly be expected to
do tiiat seeing that we s.ave them the expense of
the former. The ilepreciation of newspa^ier ad-
vertising by our Commissioner at this time is
rather inconsistent with his re))ort a little while
ago of a Canadian Firm who h.ad been got to
.adverti.se Ceylon tea in over ,300 newspaper.'-'.
We ple.ad for similar inducement to be given
to all firms willing to follow this good example,

Feb. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

545

HOW TO PUSH CEYLON TEA IN
AMERICA.

MR. WM. MACKENZIK OK THE CEYLON TEA
A.S.SOCIATION

has but just .arrived back in this country, having
only landed last Saturday (Dec. 18), and looks
well and hearty after his recent American visit.
I found him conning over the editorial in the
Overland Observer of the 25th November last,
and not, as I j)resently discovered, at all agree-
ing with many of the sentiments therein expre.ssed.

“ It’s an entire mistake in my opinion,” he
ob.served, “to suppose as this article has it, that
adverti.sement by ordinarj^ methods will be suffi-
cient by itself to push our teas in America.
Assisting agencies already on the spot must be
united with newspaper advertisement. In America
every kind of industry is put on the market
by some such means as I have indicated. Agents
having Ceylon and Indian teas to push, go to
the large grocery shops, or stores as they are
called over there, and they get the permission
of the heads of sucli firms to establish demon-
stration stalls on the i)remises, the expenses
being p.aid by the .agents themselves. Girls are
put in charge, whose business it is to ofl'er
customers coining to buy other goods a cup
of tea. Such an offer you will easily see is
welcome to most people ; they accept the in-
vitation, and listen to what the teamaker has
to tell them as to the good qualities of the tea, how
best to make it for themselves and so on. Then
they probably buy a pound to take home with
them, and on that pound there is a profit to the
store proprietor. The people come back for more
and by and bye in that store Ceylon and Indian
tea are kept, .and given a good pbace on the
counter — not stuH’ed into any odil corner where
no one will ever see it or think of buying
it, but put in .a prominent position so
that the public get to know that tea is
certainly to be had in the particular store in
that particular street.

“ In the lOOmillons lb. of teadrunk in America,”
continued Mr. Mackenzie, “not more than one-
fifth is black tea— a'l the rest is green, etc.,
imported from Japan and otlier places. It is to
secure for ourselves that one-fifth we have to
aim. At churcfi fetes which are extremely
popular over in America, large firms put up
stalls for the sale of tea, where demonstrations
are given, and the same sort of thing is done
in theatres and many other jmblic places,
even when they only pay half or a quar-
ter of the expense it p.ays us to do this.
As for jealousy, if any such exists among the
Colombo merchants, it must be remembered
that they do no missionary work themselves.
After all we do not, as an association, exist for
the tea merchants, but for the tea growers ; and
in a case of this kind, though it might bo very
pleas.ant to indulge in sentiment, we have to
consider the question on the' main issue. The
method of .advertising which gains most custom-
ers for Ceylon and Indi.an teas, will be the one
wliich will eventually benefit all most, l^aper
advertising alone is perfectly useless. You may
talk to people as long as you like about the
merits of your tea, but as long as they do not
see ifc, don’t know where it is to be got, or how

69

to u.se it when they do get it, you will do
practically no busine.ss with them in America*
What competition we meet with there is he.althj' ?
Let people pu.sh their own blends, and they will
push Ceylon tea along with them. Ceylon tea is
largely in most of the blends offered to the pub-
lic, and the more blends the better.”

“ Yes,” said I, “ one of the great tea blend
people told me the other day they did not care
for Lipton.” “ If there were twenty Liptoiis in
the imaiket,” said he, “ the better for us.”

“Exactly,” said Mr. Mackenzie, “that’s pre*
sisely the iilea, .and only agents already actively
engaged in pushing tea on the spot will do
for us. The more trade the better for all.
We must use the methods most expedient,
and that shortsighted policy of keeping
one another out lest one gets a slight advantage
over his neighbour is injurious altogether.”

“ In Philadelphi.a now,” resumed Mr. Mackenzie,
“the firm which ranks seconder third highest
among tea liomses in America, are working in
conjunction with us. At the Annual Food Show
there, for example, a fortnight ago, there was a
lady — an old Ceylon resident by the way who,
consequently, has some practical knowledge of tea
growing — who was working away busily all day
long with fourteen girl assistants, at the making
and giving away of cups of Ceylon tea. That’s
what I c.all a good adverti-sement. Another firm
in Boston, which claims to stand equal with the
one just mentioned, has recently sent out a circular
of an apologetic character to its 16,000 grocer
customers to the effect that they had never
hitherto pushed Ceylon or Indian teas, but noAV
having discovered others were doing .so, they
intemled an alteration of their previous policy.
Again Siegel Cooper had six of these demon*
strations of Ceylon and Indian teas going on
at one time in New York and four others in
their Chicago branches while an English firm gave
no less th.an eighty of these object lessons lately.
In short,” summed up the Ceylon Commis-
sioner, as I bade him good-bye, “ if the Observer
wants my opinion you have now got it on this
question. Advertising by the press alone is per-
fectly useless. The main point to be arrived at
is the .selling of Ceylon tea. On that, I suppose
we are all agrceil. Then that can only be done
on the lines I have mentioned. At present the
American market is well, perhaps, overstocked
with tea, .and iirobably less this year will be
taken into the country than has been the case
for a short time previous to the Chinese and
Japanese war. We can make little impression
on the market .as regards green tea, but we m.ay
secure the trade in black teas if we go the
right way to M'ork.”

BROWN-PATEHSON.

—

THE TEA SITUATION IN AMERICA.

The American Grocer of Dec. 9th, considers the
tea situation a strong one, for the following re.a-

The season at most of the China and J.apan tea
ports is over, and we now are enabled, through a
compilation made by a prominent firm of tea broker.--,
Messrs. James and John ]i. Moutgomerv, to present
the statistical position of tea on December 1. At
that date there ivere afloat eight vessels cariying
9,14(1,33:-! pounds of tea, due here from now forward
until March 15, 1897. The shipments include 3,4(12,385
pounds of green tea, 2,(178,723 pounds of Japan,
2,115,825 pounds of Formosa, 27s, 280 pounds of Foo-
chow, and 614j400 pounds of Congou. The situation

546

The tropical agriculturist

[Feb. f, 1897.

tuay be faumiLar.zecl ! b follows : [We only give the

totals.]

Hlatistical position of Tea for United IStateB and Canada
on December 1, IS'JO )

Total lb.

Total afloat to December 1, 18% . . 0,146,333

Eeceipts to December 1, 1896 . . 54,057,858

Total shipments advised by mail . . 63,204,191

Leaving to be shipped
Estimated supply, Season 1896-97
Supply, Season 1895-96

. . 19,145,809

. . 82,350, ( 00

.. 105,300,581

Afloat, December 1, 1895 . . 8,362,658

Eeceipts to December 1, 1895 . . 75,308,959

Tot. shipni'ts adv’d by mail, Dec. 1, ’95 . . 83,671,617

The above shows a deficiency for 1896-97 of about
23,000,000 pounds, a loss in supply quite sufficient to
account for the recent advance in cost.

From now on, the consumption should be much
better than prior to the election, besides which deal-
ers, both wholesale and retail, will carry a more
liberal stock, as they have confidence that the future
will be reasonably free from the factors which have
so disturbed business since 1892. Then there i.s a
prospect for the imposition of a tax on tea and coffee,
as well as an additional tax on beer, and this ought
to stimulate demand. There is a growing sentiment
that taxes in the direction named are the easiest way
to give the Government more revenue. The tea po-
sition is a strong one.

There ought to be encouragement in the above
figures to ship Ceylon tea to America '!

♦

ORIENTAL ESTATES COMPANY.

The adjourned ordinary general meetieg of the
Oriental Estates Company, Limited, was held on the
17th Dec., at Winchester House, Old Broad-stroet,
Mr. Quintiii Hogg (the chairman of the company)
presiding.

The Secretary (Mr. II. Greey) read the notice
convening the meeting,

The CuAiiiM.VN said the first business they had to
transact was to adopt the accounts and report. They
were formally received at the last meeting, but not
adojited. lie then proposed their adoption.

Mr. A. W. CiiEiou'ro.N seconded the motion, which
W'as f)ut to the meeting and carried.

An extraordinary general meeting was then held
for the purpose of receiving and adopting the com-
mittee’s report with regard to reducing the capital
of the company.

Mr. Macaskie, in moving the reception of the
committee’s report, said it woirld be within the re-
collection of the meeting that in July last the com-
mittee were appointed when a scheme had been put
forward which did not, at all events, satisfy the
preference shareholders. They were invited to confer
with two representatives, Mr. Slaughter and Mr. Touch,
who represented the ordinary shareholders with the
object that they were aware of. He could not help
recalling, believing as he did, in the scheme which
they had arrived at, the position of affairs today.
The preference shares were at that time about £3 10s.,
or perhaps less in the market, but the difficuUy that
confronted the preference shareholders was perhaps
chiefly that they had no control over the operations
of the company by reason of the state of the capital
account. The control rested with the ordinary share-
holders, which was very unfair to the preference
shareholders, because, according to their information,
the bulk of the ordinary shares was held by compara-
tively few persons, linder those circumstances it uas
perfectly clear that the power of withholding dividends
for a time, or indefinitely, rested with the directors
and the majority of the ordinary shareholders. I'or
that there was, at that time, no cure. Whatever a court
of law might have said if the directors had chosen to de-
clare dividends, he was <piite certain that no courtof law
in the world would have ordered the directors, against
their own judgment, to declare 'them, and therefore

they were face to face with the probability that the
preference shareholders would have to go without
dividends for five, ten, fifteen, or twenty years.
That was a very uncomfortable position, and al-
though he was very far indeed from saying that
the ordinary shareholders would have used tne power
they had for their own interest against the company
at large, it was, at all event’, an uncomfortable
position for the preference shareholders to be in. Ac
cordingly, the committee set themselves to find
some way of reconciling those conflicting interests
by means of mutual concessions. He did not pro-
pose to discuss the details of the report, but there
was one consideration he would like to bring before
the meeting, which he did not think ought to be absent
from the minds of the shareholders. He said little
or nothing about the way in which they had treated
the arrears of the preference dividends, because, after
all, that was a comparatively s-nall matter. He
said nothing ab lut the provision by which the pre-
ference shareholders acquired the controlling power
over the operations of the company. That, of course,
was obvioui and patent upon the face of the report;
but there was this consideration, which certainly
never entered the head of anyone of the three
gentlemen who represented the preference share-
holders, but he was bound to say operated very power-
fully upon the minds of Mr. Bishop, Mr. Liwrence,
and himself, and that was that they gave up 18 per
cent, of the capital, and, of course, 18 per cent of
t'le profits, to be earned by the ordinary shareholders.
What did that mean ? Before assuming the scheme
did not go through, they were entitled to a preferen-
tial dividend of 7 per cent. To pay that they required,
roughly, iT4,(X)0. The effect, therefore, of the scheme
was that as long as the trading profits of the year
were £14,000, or under, the preference shareholders
were giving up to the ordinary shareholders about
18 percent, of their £14,000, which the articles would
have given to the preference shareholders. That was
to the advantage, of course, of the ordinary shareholders.
But, supposing the profits upon the year’s trading ex-
ceeded ,£14,0()0, then 82 per cent, of that excess over
£14,000 went to the persent holders of preference
shares, and in estimating whether or not the right to
80 per cent, of the excess over £14,000 was or was
not equal to, or, as he thought, much more valuable
than the concession that the preference shareholders
were called upon to make, they must look at the
results of the last si.v or seven years’ trading. He
had taken the trouble to go through the balance-
sheets during the last six or seven years, and the
results from the preference shareholder’s point of
view were very remukable. He did not know whether
they should assume that the results would in future
be worse than they had been in the past, because
in 1892-93 they suffered a good deal from the effects
of a disastrous hurricane, which would not occur
again, perhaps, for ten or eleven years. If they looked
back at the balance-sheets, they would find that in 1890
the profit upon the year’s trading was over £26,600 —
that was to say, £12,000 in excess of the £14,000, of
which the preference sha,reholders would take about
80 percent. In 1891 the trading profits were .£27,000,
in 1892 they were £28,000, and then came the year
of the hurricane, from which they suffered a loss,
and when there was a profit of only £14,000; but still,
th’y would see that the advantage would have been
in favour of the preference shareholders. He ven-
tured to think that those figures, if they at all re-
presented what they were likely to meet with in
future, were in favour of the preference shareholders.

Mr. Ceaud Bishop seconded the motion, which was
supported by Mr. Lawkence, audearried unanimously.

The Ciiaiuman said the next business was to discuss
the report of the committee, and before putting the
clause seriatim he wished to say that he very cordially
recommended the adoption of the report. He did not
at all admit an entire difference in the two reports, but
he contended that the second scheme was infinitely
preferable to the lirst. If they took the average profits
in the past two years and dealt with them on the basis
of L'20,(J()0, the scheme, with the two modifications which
ho recommended, it would bo soon was not very different

Feb. I, 1397.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 547

from tho scheme of the committee. Roughly speaking,
tlie preference shareholders got four-fifths, while the
ordinary shareholders got one-fifth of the unified stock.
They also got the advantage which they would not have
got under the first scheme, namely, scrip not bearing
interest for the unpaid portion of tiieir interest. With
regard to the question of strengthening the bjard, the
directors had no objection to welcome anybody who was
put forward by the shareholders; but it appeared to him
that; as it was suggested that the committee should be
kept alive for the purpose of carrying out the re-
commendations in the report, it would be a very good
plan to refer the matter to the committee, and the
board to recommend one or tiVo names as meinbsrs
of the board.

Mr. Wood contended that the scheme was unfair
to the ordinary shareholders, while other shareholders
mdiiltained that it was unfair to the preference share-
holders.

After some discussion the following resolutions were
carried: — (1) “That all the issued shares of the com-
pany, being fully paid, they be and are hereby con-
verted into stock.’’ (2) “ Tliat the capital of the

compiny be reduced from i!5fi(5,700, consisting of —
stock resulting from the' conversion of 40,91)2 pre-
ferred shares of €5 each, ,£201,ol0; stock resulting
from the conversion of 228,092 ordinary shares of £1
each, £228,092 ; 19,028 preferred shares of £.') each,
unissued, £9;j,490; 38,603, ordinary shares of £1 each,
unissued, £38,608— £566,700; the stock of the nominal
amount of £2.50,000 and that such reduction be effected
by cancelling all unissued shares, and by writing off
and cancelling, as being unrepresented by available
assets, £182,602 of the stock resulting from the con-
version of ordinary shares, in such a manner that
the reduction of £182,602 shall be borne as between
the several holders of the last mentioned stock, rate-
ably in proportion to the amount of such stock held
by them respectively.’’ (3) “That the name of the
Company be changed to ‘The Anglo-Ceylon and
General Estates Company, Limited.’ ’’ And a further
resolution was agreed to altering the articles ac-
cordingly.

Mr. ll.\DFORD proposed that the meeting recom-
mend the election of Mr. Macaskie and Mr. Bishop,
to whom they were all greatly indebted for formu-
lating so excellent a scheme.

The Chaiuman stated that the directors had not
the slightest objection to the appointment of the two
gentlemen nominated, but he suggested that it would
be better to leave the matter in the hands of the
committee and the directors.

Mr. Radford assented to this suggestion.

Meetings of the preference and ordinary share-
holders then took place, at which the agreement
modifying their rights and privileges to give effect
to the resolution was agreed to.

The proceedings terminated with a vote of thanks
to the Chairman. — & C. Mail, Dec. 25th.

THE COMIMG CEYLON TEA CROP.

A correspondent reports that he hears tlie
Planter-s’ Sub-Committee give the Estimate for
1897 at a little over

117,200,000 LB.

We notice on tlie other hand that Messrs. Forbes
&. Walker, who are generally very accurate —
and whose praise as compilers of tea statistics
our contemporary has just been singing — estim-
ate the present 3^ear’s tea crop or rather e.xport at
120,000,000 LB.

And this is just the figure we considered likely
when a planter said we were to lie 122 million lb.
Messrs. Forbes & Walker give the total export

for 1896 at 108,141,412 lb.

Their Estimate for 1897 ... 120,000,000 ,,

Estimated increase ... 11,858,588 lb.

The ‘‘Customs” total for the Export of 1896 is
J10,095,.S58 lb.

TEA PLANTING IN CEYLON AND CROPS
IN THE FUTURE.

Wo direct tire attention not only of reader.s
of our journal in Ceylon, Imb of the nob a tew
planters wlio get our daily or weekly issues
(arul the still larger number who read our luonihly)
in India, to the letter signed “Fesbina”
further on. It comes to us authenticated
by a responsible proprietor of estates, who has
had prolonged experience both as collee and tea
planter in Ceylon ; and he shows very clearly
that those who would minimize the future tea crop
resources of Ceydon or speak of our getting near
the maximum export are greatly mistaken. The
ditl'erence between the cultivated and total ex-
tent of the tea plantations in private hands in
Ceylon, must amount bo over 3(iL),0W acres; and
if wo strike oil' even tiao-tkirds of these I’eserves
as unfit for prolitalde cultivation, we must still
have lit for cultivation, an aggregate of 100,001)
acres spread over all the tea districts already
taken up. Of cour.se the planting up of such
reserves will depend on the encouragement
oll'ered. What our correspondent says about
manuring is also wmrthy of very serious con-
sideration.

BOTANICAL AND AGRICULTURAL
PICKINGS.

The death of

BARON FF.ltDINAND VON MUEI.LER

leaves a wide gap in the botanical world. His bio-
graphy, it has been said, will be a history of Aus-
tralian botany during the last four decades. The
number of publications of the Baron is stated to be
something enormous, though many individual works
w'as sufficient to make the reputation of any man.
Referring to his last hours his co-worker (T. O. Mac-
lennan) writes: — “The Baron had at least his one
great wish fulfilled, namely that he should die in
harness. His illness only lasted a fortnight, and for
the first week he would insist on getting up and
going to his office though only for a short time.
His death was, no doubt, due to an affection of the
brain due to constant study, worry and insomnia,
to which might be added, almost total want of bodily
exercise. He passed away (Oct. 10th) quite peace-
fully without any apparent pain.” This passion for
work, strong even on the eve of death, reminds
us of the last days of our late Director of the
Peradeniya Gardens, who like the great Aurtralian
botanist, died in harness.

There has been some plainspeaking with reference
to the alleged purchase by the Secretary of State of
£10,090 worth of

CARROT SEED

for famine relief purposes in India — to sell to the
ryots at cost price. A native Indian paper pronounces
this an “ atrocious piece of jobbery.” The Indian
Agriculturist referring to the transaction says that
“ even if the s'ateraent pnade in the Pioneer that
the local Government is responsible for the purchase,
is correct it is clearly unjust to charge the India
Office authorities with an atrocious piece of job-
bery. Tomfoolery, w'e fear, it is; tomfoolery in a
somewhat unexpected place.”

The “ Agriculture Ledger” series of pamphlets and
and leaflets issued by the Government of Bengal is
a most valuable publication as each fresh issue only
tends to prove more conclusively. In a late pam-
phlet on cattle disease reference is made to local
native remedies. They are not to be despised, says
the writer, aud though not scientificially explained,
there remedial measures tried by the experience of
ages, may not in some cases be without scientific
foundation, and at any rate deserve to be investi-
gated before being discarded. Speaking of native
medicinal herbs and plants, the writer goes on to
say that a systematic and patient investigation will not
fail to yield resirlts of some value,

548

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, i897._j

There is without doubt much in native treat-
ment of cattle disease even in Ceylon worthy of
investigation and aqualified Veterinary Surgeon should
be able to do some useful work in this connection.

0UYCX12S lilllNOCEKOS

has of late being doing great damage among the
coconut trees in Cochin. The Superintendent of the
Calcutta Museum recommends the following treatment.
Searching for larvae and pupae and destroying ;
capturing the adults by attracting them to fires ;
cutting down the affected trees and burning to ashes.
The Agricultural Department, Madras, suggests in-
jecting the holes made by the pest with kerosene
oil, or a strong soap solution.

Under the head

“ HOHTIC l'LTl'R.\L NOTES ”

in an Australian paper occurs the following memo.
“Mr. Chamberlain’s collection of orchids is worth
from £1.5,000 to £20,000. The collection of the
Dowager Empress of Germany is worth nearly double
that of Mr. Chamberlain. Miss Alice Rothschild’s
collection of roses is valued at £10,000, while Mr.
Astor (the liberal donor of £2,000 to the Indian
Famine Relief Fund) paid £1,500 to an English
grower for the stock of a single variety of rose, which
is said to have been introduced into Europe fjom
Damascus by the crusaders, appearing first in England
in 1306.

RHEA*

Mr. W. Gollan, Superintendent of the Govern-
ment Gardens of Saharanpore, whites.- — '* I suppose-
like myself, you are often bothered over rhea. Mr.
Ribbentrop, Inspector-Generl of Forests, published a
note upon it in the Pioneer a few weeks ago, and
since its appearance I have had no end of letters
about it. In his article he mentions £7 per ten as
a paying price for the dried ribbons landed at
Bombay. I dare say the Rhea Fibre Syndicate would
lik ito purchase them at that figure: considering it
takes R75-4-0 (6 4-7-05 S'*' f''’- 2</ per rupee) to can v
a ton of rhea from Saharanpore to Bombay, I do net
see where the grower’s profit comes in. Rhea is one
of those erratic plants that will grow or exist any-
where in India, but to make it produce even one
good crop of wands in Upper India districts, it re-
quires the richest of soils, further enriched with ex-
pensive dressings of manure. Our highest outturn is
a ton of wands per acre weighed, after stripping
off the leaves, which yield from 3 to 7 per cent, of
ribbons, according as they are well cleaned and
scraped or not ; so it takes from three-and-a half to
seven acres of land to produce a ton of ribbons, which
will, according to Mr. Ribbentrop, fetch £212-2i to
the grower in Bombay after meeting freight. Alter
the grower has paid land rent, irrigation charges,
cultivation, cost of stripping the ribbons from the
wands, drying, packing, delivery to railway station,
etc., I greatly fear liis £2—12—4 will be noueat ;
in fact, at Mr. Ribbentrop's price, he will have to
draw upon his banker pretty considerably after-
spending the above to even produce his ton for
which he is to receive £7 at Bombay. ’’

It will be seen from the above letter that there is
no profit to be made in the cultivation of rhea in
the North-West, unless prices go up considerably,
and it is probable that, at the present rates, rhea
cultivation in Assam will not pay. So far the Rhe.a
Fibre Syndicate do not appear to have quoted f. o. b.
rates for Calcutta.

It would be as well for members cultivating rhea
to note that though plantations are made on rich
soil, further enrichment is necessary to i-Mse a remuner-
ative crop. — Indian and Ka.ilern Enjineer, Jan. 16.

COFFEE STENOPHYLLA.

There are now three specimens of this variety of
coffee growing on the Nilgiris, one of which is at
Burliar and the other two in private gardens. Ti ey

* Extract from “ rroceedings and Journal of the
Agricultural and Horticultural Society f India.’’ —
July September, lb%.

are apparently the only specimens of this variety left
in Southern India, and were kindly sent us by Mr.
Cameron of the Bangalore Lai Bagh, as they were
not ft'und to thrive there at all. The U. P. A .would
do well to obtain a consignment of the seed through
the Kew Gardens. The following details regarding
this variety of coffee is taken from the Kew Bulletin,
p. 167, of ISl);!:—

The narrow-leaved “ wild,’’ “ bush,” or native coffee,
is sometimes found wild on the hills, and is more
often cultivated by the natives than the Liberian.
It grows very freely, and appears to yield quiet as
much as the Liberian but it is somewhat longer in
coming into bearing. Both the natives and French
traders at Freetown say that it has a superior flavour,
and prefer it to the Liberian. In fact, latterly, a
certain amount has been exported to a wholesale
French dealer, who is said to sell it at 4 francs .50
centimes a lb. as “best mocho.” Gonsideiing that it
is worth in Freetown about 6d. a lb., this should be
a fairly profitable trade, and a trial shipment should
be made by the English merchants to find out exactly
what the market value in Liverpool would be. The
plant appears to thrive best on the higher hills about
Sierra Leone, on gnoeissose or granatic soil, and can
be grown from 500 to 2,000 feet. Probably it may
be grown both above and below these limits. - Planting
Opinion, Jan. t).

♦ -

The Famine and the Tea 1ndu.strv is the
subject of editorial remark in the Indian Plan-
ters’ Gazette to hand. Our Indian contemporary
cliaracterises tlie laissez faire policy of tlie Su-
lireme Government as suicidal in tlie extreme and
fraught w'ith the most dire consequences. Deal-
ing with the famine as allecting the tea industry,
the I.P.G. says: —

To tea-planters, specially those in the Brahma-
putra and Sunn I Valleys, the matter is one of very
grave moment. How aro they to feed the enorm-
ously lai-ge labour force dependent on them ? Leav-
ing aside monetary considerations, where are the
vast quantities of dl/dn the rice which will be re-
quired to feed some 700,000 souls to come from?
Futher, considering the deficient means of com-
munication, how are regular supplies of food, in
quantites, to be implicity relied on ? If the Railway,
Steamer and Carrying agencies fail in their transit
arrangements, and Planters hold no guarantees that
their food stocks shall arrive punctually to time,
how cvn Managers of Gardena rest satisfied that they
will always have a sufficient stock of rice in hand
to meet all demands? In the event of a deficiency, they
will nut be able to fall back on local supplies for,
practically, they would, in such case, have to be rec-
koned upon as nit. At the best, local supplies are
wholly inadequate to meet a severe strain The
mercantile tea agency houses, as well as the plan-
ters dependent on them for their rice supplies, are
having a most anxious time of it. The capital to

Eurchase stocks of paddy and rice is not wanting
ut the question is how are continuous and sufficient
supplies to kept flowing into the tea districts of
Assam, Cachar, and Sylhet to meet the enormous
demands. The scarcity will in all probability extend
over a period of six or seven months yet to come,
so that the trouble is now only commencing.
Whether the Indian Tea Association are taking their
cue from the Indian Government and waiting and
watching events, we cannot say; but as yet it has
taken no action in the matter, so far as the out-
side public are aware. If the advice of planten- is
taken and faithfully followed, the responsibiliy will
be taken off the shoulders of the agency houses in
Calcutta, but if ignored the firms will only have them-
selves to blame for the dire results which are sure to
accure in the future, if adequate action is not t.ikun
and promptly carried out. We trust that tiio Indian
Tea Association and the agency houses in this city
will soon make known the measures they liavo
adopted to meet the great strain there will un-
doubtedly be on their resoures.

Feb. I. 1897.] THE I'ROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

549

THE EXPORT OF CHINA AND JAPAN.
TEA.

From the Honijkunfi Weekly Press of 31st Dec.
1896 Nve take tlie following : —

EXPOUT OK TEA FROM CHINA TO GREAT BRITAIN.

2896 97.

1895-96.

lb.

lb.

Canton and Macao . . 6,058,521

7,21.3,224

Shanghai and

Hankow.. 17,898,886

20,724,674

Foochow

. . 12,262,311

13,814,491

36,219,718

41,752,389

EXPORTS OF

TEA FROM CHINA TO UNITED STATES

AND CANADA.

1896-97.

1895 96.

lb.

lb.

Shanghai

19,332,042

27,879,154

Amoy

... 16,446,017

11,610,453

Foochow

9,590,452

9,836,864

45,368,511

49,326,471

EXPORT

OF TEA FROM CHINA TO ODESSA.

1896-97.

1895-96.

lb.

lb.

Shanghai and Hankow . . 22,949,123

27,240,863

EXPORT OF

TEA FROM JAPAN TO UNITED STATES

AND CANADA.

1896-97.

1895-96.

lb.

lb.

Yokohama

. . 25,949,716

28,956,080

Kobe

. . 13,519,653

18,012,100

39,469,369 46,968,180

THE KANDYAN HILLS CO., LTD.

A General Meeting of the Shareholders of
the Kandyan Hills Company, Limited was
held at the Registered Office of the Company,
(Messrs. Carson and Co.’s) No. 21, Baillie Street,
this afternoon.

Mr. F. M.aciiuhe presided and present were
Messrs A. Forsyth, E. R. Waldock, A. Anan-
dappa, G. J.| Jamieson (by his Attorney Mr.
F. Macindoe) and Messrs, Carson and Co. (re-
presented by Mr, F. Macindee). On the motion
of Mp. Forsyth seconded by Mu. Ananuappa
i\\e provisional Directors: — Messrs. J. N. Campbell,
K. Macindoe, and E. R. Waldock, retiring in
terms of the Articles of Association, were reelected.

Following the Ordinary General Meeting an
extraordinary General Meeting was held— pre-
sent as before. The following resolution on the
motion of Mr. Forsyth seconded by Mr.
Anandappa was passed.

That the Directors be and they are here' y autho-
rised to borrow a sum not exceeding five thousand
pounds (£5,000) Sterling carrying interest at the
rate of five per centum per annum upon such terms
and conditions as to re-payment and otherwise as
to the Directors shall seem proper and to mort-
gage the Pansalatenne Estate and premises as
security for the sum to be so borrowed and the
interest thereon.

It was explained by the Chairman that the
money was to be raised for the pni [>ose of paying
off an existing mortgage of £4500 on Pansalatenne
estate bearing interest at 7 per cent in favour
ol Messrs. (4. H. Trail, R.^ A. Ro.sampiet and
J. D. Balfour, and to replace it with a mortgage
bearitig interest at 5 per cent in favour of the
Standard Life Office up to £5,000. The Stand-
ard IJfe Office had consented to lend £4,500,
but the Directors hoped to arrange a loan of
£),000. the additional £500 being reijuired to |iay
for extensions.

This was all the business,

KING COFFEE.

A NEW COFFEE LEAF DISEASE DEVELOPED IN
8OCONU8C0 CHIAPAS, MEXICO.

Coffee is king, because there is no shrub in the world
so extensively cultivated as the coffee tree. America
and Mexico, which latter countries have developed
to large prf portions during the last decade of years
and are taking their places among the higher rank of
large coffee producing countries of the world. I have
■ lid that Ceylon was the third biggest producing
country in the world. But a disease sprang into ex-
istence in that same year and checked its further
progress. The effect of this coffee “ small pox ’ in
the industry was terrible. Devastation, disaster, ruin
are words that ill describe the awful working of
the plague.

From 1,000,000, in 1869, the export gradually de-
clined until the output reached the insignificant
figure of 50,000 quintals, which is the very la e-t
figures quoted from the London press. This state-
ment leaves nothing to be added. Had the cultiva-
tion been completely obliterated, the final end could
not have been much worse.

There is another disease Steilbum-Flavidum. It
might be truly called a twin sister to Hemileia
Vastatrix. It is so very alike in appearance and the
effect which it produces on the coffee tree, that I
have mistaken it for that disease, which the letter
copied below clearly shows. I observed a great change
in the luxuriant growth of coffee in Soconusc'o
Chiapas, Mexico, from 1889, and its late appearance
during the few years last past. I examined it closely
and carefully, especially in the section of the district
called Chicharras, and thought I had unearthed the
terrible demon Hemileia Vastatrix; I accordingly
collected some leaves, gathered from the San Juan
coffee estate; prepared them carefully, and sent them
to the director of the Smithsonian Institution of
Sciences, Washington, for examination and report
when completed.

The following is a copy of his reply : —

Smithsonian Institute,

United States National Museum
Washington, May 22nd, 1894. ’
Mr. W. J. Forsyth, Chiapas, Mexico :

Dear Sir,— The coffee tree leaves recently trans-
mitted by you for examination, have been referred
to the curator of botany in the National Museum.
He has submitted them to Mr. Ellis, of Newfield
New Jersey, who states that the disease, which has
affected the trees is not caused by the fungus Hemi-
leia Vastatrix, but by the growth to which the name
of Steilbum Flavidum (Cooke) has been given. This
I am told, is quite widespread. Mr. Ellis has, in his
collectiun, specimens of the same fungoid growth
from Costa Rica, Jamaica and Venezuela. In as much
as no experiments have been made in this direction
no remedies can be suggested.— Yours faithfully, '

G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary
(2683) True copy W.J.F,

This disease is entirejy and altogether confined to
the district I have ment oned. In no other place in
the coffee zone of Mexico have I observed it. I have
travelled over a wide field of the belt, particularly
in the State of Oaxaca, and looked carefully every-
where for indications of the pest, but failed to see
the slightest indications. It therefore behoves the
governments of those States, which are exempt from
the visitation of either of these coffee plagues to
take every preventive measure possible, to prohibit
the bringing into the disaffected States, live plants
from the affected district of Chicharras, Soconusco
Chiapas. This can be easily done, as they are en-
tirely isolated, with little or no traffic between the
States.

Of late there has been a considerable exodus of
capital from the United States to different parts of
Mexico. It )s therefore with the kindliest feelines
that I warn them to be guarded of an enemy subtle
to them, invisible, unknown, and which is only re-
cognized by the scientific e.xperts in the calling
Established estates are at all times the most engae!
ing objects for investments of capital. There are

550

THE TROPICAI

AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

exceptions, however, to this ru’6j and the present is
one. There are many estates in tlie District of Chi-
charras fairly well establifhed, and are likely fields
to attract capital ; hut a timely warning is herewith
offered and it will be well for intending investors
to investigate thoroughly what I say before com-
mitting themselves.

I sliall before long have the pleasures of sending to
my friends in New Iberia, a tale of life in Mexico. —
Yours truly, J. W. I'ousvth.

— Jberia Enter[»\S', Nov. 21.

COFFEE PLANTING IN BRAZIL.

MR. TALBOT’S VISIT TO THE DUMONT CO.’S
PROPERTY.

Mr. G. A. Talbot, who returned to tlie Island on
on 18tli Jan. last was good enough to give an
Observer representative some interesting parti-
culars, regarding the nmmmt Coll'ee ( 'ompany’s
estates which he has been visiting. In reply
to questions, Mr. Talbot said : — “ The jjroperty of
the Company consists of about 14,0JJ acres in
bearing. It is situated about 1,.300 feet above
the_ sea level ; but you must remember that that
it is not the same as l.oOO feet in Ceylon, for
here coffee land is only about 7 degrees north
of the equator, and in Brazil, the Company’s
property is about 25 degrees to the south of the
line. Consequenrdy, the Brazilian climate is
much more temperate, resembling that of
Arabia. Yes, the estate is planted with Arahica.
As regards the location of the estate, it is
situated in San Paulo state, about 300 miles
distant from tlie town of that name. A
railway runs from San Paulo to within 13
miles of the Company’s property; and between
the ternr'nus and the estate, We have a railway
of our own. Tliis railw.iy is of 2 feet gauge.”
Can you give me any figures as to “ the cost
of haulage, working expenses, etc.”

I cannot give you any precise figures, but it cer^
t.ainly answers very well and svorks economically.
We also run passengers over the railway ; tlie
carriages are entered from the ends, and

are fairly comfortable. The gooils wag-
gons are of the ordinary bogie type. I
cannot work out the cost of transport i>er cwt
but I know that in the aggregate the cost is
low as compared with the cost of similar transjiort
in Ceylon. Santos is our market, from which
the coffee is shipped.”

“ What about the yield per acre ?”

I think I am safe in saying that the average
yield per acre is about 11 cwc. People in the
district think that the labour supply is sufficient ;
but, according to Ceylon ideas, there are not enough
of labourers. The labourers are principally
Italians. They are not indentured. I believe
you have to requisition the Brazilian Government
for labourers and they assist in some way in bring-
ing tlieni over. I went to see .some of the agents
in Genoa on my way out, and they told me. if
I went through this form, they could send me
as many as 1 wanted. Tiie bulk of the Italian
labourers are peasants from the plains of
Lombardy, with blue eyes and fair hair and
many of them line looking men and women.
They do not pick so well as we did with Tamils
in Ceylon.

“ Can Europea.'is perform manual labour in the
open without in|ury to he.alth?”

“ Oh yes ! the pro[)erty is just outside the
tropics and the climate is very healthy, the
daily pay is something over three shillings per
heatl?”

Does not this high rate of pay largely increase
the cost of |)roduction V

Noj because tilere is so little cultivation. The
cost is about thirteen sliilliiigs per cwt. All the
cultivation WC have to do is hoeing and pickiiig
and the yield per acre being large, it makes the
cost per cwt. much cheaper than it was in Ceylon;
In Brazil we do none of the pinning, draining,
handling and other odds and ends which were'
done by Ceylon planters.

“ Dee? the ab.sence _df pruning not cau.se the
bushes to deteriorate?”

Pruning appears to be unnecessary seeing the
large yields we are getting. Draining can be dis-
pensed with as the rainfall is not heavy. There
was no rain gauge available but I should .say the
rainfall was about 70 inches a year.”

“What about the temperature?”

“ I fancy it would average about 70 degrees.
Picking begins in April and goes on till about
the end of August. There is a good deal of
machinery on the estate but the curing is not
nearly so well done as it is here. However,
we hope that by introducing Ceylon methods, we
will be able to improve the quality very much,
and to get a very much better price. In Ceylon,
as most people know, we pull the coffee when
it is ripe, pulp, it, dry it, and then what they
call, peel it whereas in Brazil they pulp only
a very small proportion they let it dry in the
cherry and then hull it with a huller. The re-
sult is that the husk being on the coffee so
long takes off what is o.tlled the “colour” or
quality and it gives an inferior flavour as a
sort of fermentation goes on. What we jiro-
pose to do is first to get the picking carefully
done, and by introducing Ceylon methods and
Ceylon machinery we hope to get a better sort
of coffee. That cannot he done at once, but it
can be done by degrees. There will bo a little diffi-
culty in getting the men to adopt the new
methods ; and, probably, they will want higher
wages for more careful [ilucking, and in that
way it will increase the cost of production, no
doubt, but we hope it will give us something
like Ceylon coffee. As I have said, peojile on

the estate say we have all the labour we want

and that we can get as many as we like, which
is very satisfactory as the iiitroiluction of new
methods will nece.ssitate a laiger labour force,

In saying tint much less cultivation was neces-
.sary in Brazil than in Ceylon I forgot to men-
tion that all the weeding is done with the

hoe and not by hand picking, the work being
done about live times a year. In Ceylon
owing to the heavy rainfall, hoeing is im-

possible as the soil would be washed away
In Brazil no such diliiculty presents itself and
consequently the ex|jeiise of weeding is very
much less. The coffee bushes grow about 12
feet high, but they are not so lanky as those
in Ceylon becau.se of the more temperate climate
of Brazil. The Italians have a comparatively easy
time. When they are not required by the estate
they cultivate maize in the coffee fields for them-
selves. The maize they use for fattening pigs,
and they contrive to make a good deal of money
out of it. III some of the jmung coffee fields you
can scarcely see the coffee for maize.

“ Does it not smollier the coffee and exhaust
the soil ?”

“ It is .s.aid not to injure it and the soil seems
so rich as to be able to grow both. I, however,
do not like it, and I hope we shall be able to
stop, to some extent at least, maize being planted
among the coffee.

“ \N’hat about the cost of weeding?”

Weeding is done by contract, 80 milreis being
paid for 1,000 trees, tiiat is about .fl per acre,”

Feb. I, 1897. J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

551

“Have YOU ordered any niacUinery from
Ceylon?”

“At present there is no Ceylon madunery on
the estate. Tlie machinery is by Ledgerwood, a
Glasgow linn, wliich competes with Messrs. Walker.
Now that we are going to adopt Cej Ion methods,
we shall certainly use Walker’s peelers and
pulpers.

“What about power?”

“Steam is used, but at two or three points on
the estate water power is available.”

“ Have you any black labour ?”

“ Not much. There are a few negroes about.
A most e.vlraordinary tiling about that part of
Brazil is that the slaves who were only emanci-
pated some eight years ago are hardly to be seen
anywhere. Wliere they have gone to I don’t
know. Most of them I fancy have drifted into
the large towns and others have squatted on
waste land.”

“What about the future of the Company?”

“I am very hopeful of the future of the Com-
pany and tlie best test of its continued pros-
[lerity is found in tlie fact that in the London
market tlie shares are readily .saleable.”

“Does not the jirosperity of the Company depend
on the stability of the Government ? What are your
views on this subject ?

“I do not think the present llepublic is a very
stable Government ; as a matter of fact, they
were talking about a revolution when 1 was
there. But a revolution in Brazil makes very
little difference to property, especially if it is
landed property, though it might be somewhat
serious if the currency was disturbed. I con-
sulted a man of some position — the manager of a
large English Bank— on the subject telling him
that one of the things urged against subscribing to
the Company was the unsettled state of the
country, and he said — ‘ Nonsense, landed property,
house property, real property is perfectly sound
and one need not fear anything.’ I also asked a
leading lawyer— a man < f standing in his pro-
fession— and he said since the Brazilians had
to pay the large indemnities to Italians they had
been very careful to guard the rights of foreigners.
Persiujally the Brazilians, are a pleasant people
to have dealings with.”

Mr. T. L. Villiers of Yoxford, Dimbula, will
take charge of the estates and he sails for
England in the “Malta” on 11th Feb.. No doubt
Ceylon methods under his direction will liave
beneficial results. Mr. Villiers is to be congratu-
lated on this important appointment.

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

(From the JI. & C. Mail, Jan. 1.)

Te.\ Shares and Their Vaeue. — A study of the
review of the tea share market for the past year,
which appears in another column, will afford grati-
fying proof that the interest taken in tea shares by
the investing publichas not been in vain. Rise upon
rise is to be noted in the price of the shares in the
leading companies, while the debenture stock rivals
the position held by gilt-edged securities of the first
class. This is an enviable position financially, and
it is due alike to the confidence shown in the manage-
ment at home and on the spot, and to the belief
that tea planting is a sound and well conducted in-
dustry, subject to fewer fluctuations than some forms
of enterprise about which there is more flourish and
less performance. Thanks to the efforts of Mr. Geo.
Seton, of the Indian Tea Share Exchange, and
Messrs. Gow, Wilson, and Stanton, the well-Jvnowu
tea brokers, and others, whose efforts to popularise
the shares of Indian and Ceylon leas have been per-
Bisteut) the public no longer regard these shares as

something in the nature of a “ dark horse.” They
can procure all the information they need, and when
they have purchased shares they have been gratified
in nearly every case, with the receipt of divi-
dends and the prospects of others to come. The tea
industry is in a healthy state, and although it will
probably have to face increasing competition there
is no reason why it should not show further and
gratifying developments. We need not say that in
eulogising the tea industry as a whole we are not
necessarily endorsing the statemeucs and prospectus
of every venture launched as a tea company. The
public must protect themselves, and thanks to the
publicity given to the reports of the various com-
panies and the information procurable from the
broker.s we have named, there is no difficulty in the
way of information. As a whole, we repeat, the
tea industry is on a sound footing. Investors who
own well-selected tea shares are to be congratulated
on their choice of investments, which certainly pro-
mise well, and are, so far as ordinary insight can
judge, likely to give far less cause for anxiety than
many other shares of the industrial order.

The Tax on Chinese Tea. — In the able letter ap-
pearing in the Timex on Chinese affairs from its
correspondent at Shanghai reference is made to the
ta.xation of tea and its effect on the tea trade of
China. The Times correspondent says: — “ The export
duty on tea, fixed under the Tient-sin Treaty at
2A taels per picul, represented no doubt in
1858 an ad valorem rate of 5 per cent., but at
the prices which obtain to-day it represents much
more nearly 10 per cent. ; and, as if that were not
a sufficiently crushing burden to place upon Chinese
tea, the exactions levied upon it in the shape of
likin amount to another 20 per cent. In many cases,
indeed, the total taxation on tea before it leaves
the Chinese port of export is estimated at no less
than 80 per cent, ad valorem. Can anyone seriously
contend that such extravagant taxation has had
nothing to do with the disastrous condition into
which the Chinese tea trade has fallen, and has not
materially assisted the competition of Indian and
Ceylon teas on the British market, or is not mate-
rially assisting that of .lapanese green teas on the
American market ? Against 1(59 million pounds of
tea exported to Great Bi itain in 1880-81, China ex-
ported only 37^ million pounds during the last tea
season. With the change that has gradually come over
the taste of tea-drinking public at home, it may be
too late to recover all the ground already lost on
the British market, but something may be done to
save at any rate what is left of it and to avert the
threatened loss of such other markets as China has
still retained.”

Japan and its Tea Trade. — According to advices
from Yokohama the Japanese are striving to develop
their tea trade in every possible direction. A com-
mittee of Japanese tea merchants has applied to the
Government for a subsidy of 1,750,000 yen to pro-
mote the tea trade. It is proposed to spread the ex-
penditure of this sum over ten j'ears in maintaining
two representatives both in India and in China to
study the processes there adopted in growing and
preparing tea and in advertising Japan teas in the
United States and elsewhere. According to another
account, it is proposed that the expenditure of the
total sum shall be spread over five years only. It
is very flattering to Indian and Ceylon growers that
the Chinese and Japanese should wish to imitate
their methods, but it is not at all desirable that
Indian and Ceylon planters should teach the Chinese
how to compete with them.

Humour in Tea.— In a chatty article about tea
a writer in the January number of the Cornhill
Jlai/azuw, E. V. Lucas, takes note of the paradox
that a man who sells tea and nothing else occupies a
rung in the Grundyau ladder far above him who
sells tea and also sugar. Tea, in fact, confers a
social rank of its own. “ Mincing Lane and Park
Lane,” ho continues, “ are often on visiting terms,

552

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

and the scions of noble houses may be ‘ in tea ’ with-
out shame. Similarly it is no disgrace to the daughters
of Mayfair to serve tea in a West-end shop. Some
of them perform this action with an air of con-
descension that reduces the timid man to pulp. A
shy friend once told me of the tortures he had suf-
fered in these resorts. ‘But I was revenged at last,’
he said, ‘ for an old countryfellow and his daughter
who had been to the Academy, or Maskelyne and
Cook’s, or somewhere, came in. When he paid the bill
he left an extra sixpence in the patrician’s hand. She
fixed him with her refrigerating eye, and told him cut-
tingly that he had paid sixpence too much. ‘That’s
all right,’ he said heartily, in a stage whisper ;
‘ that's for you, my dear. Buy yourself a ribbon
w'ith it.’ I like this story, because tea has not done
too much for the humourist. Compared with alcohol
it has done nothing.” The writer recalls, too, the
story told with great glee by the late Arthur Cecil,
the comedian, of the cannibal tea to be obtained down
at Kew — thus : ‘‘ Tea, plain, 6d” ; ‘‘ Tea, with

shrimps, 9d” ; “ Tea, with children, Is.”

Coffee Adulteration. — The question of coffee
adulteration is one which presents itself to the public
mind occasionally, but it never awakens strong feeling.
The consumer thinks, apparently, that a kind pro-
vidence having ordained that coffee planters should
grow coffee and experts manipulate it afterwards, it
is the consumer’s duty to accept the situation without
complaint. A writer in the Grocer is good enough to
tell us how some of the coffee adulteration fraud
are carried out. One frequent kind of fraud has been
the colouring of inferior berries to make them re-
semble those of better quality. For this purpose
yellow ochre, chrome yellow, burnt amber, arsenite
of copper, and coal-tar dyes are a few of the
pigments which have been pressed into the service of
those ’cute pe-sons who devote themselves to ex-
emplifying the dictum that “ things are not what
they seem.” Take as an example the salvage coffee
which is occasionally fished out of the sea after
a wreck. Salted and sodden when recovered, it
certainly does not look as though it would
furnish a very saleable article. It is, how-
ever, by no means to be despised ; after being
purchased for a mere trifle it is washed with lime-
water, dried, and then either browned by roasting
slightly, or else coloured with an aniline dye. In the
result berries are obtained which, in appearance at
least, may even be superior to the original ones.
Essentially the same kind of manipulation is said to
be resorted to for the purpose of making green South
American berries resemble the brown Java coffee,
thus considerably enhancing their market value. A
variant of this procedure is to take berries which
have been already used to prepare ‘‘ coffee extract ”
from, roast them up again with a small quantity of
sugar, and then send them into consumption as
genuine coffee. Another brilliant idea is to soak
genuine berries in syrup before roasting ; this causes
the beans to retain more water than they otherwise
would hold, and so increases their weight. A still
more effective plan is to steam the berries after
roasting, and then coat them with a film of glycerine
or vaseline to prevent drying. The weight of the
beans can in this way be increased as much as 20
per cent.

Spurious Coffee Berries. — Coffee adulteration
offers a fine field for the man of genius. The writer
in the Grocer gives particulars of another kind of
deception practised on the Continent, and especially
in America, where the manufacture of spurious coffee
berries has developed into quite a flourishing indus-
try. Only a few weeks ago the writer had brought
under his notice a sample of coffee ‘‘ made in
Germany,” in which the ‘‘ berries” were composed
of ordinary wheaton dough mixed with sugar ; the
mixture had been cast in moulds so as to closely
resemble genuine berries, and then roasted till
brown. By themselves the pellets were easily seen
to be factitious, but when mixed with genuine coffee
dn appreciable proportion would readily escape notice

[Feb. r, 1897.

if not subjected to sharp scrutiny. As a rule, arti-
ficial beans of this character are made of flour,
chicory, and sugar, with other additions such as
bran, acorns, peas, and coffee-grounds. Some much
rnore gross impositions have, however, been prac-
tised ; for example, ‘‘ berries ’ have been moulded
from fire-clay, and then utilised for roasting with
genuine coffee. During the heating process the
factitious clay beans absorb some of the oil and
colouring-matter from the genuine ones, thus simu-
lating the appearance of the latter sufficiently
closely to pass muster on a cursory examination.
Clumsy frauds of this nature are, however, rather
matters of ancient history now ; at all events in
the United Kingdom they are practically never met
with at the present day.

Adulterated Tob.vcco. — Planters grow produce and
manipulators adulterate it. Tobacco, like coffee, is
treated very badly at the hands of the adulterator.
According to official reports it is adulterated with sugar,
alum,^ lime, flour or meal, rhubarb leaves, saltpetre,
fuller’s earth, starch, malt commings, chromate of
lead, peat moss, molasses, burdock leaves, common
salt, endive leaves, lamp black, gum, red dye, scraps of
newspapers, cinnamon stick, cabbage leaves, and straw
brown paper. The grower would have some difficulty
in recognising the original product.— 7/. and C. Mail,
Jan. 1.

YATIYANTOTA CEYLON TEA COMPANY
LIMITED.

Registered December 15, by Davidson and Morriss
40 and 42, Queen Victoria-street, E.C., with a capital
of £260,000 in T 10 shares (7,500 of which are prefer-
ence shares). Object, to adopt and make binding on
the company, and to carry into effect, with or without
modification or alteration, an agreement, made Decern
ber 7, 1896, between the Yatiyantota Tea Company,
Limited, Colombo (a company incorporated under the
laws of Ceylon), and George Hay Alston, the liquida-
t ir thereof, of the one part and C. S. Lott, for and on
behalf of this comnany, of the other part ; another
agreement, made December 7, between the We Oya
Tea Company, Limited, Colombo, and G. H. Alston
the liquidator, of the one part and C. S. Lott, for this'
company, of the other part *, and a third agreement
made same date as above, between W. J. Smith, S. L.
Harries, A. C. Roper, and Jn. G. Smith of the one
part and C. S. Lott, for the present company, of the
other part, and, generally, to carry on in all 9t any of
their respective branches the businesses of tea, &c
planters, and growers, manufacturers, merchants’
exporters, importers, traders, estate or commission
agents, shipowners, engineers, shipping, insurance or
advertising agents, bankers, bill discounters, to
acquire and turn to account any tea estates or other
landed property in Ceylon or elsewhere ; as miners
smelters, and metallurgists; to construct and maintain
rail and tram roads, reservoirs, warehouses, work-
shops, &c. The signatories are : — Shares

R. S. Corbett, Highmore, Streatham-common l

W. H. Figg, Casewick-road, West Norwood. ...” ! 1
J. Stevens, Loch Goil, Romford j

S. Gray, 9, Tregathnan-road, Clapham. . l

G S. Lott, 97, Stormont-road, Clapham...!!!”” i
W. H. Bartlett, 24, Sudbourne-road, Brixtoii-hili!! 1
F. R. Carr, 9, Fenchurch-avenue, E.C....: i

The number of directors is to be not more than 's'ev®“
nor less than three. The first are C. Young W J
Smith, and W U. Figg. Qualification, 50 shares'
Remuneration, TlOO each per annum and TT50 for the
chairman.— 7/. ,C- C. Mail, Jan. 1.

Tobacco ('ui/hvation and Cicau Manu-
KACTURK IN Ckvi.on.- In answer to the paiiens
of the bontli India Expert, we liave some
interesting, practical information from a few
Ceylon planters witli tobacco experience, wliich we
.shall collate and give in an early i.ssue. One
paper has still to reach us.

Feb. I, 1897, 1

THE TROPICA.L AGRICULTURIST

553

SCIENCE AND TEA PLANTING.

The appointment of a scientific officer for the in-
vesti(?ation of blights and Other enemies of the tea
plant has been under the consideration of the Indian
Tea Association (London) for some time past. At the
request of the Secretary of the Association a well-
known authority on all matters connected with the
cultivation of the plant and kindred subjects has given
his views at some length. The opinions expressed
are based on practicil experience, and we have
pleasure in placing them before our readers.

The correspondent refeii'ed to writes as follows: —

I shall endeavour to state as briefly as I can my
opinions (based upon experience, observation, and
study) upon the various points to whi<'h attention is
directed in your letter. Of course, my remarks shall
be entirely from a practical standpoint.

OVER-CROPPING.

Under the methods in vogue for the last
eighteen years or so, I cannot conceive any general
danger to the tea plant from over-cropping. On
the contrary, without resort to manuring as gene-
rally understood, I am confident that, given labour
and ample judicious cultivation, the produce from
the present bearing areas in India, as a rule, falls
very far short of their safe cropping potentialities,
or what wei'e in all cases originally the natural
continuous productive capabilities of the soil. I do
not venture to say over-cropping is impossible, but
with careful, judicious pruning, under the present
ideas of pluckmg for quality as I take them, it
would not be easy, and must, I should say, be
extremely rare. The tea crop is neither a heavy
nor an exhaustive one ; and more nitrogen is un-
doubtedly restored to the soil in the shape of vege-
tation turned in (or that ought to be turned in) in
cultivation, also as derive 1 from the atmosphere,
and from the rainfall, than in more temperate
climates. The average crop of green leaves taken
annually is extremely light compared with the weight
of agricultural crops (exciu'-ive of the proportion re*
turned to the soil) in this country. Recent methods are
supposed by some to be more of a strain upon the tea
plant than the old. But I am of opinion it is otherwise.
In cropping for quality, the cutting in pruning is,
perhaps, heavier over a majority of the years, but
on the other hand, excessive cutting should be less
frequent, and never to the same extent necessary.
The pruning, therefore, should not be more exhausting.
Plucking for quality necessitates going round the
gardens very frequently, leaving the bushes with a
constant layer of young shoots and leaves on (as well
as the mature leaves) to perform all the functions of
the foliage, and is not so trying as the old method of
plucking at intervals twice or three times as great,
commonly shaving off the flush to the very buds, so
to speak. The shock to and strain upon the bushes
was greater under the old method, and the temptation
to overtax them more where, within an equal labour
force, quantity could be more aimed at, the market
not being so fastidious to anything but appearance.

There is no doubt that in too many instances the
yield of old concerns, notwithstanding considerable ex-
tensions, has not increased proportionately, but in
some cases may have even fallen off ; but this, I be-
lieve, is due (1), and I trust mainly, to the altered mode
of plucking, wiiichhas been more and more for quality,
(2) to blights, (.3) on hill lands, to injudicious, reckless
cultivation, and loss of soil from “ wash,” (1) injudi-
ciously heavy pruning, and, perhaps, (5) not infre-
quently to greater scarcity of labour than formerly;
or to some or all these causes combined.

BLIGHTS.

The remedy for blights, of “ selection of seed,”
as I understand to bo recommended by Dr. Watt,
is worthy of attention. Disease-resisting stock has
accomplished something, at least temporarily, in re-
gard to the vine and potato diseases for instance,
after long periods of years, but it is problematical
not only to what extent, but how long, this may
take to benefit tea. At the best the remedy is not
a, encouraging one for most proprietors in so

far ^ it can now be of no benefit to the 450,000

70

acres or so of existing tea throughout India ! I am
alile, however, to testify to having accomplished some-
thing by selecting the most vigorous and most likely
to be disease-resisting seedlings, in the planting out
of my Company’s niidern extensions.

BED SPIDER.

In rog.ard to red spider I have had at least fifteen
years of sad experience in battling against it. The
soil of the gardens I managed seemed predisposed
to this blight and favourable to its propagation, and I
could not muigine any gardens to be wor.se with it than
they were for years. Prom 1830 to 1883 this pest was
in fact a dreadful scourge ; but it has been practically
overcome by sulphur. I learn that Dr. Watt has no
belief in the cure of blight by any application in that
way, but aft sr having applied sulphur in quantities of
from three to twenty tons annually since 1880, tho
effectual cure of red spider, at a moderate cost per
acre, is with me no longer a matter of opinion, but
something that has in my own experience been suc-
cessfully achieved. It has also to be taken into
account that the sulphur not only proves a remedy for
the red spider, but for many soils, a valuable manure.

The accompanying printed article will be found to
explain the simple mode of application of the sulphur,
and give further information in some detail, (The
article referred to, entitled “Sulphur as a Cure for
Red Spider in Tea,” appeared in our issue of August
30, 1895.)

OTHER BLIGHTS.

I am not, however, so hopeful of the eradication
of mosquito blight by any similar application, because
(1) the insect is winged and migratorj', and (2) the
lilight is at its worst, and the remedy would have
to be applied, at the season of the ye.ar when quality
should be at its best. The study of the life history
of this insect by several scientists does not seem
to have afforded any clue as to a remedy. Some
hold the opinion that the prevention of jungle fires
by the Forest Department led to the increase of tha
pest on the gardens in the Terai. Be this as it may,
it is not impossible that, like some other crop
pests, it might be effectually treated in some inter-
mediary stage in its haunts away from the tea plant.

I have no experience of the white ant, beyond
what little I have seen of its ravages when on visits
to Assam and Cach.ar.

There are many other parasites and blights, but
those I am familiar with do little harm, are amenable
to treatment and easily kept in subjection, or do
not spread. One of these more frequently alluded to
of late, a white-thread fungus, I have seen a little of,
and noticed making its appearance in different
parts of the Dooars during my last trip to that
district in 1893. I am inclined to attribute this pest
to defective preparation of tho ground prior to plant-
ing, dampness of soil, or excess of trade.

Undoubtedly a great safeguard against tho ravages
of parasites and blights is to maintain the plants in
a healthy and vigorous condition. Still I believe that,
wherever there is a large area under any crop,
irrespective of the exhaustion of the plants, blights
in some measure are sure to follow in time. But it
stxnds to reason that with ill-conditioned plants—
from whatever cause — blights must prove the more
disastrous.

MANURING.

The subject of manuring is a wide one,

and an essay, if not a volume, w’ould be required
to do any justice to it. Material is of en not avail-
able; and the fertilising properties of manures are
difficult to preserve and apply in India. The transit
of local supplies is in most cases too costly to be
thought of. Besides, frequent labour is not available
to any extent for manuring. In most instances all
that is practicable over wide are.is is “ green manur-
ing,” and, as material and hibour admit, top-dre.ssing
with leaf mould, such soil as is avail vble, or leaves
and twigs. Upon soil of fair quality, yielding crops
of the average present day amount, I am”not of
opinion that for the permanent rude growth and
health of the plants more is necessary, ButbeyoniJ
Bus the great desideratum w’ould be to be enabled
to mafturp fQi- This can never be aooom-

554

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897,

t)lished successfullj' or profitably until it be ascer-
tained what elements are lacking for quality in dif-
ferent soils. In this direction, as far as I am aware,
no progress whatever has yet been made. It is the
province of the agricultural chemist to investigat*
this, and place practical planters in a position to
supply the elements wanting for quality in each case.
Nothing can be of more vital importance to the tea
industry generally than such discoveries. Nitrogen
may mainly be supplied by “green manuring,” but
the mineral elements (which I believe will be found
essential for quality) •must I fear be provided or re-
plenished, piincipailv by means of artificial manures.
Nitrogen supplied by “green manuring” will doubtless
also render some of the dormant mineral constituents in
the soil available for plant food. lam not, however,
hopeful of artificial manures ever being profitably
applied to the tea plant unless for the production
of quality.

“ GUEEN MANUIilNG.”

“ Green manuring ” has very much to recommend
it. I have practised this to great advantage, without
the aid of leguminous plants specially cultivated for
the purpose, and most extensively (prior to 1S77) before
the extensive introduction of machinery, when a large
force of strong coolies were freed from manufacture,
and otherwise available in the Darjeeling district,
during October and November. As in much else, 1
need hardly say, results mainly depend upon the
time and manner in which the operations are per-
formed.

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

The fertilising properties of the leguminous plants
have long (even from the time of the Romans) been
well known in agriculture. F rom what source this
class of plants derived these properties has also long
been the subject of much scientific investigation
and controversy. But some seven or eight years ago
it was demonstrated beyond doubt (what was long
disputed) that the le{ptminos(t; have, under certain
conditions, the power of assimilating thenitrogenof Ihe
atmosphere. It must doubtless be wise therefore to
have the attention of planters generally directed to
the benefits to be derived from this class of plants.
But so far as the application of the Icfiuminosce by
“ green manuring ” to tea is concerned, I look upon
it as a purely practical and economic question. The
tea industry, apart entirely from any export of its
own, may have the full benefit of the results of
those scientific investigations, as well as others still
being carried out in Germany and elsewhere, in the
inoculation of soil to secure the conditions favour-
able to the fullest development of the fertilising
properties of the leijimiinosie being always present.

The leguminous plants commonly cultivated in this
country, such as lucerne, vetches, lupin, sainfoin,
peas, and beans, grow too high to bo used to the
desired advantage with tea, unless the proposal be to
go in for a regular “rotation of crops” in the
proper sense of the term, by allowing a portion of
the garden to remain “fallow” and uncropped
in rotation every three, five, seven, or other in-
terval of years. But this would seem to me an
extreme measure (to bo contemplated with satisfac-
tion by few), which is to be avoided, and I believe,
c.vn be avoided by the judicious, skilful treatment
of a garden. No doubt, ill-conditioned plots would
lend themselves with great advantage to fallowing and
special treatment. The clovers, however, are a low-
growing plant, and on that account more suitable
lor a tea field being cropped, but land under them
(at least red clover for a length of time is found
subject to “ clover sickness,” and as fertilisers the
clovers, as a rule, I ilo not esteem so liigbly as
some of other leguminous plants. There is this to
be said, however, that leguminous trees, shrubs,
plants, and even weeds are much more abundant
iu the Fast than in this country, and some of the
indigenous varieties may form a low sward and bo
most advantageou.sly used for “green manuring,”
without having recourse to putting the tea under
fallow. It of course remains a question to be deter-
mined only by trial and experience, how far the
cultivation of the (ci/aHu'wscii— certainly any that are

exotic — for tea will pay, unaccompanied by anything
like the profitable feeding of cattle for the market,
which in most cases is out of the question. I be-
lieve the low grow’ing indigenous kind will be
found the most suitable and effective.

Land impoverished by native cultivation, and
doubtless much other land, would benefit immensely
by being put under leguminous plant and allow'ed
to lie fallow some years before being planted with
tea. I can again testify as to the wonderfully good
results from fallowing for three years under such
vegetation as chanced to grow. But how many will
have the patience or incur the expense of such a
delay, however urgent under certain conditions ?

Exhaustion, or a poor condition of plants, may in
some instances render desirable or even force
the following of bearing gardens, by section iu
rotation on a seven, five, or three years “shift”;
and over-production may soon render such a course
the less unpalatable ; when the best fertilisers
among the lepuminosce may be used with less res-
triction and to full advantage.

CULTIVATION.

To most it will indeed be something novel to heir
of tea gardens actually suffering from being kept
over clear of weeds! We have heard of gardens in
Goylon being kept perfectly clear at all times by
hand-weeding, but I am confident that in India such
supererogation must be extremely rare. The
extreme of cultivation with us may be takeu to
amount to eight or nine forkings or hoeings during
the year — that is once in winter, and once a month
daring spring, summer, and autumn, in this way,
I should say, there wdll be more vegetation turned
into the soil than by only turning it in once, twice,
or thrice a year. In the former case the harm is
more likely to be done by turning over and “ poach-
ing ” the soil in i^ery wet weather. Wet cultivation
is sure to aggravate and may even induce blight.
When high cultivation is aimed at, a great draw-
back is, the hoeing must be done not always in
the weather most favourable for it, but when labour
is available. It would be safer and preferable as a
rule, therefore, to cultivate a sward of the low-grow-
ing leguminous plants to fertilise the soil, and at
all times eschew hoeing or forking in really wet weather.

SCIENTIFIC OFPICEli.

As I have for thirty-five years followed the pro-
gress of agricultural scientific research to the best
of my opportunities, and, since it has been mooted,
taken a keen interest in the proposed appointment
of a scientific officer for the tea industry, I may be per-
mitted to makeafewremarks on so important a subject.

From all I have learned previously, the proposed ex-
pert was to beappointed mainly to make a scientific in-
vestigation into the processes of manufacture and
ascertain the deficiencies or otherwise of various soils
and their needs in the form of manure. This has
always been held out as the pressing necessity,
and I believe wisely so. For such investigations a
thorough knowledege of analytical chemistry, and as
far as possible also of bacteriology, is indispen-
sable and some experience of practical agri-
culture and plant life w'ould, of course, likewise
be advantageous. The great tea industry ought un-
doubtedly to employ such a scientific officer, and
permanent I >j. These qualifications (or almost similar),
and also “ a knowledge of the chemistry of plant
life,” have been recommended by Dr. Watt formerly.
If a second expert be really in contemplation for blights
specially, then one with “a thorough training in agri-
culture ” (but better a horticulturist, I should say)
“who has examined into the diseases of plants”
might be suitable, no doubt. Such a man as the
late Mr. Thomson, viticulturist, of Clovenforks, or
of the Scottish head gardener type (such as I had
the privilege of consnlliug about red spider blight in
1877-78), men of valuable practical experience and
groat iutolligcnco and sag.icity would bo of vast
benefit for blights if the industry could secure their
services for a few years. Or from such in conjunc-
tion with a competent agricultural chemist the best
results might bo expected,

TtlE TROPIC \L AGRICULTURIST.

555

Feb. r, 1897.]

I am not of opinion that there is much need of
an expert specially for blights All that is required
are observant, thoughtful, practical men, methodical,
with a scientific cast of mind, and withal, and above
all, enthusiastic. It must be admitted that most
gardeners and agriculturists sent out to tea commerce
perhaps wdth too little home experience for this
task ; still I doubt not there are several men con-
nected with tea in India, if set aside to devote
their entire time and thought to the matter,
would be able in time to accomp'ish much. In
addition to the agricultural chemist one such
mighteven be deputed to each group of blighted districts.

There is, I learn, no hope held out of pecuniary
aid from Government. Upon the whole, this may
not really be a disadvantage, because Government
support would reasonably be accompanied by Govern-
ment control. If there can be absolute certainty
about anything regarding this appointment it is
this: The Tea Association should engage the most

competent and suitable scientific officer procurable,
and if such be secured, there is no one in India I
have heard of competent to “ supervise his work.”
He should only be under the direction of sound
business men financially, and must be allowed a free
hand in regard to his scientific investigations, being
at the same time led clearly and fully to understand
that the success of his efforts to benefit the tea in-
dustry shall ba to his own advantage and vice versa.
But the Association must not be too impatient of
results. No one can doubt that that the scientific
officer will always be vary glad to receive sugges-
tions and information from anyone Government may
depute, for the good of the industry, to interest him-
self in and furnish information bearing upon the
investigations. But, depend upon it, the control or
supervision of the scientific researches of a compet-
ent officer, as suggested, could hardly fail to mar the
efficiency of, if not wreck the undertaking.

Neither can I agree that the use of the Govern-
ment laboratories would be advantageous as a rule.
The scientific officer must have his own laboratories,
though only a small bungalow or part of one. It
would be impossible, for instance, to obtain any
reliable results in the chemical investigation of the
processes of manufacture unless the labora'.ories be
close at hand. Government would no doubt place
their laboiatories aud appai'atus at the disposal of
the scientific officer if necessary for any special in-
vestigation.

In regard to a suitable “scientific officer,” labora-
tory accommodation, apparatus, and instructions to
be framed to insure continuity of research in the
event of inevitable changes, I believe the Association
could not do better than consult Dr. John Augustus
Voelcker (Ph. D., B.S., &c.), consulting chemist to the
Iloyal Agricultural Society of England, who devoted
thirteen months throughout India to an inquiry into
its agriculture (mainly in its scientific bearings), and
the qualifications, equipment, and appointment of
agricultural chemists for the country. — II. ami C. Mail,
Jan. 1.

COFFEE:— THE ONLY WAY TO LM-
PllOVE OUR COFFEE STRAINS.

ADVICK FRO.M DR MORRIS, DIRECTOR OF THE
ROYAL KEW GARDENS.

The following i.s a letter in answer to some
queries of ours, forwarded through a friend, re-
garding the advisability of replacing the disease-
stricken coffee seed of South India with new
and preferably wild strains. Our readers will
note that, barring the valu.able suggestion of
beginning the experiment with first rate Blue
Mountain seed (which has already been acted
upon in a careless, haidiazard manner), the gist
of the sound advice Dr. Morris gives us is

identical with that which appeared in our issue
of December 5th from the pen of Mr. J.
Cameron, of Bangalore.

There is one thing we would strongly impress
upon our readers, and that is, the iinprovement

of our strain.? is surely a pkmttr's imttcr. It i?
a work in whicli everyone of us can take our
part, though the first steps, i.e., tlie introduc-
tion of first rale Blue Mountain coffee, might
fitly be underlaken by the United Planters’
A.'^sociatinn.

Writing under date of 14th December 1896,
Kew, Dr Morris says: —

The suggestion [i.e. about going tack to the wild
stock, — Ed] is similar to many that reach me
from various parts of the. world. It is based
really on a misapprehension of the means
adopted by highly skilled horticulturists in
working up improved stocks of cultivated
plants. Instead of going back to the original wild
stocks these people start from the best of those now
existing and by careful selection and cultivation
produce strains of the highest merit.

Although plants affected b}' disease may have
deteriorated individually, yet in a large area there
would be found numerous indiv duals of healthy con-
stitution and quite capable of responding to the
inufluences of improved cultivation and a rvise and
skilful selection. If you go back to the wild stock
you have to traverse a fresh all the graduations of
iinprovement already obtained, with ]ro.ssibly no better
result than at present.

The o.ily way to really improve the present coffee
plant is, as you [our friend, who forwarded the
letter. — Ed.] suggest, to carry on systematic experi-
ments extending over several generations and seizing
upon every indication of improvemmt to fix it at
e.tch stage until the desired result is obtained. To
some e.xteut. but not in a very scientific way, im-
prqvoineut had taken place in the character of the
coffee cultivated in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica.
The plants are prolific, bear large beans of good
colour, and the produce is possibiy the best of any
appearing in European markets. It often fetches
142/ per cwt. The quantity is small owing to the
difficulty of obtaining forest land suitable for extend-
ing the cultivation.

If the planters of Southern India were to import
selected seed from the Blue Mountains of .Jamaica
the results would be much more satisfactory than
starting with really wild plants. They would then
start where the .Jamaica people have left off.

We always take up any new species or varieties
of coffee that we meet with, aud we distribute plants
for purposes of e.xperimeut— in fact to furnish the
raw material for planters to work upon if they like.
Coffee stenopJnjIla is a case in point. This is very
near C. arabica and may indeed be a wild form of
it. I do not suppose, however, that planters will
take the trouble to work at the wild plant for, say,
twenty ye.ars in order to get an improved variety.
Experiments on a small scale are worthless. It is
imrely a planter’s matter, to he solved ouli/ on the estates
whtre coffee is laryely grown. [The italics are ours.

— Ed.] Only one plant in ten thousand may show
any characteristics of a desirable character, the same
as in the sugar cane. Although some hundreds of
thousands of seedling canes have been grown, only
two have shown any special characters of a valuable
kind.

If it is proposed to import Blue Mountain coffee
seed from Jamaica, correspondence might be opened
with Beresford S. Gosset, Farm Hill Coffee Planta-
tion, Hagley Gap P. 0. Jamaica. He is a reliable
man who has excellent coffee fields.— PZa.'?imp Opinion,
Jan. 9.

«

JAMAICA FRUIT IN LONDON.
Considerable interest was exhibited yesterday
in Coveqt Garden in connection with the sale
by auction of tlie first consignment of Jamaica
fruit received direct from the island in this country
by the steamer Port Victor. The market was
unusu.ally crowdel, tlie le.ading wholesale dealers
in Manchester, Liver|)ool, ami Glasgow being re-
presented. An inspection of the fruit, which
was packed in cases of two sizes, showed that

556

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTU KiST.

[Feb I, iSqy.

In the majority of instances the frnit liad arrived
in the London Docks in a ripe and sound con-
dition. It is considered certain, that willi a
regular fleet of steamers hetween London and
Jamaica, the new method of direct imimrtation
will result in material henelit hotli to English
growers in the island and to ])urchascrs at home.

The Central News says the \\liole of the cargo
of the steamer Elderslie, consisting of about fl,0U0
cases of oranges, t!vc., was seized yesterday in
the South-West Inilfa Dock by the medical otlicer
of the Port of London as being unfit for food.
The steamer is about to proceed to Newcastle,
and by arrangement witli the London port autho-
rities she will throw her tainted cargo overboard
at sea on her way to the Tyne. The failure is
doubtle.ss due to the fact that instead of i)icking
the fruit in a green state it was allowed to attain
a certain stage of ri[)eness before being packed ;
but no doubt is felt by experts that the ex-

J)erience will prevent the recurrence of such a
atal mistake. — Daily Chrouidc, Dec. Iff.

TEA MARKET REPORTS FOR 1896.
^lessrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton furnish us
with two very inlei'esting Reports by this mail
— one with reference to their business in Tea
Company shares and the other their usual
annual Report on Indian, Ceylon and Java teas.
Both are sanguine in tone. Counting our Ceylon
export for 1890 at 100 million lb. (it was in
reality over 108 million) and that for India as likely
to reach 140 million, they show that the tea con-
sumption for the United Kingdom last year had
increa.sed on that of 1895 ly 11 million or to
a total of 201 million lb.; while Foreign and
Colonial markets took 42, or 5 million more
than in 1895. This grand total of 243 million
lb. for Indian and Ceylon teas taken oil' in 1890,
does not leave much of a surplus out of the ex-
ports and as cheap tea directly tends to in-
crease consumption, there is every reason to
anticipate a steadily improving demand both from
the American and European continental markets,
while Australa.sia is not likely to dis.appoint
us. The total consumption of tea in the mother
country is now 220,000,000 lb. equal to 5 73 lb.
per head ; but between this and the Australa-
sian ratio of over 7 lb. per head, there is a
handsome margin still for expansion. All this
expansion botli in Europe and America (not
to speak of minor countries,) will be re-
quired to overtake an increased crop in
India and our own 120, or even 117.j million
lb. in 1897, leaving out of view what Java,
and China may do. The percentages of
the tea used in the United Kingilom in 1890
were as follows : — Indian 54 ; Ceylon 35 ; China
down to 9, and other kinds 2 j)er cent.

PLANTING NOTES.

Niloiris. — Crop ripened up in torrents of rain in
November and December up to Xmas day. The rush
in such inclement weather could not be kept in hand.
A good deal is in. A good deal is on the ground on
low lying estates and not mucli more to couk i.i. Out-
turnvery disappointing and estimatis not to be
realised. Leaf showing up. Pruning begun on strip-
ped fields. Health good, but cholera at the foot of
the hills keeps out iuliux of coolies. Grain rates un-
justifiably high.

SiiOLUU. — The year closed with 5.5-6(> inches rain,
3'C5 of which fell in December. The weather has
been unusually warm since last report, the day tem-
perature in shade between 0 a,m, varying from 50°

and 64°. Tea still continues to flush slightly— and as
I write prospects of more rain — which will be good for
pruned tea and an early start next year if happily it is
not nipped by frost. Labour plentiful and prices of
grain steady.

CoONOou, Jan. 8. — Weather has now set in clear and
cold, and there is more than a suspicion of frost in the
air. The rainfall for December totalled 18 inches,
against an average of past four years of not quite 6i
inches. Total for year 70‘69 in., which is just about
an inch above aveiago. Fears of a wet spring may
thus be put aside. Lower elevation estates have got
in quite half their crops, which, on revised estimates,
IS coming about up to the mark. Leaf-disease show-
ing up in a nasty way. Generally speaking crops are
poor and much under the average, as it seems is
general all over South India. Tea has stopped flush-
ing or very nearly so. On the whole the crops of tea
in the district have been good and above the average,
though the first half of the year was so bad. Labour
plentiful, health indifferent. Grain rates about the
same but still high, i.e., ragi 18 measures instead of
the old 26 measures per rupee. — riantiny Opinion, Z&n.’d.

THE RAGALLA TEA ESTATES, CO.
LIMITED.

Proceedings at the second annual General meeting
of shareholders, held at the offices of the company,
39, Lime Street, London, on Tuesday, 29th December,
1896, Mr. C. E. Strachan presiding.

After the notice convening the meeting had been
read, the Chairman, rising to move the adoption of
the I'eport and accounts, said : —

Gentlemen, — The report and accounts have been in
your hands for some days, and have no doubt had
your careful consideration. I now beg to move their
adoption, and, in doing so, I feel that you will ex-
pect to hear something from me regarding the pro*
gress that has been made, and our prospects.

You will see by the Report that a considei-able
expenditure has been incurred in what we call per-
manent irajerovemeuts: these are of great extent, speci-
fied in the Report and need not be rej>eated. Our
aim has been to bring the Estates into a perfect
state of cultivation as soon as p >ssible, and to do
so it has been necessary to expend a good deal of
money. I may say that we have broken the back
of the work; we have now completed the planting
of all the Coffee land in Tea, have drained the whole
of the Estates, repaired buildings and erected new
ones, planted timber clearings for future fuel purposes,
and carried ont a host of other necessary works, and we
hall, without doubt, benefit by this expenditure later
on. Dealing with the Report itself there has been
nothing of moment in the conduct or result of
our business for me to comment upon. Our Tea has
sold for 9id. per lb. nett against 8jd. per lb. last
year. The quality of the Tea h.is improved, owing
to the greater age of the bushes, and also to
better machinery, and we hope, when our new
Factory is finished, to see a further improvement
in quality. Our Coffee Crop has tnniod out
very short of estimate, owing to a b.id attack
of bug. I am glad to say we arc less depen-
dent on this uncertain crop i.ow as our Tea
is coming on so satisfactorily and taking its place. We
were unfortunate in losing a gang of coolies, and this
reduced our yield of Tea. I am glad to say ihey
have been replaced, and we are advised that the
Estate is full-nanded ngain.

During the year we issued a further .t“8,000 of our
authorised Capital for the purpose of builuing a new
Factory and providing for Capital expenditure— the
amount was all subscribed by our Shareholders.

I am glad to say the Factory is making good pro-
gress, and wo hope to have it in vvoi kin order early in
April.

We also purchased the Kelburne Estate for
.£35,000— laising the money by an issue of 7,(KX) Pre-
ference Shares of £5 each, ail of which were taken
up. We consider this a very good purchase, and
likely, later on, to add largely to our income.

As to the future of our products, without wishing
to prophesy, I can only say that the prospects of

Feb. t, 1897.]

THE TROPIC VL

AGRICaLfUKlSr.

557

British-grown Ted, look aa Well as ever) and, although
clouds appear on the horizon from time to time, and
we are threatened with competition frOm other coun-
tries, I fully believe we shall be able to hold ourown.

As to the accounts they have been audited by your
excellent Auditors) and I need say nothing further
about them except to ask you to be content with
the modest dividend of six per cent, for the year,
and, gentlemen, I hope I have your approval, as 1
have that of my colleagues on the Board, when I ask
you to be satisfied with dividends not exceeding six per
cent, until such time as we have built up a substantial
Reserve Fund, which, with the progress we are now
making, should not be long, and we shall then be
iu a position to treat you more liberally.

Mr. H.vnnen seconded the adoption of the Report,
which was carried unanimously.

The Cn.viBM.aN also proposed that a final dividend of
Four shillings per Share, free of Income Tax, be
paid on 1st January in respect of the 3,100 Ordinary
Shares fully paid as at 31st July, and thii, being
seconded by Mr. Harwood, was also agreed to. This,
with the previous dividend paid in July, will make a
return of Six per cent, for the year.

Mr. M. P. Evans, who retired by rotation from
the Board, was re-elected as a Dii-ector.

The Auditors, Messrs. Fuller and Wise, were
also re-elected.

The ijroceedings closed with a vote of thanks to
the Chairman and Officers of the Company.

C. £. Stracuan, Chairman.

♦

MARKET FOR INDIAN TEA SHARES,
THE YEAR 1896.

(From H. and C. Mail, Jap. 1.)

The early part of the year which is just drawing
to a close was, so far as Indian tea companies'
shares are concerned, much on a par with that of 1895.
During the latter half of 1896, value of shares have
kept fully steady, any declines which have taken
place in the less marketable shares having been more
than compensated for by tbe rises in the most
favourite among the more marketable ones, especially
iu those of some of the older established companies.
Among some of the more recent (especially the
preference) issues, however, which were, at first, rather
“ boomed,) there has laterly been a little set back.

The increasing interest of the public in tea plant-
ing investments, which was the feature of 1895, has
been -more thau ever noticeable in 1896, and, as
already suggested, this has been further stimulated
by tbe difficulty now experienced by investors in
obtaining a reasonable rate of interest on their money.
Even now, despite the rise iu values, a careful in-
vestor in tea shares can obtain, with reasonable
security, a yield .of six and half per cent on
Ordinary and four and half per cent on Secured
Prefei’ence shares of these concerns.

The RuiJee exchange, though latterly a little higher,
has not, on the whole, advanced sufficiently to affect
materially the results of working, though cost of pro-
duction will undoubtedly be slightly euhanc.ed for 1896.

The high prices of food stuffs in Bengal and
elsewhere will, iir those districts where rice has
to be imported, tell against the planter, but it
must not be overlooked per contra that famine in
the labour-recruiting districts will render tim task
of obtaining fresh coolies for tea districts much less
ouerqns anu less costly.

Although the creation of entirely new gardens has
not been very marked, amalgamations of one estate
with another and the absorption of smaller estates
by large corporations has gone on apace, so that
the demand by investors for' a larger selection of
readily-negotiable and officially-quoted tea securities
has been amply supplied. We have to chronicle the
formation of the following reconstructions in, datal
order, during 1896 : —

The British Darjeeling Tea Company (the late Mr.
Lloyd’s Darjeeli: g estvtes.)

The Consolidated Tea and Lands Company (Glas-
gow), combining the estates of the old private North
Sylhet and South Sylhet companies.

The Darjeeling Consolidated Company combining
four old and well-kuowu Calcutta companies.

The Empire of India and Ceylon Company, com-
posed of the Borjuli andDapoota properties iu Assam,
arid some Dooars and Ceylon properties.

The Amalgamated Tea Estates Comp my (Glasgow)
— Formed ol the astates of the old L lud Mortgage
Bank of ludi.i, of the well-known Darjeeling estates of
the late Dr. Brougham, the Hathibari property in As-
sam, etc.

Besides several smaller reconstructions, which space
does not admit of our recapitalating.

In addition to these the Makum Company has
issued £25,000 of Five per Cent. Debentures,
the Borelli Company issues .t'10,000 Five per
Cent. Preference capital to provide for improve-
ments, and the Moabund Company reconstructs as
from next year, with a total capital of £300,000, divided
equally into Five per Cent. Preference aud Ordinary
Snares, of which one half is now issued.

We append our usual abstract statement, showing in
the case of the best-known shares the range of values
during the year. This again shows a very remarkable
rise iu values ; — Rise Rise

Yeau 1896.
Jan. Bot. Top.

Dec.

per per
Share. £T00*

Assam

48

48

62

60

12

60

Attaree Khat . .

6i

6|

10

91

24

50

Borelli

84

10

94

1

10

Brit. Indian

34

34

44

44

1

20

Brahma

lOi

lOi

14

124

2i

45

C ich. and D'rsOrc

■ 94

95

124

lli

2

20

Cach and D’rs Fret'. 121

12

135

I3i

1

10

Chargola Ord. . .

i

li

14

i

25

Chargola I’ ref. . .

1^

li

Ig

14

4

124

Chuba Ord.

54

55

7i

7

li

25

Chuba

o|

7.1

74

5

15

Dejoo

8

8

104

10

2

20

Dooars Ord.

17

16i

21

19

2

20

Doors Pref.

17

17

185

18

1

10

Doom Dooina . .

155

15J

20*

194

35

374-

E.Iud. ACey. ZW. 12i

12i

14

13

5

74

Indian of Cachar

7

64

7

64

—4

—5

Jhanzio

n

74

9

8|

14

30

Jokai Ord. . ,

15

15

19

18

3

30

Jokai J'rej

144

14i

17

164

2

20

Jorehaut

48

48

62

58

10

50

Lebong

14

14

18i

174

34

44

Luugla Ord.

lOi

104

13‘

125

2

20

Luugla Fref. ..

13

13

144

135

74

Majuli

8i

8i

84

84

a

H

Moabund Ord. . .

2

2

25

n

5

75

Moabund Fref.

1|

15

2

2

a

624

Mungledye Fref.

2§

2i

3

25

4

5

Scottish Assam

10

10

115

loi

5

74

Oinglo Ord.

105

10*

Mi

125

2

20

Single Fref.

13 i

13i

15i

m

—

—

CEYLON

SHARES

(for cornpanson).

Ceylon T. Plant

Ord.

25

25

31

29

4

40

Ceylon T. Plant

Fref.

17

17

18

10

1

10

* Notk.-— i.r., per £T00 stock at par.

^Vo quote, to supplement tlie above aud the e.\-
teniled tables lately published by us, certain figures
published by our local evening contemporary : —
THE CEYLON 8HARE MARKET IN 1896.

LIST OF THE COMPANIES FLOATED IN LONDON IN 1896,

Nuwara Eliya Estates Co. .. £T37,000‘

Imperial Estates Co. . . 90,000

Kintyre Co. . . 65,000

Central Tea Co. . . 35,070

Ederapolia 'Tea Co. . . 22,000

Dimbulla Valley Tea Co. . . 150,000

Poonagalla Tea Co. . . 17,500

Korale 'Tea Estates Co. . . 56,000

Midland Tea Plantations . . 20,000

Highland Tea Co. .. 32,000

Galaha Tea Co. .. 110,000

Burnside Tea Co. . . 17,600

Associated Estates Co. . . 150,000

Total £902,170

558

the tropical agriculturist.

LIST OF THE

COMPANIES FLOATED
Acreage.

IN COLOMBO IN 1896,
Capital.

Company. Cultivated.
Ankauda . . l;i9

Stinsford ..35(5

Kalutara ..561

Kayigam ..653

Knave-smire ..486

Roadura Valley.. 350
Palmerston ..463

Penrhos ..540

Ceylon Tea and
Coconuts ..800

Kanapedi watte ..357

Walton ..'227

Total.

Nominal.

Paid-up.

337

100,000

75,000

438

500,000

300,000

1,085

500,000

400,000

1,200

1.000,000

425,000

.589

500,000

415,000

.550

500,000

300,000

493

1,000,000

4.50,000

820

500,000

150,000

1,190

500,000

2.50,000

418

340,000

334,000

520

500,000

160,000

Total

0 ,

8
0 1

1

3,259,000

Com-

Nom. cap.

Paid-ad

es.

Capiital.

R.

R.

Floated in Colombo 1895.. 18 8,860,000 5,848,500

» .. „ 1896.. 11 5,940,000 3,259,r00

The larger number of Companies, it will be found,
have their stocks at a lower quotation now than
were current twelve months ago. Out of !50 local
companies 32 are now lower than then, 17 are higher,
and 5 are unaltered. And those which are higher
are only very little higher. The greatest improve-
ment in rates is shown by Wanarajah, the shares
in which were Rl,150 in January 189(>, and are now
Rl,500 and Rl,575. Next to that tine Company come
Kirklees, Agraouvah, and Glasgow, and in the order
named, all improving properties at a high premium,
but said to be likely to go higher still. For the s ike
of comparison we append a taoular statement, show-
ing the prices current for them at the beginning of
January, 1897, and at the beginning of January, 1896,
separating those which are now higher from those
which are lower, and giving those which are unchanged
also separately, as follows : —

Prices.

HIGHER.

Ceylon

Companies.

Amount paid
per share.

CO .
pH r>-

.

rj CO
rt ^

R. R. R.

Agra Ouvah Estates

500

1125

1300

Ceylon Provincial Estates

500

62.)

685—690

Glasgow Estate

•

500

1275

1400

Hapugahalande Tea

•

200

3.50

385

High Forests Estates

.

500

620

625—630

Do part paid

100

200

220—225

Ilorrekelly Estates

.

100

70

90— 92-50

Kirklees Estate

.

100

1.50

185

Mocha Tea

500

1050

1175

Ottery Estate
St. Heliers Tea

100

127-50

130

, ,

500

1250

1.300

Wanarajah Tea

• .

500

11.50 1500—1525

Yatiyantota Tea

1000

6000

7750

Colombo Apothecaries

100

97-50

109

Colombo Hotels

100

275 322.50-3-25

New Colombo Ice

100

1.50

180

Public Hall

20

LOWER.

15

17*50

Castlereagh Tea

100

160

150

(ylareinont Estates

. .

100

100

75— 8U

Chines Tea

. ,

100

200

170

Clyde Estates

100

125

120

Delgolla I'lstate

400

480

360

Doomoo 'Tea

. •

100

1‘25

115

Drayton

« .

100

175—200

170

Eadella Estate

500

675

560

Eila Tea

100

175

155

Estates of Uva

5(X)

725

685

Great Western Tea

. •

500

KXX)

950

Kelani Tea Garden

. .

100

120

102 50

Nahavilla Estates

• .

.500

KMX)

900

Roeborrv Tea

• •

KM)

no

105 - 1O7-50

Ruanwella Tea

. .

loO

130

no

Talgaswela 'Tea

• *

100

82-50

50—55

[Feb. r, 1897.

Tonacombe Estate
Udabage Estate
TJdngama Tea and Timber
Upper Maskeliya Estates
Uvakellie Tea
Vogan Tea
Weoya Tea
Adam’s Peak Hotel
Rristol Hotel
Ceylon Gsnl. Stm. Navi-
gation

Ceylon Spinning & Weaving
Colombo Fort Ld. & Ruild-
ing

Galle Face Hotel
Kandy Hotels
Niiwara Eliya Hotels ..
Wharf and Warehouse . .

Beaumont Tea
Ceylon Hills Estates
Maha Uva Estate
Y itaderia Tea
Dunkeld

The following table

.500

750

700

100

no

105

50

40-.50

30

500

1000

8.30

100

132-50

120

100

no

108-50

100

330

317-50

100

105

100

100

112-50

100

100

90-100

85—90

: 100

50—60

40

100

105

95

100

105

103-50

100

100

90

100

100

95

40

90

85

EKED.

100

130

130

100

107-50

107-.50

. 5(X)

. 100
. 500

gives the

1025

400

1025

400

1050 1025—1050
rate per cultivated

acre at par and the rate at present quotations; —

ORIGINAL CAPITAL AND ACREAGE PRICES.

Per cult. Price. Per cult.

Par. acre at par.
R.

1897 acre today,
R. R.

Agra Onvah ..

500

770

1,225 xd.

1,886

Castlereagh . .

100

471

150

706

Dunkeld

500

392

1,050

823

Eila

100

451

155

676

Maha Ouvah . .

500

435

1,025

891

Mocha

5(X)

472

1,175

1,109

Gla.sgow

500

523

1,400

1,464

Yataderia

100

220

400

880

Wanarajah

.500

390

1,.525

1,170

Clunes

100

400

170

680

Kirklees

100

250

185

462

Tonacombe

500

473

700

662

Nahavilla

.500

214

900

385

Great Western

500

597

9.50

1,039

High Forests*. .
* 'This Compai

500

900

630

1,134

ly holds

952 acres finest virgin

forest

valued at R150
made for this.

an acre,

but no allowance has been

With the exception of Agraouvah it can hardly be
said that the above rates are high.

Dividends 1895.
per cent.

Castlereagh

Chines

Drayton

Eadella

Eilas

Estates of Uva
Great Western

15

15

15

11

13

8

18

Nahavilla

Talagaswella

Tonacombe

Upper Maskeliya

Uvakellie

Weoya

Yataderia

per cent.
20
7

12
18
10
25
45

CONCERNING TEA.

AN AMUSING PAPER.

{From “ CornhUr for Jannan/, 1S97.)

Men’s tea, I think, excels women’s. Taking them
as a whole one may say that no class of men make
such good tea as undergraduates. Time is theirs;
conveniences are to hand ; and though they are young
and ardent, haste and enthusiasm are bad form.
Hence the brew has a dignity, a gravity, a composure
worthy of it. There is something Asiatic about the
reserved undergraduate — and today the conscious ones
are all reserved— that stimulates tea to do its best
for him. Jjater in life, when he has left the uni-
versity and mot a woman, the undergraduate be-
comes again an Occidental. These undergraduate tea
connoisseurs are a development of the last few years,
llie invitation, ‘Look in this afternoon and try my
new Orange IVkoe,’ to which grey walls, stained by
the stress of centuries, now re-echo, would strike
dismay to the heart of Cuthbert Bede. The average
uudergraduato as soon misses his tobacco as his te»»

Feb. r, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

559

He presides over the teapot with the air of Roger
Bacon in his laboratory. Men always bring to a culi-
nary feat this interested manner a little touched by
mystery. To the woman it is natural^ to the man
it is exorbitant, and, partially, a lark.

Just as men are more intimately interested than
women in

THE MAKING OF TEA,

SO are they more subtly conscious of its merits. Women
do not discriminate so intelligently. Tea to them is
tea; tea to a man is China, or Indian, or Ceylon, or a
blend. This is because men buy tea, as a rule, only when
they are single, and women buy it with the house-
keeping money. It is not for men but for families
that polysyllabic brands «re put upon the market.
Individual men remain faithful to the costly varieties
— ‘golden-tipped,’ ‘ overland borne,’ and the like. For
women, for women, does Arabi P.isha beguile the
tedium of exile by overlooking plantations in Ceylon;
for women, for women, are artists employed to deli-
neate aged grandmothers in the act of being reminded
of the delicious teas of thirty years ago. That is
why men who understand offer you better tea than
women. They also send round the sugar and milk
(connoisseurs care nothing for cream) for individual
use. Women are only just learning that this is a
more excellent way than to ask, ‘ Do you take sugar ?’
— ‘And milk?’ Moreover, men — bless them for it —
hate sugar tongs. There was a time when to refuse
sugar was to write oneself Pligh Church, but today
the fashion is all against it ; and yet, as a learned
professor wistfully remarked, as guest after guest
rejected the proffered bowl, ‘ Sugar is an excellent
creature.’ Milk is treated more leniently, but there
is a lamentable, tendency abroad to call it cream.
The poet Wordsworth, by the way (speaking vica-
riously through Mr. Barry Pain), notes this point in
the following simple ballad :

‘ Come, little cottage girl, you seem
To want my cup of tea ;

And will you take a little cream ?

Now tell the truth to me.’

She had a rustic, woodland grin,

Her cheek was soft as silk.

And she replied. ‘ Sir, please put in
A liitle drop of milk.’

‘Why, what put milk into your head?

’Tis cream my cows supply;’

And five times to the child I said,

‘ Why, pighead, tell me, why.’

‘You call me pig-head,’ she replied;

‘My proper name is Ruth.

■ I called that milk’ — she blushed with pride. —
‘You bade me speak the truth.’

Plenty of milk and three lumps suggest noncon-
formity and blue-ribbonism. A slice of lemon im-
plies that the drinker has been to Russia, or has
read something of Tolstoi's. A man who likes tea
neat is on the road to become a tea drunkard.

It must not be supposed that the art of appre-
ciating tea is unknown to women. Nothing could
be farther from the truth. I knew a venerable lady
with whom tea making almost a religious rite. To
her high-backed chair was first brought to the caddy —
an inlaid casket — and deposited on a table beside lier.
Then from the depths of a china vase the key was
extracted. My hostess assumed her spectacles, and,
taking the key, turned it gravely, scooped out spoon-
fuls heaped high of the fragrant leaves — and they
were very fragrant— and tipped them into the silver
teapot preferred to her as by a royal cupbearer.
Then she closed the lid, locked it, and handed the
key to the attendant maid, who first bore it to its
abode, and then, returning, carried the caddy rever-
ently before her to its accustomed niche; while her
mistress removed her spectacles, and relaxed the ten-
sion of her features until they once more shone with
their natural benignancy. Women as a rule take tea
more for its efficacy as a restorative than for sheer
joy of drinking it. The charge has been brought
against them that if left alone they would subsist
entirely on tea and cake ; and almost one believes
It. Now apd again we hear of attempts to dethrone

tea. At Girton and Newnham, for example, cocoa
has entered the lists as a rival. ‘ Cocoas ’ are said
to be as well attended as ‘ wines ’ were in Verdant
Green’s day. Cocoas!

The wise tea maker is suspicious of elaborate para-
phernalia.

THE BEST TEA IS MADE

with a black kettle on the fire, and an earthenware or
china teapot. Copper kettles on tripods (heated by tins
spirit Stoves that hold too little spirit), silver teapoty
and kindred refinements, do not help the leaf. Nor
should strainers be desired. Tea requires no ‘ patents,’
least of all a spoon resembling a perforated walnut, al-
leged to be unrivalled for the preparation of a single cup.
A single cup! Who, if the tea were worth drinking,
ever wanted but a single cup ? Tea should be brewed
of the right st.rength at the first instance, poured
out at onoe into cups and reserved cups (or decanted
into another teapot), and then remade. To burden
the water with more leaves than it can attend to is
thoughtless, and every drop that is afterwards added
impairs the flavour of the liquor; notwithstanding
the old Scotch lady who recommended a certain brand
of leaf, because it ‘ had such a grip of the thir-r-d
water.’ Using too little tea 's a fault never committed
by the unwise and imprudent. The ordinary rule is
one spoonful for each guest and one for the pot ;
but some brands go farther than others. A large
pot is imperative. Few things in life are more sad-
dening than the smallnesi of some people’s teapots.
The teapots should be wards for the reception of
the leaves. Wetting the tea, as it is called, is a
horrid habit; all the water that is required for each
brew should bo poured in at once on the instant
that it boils. Water that has long been boiling is
unprofitable and stale, and incapable of extraotin"
from the opening loaf its richest essences. When
there has been delay and it is impracticable to boil
a full kettle again, it is well to pour into it from a
high altitude a little fresh cold water. The more
forcible the impact of this new w'ater, the more is
the old supply invigorated and fitted to cope worthily
will] the leaf. During the operation of emptying the
kettle into the teapot the two vessels combine to
produce a harmony, compared with which much of
Beethoven is trivial, most of Mendelssohn beside the
mark. The kettle should then be refilled and placed
again on the fire, and after an impressive interval
of some three or four minutes, spent by the boiling
water within the teapot in the practice of supreme
alchemy, the cups may be filled. ‘ At your ease,’
sang the Bmpenr Kien Long in the poem that is
painted on every teapot in China, ‘ at your ease drink
this precious liquor, which chases away the five
causes of trouble.’

TEA SELLING.

Tea confers a social rank of its own. A man who
sells tea and nothing else occupies a rung in the
Grundyan ladder far above him who sells tea and
also sugar. Mincing Lane and Park Lane are often
on visiting terms, and the scions of noble houses
may be ‘ in tea ’ without shame. Similarly it is no
disgrace to the daughters of Mayfair to serve tea in
a West End shop. Some of them perform this action
with an air of condescension that reduces the timid
man to pulp. He begins with a feeling that he ought
to carry the tray for them: he ends in an agony of
anxiety as to the propriety of bestowing a tip. A
shy friend once tom me of the tortures he had suf-
fered in ohese resorts. ‘But I was revenged at last ’
he said, ‘ for an old country fellow and his daughter
who had been to the Academy,’ or Maskelyne and
Cook’s, or somewhere, came in. When he paid the
bill he left an extra sixpense in the patrician’s hand.
She fixed him with her refrigerating eye, and told
him cuttingly that he had paid sixpence too much.
‘ That’s all right,’ he said heartily, in a stage whis-
per ; ‘ that’s for you, my dear. Buy yourself a ribbon
with it.’ I like this story, because tea has not done
too much for the humourist. Compared with alcohol
It has done nothing; although high-spirited people
who adveuture upon the golf links are grateful fgj

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. r, 1897.

560

the opportunity of collocating the tea with the caddy.
Fate is ever on the side of the punster ; none knows
better than the deviser of impromptu witticisms tfipt
all things come to him who waits. Lamb’s remark
to a schoolmaster, who was excessively given to the
cup that cheered but never inebriated the poet
Cowper, is among the neatest ever made. ’ Tu doces,’
said he {‘ Thou tea-chest’).

TEA AND PICTURE GALLERIES.

For the full appreciation of afternoon tea there is
no preparation to compare with a picture gallery.
Certain social critics profess to have discovered that
many art galleries exist solely in the interests of
neighbouring tea resorts, and the memory of pictures
sometimes found on their walls almost inclines one
to accept the theory as a fact. It is a compliment
to this divine fluid when the drinker is a little
fatigued. But perhaps a cup of tea ‘ the first thing
in the morning ’ is best of all. Then, pre-eminently,
as Browning says, is it the time and the place and
the loved one altogether. Tea in one’s bedroom is
a luxury which brings the humble person into line
with the monarch and millionaire. It is akin to the
luxury of staying away from church.

CHINA TEAS.

The happiest tea drinkers are they who have gene-
rous friends in China. No tea is like theirs. Th it
inscrutable humourist, Li Hung Chang, left presents
of priceless tea in his wake as he pass- d smiling
through the West — tea of integrity hitherto unsus-
pected by the few persons whose glory it was to taste
it. Among these was Mr. Gladstone, who is great
among tea drinkers, and whose pleasant humour it
is to speak of a cup as a dish. Dean Stanley was
among the tea giants, and Dr. Johnson’s prowess is
a by-word. Hartley Coleridge was another colossus
of the caddy. One who knew him tells that asking
him on a certain occasion how many cups he was in
the habit of drinking, the poet replied with scorn,
‘Cupsl I don’t count by cups. I count by pots.’
Once a man looks upon tea when it is green, his
fate ia sealed. Hyson and ‘Gunpowder’ between
them nave shattered many a nerve. Green tea num-
bers amongst its opponents Miss Matty. It will be
remembered that when she set up her tea shop in
Cranford, the whole country-side seemed to be out
of tea at the same moment. ‘ The only alteration,’
says the chronicler, ‘ I could have desired in Miss
Matty’s way of doing business was that she should
not have so plaintively entreated some of her custom-
ers not to buy green tea — running it down as a slow
poison, sure to destroy the nerves, and produce all
manner of evil.’ According to a story by Sheridan
Le Fauu, one of the effects of green tea is to be
visited o’ nights by an impalpable monkey with red
eyes. ■ Punch,’ with that happy, witty way it has,
calls' this state ‘ delirium teamens.’ A cupful of green
tea in a bowl of punch is a discreet addition.

BLENDS.

The commonest tea is black, and it is almost always
a blend, even when the terms Congou and Souchong
are employed. China, India and Ceylon— all
tfjree— are levied upon for these mixtures. Their
description in the catalogues is worth study; in-
deed all merchants’ adjectives are worth study. A
table’ of ten graduated qualities of black teas lies
before me. 'The lowest priced var ety is ‘pure
and useful ; ’ then ‘ strong and liquoring; ’
then ‘ strong and rich flavoured.’ While the same
kind, but two-pence dearei, is ‘finer grade and very
economical ;’ then ‘ splendid liquor ;’ then ‘ extra
choice and strongly recommended ;’ then ‘ beautiful
quality ;’ then ‘ soft and rich ;’ then ‘ small young leaf,
magnificent liquor ;’ and, finally, at three shillings
and fourpeuce, ‘ very choice, small leaf, a coiinois-
SB'jr’s tea.' In another list I find ‘ very pungent and
flavoury.’ ‘ Syrupy’ is also a hard-worked epithet. It
would puzzle a conscientious merchant to fit any of
these terms, even the humblest, to some of the tea
that one now and then is forced to drink. But the
British tourist is attracted not by tea as tea, but by
tea with accessories. The late Mr. Arthur Cecil, the

comedian, used to tell with great glee of the canni-
bal tea at Kew:thus — ‘Tea, plain, 6d. ;’ ‘Tea, with
shrimps, 9d. ‘ Tea, with children, Is.’ But tea that
has such accompaniments is not to be run after by
the epicure. Of all the public varieties the tea ob-
tained at a railway station is perhaps the worst. The
liquor served at those carnivals which are known to
schoolboys as tea fights or bun struggles, is a close
competitor, but being free, or inexpensive, it has an
advantage over the station tea, which is costly. A
question in an examination paper circulated among
the students at a London hospital, asked the reader
to ‘ give some idea of the grief felt by the refresh-
ment room tea at never having seen Asia.’ This sor-
row might be shared by the station blend. Its only
merit is its heat, but that usually is nullified by the
brevity of the time limit allowed by the company for
its consumption. Ship’s tea, that is to say, tea in
the cabin of the ocean tramp, would be worse
only that at sea one is too hungry to care for re-
finements of flavour. The officers are said to dis-
criminate between lea and coffee by taking the
temperature of the milk jug. If hot, the beverage
is coffee ; if cold, tea.

GOLD TEA,

Cold tea has its adherents no less than hot. One
of the merits of cold tea is that, as the Bishop of
Bedford would say, it ‘ looks like beer.’ This to the
ordinary member of society is a peculiarity which
will cause no excitement, but the resemblance is of
some value to publicans who do not wish to offend
customers by not drinking with them, and yet do not
care to be continually sipping alcoholic liquor. A
glass of cold tea, on the other side of the counter, is
to all intents and purposes a glass of beer. And,
indeed, when one is really thirsty on a hot day,
there is nothing more delightsome. But care must
be taken that the liquor cools apart from the leaves.
The most welcome drink that ever came to me was
tea. We found it in a charcoal burner’s hut in the
New Forest. The charcoal burner was absent, and
we left a sixpence blinking at the bottom of the
empty basin. I hope he was satisfied, but if on
his return he was half as thirsty as we, he would,
rather than have lost his tea, have forfeited the sav-
ings of his life. For the time being our need was
greater than his.

HISTORICAL.

The English history of the plant is comparatively
brief. According to the popular statement tea was
introduced into this country from Holland in 16t>6.
D’Israeli, however, thinks the date earlier, because he
once heard of a collector whose treasure! included Oli-
ver Cromwell’s teapot. Concerning the beginnings
of tea in this ceuntry there is a story told by Southey
of the great-grandfather of a friend of his, who made
one of the party that sat down to the first pound of
tea that ever came to Penrith. They boiled it in a
kettle, and ate the leaves with butter and salt, wonder-
ing wherein the attraction lay.

Tea, generally, met with opposition which nowadays
is reserved for motor cars and new comic papers. In
D Israeli’s account of its introduction, ho says that
Patin, a French savant, called the leaf ‘ I’impeBti-
nente nouveautc du siecle’ — the seventeenth — and
that Hahnemann (with the upper part of whose body
we are so familiar by reason of its place in tl^g shop
windows of homoeopathic chemists) described tea
dealers as ‘ immoral members of society, lying in wait
for men’s purses and lives.’ Colley Cibber wrote
that tea was ‘ the universal pretence of bringing the
wicked of both sexes together in a morning,’ The in-
dictment W'as indeed persistent and grave. Comment-
ing upon an attack made in tea’s early days by Duncan
Forbes, an ‘Edinburgh’ review'er wrote, in 1816, the
following summarising passage: ‘The progress of
this famous plant has been something like tlie pro-
gre-'s of truth ; suspected at first, though very palat-
able to those who had the courage to taste it; re-
sisted as it encroached ; abused as its popularity
seemed to spread ; and establishing its triumph at
last, in cheering the whole land from the palace to
the cottage, only by the slow and resisthiss efforts of
time and its own virtues,’ E. V. Lucas, •

Feb. X, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

561

THE MANURING OF TEA ESTATES.

This subject is of so nmcli importance and we
were so pressed by Mr. John Hughes of Mark
Lane, Consulting Analytical Chemist to the
Planters’ Association, to look into the matter,
that we decided to issue a circular to represent-
ative jdanters asking information on the follow-
ing points : —

1. Has the manuring of tea estates become
general in all, or only in old, districts? or, if your
experience is local, in your own district?

2. Is bulky manure chiefly used ?

3. Is the manure sent up by railway used alone
or mixed, and is there much of bone-dust and
nitrates as well as of castor-cake and fish manure
I ow used ?

4. Do you think harm is being done to any
extent by the use of artificial manures in the
case of tea?

5. How does the oldest manured tea compare
with unmanured tea of the same age?

Here are the replies already come to hand : —

No. I.

Dec. 29.

Dear Sir, — 1. In both old and new districts
manuring has been resorted to. Hut it cannot
quite be said that manuring has become very
genet al in either.

2. I should say that there never was less bulky
manure used than at the present time. Tavalam
bullocks are almost things of the past, and few
cattle except for carts and dairy purposes are
kept on estates, and many old grassfields have
been planted with tea. Places like Mariawatte
get a lot of bulk from adjacent towns. In the
case of estates near the Sanitarium, and where
people do mostly congregate, the application of
what is euphemistically described as “ bazaar
manure” should not be encouraged.

3. Castor-cake chiefly, sometimes mixed with
fish and a small quantity of bones. But bone-
dust is supposed by some jjeople to induce growth
of seed.

4. I should say not, although I have heard
it so stated in the case of some lowcountry
estates. My own experience is that although
cattle or farmyard manure was the best for
coffee, it does not fetch tea so much as artificial.

5. .Favourably. W .

No. II.

Dikoya, Dec. 29.

Dear Sir, — In reply to your circular letter of
26th inst., manuring with castor-cake and bones
is pretty general in this district ; on some estates,
however, to a small extent only. I cannot speak
for Bogawantalawa division,

My opinion is decidedly in favor of manuring,
and that much benefit has resulted to tea, both
as to general appearance and yield, I have not
a doubt.

The oldest manured tea here is giving 200 to
250 lb. more per acre than unmanured tea of
same age.

I have seen no harm done anywhere by
manure. ' H. S. A.

No. III.

Talawakele, Dec. 29.

Dear Sir, — In response to your circular of
Dec, 26th, I am a great advocate of manuring
tea and am of opinion that prices are improved
by its ado))tion, and the increase in yield is \in-
doubted.

71

As a means of providing work for coolies when
flush is short, manuring is invaluable, and if
the results merely repaid acfual expemliture, I
should manure on this account alone.

Although keeiting a large herd of stall-fed
cattle and pigs I am doubtful if bulky manure
pays as against artificial. I have not observed
any supeiiority to attach to the use of farmyard
manure. That is to say that fields manured
solely with artificial have done quite as well as
any manured wiih bulk, and naturally the work
is quicker and cheaper in the case of artificial.

1 am of opinion that the use of manure, and
especially of artificial manure is on the increase.
Persons who object to manuring “ on principle ”
are usually hand-to-mouth men who have no
money to pay for it, or who wish to pump their
properties.

As a rule the manure rrsed seems to be a mix*
ture of grouml bones and castor cake in the
pro])ortion of the 1 to 4 or 0 parts respectively. A
few persons use nitrates and superphosphates as
well. I tfiink a slight addition of the.se substances
distinctly advantageous.

I have seen no harm done by excessive manur-
ing—ami a glance at the tea round any set of
lines woirld show the folly of imagining that
the growth of tea can be injured by the most
jrotent of fertilisers even in exce.ss.

1 think it is a mistake to imagine that manure
need be applied frequently or that tea suffers
from the discontinuance of manuring. I have
known tea of very poor qu-ality manured and
then left for 5 or 6 years without the yield
dropping below what it was before manuring was
adopted.

As a rule manure of any kind tells rapidly—
but I have known upwards of a year elapse be*
fore any improvement was apparent.

The moral of manure, as Capt. Cuttle would
say, — lies in the application.

A rotation of manures is in my opinion advis*
able where possible 5 say in the following or*
der : —

1. Bulk

2. Castor and Bones

(Nitrates and Superphosphates)

3. Fish

—Yours truly KlLLALOEj

NO. IV.

Hautane District, Dec. 29.

Dear Sir, — ^Ye have not yet gone in foi
manuring regularly with ai tificia'l hefe but intend
beginning next year with castor cake and bones
which many seem using now with good effecti
—Yours truly, W.

No. V.

llatnatenna, Dec. 30.

Dsar Sir,— 1. Manuring of tea planted on
old coffee lauds or on patana lands lias, I think,
become general in certain districts.

2. Artificial manures chielly used as beitm
less expensive, more easily applied, and "'ivin”
results more rapidly.

3. Artificial manures arc generally used mixed.
Castorcake and bones as well as nitrates. Fish
manure is generally mixed with soil, refuse,
grass, etc.

4. I consider that the use of artificial
manure is doing harm to the tea enterprise.
Such manures as castor and bones give a ficti-
tious value or should I say a fictitious energy
to the plants, which .sooner or later must produce
the worst rc.sull.s. These manures arc only fit

562

TFIE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[FeI!. I, 1897.

for annupv! root cropi^. It is .'■iiroly nectlless to
refer to tlie case of coil'ec. The most
manurctl estates, i c., estates coiistaiitiy worked
up witli artilicial manures, weie llie lirst to suc-
cumb to di.sease.

I should be Jtlad to see the practice of using
distinctly artificial manures, — those which act as
strong tonics,— abandoned. It is all very well to
force root crops ; but it is surely an error to
force perennials.

I give the above as the bumble opinion of one
who has studied botany and farming in a small
way, and I hope I may be absolved from any
idea of pretence to s[)eak with authority.

For my own part 1 ])urpose to use 110 artilicial
by itself ; and oidy when mixed with bulk
(compost of cattle muck, line refuse, I'avine soil,
jungle Stull', etc. ) sparingly. F. U. R.

No. VI.

Kelburne Lstate, Dec. 2'1.

Dear 8iu, — In reply to your circular rc manur-
ing tea, I beg to infonn you our rlistiict is so
very much in its infancy with this ju'oduct, that
but very little manuring has been attempted. I
have myself made a small experiment of manur-
ing 25 acres with crushed bones, castorcake and
muriate of potash and I am awaiting to see the
result. — Yours faithfully, D.

No. VII.

Maskeliya, Dec. 81.

Dear Sir,— In answer to your printed letter,

I would answer as follows : —

1. It has not become general anywhere, but
is becoming more courmon.

2. Bulky manure is best, but very little is
available anywhere. For this reason artilicial
has to be used.

3. The mixture is usually castorcake with a
little bonedust added, and 'it is usually mixed
in Colombo. Some fish manure is also used, and
probably a very little nitrates.

4. I don’t think any harm is being done.

5. The oldest manured tea yields much better

than unmanured tea un'ess the latter is in very
fine soil. I’LANIER.

No. VHI.

Ramboda, Dec. 31.

Dear Sir,— Yours duly received rc manuiing
tea. There is not the least use in my writing
on the subject, as I may say I have no cx-
iierience. No manuring has been done here and
of what I did on the oilier side I have not seen
the eliects. There are two liclds opposite me on
the other side the river, which have been manured
twdee : they look very well in the distance, and
1 am told 'have doubled their crop. B.

No. IX.

Ilantanc District, Jan. 1.
Dear Sir, — In reference to your circular on
the important (luestion of manuring, tea estates
in thisili.strict are using manure more or less.

Bulky manures are juit out on estates where
they can easily be got ; others apply artilicial. Of
arti'lical fertilizers bonedust is not much used as
it tends to increase seed ; the favourites ape a
mi.xture of castmx’.ike, lishmanuie, and a little
bonedust, while some add nitrates or sulphate
of ammonia. xManuring has in no ease that
I know done harm to tea— all the other way, by
increasing the size of bushes, aiid the returns of
crop.

The oldest manured tea very favourably coni-
jiares with unmanured tea of the .same age,
especially on old laml where the difference is
very marked. 'I’he important question for planters
is how to obtain their fertilizers pure. To pay
for such a useless thing as sand, amigo to the
extra ex|)ense of rail fare and cart hire as well,
is I'cry grievous, lu the Manual of Mr Hughes,
fish imanure, for example, is said to have con-
tained as much as 50 jiercent of sand when he was
in the island ; but owing to increa.sed interest on the
part of liuyers and also to local analy.sis,
fish manure can be had today with from 15
to 2'i per cent ( nly. As the fish itself contains
no sand there is still much room for improve-
ment. The above example is put in another way
on the basis of the most valuable of manurhal
ingredients, viz., nitrogen. I find that when Mr.
Hughes analysed it {ciclc '' Cochran's Manual")
it contained from 4 to 4^ per cent, whereas
now numerous analyses from Mr. Cochran show
that it can easily be procureil with from 5J
to (i per cent nitrogen. This means an in-
crease in the manurial value — ^taking the highest
figures in each case — of about 40 jier cent. \Vhat
all that is to the planter who is spending his
moue}' on fertilizers is patent enough.

Uii the other haml wdute castor cake in Mr.
Hughes’ day showed I think about 7 per cent of
nitrogen, whereas it is at pie.sent difhcult to get
it much above 6 per cent.

This means that for every seven tons of the
superior article, you require fully eight tons to
produce the same ell'ect.

The crying need of today on this (piestion is
to be able to get manures of guaranteed composi-
tion.— Vours truly, HANTANE.

No. X.

reply

Holmwood, Dec. 31.
to your questions rc

Dear Sir,— In
manure : —

(1) Manuring estates has only become general,
in my opinion, in the old districts, and in the old
districts it is chiefly confined to the older estates.

(2) Bulky manure is very little used except
where it is iiurchased .at a cheap rate.

(3) Manures are almost always mixed with
casiorcakc and bones, or castorcake, fish and
bones.

(4) I think it probable that we are drawing on
our c.apital by the use of such unscientific manures
as those now in general use. In my o[>inion they
are forcing to the bushes at the ex])cnse of the
soil and that unless a change is made, a day of
reckoning will come.

(5) So far as my experience goes the ohlest
manured tea gives about twdee as much as un-
mauured tea of the same .age.

As to your (jucry about values — I think w'e have
reached the limit of the swung of the pendulum,
though I do not autici|iate any immediate re.action
owdng to the difliculty of obtaining investment
for the enormous amount of money in the hands
of capita'ists. Shares may be forced up by inter-
estcil operators, but there is small margin even now
for them to work upon. (>% and 7% seem to be
tiie outside intere.st procurable in sound Comp.anies.
— Yours truly, J5.

No. xXf.

F|>l>or Maskeliya, Dec. 30.

DExVR Sir, — 1 cannot say whetiicr manuring
has become general in other districts or even in
the lower jiart of this district. x\t this end
of Maskeliya most estates are applying artificial

Feb, I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAI. AGRICULTUkI8 T.

563

manure composed of hones; castor cake or hones,
castorcake and lisli. Very little l.alky iinmire is
a[)plied, hut in some cases tlie artilicial m mure
is applied when the prunings are hurieil. f ilon t
think nitrates have been much used as yet.

[ think tint the manure has temporarily very
mucli iiii[(ro\'ed the size and apparent strength
of the b;i<hos and has increased the yield and
not percei)tih!y reduced the (quality or the value
of the teas made.

Manuring is only in its infancy up here ; but I
,am tolil by idanters who have done much that each
application improves the yield. — Yours trulj^, W.

No. XII.

Central Province, Jan. 1.

Dkau Sii;, — In reidy to your Circular of the
2Jth inst. in re manuring I should say: —

1. In several of the older districts it is being
generally resorted to and the younger ones are
Following suit. A few years hence it will, I anti-
cipate, "he general throughout the whole
country.

2. Bulky manure is used to a very limited
e.\tent nowadays exce|>t under favourable con-
ditions as regards suoj)ly. Cattle manure is too
expensive and gives in so many instances a
very un determinate idei of tlie tertilizing matter
you are supplying to your bushes. The organic
matter can Ije secured at less cost by burying
primings green.

J. .Artilicial manures are cbielly used, white
castor cake, bone meal, and lish being the favour-
ites. The former, if of good (piality, is an excellent
nitrogenous manure, but its v'alue in feitilizing
matter varies from RIO to RSO per ton. The linest
I have had of late years showed 8% nitrogen ;
but of this quality 1 am informed there is only
a very s;n ill supply available in India. Bjuc
Meal 'is m >re definite in character, unless dearly
adulterated containing 2-1 per cent phosphoric acid
but this it's main element is only re(iuired by
tea in limiteil quantity, so that any large appli-
cition-of this can only be a waste of money.
The Nitrogen it contains some 8 per cent can be
mirchased cheaiier in other forms. Pish apart
from the sand and moisture, it generally contains,
is an excellent manure; but manure vendors do
little to supply it imre. It in niost cases con-
tains frein 3J to 50 percent moisture and sandj
though it can be purchased to contain under 15
per cent showing close on 7 per cent nitrogen
and 5-i pci' cent phosphoric acid. Nitrates and
Ammonia are being used with distinct advantage.
Wlien applied in combination, on sound common
sense lines, they cannot in any sense be detid-
mental, or exhausting, if .so used. Used indis-
criminately of course, they would be harmful
and exhausting.

4 My own experience is that well compounded
artificial manures, increase the yield, improve
the quality of the tea and ste.adiiy improve the
liealthv appearance of the bushes es[iecially on old
coffee land, giving in a few years, wiiatwere miser-
able stunted diseased bushes, fine luxuriant
ones.

5 Systematically manured teafora])eriod of years

with the es.sential elements of fertility in due
proportion, gives an average of 700 lb per acre,
while similar unmanured tea gives 350 lb. per
acre cand as regards a|)pearance of the bushes the
letter is simply not in it. U.

MANURING OP TEA:

LETTPlbS I TO XII REVIEWED.

If any proof were called for, of the neces.sity
of the inquiries we have instituted touching the
manuring of tea and its effects, it is to be
found in tlie varied ami interesting replies which
we have received, ami hope yet to receive, from
all parts of the island. It may at first sight
seem superlluous to make any inquii'y about a
matter whicli some think can lead to but one
answer. It is almost an axiom in agriculture
that land, out of which anything is taken, should
be manured — that is, be given back some at
least of the consbitumits taken out of the soil ;
and it would seem to be inevitable that crops
must improve under the stimulus of manures.
These, perhaps, rrray Ire accepted as truths of
general applica'ion ; but what is true of man
atrd of anirrrals is equally true of ]il mbs. The
siitre foo 1 is irot beneficial to all cla.sses alike ;
indeed, the sustenance of one may pr-ove poison
to another. But, apart from the regirhitiorr of
manuring according to tire crops sought and
gathered, ami the character of the soils to be
dealt with, a further elerrrerrt of doubt has been
irrtrodiiced by the Irelief exinessed iii some quar-
ter.s, that manuring — at any rate rnanui-ing with
certiiirr substances— injuriously affects the quality
of tea arrd its flavour-. Irr these circumstances,
itr(|uir-y and the free interchange of ideas cannot
fail to contr-ilnrte to the cornriron good; and it is
in this view we have circulated our riuestions
which have calletl forth rrrost oncour-aging arrl
instructive answers fronr fiv,r arrd near. In
our review of the replies which we owe to the
courtesy and public spirit of our correspon-
dents, we shall deal first with the first twelve
conrmunications, given above.

The answers to the first question : — Whether the
manuring of tea e.states has become gener-al in
all districts or only in the older ones, shew, as
was to be expected, sorrre variety, according to
the standpoint of the writer. The general
result may be said to be that, while manuring
is not resorted to by cver-y estate in a district,
whether old or new, it is decidedly on the
increase both on new estates arrd old ; and all
but general on the older- ones. Tins is a rrrost
hopeful feature, as it was rrot very loirg ago
that we lamented the poor show which manures
made botli among our irni>orbers in our railway
traflic returns. The irici-ease we would trace, riot
alone to faith in the ellicacy of manures, but also
to what is nrore potent tharr faith in such things,
t lie ability of the pui-se to bear the charge. Still,
we feat-, tlrere at-e not a few who do nob bake
sufiicient thought for the morrow ; but ate
selfishly content to take what they can from
their land, in the happy-go-lucky belief that
things will somehow continue much as they are.
These would -,lo wisely to study the answers to
our fifth question, wliich point to the conclu-
sion that tttauute has dorte much more than
arrest the detei-i(»i-atio:i of old land which has
been under cultivation for a generation or
more— that it has improved it, and has led to
heavier crops, and thereby to more remunerative
returns.

The answers to the second question — Whether-
bulky manures are chiefly used ? — are distinctly
disappointing; but they can .scarcely surprise one.

5^4

TME TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

Fevy estates are witliin easy reach of cattle sheds;
and the cart roads passing Ihrougli or along
Slue estates are seldom main arteries of com.
munication. The cattle establishments of the
coliee era have almost all been dismantled, and
we fear that the thorou;^hness and sense of per-
manent settlement, which distin;^iiislicd men of
thetype of “K. B. T.”, Lo^ie Eljihinstone and Mat-
takelle Smith, are to somee.'ctenb, at least, wintin;^
among individual proprietors of the present day"
This drawback should be cured by the resources" of
the big Companie.s which are taldng tlie i)bice of
large proprietors ; for, the e.vperience of places like
Mariawatte would seem to establish that, for
leaf crops, cattle manure answers splendidly ; and,
of course, bulky mxnure.s are more benellcial to
worn out and long-cropped lands than artificial
compounds. Curiously, the very first letter in
our series contains a warning against “bazaar
manure” — but why? — and ([uestions whether cattle
and farmyard manure is as beneficial to tea as
It was to coffee. Surely it should be tfie other way?

The third question— Whether the manure sent
by train is used by itself or in combination
with other stuff ? —elicits replies whicfi point to
the desire of planters generally to mi.v it wiili
bulk, and to the difficulty of securing tlie latter
except in favoured situations. Castoi"cakc would
seem to be a prime favourite, mixed with fish
manure, and a small proportion of bones — tbou'''h
the latter is objected to as producing seed, lime
we have an exanii)le of how scieiice and ex-
perience meet, and how valuable the observation
of even the most ignorant may become. Tlierwb/«,
readily uses bone dust for ids paddy fields', but
he abliors cattle manure as producing straw rather
than grain ?

There is a strong consentrs of opinion

— all but general -in response to the
fourth (luestion, not only that no

harm is done by the use of artificial manures,
but that the buslies and crops are distinctly ini-
proved. Tlie only exception is to bo found in
E. G. It’s vigorous condemnation of artificial
manures as “doing harm to the tea enterprise,”
of castor and bones as giving “a fictitious cnor'W'
to the jdants whiidi sooner or later must produc'e
the worst results.” Yet, even E. (i. K. would
use artificial manure mixed with bulk ; .so th.it
it really becomes a <|ue.sf.iou of ajiplyiiu' only
suitable manures; ami that brings us' to '"one of
the propositions with which we started, that
what is food to one may be poison to anotlier. It
is thus, not the intelligent use, but the thougiit-
less abuse, of manure which is to lie mianled
.against, and what more effectual safeguard can
one have, coupled with close observation, than
the analysis of soil and the analysis of manures
both as a means of checking fraud and usiim
the riglit thing? We are by no means disposed
to provoke a contest between “Killaloe” and
** E. G. It.” whether with shillelagh or
rifle, the more so as the decline of the
former cannot apply to the latter, but as a
set-off to the growl from Uatnatenna, we would
place the cry from Talawakele, that artificial
is to be preferred even to bulk ma iu.e and
that “persons who object to manuring ‘on principle’
are usually hand-to-mouth men, who have no
money to pay for it, or who wish to [lump their
jiroperties” ! And that brings us to our last
question — How the oldest manured tea comtiares
with unmanured of the same age ?— the answers
to which ai e most gratifying and encoura*’’^im*’
With almost one voice they record a great im-
provement in the appearance of the bushes and

greatly iucieased yields. “ E. S. A.” from Dikoya
estimates the increase in yield at 200 to 250 lb.
per acre ; “ B ’ from Holmwood, while strong
in condemnation of “ unscientific manures,”
estini.ites manured tea to give twice the yield
of unm mured; “D” from the Central Province,
puts down the average at 700 lb. j>er acre from
m inured te i and 350 from unmanured, in a
suggestive letter ; while our other correspondents
te-itify to the im])iovement both in appearance
and yield of the bushes. It is impossible to
resist the effect of sucli evidence ; and when we
take into account the acreage of young tea
coming into b-caring or to matmity, the proved
and ascertained effects of manuring which is be-
coming more general, and even the new clearings,
though they are not particularly extensive, we
cannot understand how any intelligent person
can speak of tea in Ceylon having reached its
maximum production.

♦

( Letters Continued.)

No. XIII.

Lower Ambagamuwa, Jan. 1.

Dhar Sir, — 1. With the exception of one or
two estates, manuring is not done systematically
in this district ; most estates do a little manuring
each year, but the manure is chiefly appliel to
their ridges, or fields that show signs of weakness.

2. Tlie bulk manure is very little used, in fact
hardly at all, except by estates situated near
villages, whe e town manure can be had.

3. Manure .sent up by Kailway is used .alone,
the mixture generally applied being crushed bones
.and castorc.ake, 1 of the former, to 3 of the
latter; 5 ozs. of the mixture being as a rule,
a|)plicd to each tree.

4. Certainly not.

.5. h'avorably.

To get the best results from manuring, the
manure should lie applied (dug in if the land be
not too steep) .as soon .as possible after a severe
cutting down. — Yours f.aithfully,

TEA FARMER.

No. XIV.

B ilangoda, Jan. 1.

Dkah Sir, — Thanks for your circular. Sorry
I cannot tell you mucii aViout manuring
tea, as down here little or nolhing has been done
as yet. Though, 1 believe they .are beginning to
do more in Haput.ile. Personally 1 am in favour
of bulk manure, one basket full between four
trees. Have done two or three acres here with
good rc-mlts. This ]>ist year h.as been an awful
one for r.iin, and as I write 8 a.m. its pouring
steadily. — \ours truly, B.\LANGODDE.

No. XV.

M.at.ale N.E.

1. A few estates here manure with excellent
results.

2. \V hen bu ky manure is available it is al-
ways .ap[>lied, but it is very limited.

3. So far as I .am .aware the chief manures
are castor cake and bones mixed — also fish manure
with a mixture of the above.

4. No — wherever manure has been judiciously
applied, it has greatly improved the appearance of
the tea and increased the production of leaf.

5. On oil coliee land the ohlest manured tea
gives nearly double the yiehl that the unm inured
tea does, that is, where manure has been re-
gularly applied.

I am of opinion th.at more m.anuring wouhl be
done on old cofl'ee lands, but for the insnflicient
and uncertain labour suj)ply. W.

Feb. t, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

565

No. XVI.

Kadu^'annawa, Jan. 2.

Dear Sir, — In reply to your ([ueries ra
manuring of tea, —

1. Becoming general in olil districts and on
can experimental scale at least in new distiicts.
On old coli'ee land it is indispensable.

2. Arlilicial manures chielly used, except where
road-side cattle slieds and town refuse are avail-
able.

3. Castorcake and bonedust in proportions
of 4 or 5 to 1 the most general application,
and occasionally nitrate of potash anti lish
manure.

4. No harm from eU'ects of manure, hut inevit-
able loss of soil from repeated applications in steep
land.

o. Manured tea compares favourably with un-
manured and yiehls better returns.

“ OUTLOOK.”

No. XVII.

Hatton, 1st Jan.

Dear Sir, — M.any thanks for your circular
of the 26th December rc Manuring of estates.
1 can’t speak for other districts ; only that I
hear manuring is more general than it was two
or three years ago :

1. Manuring is more general in all old districts.
Manuring has been prett}' general in this district.
Castorcake and bonedust— 5 cake to 1 bonedust.

2. Bulk m.annre is very little used unless on
a few estates close to caddies, such as Hatton
and Dikoya. The Large number of cattle that is
required to manure an esl.ate s.ay of 2U0 acres
prohibits bulk manuring.

3. Tlie manure sent bj' rail is mostly used
alone ; castorcake and bonedust and a little,
nitrate of potash.

4. I do think that castorcake and bone dust
hurt the flavor of the tea ; this I am sure of.

5. Manured tea in old land certainly com-
pares favourably with unmanured tea, and I am
positive manure pays well on old estates where
the tea is backward. As 1 have already said
castorcake and bom;s do affect the flavor of
the tea to such an extent that it affects prices
considerably ; but against this you get a greatly
increased yield, say of 200 lb. per acre, for at least
two years. But, Mr. Editor, what is the good
of all this manuring when many estates that
have manured regular, can’t pluck their leaf year
after year for want of labour ? It would thus be
far better if some estates were satisfied witli
the 450 lb. ))er acre in place of 600 lb. and
not plucking it. This is a very large question
which I don’t feel inclined to enter into just
now. In fact, as I w'ant to keep my dearly-bought
experience to myself unless I get a large fee
from the Creeper “ Association.’'

In conclusion, I challenge any of my
brother planters to say if their prices have in-
creased since they commenced regular manuring
with castor-cake and liones ? I am, however, con-
vinced half of them know nothing about the
subject ! This is a bold assertion from

A NOVICE.

No. XVIII.

Upper Maskelij'a, Jan. 1st 1897.

(1) I believe the manuring of tea estates has
become general and in all districts — new as well
as old — but my experience is confined to this
district where lu.anuring has become general.

(2) Very little bulky manure is used here
with the exception of line sweepings and a little
stable manure.

(3) The manure .sent up by railway is usually
mixed in Colombo— the favourite ] roportion
being 3 of castorcake to 1 of bonedust.

Fish manure is used a good deal. An excellent
mixture is, castorcake 40 per cent., lish 40 per
cent., and bonedust 20 per cent. The great ob-
jection to fish manure is that it contains a large
pro|)ortion of sand and is not ground fine enough
to admit of its being thoroughly mixed with
Ollier manures. Fish manure should only heap-
plied to tho.se ])arts ot estates whete there is
no possibility of its contaminating the streanls front
which the coolies draw', their waiter;

I have noi heard of nitrates being Used in
this district, and should not care to use siich
s'imnlating manures, except by the ailvice of
an Agi'icultural Chemist.

(4) No harm wh-a,tever is being done by the
use of artificial manures. Quite the reverse.

(5) Unmauured tea is quite out of it in com-

parison with manured fields of the same age.
Manure not only gives a large increase of leaf;
but it increa.'ses the size of the bush and gives
an abundance of strong healthy brown wood
for ])runing. NORTH.

No. XIX.

UvA Side.

No. 1. Being a comparatively new district,
manuring has not been generally carried on here.

No. 2. 1 have used cattle manuie chiefly.

No. 4. When ai tificial manure is used without
due analyses of soil being previously procured
to discover the chief chemical ingredients re-
quired, I think it likely that harm may be
done and the (juality of the manufactured tea
adversely affected.

No. 5. I have no actual figures to go upon,
as the fields liave not been kept separate, but
tlie manured bushes flush better and longer
ahan those not manured. G. H. G.

No. XX.

Jan. 2nd. 1897.

De.ar Mr. Editor, — We w'onld all manure
if we could, but wdiere is the labour? Not only
individual estates, bub whole districts are cr^’ing
out for more coolies. W'e are rubbing on nowq
but what shall w’e do in April and Alay ? What
is the use of increasing the yielding capabilities
of our tea, if we cannot pluck the extra leaf ?
Now' for your questions : —

I. I don’t think the manuring of tea is (/cue

in any district. It is more so in the new dis-
tricts, because they are better provided with
cart road transport —an estate w'itliout a cart«
road to the boundary, or nearly so, cannot in«
dulge ill manure, not only is the cost of tran.s-
])ort prohibitory, but labour is nob available.
Tavalaui cattle in olden times carried our
manure, but they have long ago disappeared
from all the old ilistiicts.

II. VTny few cattle are kept now-a-days, no
coolies can be spared to tend, or cut bedding
for tliem, so w'e have no bulky manure to apply.

III. The iirincipal manures used by estates
connected with a cart-road are castorcake,
bonemeal, and fish.

IV. I have used all sorts of manure during
the last 6 years, and unhesitatingly s<ay that
it has been of the greatest possible beaeiit,

566

thk tropical agriculturist.

[Feb. I, 1S97.

V. Manured tea li.as tlie great advantage
that it Hlishes more evenly, and steadily all
through the year, being less allected by varia-
tions in the weather.

What we want all over the country are
more roads, and more lahoitr ; then manuring
will be general, and the country far more i)ios-
perous.

I wonder how many of your readers have read
the articles in your issue of Dec. 21st and 22nd : —
“The Germ Life of the Soil,” and “Finger and
Toe in Turn’i)s.” Alter reading those, I think
few men could continue that ol.)jectionable habit
of poisoning the soil, by burying tea primings:
burn and manure with the ashes if you like; but
failing this, leave them on the ground, the sun will
very soon destroy any harmful matter, and the
leaf covering left on the ground is benelicial in
retaining moisture, and [ireventing wash.

Cacao Planters will learn in time to jiay at-
tention to the refuse husk of the pods after
taking out the beans. It is a source of danger
always ; the only safe way to deal with it is to
throw them all into a pit, and cover with a
good dressing of qiiiek-linic, a supply of which
should always be on liand during the crop season,
but it must be freshly burnt.

If it takes 5 or ti years to destroy the harm-
ful etl'ects of refuse from the turnip shed, what
must be the results of burying cocoa hu.'k.s,
almost fresli, year after year in the same soil,
and to the same tree quite sullicieiit to ac-
Cituut for the serious bark disease of which
we hear so little, but which is doing incalcu-
lable harm to the Cacao In^iusti3^

OLD rLANl'EU IN OLD DISTKICT.

No. XXL

Knuckles, .Jan. 2nd.

Dear Sir, — In reply to your circular of 2(Uli
December, I bog to liand you the following; —

(1) Manuring is jiretty general over all this
district, i.e, on all tea fields planted on old coll'ee
land. I have not as yet heard of any one man-
uring tea planted on virgin land. Many of the
estates here manure regularly from oU to lUO
acres per annum,

(2) Bulk, i.e. cattle, manure is being used le.ss
aud less every year.

(3) Bones .and castorcake, either mi.ved or
separately, seem to be the favourites. I my.self
have e.xtensively gone in for fish (whole fish from
Tellicherry) ajiplied in the form of a compost
made of fish, mana-grass and ravine .soil with
the best results.

(4) I can see nothing <as yet but good result-
ing from manuring.

(5) Tea manured from the commencement is

fitter today than ever it was. I doubt if it
would have been in cultivation without such
a.ssistance.— Yours faithfully, T. D.

No. XXII.

Lower Ma.skeliya.

Dear Sir, — Replying to your circubar of the
26th ultimo : I should not say that manuring

had become general but it is on the incre.ase
and there certainly is a jireference for artificial
of sorts. Fish manure seems to be gaini ig in
favour ; but, in my ojiinion, its properties are such
that it doesnotgive such good vaincforits co.stasca.s-
torcake. To bring tea into heart carl tie manure is
decidedly the best, but for forcing crop its action
is not so immediate or pronounced altliongh more

lasting. A free use of bones 1 am decidedly
averse to although a smn// .admixture with castor-
cake is advantageous. Much depends on the spil to
wliich manuie is added and where and hoiO it is ap-
plied— judicious manuringis certainly most desirable
and remunerative notwithstanding that it, for a
time, somewhat depreciates quality. W.

No. XXIII.

De.vu Sir, — Manuring tea. M’e have done little
.at that here, but are to have a try this year with
73 .acres. 1S9G is the best year we have had: over
4801b. per acre. ' DIKOYA.

MAN LIKING OF TEA:

LETTERS XIII TO XXIII REVIEWED.

We find that letters (XIII to XXIII) support
generally the conclusions of the twelve letters we
had first noticed. The.se come from Lower Amba-
gamuwa, Balangoda, Matale N. E., Kadugan-
nawa, Hatton, Upper Maskeiiya, Uva-side,
Old District, Knuckles, Lower Maskeiiya and
Dikoya; and from none of them do we le.arn
that manuring has decreased, that any one
has had reason to lo.se faith in the efficacy
of fertilizers or that hann has come from
their application. The note from all .sides
is, that manuring is going ahead, tliat ex-
lieriments have begun, or are about to com-
mence, on places which have not hitherto tried
manures, and, in faet, that manuring is becoming
general throughout the Tea Districts. This is the
key-note of the letters now under review. With
scarcelyan exception. Thescarcily of bulkjMuanures
seems to be as deeply regretted as it is widely
experienced, only estates in close proximity to
Bazaars being in a position to secure a supply. A.s
we noticed [ireviously, cattle establishments seem
to be things (jiiite of the jiast. There is something
jiathetic in the experience cf an Old Flanter in an
Dili District, whorejioits that even Tava lam cattle
have vanished from the scene — so that the new
districts, being better provided with cart-road trans-
])ort, enjoy greater facilities for manuring
than the old.

While there seems to be a very gene-
ral, almost universal, preference for cattle
or bulky manures over all others for the leaf-
crops which are now the mainstay of the planter
and the countiy ; yet, .as a matter of ex-
perience, artificial manures have generally
to be used. Though the use is in most
cases fiom necessity', not choice, the gener.al
verdict is that the result fully answers expectations.
G. H. G., however, from the Uva side, utters a
word of warning, lest the use of artilicial manu'es
without analysis of the soil, may work harm ; but
he himself is in the happyu exceptional po.sitiou
of having cattle manuie. We certainly do
not underrate the importance, and even abso-
lute neces.sity in some cases, of soil analysis ;
but, so far, the ordinary comiiinations of c.astor-
cake, bones and (ish have not been found to be
in any way injurious to the trees. And th.at
livings us to the very emjihatic testimony of
“A Novice” from Hatton, who protests that
“ castorcake and bonedust hurt the flavour of
tea.” It is in connection with an opinion like this
that the value of analytical work becomes niani-
f.-sl— not only that the chemist may furnish a
careful analysis of the soil ojierated on and
the special ingredien'.s of tiie manure .‘iiiplicd,
but tliiU he may find out wherein fhe teiV

Fed. I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

567

reported to Pe injuriously aflected difVers
from tea plucked trom unmauure l (ie!ds, or frvui
lield.s to wliicli otiier manures than castor and
bone have been applied. We hesitate to quote
the experience ot our numerous conespoiuleuts
■\vlio have nothing but good to report ot artilicial
manr.res and of this special combination of them ;
for “A Novice ” retorts, in anticipation, that “ half
his brother-jilanters know nothing about the sub-
ject,” ■while he challenges anyone to say that
“ their prices have increased since they c imnienced
regular manuring with castorcake and bones.”
Rut, then, who can report any recent improve-
ment in prices, whether after manuring or before ?
We should say such estates miglit he counted on
the lingers of one hand; and it would be scarcely
fair to lay at the door of manuring the general
declension of prices which has been experienced for
the past few years. On the other iiand, we by
no means discredit the verdict, but would ask
for more light on the subject, and for closer
investigation ; and this is one of the benefits which
we anticipate may result from the Circular we
have issued among the more thoughtful and ex-
perienced of our planters in the various districts.

Intleed, the side-lights thrown on the tea en-
terprise hy the correspondence we are publish-
ing, ai’e (juite as important as the direct infor-
mation which is placed at our disposal ; ami the
side-issues which so many raise are quite
as interesting ami suggestive as the answers
to our specilic questions. Thus “ A Novice,”
despite his verdict against castor and bones, as
injurious to the flavour of tea, concedes a greatly
increased yield from their application — cstiniatedat
‘2001b. jier acre, tor ten years; but he inquires. What is
the good of all this manuring when many
Estates cannot do justice to the piucking of
the leaf they have, for want of labour ? The
question is a very pertinent one, as also
wliether it would not be better to be content
with 450 lb. per acre than to force out GOO
lb. and not be able to take it all in ?
The prime importance of the labour question
is emphasized by “ Old Planter ” who pleads
lack of labour, not only for harvesting enhanced
crops, but even for the Iransiiort and ap]ilica-
tion of manures ; and the Government would do
well to note in connection with the discussion
of this question, the way in which the shortness
of labour comes constantly to the surface, and
the demand for more roads and better roads is
urged from many quarters. If the prosi)erity of
the Colony is intertwined with tea, the con-
tinued success of tea clearly depends on abundant
labour and eflicient means of communication ;
and these should receive the special attention
of Government, as we are glad to think they
have begun to do with the Governor, whose pro-
posals for the extension of roads we recently
commended.

An “ Old Planter ’’ however, deals thoughtfully
with certain side-issues, which we should wish to
see discussed by other planting friends, and on
wiiieh, we fancy the Agricultural Chemist will
be able to throw a good de.al of light. Among
these are the the burying of green teaprunings,
against which “Old Planter*" is particularly
strong, and the careless heaping or burial
of the husks of cacao pods. We can quite
understand harm being done by the accumula-
tion of fermenting pods, both from a sanitary
point of view, and as a nidus for insect
and fungoid pests, which wouUl attack the solt
vyood of the tree with fatal etiect. We should
jike, however, to hear more on this and the other

subjects we have indicated. Meanwhile, we woul d
make one reservation, in view of a possible mis-
apprehension ot our own leanings. While con-
vinced belie^ers in tb.e eflicacy of manures and
their need on most Ceylon estates, we do not
counsel their blind application, or any forgetful-
ness of the fact that the soil on some local
plantations may not need renc’w’al for many years.

[Letters Continued. )

No. XXIV.

Dear Sir, — With regard to your questions re
manuring tea, I should have thought that this
subject was so simple that more ventilation was
unnecessary. If we have viigin soil, or rich
alluvial lands like the Assam fields, then by all
means save expense by abstaining from manuring.
Rut with our played out cofiee-estates, if we
wish CO make ends meet, we imist manure. It
hardly matters what manure is used so long as
facilities are considered. One estate near this
has become a mine of wealth to its proprietors
by bulky-manuiing. Pub it is not every estate
that can stand the costly arrangements which
bulkyf manure entails ; such as cattle-sheds,
grass fields, &c. I have found fish manure veiy
ell'ective ; but I have had very little experience
in manuring tea. I would avoid manuring if I
couhl possibly do so. The wash on our steep-
hillsides means a very wasteful system of manur-
ing. If we consider the distant future of our
staple then I should say that manuring means
the draw'ing on the capital of the “ unearned in-
crement ” of every estate. Rut we must consider
the present, a.nd at present we must make ends
meet.

The local “ Times ” has been very much exer-
cised that we area half-penny or two behind India in
prices. Is India struggling with old ■washed-out
coffee estates ? Is India attempting to cultivate
every acre of hard gravel or cabook ? Is India
jiruning all the year round and reducing expenses
as Ceylon has done ? Let us hear what India
is putting tea P'.O.R. for.— India has its rich loam
and its regular season of annual pruning, so all
the resources of an est.ate are concentrated in
a short busy season.

iSurely every Ceylonese knows that tea
is made in the field. Supposing the critical
editor had his way, and the European
changed places with the Tea-maker, then what
about close and irregular jducking, and coarse
leaf ? The very essence of the science of the matter
is a smooth revolution of the wheels, a steady
careful round of the fields — careful phicking. The
routine of the L’actory is properly placed in the
hands of an educated native. Tlie routine of tire
plucking rounds should be in the hands of a
European. Are we all wrong and the editor,
“Times of Ceylon ” right ?

I89T.

No. XXV.

Sir,— i?e— manuring tea. My own experience is
rather limited ami peculiar, my tea beino- all
young I have not begun regular manuring but
permitted the Municipalit.y a “ free coup” of
Kandy refuse, the only result being that all tlie tea
with wdiich it came in contact sickened and died f
—and no supplies will now grow on the spot
where the stulf was emptied.

Rerhaps one of the most methodically manured'
estates in the Central Province is New P'eracleniya.
I have visited the fields and examined the care-
fully kept returns, noting that cattle manure
comes out an easy first, doubling the yield j— thg

568

THE TROPICAL AGRICUL l URIST.

[Feb. r, 1897.

best artificial oaly showing about f,rd increase
over tlie vuiniaimre«l. Hut it must be borne in
mind that cattle manure is the most costly.

I hope that the painstaking and itulefaligable
manager of this line property will let you liave
full details of his interesting experiments pro bono
publico. L.

No. XXVI.

Dikoya, Jan. 3.

Manuring in both old and new districts is
vretty general ; but the searcity of laboiu pie-
sents many from going in for it on a large

pcale^here uttle bulky manner used, as

few keep cattle in these days. In my opinion
artificial manure when properly applied gives
quicker returns, and compares favourably with

bulk in every way. ,

3. StCcinied Bones and Castor Cake, in tlie
proportion of 1 part of the former to 4 of the
latter finds most favour, though some add lish
to this mixture with advantage.

4. I do not think any harm is being done by
the use of artificial manures ; at all events, I
know several estates that hav'c been systemati-
cally manured with Bones and (,'astor (Jake for
the' past 8 or 9 years, the appearance of the
tea now, is decidedly finer, than on tlie a<l join-
ing estates of the same age and the yield is
certainly not less than 200 lb. made tea, per
acre, better. There is a well known estate in
Dikoya where manuring wuth artificial was car-
ried out on a liberal scale for several years ;
some four years ago manuring was discontinued,
and at present the tea is looking superb, and I
am assured by the manager, that the yield is
ouite as good as it was before manuring Wc^
commenced. This proves that tea does not sniler
from the discontinuance of manuring up country,

Okam,

No. XXVII.

Kotmale, Jan. 4.

In this district manuring is systematically car-
ried out on two or three est ates and with the
best results as regards yield and improvement of

the bushes. , . ,1 a 1 t-n

Cattle manure does not tell on the Hush till

six or eiv'ht months after application, ncr does
it »ive the heavy yields obtained from artificial
manures in the first year; but has a more lasting
pflect on the bushes and need not be repeated
till four years have elapsed from the lust a]ip 1-
cation If practicable the best results would be ob-
wined by ‘dving a light dose of artificial two
vpars after the cattle manure was applied or mix-
ing some stimulating manure with the cattle man-
ure when applied. i 1 r-i (.

So tar tlie best mixture appears to be Castor
Pakp Fish and Nitrate of Potash in the ))io[)oi-
ti^s' of about 6. J. 1. applied in semi-circular
boles and 10 ewt. to the acie. >■ 1

Tea to wliicli Castor Oal^e (only) was aj^pliecl
in 1892 and not since manured is now yielding
Hushes equal to the same tea vyhich has never
ad manure and shows no injurious ellects from
manuriiK'. 1 do not, however, approve of etting
the tea"run more than three years without a
second application and should say when once
bcmin, it should be followed out systematically as
a means ol keeping u)) the condition of the bushes
an.l maintaining the increased profits resulting
from careful and judicious manuring of fields which
^yill respond to the manuio.

It is (juestionabic if it pays to manure tea which
without it only yields 2,11) lb. per acre. Prefer-
ence ought to be given to fields from which a
higher yield is got.

It is dillicult to say whether on the whole,
quality is imp, aired or improved by manuring ;
careful comparisons for two years showed little
difference, but was slightly in favor of manured
tea.

Manured tea does not feel the effects of a
long drought to the same extent as unmaiiured
tea and unless the drought is prolonged for several
weeks no material diflerence is noticed in the yield
of leaf. A. F. S.

No. XXVIII.

Bogawantalawa, Jan. 2.

The manuring of tea is carried on a good deal
on many estates throughout the tea districts
■whose transport facilities are easy, where, long
cultivation or poor soil makes it more or less ne-
cessary to reajt the full .advantage. Some pro-
prietors however do not believe in the efficacy of
artificial manuring considering it too stimiil.iting
and not sufficiently lasting in its results. But I
think there can be no doubt as to the fact that
planters generally are ap|dying large quantities
of artificial manure on many estates with very
good results both in the low country and on the
hills. And where this is applied with care,
systematically good results in increased yield and
stronger growth of wood are generally apparent. I
have never used Nitrates nor have I known any
one who has done so recently. Bones and Castor
Cake seems to be the favourite mixture in propor-
tions suited to the elevation, soil, climate and
other conditions.

Bulk manure w'hich was so much used in the
coffee days seems to have now become confined
to what is made by a few bungalow cattle or
from cart bullocks and roadside cattle sheds. Fish
manure is applied by some— and I have heard of
it beinL' made into a compost heap with layers
of the succulent portion of jungle growth, fish
manure and jungle soil, but 1 do not know of any
being applied straight to the tea trees.

“ TEA BUSH.'’

No. XXIX.

Agrapatana, Jan. 4.

Dear, Sir, — In response to your letter I send
the following replies to your questions re-manuring:

No. 1. In old districts 1 believe the best pay-
ing estates generally manure their tea. In this
district it is not general, but only the few man-
ure, or at any rate to any extent.

No. 2. There are very few estates that are
able to do bulky manuring other than burying
primings, any attenijit at cattle manuring for
tea, means a large acreage of good land being used
for grass and at the present value of land this
means very much. Anything less than thorough
])rovision for up-keep of sufficient cattle, to do this
work efficiently, is simply phaying at manuring.

No. J. The artificial manure most used is Cas-
tor Cake anil Bone-dust with a little Nitrate, X'C.
mixed in suitable jiroportions.

No. 4. No, certainly not. If jiroperly applied
and xvell mixed with earth in the hole I liave
only found good results, and very much so, in most
cases. Extendeil over .‘I or 4 manurings (4 to
years) I have seen the yield doubled in some in
stances, and alw.ays after first ye.ar or so, the ap
pearance improveil, ,and yield considerably in-
creased ; and 1 h.ave not found that the made tea
Joses quality or flavor through this manuring.

Feb. I, 1897.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

5<^9

I

No. 5. Tl;o only manured tea of same age
liave, is wliere soil was naturally better and tea
was already givdng exceptionably large .■yields.
My object 'is to work np tlie other lields to same
yield as nearly as possible with these, by manuring.
In some cases this lias been already done, while
in others it is gradually being effected. I think
that all manuring should be occasionally, at least,
changed ; and that artilicial manure is best ap-
idied^for 1st or 2nd time in semi-circular holes direct
to each tree, but that the succeeding application is
best (in many instances) (in 4 times the quantity)
dug well into the large holes where previous
ye.ars’ juuidngs were buried and have well de-
cayed. in .any case where artificial manuring is
done I think all iirunings should be buried and
I have found that this alone gives very good re-
sults, i.e.. burying pvunings only in most soils and
that in certain soils I have had fiist-rate succe.-?s ;
with distinct llavor ; whore a little coral lime was
applied with the green primings. W. B. J.

No. XXX.

Kotagala, Jan. 5.

No. 1. I cannot s.ay that manuring_ is
general ; a large number of estates manure in a
small way, but few go in for systematic applica-
tions, uncertainty of the labour force is rather
against this at present. ,

No. 2. I should say artificial manures are
used to a much larger extent th.an bulky, in most
districts. Castor-cake is the principal ingredient in
most • manures, applied in the district (Dimbula. )

No.’j. Bones, Nitrate of Potash, and lime are
sometimes added with good results .also fish mixture.

No 4. A deal of good is being done, in my
opinion, by the application of artificial manures,
especiaUy where good tillage is gone in for,
when applying; harm can only result from bad
apidicaion.

No. 5. Tea manured 7 to 8 years ago compares
most favourably with the unmanured, alongside

A BELIEVER IN MUCK FOR TEA.

No. XXXI.

Rangalla, Jan. 5.

Dear 'Sir,— In .answer to your circular re-

ni.anuring tea, I have to say.

1. Manure (Castor-cake and Bones) has been
anijlied to a few estates in this district ; the little
that h.as been done has greatly improved the tea
(mostly on land over 40 years in continuous
cultivation) and on one est.atc doubled the yield
in nine months after ap[)lication.

9 Bulky manure has not been used to my
knowleil'^e, up this way ; it is a thing of the past.

; Th^ manure used has been Castor Cake and
j3o,’,es— 4 l>arts of the former to 1 of the latter—

4 ozs. to a tree or hole. , 1 , „ r

4 Decidedly not : there is no doubt the use of
artificial manure has been beneficial.

5 A "reat difference, the manured tea looking
greener and healthier, and flushing much better.—

Yours faithfully, CULTIVATION,

No. XXXII.

Kelebokka, Jan. 6.

I can scarcely contribute any information of
any value in re manuring as I have never ap-
plied any manure to tea except cattle manure,
coffee pulp, and line sweepings, all of which
latter are collected and carried to the manure
heaps daily. We get over a good de.al of ground
in this way with the best results the effect of

72

our manuring — merely forking in, in lines, as
nearly .as possible parallel to tlie drains — lasting
apparently for years.

I think all the estates in this district, (my
own excepted) or very nearly all, apply Cake, Bone-
dust, and Nitrates to a greater or less extent. I
don’t siqipose much harm is being done, but
cannot see where the profit comes in at present
prices. Rutherford and his co-director- Talbot
and others agree with me, that jiowerful chemical
manures are better avoided. PROFRIETUlt.

XXXIII.

Dear Sir, — 1. Manuring is increasing ; but ha-^
not yet become general either in old or new districts.

2. As a rule few cattle are now kept for
manuring purpo.'ies and only small areas are
manured with lii|l refuse and manure from bun-
galow and kanganies’ cattle, except where est.ates
have the use of manure from ro.ad-.side cattle-
sheds and bazaars.

3. The manure sent up by r.ailway is mostly
used alone and Bone-dust, Castor-cake and fish iii
v arying proportions are the iirincipal manures used.

4. Uver-doses have done harm ; but artificial
manure in small doses at frequent intervals, say
once in two or three years, mixed in .such a
manner as to supply the constituents which tea
removes, appears to have done much good, both
in improving the bushes and the yield.

.5. 80 far as experience goes, the oldest regularly
manuied tea compares verv favourably with mi-
manured tea of the same age, and bushes
manurerl only once and then left unuianured,
have finer frames and are in better condition
to respond to further manuring than the same
tea never manured.

The most important and the most difficult
point to ascertain is the effect of manuring on the
quality of tea made. — Yours faithfully.

OYA.

No. XXXIV.

Dimbula, 7th ,Jan. 1897.

dear Sir, — (1) The manuring of tea has only
been carried on to a limited extent in this
district as the soil here is as a rule first-class
and the yield in consequence is very satisfactory
wthout the aid of stimulants.

(2) Bulky manure is not generally available as
but few estates keep large cattle e.stablish-ments.

(3) The artificial manure used is usually Castor-
c.ake with a small addition of Bone-meal, and
occixsionally an admixture of fish manure, and
it is generally applied in small doses along
with the burial of primings, or wh.at bulky stuff'
there may be in the shape of farm -yard nianure
or line sweepings, though 1 have seen the mixture
applied solely by itself.

(4) The results are altogether beneficial in
my opinion and especially so where manure
has been applied to poorish looking tea as
it improves the size of the bushes and
increases the yield immensely. I do not think

the indces suff'er to any appreciable extent at

all events my experience which, however, is
comparatively limited, h.as been the reverse.

(5) Old tea manured some 5 or (j years aoo

is looking as well and doing as well as ever
it did — so I have no hesitation in giving my
opinion in favour of manure, bulky or artificial
but I should think twice before applyiur-- the
latter to really fine fields which were yiddin»-
heavily and p.aying well. — Yours tiuly, °

FARMER.

570

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Feb. I, 1897.

No. XXXV.

Kalutara, Jaii. 0.

Deau Sir, — la reply to your letter of 26tli
ultimo : —

1. As far as this District is concerned man-
uring is more or less general.

*2. Not in this District : Dones and Castor, mixed
about one bones to three castor, and varying
from three oz. to 4 oz. |)er tree is the rule.

3. It is usually mixed in Colombo. 1 have
not heard of mncii lish-manure being used here.

4. 1 believe in doing without manure, as
long as possible without detriment to the tea,
but with the race for dividends one must
apply manure or fall hack in yield. 1 am
no believer in the.se light forcing manures,
and believe they are sweating the tea out.
These oi)ininns, however, do not lind favour with
most people who want piohts, and plenty of them.

5. Manured tea i.s far liner .and bigger in the
frame, but once manure has been started you
must go on with it, say every two years, or
the tea falls back again.— K. T. 1>.

MANUltINC; OF TEA;

LETTElbS XXIV TO XXXV EEVIEWED.
The third batch of letters on this subject are,
if anything, more interesting and suggestive than
their j redecessors- covering, as they generally do,
wider ground, and dealing with new side issues.
Like the letters we had t)ieviously revieued,
they come from all ))arts of the country, and
are written by Flan tors fully qualilied to speak
on tlie matters on which they dwell.

Bulky manures continue to be regajileil as the
great desideratum for tea by most writers ; and
none are able to anticipate freer use of cattle ma-
nure than at ])resent. The manure at present in
use comes from bungalow and milch cattle ; .and.
on estates which bolder the high road 01 are
situated in close proximity to it, from the baz-
a.ars and road-side cattle sheds. Cattle estab-
lishments would necessitate grass reserves ; and
the prevailing opinion is that land would be
better utilized if jilanted up u ith tea or quick-
growing fuel and timber trees. In these circum-
stances, artificial m.anures— chielly hones and
castor-cake, as in the earlier letters — and the
results of their application, form the subject of
comment in most letters. The general result
is satisfactory. “ 1S!)7,” recognising the fact that
‘qilayed-out coflee estates ” account very largely for
the acreage under tea, is empliatic in the 0]>i-
nioii that, “ if we wish to make ends meet, we
must manure,” though he would rather avoid
manuring, if pos.sible. The same wiiter suggests
.as the explanation of the bettor .averages which
Imlian te.as fetch, that the estates on the
neighbouring continent have been chielly ojiened
on virgin soil, and adopt a ditl'erent system of
pruning, while they do not pluck all the ye.ar
round. That is a j)oint on which more light is
required ; for we do not desjaiir of better prices
with greater care in plucking and manufacture.
(). C.’s” unplea.sant experience with Kandy
refu.se is noteworthy ; but w.as t ' e “ iusidions de-
function ” of his plants due to the ([uality of
the muck, or to its quantity? It is wellkown
that theie may be too much, even of a goo<l
thing. It is interesting to learn that careful
records are ke)>t on New Feradeniya ; which is
described .as one of the most methodically man''
ured estate.s in the Central Frovince, and that
c.atlle manure comes an easy first — doubling the
yield, ag.ainstan increase of only one-third from the
best artilicial manure. That, wo suppose

is explained by the character of the soil.
On the other hand, “Oram” from Dik-
oya, backs artificial manures for quicker returns,
and superiority in every way to bulky applica-
tions. The dilierence in the soil under the notice
of the two writers probably accounts for their
apparently incompatible views ; but it is satis-
factory to know that the systematic applica-
tion of castor and bones for 8 or 9 years, h.as
led to no untoward lesults, that the bushes look
improvetl, that the jield has improved at least
2U0 lb. per .acre, and that cessation of manuring
for four years has not thrown the bushes back.
A. F. S. from Kotmale reports more lasting
elfects from cattle manure, while artilici.al yields
quicker returns; .and his suggestion that where
jio.ssible, the two kinds should he ajiplied turn
about, is worthy of attention. Manuring at
intervals of 2 or 3 years seems to find most
favour, .and it is a great point that manured
tea feels thcell'ect of drought le.ss than unmanured.
The testimony of A. F. S. runs directly counter
to that of “A Novice” in the second hatch of
latters, as he reports not only no deterior.ation
in the quality of tea, but even .a slight improve-
ment alter manuring ; but .surely, the dictum
that it would not pay to m.anure (ields yielding
less than 250 lb. per .acre, needs qualification. We
should think tlnat generally the.se would require
special attention, unle.ss they are hopelessly bad.

The general conclusions above-noted are sup-
liorted by our correspondent from Bogawan-
talawa, who reiiorts incercased yield and stronger
giowth of wood as. a result of careful application
of artilicial manures; by \V. B. J. from Agra-
liatana, who distinctly denies any deterioration
iir (luality or flavour, while the yield has been
increased trvoofold by systematic manuring ex-
tending over 5 or 6 years; and by “A Believer
in Muck for Tea” from Kotagala, and “All
for Cultivation ” fi'om Bangala who, as his
vom de. }ilnme inqilies, believes in naught but
good from manuring. “Froprietor” from Kele-
bokka, on the other hand, fails to .see where
the jirolits are to come from at pi'esent ju'ices
by the ajiplication of artificial, but he liimself
has obtained the l est results by the use of cattle
manui-e, line sw ecjnngs and cotl'ce pulp regularly
collected in manure heaps. “ Oya ” favours manur-
ing at intervals of 2 or 3 years, and pronounces
distinctly in favour of tire appear ance of rnamri-ed
fields ; “ Farmer” from Dimbula supports tliis
opinion, and speaks of altogether beneficial
results from rn.anuring, “ especially from poorish
looking tea” — thus runrring counter to A.F.S.’s
lack of faith — wdiile he would think twice before
applying artificial manures to really line, well-
bearing fields. K. T. B. from Kalutaia counsels
caution in the use of rnanuies Iniving .a forcing
tendenc_y, irr which we agree with liim ; but
surely, it is not merely love of dividends which
would take steps ag.ainst a “ falling back in yield.”
If decreasing crops mean Ic.wu'ncd vitality,
science and true wdsdom alike would suggest
the supply of adequate plarrt food to arrest decay.

BMUKEBS SHOULD USE

CALVERT’S DEXTJ-FHENOLENE,

jV fragrant LK^UIt) HENTIFltlCE AND
M()irni-w..\sii.

Editor of Health says; — “The most ofh'ctive
prejiaraitioir for ridding the morrth of the aroma
of tohacco, and loa\ing a ])lcasarrt taste.”

Sold in 1.5. 6(/., 2.v. (irf., and I lb. 7.v. Or/, bottles,
by (Jhernists, & c.

F- C- CALVERT & CO-, Manche.ster,

Feb, 1, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURISr

571

^oitri3spcmleno0.

To the Editor,

BOHMERIA NIVEA (RHEA.)

Ileneratgoda, Jan. 5.

Deab Sib, — Seed sown by us in shaded nursery
on the 24th ultimo have begun to germinate from the
2nd instant (in ten days.) If carefully treated we think
about 1,300 plants may be raised from one
ounce of seed, equal to about 20,000 plants to the
lb. We herewith enclose a small packet of seeds.

J. P. WILLIAM BROS.

CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA.

Jan. 6th.

Dear Sir, — In a letter addressed to Mr.
Rogivue and informing liini of a grant made by
the Thirty Committee towards hi.s work in Russia,
I told him the fact which had come to my notice
that “certain firms in Colombo and London
have made our grants to you tlie subject of a
grievance, and say tliat you are therel)y enabled
to undersell competitor.s.” To avoid such com-
plaints it will be necessary for you to devote
the grants in accordance with your letters of
8th May 1895 and October 1896.”

To this Mr. Rogivue makes a very full reply,
and I think what he says justifies the grants
which have been made to him, and the con-
fidence of the Committee, — I am, dear sir, yours
faithfully, ' A. W. S. SACKVILLE.

Copy,

Moscow, 20th November, 1896.

Maroseika, House Lebediell, 2nd December.

A. W. S. Sackville, Esq., Drayton Estate, Kota-
gala, Dimbula, Ceylon.

My dear sir, — I beg to thank you for your letter
of the 9th November, the contents of which had my
careful attention.

I also have to tender my best thanks to the
“ Thirty. Committee for their last vote in my favour
for a new grant as the “ Times of Ceylon ” gives
it in one of its last issues for i)2,000 out of which,
I understand by your letter uuder reply a sum of
£500 or about, has to be specially devoted for the
lecturing and advertising tours mentioned in my
letter to you of the 25th October last.

I may here inform you that previous to your
sanction for the above scheme I had already started
the man I selected, Mr. W. Straniberg, on his first tour
through the Baltic West and partly Centro Provinces
to visit about an hundicd towns and villages ox
which|the principals are Kim, Twer, Istashkow, Whisny,
Wolostshoe, St. Petersburgh, Gamberg, Weseuberg,
Rewal, Hapsal, Weissenstens, Eellin, Darpat, Dolmar,
Wenden, Riga, Mitan, Libau, Dwinss, Deeuaburg,
Wilna Mensk, Smolensk, Vitbsk, etc. He took with
him 2,500 packets of l/32d of a pound and numerous
samples of good, middling and lower quality of
Ceylon tea, with a large quantity of pamphlets
printed for the purpose and has instructions to dis-
tribute tea and pamphlets right and left gratia in
whatever manner he can desire while travelling or
stopping in a place, but more especially by going
to principal “ Tractores ” — tea drinking places— order-
ing a Samowar and collecting as many people as
he can, treating them to the tea and at the same time
gi>iug them a sort of lecture in a conversational
way on the history, the merits and various advan-
tages of Ceylon tea, pointing out to them and praising
the rapid progress of consumption the article has
already made in Russia and its great extension all over
the world.

I hope he will do well and that this first trip will
bring in good results. Mr. Stramberg will be tra-
velling in this way for about two mouths and return
here before Christmas when I shall let your Com-
mittee have all the details of this first tour and of
its apparent result.

Now you will kindly' allow me to refer to a para-
graph of your letter of which I must confess, I do
not understand the cause, but which appears to
infer very unjust complaints about my work and has
caused me considerable surprise.

I need not repeat to you that since I came in this
country in 1890 for the special purpose of introducing
Ceylon tea in Russia, I devoted all my time, my
energy and labour to the cause of furthering the in-
terests of Ceylon, Ceylon, planters, and Ceylon tea, in
preference of my own, for, my experience proves it, I
could in business, have done here much better as a
general mex'chant, buyiiag and selling tea (Ceylon or
other kinds) in chests and or other produce than
selling exclusively pure Ceylon tea in pachets which
was absolutely the only method to adopt in order to
spread a knowledge of, and create the demand for,
Ceylon tea as I soon saw. To this I have devoted
myself and left the field open to existing Moscow,
London and Colombo firms to supply the wholesale
demand for tea in cheats consequent on my labours
in the packet and retail branch to reach the con-
sumer. Had the “ Ceylon Tea Fund ” given me
from the time of my arrival in this country
say 50 to 100 thousand pounds a year of duty-
paid tea to be distributed or sold for them in Russia
and paid my expenses and trouble for doing the work,
I would never have started business here on my oten
account and would have perhaps attained quicker
results. Many people in Ceylon will remember how
eften in the beginning of my stay in Moscow, I
have asked for help in the way of consignments of
tea and begged Colombo and London firms to open
business in or with Russia ; but no one came to the
front, they were all afraid if not, of losing their
money with me, at least to trade with a so, at the
time, little knowm country as Russia.

My business here is the sale of pxire Ceylon tea in
packets and in this kind of trade I can say I have
no or little competition because, for the present,
most of the Ceylon tea, except mine, imported into
Russia serves for the blending of other teas, and the
few merchants all Russian firms who sell it pure in
packets, have prices for retail and wholesale equiva-
lent to mine. I therefore fail to understand how I
can undersell the competitioji and know of no firms
in London or Colombo, doing a business in packet teas
in Russia whom I could compete with or undersell,

I shall not attempt here to urge that I have
always utilized the funds granted to me by the ‘‘ Tea
Fund” and the “ Thirty Committee” besides a great
deal of my own money, entirely for the furtherance
of the Ceylon trade generally ; my reports and ac-
counts in conjunction with results are my best ad
vocates, the total import of Ceylon tea in Russia
being now nearly eight million pounds, while my
own import is not yet J a million.

That I am reg.xrded with envy now by firms who
have tried here lately to s'art with Russia business
in tea on the order system, I can understand, for
their success like mine may not come in one or two
or even more years, because such a way of business
is not suited to the stylo and ideas of the Russian
merchants. Large and smaller importers of Ceylon
tea, firms established iu Russia and there are many
who now keep stocks of Ceylon tea, are certainly
not complaining of my imdcrselling them, on the
contrary, being now foioad to deal in Crylon tea as
a recognized article of Russian trade, they are very
pleased with my advertisements.

I am making for Christmas a new line of adver-
tisement, viz., giving away as presents very pretty
little tea 2>ots with the words ‘"Ceylon Tea" and in-
structions as to its preparation and my name as
your representative printed on the sides and lids.
These tea pots to the number of 5,000 will be dis-
tributed through my own magazines, and also by
piy agents in Provinces,

572

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

1 have been very busy of late and unable to finish
niy report and accounts of the Nijni Exhibition, but
they will scon follow.

li-ou can use your discretion as to publishing this
letter, personally 1 should like it. — Believe me, dear
sir, yours faithfully, (3igi cd) M. Kogivue.

SILK CULTIVATION IN CEYLON.

Oanunadna, 11th Jan.

Dear Sir,— When writing you on this .subject
some months ago, I mentioned that a .supply of
Jaiianese eggs was expected. 1 am glad to say they
have arrived in excellent order. 1 shall be hap])y
to .supply small quantities to owners of mul-
berry trees who may be willing to rear the
worms. These varieties will do best in our higher
districts. — Y'ours faithfully,

PERCY N. CRAINE.

[We wish Mr. Rraine all success. — Ed. T.A.'\

CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA.

Drayton, Jan. 20.

Dear Sir, — The interest of the enclosed letter
from Mr. Mackenzie will, 1 hope, allow you to
grant the space requireil for its publication. In
the part excised he complains of a delay in the
advice of further funds. This delay was caused
bj' the routine required under the Ordinance, that
“ the proceeds ot the said levy be subject to the
approval of the Governor in Executive Council.”
The Committee met on December 12, pas.sed the
vote, and received the sanction required on the
30th. On the 31st December a telegraphic credit
was sent, and was acknowledged by ^Ir. Mackenzie
under date January 1st.

Considering the intervention of Christmas holi-
days, and jjiobable dispersal of the Council at the
time, though 1 regret the delay, I cannot consider
it exce.ssive.

I am in receipt from a well known fiim of the
enclosures. (Marked A.) They write “the teas
relerred to are being shipped by us. I need only
add that the iirni mentioned seems determined to
push Ceylon tea, and think they deserve the
support of the Tea Eund which Mr. Mackenzie has
already given them to some extent.”

1 would also draw public attention to INIessrs.
Gow Wilson anil Stanton’s report (Enclosure R),
and send you for your inspection a few ads, arrived
by this mail, showing the extent of ground
covered. Any firms, who can convince our Agents
of their desire and ability to push Ceylon teas,
and inlluence trade, are in e(|ually favoured
position as to receiving assistance. Mr. rVlackenzie,
with his local knowledge, can however, be trusted
to discriminate, but his “allies,” are constantly
increasing in number.

As this will probably be the last letter which I
shall address you, as Chairman, I wish to take
the opportunity of thanking you for the kinil way
in tvliich you have ahvays placed your columns
at my disposal, and for the useful discussions con-
tributed for the cause of Ceylon tea. J^ong may it
nourish. — 1 am. Yours faithfully,

A. W. «. SACKNTLLE.

Mit. Mackenzie's Lettek.

London, Doc. 31.

Dear Sackville, — Referring to that circular I sent
you from the Boston finn you will sco they say
"only about 10 per cent of the tea used in the States
is ot the breakfast soit (that is fernicnled tea) while
more than two-thiids of 'JO per cent is green tea,
the balance being Oolong; wliich, while black in dry
leaf is only slightly fermented, and resembles more

in leaf the green tea,” etc. This bears out what I
have so often writtin as to the narrowness of the
field when we compete with teas used in America.
To get any fooling among the green tea drinkers
advi rtising is of no use unless we at the same time
demonstrute, canvass, issue samples, circulars, etc.
Now what Colombo house is to undertake that work ?
If the thing is to be left to private enterprise such
work will not be done. The trade will be content
with selling China and Japjan teas, which need no
auvassing nor advertising, and yield more prrolit.

Messrs. — and many others, now stimulated by

us to push machine-made teas, would, if we stopped
now, gradually glide into the trade they found most
profitable and least expensive.

Colombo Houses, whatever they may think, would
not benefit, and planters would find a really pro-
mising field (up to 15,000,0'j0 lb. in two years, I be-
lieve) lost to them. To stop at present would be
suicidal. After June the matter may be again consi-
dered. one of our best allies came over to New

York, when I was there last, to decide whether bis
firm should withdraw entirely from America. As you
know it was due to our aid that they persevered so
long. He told me three weeks ago it would be de-
cided when he returned and reported to his partners,
but that the decision would depend on what the
Committee did

1 enclose two of the Committee’s advertisements
also circulars wdiich are worth studying. I send 1
advertisements showing that “ Salada” Ceylon tea
is being vigorously jmshed there. These advertise-
ments are from 4 diti’erent firms. All this is due to
the inducement I gave to — to push teas in Buffalo.
Can private enterprise shew anyihing of this sort ?

I also send a paper containing a picture and adver-
tisement of the laige new store in New York, where
so many firms were demonstrating our tea.

In their store in Chicago I found 4 Ceylon lea
stalls, where different allies of ours were exhibiting
their teas, and giving away cups, samples, directions
for making, etc. You will notice a picture of
the Ceylon branch in the corner. In Boston, Toionto,
Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, Pittsburg and Philadelhhia
I found our friends pnishing direct to the consumer
in many ways. In Plnladelphia I found Miss Parkin-
son, the Ceylon lady i sent out to our best Ameri-
cau allies, running an immense exhibit in a food
store, with fourteen girls assisting her It was the
first thing of the kind 1 have seen in America.
Hundreds tasted the teas daily, were shewn how to
make them, were given samples, and large quantities
of packets were being sold. The ubiquitous Tetley
had a booth also. Our Pittsbui-g advertising and
assistance has made 5 wholesale firms advertise our
teas there, and they can be bought in about 000
shops in Pittsburg, Alleghany (separated only by
the river) Homestead, and other suburbs. How many
years would it take private enterprise in Colombo to
do this ?

Private enterprise executes orders, but with the
exception of — no Colombo merchant does any more

There was such a great rise in shipments to “ other
countries ” last year of both Ceylons and Indians,
that no rise was anticipated this year, but it is
believed the figures will shew

1894 1895 1890.

28 38 42 millions of lbs.

It is difficult to get American ligm-es ; but I antici-
pate no rise in imports, although a great increase in
consumption. Large stocks were on hand at the
beginning of the year, then the Presidential election
damped energy, and no new article liad any chance.
But during the last quarter shipments were very
large. In fact there has been a rush of orders from
the States and Canada, many of which have not
yet been executed.

I think it will bo found that London shipments of
Indian teas to America were nearly as large in

November as during the previous six months.

Y’^ours truly,

(Signed) WI\I. MACKENZIE,

A. W. S. Sackville, Etq.,

Chairman, Thiity Committee.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

573

Feb. I, 1897.]

The enclosures “A” are copies of circulars issued
by Messrs. Franklin MacVeagh & Co., 011 behalf of
“Naban Unfermented Ce3'lon Tea ” as “the fiuest
and most delicious tea ever offered to lovers of choice
teas.”

The enclosure “ B ” readers are already fami-
liar with being Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton’s
circular which we issued as a Supplement on Tuesday.

The advertisements are copies of attractive notices
extolling our staple product, one having a coloured
picture of a native boy gathering tea leaf.

RHEA.

London, E.C.

Sir, — I have from time to time noticed interesting
and valuable correspondence in the Press concerning
the above fibre and my attention has been specially
drawn to recent correspondence on the subject in the
Ceylon Observer. The success of this unrivalled
Fibre has been greatly retarded by a simple but all-
important matter. Kindly grant me a little space for
the purpose of clearly putting the present position
before your readers.

There has long been a link missing in the com-
mercial chain between the rhea grower and the
manufacturer, hence the troubles and difficulties
experienced for many j'ears in introducing the
Fibre. The grower has produced an article called
“ Ribbons;” which the purchaser has not been able
to utilise practically ; consequently both have been
discouraged : the former because his product has
neither obtained nor merited the commercial classi-
fication in the fibre market necessary for ensuring
profit on the growth, and the latter because he has
not seen his way to invest the necessary capital in
new machinery for manufacturing a fibre offered him
in a form that as a practical man he cannot accept
and the supplies of which have heretofore been very
irregular, both in quality and quantity.

Ribbons are the stems of the plant freed from most
of the internal woody pith. They contain the
coagulated juice of the stem, called “gum,” some of
the woody pith and all the outer cuticle or pellicule,
which has for years been the despair of the machine
maker and the chemist. When dry it assumes a
brown colour and adheres to the fibre by a peculiarly
tenacious gum, insoluble except under very severe
chemical treatment.

The .position viewed commercially, may be stated
as follows —

The Ribbons contain an enormous percentage of
useless material, very difficult to eliminate in the
dry state and on which freight and carriage have
to be paid. Furthermore they cannot be properly
compressed into bales suitable for cheap transport
to this country, as the cubic measurement is out of
all proportion to the weight.

Fibre Brokers, experts in the classification and
valuation of Fibres, have not been able to classify
ribbons and give them a practical market quotation
for the simple reason that they represent an unknown
quantity, it being impossible to know by ordinary
tests what percentage of Fibre they contain what
loss of weight will result through subsequent treat-
ment, nor of what quality the JFibre will ultimately
prove to be, as regards strength, length, lustre, duc-
tility, etc.

A moment’s reflection will show that the link so
long missing must be a machine capable of extract-
ing the clean fibre direct from the green Rhea stems
and removing every particle of wood, the great bulk
of the gum, and the outer cuticle, so obstinate when
dry.

The Link is no longer missing. A French Engineer
has produced a Machine which, in the opinion of Ex-
perts places the Rhea Fibre q'uestion on an absolutely
new footing and ensures the commercial success of
this maguificent Fibre. By means of this Machine
the natives on the Plantations are able by one operation
to transform the green stems into clean fibre, which
when dry can be parked under great pressure into bales,
ju the same way that Manilla, Sisal Hemp and other

fibres are packed, and forwarded to the Manu-
— facturerat a vory sm.all cost for freight, carriage, etc.

The practical result of the new Machine is that
the fibre it produces obtains a proper classification
and price quotations in the market, Mr. Faure has
important machine making works, large means, is
an experienced scientific engineer and grows Rhea
on his own estate. His first machine produced
ribbons and gained the gold medal at Paris in 1889,
Great success has crowned his efforts. His two
crops of Rhea in July and October were decorti-
cated by tlie new machines in the presence of
many experts in this fibre. The results were mar-
vellous. I send yon a post sample of the fibre just
as it left the machine. Chemical inventors have
had to face a very difficult problem in endeavour-
ing to deal with rhea ribbons containing a condsider-
able amount of woody particles and of coagulated
juice called “gum” and especially the dreaded outer
ekin or cuticle. The greatest evil in connection
with many of the degumming processes in the after
effect of the chemical treatment on the fibre itself.
Rhea fibre has five leading qualities — enormous
strength — splendid lustre— extreme fineness — great
ductility and wonderful adaptability for taking and
retaining colours. All these qualities are liable to
be very injmiously attacked by the action of the
chemicals employed in the majority of degumming
processes. Manj^ cases have occurred where the
damage has developed only after some months, when
the goods manufactured from rhea have been found
to be rotten, or the lustre quite gone. Now that
ribbons are doomed to disappear and the actual
rhea fibre takes their place, the degumming part of
the business assumes an entirely different aspect,
because the fibre needs only to be freed from the
little gum that i.s left in it, which can be done,
either in India or Europe at a very cheap rate
by a simple process, absolutely independent of all
patents. The fibre can be degummed in 2J hours
at a cost of less than T3 per ton. In this matter
I am not giving my opinion, but stating facts,
based on practical working in France. The question
of the cultivation of rhea in India is thus com
pletely metamorphosed. Practical machines can be
bought at a moderate price (£36) to extract the rhea
fibre from the stems in one operation on the plan-
tations. This fibre when dry can be packed in bales
and forw'arded to the European markets, where it
at once obtains a classification and can be sold at a
very remunerative price. Contracts can easily be
made for immense quantities of fibre, seeing that
the grower is now sure of his production of fibre and
the Manufacturer can be equally assured of his
supply of raw material.— Your obedient servant

MANUFACTURER.

[If the machine i.s capable of accomplishing
all that is claimed for it and if it i.s once
made clear that tlie indigenous plant in North-
ern Bengal is not likely to swamp markets
and prices, those who have already gone in
for its culture in Ceylon might extend the
area of rhea 'with advantage. — Ed. Y.H.J

USEFUL PLANTS AGAINST MALaRIA
AND INSECT PESTS.

Dn.iR Sir,— It is a known fact that there are many
members of the Vegetable Kingdom (trees, plants
shrubs, orchids, and parasites,) some indigenous to
Ceylon, possessing properties -which enable them to
ward off malaria and absorb noxious gases detri-
mental to animal life. Yet how many of them are
known? How many utilized? A common plant
known to the Sinhalese as Maduru Tala and to
Botanists as the Ocymum Saueltmi, so named from
its being found in the precincts of almost every Hindu
and Buddhist temple in Ceylon and India is well
known either fiom its inhaling or exhaling powers,
to clfectuall}^ keep away malaria, and although (speak-
ing for ourselves) so many hotbeds of fever of
different types, exist in our midst, has this humble
plant been even given a trial.''

574

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

[Feb. I, 1897.

The leaves of this plant have a strong avonrtic
smell, which the Sinhalese assert is noxious to the
Madura or Mosquito, and they hang cluster.s of
branches over their sleeping places, in order to rid
themselves of these nocturnal pests.

Plants of the Madurutala are easily procurable and
could be successfully grown in pots. — Yours truly,

HOUSEHOLDER.

MAURITIUS GRASS: THE GREAT
FODDER PLANT.

Sir, — During the past few years the cultivation of
Mauritius or water grass {Panicum Nolle) Las im-
mensely increased, every available space has been
taken advantage of. Cinnamon has been uprooted and
large tracts of ground which were before entirely
reserved foi the spicy shrub, are fast disappearing,
to make room for the great fodder plant which sus-
tains our equine and bovine stock. Yet the demand
for grass is not equal to the supply and resort
has to be had to imported hay and chaff. Besides
the regular daily supply to houses in the town and
its suburbs, numerous carts heavily laden wdth grass,
wend their way every evening to the Municipal and
other markets, in the Pettah, Slave Island, Kollu-
pitiya, Grandpass, &c., where a brisk trade is car-
ried on. Each bundle is priced at B cents, and before
nightfall almost every bundle is sold ; these sales
are almost entirely confined to the natives who own
and hir'e carts and hackeries. Apart from the sale
of this (imported variety) grass, there is a fairly
large quantity of country grass or Kattu pillu sup-
plied for the consumption of horses; this trade is ex-
clusively in the hands of the town Menatchies, who
thus materially supplement the monthly wage of the
town Ramasamies — (their husbands). — Yours truly,

HOUSEHOLDER.

Coffee and Tea in Southern India.— The
following is an extract from Planting Opinion,
Jan. 23 : —

On the Nelliampatties, w'e note the average yield
of coffee is said to be about 3 cwt. per acre, while
on the Lower Pulnies the yield runs out to slightly
Under 2 cwt. per acre, though it must be noted that
almost half of the individual returns in this case
are marked as “ uncertain, probably considerably
underestimated.” In Central Travancore the average
works out to a little over IJ cwt. per acre. No
figures are given for the other districts. The only
figures relating to tea yields are from Travancore.
The Central District, with a probable yield of slightly
under 1 1-5 million pounds, averages 390 lb. per acre
for tea over two years; and South Travancore shows
a yield of 3G0 lb. per acre, or say about 2 million
pounds. We assume the total plantation area to be
about 650,000 acres, of which 321,540 are cultivoted,
with coffee (300,900), tea (18,000), and cinchona (6,500).
We estimate Mysore at 143,030 acres of coffee, Coorg
at 84,000, Nilgiris and Wynaad at 48,000, Sliovaroys
at 11,000, Travancor-e at 6,000, Nelliampatties at 5,000
and the Pulnies at 3,000. Of the 18,000 acres of tea
we have reckoned that Travancore has about 10,000
acres, the Nilgiris 6,500 and the Wynaad about
1,500 (the figures for the latter district will probably
be 3,000 acres at least by the end of the next plant-
ing season).

How can there possibly be 300,000 acrc.s kept
up under coffee and a total annual export of less
than 300,000 cwt. of coffee !

rx r A r M C Q 0 describing a really

ULnrlHLOOi genuine Cure for Deafne.ss,
Ringing in Ears, Ac., no matter how severe or long-
.staiuling, will be sent post free. — Artificial Ear-
drums and similar ai)pliances entirely superseded.
Address THOMAS KEMI’E, Victoria Cham-
bers, 19, Southampton Buildings, Holborn,
London,

TEA IN MATALE: A BIG YIELD.

Mr. II. Storey has supplied a contemporary
with tire following ligures showing the yield on
Warakamure Estate, Maiale tor a series of years.
No manure has been used, and Mr. Storey says, the
figures he quotes have been equalled if not
exceeded by neighbours : —

Warakamure Estate, Matale, 23rd Jan., 1897.
Year. Acreage. Total crop. Yield per acre. Rainfall.

1892 . .

73

52,225

715

76 inches.

1893 . .

194

134,966

695

59 „

1894 . .

194

136,310

702

61 „

1895 . .

194

157,552

812

87 „

1896 . .

198

196,681

993

104 „

The year 1894 was characterised by a heavy
drought in January, February and March, of 68
day.s’ duration. 1893, though showing a smaller
total, had a better distribution.

INDIAN TP:A SALKS.

(From William Moran iL- Co.’s Market Report,)

Calcutta, Jan. 27.

The sale of the 21st inst. comprised 11,497 chests,
all of which were sold. There was no material
change to note in price.s. For this week’s sale about
10,000 chests are advertised.

Reuter’s Telegrams, received since our last, report
as follows : —

Indi.vn Tea : —

January 21st — Auctions. — “ Offered 59,000 packages.
Sold 49,000 packages. Firm with a good demand.
Average price, 9Jd.”

Ceylon Tea—

January 2lst — Auctions. — “ Offered 23,000 packages.
Sold 22,000 packages. Firm. Pekoe souchoug, 6d.
Average price 8Jd.”

Total quantity of Tea passed through Calcutta
from 1st April to 25th Jan.

Great Britain
Foreign Europe
America
Asia

Australia

1896-97.

127,491,724

420,358

1,825,853

4,014,985

6,573,055

1895-96.

116,189,865

271,085

1.071,664

4,277,740

6,380,521

1894-95.

109,371,426

240,144

548,460

3,598,401

4,692,213

139,325,975 128,190,875

118,450,644

♦

Tea in Ceylon : — The Yield of tue Scrubs Es-
tate,— Everybody is acquainted with the Scrubs
estate. No one can enter or leave Nuwara Eliya
without noticing how vigorous its tea appears, and
how complete a cover it forms on the steep hillside.
Situated at nearly 7,000 feet elevation, the yield
per acre is a great deal higher than the average
of any district in the island, and higher than that
of most estates in the lowcountry. The following
figures speak for themselves : —

YIELD OF THE SCRUBS ESTATE.

1894 , . 507 lb. per acre.

1895 .. 671 „

1896 .. 667 „

We do not think we are far wrong in saying that
this Yield on an estate at the great altitude of the
Scrubs, and without the aid of manure is more re-
markable than even the yield from the 101-acre field
in Mariawatte, seeing that the latter can be matched
in India, ^wo believe, but wo do not know of any
estate at /,000 feet in India, or el-ewhere, giving
Dhe fine field which the Scrubs estate is doing. Wo
may add that the average yield for the nineteen
estates belonging to the Ceylon Tea Plantations Co,
for 1896 wag 470 lb. per acre.— Local “ Times,”

?'eb. t> 1^9^.]

THE tropical agriculturist

575

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

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Cargo.

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s. (i.

s. d.

s. d.

Tea

20/

32/6

22/6

25

20/

Coconut Oil

20/

22/6

, ,

20/

Plumbago

15/

. ,

20/

, ,

20/

Coconuts in bags

17/6

, ,

20/

20/

Other Cargo

20/

20/

20/

Broken Stowage

10/

, ,

SAILERS.

Coconut Oil

30/

, ,

Plumbago

• 4

28,9

. 4

• .

4 4

Genoa 20/

LOCAL MARKET.

By Mr. A. M. Chittambalam, 7, Baillie St., Fort.

Colombo, Feb. 2nd 1897.

Garden Parchment
Chetty do
Native Coffee Scarce
do f.o.b. do
Liberian Parchment,
do Coffee
Cardamoms.—

Cocoa.— {nominal)

Rice. — Market is steady
Kazla
Soolye
Scarce

Coa.st Calluiida
Kara

Muttusamba

CINNAMON.— Quoted Nos.
63 cents per lb (nominal)
CJUPS.— B65'00 to 87‘50

.Scarce per bushel
(Nominal) RI5 to IS'.iO do
R65 00to 66'00 per cwt
R70-00 to 71-00 do
1-i’oO per bushel (nominal)

63 '00 to 64 00 per cwt
1-75 to 2.&0 per lb (nominal)
20 '00 to 32 CO per cwt do

K9-25 to 9-50
10'25 to 10.75

per bag
do

4 '00 to 4 -12 per bushel
3 -85 to 4 do

4 "25 to 4-50 do
1 to 1, at 60c and Nos. 1 and 2

COCONUTS.— Ordinary
do Selected

E35-00 to 40'00 per 1,000 (nominal)

41-00 to 43-00

do

'{Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce).

Colombo, Feb. 2nd, 1897.

Exchange on London : Closing Bates, Banh Selliny
Rates: — On demand 1/3J to 9-32; 4 months’ sight 1/3
9-32 to 5-16 ; 6 months’ sight 1/3 5-16 to 11-32.

Bank Buying Rates : — Credits 3 months’ sight 1/3^
to 17-32 6 months’ sight 1/3 7-16 to 16-32 Docts 3
months sight 1/3 17-32 to 9-16 6 months’ sight 1/3
16-32 to g.

Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot
per bus., R17-00. Estate Crops in Parchment, delivery
no quotations. Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on
the spot per cwt. E85-00. Liberian parchment on

the spot per bushel, Rll-50. Garden and Chetty
Coffee, f.o.b. per cwt. no quotations. Native Coffee
f.o.b. per cwt. B70-00.

Tea. — Average Prices ruling during the week Broken
Pekoe, per lb. 45c. Pekoe per lb. 36c. Pekoe Sou-
chong per lb. 26c. Broken iMixd and Dust, per lb.
19c. Averages of Wednesday’s sale.

Cinchona Bark. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
per lb 03c. — 1 to 6%

Cardamoms. — per lb, R2-00 to R2-00

Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. no quotations
Dealers’ oil per cwt. — 13'-75. — Nominal Coconut oil in
ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton 11315 00.— Nominal.

Copra. — Per candy of 560 lbR46-00 to 46-00.

Coconut Cake : (Poonac) f.o.b. per ton, R65-00,,

Cocoa. — Unpicked and undried, per cwt. R37-00.

Co.« 1 .0

Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 64c.

Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 594c.

Ebony. — per ton R125-00 At (iovt, sales.

Plumbago ; — Large Lumps per ton, R130 to 310

Ordinary Lumps per ton, R130 to 260.

Chips per ton, R70 to 120. Dust per ton, R30 to 90
Rice. — Soolye per bushel, no quotations.

,, per bag, R3 85 to R4O0.

Pegu and (Jalcutta Calunda R9-75 to Rll-00.

Coast Calunda per bushel, R3-90 to 4.20

Muttusamba per bushel, R3 95 to 114-90.

Radappa and Kuruwe per bushel, R3-75 to 4-10.

Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag — R13-00
Freights.

Coconut Oil.—

13-75 to 14-25

per cwt

Copra.— Market steady

: —

Kalpitiya

R42-00 to 43-00

per candy

Marawila

40-00 to 41-00

do

Cart Copra

34 -00 to 3S-00

do

Poonac.— Gingelly

80-00 to 87-50 per ton

Chekku

85-00 to 90-00

do

Mill (retail)

75-00 to 80-00

do

Ebony'. — quotations at

KlOO to IU95 (nominal)

Satinwood.— cubic feet

2-00 to 2-25

do

Halmilla.— do

1-26 to 1-50

do

do

do

Kitui. Fibre.— Quoted at R2S-00 per cwt (nominal)
Palmyra Fibre.— Quoted nominally;—

Jaffna Black. — Cleaned (.Scarce)

do Mixed R17-00 to 18-00 per cwt.

Indian do R7-00 to 9-00 do

Do Cleaned 10-00 to 14-00

Sapan Wood.— Quoted 45-00 to 50-00 per ton
Kerosine Oil — American 7-50 to 7-55 per case
no Bulk Russian 2-79 to 2-84 per tin
do Russian in Cases R5-90 to 5-95per case
Kapok.— Cleaned f. o.b ;— R29-00 to 30-00 per cwt

do Uncleaned
Croton 8eed
Nux Vomica

S-00 to 9-00
scarce
2-60 to 3-00

do

do

df

CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION

1897.

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1894i

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

57S

[Eeb. I, 1897.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS.

(From Lewis di Peat's Fortmijhtlij Prices Current, London, January 19th, 1897. j

QUALITY.

JUOT.ATIONS.

ALOES, Socootriuc

Fair to Huo drv

4 Is a 100s

Zanzibar k lie] ati(
BEES’ WAX,

.'utuuiuii to good

Us a 70s

Zanzibar & 1 White ..

Good to tide

£7 a £8

Bombay i Yellow...

Fair

£0 a .to 10s

Mauritius & .vladagascnr..

Dark to good palish .

£5 15s a ,£0 5/

CAMPHOR, China

Fail average quality ...

112s Od

Japan

,, uom. ..

Clipped, bold, bright, tine

117s Od

CARDAMOMS, Malabar..

3s 1 d a

.Middling, stalky & lean

2.S 9u a 2s nd

Ceylon.— Mysore

Fair to tine plump

4s a 4.S yd

See 's

3s 8d a 4s

„ Tellicherry...

G(JO.t to fillr

2s 9d a Ss od

Brownisli

2s Od a 3s

,, Long

.Shelly to good

2s (id a 2s Sd

,, Mangalore..

Med brown to good bold 4.s 3d a 4.s Gd

CABTOR OIL. Calcutta. .

Ists und 2nds

y.Jd a 4Ad

Madras ...

3bd -

CWHT.IES. Zanzibar ...
CINCHONA BARK.—

Dull to Hue bright

25s Od a 42s 6d

Ceylon

Ledgeriana ( hips

Id a 3'id

Crown, Renewed . .

2d a 4. id

Org. Stem

Ud a 3d

Hybrid Root

■3|d a 2id

( hip

Fill a 2d

3rd

4tli-

Cldl).'

CLOVES, Penang
Ainboyna
Zanzibar I
and Pemba /
Stems

COCIILUS liSPlCUS ...
COFFEE . -

Ceylon Plantation

Native
Liberian
COCOA. Ceylon

COLOMBO ROOT...

Ordinary to line (mill..

Fair to good

Oidl to fine bright bold
Dull to tine
Uood and tine bright
.'uiuinoudrll to fair ..
Fair
Fair

Bold to Hue bold coloiy
.Middling to tine mid
Low mid. and low grown
.Smalls

Good ordinary
Small to bold
Bold to tine bold
Medium and fair
Triage to ordinary
F'air to good

11(1 a Is 7(1
loid a Is .Od
iOd a Is 4d
9.Sd a Is
2fd a 3?d
d a 10(1
■>(1 a 4^(1
:i!d a 2f(l
Id a -i 3-l(ld
1(1
■Ss

lT2s a 123s
I03sa HOs
i)7s a 102s
S2s a 92s (id
70s a 80S
70S a 80s
03s (id a 7.73
jos a C2s
30s a iiOs
2.3s a 27s

COIR ROPE, Ceylon ...

Cochin . .

FIBRE, Brush

Cochin ...
Stuffing ..
COIR YARN, Ceylon ..

Cochin ...
do.

CROTON SEEUS, sifted...
CUTCH ... ••• •;

UINUHU, Bengal, rough
Calicut, Cut A
B & C
Cochin Rougli...

Japan

3UM AMM.ONIACUM ..
ANIMI, Zanzibar...

Madagascar ...

ARABIC E. I. & Aibn ...

Ghatti ..
Kurrachee

Madras ..
ASSAFCETIUA

KINO

MIRRH, picked ..

Aden sorts
OLIBANUM, drop

pickings

siftings

I. SI) I A RUB BEK, Assam

Rangoon
Borneo

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to tine long straight
Ordinary to good clean
Common to tine
Common to superior

,. very tine ..
Roping, fair to good
Fair to good
Fair to tine dry
Fail-

Good to tine bold
Small and medium
Common to fine bold
Small and D’s
Unsnlit

Sin. blocky to fine clean
Picked fine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
Med. & bold glassy sorts
Fair to good palish ..

,, ,, red

Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to line pale ..
Good and fine p.ale
Reddish to pale selected
»ark to tine pale
Clean fr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine bright
Fair to tine pale
Middling to good
Good to line white
-Middling to fair
Low to good pale
Sliglitly foul to tine ..
Hood to Hue
Common to foul & mxd.
Fair to good cle.in
Common to tine

nominal
£10 a L23
£10 a £21
£10 a .£-20
£.3 a £0 lOs
£12 a £-20 10s
£12 a £34
£11 10s a .Clo
77s 0(1 a 80s
i-* 3d a 32s 0(1
L;3s 0(1
lisa 80s
32s a 74s
27s a 3.5s
lOs a 25s
l.5s Od

I7s a 30s Gd
£10 7s Od a £13
£7 17/0 a£ 10 10s
70s a £7 12;'0
C5 10s a £7 10s
90s a 137s Od
£4 8s a .£0 15s
£4 5s a £9
70s a 00s
25s a O' Is
35s a 00s
35s a 45s
37s od a 45s
40s a 70s
30s a 37s
C4o a £o5
20s a 90s
i3s a 05s
ils a 00s
20s a 3 Is
Is a 12s Od
)s 0(1 a I ts
.s 10(1 a -2s 4(1
;d a Is 0(1
is 4(1 a 2s Id
Is a Is 8d

QUALITY.

QUOTATIONS.

INDIARUBBER, (Contd).

1 s 3d a 2s 3d

Java, Sing. & Penang

Foul to good clean ..

f

1

Good to tine Ball

2s 2d a 2.S 6d

‘ 'rdiiiary to fair Ball

Is -2d a 2s Ijd

^Mozambique -(

1

Low sandy Ball

tod a Is Id

Sausage, fair to good

Is 4(1 a 2s 5jd

V

1

Liver and livery Ball .

Is 3jd a 2s Ijd

Fr to tine pinky & white

Is 11(1 a -2s 5d

Madagascar <

F'air to good black

Is 3d a Is lOd

Niggers, low to good..

tod a Is 5d

INDIGO, E.I.

Bengal - -

4s 4(1 a 5s Id

Shipping mid togd violet
Consuming miil. to gd.

3s 4(1 a 4s 1(1

Ordinary to mid. good

2s 8(1 a 3s 2d

Mbl. to good Kurpah...

2s a 2s 10(1

Low to ordinary

Is 3(1 a Is lid

Mid. to good Madras .

Is 4d a 2h od

MACE Bombay, ^ Penang

I'ale redilisli to tine ..

Is 7(1 a 2s 9(1

Ordinary to fair

Is 2d a Is od

Chips and dark

11(1 a IS Id

MYRABOLANES. Madras

Dark to fine pale UG ..

3s 9(1 a 5s Od

Fair Coast

4 s Od

Bombay ..

Jubblepore

4s a 6s od

Bhimlies

4s 3d a 7s 6d

Rhajpore <l’c.

4s a Os

Bengal ..

Calcutta

48 a 6s

NUTMEGS—

04’s to 57’s

3s a 3s 2d

Bombay & Penang

11-2’s to 67’s

Is Id a 2s lid

IGO’s to 130’s

9(1 a Is

NUTS, ARECA

Ordinary to fair fre.sli

1 — s a 14s

NUX VOMICA. Bombay

Ordinary to middling ..

4s 0(1 a Os

Madras

F’air to good bold fresh .

Os a 7s Od

.Small ordinary and fair 4s Oda ts

OIL OF ANISEED

Fair merchantable

6s 9(1

CASSIA

According to analysis . 6s Od a 9s

LEMONORASS

Good tiavour & colour ..

2id

NUTMEG

I'iiigy to white

Sjd a 4d

CINNA.MON

Ordinary to fair sweet ..

4d a Is 3d

CITRONELLE
ORCHELLA WEED—

Bright & good flavour

Is Qd a Is 2d

Ceylon

.Mid. to flue not woody .

10s a l-2s0d

Zanzibar.

Picked clean flat leaf . .

10s a 20s

PEPPER - (Black) —

,, wiry Mozambique

)5s a 17s Od

Alleppee & Tellicherry

Fair to bold heavy ...I

2§d a 2jd
2id

Singapore

Fair ’

Aclieeii & W. C. Penang

Dull to fine .. a "Jd

PLUMB.AGO, lump

Fair to tine bright bold las a 17s Od

Middling to good small 6d a 13s

chips

Dull to tine bright 1® 6d a 8s 9d

dust

Ordinarv to fine bright 2=^ a Os

SAFFLOIVER

Good to fine pinky ... 85s a 90s

Middling to fair .. 80s

SANDAL WOOD—

Inferior and pickings ..

[iO.s a 65s

Bombay, Logs

Fair to fine flavour

£30 a £50

Chips

5s a ,£3

Madras, Logs

Fair to good flavour . .

£30 a £50

( hips

Inferior to tine

£4 a £8

SAPAN IVOOD, Bombay

Lean to good

£4 a ,£5

Madras

Good average

£4 a £5 noni

Manila

} Rouc:h & rooty to good ^ ^'5 158

Siam

t bold smooth

L0a.t;7

SEEDLAC

Ord. dusty to gd. soluble

SENNA, Tinnevelly

Good to tine bold green

4U a 8(1

Fair middling medium a 4jd

SHELLS, M. O’PEARL-

Common dark and small

itl a 2d

Bombay

Bold and A’s ... ,

£4 a 4

D’s and B’s

£4 l-2s Oa C4 Its

Small 1

85s

Mtis.sel

.Small to bold

21s a 57s Od

TAJilARINDS, Calcutta .

Mid. to fine hl’k not stony,

9s

Madras ...

TORTOISESHELL—

Stony and inferior

Os a 7s

Zanzibar and Bombay

Small to hold dark i

17s a 21s Od

mottle part heavy 1

turmeric, Bengal ...

Fair

8s Od a 9s

Madras

Finger fair to tine bold

11s Oda l‘2s

Do.

Vlixed niidlng. [bright

10s Od

Do.

Bulbs

Ss a 9s

Cochin

Finger

10s

VANILLOES—

Bulbs

7s Od a 8s

Mauritius and t Ists

Gd. crysallizod 3i a 9 in.

10s Od !i 33s

Bourbon .../ 2nds

Foxy & reddish 4^ a 8 ,,

I7s a 22s

Seychelles 3rds

Lean and inferior

10s u 10s

VERMILION

Fine, jHire, hriglit ...;

2s lid

WAX, Japan, square*

Good wliito hat'd

39s 40s

THIE

AGRICULTURAL mAGAZinG,

COLOMBO.

Added as a Supplement Montldy to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.'’

The following pages include the Contents of the Ayricullaval Magnr.ine
for Felirnaiy : —

Vol. VIII.] FEBRUARY, 1897.

[No. 8.

SE.-^SON REPOltT FOR DECEMBER.

L S TERN PRO VINCE.— ll iha
paddy iu blossom or in ear, fair
supply of fruits and vegetables in
the Colombo district, but scarce
in Negombo and Kalutara. Rain-
fall generally above the average.
Harvest prospects fair.

Central Province. — ’Paddy crop in various stages,
much damage done by rain in the Matale district,
prospects good in the Kandy district, very promis-
ing in the Nuwara Eliya district. Rainfall above
normal. Health of cattle good, some hoof disease
in Laggala.

Northern Province. — In the Mannar district the
rainfall was unprecedented, in Mannar town
rainfall 19'0.5 in. Paddy and dry grain in ear,
what was not washed away in good condition.

Southern Province. — Ploughing and sowing for
Maha crop going on in Hambantota district,
vegetables plentiful, and food supply sufficient.
Health of cattle good, some hoof disease in Walas-
mulla.

Eastern Province. — Munmari crop much damaged
by rain ; Indian corn, kurakkan and tobacco also
damaged. Rainfall in Batticaloa, 19T8 in., in
Trincomalee, 27'58 in. gale on the loth
caused much damage, many houses and over 700
coconut trees having been blown down.

North-Western Province. — Though miicli dam-
age caused by rain, generally speaking pros-
pects fair. Rainfall in Piittalam, ll'5-5 in. The
excessive rain has done most damage in the
Chilaw district.

Province of Uva. — Heavy rain all throughout
the Province, harvests prospects in Wiyaluwa
good, health of cattle good.

Proxnnee of Saharagamuiva. — In many parts of
the Ratnapura district, Maha crops coming into
maturity, in Kolonna Korale fields just being pre-
pared. Lowlying fields have suffered on account
of too much rain. In the Kegalla district, paddy
pro.spects are good in spite of somo damage by
rain. Dry grain prospects satisfactory.. Health
of cattle good.

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH
OP DECEMBER, 1896.

1

Tuesday

Nil

2

Wednesday . .

Nil

3

Thursday

Nil

4

Friday

Nil

5

Saturday

•33

6

Sunday

•68

7

Monday

•93

8

Tuesday

•23

9

Wednesday . .

1-47

10

Thursday

Nil

11

Friday

Nil

12

13

Saturday

Nil

Sunday

Nil

14

Monday

Nil

15

Tuesday

•03

16

\Fednesday . .

1'80

17

Thursday . .

2 00

18

Friday

•40

19

Saturday

.. -03

20

Sunday

.. -29

21

Monday

. . 1-46

22

Tuesday

. -40

23

Wednesday .

. .05

24

Thursday .

. 2 40

25

Friday

. '•Bo

26

Saturday .

. Nil

27

Sunday

. -80

28

Monday

. Nil

29

Tuesday

. •05

30

Wednesday.

. Nil

31

Thursday L

. Nil

1

Friday ’ .

. Nil

Total.

.14-19

Jlean.

. -45

Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 ii .mo-
on the 24th day of December, 2'40 inclie.s.

Recorde.l by A. R. JKUKMfAii.

578

Supplement to the ^'Tropical Agriculturist.''

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

Errata. — In record of rainfall for November
}?iven in our last issue, for TG «,dven on the 20tli
of the month read "IG, the mean rainfall should
be G7 in.

The present issue deals larg^ely with the subject
of cattle-plat>ue, containing l)oth local and foreign
contributions with reference to the scourge, its
teirible ravages in South Africa have no doubt
been the cause c '" l)riiiging it to f'.; • notiee f>f
the grei t vlcrman bi'.cjeno’.ogisc. lu-. I h, as
well as, it is said oi the iluyal Si.ca-iy. We can
but hope that some good will come of the fresh
enquiries as to the possible preventive measures
(for treatmeni of any sort is said to be “j)lay-
ing with lire’ ) against a disease which causes
so much loss in the villages of Ceylon.

The present number brings to a clo.se the
account of “ Nitragin” or Pure Cultivation Bac-
teria” for the inoculation of leguminous crops.
The account has run through several issues, but
we doubt not that many of our readers
have been glad of the opportunity of becoming
thoroughly acciuainted with a subject which refers
to an important discovery in Agricultural Science,
that has been much written about and discussed in
Agricultural Journals, and may possibly
come to be intimately connected with the everyday
practice of agriculture. AVe may mention that we
have placed ourselves in communicaiion with the
manufacturers of “ Nitragin” at lluclist-on-the-
Maiii, who have kindly replied to our enquiries
through their local agents, Messrs. Bdhringer.
As yet, however, there are but few purely troj)-
ical leguminous plants for which the special
iunoculating material has been prepared, but we
hope before long to receive some samples of
nitragin for trial on such introduced plants as we
grow here.

The Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, Mr. G. AV.
Sturgess, returned from Karachi on the 19th
January, b inging with him 25 well-selected cows
for the Gov crumeiit Dairy ; and Mr. lloole, who
was doing duty for Mr. Sturge.-J.«, in Colombo, has
gone back to .\nuradhapura. At the end ol Janu-
ary, the dairy herd, after having been augmented
by the new additions, was constituted as follows: —
9G cows, 7 bulls, and 52 calves, bringing up the
total of all classes of animals to 155.

Writing under date of 24th December last, the
Secretary of “ Jadoo Limited” advises us that he
is shipping us 4 ton of the fibre packed in 10 bales,
lie goes on to ” say that from numerous reports
which have reached the Company there can be no
doubt that Jadoo is eminently suitable for bring-
ing on supplies, and the matter being of such
public interest is their excuse for “ troubling” us
with a consignment for distribution. Jadoo, he
remarks, is in no sense a forcmy medium, its effect
being to encourage fibrous root action, and thus to
form a sti’ong healihy ])lant. It is said to have
been severely tested in France f(U' " gi'owing on”
young vines, and its great value lor this purpose
may be judged from the facts that the Company
IS selling many tons to wine growers at Cognac
and in the Mddoc. We can assimi the Company
that we do not consider ourselves troubled by

[Feb. 1, 1897.

them, as we are most an.xious to test the valu
ol Jadoo fibre, and afford our readers an opport
nitj’ of giving it a trial. AV'e shall, therefore, be gla
to forward samples on application, and also sen
copies of a circular of instructions which have
been supplied us.

AA'e are glad to find that the editor of the “ Cey-
lon Forester” has determined to continue the
publication of the Magazine, and M’e heartily wish
it all .'success in (lie fiitui'e.

j.fie ,'i: Lilt ..ill . t . o * ■ 't •'

of Agriculaav h is co’co t ;• ,,

should like to make this fact public owi.ig to l.he
numerous enquiries we are receiving with refer-
ence to grape growing. The termination of the
experiment we should state is not due to
failure, (lor indeed it was very promising as
long as the vineyard was attended to).
It E a matter of disappointment to us, as
well as to many interested in vine-growing that
the e.xperiment could not have been carried on till
the vines came into full bearing ; but it is at the
same time satisfactory to know that the trial at
the school has made more than one person ven-
ture upon vine-growing. In the case of a “new
plod net like this the Ceylon Government might
well imitate the example of some of the Austra-
lian Colonies and offer an annual bonus for
every acre of vines maintained in an efficient
condition during the year, so as to encourage the
new industry.

THE FOREST LAAA'S OF CEYLON.
( Continued).

VILLAGE FORESTS.

Ihe Governor maj' by Proclamation in the
Gazette constitute a portion of forest a village-
ferest for the benefit of any village community
or^group of village-communities. (§ .34.)

The rights of any person in or over any village
forest was not affected, but power is given to the
uovftiiior to direct that claims to any such rmhts
other than the rights of the village-community or
group of village-communities should be inquired
into, recorded and provided for in the manner
prescribed lor settling a Reserved Forest. (§ 37.)

Rules may be made for the management of
village-forests, prescribing the conditions under
which the community or group of communities
for the benefit of which such forest is constituted
may be provided with timber or other forest-
jiroduce, or with jiasture, and what duties the
village has for its protection and improvement

The Government is thus left with a w-ide dis-
cietion either to assume tlie management itself
or partly manage it; or keep its management
muter coiitiol and supervi ion. The chapter on
V illage l'cres:s in the Ordinance is so worded
that any land winch is at the di.spo.sal of the
Crovvn may he made a v illage fuiest ; rigliLs already
e.xisting in favour of the village would be no
obstacle, and a setiieinent of rights*, where neces-
sary, can be ordered under the usual procedure,
feuch settlement may he made in the interest of
t o village, either with reference to rights other
than tho,«e oi the village, or with reference to cer-

Feb. 1, 1897.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

579

tain rights of individual villagers whioli are
adverse to the interest of a body as a whole as
may be necessary.

The Governnie'pt have published certain Regu-
lations under section 36 of tlie Ordinance re-
garding Village forests. (Notif. 24, Aj). Gazette,
May 1, 1896.)

OF THE PROTECTION OF FOP.E.STS AND
FOREST-PRODUCE.

Chapter IV. of the Ordinance deals with the
Government control over forests in certain cases.

Unless it is essentially necessary that it should
be so, as in the case of constituting Reserved
forests, Government are content to keep the
forests in their present state, and it is often
found sufiicient to prevent their being totally
cleared olY and cut down, witiiout expropriating
the whole estate.

As you are aware it is essential to preserve
forests in order to increase the rainfall, and in
addition to this there are other reasons which
make the interference of the Crown <a valid ground
in lasv. The Governor is therefore empowered
by Notification in the Government Gazette to
declare that any tree in any forest is a reserved
tree. The Ordinance itself (Schedule R. ) enu-
merates certain trees which shall be deemed to
be reserved trees. And power is given to the
Government Agent to make rules in certain ca.ses
whereby persons are authorised to deal wdth the
reserved trees, and authority is also given to a
forest Officer under the authority of the G. A.
to grant (lermission to deal with the i-eserved trees.

Under section 41 of the Ordin.ance no person
shall clear, set tire to or break up the soil of
or make use of the pasturage or of the forest
produce of any forest and not included in a
reserved or village forest except in accordance
with rules which the G.A. may make, subject
to the approval of the Governor w-ith the advice
of the Executive Council. Such rules may :

(a) Regulate or prohibit the cutting of or set-
ting fire to chenas or the issue of grants
or leases by Government with resi)ect to
land on which trees enumerated in

-schedule R. of the Ordinance are growing ;

(b) Regulate or prohibit the kindling of fires
and pre.scribe the precautions to he taken
to prevent the spreading of fires ;

(c) Regulate or prohibit the cutting, sawing,

conversion and removal of trees and tim-
ber and the collection and removal of
forest-produce ;

(fO Regulate or prohibit the building of houses
or huts, the quarrying of stone or coral,
or the digging for j)lum mgo or gems, or
the burning of lime or ciiavcoal ;

(c) Regulate or prohibit the cutting of grass
and the pasturing of cattle, and regulate
the payments (if any) to be made for
such cutting or pasturing ;

(/) Regulate or prohibit hunting, shooting,
fishing, poisoning water, and setting
traps' or snares or guns ; or the use of
explosives ;

{g) Regulate the sale or free grant of timber
or other forest produce •; and

(h) Pre.scribe, or authorize any forest officer
to prescribe, subject to the sanction of
the Governor, the fees, royalties, or
other jiayments of such timber or other
forest-produce, and the manner in which
such fees, royalties or other payments
sliall be levied, whether in transit, or
partly in traasit or otherwise.

The Ordinance enacts that nothing in thi.s
.section should affect any existing rights of any
lierson in or over pasturage. A breach of any of
the provisions of or regulations oi rules made under
this Chapter is punish.'’ble with a fine of RlOO
or 6 months’ imprisonment. Rut nothing is an
infringement of any rule if done wdth the permis-
sion in writing of G.A. or A. G.A.

It has been held tliat rules made under section
40 of the Ordinance by the G.A. should be
proved iu a prosecution for a breach of rules
(P.C. , Aw'isawella, 7580, 9 S. ('.C.-60. ) Per
Rurnside C.J. : — “ The rules which the G.A.
“ may make under section 40 of Chapter IV.
“ in (piestion do not require the approval of
“ the Governor with the advice of the Executive
“ Council in the same way as rules made under
“ section 41 do, and not being made or approved
'■ by the Governor wdth the advice of the

Executive Council, they do not have the force
“ of law by being published in the Govermneut
“ Gazette as mentioned in Sec. 81.”

'J'herefore, followdng the above decision, in a
prosecution for breacii of any of tlie rules made
under section 41, the rules themselves need not be
proved, inasmuch ,as such rules require the
apiu'oval of the Governor in Executive Council,
and after publication in the Government Gazette
have the force of law.

COLLECTION OF DRIFT, .STRANDED AND
OTHER TIMRER.

Chapter VI. of the Ordinance No. 10 of 188.5 as
amended by 16 of 1892 deals wdth the above kinds
of timber, and declares that all unclaimed timber
found adrift, beached, stranded or sunk ; all timber
bearing ma' k.s wdiicli have not been registered
irndcr regulations made under section 44 ; all
timber winch has been supermarked, or on which
the marks have been obliterated, altered or defaced
by fire or otherwdse, and in such areas as the
Governor directs, all unmarked or unstamped tim-
bei' shall be deemed to be the property of the Ci own,
unless and until any person establishes his right
thereto.

Public notice of the collection of timber mu.st
bo given by a forest officer, and such notice
mu.st contain a description of the timber, and
any person claiming the same, must within one
month from the date of the notice present to the
forest officer .a written statement of such claim.
The forest officer is empow-ered, after making
such inquiry as he thinks fit, either to reject the
claim or deliver the timber to the claimant. If
there be more claimants than one, the forest offi-
cer either delivers the timber to the person whom
he deems entitled thereto, or may refer the claim-
ants to ,a Civil Court and retain the timber
l)ending ihe receipt of an order from such court
for its disposal. Any person whose claim has
been rejected niay wdthin one month from the
date of such rejection institute a suit to recover
])0.s.so.ssioii of the timber claimed by him. Com-
l)eusation against the Crown or the Forest Offi-
cer on account of any rejection or detention or
removal of any timber, or delivery thereof to any
person, cannot be claimed. If no statement is
presented as above set forth, or if the statement
lias been jiresented and the claim has been
rejected and the claimant omits to bring an
action within one mouth to recover possession of
such timber, the owmership of such timber vests
iu the Crown free from all incumbrances ; or,
wdien such timber has been delivered to another
l>ersou, iu such other person free from all incum-
brances not created by him.

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist."

[Feb. 1, 1897.

Before the claimant can recover possession of
any timber collected or delivered, he must pay
to the forest otticer or other person entitled to
receive it, such sum as may be due for collecting,
moving, storing and disposing of the same.

PECULIARITIES OP COCONUT CULTIVA-
TION IN lADIA.

III. — Mysore {contd.)

Every year the garden is cultivated with ragi
(S. Kurakkan) and other field crops the soil is
fitted for, and is well manured with cattle dung.
At the same time four loads of red mud are
laid on the garden for every tree that it con-
tains, while a little fresh earth is gathered up
towards the roots of the palms. The crop of
grain is but poor, and injures the palms ; it is,
always taken, however, as in order to keep
down the weeds, the ground must at any rate be
ploughed, the manure must be given, and no rent
is paid for the grain.

On tliis kind of ground the coconut palm begins
to bear iu 12 or 13 years, and continues in
perfection about 60 years. It dies altogether
after bearing for about 100 years. They are al ways
allowed to die, and when they begin to decay a
young one is planted near the old one to sup-
ply its place.

In Mysore toddy is never extracted from the
palm, for that operation destroys the fruit. Sime
of the young nuts are plucked in tlie hot
season for the refreshing water wliicli they con-
tain, and to make coir-rope, but this is con-
sidered to injure the crop. The coir made from
ripe nuts is considered to be very bad, and the
husks are generally burnt for fuel.

The crop begins in the second month after the
summer solstice and goes on for 4 months. A
bunch is known to be ripe when a nut falls dowm,
and it is then cut. Each palm produces from
3 to 6 bunches whicli ripen successively. A
middling palm produces from 60 to 70 nut.s.
As the nuts are gathered they are collected in
small huts raised from tlie ground on posts.
When any one purchases them they are husked
at the e.xpense of the purchaser. The man who
husks the nuts also breaks the shell by giving
each a .single blow with a crooked knife, leaving
the kernel intact. Tlie kernel in this form is
called kojipari, and is now ready for the market.
A man can daily clean 1,300 nuts. From 20 to
30 i.er cent of them are found to be rotten.

IV. — Nicobar Islands.

On these Islands the jialm is very abundant,
although it exists only under recent cultivation on
the Andaman Islands, but ro-appears still further
north on the Cocos Islamls. ISir W. iV. Hunter
gives an interesting account of the Nicobar
trade in coconut. s, which may here be quoted :

At ])resent the priiici]'-'! products of the.se
lelands is the cocoiiul palm, and its rijie nuts
form the chief e.xports. The Northern Islands
arc said to yield annually ten million coconuts,
of which about half are exjiorted. The estim-
ated number exported in 1861-82 wa.s -J, 750, 000.
As this important jiroduct is .six times cheaper
here than in the coast of Bengal, or in the
Straits of Malacca, the number of English and

Malay vessels that come to the Nicobars is every
year increasing. The trade in coconuts is carried
on chieffy by native craft from Burma, the
Straits Settlements, Ceylon, &c. Forty ve.ssels
of an aggregate tonnage of 6,270 tons visited
the Islands for coconuts in 1881-82.” The Adminis-
tration Rejiorts for 1885-86 gives the exports as
4,510,000 nuts, and 5,730 bags of copra. In that
year 49 vessels wdth an aggregate tonnage of
8,218 tons, obtained permission to trade with
the Nicobars for coconuts, &c. The same report
states that there are now 112,000 coconut
palms under cultivation at Port Blair.

V. — Burma.

Of Burma it is reported that the coconut is
“ largely cultivated and might be much more so
in many places along the Arakan Coast as it
is in Ceylon, and ns doubtless it would be but
for the sparseuess of the population, the diffi-
culties of approaching the coast except at a few
spots, and the absence of the means of land
communication between the ports and the sites
fitted for tlie production of the trees.”

In the Bassein district of Pegu it has been
stated that there are 10,000 acres under coco-
nuts.

AH. — Bengal.

In Bengal, while the palm is plentiful along
the lower Gangetic basin, it exists only in
garden cultivation, and the produce is not much
in excess of the total demand. There are no
large pi intations such as have been described
in Madras, Mysore and Bombay, because in
Bengal the date palm is used as the source of
toddy. It Ls, however, fairly abundant in
Noakkally, Backergauj, Jessore and the 24-Par-
gan nas.

Further North (iu Upper India) the coconut
is not cultivated at all.

^

CATTLE.

We r *ad in the Af/ricultural Journal of the
Cape tliat hypo.sulphite of .soda is the best
agent for getting sulphur into cattle. It h.as
no bad taste or smell, and it can be conveni-
ently used for satin ating the system of an
animal and rendering it obnoxious to ticks.
For external treatment the common lime and
sulphur dip made by bailing will be the best
against ticks and the damage caused by their
bite. But for internal use the hyposulphite of
soda which is a form in which this soluble sul-
phur can always be had at a low price, will
recommend itself *.o stockowners. It can be
given as a drench — three ounces to the quart
of water ; or it can be dissolved in the xvater
xvhich cattle drink when it will be inimical
to all parasitic worms as well. Considering
how great a trouble ticks are to cattle-breeders
in Ceylon, the remedy recommended above is well
worth a t rial, being cheap and easily administered.

An American corre.spondent to the Pai^toral-
ists Iteview referring to the tick pi‘st says
that internal treatment with sulphur is the
only sure cure. “Hipping,” he says, “ may kill
all the pests on a cow, but how about those
which are waiting their turn. You will have

581

Supjjlement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.

Feb, 1, 1897.]

to dip her for every fresh lot of ticks, and it
will become a ca'^e of ‘ and last of all the cow
died also,’ and she will have cost you more
than her hide and your trouble are worth twice
over.”

The largest official record of a Holstein cow was
tliat given by ‘‘ De Kol 2nd.” This cow produced
in one week 5.36f lbs. of milk, which made by the
Badcock test 26^ lbs. of butler, containing 80 per
cent. fat. The largest yield in one day was 8.3^ lbs.
of milk, producing 4| lbs. of butter.

Another common trouble w'ith us is what is
commonly spoken of as “ worm complaint” in
calves, generally causing a diarrhoea which
weakens the young animals to such an extent
that nothing will help to bring back their
strength. Veterinary Surgeon Crawhurst, a Gov-
ernment Veterinary Surgeon of the Cape, re-
commends the following treatment : — Give halt
a drachm of sulphate of iron twice or three
times a day with food, and after continuing this
treatment for 3 days, give one dessert spoon-
ful of turpentine in 4 oz. of castor or raw lin-
seed oil.

Professor Koch, the w^ell-known German Scien-
tist, is making a study of rinderpest in con-
nection with the outbreak of the plague in South
Africa. We also learn from a communication in
Nature that the Roj al Society is likely to take
up the question of the cattle plague-

The following extract from the Mark Lane
Kvj)ress of Nov. 9th while giving some statis-
tics with reference to animal diseases in Eng-
land, also shows us how they stamp out or
prevent the spread of these disease there : —

The weekly report in the Mark Lane Express
of November 9th states : — “ That the number of
cases of rabies during the 44 past weeks of the year
were,-in dogs, 406, and in other animals 226,
swine fever 4,689 outbreaks and 70,391 infected
slaughtered. There have been during the year 2
cases of imported cattle suffering from lung-sick-
ness, which disease wa.s promptly stamped out by
the slaughter of the diseased cattle and 183 more
which had been exposed to infection.”

In a paper read by the Russian Minister of
State Domains before the French National Agri-
cultural Society of France in October last, we find
it stated that the Prince of Oldenburg who
devoted a large sum of money to the founding
of the St. Petersburg Bacteriological Institute
had “ brought forward a new discovery — that of
the bacillus of cattle plague, which up to the
present had evaded discovery.” It will be re-
membered that early last year the same dis-
covery was announced by Dr. Simpson, the
Health Officer of Calcutta, and the fact record-
ed in our pages. It still, however, remains to
be seen which of the discoverers of the bacillus
will be the first to prepare a preventive vaccine
for the disease.

Pi’ofessor Henry of the Wisconsin J'lxperimen-
tal Station writes ns follows in recommendation
of pumpkins for milch cattle : —

“ The pumpkin is a splendid feed for dairy cows
in the fall, and our d dry farmers cannot use
them too liberally The dairy cow likes variety,
and i)umpkins can be grown so easily, and yield
so well when planted by themselves, that a pru-
dent dairyman will not forget this useful adjunct
to his usually rather short list of feeding stuffs.
The pumpkin containing much nourishment and
being very palatable, tends to produce a large flow
of milk. The seeds of the pumpkin are said to
increase the action of the kidneys, and I think
the statement entirely reasonable. It is well
therefore, in feeding . pumpkins in quantity, to
rid them first of seeds, which can be done easily
and rapidly.”

A w'riter to the American Breeder writes 'iil
high praise of rape as a fodder for stock : — “ I
think rape a grand crop for sheep and profitable
for cattle, either as pasture or soiling.” As
containing a larger percentage of sulphur the
most fodder crops, rape is highly recommend-
ed, together with other cruciferous crops, as a
healthy diet for stock.

NITRAGIN OR THE USE OP
PURE CULTIV^ATION BACTERIA FOR
LEGUMINOUS CROPS.

While every one interested in Agricultureij
and in Agricultural Science in particular, must
feel that a great advance has been made in
our knowledge of the hitherto une.xplained and
peculiar action of leguminous field crojas,
and must conclude that the matter is one that
ought to be put to a trial, yet the need must be
very apparent of thorough experimentation be-
fore one can absolutely come to a decision as to the
practical value of the di.scovery.

It behoves every agriculturist, therefore, to
put the discovery to the test, and should it
prove successful to avail himself of its advan-
tages.

In England some experiments have been be-
gun at tlie Woburn Experimental Farm with
“ Nitragiu” brought over by Dr. VoeIcker on a
variety of crops. Some members of the Conn*
cil of the Royal Agricultural Society have also
commenced a trial upon one or other field crop.

If the atmosphere can be brought under contri-
bution not only to supply the means for legumin-
ous crops to grow luxuriantly, but also to supply
the fertilizing ingredients required either to the
succeeding annual crop or to a contemporaneous
perennial crop, tlien it must be far better to
grow a leguminous nitrogen-collecting than a
non-leguminous non-nitrogen collecting one.

Nor can this be a matter of indifference, for
it must be admitted that farmyard manure is
expensive to produce and conserve in the most
approved way, that it is difficult and often e.x-
pensive to procure in good condition, and
that, owing to its bulk, it is costly to transport,
so that it is quite worthy of consideration
whether it might not be, in some cases, at least,
economically replaced by the growing of
leguminous greoi crops either for feeding-off
or ploughing-in.

582

Sapijlement io the “ Tropical Agricaltarist.^'

[Feb, 1, 1897.

The following are among the advantages
claimed for nitragin when used as directed : —

1. That every single seed is surrounded with
a covering of bacteria, which, after germina-
tion, penetrate into the ror>t liairs and begin
tlieir activity in collecting nitrogen, so tliat
without nitrogenous manuring and even in soils
poor in nitrogen a good yield is assured.

2. That through the activity of the bacteria
the soil becomes richer in assimilable nitrogen
which goes to benefit the succeeding crop also.

3. Tliat the disadvantages of the method
hitherto adopted of necessity, of inoculating
with earth obtained from a field are avoided.

4. That a manuring with nitrogen in the
form of nitrates, ammonia salts, &c., is rendered
superfiuous.

The e.vperiments of Dr. Nobhe and others
certainly offer strong evidence in favour of these
conclusions. The practical question, however,
that it seems to us wo have to take into
account is whether, as a matter of agricultural
e.Kperience, we do find soils under ordinary
cultivation in which there is a deficiencj’’ of
the organisms which are required for the pro-
per development of ordinary leguminous crops,
and which enable them to assimilate the nitro-
gen of the atmosphere; and whether in consequence
of such deficiency in quantity, or absence of
those kinds most favourable to the development
of the particular crop, we should obtain a better
yield of the leguminous crop, and at the same
time lay up a larger store of nitrogenous food for
the succeeding or contemporaneous one, if we
were to inoculate the seed or the land in the way
proposed. These are questions which can only be
answered by practical trial.

Certain, however, it is that diftlculty is not in-
frequently e.xperienced in the raising of a healthy
growth of leguminous crops, particularly in suc-
ces.sion on the same land, and sometimes in dif-
ferent parts of a tolerably limited area.

The main point appears to be whether it may
not be wise to ensure, by means of such inocula-
tion, that the organisms peculiar to each
leguminous crop are i)resent in .sufliciency, so
that the crop may grow luxuriantly while the
soil is enriched in nitrogen for another crop, and
both rendered independent of any .special nitro-
genous manuring.

Altogether a vast field of enquiry lias been
opmed up, and though first e.vperiments must
be neces.sarily tentative in character, a year or
two should give us the results of extended trials
on a commercial scale and on different classes
of land.

{The End.)

rRCVENTATiVE MEASURES FOR
RINDERPEST.

The following are extracts from a Govern-
ment Notification publislied in the Natal Far-
mers Magazine, being taken from a Minute liy the
Principal Veterinary Surgeon to the Commissioner
of Agriculture in that Colony : —

If an animal is found shivering with a staring
or hide-bound coat and in oi.st eyes, lie should with-
out delay be isolated and kept under observation,

and if a second case manifests itself the fact
should be at once reported to the nearest authori-
ties, and a caution given to neighbours that suspi-
cion exists. On no account should the rest of the
herd be removed to another place, as if the dis-
eise unfortunately should prove to be rinderpest,
the infection of the entire herd, though apparent-
ly in perfect health, is a matter of almost abso-
lute certainty. Such removal cannot be carried
out without either danger to others or of the in-
fection of fresh ground, wdiich may be of great
value subsequently as a pasturage above suspi-
cion 0 1 which healthy stock may be kept. In any
case 1 would emphasize the futility of changing
one’s ground. If a change is made it should be a
concentration of all animals not visibly ailing,
which have been in contact, towards the centre
of the farm, as far distant from one’s neighbours
as possible. This cannot but be the duty of every
right-minded man who has at heart the welfare of
his neighbour and the direct interest of his
country. The present feeling of panic now so
prevalent is much to be deprecated. A timorous
apprehension cannot be the best front to show to
danger of any sort, and anyone caring to investi-
gate the preparations made for the reception of
the disease must e.xoaerate these concerned in the
defence of the colony from the opposite and equal-
ly fatal mistake of underrating the danger. It is in
my opinion highly improbable that the disea.se is
going to decimate or even grievously injure the
colony. We may not be so fortunate as to e.x-
clude it absolutely, but I am convinced that a de-
termined and level-headed redstance to its progress
foot by foot will first check and then e.xtermiuate
the di.sease. Failure can only come through panic
and half-hearted measures. The prevalent con-
ception that the disease possesses some supernatu-
ral power of spontaneously generating itself or
making a long jump of a hundred miles without
being carried is most erroneous and contrary to
the dictates of reason and science. It should be
strongly impressed upon the memory that the
disease goes only where it is taken, and that it is a
deficiency of evidence only which prevents onr
tracing tlie cause of eich fresh outbreak as it
occurs. Strict cleanliness of person should be
observed on the part of those in contact with the
disease, more particularly if they contemplate
leaving the infected district. Boots should be
cbanged, or if this is impossible, they should be
thorougbly scraped upon the sole and scrubbed
with a ten per cent, solution of (Juibell’s or Jeyes’
fluid, or some similar compound duly authorised.
The hands should receive the same treatment as
far as the scrubbing with an antiseptic solu-
tion is concerned ; the nails should bo kept short
and thoroughly clean by brushing, after handling
a sick or suspected beast. Tools used for the
burial of carcases are infected, and cannot be
brought back to the homestead without risk until
disinfection has taken place. Natives employed
in the herding or burial of affected animals —
(treatment of any sort is playing with lire and
is worse than useless)— should be considered
highly sus])icious as transmitters of the disease,
and their thorough disinfection is a duty of
every employer personally. Where possible, car-
cases should be burnt. This process is tedious, but
absolutely safe when carried out.

Feb. 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical AgriculturMr

MILK AND MILK .PRODUCTS.

By Mr. James Mollison,
Supermtendent of Farms, Bombay.

Cream, after it has been separated from the
milk, is ripened in an earthenware jar, covered
with muslin and not with an air-tight lid. During
ripening the cream should be fretiuently stirred
at least once every two hours. The time required
to ripen cream depends upon the temperature.
Cream w’ill be sufficiently ripe in 12 liours if the
temperature of the dairy is from 65° to 75° P.,
in less time if the temirerature is higher. h
greater period must elapse if the temperature is
lower. During the early monsoon rains cream
will ripen more quickly than in the hot w'eather.
Cream is ripened with the object of making it
yield a greater proportion of butter of fine fia-
vour than that obtained from fresh cream. The
flavour is believed to be developed by the growth
of a microbe in the cream. The fermentation
which proceeds during the ripening process causes
the cream to thicken. Cream is not pure butter
fat, for milk in variable proportion is always pre-
sent, and this milk sours as the cream ripens and
the lactic acid precipitate.^ the casein. The curd
thus formed may during churning become in-
coi'Dorated more or less wdth the butter. Butter
thus made will not keep long. If the sourness
of ripe cream is excessive the curd forms in lumps;
if the ripe cream is only slightly acid the precipi-
tated casein breaks up into particles of minute size
during churning, and these particles always form
a constituent portion of the butter which

ordinarily by thorough washing can be separated
fron-i the butter. The butter which will keep
longest is made from fresh cream, while the
butter with the finest flavour is made from ripened
cream. The combination of keeping quality and
flavour is a point of value. It has been authori-
tatively stated that this has been accom-
plished now by inoculating fresh cieam

with a pure culture of the cream-ripening
microbe. Cream should only half fill the
churn, so that agitation may be due to the cream
falling upon itself at each revolution of the
churn; if it completely filled the churn there
would be no agitation at all. If the cream is so
thick that it sticks to the churn, pure cold water
should be added. The lid of the churn is now
fixed down and the churn turned at the rate
already indicated. The cream will froth up and
swell after the first few revolutions. The air
which was incorporated with it is driven out, and
becau^e it is impn e air and in consequence may
taint the butter, it ■■ ght to escape through a valve
placed on the lid of the churn for that purpose.
A small pane of glass is inserted in the lid of the
churn. By careful observation the dairy-man
can see from time to time what is going on inside,
and can determine when the butter begins to form.
So soon as this takes place ci Id water (about
I/lOthofthe cream qumitity) .should be added.
The object is to lower the temperature when
the butter is forming in order to get it firm, also
to dilute the butter-milk so that it may the easier
be separated from the butter granules. The
necessity of lowering the temperature arises be-
cause the agitation which the process of churning
requires has raised considerably the initial temper-

ature. The churning is again continued until
specks of butter on the glass are easily discern-
ible and are seen distinctly separate from the
butter milk. Experience and judgment are neces-
sary to decide the right moment when to stop
churning. If stopped too soon bntter is lost in the
butter-milk because the granules are so small
that they pass with the butter-milk through the
meshes of the finest strainer. If carried on too
long the butter granules aggregate and the butter
becomes greasy ; moreover it is difficult to sepa-
rate the butter-milk completely by subsequent
washing and working without spoiling the grain
or texture of the butter. When cliurning is suffi-
ciently advanced the butter-milk is drawn off
through the tap hole at the bottom of the churn,
and is strained through a sieve ; and any butter
caught is returned to the cluirn. The churn is
half filled with pure cold water and given a few
more revolutions and then kept at rest for a short
period. If curd is present in quantity, it will
settle to the bottom of the churn whil.st the butter
floats on the water. As the water is drawn off
the curd may also be removed. If curd is i)re-
sent the butter caught on the sieve should not
be returned to the churn, because it necessarilj’
must be mixed with pieces of curd. If there is
any considerable quantity it can be made into yhi.
The churn is again half filled with water and
given a few more revolutions. This water is
likewise strained through a sieve as it is drawm
off, and if there is no curd present, the contents
of the sieve are again returned to the churn. The
butter is now comparatively free of butter-milk,
but in order that it may be washed, as far as pos-
sible, whilst still in a granular condition, brine is
now added, the solution consisting of ^th lb.
sals to a gallon of water. The churn is again half
filled and slowly revolved a few (say 3 or 4)
times. The brine is drawn off and strained as be-
fore through a sieve.

(To be continued.)

♦

THE ROOTS OF PLANTS.

A late report of the Kansas Agricultural Depart-
ment distinguish s two classes of roots in plants,
explaining tlie text by means of an illustra-
tion whicli we regret we are unable to reproduce
The two kinds of roots are (1) the feeding roots
wliich grow along in the true or cultivated so il
where the plant food is abundant, and (2) roots
which go down deep into the soil in searcli of
water.

“ We say search of water as though it were a
matter of instinct, but the influence which en-
courages these roots to take a downward direc-
tion is the flow of moisture constantly coining up
by capillary attraction from below to the surface.

“The young roots are attracted by tlie mois-
ture, and grow and go down deeper and ileeper.
There is a case recorded of a willow wh: h grew
to be a large tree in apparently a dry .soil, but
it was found that there was a small l'e3,k in an
underground tank, several feet away and deeply
below the soil, guided by the moisture which came
up through the soil, the roots found it out and
formed a large mass of fibrous roots in the Lank
itself.

“ The dejitli to which some of these moisture-
seeking roots will go down is remarkable. One
day on Earl Ducie’s example farm at Whitelield

o84

Supiilemevd to the ‘‘ Tropical Agriculturist.''

[Feb. 1, 1897.

a party of young men thouglit they would ascer-
tain how deep wheat roots went down into the
subsoil, and one of them held the root in his hand
to shield it while the others dug out the earth and
gravel to enable them to follow its course. They
dug out tons of stuir, which carried their dig-
ging down eight feet four inches, and, as they
\)elieved, the root was then broken otf. Koots of
onions have been found nine feet down or more,
and Could be distinguished by their taste.
Where deep cuttings were made across a held
of sainfoin for a waterworks culvert, the roots
of the plant were found twenty feet from the sur-
face, and lucerne roots have been found even
deeper ; in fact, it is believed they go down to
the bed-rock even.

“ The habit of grasses, whether deep-rooting,
or growing with shallow roots, determines their
suitability for this country.

“ Now, it is easy to see that a held with a hard
and almost impenetrable subsoil, or pan, created
by constant shallow ploughing, will not allow of
this deep-rooting, and therefore in absence of rain
for even a short time, the crops must suffer,
while on other lands which have been subsoiled and
the impediment of a pan broken up, the crop
may hold out and come to maturity. Besides the
advantage of the deep-rooting, the feeding-roots
of the plant will hnd food in the broken-up
subsoil when they can be distributed amongst it.”

ALLEGED CUBES FOR CATTLE PLAGUE.

The following correspondence on the above sub-
ject, which has been transmitted by Ilis Excel-
lency the Governor and High Commissioner of
the Cape, is herewith published for the informa-
tion of our readers : —

Wellington Club, Grosvenor Place, S. W.,

April 15th, 1896.

To the Right Honourable Jo.seph Cixambeh-
laiN, M.P., Downing-street, S. AV.

Rinderpest in South Africa.

Sir, — I have been interested in tropical agri-
culture for the last 30 years in British East India,
and the rinderpest used to give us much trouble
and cause much loss. An animal once attacked
never recovered. Of late years we adopted a
novel and most efficacious treatment, and we now
no longer dread the disease.

The treatment consists simply of boiling down
the first victims and feeding those attacked with
the broth, giving each animal a half to one pint
three tim,es a day. I cannot, of course, say if
the same success would follow a similar treatment
in South Africa, but it is, I am persuaded, worth
a fair and careful trial. Personally I believe
anthrax, if not pleuropneumonia, could be suc-
cessfully treated by similar means, but of these
both 1 cannot speak from experience. The broth
should be given for two days or so after the ani-
mal begins to eat. — Tour obedient sei vant,

(Sd.j C. Tottenham.

Downing Street, 21st April, 1896.

— I am directed by Mr. S(‘cretary Chamber-
lain to request you to lay before Secretary Lord
G. Hamilton the enclosed copy of a letter res-
pecting a method of treating rinderpest, which
the writer states was successful in British East
India, and I am to state that Mr. Chamberlain

would bo glad to be supplied with any infor-
mation that may be in the possession of your
Department as to the efficacy of the treatment
described. — I am, &c.,

(Sd.) Edward Fairfield.

The Under Secretary of State, India Office.

India Office, Whitehall, London, S.W.,

14th May, 1896.

Sir, — I am directed by the Secretary of State
for India in Council to acknowledge the receipt
of your letter, wdth enclosure, of the 21st April,
and in reply to state, for the information of *Mr.
Secretary Chamberlain, that this office is not in
possession of any information with reference to
the treatment of rinderpest in India in the manner
described by Mr. C. Tottenham. Lord George
Hamilton has caused inquiry to be made on the
subject, but no confirmation has been obtained
of the statement submitted to the Colonial Office
by Mr. Tottenham. — I am, A'C.,

(Sd.) A. Godley.

The Under Secretary of State, Colonial
Office, S. W.

The following is taken from the Agricultural
Gazette of the Cape : —

Vt ith much regret I saw in the last number
of 0ns Land, that the dreadful Rinderpest has
already appeared on this side of the Orange River,
and that up to the present no remedy has been
discovered to prevent this enemy among our
cattle.

In the hour of need man grasps at a straw to
save himself. In 1892, when so many horses and
asses died in our district from horse-sickness, I
tried a remedy for my horses and asses as a pre-
ventive against the disease. I took ten parts of
salt and one pint of Cooper’s Dip, ground the
salt fine and mixed the Cooper’s Dip with it. I
gave each horse and ass a tablespoonful of this
dry.

My animals grazed in a large veld amongst a
good many other horses and asses which all
contracted the disease and died, while all of mine
remained healthy, although they as well as the
other animals were exposed to cold and damp.

1 have used the same remedy for my healthy
sheep as a preventive for Geel Ziekte, and witli
good results.

AVell, would it not be worth trying this remedy
on the healthy animals where the Rinderpest
begins to show itself ? It can do no harm, and I
think inasmuch as a beast is stronger than a
horse, men may safely give each beast a table-
spoonful and a half of the abovenamed mixture.
Who knows perhaps by the use of such an unfail-
ing remedy thousands of cattle may be saved,
and much heartrending and misery be prevented
thereby. (Sd.) S. C. Louw'

Spes Bona, Ceres, Oct 3rd.

I have no remarks to make, except to say
that Cooper’s Dip has been found useful in hoi’se-
sicknes and geel-ziekte. And if given to cattle
it might have a tendency to keep them in good
health. 1 have no faith in it as a cure for Rinder-
pest, and I doubt whether it would act as a ])re-
veutive. J. W. Crow'hurst, F. ll.C.V.S.

Feb. 1, 1897.]

Sujjplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist."

585

We give below an extract from the report of
the Director of Land Records and Agriciil' n-!
in the N.W. Provinces and Oude, India, is
interesting as giving the experience with most
of tlie various devices for the protection of
trees in roadside ai’boricnlture. The tree called
“ hahiil” in the report is the Acacia arahica,
which is found chiefly in the drier parts of the
Island, hut which can he replaced hy other
thorny acacias that are more common than the
species named. We have seen the troublesome
“ lantana” pressed into service and grown as a
protection for coconut plants without any ap-
parent injury to the latter :

The district reports give evidence both of the
difficulties connected with this most important
part of the work and of attempts in several dis-
tricts to provide a cheap and effective guard. In
Mainpuri, tree guards of wood were tried ; in
Garhwal, stone fences ; in Meerut and Basti,
brickwork guards ^ and in Meerut, Muzaffarnagar,
Dehra Dun and Jnlaun wire guards have been con-
structed. In Dehra Dun, tree guards of barbed
wire fixed to four rough wooden posts are used
and nre said to be effective ; but, as stated last
year, the u,se of barbed wire should not be encour-
aged on public roads. The guard costs R2 and
lasts only four years, the time a single tree should
ordinarily want protection, so that it is far too
expensive for general adoption. I do not, there-
fore, consider this guard a success. The brick
guards costing R2 each, intioduced by the Collector
of Meerut last year, are reported to have done
very well, though to protect them from being
knocked down by animals it has been found neces-
sary to sun-ound them with thorn fences. The
bricks are available for erection at another place
when the tree, round which they were erected, is
established, and the brick guard is, therefore,
cheaper than that of barbed wire above referred
to. I doubt, however, whether their liability to
collapse on a cart coming into contact with them
and the expense of re erecting them does not make
them also too expensive. Mr. Wyer has this year
introduced another guard, costing Rl-5-0 eacli,
made of wire netting supported on an iron frame.
He considers it preferable to the brick guards on
account of its being cheaper, neater and equally
efficacious. It gives better ventilation and is
available for a second tree when it can be moved
from its first position. Filled with thorns to pre-
vent goats getting at the trees over the top, it
ap))ears to mo as satisfactory a guard as could
be devised. A somewhat similar guard has nj)-
j)arently been tried in l\Iuznffarnagar, but the
information at my disposal is not sufficient to
permit me to describe it. It is said to be a wire
framework intended to protect and keep together
a hedge of dried thorns. For districts with
ample funds at command Mr. Wyer’s guard might
probably be adopted on a considerable scale. In
the East, however, it is improbable that even
Rl-o-0 can be paid for each tree guard, and the
cheaper methods of protection by ditches and
mounds, by growdng c.actus plants, or by dry
babul thorns, must be continued. The ditch and
mound is, where the soil is stiff and the road wide,
probably the least troublesome but on the majo-

rity of roads it is impracticable, and the choice lies
between babul thorns, which have often to be car-
ried for miles, and the cactu.s. 1 have, during my
late tour, seen very excellent results obtained by
means of cactus fencing. It is troublesome to es-
tablish, but, once established, last till the tree pro-
tected is well-grown and affords material, when
destroyed, for many other guards. It might be
feared that injury would be done to the young
tree by the air being shut out by the close-grow-
ing cactus, but the very flourishing young trees
one sees when they are well-protected by cactus
and properly tended sufficiently prove I hat this is
not the case. Wlien babul thorns have to be
employed the advantage of having a temporary
avenue of babuls, as suggested by the Government
review on last year’s report, is obvious.

CATTLE DISEASE IN THE VILLAGES
OF THE WANNI.

Rinderpest is enzootic in certain parts of
Ceylon, * especially in the interior adjoining thick
jungles. During the past few months I have had
ranch to do with this disease both in tbe Sin-
halese and the Tamil Wanni. It seems to prevail
in one village or other all the year round. Its
vdrulence and the rapidity with which it spreads
varies in different parts of the year. During the
rainy season it is observed to be more virulent.
Wlien it is hot and dry the outbreak is of a more
benign type. Heat is said to have the tendency
of attenuating the virus.

The degree of malignancy is greater in certain
animals than in others. For instance, the mor-
tality among buffaloes is proportionately greater
than among neat cattle. It will be interesting
to have reliable statistics as to the percentage
of deaths cau.sed by rinderpest among these two
species of cattle. Certain wild animals, such as
the deer and the elk are attacked with, probably,
a comparatively mild form of the disease ; and
tliey form a means of keeping up and spreading
the disease although this fact is often overlooked.

Prevention and Suppression. — Animals that re-
cover from one attack of rinderpest are proof
to subsequent attacks at least for a period of six
or seven years. The general belief is that one
attack confers immunity through life. Even the
most ignorant Ceylon goyiya and Indian ryot that
owns cattle is aware of this. On account of
this protective xiower, experiments were carried
on by Veterinary Surgeons with a view to find
out whetlier inoculation with tlie virus will
answer as a preventive measure. Tlie results
Avere, however, unsatisfactory as inoculation tends
to reproduce the disease in as malignant a form
as that contracted in the natural way.

In Europe, when any outbreak of rinderpest
is detected, it is at once stamped out by des-
troying the infected animals and burying or burn-
ing their carcases. But such a method of
suppression is unsuitable to most parts of Ceylon
for two reasons, viz., (1) It is antagonistic to
the religious feelings of most of the people. (2)
The disease is so common, so frequent and so
scattered that a large number of animals will
have to be killed.

In village.s, however, where only a few solitary
cases occur, this jilan may be adopted if the

5S6

Supplement to the ^'Tropical Agrlvutn'-'isty

[Feb. 1 1897

owners are willing. But the chief preventive
method which we should have recour.se to in
Ceylon is the isolation of flie sick animals and the
segregation _ of the liealthy, supplemented by
thorough disinfection and tlie frequent burning
of the excreta and litter of tlie sick ones. The
proper disposal of the carcases of cattle and other
animals that die of rinderpest is important. They
should be either thoroughly cremated or buried
at a depth of five feet.

A fact that is apt to be overlooked in connec-
tion with the preventive measures is tliat this
disease is not only directly communicable from
the sick to the healtliy cattle, but also indirectly
through the air and water as well as by men and
animals that have been in contact with tlie infected
cattle. For tliis reason cattle whicli are them-
selves proof to rinderpest, but have been in con-
tact with or close proximity to the sick should
not be herded with the uninfected ones ; and the
attendants that nurse the infected should likewise
keep aloof from the latter.

The common watering places and pasture lands
form a very fruitful source of mediate conta-
gion. In most villages there is only one tank
where all the cattle of tlie place flock to drink,
and only one large green where they are herded
to graze. Hence it often becomes impossible to
check the progress of an outbreak unless siip-
]iressive measures are adopted at the very outset.
One important step towards facilitating the
snppres.sion of the disease will be gained if the
people can be induced to dig wells and water
their cattle from them and to divide the common
pasture into separate lots for their animals by
means of fences.

The ignorance of the villagers as to the real
nature of rinderpest is a great obstacle to its pre-
vention. iVe sbould not relax in our attempts
at disseminating correct ideas about it. Many
cattle owner.s act as though they have not realized
that it is a contagions disease. They sometimes
go on counting the number of the dead and the
dying as one after another animal falls a ]irey
to the disease, without making any rational
attempt to protect those that are still left. The
explanation of this strange fact is that they be-
lieve the disease to be a visitation by their deities
whose wrath, they think, will be only increased
by any commonsense measures employed to
arrest its progress. Actuated by this belief they
sometimes make vows and offerings to pacify
the deities. This, no doubt, is more easily done
than the carrying out of proper preventive and sup-
pressivemeasures,torsnch measures havotobe most
strictly enforced in order to satisfy the demands of
veterinary science and to be tborougbly effectual.

K T. H.

pFo he Conti)! ncd.)

«

GENERAL ITEMS.

The Reporter on Economic Products to the
Government of India (Dr. Watt) suggests the
use of a paint, made up as follows, against white-
ants : —

1 part, lesin of Gardenia gummifera.

2 parts, asaf(ctida.

2 jiarts, bazaar aloes.

2 parts, castor-oil cake.

Pound, mix and keep in water for about a fort-
night, when it becomes a thick compound. Now
ad<l water to bring to the consistency of paint,
and add the red colouring matter got from
Morincki tinetorla. Thoroughly apply for about
2 ft. from tlie ground for white and red ants.
The effect is said to last for 2 years or more.

A trial of this paint Avas made at the instance
of the Director of Agriculture in the N.-W.
Pi evinces, by applying it to a number of mango
and other trees badly attacked liy white ants.
The experiment , proved that the jiaint is an
effective preventive against the attack of white
ants, if applied clirecUii to the bark of attacked
trees, so that all earthy ant deposits must first
be removed from the trunks. The cost of treat-
ing per tree comes to nearly 25 cents, which is
considered too expensive for extended use on large
trees, but would not be prohilrit’ve where it is
found difficult to establish young trees or saplings
along roadsides owing to white-ant attack.

Ashoe without nails has been invented which ap-
pears to be entirely satisfactory. It had been tried
in the German army for a year with the best results,
and a very favour-able rejiort upon it has been
presented to our own army authorities by Lieut-
enant-Colonel Graham. The new shoe is being
adopted by the Glasgow Coi-poration and the
Great Northern Railway Company, and it is to
be tried in the stud of Her Majesty the Queen.
Instead of the nail a two-])ronged clamp, with
a couple of turned points at the single end, is
idaced along a slight groove on the outside shell
of the hoof, fallowing the line taken by the nail
in the ordinary shoe. At the point where the
n.ail usually emerges and is turned down, the
points, or hooks, of the clamp are pres.sed
into the hoof, and the two prongs pass downward
beyond the edge of the hoof, into a slot in the
shoe, similar to the present nail-hole. The foot
is then lifted, and a small we Ige driven into the
slot from beneath, passing between the prongs and
fixing them firmly into the shoe. It is found
that the shoe, thus fixed, looks neat and work-
manlike, cannot be shaken off Iiy any amount
of kicking and plunging, and can be taken off
and replaced in a few minutes in the stable, .so
that changes nece.ssary in frosty weather can be
effected without trouble. A company is in course
of formation to place the shoe on the English
market, and specimens may be seen at the offices
of the Minerva Horse-Shoe Syndicate, 11, Queen
Victoria-street, E.C.

The results obtained from tests which have
been ma'lc at the Canadian Government Ex-
perimental Farm during the past eight years as
to the action of fertilizers on crops show that the
action of ficsh manure is almost ei|ually bene-
ficial, ton ner ton, to that of rotted manure
in the growing of nearly all the staple crojis.
The question of the best and most economical
methods of handling farmyard manure is, there-
fore, one of the greatest importance to farumrs
everywhere, since animal manure form one of their
most valuable assets. As a result of many ana-
lyses, it is estimated that twenty tons of good
fa-myard manure contain about IPO lb. of nitro-
gen, 12S lb. of phosiihoric aciil, and 172 lb. of
potash, which, if estimated by their cost as
obtainable from the cheapest artificial sources,
represents a sum of not less than TO.

micsi

^^0///, 7'r

0^

o< MONTHLY. >o

T/

f

Vol. XVI]

COLOMBO, MARCH ist, 1^97.

No. 9.

“PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.

}>

{Second Serial )

LIEUT.=COL. HENRY C. BYRDE (NO. 2),

PLANTER AND MERCHxVNT IN CEYLON,

AND AFTERWARDS DEPUTY LIKUTENANT AND J.P. FOR CO. MONMOUTH; CHAIRMAN
OF PuNTYPOOL PETTY SESSIONAL DIVISION ; AND HONORARY (.’OLONEL OF
4tH VOL. BATTALION SOUTH WALES BORDERERS.

GEO. BIRO, THE FIRST OF CEYLON
PLANTERS.

HE late Lieut. -Col. H. C.
Byiale occupieil for many
years a leading i>osition
among the planters and
merchants of Ceylon. Apart
from owning several colTee
plantations, he was the foun-
der of a Planting Agency
House in Kandy, which bore his name and that
of his son— the Colonel Henry Byrde*, still of the
central capital —for many years ; and his family
had also the prominence and prestige natur.ally
associated with the ojtenirig of the very first coffee
plantation in tiie island. The King of Kandy had
a so-called coffee garden at Hanguranketa ; but
the bushes were allowed to grow at their
sweet will and undoubtedly the lir.'^t regularly
formed plantation was in LS24 at Sinnapittia,
near Gampola, the planter being Mr. Geo.
Bird (the name was originally so speltf) — the
uncle of the subject of this memoir— who was

* One of the heroes of the Redau and who if he
had been left in the Army, in place of being
turned into civil life, would probably have proved
one of the youngest as well as most active Generals
in the British Army.

t The change was made by Colonel Byrde after
retiring from Ceylon. A wag, who had the ear of the
editor of Punch, sent to that publication a hon mot to
the effect that although 8 gallant colonel down in
Monmouthshire had had his “ i ” (eye) put out by
Royal letters patent, he was doing as well as could
be expected under tlie circumstances, and had found

.aided by Col. Henry C. Byrde the first of the
name iii Ceylon and father of the gentleman
whose portrait we give.

The subject of our memoir is, therefore, the
middle one of three Colonels Byrde wdio liave
been identified with Ceylon from 1823 onw'ards.
The first was Colonel Henry C. Bird of the 16th
Regiment, w'ho arrived in the island in 1823, (ac-
companied by his brother, Mr. Geo. Bird,) and
who became Commandant of Kandy. George Bird
himself had been a Cavalry Officer and had come
to Ceylon especially to engage in agricul-
tnral or planting pursuits. He was a per-
sonal friend of the Governor Sir Edward
Barnes who.se great de.sire w'as to see the line hill
country of Ceylon openetl up by European capital
and planters. Accoidingly, Geo. Bird, supported
by bis brother, set to w'ork and opened in 1824 Sin-
napittia near Gampola ; while the Governor him-
sell soon after put his money into the openitm
ot Gangaroowa .still known as the “ Rajah Tot-
tum ”) oppo.site the Royal Botanic Gardens, Pera-
deiiiya, having Mr. Wm. Nortliway, senior, for
bis Superinten lent. We cannot do better at this
stage thaniiuote the .account furnished by tliesnb-

tlie operation really a painless one. — The joke is not
so good as that related to ns a few months am
by Sir .Tames Gell, Attorney-General of the Isle of
Man. We had previously mot Deemster Gill ; and
referring to the similarity of names, Yes,” said Sir
James, “but we are quite distinct families, and on
my marrying a sister of the Deemster, it was all the
talk that I hid put out the eye (i) of Miss Gill 1”—
Ed. T.A.

588

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, .897.

ject of our memoir (then “ Major Bird ”) to our
“ Plantins; Gazetteer” of 1859, of his uncle’s career,
and the history of his life-long struggles against an
adverse fortune. Our prosperous planters of the
present day may well regard witli respect and
honor the name of “George Bird” as the very
earliest plantation pioneer in Ceylon — a man of
striking character, of superb physical develop-
ment and strength, unwearietl energy and indomit-
able pluck — and that honor, in a connected degree
may be extended to all the “ Birds ” or “ Byrdes”
of those early days who gave both time and money
to the work of carving coffee estates out of the
primeval jangle. George Bird in his early years
made a great impression through his work, physical
prowess and personal character, on the Kandyans
who both respected and feared him. The account
supplied to us in 1859 by the subject of our
Memoir, was as follows:—

The first Coffee Estate in Ceylon was opened in
this District so far back as the year 1821, by Mr.
George Bird, who accompanied his brother (Colonel
Bird of the 16th Regt.) to Ceylon in 1823 for the
purpose of engaging in such agricultural undertaking
as inducements in the Island should appear to offer;
and the attention of the brothers, (Col. Bird being
at that time Commandant of Kandy.) was directed to
the cultivation of Cojfee ; and the valley of Gampola
was selected as an eligible locality wherein to carry
out their intended speculations.

Sir Jas. Campbell, then Lieut. -Governor, gave
encouragement to the proposed undertaking by
promising a grant of laud for the purpose which was
afterward confirmed by Sir E. Barnes, and thus
commenced that cultivation on the site of two
ancient Kandyan Places, Royal lands (Singapetia and
VVeyang watte) — which has been of such importance
in the subsequent history of our Island.

The mode of cultivation adopted and the enormous
protective duties then in favor of the British West
Indian Colonies, rendered this, and two other Coffee
Estates at Ganga Orowa and Matelle that soon
followed the one at Gampola, equally unprofitable;
and Col. Bird’s death of cholera in 1829* so paralysed
the operations at Gampola that Mr. George Bird
was induced to abandon the property in 1833 and
remove to Kondasally and subsequently to Imbool-
pitia in Oudabulatgamma. After having been
engaged in the production of Coffee for 33 years with
singular want of success he died in Kandy on the
1st March 1857, liaving been the means of conferring
signal advantages on others by the energy of his
character, while to himself, the Pioneer of Coffee
cultivation, his best efforts served only to prolong
his disappointment. — Although a good practical man
and possessed of great experience, accumulated
through many years of toil, his experience did not
avail him until failing health, had destroyed that
energy which repeated disappointment could not
impair.

The Gampola Estate being beautifully situated
in the valley of Gampola, was in 1846 sold to Messrs.
Hudson Chandler and Co. for the purpose of farming
it on the English principle and combining this
with the cultivation of Sugar, and a farmer and his
family wei*e brought from England to carry out the
intention of converting the already fiiie pasture
lands into a grazing farm — when the decaying stumps
of the old Coffee trees gave place to guinea grass
to maintain a stock of horses and cattle, with the
hope of eventually securing breeds of superior
quality;— but on the failure of Messrs. Hudson

* Col. H. C. Bird No. 1 died of cholera in Colombo
in 1829 and his rt mains are interred in the old
military cemetery at Gnlle Face.

Chandler and Co. during the crisis of 1848, this
establishment was again broken up, and the estate
reverted to the Bird family. Within the last 2 or 3
years it has been again formed by Major Bird into a
Coffee estate of .300 to 400 acres which give promise
at length of great success, now (1859) that the culture
and preparation of Coffee are better known, and the
equalization of duties gives the agriculturist in the
East a fair chance of competition with other parts
of the world.

From Mr. Charles Byrde of Ambalangoda, son
of the .subject of our Memoir, we have the fol-
lowing: — “ Mr. George Bird spent his later years
at Kondesale Estate with his daugliter, Isabella,
who married the late Mr. W. B. K. Wyllie of
Messrs. Keir, Dundas & Co. and Mr. Geo. Bird
died at Lake House, Kandy, early in 1857, as I
was living at this time with my father and
mother who went to England in May 1857 after
Mr. Wyllie’s marriage with Isabella Bird.”

We need only add to the above, that when
misfortune overtook Major Byrde’s firm and pro-
perties generally, Sinnapittia had to be taken
over by Mr. .Jolin Boustead, and again it changed
nands when the final collapse of Ceydon cofi'ee took
place. It is now the jmoperty of the Oriental
Est.ates Co., Ltd., and like so many other old
collee plantations, has been turned into a
flourishing tea garden of 300 acres out of the
total area of some 756 acres.

We cannot do better next than repeat some
notes written at our request by the subject of
our Memoir, Colonel H. C. Byrde (the 2nd) in
1895, after seeing our first volume of “ Pioneers ”
in which he was greatly interested. The old
colonist in his Welsh retirement retninded us
that he had been a reader and admirer of the
Observer from the first day it appeared in 1834,
down to (what proved) the closing year of hia
life, and with his “kindest regards to the
Editor” he sent the following very interesting
autobiographical sketch accompanied by portraits
of himself and other senior members of hia
fannly from which we were to select the one
to appear in our Tropical Agriciclturist Gallery

I was transferred to the Ceylon Rifle Regiment in
Julj' 1834, and waited for three months before there
was a ship sailing for Ceylon. My fellow passen-
gers in the “ Symmetry " were Mr. (afterwards “ Sir”)
Chas. Peter Layard, Lady Layard, James Gay Layard,
Bevillo Layard, Miss Sophia Mooyart, and' Mt.
Self, passenger for Mauritius — all gone to their rest.

My uncle George Bird came down to Colombo
to greet me and I returned with him to Nau
Oya, where he was then living, having commenced
the cultivation of his estate at Kondasally, which
he was then planting. On my arrival ht Colombo
I found that there was no notification of my appoint-
ment. The ship with Naval stores to Trincomalee
and Military stores to Colombo I ad been ordered
to the former station first. There were about two
or three ships in those days that graced the Colombo
roadstead. Letters for England were sent by tappal
to Madras to await an East Indiaman and it was
considered satisfactory to get an answer to a letter
from Ceylon loithin the near. What a contrast to ths
present day: — when mail after mail is advertized.,
the open road.stoad enclosed by a break-water and

March i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRlCULTUPlST.

589

the harbour full of steamships, and Colombo full
of visitors, instead of the solitary Military Officer,
who probably came out to fill a death vacancy in one
or other of the Regiments then stationed in Ceylon.
It is worth noticing the mighty change that has taken
place in the distant Colony of Ceylon which has in
these latter days been brought so near to the mother
country.

My uncle had a big horse — one of the Delft stud
which had been sold off by order of the Home Go-
vernment, when Sir Edward Barnes was Governor.
My uncle drove me as far as Ambepussa the first
day and what astonished me more than anything I
can remember was that the Afghan horsekeeper ran
the whole distance of 36 miles holding on by the
back of the buggy. This was marvellous to an Eng-
lishman, just arriving in the Island and would pro-
bably be marvellous even in Ceylon at the present
time, though many such wonders have been wrought in
Ceylon since that da.y.

ORIOINAX. COFFEE PLANTING AND PUEPAUATION.

My first visit was to the old Gampola estate, Sinnapi-
itiya, the trees on this property as well as at Peradeniya
the Government plantation, and on Ganga Orowa, were
grown in the noti'ye fashion, no other then being known.
The preparation was equally original — the tJampola
Store was a four-sided building enclosing an open space
used for drying ground. The coffee in husk was,
at this time, dried ready for grinding ; this was done
by grooved rubbers sloping to one side, and fixed on
3 legs with a hopper on top. This contrivance (an
invention of my uncle's) ground off the husk, and the
whole was then winnowed by a corn-winnower and
finally prepared for shipment and bagged on the estate.
It is worthy of remark that up to about this time,
the sale price of Ceylon in the London market was
about 28s or 30s per cwt. This was caused by the
excessive duty of 9d per lb. on all coffee shipped
eastward of the Cape, while West Indies’ coffees were
admitted at 6d. This unjust difference was equal
to about 28s per cwt., but for this, Ceylon coffee
might, in the early stages, have sold for 56s instead
of 28s. The duty was however equalized and levied
at 6d.. after some strong representations to the Home
Government, but the earliest plauters had this
terrible “odds” to contend with, and rejoiced when the
duties wereequalized. I need hardly mention that at
this time all the cultivation of coffee was in the
native fashion, and required a great amount of man-
ure to maintain ; this was the case on the 3 plan-
tations then known : — Gampola, Peradeniya, and
Gangarowa, and subsequently on Major Forbes’s at
Matale.

Some mention is due of Hangurariketa — this was
the site of a former palace of the King of Kandy
and of a Buddhist Temple, at one time of some
eminence. About this palace and temple were coffee
trees grown, of course, in the native fashion
and rising above was a mountain side of
coSee jungle. The Kandyan legend of this, is that
before coffee was known as a beverage, some pil-
grims brought the seeds (coffee in husk) from
Arabia to grow flowers for offerings to the Temple,
and that the coffee beans had been distributed
in course of years throughout the adjoining forest
by the small green parrots which abound in that
district.

On the failure of the Gampola plantation,
partly in consequence of my father’s. Colonel
Byrde’s death of cholera in 1829, as he had
provided the necessary funds, — Mr. George Bird
applied to the Governor to have the Old
Palace at Hanguranketta coffee jungle sold and
it was put up for sale by auction, the limit of T6C0
was prescribed by Messrs. Acland and Boyd was
exceeded by Mr. De Soysa, who became the purchaser
at £630, and thus formed the nucleus of his sub-
sequent fortunes, which grew rapidly as arrack
renter.

The Governor, after this, made Mr. George
Bird a grant of 600 acres of land at Kondasally,
where he renewed his cultivation of coffee in part-
nership with Messrs. Acland Boyd & Co. of
Colombo. On my first arrival in the Kiudyan

country I was taken to visit this new venture,
the coffee planted was with stumps and it was
affirmed that the greater the number of shoots
the better, nothing like a good bushy tree, it was
said (again native fashion). This was, however, sont
altered; for, in 1837, our good trusty friend, o Eober
Boyd Tytler, made his appearance with the knowledge
he had gained by a residence for instruction on the Blue
Mountains of Jamaica, and the great change was
partly brought about by an old copy of The Coffee
Planter of St. Domingo by M. Laborie which Mr.
William Boyd had picked up on a second hand book-
stall in London. All was now changed. Trees were to
be grown on one stem. The plants to be reared from
seed, the trees topped at certain heights. M.
Laborie gave even plans of the “ grater mill” as it
was called — Harbacues for drying ihe parchment
coffee and the jieeling mill for grinding the coffee when
dry, with! divers instructions for the cultivation. This
book and our friend Tytler’s knowledge and guidance
caused a stir and a revolution that after-eomers
could hardly realize, who flocked to Ceylon to
find matters so settled, as if there had been no
change, albeit one improvement after another
was carried out m improved cultivation and pre-
paration, which produced the fortunes of many,
until the climax of leaf-disease prostrated the
enterprize of coffee cultivation almost entirely,
I wonld next notice the remarkable success of the
coffee planting experiment

AT BLACK FOREST.

M. Laborie in his St. Domingo Coffee Planter, lays
it down as a rule that the soil for the successful culti-
vation of coffee should be loose, friable and if poss-
ible on virgin eleared forest land. Our friend Tytler
visited Gampola with me and gave it as his opinion
that the soil was too co?repac< for the successful growth
of. coffee which grew splendidly under the old
“ jak ” trees where it was nourished by the leaves,
and the soil kept moist and loose. I mention this
peculiarity, as it equally applies to Peradeniya and
Ganga Orowa where the soil was of the same character,
and the coffee trees equally impeded in their growth.
My attention was therefore directed to the forest
called “the Black Forest of Pussellawa ” which for
magnificent trees was the finest forest in the
Central Province, many of the “ Doon ” trees
measuring lOOfeet without a branch. I was
so enamoured of this forest land that I deter-
mined to try the experiment of planting coffee—
although this was the very first idea of planting coffee
in forest land at such an elevation, of over 3,000 feet.
It was easy then to obtain land ; the Governor gave
immediate possession of 10 acres on which to form a
nursery and put up 100 acres for sale at the upset price
of 5s. an acre including survey fees payable in 12
months, and I obtained 100 acres on these terms — ■
I had prepared a nursery of young plants, and my first
cultivation was of 8 acres and was certainly conducted
in the most thorough manner.

I had only 3 or 4 of our old Kandyan labourers from
Gampola. With the aid of an elephant I had all the
land '‘stocked up” and the roots buried and the
ashes distributed over the surface ; the elephatn
pushed down all the small trees with his head, and
pulled up the roots with his trunk. The large
timber trees being left, the surface of the ground
was, I hear, reduced to a fine pulverized bed, like a
garden — such as in future experience never was found
necessary. The coffee trees were allowed to grow to
the height of 5 feet; no roads or drains were necessary as
all I'hs rain that fell was quickly absorbed
by the loose earth, I had a small picking of coffee
in the second year which I sold in the island.

FIRST PREPARATION OF COFFEE IN PARCHMENT
IN THE ISLAND,

Instructions in M. Laborie’s old Treatise I could
not obtain. What he designates as a grater mill
I had at Gampola, two groove 1 cast icon cylinders of
only 6 or 7 in diameter. I fitted these to work to-
gether and crushed out the cherry beaus between
them, and had a caned (rattened) sies’e suspended
below worked by a coolie. When the parchment

590

TtlE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Mapch i, 1897.

was separated from the pulp I put it to ferment in
a cistern made for the purpose and dried

it oil mats; buc leaving the dried j) archment the
difficulty was a substitute for a pcclii",/ mill,
and 1 liad to resort to the old paddy pounder ; buc
had a winnowing machine from the ol 1 Ganipola
estate. I then had planks sawn of the koena tree
and made into sijuaie boxes. These I lined with
talipots to keep out the damp, and i=,Qnt 1111/ /irtif cro/i
down to (Jolombo for shioment to Messrs. Price ife
Son this being the tirsit shipmciif of Coy Ion coffee
consigned to them,— afterwards Price & lioustead.
My total crop was cwt. 167 or just about cwt. 21 /)"r
acre off my 8 acres. It sold in London for 108s
per cwt. or a total of fl670, which was just about
double the amount of expenditure in the purchase of
105 acres of land the eultiration and curinrj of the
coffee, erection of a shed in place of a store, and the
building of a bungalow for my family in the hot
season at a cost of £26. The heavy crop was doubt-
less owing to the high cultivation of the land, and
the high price obtained was probably due to the fine
greenish blue color of the bean similar to the
mountain coffee of Jamaica.

The cultivation of the Black Forest Estate w’ent on;
additional land was purchased and it finally amounted
to *260 acres of coffee when it was sold to the Vene-
rable Archdeacon Glenie for Count Septiniir, a friend
of the Baron Delmar for the sum of £25,000.

The grooved new cylinder suggested the idea to
Mr. John Brown, then engineer to Messrs. Worms, of
the Crusher to be combined with the Pulper, which
was afterwards found to work so well.

THE KEKUNA GKINI1ER.

It was supposed by Sir Edward Barnes that the
kakuna nut which contains a large quantity of oil
might bo utilized as a new product from Ceylon in
the maur.facture of cotton cloths at Manchester and
the experiment was tried, but the oil was rejected
by the Trade, and the kekuua trees were found to
be injurious to the coffee instead of being beneficial by
their shade.

PERSONAL.

My object is not to write my personal history,
bub I may mention that when the Governor Sir Henry
Ward gave the nomination of the member of the
Legislative Council to the Planters' Association, I
had the honour of being the first elected member
and occupied that honourable position for about,
seven, years, and I was afterwards appointed by Sir
Hercules Robinson as one of the Commissioners to
report on the Military Expenditure of the island,
the proceedings of which form a voluminous docu-
ment in the annals of the Councils of Ceylon.
My colleagues in this were Colonel Lsffan, (r.e.)
Major Skinner, Sir Charles Peter Layard, and
others, and our report was received with favour.

I might take some credit to myself for having been
the first to introduce or import Indian coolies to
work on a Coffee Estate in Ceylon, but that this
was dictated by self-interest. My Conductor at Black
Forest was a man from Trincomalee, half Tamil and
half Sinhalese, and I sent him to Trincomalee to
obtain the services of a Tamil to go over to the Coast,
to bring some coolies. My Sinhalese friends from
Gampola having in the season their own work to
attend to, my coast messenger in due course returned
with 11 men from South India which formed the
nucleus of the gangs which supplied the Black
Forest Estate in after years, with 200 to 300 labourers,
the descendants of whom have followed the fortunes
of the Byrde family for the last 50 years, and I
believe that some of the descendants of the same
villagers are now with one of my sons at Awissawella,
proving their faithfulness, so long as they are well
treated and cared for.

Ceylon is so much indebted to, and dependent
on labourers from Southern India, that planters have
reaped the boiiolit and all fiiends of the Coffee onter-
))rize h.ive had full consideration for them which has
been the (;liiira<'lerl,tic of the treatment of the Colfoe
planters of my time, |)re-omim ntiy of our good Irioud
Tyt'cr at I’allakcllv, and of that steady old Scotch
planter of Matt'-rkolle, our friend Mr. Smith.

ENGLISH EXPERIENCES.

After nearly 30 years of ups and downs in
Ceylon, I took to English life. On my arrival in
England, I was asked to take the command of a
Coips of Volunteers which grew to a Battalion, of
which I became the Lt.-Cok, and when I retired,
after a number of years of Command, I was ap-
pointed Hon. Col. of ihe 4th I'. Battalion Sottth ]\'alcs
Borderers, which position, I have now the honour
to fill. I was appointed J.P. for the County of
Monmonth and subsequently Depmty Lieutenant for
the County. I have been Chairman of the Pontypool
Court for 27 years in which the trials number from
1,000 to 1,200 per annum. I have also been Chairman
of the Pontypool U.S.A. Highw-ay' Board for a
number of jmars, also of the Rural Sanitary and
School Attendance Committees, and for the last 30
years a Commissioner of Inland Revenue.

On the County Council being formed I was elected
a member representing 7 parishes, and became
Chairman of the Asylum Committee of which I had
been a member for 30 years, it belongs to 3
Counties and has about 1,000 members. I was ap-
pointed by the Quarter Session one of their Represen-
tatives on the Joint Police Committee.

But niy own responsibilities, and our work prostrated
me, and I have now been confined to my bed-room
for the last 18 months ; but by the mercy of Divine
Providence, my health is now improving.

My experience as the first Coffee Planter on Black
Forest laud was in many respects quite unique and
made me one of the Pioneers of that enterprise
which raised Ceylon from a mere Civil Military Station
to a Colony of European settlers and Colombo to a
shipping port of the first importance.

Colonel Byrde was married at Cotta near
Colombo on the otli January 1837 to Rebecca
dangliter of Mr. Charles Mais of Bristol. After
paying one or two visits to the old country^ Mr,
and Mrs. Byrde retired thither in the early sixtic.s»
In 1871 Col. Byrde paid his last visit to Ceylon, wlicn
he came out on business, and took back one of his
grand-children witli him — the eldest son of Mrt
Charles Byrde of Amhlangoda. Tlie deceased
lost tens of thousands of pounds in the downfall
of coll'ee, but up to the last w*as interesteil in tea,
ow’ning, in conjunction with liis youngest son, tlie
Rev. R. A. Byrde, of Honiton, Devonshire, Honi-
ton estate, in the Kelani Valley, besides being
interested in other propertie.s. In tlie fall of 1891^
Mrs. Byrde, was so ill that the doctor, s thought
that she would not la.st through the winter tlien
approaching. Her devoted husband during that
period was in attendance on her day and night,
and her life was prolonged for two years. Col.
Byrde, however, never recoverded Ids formerrobust-
ness, and when Ids wife died on the *23rd of
December, 1893, at the advanced age of 84, and
he lost the partner of 57 years of Ids life, he felt
tlie bereavement very mucli.

After his retirement to England, in the ” sixties,”
Colonel Byrde made more than one visit to
Ceylon connected with the settlement of his
lu'opertics. Tlieso included, among otliers, a good
(leal of tlie land on which tlie famous Mariawatto
T(m Canlcn is now .«itnated ; hut as a cnllee estate
it, was deemed of little or no value, the land
being too Hat and tlie sidl too still'; in tea it
has proved a veritable gold mine.

1897.] THE TROPICA l. AGRICULTURIST.

$91

March

Settliiifi; in Momiioutlishire. Colonel Hyrde be-
came known as of “ The Goytre ■’ near Fontypool
and made himself exceedingly nsefnl in the
neighbourhood and county. His loss was much
regietted by his brother Magistrates and other
county magnates as tlie following extracts
from the Monmouth papers will sliow : —

THE LATE COLONEL BYRDE.

REFEKENCES AT PONTYPOOL POLICE COURT.

Feeling references to the death of the late Colonel
H. 0. Byrde, O.L., the chairman of the Pontypool
Bench of magistrates, were made at the Pontypool
Police Court. Mr. C. ,J. Parkes (in the chair.)

The Chairman said: Before proceeding to the
ordinary business of the Petty Sessions, I desire to
refer to the very great loss which this division has
sustained through the death of Colonel Byrde — one
whose face was so familiar to this court, one whose
urbanity, kindness, and courtesy endeared him to
all who had the privilege of knowing him, and who
knew how to appreciate his Christian and kindly
character. I cannot sufficiently express the regret I
feel personally at the loss of my old and valued
friend. I feel that the loss to this division is one
that cannot easily be replaced, and one that none
of us can very well fill. I believe, further, that such
a man as Colonel Byrde cannot pass from amongst
us without its being a loss not only to this division
but a loss to the county. I simple say that those
who had the privilege of knowing him knew how to
appreciate his singularly upright character, his love
of justice, and his sympathy with the distressed; and
it was always his anxiety to throw the shield of
protection around the young and inexperienced, and
Occasionally to offer them more the advice of a
father than of a magistrate presiding at this court.
I beg to propose a vote of condolence with the family
in what we feel is an irreparable loss, and ask our
clerk to be kind enough to convey it.

Mr. H. Bythway : On behalf of the practitioners
at this court. I would respectfully ask you to allow
us to associate ourselves with the kind expressions
to which you have given utterance. "We cannot
forget that as advocates in this court we received

{Writing of Col. II, C. Bi/rde, No. 3,

from Col. Byrde the utmost kindness and consider-
ation, which were of the greatest assistance to us
and were very much appreciated by us.

FUNERAL.

The funeral of the deceased gentleman took place
on Monday afternoon, his remains being laid to rest
in tho little “God’s acre’’ attached to Goytrey parish
chnrch amid many circ jmstances which bore eloquent
testimony to his private worth and public services.
Seldom has such a large and representative assem-
blage been witnessed in the district. All classes of
the community appeared to vie with each other to
do honour to the memory of the departed gentle-
man ; and the funeral afforded a striking illustration
of the extraordinary influence which he had for many
years exerted in relation to all institutions having
for their object the social and moral elevation of the
county. The mourning coach contained Miss A.
Byrde (daughter). Miss L. Byrde (sister) and Mrs.
R. Byrde and Mrs. C. Byrde (daughters-in-law.) The
other relatives present included the Rev. F. L. Byrde,
Keynsham (son), the Rev. R. Byrde, Honiton, (son) ;
the Rev. H. Byrde, Broadwater, Sussex (grandson) ;
and Mr. and Miss Dix, Mamhilad. The coffin, which
was of polished oak with brass mountings, had an
engraved breast plate —

Col H. C. Byrde.

Died Oct. 15, 1695.

Aged 79 years.

Colonel Byrde left five sons and a daughter —
three are. well-known in Ceylon : Col. Henry
Byrde of Kandy ; Mr. Charles Byrde of Sinne-
godde, Ambalangoda ; and Mr. Frank W. Byrde
of Awissawella. In England one son, the Kev.
It. Byrde, is headnia.ster of Honiton Graniinar
School, the other being chaplain of an asylum at
Bristol.

We must hojte to see the portrait of Col.
H. C. Byrde— the first Planting Member of
the Legislative Council— among the earliest placed
on the walls of the new' Hall of the Associa-
tion when completed in Kandy.

accompany inij the notes of his career.)

Agricultural Pests :

AVITH METHODS OF. PREVENTION.

BY MISS E. A. ORMEROD
(Latr Con.sul'itng Entomologist to the
Royal Agricultural Society of
England).

{Sgjecial for “ Tropical Agriculturist.")

III.

Beetles Injurious to Crops and Pastures.
From the fact of there being a very large number
of different kinds of beetles QColcoptcra), and also
from a great number of these injuring the crop,
Jjpth in the grub, and in the beetle state, this order

IS

;, perhaps, the most important of all to the farmer
lor a long time “Ground Beetles’’ were sun’
posed to live alniost entirely on animal food, and
therefore, to help very much in keeping other
insects in check; but now it is found that various
lands injure growing gram, seeds of grass and
other vptables In the United States if has’ been
found, by watching the habits and examining the
contents of different kinds of Ilmpalus, that these
feed oil lootlcts, seeds, and other parts of erasa
or corn besides other matters animal and vege-
table. In Prof. Forbes’ experiments it was found
that of tw'euty-eight specimens of Carabidee examined
twenty specimens, and these belonging to eleven
species, had eaten vegetable food. “ ^ cieveo

592

IHK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [iVIarch i, 1897.

So far as I am aware, no further observations
were recorded on the subject until about the end
of the winter and early spring in the year 1888,
when specimen of a grub, minutely resembling that
of this species of Corn Ground Beetle, were forwarded
to me as doing much mischief to young wheat plants
in various parts of the south aud east of England.
In the summer of 1885 the night-feeding Ground
Beetle, Steroims madidus, was sent me from near
Bishop’s Stortford, Herts, where specimens were
captured in act of feeding on mangold roots. These
beetles are partially carnivorous, as one of these
forwarded to me killed one of its companions, and
consumed its contents; but their field work, being
about thrte in the morning, is seldom noticed. These
observations make it very desirable to keep an eye
to the habits of the many kinds of these pitchy or
brownish “Ground” Beetles that we see so active
in summer in corn-fields, and which have generally
been supposed to be employed in clearing off insect
vermin.

The second section, the Bracli elytra, commonly
called Rove Beetles, may be generally known by
the short wing-cases, and, in the case of the very
common beetles, sometimes known as Devil’s Coach
Horses, by their habit of arching up their tails
when annoyed. Some feed on animal matter, includ-
ing other living insects, and they much frequent
rotten animal and vegetable matter. The grubs are
very like those above described, but may be known
by the fork above the tail being double-jointed, and
furnished with stiff hairs. Both grubs and insects
help us in clearing off other insect presence.

The third section is that of the Necrophaya, or
Clavicornen, which includes beetles of very various
habits, but for the most part feeding on decayed
matter (especially the division often known as Sexton
Beetles, which live for the most part in dead
animals, carrion, and what we may shortly describe
as “filth” generally). Their horns are usually
enlarged or club-shaped towards the tip, or bent as
if they had an elbow ; and the wing-cases usually
bend down at the sides, so as to cover the sides
of the abdomen.

Some, like Caddie, and the Corn Cucujus, are
Corn feeders, and various kinds frequent flowers.
Of these some species of Mdujethcs, or Turnip fl’lower
Beetles, are very injurious, and furnish one of the
few examples of infestations which may be satis-
factorily lessened when established on the plant by
remedial measures. The little green Meligethes
Beetles may sometimes be found on the flowering
shoots or rape, cabbage, and turnip, and cause great
loss where the crops are being grown for seed.

The beetles feed on the pollen in the flowers,
and lay their eggs in the unopened blossoms ; the
maggots from these feed in the bud and base of the
flowers, and the seed pods. As a remedy it is found
to answer well to have the infested tops and early
blooms of the turnips picked, and put, with the
beetles and maggots, into ba,s which are tied up
as soon as full, and the contents destroyed. Under
this treatment the growth of flowering shoots is
much thickened, a great deal of the infestation is
got rid of, and the crop is thrown back about a
fortnight, which gives the rootlets increased time
or action, and the plan is considered certainly
beneficial in increase of crop, independently of clear-
ing the insects.

The fourth section is the very important one of
the Laniellicornes or Chafers. Some of these do
ns little harm, like the Stag Beetles, of which
the grubs, so far as I am aware, live in rotten
wood; or, again, the Click or Dor Beetles f Geotrupidte),
which boro down into the ground, especially where
droppings are lying in cattle pastures, aud carry
the dung into the soil as food for their grubs. But
there are many kinds, such as the Small May-bug
or Garden Chafer (AnisopUa horticola), of w-hich
the grub does much harm in pasture land, together
with another much rarer kind, (the A. ayricola) ;
also the Common Cockchafer, the Groat Golden
Chafer, aud others which, in this country, feed, in

the beetle state, on leaves of trees, or within
flowers, and as grubs on the roots of grass, corn,
or other ground crops, as well as trees; and, in the
colonies, on the roots of coffee aud sugar-cane, and
altogether cause most serious loss.

The beetles are generally to be known by having
a club of several leaves on their horns, such as the
fan-like end that we see to the horn »f the Cock-
chafer; and the grubs are large (sometimes as thick
as the finger) and fleshy, with the end of the tail
curved downwards and enlarged, as if it was swollen,
so that the grub usually lies on its side. By this
swollen tail and arched shape, and also by having
three pairs of longish legs and strong jaws, you may
commonly know the chafer grubs.

The habits of different kinds of chafers vary in
such matters, as the depfh to which the grubs bury
themselves, or at which they turn to chrysalids,
the length of time they pass in these two states,
and also the time of day, or evening, when the
beetles are at rest, which is a very important point
in regard to getting rid of them ; but the life-history
of the common cockchafer gives a good general idea
of that of the kinds that wo are most troubled
by. These beetles appear in early summer, and
feed on leafage of many kinds of tre'es. The females
lay their eggs in ground which is either cracked,
or will allow of the. female burrowing down into it
to lay (the state aud kind of ground is an important
matter); she lays from twelve to as many as thirty
eggs, from about four to eight inches deep. The
grubs from these hatch in a few weeks, aud feed
on roots ; maybe devastating young fir plantations,
or attacking flax, or carrots, or many other crops',
or ruining grass fields ; there is a surprising variety
m the kind of crop infested. After feeding for
three or four years, they go as much as two feet
or more down into the ground to turn to chrysalids
from which the beetles come up in the following
summer, that is, the fourth (or, according to other
opinions, the fifth) summer after they were hatched.

A great point is to keep the female from going
down into the ground to lay her eggs. Sometimes.
W'here the soil is of soft vegetable remains (as
amongst the coffee plantations in Ceylon), it is
found that laying a coat of the clay subsoil on the
top answers; and, for field treatment, it has been
advised to lay a good covering of some harder mate-
rial, as marl or road-scrapings, on the surface or
to give a top-dressing of salt or gas-lime, or some
application which might make the surface unsuitable
for laying. Probably gas-lime would be very ser-
viceable, and the washings down from this would be
likely to drive any grubs near the surface away
foi a time at least, and thus give the crop a respite'
Gas-water applied at a strength which would not
hurt the grass has been found to act well • the
strength, of course, must be found by trial, as’ this
varies much.

Where grubs are m unoccupied ground, that is
after the grass or crop has been killed or gathered’
a gpat many may be got rid of by ploughing or
enough to turn them up, and calling
111 the help of children to collect and destroy them
or that of the pigs, which will do much work with-
out pay. The wild birds also, such as sea-gulls
and rooks, should on no account be driven away.

There is, however, another treatment, not nearlv
enough thought of, which is applicable to all cases
of infested land free of crop, and that is putting on
a heavy killing dressing. Caustic gas-lime may thus
be used and alkali waste is excellent for the nur-
pose. -Tliese are very much alike in their nature
and effects ; at first they destroy everything they
touch, whether plant or insect, and the alkali waste
IS also used to clean the ground of deep-rooted weeds
such as couch-grass, coltsfoot, and thistles, and is’
washed down by r.ain into the soil, so as to make
the drains run milky at a depth of three feet
I his IS procurable for little, if any, outlay, beyond
cost of carnage from chemical works, where it is
thrown out as waste. Now attention has been drawn
to Its value, and it is likely to be made available.

March i, 1897. J THE TROPICAL AGRIcaLi'aRIST

593

When it (or the gas-lime) has done its first work
in the caustic state, the action of the air gradually
turns the poisonous properties to sulphate of lime,
and they become a good manure of the nature of
gypsum.

If a heavy dressing of this kind was spread on
land infested by any grub at the time when it is
near the surface, and without disturbing the land,
we should thus take it, as it were, unawares, and
it would be destroyed by the poison before it had
time to get out of the way, instead of, as is often
the case, being merely made to go down to a safe
depth, from which it presently comes up again to
attack the new crop.

The fifth section of beetles belonging to the great
division of the Pentamera , or those having custo-
marily five joints to their feet (Jarsi), is that of
skip-jacks and their allies', scientifically the Stenwxi.
These do little, if any, harm, in the beetle state,
but in the grub-state — that is, as what we know as
wireworms — the mischief and loss they cause to the
country are beyond calculation.

The wireworms will feed on the roots of almost
all crops excepting mustard, which they frequently
have been found to avoid, and live for five years
before they cease eating to turn to chrysalids, and
thence to chick beetles. They are commonly of a
yellowish colour, and take their name from their
power of reg.iiniug their position when laid on
their backs by a sudden jerk or skip up in the air,
accompanied by a click. »

The female beetle lavs her eggs on, or a little
below, the surface of the ground, amongst leafage
or roots, and especially in such places as grass
meadows, or clover leys where the surface is un-
disturbed for a time, possibly for years, and con-
sequently the ground below swarms with wire-worms
of all ages. When the pastures are broken up, these
rough-skinned grubs are in no way hurt, but remain
in the ground, ready to feed on each succeeding crop
that is put in, until the time for their change comes.

Clover leys and pastures are the main starting-
point of wireworm-attack to our field crops, and
the method of treatment may be considered under
the two heads : firstly, how to prevent egg-laying,
and clear infected land, before re-cropping or sow-
ing ; secondljr, how to lessen ravage, or support the
plant under it, if wireworm is found present in the
growing-crop.

To prevent egg-laying the ground should be made
as unsuitable as it can be for the purpose. It is
advised to' feed down the grass as bare as possible
before ploughing, or to go further, and pen sheep
on it, gradually moving the hurdles forward, so
that every part of the field may be thoroughly
trodden. The sheep in this case are fed with tur-
nips and other regular feeding stuffs, and the amount
of liquid and other manure thus worked into the
land thoroughly prevents the field being inviting
for eggs to he laid on it, and destroyes any eggs
that might be on the surface. Dressing pasture-
land with lime brought fresh from the kiln, and
spread hot so as to burn the grass, answers well.
Sowing salt, at the rate of 5 to 8 cwt. per acre, on
grass or ley before breaking up, has also been found
to answer, and good dressings of caustic gas-lime,
or of alkali waste strong enough to destroy all live
matter on the surface, are very serviceable. Paring
t'le surface, and collecting and burning the parings,
ets rid of a deal of wireworm, if the burning is
one whil t the wireworm is in it; and in any case
gathering up the surface rubbish, and burning it,
is useful as a preventive, for, even if the wireworm
has left the locks of roots for a time, we thus get
rid of the knotted lumps to which it would have
presently returned, and which would have kept the
land open for its passage.

The habit of the wireworm in feeding is to keep
near the surface, gliding about, as its smooth glassy
surface enables it to do, from one plant to another,
eating out a piece here and a piece there, and thus
injuring the whole crop; and, if this happens whilst
the crop is in its first growth, the value even of
those plants that struggle through is much lessened.

For this reason the main points, in preparation of
ground to carry the plant over attack, consist in
treatment that will give a good seed-bed, and mixing
the soil with such chemical manures as will be
good for the plant and unsatisfactory at least to
the wire-worm ; also so to clear the ground of rub-
bish and work it that it may be sufficiently firm (or
admit of being sufficiently firmed ’’ by treatment
afterwards) to prevent the travelling of the wireworm.
For this purpose it is advised to plough in good time
in autumn, and work the land well so as to get it
in good order and consolidated, and either by burning,
rotting, or whatever means may be preferred, pre-
vent it being kept open and full of harbours for
wireworms; stubble and roots, cabbage stalks or
beanhaulm, and all such matters, are wire worm-helpers.
If we took down the notes of special applications
found serviceable to plough in, we see constantly
repeated : salt, salt, salt, gas-lime, gas-lime, hot lime,
lime and salt ; and in a less degree (probably be-
cause it is not so well-known) alkali waste is also
highly recommended. Kainite also is useful, and
regular fertilisers, as superphosphate and nitrate of
soda. But it is worth notice, especially in prepara-
tion of ground for turnips, that there is a great
doubt whether wireworm is not often encouraged by
the use of farm manure. The wireworms of two of
the commonest kinds of click beetle have been found
respectively in dung, aud in well-rotted horse dung.
It is considered by some farmers that crops so manured
are the most infested, and if we consider that in
this manure a large portion of the material is still
unchanged vegetable matter, of much the same kind
as wireworms would naturally feed on, it gives a
reason for attention to this point. Thorough salting
of farm manure has been advised to get over this
difficulty. It should also be remembered that heaps
of decayed turf are headquarters of wireworm, unless
treated with caustic lime, salt, or the like dressings ;
also that (take what pains we will) if grass head-
lands or grass strips are left across or by our fields,
there we make homes for the wireworms, and they
will add all requisite confortable provision from our
crops. The only crop which wireworm appears to
ha-ve customarily a great objection to is mustard.
This, therefore, is sometimes useful as a cleaning
cr^.

"When wireworm is present, strong fertilisers — such
as nitrate of soda, guano, superphosphate, or others —
are serviceable ; and mechanical means, such as
heavy rolling, are of use, for thus the creature is
prevented travelling, and some of the pests are pro-
bably set fast and killed. Treading by sheep or
cattle, or by the heavy iron-shod feet of horses,
similarly firms the soil serviceably. The wireworm
can be drawn away from the attacked plants by
dressings nf rape-cake or Indian rape, that is, mustard-
cake, and in the latter case has been found by ex-
periment to perish in about a fortnight where it
had no other food, and, connecting this with the
power of mustard as a cleaning crop, it suggests that
further experiment would be useful.

These are some of the main points of wireworm
prevention Prevent egg-laying; clear the ground
of wireworm, and get a good start for the plant ;
keep up the strength of the plant under attack, and
keep the power of the wireworm in check ; and
als3 do not dress your land with wireworm, either
in decayed turf, or by letting grass homes for it
be amongst your crops. The subject is o e of great
importance.

■ -♦

AGRICULTURE IN THE ALPES
MARITIMES.

The visitor who goes to the Riviera in search of
health or pleasure during the winter months, and who
confines himself to the fashionable towns on the coast
would not be inclined at fir.st sight to consider the
department of the Maritime Alpes as an agricultural
district. It is, however, strictly one of the agricul-
tural departments of France. There are few manu-
factures. The most important are the perfumery

594

THE TKOPICAL AGRICULTUKIS T. (March i, 1897.

factories of Grasse, which consume a p;ioat quantity
of cultivated and wild flowers, as well as a oinatio
plants grown on the coast, and among the mountains
of the department. The Acting British Consul at
Nice, in his last report, states that the department
contains 373,800 hectares (hectare= 247 acres), of
which 73,764 hectares are ploughed land, 61,4 H
hectares are planted in vines, 19,513 hectares in
timber, 20,774 hectares are meadows, and 90,000
hectares grazing giound, or “ Alpes ; ” of the remaining
territory, 55.942 hectares are built over, or used for
roads and ways of communication, while .52,363 hectares
are uncultivated, or barren. The soil is naturally
fertile, and produces well where it can be irrigated
by means of the canals. A great deal of the cultivation
is done on the terraces made on the mountain sides,
every kind of crop being grown on them, from olives
to cereals. Wheat, ineslin, rye, barley, and oats are
grown, but not to any very great extent. In 1894,
20,941 hectares out of 61,414 hectares planted in vines,
gave 36,298 litres of wine, ns against an average of
49,092 litres. The wine produced 1895 was very abundant,
but not of such good quality as vintage of 1894.
The wines, as a rule, inferior, but near Bellet they
make a wine which some consider excellent. Besides
the wine grown in the country, and the rins fins
in-ported for the consumption of the well-to-do classes
and foreign visitors, large quantities of inferior
wines are imported from Spam and Algeria into
Nice, Cannes, Antibe’, and Mentone. The=-e wines
are often doctored, and generally are what is termed
platr^., and are not very wholesome. There is more
wine drunk per head of Ihe population in Nice than
in any town of France. Market gardening is carried
on chiefly near Nice, towards the Var, at St.
Laurent-du-Var, Gagnes, Antibes, Vallauris, and
Cannes. Some of the gardeners make a specialty
of primeurn for the London and Paris markets. At
Nice there is a trade in dried vegetables. These, as
well as candied fruits, are largely sent to Bordeaux,
from whence they are exported to England. Fruit
culture has made great strides of late years, owing
to the extension of the candied fruit trade. Among
the fruit trees whose cultivation can be considered
of the first importance come the peach, the fig, the
plum, cherry, orange, and, at Mentone, the lemon.
The olive tree of the Riviera is cultivated for its
oil. The dry and calcareous nature of the soil being
admirably suited to the cultivation of the peach, the
Fersica Anisden Ptintc, a native of the United States,
is successfully grown in the open air, the fruit ripen-
ing from about .June 1 to June 10; the peach tree
suffers principally from the presence of ants. The
fig tree is much cultivated in the depart-ment, and
its fruit is both sold fresh in the market, or candied
and dried. The dried figs of Nice are consumed
locally. Three lb. of fresh figs give one lb. ot dried
figs. Dried figs of prime (pialitv fetch from 40 to 60
francs the 100 kilogrammes. The Arabs of Algeria
manufacture a kind of spirit, known as Iraki, from
the dried figs, and the peasantry of Nice and the
Genoese Riviera make a kind of sweet wine from
this fruit. The tree gives two crops every year. It
requires careful cultivation, and to be judiciously cut.
Like all other fruit trees in the Riviera, the fig
suffers greatly from insects. Cherries are very plentJnl,
and the fruit is largely used locally in the manufacture
of bonbons, preseived in brandy and candied. The
crop has not been so good this year as in 1895 or
1894. Orange and lemon trees are largely cultivated
all over the coast districts; besides the climate, the
soil is very favour.alile to these trees, as they require
a calcareous one, rich in lime and potassium. They
generally die, if the temperature falls below 23°
Fahrenheit. The common orange tree, cultivated at
and near Nice (the Citrus aurantium), produces its
maximum at about 20 years of age. This may be
calculated at 600 to 1,000 oranges per annum, 1,000
oranges weighing about 150 kilo-grammes. They are,
however, principally cultivated for their fi nvers, which
are sold at 40 centimes per kilogramnn, or about
twopence per lb. With the skins of th • orange an
essential oil is made, both at Nice and Grasse, which
is called essence do Portugal. The bitter orange

tree, or Citrus lliijariiia, is cultivated for its flowers,
which produce a kind of water mac_3 used in Trance
oallel rati ilo Jl-.ur d' oramir, aiul aLo an essence
The skins of these oranges are dried in the sun,
and are exported to England, where they are used
for making cakes and puddings. Dr. Emile Sauvaigo,
in his book, “Les Cultures sur le Littoral Medit-
erranean, " estimates that the average annual income
in the Alpes Maritmes derived from the cultivation
of the olive, is t;320,000. In spite of this, the cultivation
is cn the decline. Dr. Sauvaigo gives the following
reasons for this — “ The competition of grain oils, such
as cotton seed, Ac., and the numerous frauds and
adulterations practised in the olive oil trade, and
besides these there are the dearness of labour, faulty
pruning and in.sufficieiit, rnamiring, and last, bnt
not least, the increase of the parasites of the olive
tree. ” The tree growe best on slopes, and prefers a
dry soil, rich in carbonates of potassium, lime, and
magnesia. It suffers from cold, and dies at 14°
Fahrenheit. On the Riviera, a tree planted from a
seed begins to bear fruit in about 13 to 14 years,
and those planted from cuttings in about 8 years.
It flowers ill April. In August, when the fruit is
well-formed, it suffers most from its enemy the
Keiroun. One of the most difficult things in olive
cub lire is the pruning of the trees, and this has to
be done as soon as the crop has been gathered, <r
alter severe cold weather. As regards reproduction
(and this, says Consul Jerome, may be of special
interest, as on onq or two occasions the consulate
has been asked by the London representatives of
Colonial Government to obtain seeds and young grafted
olive 25lants, to be sent to the Colonies for plantation),
this is effected, first by seeds. The ripest and finest
olives are chosen, the stones are separated from the
pulij, and they aie spread out to dry in the autumn,
and planted in the spring. Thej' take about a year
to come up, but if the stones are broken, without any
damage being done to the kernels, and by so'.viiig
these ill February or March, the young plant makes
its appearance much sooner. The seedlings, after
having been kept in a nursery garden for about four
years are grafted. Dr. Sauvaigo recommends graftings
on the wild olive (oleaster), or on suckers, and these
should be chosen as far from the jiarent tree as possible.
Olivo trees; are also reproduced from cuttings. In all
cases care must be exercised that the young jilants
should be taken from the nur.ieiies just before winter
or the rainy season, so that ihey should benefi bv
the natural moisture of the soil. The crop is gathered
by women and children at the rate of 1 franc to 1
franc 50 cenlinies per day. The fallen fruit is picked
up under the trees during the winter, and in April
or May the trees are beaten. If the olives cannot
be imnio-diately taken to the mil', they are stored
in heaps, which have to be stirred to prevent
fermentation. The olives are usually sold to the
manufactures of olive oil, at the rate of from two to
four francs the dnible decalitre (20 litres), according
to the quality'. The oil produced at the mill can be
divided into srveral kinds:— (1) Virgin oil, or the oil
pressed out and care ully filtered several times; (2)
the first quality oil of commerce, or the oil scalded
in vats, which is a much quicker process, but somewhat
spoils the quality of the oil; (3) Huile. de ressence,
or refuse oil, used as a rude soft of lubricator oil
by the peasantry. An olive orchard brings in an
average income of £20 per annum for each hectare,
and the land is valued at from £200 to £180 2>cr
hectare. The diseases the tree suffers from are
numerous, the most formidable being known in the
district as l<i fuiiuuiine, caused by a small fungus.
The nulls where the olive oil is made are, as far.
as machinery goes, of a very irrimitive ch.iracter,
generally driven by water wheels. These are defective
in construc-tion, and the fall of the water badly
arra' ged. Tlie machinery inside the mills is made
of clumsy wooden cogs and contrivances. Consul
Jcrime sayi he is sure that imiiroved machinery for
making olive oil would find a ready sale in the South
of France and Italy, providing that it was not of
too complicated or expensive a character. — Journal
of the Society of Arts.

MARCff I, 1897. J THE TROPICAI.

AGRICULTURIST

595

CEYLON EXPORTS OK COCONUT PRO-
DUCTS :

THK SPREAD OF THE PALM-GROWING INDUSTRY.

Tlie revised table of exports, as amended by
tlie Cbaniber of Commerce, whicli we give as a
‘Supple me lit to tins issue, throws some light
on the position and the development, in some
directions, of the Coconut Palm Industry within
the 1 1st 10 years. It is still a native industry, in
the sense that it is chietly in the hands of natives,
just as tea ])lanting is chielly iir the hands of
Europeans. The Trupintl Agrieulturint was among
the first to counsel the encouragement ol natives
to plant up their little ex-coll'ee patches with tea,
and it had to face not a little ridicule and impotent
snarling in tliis matter, as in its agitation for
Railway Extension, before men saw that there
was room for both Euro|)ean and native in tea
cultivation and manufacture and that there were
many conditions favourable to tlie growth of
the industry in native haiuls. At tlie present
day, it is not in little patches only that our
native friends are interested, but in extensive
blocks as well, both on the hills and in the low-
cjuntry. What we looked to specially was a
very considerable and yearly increasing local con-
sumption of tea. In old days we reckoneil that
50,000 ewt. of coflee were used by the iieojile
of Ceylon and we do not see why we siiouUl not
have a native eonsumption of tea C([ual to
.several millions of lb. a ye ir before long.

If Ceylonese of all clas-es are becoming
alive to the profits derivable from the tea
industry, not less marked is the confidence which
European capitalists at home, and hard-headed
colonists on tfie spot, are showing in the old
coconut industry. It would be a great mistake to
suppose that European capital never found an
investment in palm culture till of recent years.
When coflee 'vas the rage in the mountain zone,
the jialin groves of the Northern and Eastern
provinces attracted not a few Europeans. Tlieir
experience, aggravated by difliculties of trans-
port, was not very encouraging ; and the mini-
mum of profit with the maximum of waiting
did not help the industry in competition with
pro<Iucts,from winch quick, and for a time large, re-
turns supplied the piecise conditions which prove
attractive to strangers in a strange land. The
European looked askance at coconuts, and we
doubt whether a single agency firm had a
single coconut estate on its books ‘20 to .30 years
ago, or w.as jirepared to make or sanction, an
ailvance on coconut p.roperty. All that is
changed now ; and one of our largest an<l most
uniformly successful Tea Companies set a striking
example a few years ago by investing its reserve
fund, 01 a good part of it, in coconut jilantations.
Since then the confidence in coconuts as a safe
investment, yielding by no means insignificant
returns, has grown ; and we hear of extensive
tracts being openetl up for coconuts by European
firms and Companies, while a larger number of
proprietors are combining tea and coconut cul-
ture in the same lields, wdlli, in some cases,
encouraging results, though in others we have
heard fears expressed tliat the one product in-
terferes with other. Indeed, it is evident, that
the shrub, hardy though it ' is, will have
ultimately to yield to the great umbrageous
tree with its matted network of roots ; but
not, we trust, before the enterprising pro-
prietors are assured of a return from coco-
nuts, hastened by the cultivation of the tea,
sutticient to compensate for the diminution, or
the stoppage, of tlie income from tea. Mean-
75

while, there is a brisk demand for good nuts
from selectd trees for nurseries on lowcountry
and upcountry estates — up to almost ‘2,0t0 feet
in elevation ; and we learn from a Veyaugoda
pro|uietor that scarcely a month jiasses without
Ids having to despatch seed nuts from his estate
on orders by cart or rail.

Though the cultivation of this most useful
palm is yet, and probably ahvays will be, chiefly
in native hands, the development of the indus-
try is principally due to European enterprise
and caiiital. Coconut oil mills lirst encouraged the
extension of plantations, as their voracious maw
began to demand far larger feei's of copra, than
the slow and iirimitive checkoo; ami now the
desiccating mills, also the outcome of the in-
ventive genius and restless enterprise of Euro-
pean capitalists, are again stimubiting the de-
mand for nuts, which bad slackened somewhat,
through new illunnnants, lubricants and fatty
substances neeessaiy in soap-manufacture com-
peting with, or elbowing out the oil from some
of its old markets. We thus fail to note any actual
growth in coconut oil exports. Last year they
amounted only to3I3,00Ucwt. — positively the lowest
figure for the decade, if we except 1887, which
showeil a fabing-oll' as compared with some earlier
years ; while m 1892 the exports I’an as high
as 550,000 cwt. The diirerence of 217,000 cwt
— an a\erage year’s exports — represents at 500
nuts to the cwt, about lOSI million nuts ; and
our readers can understand what a rundown in
the price of nuts this slackened demand for oil
would have involved, were it not for the Desiccating
Mills which have continued to absorb a growing
quantity of nuts, year afier jear, if we except
1894, when there was a temporary falling-olf
caused it is believeil, by slackening uork in the
Mills to discourage conupeiitois. The lirst record
of the desiccating business is to be foui d in the
Export iis'ures for 1891 when 416,330 lbs. were
exported. The next year there was a leap up
to over 3 million lbs ; in 1893 over 6 million ;
while in 1896 we exported over 10 million lb.
of Desiceated Cocoinrts, representing at 3 nuts to
the lb., no le.ss than 30 million nuts ! We have
seen that the difference in the outturn of oil
between 1892 and 1896 represents a difl'erence of
IO82 million nuts. Now, tbe difference in the
de.siccating business of the two years, accounts
only for 7 million lb., or 21 million nuts; so
that last year is to the bad, as compared with
1892, to the extent of S7.1 million nuts. It is no
wonder that the piioe of nuts has receded this
year and is lower than it has been for three
years baek. It will not, indeed, be safe to exjiect
liigher j)iices until the demand for oil li.as
quickened. The shipment of unmanufactured
nuts, last year, shows a considerable increase over
that of 1895— as much as 3 million nuts ; but
a total of 13 million nuts exjiortcd, though the
highest on record, cannot count for much in
considering the shrinkage of oil. Still the de-
maiul for shipment and for desiccating ]mr|)oses
helps to keep up prices on the seaborde and in
the districts .surrounding the Mills ; while another
element in the calculation is the increased de-
mand for culinary purposes, which grows with the
growth of |)opui.'Uion and specially with the growth
of general jirosperity. We suppose the better part
of the nuts exporte<l finds its way into the
coconut butter business. Of Copra, or the dried
kernel of the nut, 5d,0(!0 cwts. were exported.
Tlie figures, though better tlian for the three
years lueceding are not to be compared with those
of some years ago. Within the past decade the

596

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1897.

exports ran into six figures on four occasions,
and on every one of these, tlie exports were
more than double those for 1896, and almost
treble ! So that in that direction too, there is
little ground for satisfaction. Of I’oonac an
average quantity was ex])orted in 1896, tjiough less
than for the previous six year.s, in natural correspon-
dence with the diminished outturn of oil. But we
never lament a falliiig-ofl'in poonac exports, as the
more of it we retain for feeding stock and for
manure, the better. The Coir business — whether
in rope, yarn or fibre — was an average one, and
from all accounts the trade in tliese articles has
been overdone, and the profits desirable from
them are not very dazzling. Altogether, Coco-
nuts have not shown up as well last year as the
year before ; and the slack demand for oil in
European and American markets must tell to
some extent on business this year, until a brisker
demand springs up, and Indian competition
begins to tell.

^

FBODUCE AND PLANTING.

Tea in the United States. — The difficulties of
pushing Indian and Ceylon tea successfully in the
United States are well-known. It requires plenty of
pluck and perseverance. The following letter fi om the
Philadelphia correspondent of the (Irorer is of inter-
est as showing the state of the tea trade. Writing
of that portion of the city where the relics of the
Revolutionary period most abound, the correspondent
says : *■ In this section of the city are many tea
importers and jobbers, some being the laigest in the
ITiited States. One firm reports sales in a private
waj' of 88,000 half-chests in ninety days, an excep-
tionally large distribution for a firm in this country
where tea is not in popular favour. Most of this tea
was sold by travellers v/ho go as far west as the
Rocky Mountains. This house does not speak enthu-
siastically of the prospects of Ceylon and Indian teas,
because their davour is so different from the green
tea and Oolongs in favour here for 125 years. On
the other hand, I found those who think that Ceylon
and Indian teas are the teas of the future. They are
certainly very much in evidence at the Food Show'
now being held under the auspices of the Philadelphia
Retail Grocers’ Association. I found that the main ex -
hibit was by the Ceylon and Indian tea interests, A
very large space has been fitted as a tropical tea garden
wherein maidens passably fair invite you to tarry and
Blip. You are served, as you elect, with a cup of hot
or cold tea, together with a biscuit. Upon conversing
with the manager, I found him quite an enthusiastic
American advocate of Ceylon tea. lie states that the
reatest drawback is that consumers are not careful in
rewing, as they use ns great a quantity of Ceylon or
Indian tea as of the China or .Japan sorts, and the re-
sult is a very heavy-bodied liquor, sweetish and with
too much tannin. It is to overcome this fault that de-
monstrations in the proper use of Ceylon and Indian
tea are given. Tetley’s teas were represented in a
separate pavilion, where consumers could also obtain a
cup of the delicious beverage, and go away provided
with a beautiful lithogi-aphed hrochure, somewhat
humorous in character, but of a kind to provoke the
recipient to carry it home and preserve it for amuse-
ment and reference.”

What the Americans Drink. — “ The Americans are
not given to tea-drinking. They go in for coffee and
beer, using both very freely — about nine pounds of
coffee and sixteen gallons of beer ;;/’)• capita,
while of tea they use about one and i tiuid pounds.
It is seldom I have found a cup of tea decently
brewed, except when made to order in some first-class
hotel or famous restaurant. Certainly, 70,0tX),0t)() con-
sumers, with tastes varying greatly, offer a fair field
for the push, pluck, and persistency of the Ceylon and
Indian tea people. Everywhore I find photographs
of scones in the tea-gardens of Ceylon, and others

illustrating methods of manufacture.- All of this is
calculated to make a bigger demand for machine-
made tea. I was also presented with a private state-
ment of the position of tea, pia pared by one of the
oldest linns of brokers in the land. It shows an
estimated supply for the season of 1896 and 1897 of
82,350,0001b. against 105,300,5811b ; in 1895-96. The
supply is made up as follows : — Green tea M,000,0001b ;
Japan, 40,000,0001b ; Formosa Oolong, 16,000,0001b;
Amoy Oolong, 1,250,0001b ; Foochow Oolong,
3,600,0001b; Congou, 7,.500,0001b ; total, 82,350,000.”

Brazili.-in Coit'EE. — An important sale of Brazilian
coffee on spot took place at Hamburg on Thursday
week, 24,000 bags, mostly Santos, lying in steamer
now’ in port, being disposed of by the banking house
of L. Behrius and Sons. O'he buyers were local
firms. There is reason to believe that this coffee was
a consignment made by the Brazilan Government,
in place of bills in discharge of amount required
for payment of interest on Brazilian bonds. The
coffee was consigned to Messrs. Rothschild in Lon-
don, who had it sold in Hamburg.

Coffee in 1896.— In the coffee market values
receded from 77s to 62s in August for
ordinary Colombian, while middling sorts of
other Central American moved from 94s to
85s. East Indian fell proportionately for the com-
mon and pale kinds, aii'l Bahia, African, and Santos
dropped about 25s, 50s being touched for good average
Santos, while, on the other hand, good to fine quali-
ties have, with slight fluctuations, maintained very
full rates. One noteworthy feature was that when
suppli 8 were at the heaviest prices were relatively
high, as both dealers here and on the Continent had
r. n their stocks so low that they were compelled to
buy. After they had filled their requirements prices
gradually declined, and with heavy Brazil receipts
pointing to a large crop the dow’invard movement
became more pronounced. In August, however,
when supplies had fallen off and demand
became more active, values recovered 4s to
6s. Towards the close, with supplies of
new Colombian coming forward rather freely,
prices again gave way slightly. Ceylon, in
consequence of leaf disease and the gra-

dual decadence of cultivation, has been in
small supply and commanded extreme prices
A parcel of native, the first seen for many
years, brought full rates. East India, considering
the quality, which was not altogether up to the
usual standard, averaged well. Costa Rica has been
in larger supply, and quality generally was better,
especially fiue marks. Offerings of Nyasaland (grown
from Indian seed) have increased and high prices
were realised. The growth, being of good colour
and make, promises to rank well with other de-
scriptions in the favour of the trade, but so far the
paicils have been very mixed with defective berries,
showing the necessity for more thorough hand-
liicking. In the terminal market business has ruled
exccpiionally quiet, oven the change altering the
ininimum quantity dealt in from .500 to 2.50 bags
falling to stimulate speculation, but during the latter
part of the year there has been a little more doing
in Santos futures. Brices have steadily declined,
good average Santos being quoted 70s in the begin-
ning of .January and closing at 50s, after having
been as low as 47s 6,1. Fair Channel Rio, opening
at tils 9d, is now 48s, having been as low as 48s in
the beginning of October.

Cocoa During 1896. — Cocoa experienced unexampled
depression during the greater part of the year. For
the first six months supplies poured into the Port of
London to such an extent that the accumu-
lated stock in bond was about double the
average stock of the last ten years. Manu-
facturers were consequently able to purchase on
their own terms, and values gradually declined until
the lowest level over recorded was reached. For in-

AGRICULTURISr

March i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL

stance, Trinidad cocoa became a complete drug in the
market, so much so that the principal bu3ers o
this description refrained from purchasing tor nearly
half the year, and to effect sales importers naa to
accept a very considerable reduction, values toi tne
first time sinking below those for the produce ot
neighbouring islands. Some relief was experiencea
during the latter portion of the year, this being caused
by a shortage from Ecuador, which coutilry continues
to be the principal source of the worl I’s production.
Notwithstanding an increased acreage under cultiva-
tion in that country, the total crops, after a recoid
yield in 18!)3, have yearly diminished. Other sources
of supply, such as Ceylon, St. Thome and Biyazil,
produced average quantities. The lessened yield irom
Ecuador caused a rapid falling off in the accummn-
lated stocks, which at the present moment have sunk
below those of the corresponding period of last year.
At the later sales of the year a better demand was
apparent, and prices of some growths showed a tan-
gible recovery. It is worth noting that a con-
siderable reduction in prices made by Grermau
manufacturers caused an immediate and im-
portant increase in consumption amounting to
40 per cent in the short space of two years, as is shown
by the official duty payments. The principal English
manufacturers retain practically the high prices based
on the values of the raw product of years gone by, con-
sequently no increase can be seen in the consumption
of the United Kingdom. A feature of the year and an
object lesson to home manufacturers was the inclu-
sion in auction of considerable quantities of German
and Dutch prepared cocoa, which, notwithstanding an
extra duty, was sold at price greatly below those of Eng-
lish makers. — II. and C. 4/ai7, Jan. 8.

CEYLON TEA IN 1896.

Messrs. Tudor, GoodLiffe, and Co. in tlicir
Keport for 1896, say : —

Cevlon Te.^.— Ceylon tea has during the year
marked a further advance in popula,rity, both deli-
veries and production showing an increase on the
previous vear, The colonies and other countiies
have drawn rather larger supplies direct, and
Russian demand has now become such an^ established
factor on our market that many lots of fine quality
Pekoes ai;e now placed beyond the reach of home
trade buyers. TJutortuuately, however, the
last year’s import leaves much to be desired m
both leaf and liquor, some of the shipments reflect-
ing little credit on their manufacture. The crop,
generally, ruled thin and poor, with a low average
of prices, quality often being sacrificed to quantity^
although any invoices possessing strength and
flavour always commanded good prices and brisk
competition. The trade has received little encou-
ragement even to buy beyond immediate requirements,
no improvement being noticeable in the retentive
properties, and rapid deterioration in quality has
L usual often deprived holders of any benefit arising
from a harder market. Broken Pekoes have been iii
abnormally large supply, and as leaf is becoming
more in request for packing purposes, the former
have marked a declining demand. Prices have
ran-'ed from 4d up to about Is 8d. All grades have
been comparatively cheap throughout the year,
except when affected by the dearer Indian market
in the spring, and buyers have generally been
able to obtain a fair supply of leaf under Od,
• — U. and C. Mail.

THE FINANCIAL PRESS ON THE TEA

INDUSTRY AND TEA SHARES.

The uosition of the tea industry is frequently
commented by on the several financial papers, and^these
commeuts are, as a rule, very favourable. We up-

597

pend recent extracts from the Financial News and the
Financial Times : —

The “ E’inancial News.”

One of the features of last year was the increased
attention paid to investments in tea companies, and
it seems fully justified by the statistics that are to
hand. In 1895 96 the Indian output reached

146.000. 090 lb, against i:!G,009,000 lb in the previous
ymar, and that of Ceylon 106,000,000 lb, against

98.000. 000 lb. Consumption, however, very nearly
kept pace with the larger production, for the home
market absorbed 201,000,000 lb of British-grown tea,
against 190,000,00) lb in 1895, and foreign markets
took 42,000,000 lb, an increase 5,000,000 lb over 1895.
The consumption of China tea, on the other hand,
decreased from 26,000,000 in 1895 to 20,000,000 lb last
year, and the percentage of China to the other teas
has now fallen to nine, which compares with 54 for
Indian, 35 for Ceylon, and two Java, etc.

The “Financial Times.”

We have referred to experts with regard to the
outlook, and we find them agreed in endorsing this
view. 'Taking the question on the broadest lines,
we do not find that great improvements in dividend
are to be looked for in the near future, but it is
thought that there is a reasonable prospect of the
present rates distribution being maintained. If such
a view be correct, it is quite clear that tea company
shares, con.sidering the large yields they give at
present, must tend to increase in market value, in-
dependently of any increase in the dividend. The
returns to purchasers at present prices are, on the
basis of recent dividends, of the kind which one only
looks for on highly speculative investments. If those
recent dividends turn out to be, on the average, stable,
there is obviously a margin for a moderate improvement
in prices, and tea shares will go into a higher category
in the classification of market securities. A con-
sideration which has adversely affected their market
value hitherto is the limited character of the mar-
ket, and this disadvantage still prevails to a consi-
derable extent. In view of that fact, it will not be
amiss to give a word or two of advice and explana-
tion to readers who contemplate investment in tea
companies’ shares. It may appear paradoxical
to recommend purchases of individual shares when
the market in them is depressed ; but, nevertheless,
it is the sound policy under the present circum-
stances of a limited market, mostly conducted by
means of negotiation, and not, as on the Stock Ex-
change, by a free quotation. On such a limited
market the seller even of a few shares may very
probably depress the quotation to an abnormal extent.
This is the buyer’s opportunity; and the converse
applies to the seller. While the market is developing
we should advice both buyers and sellers, in the
first place, to satisfy themselves as far as possible
regarding the instrinsic merits of the company whose
shares they propose buying ; in the second place, to
see that they buy at reasonable prices, and not on
the top of a rise, brought about by some fortuitous
circumstances; and in the third and last place,
we would commend to their notice the mixed
metaphorical advice, conveyed to us for the bene-
fit of our readers by one who knows as much
about this mark.'S as anybody doss : “ Don’t put
all your eggs into one teapot.” In ether words,
whi'e believing in the hopeful character of the
outlook, ho recoguis.o.s the speculative nature of the
industry, and would not recommend pinning one’s
faith upon any individual company. The pros-
pects as regards the working for 1896 are that they
will probably be better than for 1895, which was
a lean year, but that they will not be so good as
those for 1894, when the success was phenomenal.

There has been a good deal of talk about the
danger of over-production. That is a matter which
will one of these days have to be seriously faced.
But at present it is not a thing to arouse concern.
The experience of tea-growers has been that increas-
ed production has far created fresh outlets, not-
ably in Australian colonies, Canada, the United
States, aud, to a lesaet’ degree, the European con-

59^

THB TKOl’IC VL AGKlCaL Ta R.IS I'

I March r, 1897.

tineiit. This is clue to the increasing activity
shown in pushing trade by the planting commu-
nity and by the Mincing Lane traders. While un-
doubtedly the risks attending on a tea-planting
business are great, there is this point to be
noted — that the sales of the produce are not regu-
lated by speculative market conditions to anything
like the same extent as prevails with regard to
nearly every other class of produce. It is, we
believe, the fact that seventy to eighty per
cent, of the tea grown is shipped home to be
sold at current market prices on account of the
I>roducer, whether that producer be a private person
or a public compaii}'. There is no organised specula-
tive maikct such as exists with regard to wheat, for
instance. To all intents, we may say that the pro-
duce is sold by auction. It is not held up at a price
to prohibit or curtail the normal demands of
customers. There is another check to overproduc-
tion in the limited supply of laaour. The coolies
gravitate to the old-established ireld-^, because,
amongst other things, there is on htese much less
danger of fever and other diseases arising from the
miasma so prevalent in the jungle until an estate has
been opened up Consequently, competitors to those
old-established companies are handicapped by the
difficult}' of getting suitable labour. In various parts
of the world attempts have been made to compete
with Indian and Chinese tea, but they have not
come to anything; beyond that comparatively re-
stricted tea-producing districts in Central Ceylon, no
other substantial production threatens, unless,
perhaps from Java, whose produce goes almost en-
tirely to Holland. Attempts have been made in
Natal to grow tea, and these may ultimately
come to something. But even so, all that she
could produce would be absorbed in South Africa
itself, and the chief markets of the world
would still be left to the Eastern tea-producers. In
Virginia, in the Caucasus, and latterly in Brazil,
efforts at tea-growing have been made, but the re-
sults have not been such as to cause alarm to the
Indian toa-growars. Taking everything into considera-
tion, therefore including the large yield at present
obtainable, Indian tea shares promise well to the dis-
creet investor who recognises the fact that the pre-
sent limitations of the market may prevent a
sale at an exact moment. He must lay his account
for ups and downs in prices, but the market in tea
shares is daily becoming more free, and this, as also
the rise in prices of shares, is largely attributable
to the recent consolidation and amalgamation of
companies engaged in the business. There are fewer
companies now than a year ago, but their several
capitals being larger, their shares arc more readily
marketable, and the members of the S.ock Exchange
who deal in such shares are in close touch with tlie
outside merchants, who devote to them their special
attention.

NEW COFrEE FIELDS IN COLUMBIA.

1 have the honor to foiavard an account of the
new coffee country of the Sierra Nevadas of Santa
Marta. It has been found that coffee does well in
that section, and large tracts of land are being
secured for plantations. I am indebted to William
Crane, Esq., an Ameiican now g owing coffee in the
Sierras, for much of the informalion.

Until two or three years ago, the Sierra Nevada
mountains, whose snow crowned summits are the first
to meet the gaze of the traveller hitherward, had in-
vited in vain the explorer, the miner, and the botanist;
and the scanty knowledge of them gained by the
Spaniards, in unsuccessful attempts to subdue their
aboriginiil inhabitants, had been forgotten.

At last, three hundred and sixty years after the
settlement of Europeans ui)on these shores, the in-
habitants are awakenirig to the fact that at their
doors lies one of the most-favored districts of South
America for the cultivation of coffee.

Eor many years, coffee has been grown in the
interior departments, notably Santander, Cundina-

marca, the Tolima, and its export from these depart-
ments has steadily increased for fifteen years, but
the difficulties in the way of getting the crop to tide
water or to a navigable stream have been a serious
deterrent to a geneial development of the regions
adapted to coffee culture.

The cost of carriage for several days’ journey upon
pack mules to reach the Magdalena river or some
tributary, navigible only by rafts or canoes, and
the loss and damage suffered in transit, have made
such inroads into the profits that would otherwise
result from its production that, although the coffee
is of a high grade, little attention was paid to its
cultivation until the sudden collapse fo the market
for cinchona bark drew the attention of commerce
to coffee as the most available article of exchange
for foreign importations.

Some effort has been made toward the improve-
ment of transportation, many concessions have been
granted for railway, and vast sums wasted in sub-
sidies; but no considerable betterment is noticeable
in the means of laud or water carriage over those
of a quarter of a century ago.

In the latter years of the last century, a single
small plantation of coffee was established on the
northern slope of the foothills of the Sierra Nevada,
but was abandoned for two generations, on account
of the low prices and small demand for coffee of
that time. This and a few small plantations in the
lowlands were all that saved the e.utire region from
being an unbroken wilderness.

The favourable reports of a few lookers about who
have explored this range or rather group, of moun-
tains have attracted attention, and, latterly, begin-
nings have been made upon a dozen or more plan-
tations, chiefly within a radius of as many miles
from Santa Marta.

The conditions of soil, temperature, rainfall, and
available water power can hardly be surpassed. While
the greater part of the sectio.u is composed of slopes
of greater or less stoepnes3, little of it is so steep
as to be unavailable for planting, and there are
frequent intervals anl high table-1 inds of consider-
able extent.

At a height of 2,500 ft., the mean temperature is 70®
F., 80° and 60° being themixituum and minimum
throughout the year. The climate is salubrious, and
the European can perform a full day’s labor without un-
due fatige. All the vegetables and many of the fruits
of the temperate zone flourish. Upon the northern
and north-western slopes, coffee is found growing wild
in considerable tracts of the forest.

The supply of young plants in such profusion is of
great vaue in the making of a plantation, shortening by
a year or more the time which would otherwise elapse
before a crop could be produced.

But perhaps the most important advantage which
this region presents is its nearness to the excellent
harbor of Santa Msrta, to which port the product of
plantations can be carried at trifling expense, and with
no risk of loss or damage. Santa Marta is a port of
call for several lines of steamers, besides a regular
trimonthly service of fruit steamers, soon to be made
weekly.

While considerable tracts of the land near the port
have been taken up, there still are hundreds of square
miles of the public domain well adapted for coffee
planting ; and ihe land laws of the republic are very
liberal, offering equal conditions to native and foreign
settlers.

The quality of coffee grown here is fully equal to the
best grades produced in the country, and as an indica-
tion of the duration of a plantation, the old plantation
before mentioned may be cited, for, although no care
and but triflng expense have been bestowed upon it
during at least half a century, the present owner still
gathers from the portions not smothered entirely by
forest growth, enough fruit to give him a profit over
maintenance of plant, while employing only the most
antiquated and crudest methods of preparing the cron
for market. ^

John Bidlaki;

Barranquilla, June 5, 1860.

—-JXiQ Atictf, Dec. 16,

, Consul,

March 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

599

IIHEA : A>EWFIBKE.

How many bankruptcies does it take to establish

a new industry? British i

accounts among the most conservative o “ ’

and if the name “ramie” suggests anythmg to a
Lancashire cotton-spinner it is the recollection that
a great many people have dropped money over this

particular fibre. Nevertheless it seems probable that

Le British manufacturer will have to take ramie
seriously. It is by no means a new irtvention no
one can say for bow many centuries Oi'ent^
have used the fibre, which is found the bai
of a particular kind of nettle, to make
rouL'h, strong cloths and nets or lines for then fishlin^.
But as an article of European commerce it is
so new as hardly to be counted among our ™P°“S
and, though the plants which produce it have foi
many years been cultivated under European p
vision, it has only been for the purposes of specu-
lative experiment. The plants can be seen grow g
any summer at Kew; one of them, Ii//ea *he

Chinese variety, flourishes in the open an. “
like a Michaelmas daisy In a clump of tal shoi^ts
springing from a perennial root, and has big p,
sLped leaves with the under side ®

of the wild guelder-rose or cherry-apple. If f
the bark from one of these shoots and fray it whh a
knife there is disclosed a white, silky fibre, very

the strand and extraordinarily strong. What is cahe^

China-grass is simply these ribbons of bark carefully
decorticated by hand till the hh^e is left bare, it
is, however, still coarse and hard, and the immense y
laborious process of cleaning makes it cost too
much to be of any use in general ‘^ade. ihe
ramie of commerce, which is to ’

hemp, and all other textile fabincs °

the true believers), is the same fibre more ch^ply
and better prepared from a tropi&rl vauety of ^
same species, A’hea tetiacissima. This differs from
Mea mvea only in having a gijeen leaf ; out t
essential point of the matter is that it ^ ^opical,
and. will produce at least four orops_ a year, wh le
the Chinese plant can at most yield t^o^ ihe
intrinsic value of the fibre has for a
been fully admitted ; so much so that ‘ Joomn
Government twice offered a prize of ^ .

filasse of high (luality produced at a hin ted cc, .
The prize was never won. The difficulty lay, as it
b«. the peodnetbe for wh.oh w„

distinct operations are necessary. Fust, .foe .^tems
have to be stripped of their bark, which is done by
hml or m ichioery, f[-OOgh '-o machine 1 a^ ye^^^^^
i .vented which does the work so well as the cheaply
tnirchased Oriental hud labour. Second!}, in
the ribbons so striped off, the

engaged from the gummy bark, and this is only
possfble by a chemical process. No mechanical
method can thoroughly separate the gom and the
fibre, although at least two companies exist which
aim at preparing ramie wholly by machinery. Par -
ous chemical pi^ocesseswere appUecl, aU of
succeeded in turning out a clean fil asse of nbre ,
but unfortunately when the filasse was worked up
into yarns, threads, or stuffs, it was found to
perislf after a few months. The strong chemicals
eSved rotted the fibre. This happened particu-
larFv with the products of rhea prepared iii i lance,
whSe rout te^ years ago |-at interest was ^
in the matter. After the French, the Americans
took it up and prophesied great things , but
they also dropped money over it. Now it
seems that England is going to step in and
solve the problem. Mr. Gomess, a chemist trained
in this country but of Indian origin a

method which turns ^

cate of soda. A company has been ri-

taken out all over the world, and a sort of expert
mental factory is actually at work in London which
turns out about two tons a week of ramie leady for

The process is simple to the last degree. Two
thinf^s have to be guarded against. First, ferment-
ation of gum in the ramie-ribbons before they come
fo bo “S^ufactured; this is avoided by Bteepmg

them in a solution of soda. At present, of course,
the preparation of these ribbons is by no means
perfect, since no regular market has existed for them.
Now, however, in many tropical countries plantations
of ramie are being set, and in time planters will
learn to send their ribbons carefully packed and cut,
with proper precautions against the fermentation
which rots them. Secondly, the chief trouble has been
to find chemicals which would convert the ribbons
into filasse with a sufficiently weak solution. This
is what Mr. Gomess has done. The ribbons are first
steeped in tanks with a little infusion of nitric acid
to soften the gum; after twelve hours of this they
go into a bath of alkaline solution. Then they are
boiled in a tank of water impregnated with the zin-
cate of soda, and what comes out is pure fibre; the
gum and epidermis of the bark is completely dis-
solved. At no stage is anything used stronger than
a 1 per cent solution. The filasse when washed and
bleached, may be mixed with inferior silk, or worked
up by itself ; and it can be sold at a profit for 3d a
pound. Flax in the same stage of prep.aration costs from
8d to is. Thus the ramie-fibre can be sold almost as
cheaply as the cheapest cotton ; it has strength suffi-
cient for any use., and it will neither shrink nor stretch
It is very light, and as much sail-cloth can be made
from six pounds of ramie as from ten pounds of flax ;
indeed its advantage in this respect has been already
recognised. The ‘Defender’s’ canvas was made of
rhea-fibres, which had to be bought up piecemeal in
England and were woven in America. It will take
dyes of all shades, and from it are made fabrics
resembling damask linen, silk, plush, and tapestry.
These were good enough to look at, but all some-
what harsh to handle. It is fair, however, to re-
member that the manufacture is in its infancy, and
that the weavers do not yet know how to use the
stuff to the best advantage. But there seems no
doubt that in the qualities of cheapness and durabi-
li y it will be a real addition to the wealth of man-
kind. The filasse is naturally so glossy that it seems
specially fitted to compete with linen, and Belfast
merchants would probably be well advised to
look into the matter at once. Silk it will pro-
bably never rival, but it might very well sweep
off the face of the earth) all the innumerable cheap
combinations of silk and wool, which are used in
upholstery and the like ; and for tov/els, dish-cloths,
and the whole paraphernalia of washing up it ought
to be unsurpassable. These, however, are high
matters, too hard for anything but the far-reaching
experience of woman. The most iiiterestiug point
about ramie is that the new industry, when created,
may not improbably solve a very awkward problem
in the management of Great Britain’s enormous
tropical estate.

The West Indies are in a bad way, as every one
knows, because there is no price for sugar, and because
the sugar-growing colonies have imported coolie
l ibour to an immense extent. Demerara, for instance,
has half a million of them. These coolies must, by
the contract made with [the Indian Government, re-
ceive constantly their shilling a day, or else
Demerara must pay their passage and expenses
back to India. Say that costs £10 a head. Deme-
rara cannot get rid of her coolies without paying
a fine of five millions; she must therefore go on
sugar-growing whether she likes it or no. But wherever
sugar can be grown rhea can be grown also ; and
coolie labour is quite sufficiently skilled not only for
cutting the crop and stripping the bark by hand or
machine, but also for preparing the fillasse. There
is everything to bo said in favour of employing the
Gomess process at the place where the crop is grown.
First, a plant which yields four or five crops a
year exhausts the soil with great rapidity. The
fibrine is only .5 per cent, of the whole, and the other
1)5 per cent, should go back into the ground, — the
leaves as leaf-mould ; the sticks, after they have
served for fuel, in the form of ashes. Secondly, the
less chemicals used the better ; and if the process
is applied when the bark is soft and freshly
peeled, a weaker solution will suffice to dissolve the
gum. Also, out of a ton of rhea-ribbons only sistj

6oo

THE TROPICAL AGlUCUL PdRlS P.

[March c, 1897.

per cent of filasse is produced, so that to import
tilasse instead of ribbons would save forty per cent
of frieghtage. It is not to be supposed, of course,
that any casual person can go and make his fortune
by starting a ramie-farm. But it does seem probable
that much of the tropical soil and cheap labour
which cannot be productively employed in growing
sugar will be turned to this account. Practically,
the question resolves itself into this, — Gan rhea-
fibre be produced chea rly ? And does any exist-
ing process produce it cheaply without impairng
its qualities? It is too early for a final answer.
But cloth made from fibre prepared by the Gomess
process is two years old by now, and shows no sign
of any defect ; nor is there reason to apprehend
any, since no chemical of any injuriou.s power is
used in the preparation. And as to the cheapness,
rhea-ribbons can be brought here ‘for about £12 a
ton, leaving a good profit to the grower ; from these
filasse can be produced, which will fetch about £50
a ton, having cost in all perhaps £:-5L) to turn out.
These are facts which every one would do well to
consider who has an interest in the matter. To
put the case concisely, ramie is a fibre which can
supplant tlax and compete with silk, and it can now
be produced almost as clieaply as -cotton. If that
is true, as a careful inquiry leads us to believe it
is can the tropical colonies do better than cultivate
ramie ?— AS'pecfnfor, Jan. 2. [See correction on page
603.— Ed. T.A.]

PLANTING IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO.

The average crop of the Lahat D.ttu Estate is, we
learn, 8 piculs per field. In some cases 9i have
been gathered but 8 is the average of the whole—
and a very good average too. The Kinabatangan
Estates also are not, in the main, dissatisfied.

ItEPOUT TO 2nd NOVEMDEll.

Sapong.— Tobacco into shed 30,533 trees and amount
stripped, weighed and stapled 17.21 pikuls. I am still cut-
ting and hope to finish some time next month, weather
allowing. Am getting a good crop of second growth.
Directly Mr. Wheatley comes up I shall begin to cut
rentises and give out jungle cutting for next
year’s crop, which will be at the back of Amboi
Hills. Good soil and free from floods.

Ramie looking healthy and strong, also coffee.
Ground is being prepared for the transplanting of the
Ramie. The last lot sent up by Mr. Wheatley are
looking in goo 1 condition ; the climate suits the plants
up here exceedingly well.

Coffee seedlings sent down by Mr. Barraut are
looking healthy. I shall plant out the pods sent down
from the North, also poppy seeds. I have or lered
Oran-^ Kaya Si Bandar to procure 2 pikuls of “ Ting-
aug”°Fibre from the Peluans:— 1 pikul of the raw
stuff and one pikul of the prepared. Orang Kaya
reports that it grows abundantly at the Padas where
the Pelauns manufacture it into coats which they
use when they go on head-hunting, as they say
that it resists the poisonous darts.— A'rtHsA Norlli
Borneo 7Aru?(f, Jan, 1.

COFFEE IN THE STRAITS:

Mr. Donald Mackay, Avell-known in Ceylon,
first in connection with tlie construction of certain
sections of tlie Ceylon Government Railways
and later as a proprietary planter, arrived at
Colombo last montli from the Straits and tranship-
ped to the “ Masillia” sailing on that vessel in the
afternoon to Australia. Mr. Mackay has been
to the Straits iiisi)ecting his property in I’erak.
Mr. Mackay has GUO acres in that State planted
in coffee, cocoa, and pepper. He informs us that
coffee in Perak is looking np wonderfully, indeed,
tliere has been quite a boom in it lately and not
only are Europeans taking it nj), but wealthy
Chinamen have also begun to compete with them
fts planters.

CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA.

'Fhe following is the letter from Mr. M. Rogiviie
to the Ceylon IManters’ Association

Moscow’, 10/22 Dec. 1896.

Maroseika, House Lebedieff.
A. Philip, Esq., Secretary to the Ceylon “ Thirty
Committee,” Kandy, Ceylon.

Dear Sir, — My last report was on the 18/30 July.
The Ceylon 7'ea /’aytYtoa erected in Nijui Novgorod,
on the ground of Hotel ‘’Franzia” except the en-
trance gate of the Exhibition, was opened on the 1st
of July, and closed on the 17th October 1896.

It was built at relatively very high cost on
account of enormous rate.s of materials of all kinds,
labour and workmanship, which w’ere ruling there
during the whole time the Exhibition was in prepa-
ration, in some instances more than three fold the
ordinary rates to be paid.

During these three months of its operation the
Pavilion was visited by the regretably small number
of only between 13,000 and 11,000 persons, but they
came from all parts of Russia and very few were
foreigners. Among this number and the visitors to
the F’air were distributed tjrafLi 12,000 1/32 lb. packets
of pure Ceylon tea of a good middling quality re-
presenting 375 lb. and over 10,000 persons were given
tea in cu/) representing 55 lb. or over 21,00 1 cups.
Besides sales made in the Pavilion were as follows : —
896 of 1 lb. Packets

1.303 „ A

‘2,035 ,, i ,, ,,

2,670 ,, g ,, ,,

340 „ 1-16 „ „

165 „ 1-32 „

7,709 packets or 2,335 25-32 lb. which together with

the above 12,000 packets went into consum2Jtiou all
over Russia.

Ceylon tea was also used in many of the hotels,
tea houses and restaurants inside the Exhibition
and its surroundings, in the Fair and ui the town.

Tae apccinl advertising through the press, placards,
pamphlets and otherwise, done in connection with
the Pavilion is specified in my Exhibition account’’
which I herewith enclose, under a special heading
and was the best that could be done for the money
spent, viz. R2,201'20.

Now as to whether ail this advertising done at
Nijui at such a considerable cost of R9,908’57 has
been successful and effective and will bring in good
results is rather difficult to say at present, the future
only will prove it. The Exhibition itself has been a
Jiasco as regards the number of visitors which has
not been even one-tenth of the number expected, but
I had many inquiries and orders from persons who
have visited the Pavilion and I am told that numbers
of wholesale merchants dealing in Ceylon tea had
also numerous enquiries. Unfortunately for me
by far the greatest number of my intending pur-
•'.lasers asked credits for three to six months
which lam not in position to give as being too risky
a business in Russia.

In order to still continue the advertising which
I considered had to be kept constantly before the
public and ought not to be allowed to drop, I have
since the above, in the months of October and Novem-
ber, inserted several further advertisement in news-
papers of many Governments or provinces of Russia,
as per enclosed cuttings and have now given out
a large advertisement samples inclosed in a Christmas
Supplement issued by an important Pbrm of Pub-
lishers 6)0,000 copies to be distributed with the
Christmas newspapers in almost every town and
village of Russia.

As already mentioned in my last letter to the
Christian of the “Thirty Committee,” I have
ordered, at the cost of Rl, 000— from the well-known
Potteries of M. S. Ruznitgovv A Co., Limited, the
leading manufacture of China, etc., in Russia—
5.000 pi’ctty little 'Tea-pots with the words, Ceylon
Ten (largo) and Jf. lloi/ivuc, Jfoscow, printed in red
and blue colours on tho sides, aucl two upoon/'itll
oj' Ceylon Tea beiny c<iual to three simnjul o/

March i, i8;7.] TtlK TROPICAL AGRICaLTURIS f.

6or

China Tea you make a saviny of thirty per cent in the
drinkiny the former on the licL (small) those to be
distributed as X’uiaa presei:ts, through my own maga-
zines and by my agents throughout the rrovinces,
followed by an advertisement as per enclosed litho-
graphed print of a Tea-pot with the words

d

o

d

d

>-i

H

o

o

>

d

tU

.9

£

30 o/o
Economy
Ceylon Tea
M. Rogivue, Moscow
Maroseika, House Lebedief.

2 'd
o

12 if

U -

Representative of the Ceylon Planters’ Association
to appear during December and January 3 times in
54 of the best newspapers, magazines and illustra-
ted papers of Moscow, St. Petersburg and the Pio-
vince, and ot which the “ Mswo,” anil hrstrated fa,mily
Journal has alone a circulation of 175,000 weekly.

I had news from Mr. Stramberg who has, as men-
tioned in my last letter to the Chairman of the
“ Thirty Committee ” since th 29th October visited
many' places, he is now in Riga and will return here
by the end of the year. So far as I can judge by
his letters he has been pretty well successful in
assembling people together in order to listen to his
lectures and taste Ceylon Tea and a proof that this
first tour has had a good effect is that I have re-
ceived from some places he visited, where Ceylon
Tea was not or little known, orders for over 5,000
lb. of my tea in packets. Hut, here again I am
placed in a difficult position for, nearly all of these
orders being on the credit principle for 3 to 6 months
and my business being established and based on the
Cash system — -I arn not in position to execute them
and have had therefore to refuse the greater number.

It is certain that if I had been willing to adopt the for-
mer. (Credit) system and to give my tea, on the terms
generally asked to every recommendable merchant
who sent me orders, I would have disposed during
the past six years on account much larger quantity
of Ceylon Tea and increased also the General Im-
port in Russia to a considerable extent. This makes
me think that a good method of increasing the dis-
tribution of pure Ceylon Tea through Russia would
be, — in order, to enable myself or any other Ceylon or
London merchant selling pure Ceylon Tea in packets,
and credit without too great a risk, — to establish a fund
or guaranteed sum of say R25,000 — £2,000 or about
to s.and as Delcredere for sales at 3, 4, or 6 months
term rer.ommendahl.e merchants wishing to buy pure
Ceylon Tea, to sell and push it in their shops, this
same to cover any eventual losses accruing from the
kind of business. The actual losses should not be very
great after all if the scheme were judiciously managed
because : —

.1. — By only allowing credit on Promissory Notes
and to merchants of good standing (as far as their
solvency can be ascertained) the bulk of invoices
would be paid and the losses a very small peicentage.

2. — .Merchants thus ordering Tea at first never
give larger orders than for 50 on 100 lb. at a time
and each invoice seldom amounts higher than 80 to
100 Rubles so that the risk is pretty well divided
amongst many.

This I feel certain, would still more spread the
know'ledge of Cbylon Tea in Russia, and allow it to
be sold to the public in many thousand shops all
over the country in places hitherto unreached ; I felt
very often annoyed when 1 was compelled to re-
fuse this chance to Ceylon tea in declining the sale,
on credit, to many merchants, perhaps very good
and solvent, who were willing to buy it and push it
I wish the “Thirty Committee” would give this
suggestion its earnest consideration for, I think, it
is worth it, and I will here mention confidentially
the reason why I do not adopt myself the credit
system. They are as follows: —

1 2-3. * * *

I notice from the last “Times of Ceylon” that the
direct export of Ceylon Tea from Coloipbo to Russia

shows a diminution in 1896 of 45,500 lb for the corres-
pouding period from 1st January to 17th November
— in 1895, which is however largelv counter balanced
by the increase of export from United Kingdom to
countries in Europe, (Russia receiving the bulk) as
shown by the figures given in Messrs. Gow, Wilson
and Stanton’s, London Tea Report of the llth
December, 1896 being very nearly half a million more
in this year for the five months of June to November
than in 1895. But it may perhaps interest Ceylon
to hear that, although the general increase is quite
noticeable, it wou'd have been still larger had the
Russian Government (Custom’s Department) not
issued lately a circular from the Finance Minister
for a project to come in force on the 1st January,
1897, in order to reduce the cost of control neces-
sitated in every tea packing-room that no merchant
not being able to pack with the obligatory Banderoll
at least 200,000 lb of tea in a year should be allowed
to pack at all but should get his tea already packed
and banderolled from bigger merchants.

This has greatly slackened the wnolesale tea trade
in general for the small merchants, grocers and re-
tailers who are now packing themselves, fearing the
new law may come in force at once, have for the
last three months reduced their purchases and in
many instances, stopped them altogether and will
not hold any stock at all, the wholesale tea trade
suffering thus immensely until something definite
has been settled by the Ministry of Finance.

I was the other day very much interested by an
article reproduced in a Russian paper published in
German in St. Petersbiu'g ('The Herald) beaded
“Russian Trade with China” emanating from the
Russian Consul in Fukshow and pointing out the
fact that the tea trade from Fukshow has consider-
ably decreased during the past years on account of
the strong competition of Indian (Ceylon) teas which
in consequence of the energetic efforts of English Tea
Planters and Merchants, fined every year an increased
sale on all the European markets. The article, which I
herewith enclose, says that Ceylon tea is very much
liked by the Russian Tea Merchants on account of
its strength and fine taste which, without altering
their qualities, blends very advantageously with the
lower sorts of China tea and consequently the
China tea — fi'om year to year produced in decreas-
ing quantity, — is condemned to lose its most im-
portant markets.

Therefore the Russian Consul in Fukshow is of
opinion that it would be wise, in order to keep up
the Russian trade in China to protect the Chinese
tea cultivation, thus preventing the English mer-
chants from monopolising the tea trade of the
world. “ Unfortunately” continues the Russian Con-
sul, “ we must place against it the want of enter-
prising spirit prevailing in Russia where our tea
merchants do not possess the necessary energy. As
a very characteristic example of this, we mav men-
tion the unfortunate experience of a Russian firm
in China who tried to inroduce on Russian markets
some of '•'■chops" Fukshow' tea particularly' known
for their fine aroma. The tea bought by this firm
was sent to Moscow and was condemned by the
firm for whom Is was bought as being unsuitable
whilst the next season the very same quality of tea
of same “Chops ” was bought by a Loudon firm and
sent with a good pn-ofit to a Russian tea merchant
though no Moscow tea merchant was willing to buy
it direct from Russian firm. ^

I hear that the Russian Government experiments
of tea planting in Caucasus (Batum) under the
direction of Mr. Klingen who visited Ceylon two
years ago, have not y.-it given results worthy of
mentiou ; seven China men have been engage and
a 10 years contract and seedling have already been
planted.”

I now have the pleasure to enclose my accounts
of expenditure made up to 30lh November, 1896 and
beg to advise the despmtcb by this same post of a
small reyistered parcel to your address containing
one of my new placards and two photos of the
Nijui Pavilions and electric train advertisements

6o2

THE TROPICAL AGKICULTURIST. [March i, .897.

Speaking of photos, I think that some more of
the last and newly taken in Ceylon (typos, estate
views, sceneries, etc.), like the ones you gave me
when in 1890 I left Ceylon for Russia, could be of
great use and attractive for our lecturing tours.

With the compliments of the season.— I am, &c.,

(Signed) M. Rouivun.

NEW TEA COMRANY.

The New Sylhet Tea Estates, Limited, has been
registered w'ith acapital of tT00,00(), divided into 5,000
ilO and .50,000 £1 shares. Object, to adopt and
carry into effect an agreement, expressed to be made
between C. A. Goodricke and C. Porter of the one
part and this Company of the other part, for the
acquisition of certain tea estates ; to purchase and
obtain grants or leases from Government, and to
purchase, take on lease or in exchange, hire, or other-
wise acquire from any other company or companies,
person or persons, any tea or other estates or lands
or property of any description situate in British
India or elsewhere, or any right or interest therein,
or any rights or privileges, including any copyrights
or trade marks ; to cultivate tea and other pro-
duce ; and as cultivators, winners, and mer-
chants of and in every kind of vegetable,
mineral, or other produce of the soil; to construct,
purchase, lease, maintain, and alter any buildings,
sawmills, railways, warehouses, and other erections,
roads, tramways, and other works, and any steamers,
locomotives, or machinery which may be necessary
or convenient for the purposes of the company, or
to acquire and hold shares in any company formed
for tire above purposes or any of them. The
signatories who take one share each are: — C. A.
Reiss, 51, Lime Street, E.C. ; C. A. Goodricke, 96,
Leadenhall Street, E.C. ; E. H. Hancock, 28, Min-
cing Lane, E.C- ; C. Porter, 96, Leadenhall Street,
E.C. ; H. A. Hancock, 28, Mincing Lane, EC.;
J. C. Ridge, 28, Mincing Lane, E.C. ; D. B. Crane,
28, Mincing Lane, E.C. The number of directors
is to be not more than eight nor less than four.
The first are C. A. Reiss, W. Johnson, H. A. Han-
cock, W. H. Ingram, and C. A. Goodricke. Quali-
fication, £250. Remuneration, 10 per cent of the
net profits after the payment of the dividend on
the preference shares, Registered office : 51, Lime
Street, E C. — H. and C. Mail, Jan. 15.

-♦

THE DUNKELD ESTATE CO., LD.

1895. The net average sale price was about 45 cents
per lb., and the cost laid down in Colombo was
about 26.^ cents per lb., as compared with about 51
cents and about 29 cents in 1895 respectively.

After making the usual ample allowance for de-
preciation of buildings and machinery, and including
a small balance brought forward from 1895, the
amount at credit of profit and loss account is R26,578‘12
equal to about 17J per cent on the capital of the
Company.

An interim dividend of 8 per cent was declared
on 8th August last, absorbing R12,000, thus leaving
a balance of R14,578T2 now to be dealt with.

The Directors recommend the payment of a final
dividend of 9 per cent, making 17 per cent for the
year, and that, after payment of R200 additional
tees to the Directors in terms of the resolution passed
on 18th February 1893, the balance of R878T2 be
carried forward to the new year.

The crop estimated for 1897 is 170,000 lb. tea,
against an estimated expenditure of R45,580. This
outlay to a moderate extent which
wiil be necessary for an extension to the factory, but
for which no estimate has yet been framed.

On the 23rd December last the Directors intimated
by circular letter to each shareholder on the register
particulars of a proposal received by them for the
inclumon of the Dunkeld property in the Alliance
lea Company of Ceylon, Limited. As this proposal
appears to be acceptable to the general body of
shareholders, the Directors have arranged to submit
the matter to an extraordinary general meeting of
the Company to be held after the closing of the
annual ordinary general meeting to which this re-
port will be presented.

In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. Alex.
Thomson retires by rotation from the office of
Director, but is eligible for re-election. Mr. Charles
loung has resigned his seat on the Board and does
not seek re-election.

Mr. R. L. M. Brown having resigned the post of
^uditor to the Company, the Directors, under the
Company’s Article No. 92, appointed Mr. T. J. Stephen
to fill the vacancy thus occasioned.

^Ihe appointment of an Auditor for the current year
will rest with the meeting. — By order of the Directors,

Whittall & Co, Agents and Secretaries.

Colombo, 21st January 1897.

The annual ordinary general meeting of .share-
holders of the above Company was held at the
Company’s offices, No. 7, (iueen Street, Fort,
Colombo, at ll-.3'l a.m. on the 6th Feb.

Present: — Mr. A. Thomson in the chair, Mr.
C. A. Leechman, Uiiectors; Me.ssrs. E 8. Ander-
son and (1 J. Donald. Mr. W. H. G. Duncan
was represented by his Attorney.

The report and accounts of the Company as
published were adopted, and a final dividend of
9 per cent (making 17 per cent for the year) was
declared and made payable forthwith.

Mr. Alexander Thomson was re-elected a
Director, and Mr. T. J. Stephen was appointed
Auditor for this year.

Tlie report was as follows : —

Acreage.

Tea in full bearing . . 383 acres

Jungle, &c. .. .. 53 ,,

Total Estate . . 436 acres

The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the
shareholders the accounts of the Company for the
past year.

The quantity of tea secured amounted to 160,262
lb., being an increase of 8,525 lb. on the crop of

At the extraordinary general meeting of share-
holders of the above Company held the same day
there were present Mr. A. Thomson in ihe chair
Mr. C. A. l.eechrnan. Directors; Messrs E s’
Anderson and C. J. Donald. The following
shareholders were represented by the holders of
their powers of Attorney . — Messrs. \V. H, G
Duncan and John MacLiesh. The following
shareholders were represented by proxy :-Me.ssrsT
1. J. de Havilland, R. \Yade Jenkins, W. S. R.
Cox, H. 8. Rix, Harcourt Skrine, Charles Cam-
pion, W. H. Walker, Robert Webster J B
W. H. Crowe, Mk P. Metcalfe, ’ W.’ F*
Keith Charles \oung, C. Ruinat, Mrs. A. 8
Donald, Hon. T. N. Christie and Mrs. iM. E. Bois.

Mr. 'Thom.son having taken the chair, the notice
convening the meeting w-as read.

The Chairman read letter of this date from
the Agents of the Alliance Tea Company of
Ceylon, Ld., regaidiny their oiler for Dunkeld
estate, when R "'as proposed by the Chairman,
seconded by IVH. Eric 8. Andkr.SON, -Thai
the Dunkeld Estate Company, J.d., he wound
up voluntarily,’ which resolution was carried
unanimously.

A vote of thanks to the chair closed the
proceedings.

603

March i, 1897. J THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

CHINA GRASS.

During the past twelve months several factories
have been established in this counlry for utilising
tlie remarkable fibre of the well-known “ China
„rass”— by the way it is not a grass, but a
nettle— which has been more or less under tlie
attention of manufacturers for fifty years past.
The libre yiehled by the plant is exceedingly
strong, and so light that it has been employed
as the material for sails of lirst-rate yachts. Ide
“Valkyrie,” for instance had lier sails made of
this material. When manufactured it has much
the appearance of silk, and is used for a veiy
superior kind of lace, damask, and even \elvet.
The spinners of Lancashire and \orkshiie aie
using it for these purposes, and there is a factory
near Westbourne-park that is turning out a ton
or so of bleached libre for the silk weavers every
week. The very valuable character of the fibre
has long been recognised, but it has not hitherto
been much utilised for manufacturing purposes
owing to the great difficulty that has been ex
perienced in extracting the fibre from tlie stems
The plant is of a gummy character, and it has
been found very difficult to get at a satisfactory
method of “ deguinming.” Decided advances have
liowever been made of late, and the prospects
of complete success appears to be good. It seems
likely that the West Indies may be able to take
up the cultivation of this China grass or ramie.
— Home Paper.

A NEW FIBRE.— A CORRECTION.

[to the editor op the “ SPECTATOR. ]

Sir — In the very interesting article on ‘‘A New
Fibre’” in the Spectator of January 2nd there is a
statement which needs correction,— * Denierara alone
has half a million of them,”— coolies. The last census
returns of British Guiana— which includes Berhice
and Essequibo as well as Demerara— give the popu-
lation of the entire Colony as 278,382, and the number
of coolies as 105,463. — I am. Sir, &c.,

Leeds, January 4th. .John Grimshaw.

I The word “alone” was not in our article, out,
of course even as it was, the coolie numbers were
overstated. — Ed. Spectator.^

KANAPEDIWATTIE TEA CO., LD.

This Company has just been incorporated, ine
capital is R340.000, (with power to inci-ease) m
3 400 shares of RlOO each, of which only .1,340
will at present be issued. The directcrs are Hon.
T. N. Christie, Mr. George Christie and Mr. W.
Kingsbury, and the Bankers, the National Lank

of India, Ld. „ , ,

Proctors : — Messrs. Fislier & Borrett (Kandy.)
Agents and Secretaries. Messrs, Lee Hedges A

^^tIus Company is formed for the purpose of
nurchasing Kanapediwattie, Blackford and St.
Cuthbert Estates situated in the I ussellawa and
Ulapane Districts. The approxiniate acreage of
the properties is as follows :— lea 34o, Cocoa 6,
Cardamoms 6, Timber, Patna, &c. 61. T^al 418.

The properties have been valued by Mr. VV.
P. Metcalfe at R321,845, being on a basis of
8i years’ purchase on the protits of tlie past tniee
seasons. No agreements for the purchase of the
Estates have been made, but negociations have
been opened with the Shareholders of the Ceylon
Cinchona Association, Limited, (the owner ot
Kanapediwattie Estate), and the proprietors of
Blackford and St. Cuthbert Estates to sell their
nroperties to the Company as from the 1st of
knuary, 1897, for the sum of R322,200 payable
in fully paid up shares,

76

TEA GROWING IN THE CAUCASUS.

Some time ago attention was prominently
drawn in home papers to the possibilities of
the Caucasus as a tea ))roduciiig region. Not
only was the opinion expressed that Russia,
herself a gieat tea drinkin.g coiiinr.y, would be
able to supply her own wants independent of
the East, but in course of time she would
compete ivitli these countries in die markets of
Europe. A gentleman who is himself qualified
to speak on the matter informs us that he
recently had a conversation on the subject
with a Russian visitor. The Russian who knows
the region well and who has had a look
round Ceylon assured our informant that tea
could only be grown in isolated pockets in the
Caucasus. The hillsides, he .said, were valueless
owing to the intense frosts that were ex-
perienced. If tliis description be accurate so
much the better for Ceylon, so much the worse
for Russia.

FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS :

IN 2 VOLS.*

MR. WILLI.S’S NEW BOOK.

We are indebted to the Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens for a copy of his excellent
contribution to the “Cambridge Natural Science
Manuals,” edited by Mr. Sliipley, the accom-
plished Fellow and Tutor of Christ’s College,
Cambridge. The book is evidently very care-
fully compiled, and must prove an exceedingly
useful manual. There are a good many engra-
vings illustrating the text, and the indexes and
glossary are particularly full. The contents of
the 1st volume are indicated as follows : —

Outlines of the morphology, natural history, clas-
sification, geographical distribution and economic uses
of the phanerogams and ferns.

The second volume contains.- —

The classes, cohorts, orders, and chief genera of
phanerogams and ferns, alphabetically arranged under
their Latin names.

The following extract from Mr. Willis’s preface
will show the object held in view by the autlior : —

The aim with which I commenced, nearly seven
years ago, to prepare this book, was, to supply within
a reasonable compass, a summary of useful and
scientific information about the plants met with in
a botanical garden or museum, or in the field. The
student, when placed before the bewildering variety
of forms in such a collection as that at Kew, does not
know where to begin or what to do to acquire
information about the plants. The available works
of general reference are mostly very bulky and often
out of date, and as a rule refer only to systematic
or economic botany, and say nothing about mor-
phology or natural history. I have endeavoured to
bring together in this book as much information as
is required by any but specialists upon all plants
usually met with, and upon all those points— mor-

* Now ready. Crown 8vo. Cloth. 2 Volumes.
Vol. i pp. 1 — 224. Vol, ii, pp. 1 — 429. Price lOs fid.
[Cambridge Natural Science Manuals Biological Series.
General Editor, — Arthur D. Shipley, m.a. Fellow
and Tutor of Christ College, Cambridge.) A Manual
and Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns,
by J. C. Willis, m.a , Director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Ceylon, sometime Frank Smart student,
Gonville and Gains College, Cambridge, and
Senior Assistant in Botany in the University of
Glasgow. Cambridge: at the University Press ; Lou-
don: C. J. Clay & Sons, Cambridge University Press
Warehouse, Ave Maria Lane; and H. K. Lewis,
136, Gower Street, W.C., Medical Publisher and
Bookseller,

6o4

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[March i, 1B97.

phology, classificatioD, natural liistcry, cconcn'ic
kotany, do. — which do not require the use of a micros-
cope. * * • The principal pait of the Look consists
of a dictionary in which the whole cf the families and
the imponant genera of ficwerirg plants and ferns are
dealt with, ine families are tieated very fully,
more so than in any ordinary text-l ook of systi matie
botany, whereas the genera are treated much more
briefly unless they show' some feature of special
interest that is not common to the family.

M'e may now give a very few .specimens of tlie
information contained in the second volume ;
.selecting two iiahns and our staples tea and
coffee : —

Areca Linn. Palmae (iv. G). About 1.5 sp. Malacca
to New Guinea. A, Catechu L. is laigely cultivated
in trop. As. for its seeds (Areca or Betel nuts). The
infl. is below the oldest living leaves, monoecious,
with the 5 dis. at the bases of the tw'igs, the $
above. The seed is about as big as a damson; it
is cut into slices and rolled up in a leaf of Betel
pepper (/'i'per /j’e?/e)with a little lime. When chewed,
it turns the saliva bright red : it acts as a stimulus
upon the digestive organs, and is supposed by the
natives (who use it habitually) to be a preventive of
dysentery. For ,-l. oleracea Jacq. see Oi'eodoxa.

Cocos Linn. Palmae iv. 7). HO sp. trop. S. Am.,
W. Inch C. nuci/'era L. (coconut palm) in all trop.
countries, and largely cultivated. It grows especially
well close to the sea and its fruit is capable of float-
ing long distances uninjured, hence ic forms a char-
acteristic feature in the islands of the Pacific (p. lilO).
It is a tall palm with pinnate leaves and dense
monoecious infl. The fruit is one-seeded. The outer
layer of the pericarp is fibrous, the inner extremely
hard (the shell of the cocoirut as sold in shops). At
the base are three marks corresponding to the three
loculi of the ovary, two of which have become obli-
terated. Under one of these marks is the embryo.
The testa is thin and is lined with white endospeim,
enclosing a large cavity, partly filled with a milky
fluid which serves as a water-supply in germination.
The uses of this palm are many; it furnishes many
of the necessaries of existence to the natives of tro-
pical regions — edible fruit, ))alm wine (cf. Borassus),
sugar (cf. Arenga), leaves for thatching, palm-cabbages
( the young bud cut out of the top of the tree), &c. The fibre
(;oii) of the pericarp is used in many' ways— in mak-
ing coconut matting, c-rbles, brushes, &c. Coconut
oil is obtained from the eirdosperm ; by pressure it
is separated into a solid pait (stearine, used for
candles) and a liquid (oleine) ; the remains of the
endosperm (coconut cake) are used in cattle-feeding.
The outer wood of the tree is hard (porcupine wood)
and is used in making ornaments, &c.

Cofl'ea Linn, llubiaceae (ii. 1-1). 25 sp. trop. Old
World. C. arahiea L. is the coffee plant, largely
cultivated in the tropics. It is a shade-loving jilaut,
and is cultivated in the shade of larger trees. The
fruit resembles a cherry in appearance; it is a 2-
seeded drupe. The pulp and the endocarp are mecha-
nically removed. The seed (‘‘ cofi'ee-beaii’ ) has a
deep groove on the ventral side. By soaking it in
water the endosperm may be softened and the embryo
dissected out. The plant is subject to the attacks of
many insects and fungi; one of the hxiiav {Ilemileia
vastatrix) was the cause of the i uin of the coffee industry
of Ceylon. [See Haberiaiidt's 'J’lojieiircise, p. 241.]

Thea Linn. (excl. Camellia Linn). Theaceae. 8
sp. India to Japan. Often united to Camellia; T.
has stalked nodding firs., C. sessile upright ones.
The chief sp. is 7\ sinensis L., the tea plant, largely
cultivated in China, India, Ceyl in, &o. When grow-
ing wild it foims a tree, but i i cnl i.ation it is
kept pruned into a small bush. Tlie young shoots
are nipped off at certain stages (according to the
kind of tea desired) and undergo various subsequent
treatments (see Tschirch, Jndische: Ileil and Nutr:-
pflanzcii). {^Sunoinymij : Hohea 1j. and T. riridis

L.= 7'. sine7isis ; T, Cumc'lia iIoffmgg,=C'amef/ia
opomVa.]

Theaceae. Dicotyledons (Archichl. Barietalos). IG
gen. with 175 sp. trop. and subtrop. Treet or shrubs

with alt. leathery leaves. Firs, usually solitary, ? ,
often partly spiral. K 5, G or 7, imbricate, persis-
tent; C 5, rarely 4,0 or cc , imbricate; A oc , rarely
5, 10 or 15, free or in bundles or united into a tube ;
ovary superior, 2- 3- 5- 10-loc.f with 2, 4 or oc anna-
tropous OMiles in each loc. Capsule or drupe.
Embryo usually curved ; endospeim little or none.
Tb.e only important economic plant is flVa ; Camel-
lia is a favourite in green-houses. Chief (icticra :
Thea, Camellia, Gord nia, Ternstroemia, Eurya.
Benth-Hooker unite to T. several other genera to
form the order 1’ernstroemiaceae (q.v.). Warming
places T. Cistiflorae.

The ))ieface is dated from Gla.^-gow, Augn.sb 10,
1896. — In respect of tea, Mr. Willis knows by
this time donhtle.ss, tliat the ))lant ohieily culti-
vated in Ceylon, as in India, is not the China
species, hut the Assam hybrid and indigenous kinds.
In making the above extracts we feel injustice
is done to iNlr. Willis, in not giving the explan-
ation of the abbreviations used, such abbrevi-
ations as well iis other explanations being pro-
minently shown in the ]iages before ns. Alto-
gether, how’ever, we feel sure these two handy
manual volumes will be much aiipreciated in
Colleges and Schools, as well as by botanical
students everywhere, making the name of our
new Director and his good work, familiar, not
only in the mother country, but throughout all
British Dependencie.s.

♦

KANDAPOLA TEA COMPANY, LIMITED.

llegistered January 14, by Mullens and Bosanquet,
11, Queen Victoria-street, E.C., with a capital of
.t‘200,000 in .£10 shares, 10,000 of which are six per
cent cumulative preferences sh ires and 10 000 ordi-
nary shares. Object, primarily, to acquire the follow-
ing estates or plantations — viz, the Kandapola estate,
and the Monkswood estate, adjoining thereto, both
situate in the district of Kandapola, in Ceylon ; the
Frotoft esta'e, and iho Bushbrook estate adjoining
thereto, both situate, in the district of Bamboda,
in Ceylon; nnd the Erroll estate, situate in the
district of Dikoya, in Ceylon ; to develop, deal with,
and generally turn to account the same in such
manner as the company shall see fit, and, generally
to carry on in all or any of their respective branches
the businesses of tea planters, tea merchants, tea
exporters, general planters and growers, fruit and
vegetable producers and preservers, coffee, cocoo,
sugar and cinchona merchant?, wine and brandy
makers, brewers, manufacturers i f all kinds of
vegetable products, farmers, pastnrers, cattle and
horse breeders, graziers and agriculturists, mine
ov/ners, colliery and quarry owners, shipowners,
charterers of vessels, shipbuilders, inetallurgists,
dealers in gold, silver, and other ))recious metals,
pearls and other precious stones, and as carriers by
sea and land; (o lay out towns and villages, aii3
to promote immigration thereto. The signatorieg

are : — Shares.

B. A. Bosnnquct, H8, Mincing-lane, E.C. .. 1

(t. F. Traill, Co'o.mbo, Ceylon .. 1

J. H. Alexander, GG, I nverno.ss- terrace, W. .. 1

W. B. Alexander, GG, Inveniess-terrace, W. .. 1

G. S. .Bo.sanquet, Bitchet Woods, Sevenoaks .. 1

E. T. S. F. llarvey, 35, Lithos-road, South

Hampstead . . 1

W. H. Couithope, 20, Birobin-lane, E.C. .. I

The number of directors is to be not more than
seven nor less than three ; the'rirst are the first three
signatories to the memorannnin. (jualificalion, 50
shares. Bemuneration .t'lUO each per annum, and
£150 for the chairman. Begistered office: 38, Min-
cing-lane, E.C. — Jl. (C- C. Mail, Jan. 20.

The Cui.Tiv.tTioN or Lihf.ui.vn Coi-’i-m; i^, a Pam-
phlet on the Opening up and Management of a
Liberian Coffee Estate in the IMalay Peninsula, by
II, Hiittenbach (reprinted from i\\Ci ScUuKjor Journal,)
which has been sent us : it seems very useful.

March i, 1897.]

THK TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIS L.

605

THE CLUNKS ESTATES COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

At tlie extrixonliiicai-y General Meeting of share-
holders of tlie above Company held on Saturday,
February 13Lh, 1897, at 12-30 p.ni. at the Com-
pany’s ( HlicesNo. 7, Queen Street, Fort, Colombo,
the following were present: — Mr. W. Forsythe,
Chairman, Mr. S. L. Harries, Directors; Messrs^
A. Thompson, Jas. Forbes, L. E. Edwards, E. II.
A Vanderspar, George Vanderspar, and W. lil.
Mitchell. Mr. E. .John was rei)iesented by his
Attorney Mr. 11. John.

Mr. F br.sythe having taken the Chair the notice
convening the meeting was read.

An interim dividend for 1890-1897 of .') ]>er
cent was declared and made joayable forthwith.

A vote of thanks to the Chair closed the pro-
ceedings.

^

PRODUCE AND TLx^Nl'ING.

Rubber Plantations'. — Planters on the look-out for
profitable products to culti'v'ate might, where possible,
turn their attention to the rubber industry. In the
course of a single year the exports of this commo-
dity from Lagos increased from 5,867 lb. to
5,069,576 lb., a growth of trade probably without
parallel. J3ut the natives who obtain the rubber in
the forests employ such wasteful and destructive
methods of “ tapping ” that the supply is sure to
dwindle away, as has happened through the same
on the upper waters of the Amazon. If, then, this
young and most prolitable industry is to become a
permanent source of wealth, whether at Lagos or
elsewhere, some method of insuring constancy of
supply must be adopted. There are two ways by
which that might be accomplished. The rubber-
producing forests could be leased on such conditions
as would give the lessees personal interest in pre-
venting destructive ‘‘ tapping.” Or, better still, as
not confiscating native rights of free search, planta-
tions may be established at suitable phices. Once
the trees reached maturity, they would continue to
yield tho precious juice for many years if properly
treated. Refore science turned its attention to the
matter the invariable practice was to bleed a tree to
death, and it is that barharous method which still
obtains at Lagos. But by a new and improved pro-
cess sufficient vitality is left in a “tapped” tree
for complete recovery and future fruitfulness. — H. rC C.
Jiail, Jan. 15.

The Coming Rivalry in Tea Manue.actuue. — It is
of course very gratifying to the feelings of Indian
and Ceylon tea planters to learn that their methods
of manufacture are worth imitating by the Chinese
and Japanese tea growers, and if that were all it,
would be quite pleasant. The Chinese and Japanese,
however, are not proud, and they wish to learn all
about everything as soon as possible. We see by
the Ceylon Ubseroer that an enterprising Chinese
“creeper” is in Ceylon yoirning for information.
It is mentioned, too, in another Ceylon paper that
an enquirer of .Japanese nationality is also believed
to be searching for more light. It is a proud and
and happy position for Indian and Ceylon planters
to control the tea markets of the world, and they
may be lifted up at the idea that their rivals re-
cognise their supremreyq and would adopt that wuty
of doing business. It is not, however, desirable that
these competitors should find the path of knowledge
readily accessible. Suiiermacy in the tea market was
fought for keenly, and won by pluck and prcservance.
It must be hold tightly, and with as much reserve
as is possible in these days of universal knowledge.
The game may become a very keenly contested one
before long, a".d no one can afford to give away a
point. Of course, if the Chinese and .Japanese mean
to manufacture tea on the same lines as India and
Ceylon they will find out all about it soon enough
There is no mystery about the process of manufaej

ture. That the Par East is becoming very much
alive to the value of machinery we are ourselves
aware, illustrations and descriptions of machinery
and ne'w.spapers contaning them being in demand
just now in that quarter. But this is no reason for
hurrying up events or assisting competitors in their
task of competition.

A Changed Tea Route. — Commenting on the tea
routes from China and India to Russia, the Grocer
says: — “ The way in w'hich railways and tariffs modify
the conditions of trade and effect great changes is illus-
trated b}’^ what has taken piace in regard to the tea
routes from China and India to Russia. Now that
the railway has linked Merv, Bokhara, and Samar-
kand w'ith Russia proper, the Russian Government
has absorbed the Bokhara customs, and since the
beginning of 1895 has levied equal customs duties
along the w’hole line of the frontier from the
the Caspian to the Pamirs. Consul-General Elias'
reporting on Persian trade, states that the al-
tered conditions have led to a deflection of the tea
route of the greatest importance to Persia and India
— teas formerly sent to Russia via Meshed being sent
now via Batoum, and Persia thus losing £8,000 a
year in customs alone. The Collector of Customs at
Bombay, reporting on the matter, states that the
green tea trade is by far the most important branch
of the trade between Bombay and the Russian pos-
ses.sions in Central Asia. The tea is imported from
China into Bombay, and re-exported from there to Ban-
dar Abbas, chielly by Mogul merchants. A considerable
quantity of Indian tea is also shipped to Bandar
Abbas from Bombay. The figures of China tea to
Persia show, how'ever, a serious falling off in the first
nine months of 1895-96. The Bombay Collector re-
marks that ‘ Indian tea has benetitted by the new
customs regulations, while the trade in China tea has
suffered, though not as yet very severely. There is,
however, some risk of Bombay losing its position as
the centre of the trade in China tea, in consequence
of the opening of the Batoum route.’ In the opinion
of the Persian Consid, it is wrong to surmise that
Indian tea has benefitted by the changes — in fact,
he thinks China is now sending a good deal of tea
to Russi.a via Batoum, and that ‘ India will probably
lose tho handling of the tea by which she Jras, up
till now, profited.’ ’The whole of the tea trade for
Central Asia twenty years ago was in the hands of
British Indian tea planters. Today they do not sup-
ply a leaf. It seems strange that it should have
come to pass that tvliile Indian black tea has been
steadily driving the Chinese article out of most of
the far-distant markets of the world, Chinese green
tea in a short space of time, and apparently with-
out an effort, drove the Indian article clean out of
its own market. Apparently the duty on Chinese tea
at Bombay, though only 5 per cent., together with
the saving in freight direct from China to Batoum,
are the causes which have thus dislocated a branch of
trade in W'hich are concerned the interests of Indian
lu'lian tea growers, Afghan and Persian carriers, and
merchants, the Persian Government revenue.”

The Tea Industry and the Famcne. — The com-
munity in Loudon interested in tea are, as will be
seen from the report of a meeting in another co-
lumn, well to the fore as regards tho Famine Fund.
The sums contributed by members of all branches
of the tea industry' are notable evidence alike of the
promise of tea enterprise in connection with India
and of the desire on the part of those who cons-
titute it to join with alacrity in the movement for
for alleviating the distress of the native popula-
tion in the famine-stricken districts. The same
feeling, we are sure, exists throughout the financial
world of commerce here. The movemout in the large
towns for gathering contributions towards the
Famine Fund is proof that the appeal to private
charity, tardy though it was, will not be made in vain,

The F.vmine .and the T-abour Qestion.— The follow-
ing letter signed ” 'Tea Planter” appears in today’s
Standard [ In view' of the terrible s'ufferingg of

6o6

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[March i, 189^.

fellow-subjects iu the North-West arid Central Pro-
vinces of India, may I suggest a measure which
would tend to relieve, even iu a slight degree, some
of the I xisting pressure ? At this season of the year
it is usual for tlie tea gardens in Assam, Cachar,
Sylhet, and oth.-r places, to recruit labourers from
the famine districts by head men sent from the
different gardens. It is a very unsatisfactory and
e.xpensive methods, as these men frequently return
without a single recruit, after having received
advances of luiudreds of rupees from their gar-
den managers, on the faith of glowing reports
as to the number of labourers collected. What
I would suggest is that the Indian Govern-
ment should appoint immigration agents in each of
the affected districts, to whom the managers of
gardens could apply direct for the number of
labourers required, and who would send them up
under proper supervision. Many gardens are short
of labour, on account of the difficulty and expense
of getting it ; but if each garden manager could
notify his wants direct to the Government, and
could be supplied with the labour required quickly
and cheaply (he, of course, paying all expenses), it
would be to the mutual benefit of the Government
and planter. From my knowledge of the tea dis-
tricts work could be found for at least another half
million of labourers, who would be rescued from
starvation, and would enjoy a degree of happiness
and x>rosperity unknown in their own country.”

The Cane Sugar Question. — The sugar planters
of the Mauritius have followed the example of those
iu the West Indies, and are asking that their lot
may be ameliorated without indicating how it is to
be clone. On Friday Lord Stanmore and the Mauritius
Delegates’ Committee attended by appointment at
the Colonial Offico, and presented to Mr. Chamberlain
a petition from Mauritius, signed by over 10,000
persons interested in the sugar industry, praying
that measures may immediately be taken ny the
Government to relieve the critical position of the
colony and enable its produce to compete in the
markets of Great Britain and her dependencies on
equal terms with beetroot sugar from foreign
countries. Lord Stanmore, in iiit oducing the de-
putation, pointed out that the position of

Mauritius iu the event of the failure of the sugar
industry would be worse than that of the West
Indies, as the colony had no other industry to fall
back on. He claimed the sympathy and assistance
of the Government. Mr. Chamberlain, in his reply,
as lured the deputation that the Government was fully
aware of the gravity of the siiuation, and sym-
pathised with hardships that were not the result of
natural causes, but of artificial interference. He could
give no indication of the course Her Majesty’ Govern-
ment would think fit to pursue until the Commission
lately sent out to the West Indies had reported, which
it was expected to do in about three or four mouths’
time. — 11. and C. Jlail, Jan. 22.

CLOSE OF THE INDIAN TEA SEASON
FOIi 1890.

Tlie following figures and comparisons from the
latest circular of Messrs. Watson, Sibtliorp &
Co. of Calcutta are of .special interest : —

Exports, Stocks, Ac., of Indian Tea.

1896. 1895. 1894.

lb. lb. lb.

Exports from Calcutta
to Great Britain from 1st

Jan. to 31st Dec, ..128.182, 030 121,140,686 116,280,876

Exports from Cal-
cutta to Great Britain

in December .. 12,028,512 10,264,120 10,491,413

Stocks in London on

8l3t December .. 54,100,000 52,638,498 47,930,601

Deliveries in London
from 1st Jan. to 31st

December. . 124,667 003 115,003,2)1 117,423,711
Do in Dec. .. 11,600,000 9,933,268 9,320,911

Landings in London
from 1st Jan. to 31st

December .. 125,385,831 119,806,191 115,323,648

Do iuDec. ..18,500,000 17,305,803 13,808,490

Exports from Cal-
cutta to Australia &

New Zealand from 1st
Jan. to 31st Deo. .. 5,482,881

Do in Dec... 589,718
Do from Calcutta
direct to America from
1st Jan. to 31st Dec.. . 1,164,279
Do in Dec. .. 149,278

Exports from Calcutta
to all other places from
1st Jan. CO 31st Dec.. . 5,828,365 4,177,.528

Do in Dec... 604,604 670,717

6,172,486

608,795

939,040

66,251

5,489,390

434,314

505,679

61,215

4,462,270

359,553

“ HESEKVE FEND.S OF TEA COMFANIES.”

Some days ago a local daily contemporary had a
deliverance on the above subject and, cpioting from
a London Sharebioker, he aflbrded but a poor
picture of the stability of Ceylon Tea Companies so
far as “reserves” were concerned. This may be
judged by the extract we a])pend : —

“ The following table compiled by one of the best-
known London sharebrokers doing business in Ceylon
stock tabulates the information so that the position
of affairs iu thi< respect can be seen at a glance; —

STATEMENT OE THE HESEKVE FUND OP BOMB ESTATE
IN CEYLON.

Of 45 Sterling Companies : —

Total indebtedness . . . . £5,9.36,999

Deduct Consolidated Tea and Lauds

Company . . . . 1,800,000

£4,136,999

Total Reserve £144,482, or 3’49 per cent.

Of this total reserve the Ceylon Tea
Plantations Co. has £70,000
The indebtedness of the C. T. P. Co. is 218,460

Leaving for the other 23 Companies £3,838,539
And the balance of the Reserve Fund,

.£144,482 less £70,000, allows £74,482,
equivalent to a percentage of i'91
Of 29 Rupee Companies ; —

Total indebtedness . . . . R7, 141, 458

Tot.il Reserve 11262,000, or equivalent to a
percentage of 3'6

‘ But these figures present the case iu a much too
favourable light, seeing that the 11262,000 set down ai
the reserve of the Rupee Companies are strictly speak-
ing no reseive at all, being chiefly sums passed to
“ extension fund account,’’ and have all been expended
in developing the estates. They are not reserves in
the proper sense of the word in such a liquid form as
reserves should be.”

Now ill referring to the .above statement, we notice
in the lir.st place that the London Sharebroker
talks of the “indebtedness'’ of the Companies,
under which term lie evidently includes tlie
share capital which, of course, is not indebted-
ness. Next he proceeds to draw a comparison
between the Reserve Fund, and the so-called
“ indebtedness,.” In the opinion of reliable mer-
cantile authorities, this is not sound — unless it
is contended that in the c.ase of Tea Companies
a Cash Reserve Fund should be built ui» as
against the possibility of a loss of the capital
of the Conniany, or in other words a collapse
of the Tea Industry. .Such an eventuality we are
not going to di.scuss, at any rate for the luesent ;
and we think tor our contemporary or his share-
hioking friend to sugge.st such a thing in the
w.ny they have done, is far more likely to do
harm than to do good. The more general opinion

IVIarch I, 1897.] THfe 1‘ROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 607

seems to be that so far as Tea Companies are
concerned, there are on y two uses for a Caah
Kesei ve Fund : — 1st, to provide money to pay off
debts, such as Debentures ; and 2mi to equalize
dividends in the case of Companies which have
a proportion of tlieir capital in I’reference Shares.

Where a Company is indebted under a mort-
gage, or by a Debenture issue, or in any other
way, there must, of course, he a date when
the principal of such debt falls due, and we quite
think that such a Company should, out of its
current ))ro(its, build up a Cash Reserve Fund
to pay off such debt. And again, as regards
Companies, the capital of which is divided into
Preference and Ordinary shares, although the
Preference shares are not “indebtedness” in the
ordinary acceptation of the term ; yet they may
he said to operate as a mortgageon thefuture profits
of the Company (assuming that they are “Cumu-
lative” Preference shares, as is usually the case) ;
and it is in such cases also very advisable to provide
ahead — by means of a Cash Reserve Fund — for
the payment of interest on such preference shares
in view of the possibility of a falling-off in re-
turns, coupled with the necessity of payment
of the preferential interest, entrenching in the
fair earnings of the ordinary capital. But
in the case of Companies which are not indebted
In any way, ami have their capital only on one
cl.iss of shares, we cannot really see that there
is any special necessity for a Cash Reserve
Fund.

Again, our contemporary talks of Reserve
Funds adding to the “stability” of Tea Com-
panies. If he refers to those with Debenture or
Preference share issues we may agree with him;
but let us take the case of a Company with
only one class of shares: if a “Reserve Fund”
is created the value of the shares will of course
go up correspondingly, but the value will at
the same time fluctuate in accordance with the
increase or falling-off of the annual profits of
the Company. We must continue to hold, in
fact, that the “stability” of our Tea Companies,
depends mainly on the stability of the Tea In
dustry — ^Reserve Fund or no Reserve Fund.

When, however, we look down the Colombo
and London Ten Share lists, we do find one
point of general difference of considerable im-
portance, namely that nearly the whole of the
London concerns have “Debenture or Preference
issues” — or both; while in Colombo such a thing
is a rare exception. In other words — and speaking
generally — Colombo Companies are not indebted
and their future earnings are nob .aiortgaged.
That being so, our prosperous local Companies
may be regarded as occupying a first-class posi-
tion ; for, so long as the Tea industry exists, they
can divide their profits among those shareholders.
The contention, however, seems to be that in
view of the possibility of a time coming when
there may be no profits to divide, the Reserve
Fund will be there to provide a dividend ; but
would that fact really improve matters? Out in
Ceylon, every shareholder, or his representative,
knows pretty w-ell all about the position of the
Tea-planting industry, and we rather think there
w'ould be a general outcry if Directors com-
menced to pay smaller dividends and announced
that they intemled in future, to combine with
Tea-planting a species of Savings Bank business
to guard against the shareholders, like small
boys, spending their pocket-money injudiciously !

Let it not be forgotten too that there are ex*
tremely limited means here for the profitable in-
vestment of money of the character of Reserve

Funds which practically become Trust Funds.
Even with fairly good security, shareholders can
themselves do better with their dividends, than
Directors would be able to do for them if the
money went to a Reserve Fund. On the whole,
therefore, .so far as local Companies are concerned,
we cannot say that a case for “ Reserve Funds”
has been made out ; while in respect of London
Ceylon Companies, considering the keen business
criticism to which they must be liable in the
“ City,” w’e should like to see financial authori-
ties at home, lead the w ay, before we presumed
from this end, to dictate to their Chairmen and
Directors wdiat would be the best course for
them to pursue.

INSECT PESTS AXD THEIR ENEMIES :

AN INTERCHANGE BETWEEN CEYLON AND
SOUTHERN INDIA PROPOSED BY
MR. E. E. GREEN.

_ Mr, E. E. Green of Eton, Pundaluoya. writing
on the 4th Feb. gives us the ’ following
interesting information : —

“I have been interested in the copy of the
Hawaiian Planters' Monthly with the inlerestinw
report on Insect Pests by Mr. Eocbele. There
seems to be no doubt that the introduction of
the natural enemies of the several insect pests
has been most successful in Haw'aii— thanks to
the personal supervision of such an expert as
Mr. Kcebele has proved himself to be.

“ I am glad to note by a letter publi.slied in
your January number of the T. A. that the Indian
Planters’ Associations are taking up the subject
of the introduction of Lady Bird ‘Beetles aiM
are an.xious to join us in securing the services
of Mr. Kcebele. The letter in question— headed
Notes on Lady Birds and Cotlee Bug on the
Lower Pulneys’ — gives some interesting parti-
cubars of an indigenous species of Lady Bird
{Chilocoi US Hiyrtt'Us) that appears to prey upon the
Green Bag {Lecaniuni Virulc) in that country. Mr.
Newport, however, reports that though the beetle.s
are doing good w'ork in a small way tliey are not
increasing in numbers as rapidly as could be
wished. Tliis is only wdiat miglit be expected
from an indigenous insect which has no doubt
its own natural enemies to keep it in check in
its native country. But it has struck me that
this sa,uie Indian beetle, if introduced into Cey-
lon, might iiaie a fieer hand — and might prove
a real service on the few coffee plantations re-
maining in Ceylon. This little experiment would
at any rate, be inexpensive and easily carried
out. I should be glad to correspond with Mr.
Newport wdth a view' to the interchange of
natural enemies of insect pests between India
and Ceylon. We, on our side, might be able to
supply the Indian planters with a few' species
which-hampered by their own parasites-are
unable to do appreciable service in tliis country
but which if sent to India-minus their enemi&s
—might increase as the Australian beetles did
in Hawaii.

We certainly hope the experiment will be
made.

♦—

HORREKELLY ESTATE COMPANY
LIMITED.

The annual geueral meeting of shareholders

Registered

othce (Messrs. Lewis Brown & Co.’s) on Feb 6th at

noon. Mr. C. E. H- Symons presided and those pre-
sent or represented, were, xMr. F. W. Bois, Mrs,

6og

THE TROPICAL

AGRICUL'IURIST. [March r, 1897.

Mary Bois, Mr. Percy Bois, Mr. Henry Boi.s, Mr.
A. H. Cliri.slian ami Mr. W. J. Carver, by their
attorney, Mr. P. Bois ; Mr. F. Lie.scliing, tlie E.s-
tate of H. Ledward by the Administrator, Mr.
F. Liesching, the Estate of Mrs. Led ward by
Mr. F. Liesching, lion. C. P. Layard, and Messrs.
Julius and Creasy by Mr. F. Liesching ; Mes.srs.

S. Green, F. Beven, F. C. Loos, b. J. ile
Sarani, R. W. Nunn, Hon. yir J. J. Grinlin-
linton, by his jiro-vy, Mr. R. L. M. Brown, and
Mr. R. L. M. Brown (Sejrelary. )

Notice calling the meeting were read and
minutes conlirined.

THE REPORT AND ACCOUNT.S.

The Cliairinan submitted the report and ac-
counts. The report is in the following terms : —

1. In submitting the accounts for 1896 the Direc-
tors have much pleasure in calling attention to the
increasingly satisfactory position of the Company,
the result for the year showing a sum of R40,518'57
available for distribution, after writing off R7,000
as depreciation of plant and machinery.

2. The Directors recommend that a dividend at
the rate of 10 per cent for the year on the capital
of the Company be declared. This will absorb 1140,000
and leave R518’57 to be carried forward to 1897.

3. During the past year a further sum ot R15,000
has been paid in reiuction of the mortgage debt,
which now stands at only R10,000.

4. The crop of coconuts in 1896 was a large one,
and was sold as nuts, and not made into copra as
hitherto. It gives ample testimony to the value of
manure, which is now being applied systematically
and on an increased scale, thus justifying the en-
hanced expenditure san tinned under this head by
the Directors.

5. The working of the estate for the years 1894,
1895, and 1896 compares as follows (the item of in-
terest being excluded) : —

Expenditure on Estate

1894. 1895. 1896

and in Colombo office R33,243'74 32,747'69 30,463 ‘23
Quantity of Coconuts

produced No. 1,002,237 1,332,965 1,548,081
Do. Coir Fibre

made Ballots 40,245 25,703 23,859

6. The Directors are happy to report that the
prospects of crop for 1897 are favourable, and with
a normal season the result should be satisfactory.

7. Two Directors — Messrs. Percy Bois and F. J. de
Saram — retire by rotation, and are eligible for re-
election.

8. The shareholders have to appoint an Auditor
for 1897.

The Chairman remarked that the report and
accounts had been sene round and as every
shareholder liad received a copy lie moved that
they be taken as read. (The meeting having
acquiesced) the Chairman went on to say that
he thought the report spoke for itself. It show-
ed that they had had a very prosperous year,
owing to the climate as well as the systematic
manuring they h.ad been carrying out. The re-
sult was in the report and a very creditable one
he thought it was. Next year promised to be
quite as good, but whether the prices they would
get for their produce would be as good was
another matter. They had sold half the crop of
coconuts already on the same terms and condi-
tions as last year but at 50 cents less a thousand,
but if excminge fell towards the end of the
year the price of coconuts might rise and they
would be able to get as good a price as they got last
year. The work done by their yu[)erintendent,
Mr. Beven had been very satisfactory. There had
been a good deal of difliculty with labour but that
was not uncommon every wlierc. With the.se few
words he moved the adoption of the report; and
{tccouuts,

In answer to Mr. Green the Ciiairman ex-
plained that half of the forthcoming year’s crop
had been sold for R86 50 ner 1000 as against
R37 per 1000 for the last half year.

The report and accounts were adopted.

THE MORTGAGE ON THE PROPERTY.

The Secretary (Mr. Brown) .said it had been
brought to his notice by some of the shareholtler.s
that the accounts w'ere not particularly clear as re-
garded the reduction of the mortgage. This item
did not apiiearon the face of the Company’s accunts
as issued, but of course it appeared in the report of
the Directors. What appeared in the accounts
was a balance sheet not a working sheet ; it
sliow'ed the balance after all the work had been
done. In one of the columns the mortgage stood
at 1110,001) and in the previous accounts it stood at
R25, 000 so that was wdiere the R15,000 came in.
The amount remaining w'as RIO, 000 and it was
for the Directors to .say, when an o])portunity
occurred, whether that amount should not be
paid off also.

Mr. Beven jiroposed that a dividend of 10 per
cent be declared in acconlance wdth the recom-
mendations contained in the Director’s report.

The Secretary pointed out that as a rule the
dividend was ])aid on 1st April because the crop
was allowed to mature for some time on the
estate before delivery. The crop irlucked in the
end of December renuired time to mature and it
was .some time before it could be converted into
money. They were, however, able to declare a
dividend a little earlier this year becau.se the
crop was not in coprah, but he hoped that in fixing
a (late the meeting would not fix it too early
a date for the shareholders next year, when the
crop might be in co[tra would be grumbling if the
dividend was not paid so early date. He sugges-
ted that the dividend be payable on 1st March.

Mr. BeyeN adopted this suggestion and moved
accordingly.

Mr. Grei;n .seconded and the motion was carried
unanimously.

ERECTION UK DIUECTOR.S AND AUDITOR.

On the motion of Mr. Green seconded by Mr.
Nunn, Messrs. Percy Boi.s, and F. J. De Saram
were re-elected Directors and on the proposal of
Mr. Nunn, seconded by Mr. Green Mr. H. J.
Scott was re-elected Auditor of the Comi»any at
a fee of a RIOO.

A vote of thanks to the Chairman terminated
the proceedings.

LONDON REVIEW OF THE TEA MARKET.

INDIAN.

(From Stentxing, Inskij)p A Co.’s Indian
Ceylon Tea Marhet Review for 1S9G )
London : — 14, Mincing Lane, Jan. 1897.

Position and Prospects. — A reference to the figurea
given below will show that Imports during the twelve
months ending 3lst December last, mark an increase
of 5,604,000 lb., and the deliveries during the same
period an increase of 9,584,000 lb., compared with
1895. The total imports for the season are expected
to reach about 127,000,000 lb., against 117,932,000
lb. last season, and this additional quantity should
not be difficult to deal with. The quality of the
crop generally is good, and as the range of prices is
extremely moderate, the consumption, which last
month made a great stride, may be expected to proceed
at a rate that will absorb tlie extra supply.

On the whole, the season’s results to producer
should prove encouraging. 'I'hose who have maintained
a good standard of quality vvill have found compeusa-

Mvrch I, 1397.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 609

tlon ill a steady niarket at satisfactory prices
throughout; while others who cannot successfully
compete in the production of high-class teas will
have been benefited by a more abundant output.
The recent rise in Exchange, and the dearness of
native food in the districts, caused by the Indian
famine, are rather serious drawbacks which will, we
fear, have to be contended with for some time. But
some offset to these will be found in a more plenti-
ful supply of labour. As regards the future, the demand
for teas of sterling character should not be prejudiced by
the larger crops of coming seasons from districts
which, owing to canditions of climate, soiles, &c.,
have largely to look to quantity. But for ths com-
mon and medium classes the outlook is lesas reas-
suring, because neither in India or Ceylon has the
limit to production been reached, certainly nor in
India were large additional areas of cultivation will
soon be coming into bearing, and thus, with ever
increasing quantities coming on the market, the
tendency must be to a further weakening of prices.
In these circumstances the grower naturally watches
with some concern the progress in the demand for
British grown tea in other countries. During 1895
the quantity sent from London to America, the
Continent, and other countries amounted to
.8,924,551 lb., and it is disappointing to find that the
figures for 1896 show an increase of only ;)81,00C lb.,
and this, in spite of the preserving efforts being
made to extend the business. The shipments direct
from Calcutta to countries other than the United
Kingdom show a falling off of 658,000 compared
with last year. Against this, however, 1,256,000 lb.
more of all teas have been sent to United Kingdom
for transhipment to other ports, the figures being
6,395,000 lb. during 1896 and 5,140,000 lb. in 1895.

The importation of a consignment of machine-
made tea from Foo Chow has excited some interest
in the China market, owing to its novel y. This
tardy innovation in Chinese methods if it were ap-
plied systematically would no doubt lesson the cost
of production, but it would not go far towards re-
suscitating their lost trade. China tea has passed
out of favour by reason of its inherently poor chai'-
acter compared with the teas of India and Ceylon,
and the use of machinery in its manufacture could
not overcome this difficulty.

CEYLON.

The Couuse of the Mahket. — Contrary to 1895 a
dull tone with lower prices marked the opening of
business due to heavy supplies and less attractive
teas. A slow enquiry was experienced in Februaiy
and although auctions were smaller inactivity conti-
nued until the latter part of March, when there was
a slight recovery, especially in the lower priced teas,
and after the holidays in April a good demand set
in at dearer prices which continued throughout
May, early in June arrivals were he.vy, and prices
fell. Better quality and less pressure to realize
throughout July and August led to a steadier tone
at higher prices. September auctions were rather
small, the quality was good and the market hard-
ened throughout. Larger supplies early in October
caused quotations to give way slightly but they
steadied again as quanutities fell off, and with conti-
nued good quali y in November the market w'as strong;
less attractive quality in December made lower quo-
tations and the maket coutiuued we ik until the close
business for the year, more p vrticularly for such of
the higher grades as lacked quality.

Smale Bheaks. — Since the 1st October, lots of less
than 18 Chests, 21 Half-Chests or 40 Boxes have been
reckoned as Small Breaks.

Qualitv. — Fine Invoices were somewh.it scirce un-
til April ; afterwirds the general character became in-
different; but from August to November an inprove-
mentwas noticeable which waq however, succeeded by
some falling off in December. Ontliewhffo we con-
sider the year’s imports to have been up to the average
though a great quantity of very poor tea has been pro-
duced which h.is come here chiefly on Colombo pur-
chase account. The prices now obtainable for tea of
this low class can leave but a sl.u ’.er margin of profit,

and, owing to the tendency to lower prices generally,
its production may at no distant date become alto-
gether unprofitable, especially since China tea at
the same price is better in appearance, if not in
liquor also.

Othek Markets.— From Colombo, shipments as
follows (to the 22nd December) ; —

To Australia and New Zealand, 11,746,6001b., against
9,314,200 lb. in 1895.

From Loudon the Experts are as follow-s : —

Conti- Canada, Other

nent. America. Ac. Countries. Total,]

lb. lb. lb. lb. lb.

1896.. 4. .536. 100 1,386,020 1,346,188 975,130 8,242,438

1895.. 3.786.178 1,420,262 1,113,165 773,836 7,093,441

In previous years when the destination of Ex-
ports was not distinguished the Totals were as
follows : —

1894.

1893. 1892.

lb.

lb. lb.

5,123,862

4,065,709 3,273,955

Pkgs. Aver.

Per lb.

Average Price . . 1896

. . 1,066,912

8id

1895

965,052

8id

1894

889,573

8|d

1893

846,762

9id

1892

789,231

9id

1891

755,552

9|d

1890

535,611

lOJd

1889

431,043

lid

1886

303,284

Hid

1887

182,955

lOid

USEFUL HINTS ;

Loss IN Weight. — As this occasionally gives, rise
to much dissatisfaction we offer the following sug-
estions : that the gross weight of the package should
e a- few ounces, say four or five, above an even
number of pounds, and that the empty package,
complete with lead, nails, bands, Ac., be to a like
extent below an even number of pounds. In weigh-
ing here the gross weight is reduced to the even
number of pounds, whilst the tare is increasi d to an
even number of pounds.

With regard to Garden Bulked Teas, it is im-
peratively necessary to put an equal quantity into
each package of the break, and this quantity should
be four or five ounces over the desired weight of
contents, viz., if the packages are invoiced to con-
tain 100 lb. Tea each, not less than 100 lb. 4 ozs.
should be weighed in ; test packages, weighing here
a fraction under 100 lb. are reckoned as 99 lb. only,
or a loss of 1 lb. on each chest of the break.

Careful observance of the foregoing precautions
would no doubt prevent much loss and disappoint-
ment.

Draft of 1 lb. per package on all packages gross-
ing 29 lb. and upwards is allowed to the buyer.

Weight of Packages. — When a gross w’eight of
129 lb. is exceeded, there is an additional charge of
5d. per chest up to 159 lb. The following scale of
charges fully explains this and deserves attention: —

Slanagerneut rate per package, subject to an
uniform discount of 10 per cent.

Gross.— 160 to 199 lb., 2/9 ; 130 tb 159 lb., 2/3 ; 90

to 129 lb., 1/10 ; 80 to 89 lb. 1/8 ; 60 to 79 lb., 1/5 ;

45 to 691b., 1/2; 35 to 44 1b., 1/- ; 17 to 34 lb., -/7.

Marks on Chest. — Nothing is wanted oris of any
service here beyond (1st.), Garden Mark ; (2nd.),
Description of tea ; (3rd.), Garden Numbers. Gross,
tare, or net, are not of the least use, and should bo
discontinued.

Metal Packages. — Although not especially objec-
ted to, these do not yet find generally favour with
buyers.

Packing Small Brokens and Dusts- — Special care
should be taken to pack broken descriptions, which
are so liable to lose in weight, in strongly made
wooden p.ickages. Dust sliould only bo packed in
half chests, eitner of metal or of strong iron hooped
wooden packages; canvas coverings should in no case
be used, as they disguise injury done to the pack-
ages by rough handling, and any tea retained in th?
canvas becomes of no value,

6io

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1897.

INDIAN PATENTS.

Whereas the inventors of the undermentioned in-
ventions have respectively failed to pay the prescrib-
ed fees, it is notified that the exclusive privilege
of making, selling, and using the said inventioas in
British India, and of authorizing others so to do,
has ceased : —

Improvements in the Manufacture of Tea Leaf
INTO Black Tea. — No. 158 of 1892. — Samuel Cleland
Davidson’s invention for improvements in the manu-
facture of tea leaf into black tea. (Specification filed
14th October 1S^2.) —Indian and Eastern Eiujlneer,
Jan. 30.

COFFEE PLANTING IN NYASSALAND,

B. C. AFlilCA.

[From an ex-Ceylon Flantcr.)

Mlanji, B.C.A., Dec. 8.

Our dry season this year has been very hot
and trying for our coffee. Most of our blossoms
in November which is usually our best has failed,
conse<[uently our crops will be short. Although
we had a lot of rain, it was badly distributed;
it was late in coming and we had almost two
months dry with a blossom hanging in spike
all the time. I have not (during my six years
in Nyassaiand) known such a bad year during
our blossoming season. Our rainy season usually
begins about the middle of November, but this
year we have been anxiously looking for the rain
to date, and just as I am writing thunder and
lightning has begun and it rains in torrents. I
only hope it will continue so that we may secure
the little crop we have left, and make some
decent wood for next year, for we have had a
terrible scorching;

COFFEE AND TEA IN AMERICA.

REVIKW OF 1896.
coffee.

Coffee opened January 2 at llj cents for No. 7 Rio,
ruled comparatively steady until June, when a down-
ward movement began, which carried the price to
cents in November, and left it at lOj cents on
December 31.

The high prices of the past ten years stimulated the
setting out of new plantations in Central and South
America, the full influence of which was not felt until
the size of the crops of 1895-96 were known. For
several years the world’s requirements and the world’s
crops were so close to each other that prices were
maintained at a high level until 1895, when they began
to recede, and continued a downward movement
throughout the past year, the closing price of No. 7
Rio being cents below that ruling January 1, 1896.
The year 1896 is notable in that the increase in the
crops of the world has been large enough in the crops
of the world has been large enough to force a decline
in the cost of Brazil sorts of over 4 cents per pound.
The high prices which have ruled since 1886 stimulated
the setling out of the new plantations all over the
coffee belt of the world, particularly in Mexico, Central
America, the United States of Colombia and Brazil.
In 1795 the exports of coffee from the United States
were 1,244,066 pounds greater than the imports. In
1896 the net imports were 572,971,840 pounds, valued
at ^83,534,366. The average value of imports was
14-6 cents per pound.

TEA.

Tea sold at the lowest prices ever made in this market
until October, when it became certain there was a
shortage in the crops of China and Japan, and prices
advanced 2 to 3 cents per pound and held the gain
until the close of the year.

Oversupply kept this market in a depressed condi-
tion until it became apparent that a large deficiency
Jn the supplies for the present season, estjm.Ued from

20,000,000 to 23,000,000 pounds led to a large fall
business and an advance of several cents per pound,
most marked in medium and low-grade tea.

The year opened with Formosa Oolong steady, as
receipts were limited, but Foochow and Amoy sorts
were weak, as they were freely offered at auction,
touching the lowest values recorded for cargo grades.
Amoy, old crop, common to fair, sold in January at 7
to 8i cents ; Foochow, new crop, 9 to 10 cents ;
Greens, owing to the full supply, were in buyers’
favour, Country teas and Pingsueys were freely
offered at public sale; cargo Young Hyson sold at 7i
to 85 cents ; Twankay, 4J to 6 cents; extra first Young
Hyson, Moyune, 25 to 30 cents ; first, 15 to 19 cents ;
new crop Pingsueys were covered by prices ranging from
7 to 26 cents. During the spring the market ruled
week, and prices fell oelow those quoted above on
low-grade teas. All grades of Japan declined, and in
May good medium brought 12J to 13 cents ; common
to good common, 9 to 10^ cents; fine or finest, 14 to
15i cents ; choicest, 20 to 22 cents. Daring May from

4.000 to 5,000 half-chests Formosa, grading on superior,
sold at private sale at 17 cents ; common grades
Foochow and Amoy at 7j to 7^ cents at auction.

In the fall it became evident that there would be a
marked deficiency in the supply of Greens and Japans;
aggregating 13,000,000 to 15,000,000 pounds for the
seasons 1895-97. There was considerable speculative
buying, and low grades advanced li to 3 cents per
pound in October, and have held the gain up to the
present. From October to November 15 the sales in
first hands covered 18,000 packages Japan ; 3,000
Country and 12,000 Piugsuey Greens ; 15.000 Formosa ;

7.000 Foochow; 10,000 Amoy and 6,000 packages
Congou. This proved the largest wholesale business
in tea outside of the auction room, for the same period,
in two years.

The year closes with demand slow, but with the
statistical position strong, as the estimated supply for
1895-97 is about 12,000,000 pounds less than require
ments, which may be fairly estimated at 93,000,000
pounds, while the estimated supply for the present
season is placed at 82,350,000 pounds.

In 1796 the net imports of tea into the United
States were 2,355,755 pounds ; one hundred years
latter (1896) they were 93,340,248 pounds. The per
capita consumption is smaller now than from 1880 to
1882 inclusive, and less than from 1886 to and includ-
ing 1889, since which date it has not varied one-tenth
of a pound. The reason — large importation of trash.

The imports, re-exports and net imports of tea, the
latter representing consumption, were for the year
ending June 30, 1896, as follows :

Imports

Exports

Net imports — Consumption
Per capita consumption . .
Average imp. cost per pd.

The above quantity of tea
following countries :

Pounds. Dollars.
93,998,372 12,704,440

6.58,124 118,699

93,340,248 12,585,741

1-33

13‘50c.

was imported from the
Pounds.

China

Japan

United Kingdom
Other parts of Asia
East Indies
Other countries

49,178,277
38,169,6.52
2,729,695
2 363,676
1,261,671
295,401

Total . . 93,998,372

China furnished 52 per cent, and Japan -40'5 per
cent of the total imports, — American Grocer, Jau. 6.

Royal Gardens, Kew. — Bulletin of Miscellaneous
^formation. May and June. Contents: — Botanical
Enterprise in British Honduras, Sugar-Cane Disease
ia lintish Quiaiia, Ilaud-list of CouifersB grewii in
the Royal Gardens, Tropical Fodder Grasses (con-
tinued), Cotton in British Central Africa, Sisal
Gultivatiou in the Jutks aud Caicos Islauds^ Sacred
Tree of Kum-Bum, Miscellaneous Notes.

March r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

611

COFFEE NOTES FROM NYASSALAND.

Coffee prospects for the coming season are good
We are informed that the heavy rains in the end of
October brought out a good blossom, and there has
since been pleasant sunny weather, which has in most
caused it to set well.

A coffee plantation, which wo think we are right in
describing as the first which has been started in the
districts west of Lake Nyasa, is now being formed by
Mr. Kahn of Kotakota. He informs us that he
expects to have 100 acres in before long. It has
always appeared to u.s somewhat singular that none
of the planters in this country have as yet opened up

£lontations in the districts lying immediately west of
lake Nyasa, even right to the north end. Water
carriage is so cheap, compared with land transport
in this country, that coffee could probably be trans-
ported from Kax’onga to Matope as cheaply, or
nearly so, as it could from Southern Augoniland to
Matape, and by choosing a district in which labour is
cheap, as indeed it is in almost all of the Nyasa
Districts, the cost of production would probably, in
the first instant at any rate, be very much less than
it is in the Shire Highlands. — British Central Africa
Gazette.

INDIAN TEA COMPANIES.

To the Editor of The “Financial Times.”

Sir, — Your article about Indian tea companies seems
to have drawn some attention to them, judging by
the inquiries addressed to men who, like myself, are
supposed to know all about their position and pros-
pects. May I, therefore, say a word by way of guidance,
to point out that discrimination should be used by
investors, as a very distinct movement is in progress
tending to enhance the value of one class of pro-
perty and to depreciate another ? The average of
profits of past years is not always a reliable guide
to the futui'e profitableness of the estates, inasmuch
as the value of the produce from certain districts
is steadily appreciating while that of others is de-
clining, This is due to the fact that only a certain
amount of land in India, and very little in Ceylon
is found to be capable of contiuously yielding fine
tea, with the result that practically all the increased
production of recent years is of a lower quality, for
which the market value is falling unpleasantly near
cost of production. A further rise in exchange and
freight, added to the increased cost of feeding coolies
at a loss on the rice and the continually growing
difficulty of obtaining the sort of coolie required,
would certainly reduce the profit of some concerns
to a very low point. There will, of course, be a set-
off in the check given to further extensions of the
area planted. On the other hand, there is apparently
no limit to the prices obtainable for tea from the
finest plantations in Darjeeling and Assam. It is
not my purpose to specify any company, but any
stockbroker can obtain information by coming to a
tea broker. This leads to a comment on what
is a matter of general experience — namely, that
if a client asks his stockbroker what he thinks about
Indian tea, the answer is nine times out of ten that
he “doesn’t like it’’ with the advice to “leave it
alone,” sometimes followed by a suggestion to take
a few shares iu some wild-cat land company. Hence
it is that during the last few years several tea brokers
have started a stock and share department for their
speciality, and are reputed to be making incomes that
would make many a man in the “House ’’rich. A
market has, in fact, been established with success
independent of the Stock Exchange. I will conclude
by adverting to the real grounds of the confidence in
the best class of tea plantations shown by those who
have been connected with this industry for a lifetime
— to which you did not allude. They are : —

1. That such a thing as a failure of a tea crop (as
distinct from its failure to bo highly profitable) is
unknown,

2. That there is no visible limit to the world’s con-
sumption, which steadily grows, as some think,
jjecause, in spite of doctors, it is found that the tea

77

of British India is a food as well as a drink, nourish'
ing and stimulating at the same time.

Just look at these figures. Consumption of tea
per head per annum — Australasia, 7| lbs ; Great
Britain and Canada, .5 lbs; United States about
li lb — the rest of America, Europe, and Asia front
1 lb to nothing per head j>er annum. What a field
there is for a trader with the reai thing in his store
to push trade to dimensions hitherto undreamedof!
And it is being done by the new tea-man owning
a proprietary mark with an unpronounceable name,
by means of a showy packet containing the genuine
article. — I am, &c., Broker.

THE FORMATION OF SAND DUNES.

[? A LESSON FOR HAMBANTOTA.]

At the meeting of the British Association at Liver-
pool Mr. Vaughan Cornish contributed one of the
most valuable and original papers read to the Sec-
tion, in the form of a practical study of the forma-
tion and distribution of sand dunes. He said that
in the sorting of materials by wind the coarser gravel
is left on stony desert or sea-beaches, the sand is
heaped up in dune tracts, and the dust (consisting
largely of friable materials which have been re-
duced to powder in the dune districts itself) forms
widely-scattered deposits beyond the limits of the
dune district. Three principal factors operate iu
dune tracts, viz., (1) the wind, (2) the eddy in tho
lee of each obstacle, (B) gravity. The wind drifts ihfi
fine and the coarse sand. The upward motion of the
eddy lifts the fine-sand, and co-oparating with the
wind, sends it flying from the crest of the dune.
The backward motion of the eddy arrests the for-
ward drift of the coarser sand, and thus co-
operate with the wind to build the permanent
structure of the dune. Gravity reduces to the angle
of the rest of any slopes which have been forced
to a steeper pitch either by wind or eddy ; hence
in a group of dunes the amplitude cannot be greater
than (about) one-third of the wave-length. This
limit is most nearly approached, owing to an action
which the author explained, when the wind blows
alternately from opposite quarters. Gravity also
acts upon the sand which flies from the crests,
causing it to fall across the stream lines of the air.
To the varying density of the sand-shower is due the
varying angle of the windward slope of dunes. When
there is no sand shower the windward becomes as steep
as the leeward slope. When the dune tract is aU
deep and the lower part of the eddy gouges out the
trough, and, when the saud-shoxver fails, the wind
by drifting and the eddy by gouging, form isolated
hills upon a hard bed. In a district of deep sand,
negative dunes (“ Suljes’ ) may be formed. The eu-
croachement of dune tract being due not only to
the march of the dunes (by drifting) but also to the
formation of new dunes to leeward from meterial
supplied by the sand-show’er, it follows that there
is both a “ group velocity ” and a wave velocity”
of dunes. Since the wave velocity decreases as tho
amplitude increases, a sufficiently large dune is a sta-
tionary hill, even though composed of loose sand
throughout. Where material is accumulated by the
action of tidal currents, forms homologous with the
ground plan of duues are shown upon the charts.
The vertical contours and the movements of suba-
queous sand dunes are conditioned by the different
tactics of sand-shower and sand-drift. — Nature.

THE DI.MENSIONS OF TREES.

Your comparison between the heights of St. Paul’s
Cathedral, the spiro of the dome of Cologne and
the Eucalyptus ainyyrlah'int are. extremely interest-
ing; but, whereas the heights of those buildings
are correctly known, that of the tree is, to say the
least, problematical. No doubt Bnon Von Mueller
in some of his earlier publications claims the enor-
mous length quoted for some of the trees measured
by him, but it is generally understood in Australia
that thQse measuremeuts were made of old falleu

6i2

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March r, 1897.

trees portions of which had been destroyed by bush-
fires, and it is considered fiuile feasible that in
this way the trunk of one tiee and the crown of
another supplied the data, the intervening portion
being added and destroyed by fire.

The fact remains that, so far as I am aware, the
extreme proportions quoted have never been found
to exist by Forest officers of the Colonial Govern-
ments who examined the forests, though some of the
mightiest kings of the forest have been carefully
preserved by them. The measurements of Big Ben,
or Big Bog, I am not sure which, is growing in
the Melbourne water-supply reservoir, and whicli is
considered the king amoiigst the loids of the forests,
are well known. 1 forget what they are said to be,
but as given to me tliey fall far short in length
of those quoted in your extract, which failing further,
verifications of their accuracy, cannot be accepted
as authoritative.

10th December 1896. A FonnsTEK.

— Indian Forestev, for Januray.

INDIAN PATENTS.

Specifications of the undermentioned inventions
have been filed under the provisions of the Inven-
tions and Designs Act of 1888 : —

Drying and warming oil-seeds by steam-power. —
No. 118 of 1896. — Temulji Dhanjibhai, mill manager,
of No. 125, Hurrogunge road, Sulkea, Howrah, lor
drying and warming oil-seeds by steam-power,
(Specification filed 31st October 1896.)

Packing Tea. — No. 169 of 1896, — Henry Sabow (the
late), some time engineer at Kurseong, Darjeeling,
for packing tea, the invention being called “ Sabow's
Patent Vibrating Tea Packer.” (Specification filed
16th January 1897.) — Indian and Eastern Engineer,
Feb. 6.

PKOGIiESS IN B. C. AFRICA.

DEPUTATION FROM THE BRITISH CEN-
TRAL AFRICA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.

On the 23rd November a deputation from the B.G.A.
Chamber of Agriculture and Commerce interviewed
Mr. Sharpe, the Acting Commissioner, at the Court
House, Blantyre. There were present : — Messrs.
Israel (planter and merchant), Duncan (representing
Messrs. Gardiner & Co., coffee brokers, merchants,
&c., London, and sDo the firm of Buchanan Brothers;,
Beaton (acting manager of the African Lakes Cor-
poration), Macrone (Civil Engineer), Hastings (planter),
and Paolucci (planter and merchant).

SHADE TREES FOR COFFEE.

Mr. Israel also stated that a misunderstan-
ding had arisen with regard to their letter
to the Acting Commissioner referring to the
importation of shade trees from India. They had
no wish to import trees from districts infected with
coffee leaf disease, but wished the Commissioner to
enquire of the Government of India whether there
would be any risk in imyiorting shade tree seeds
from certain districts of India.

ANALYST OF SOILS.

He also stated, in speaking of the appointment of a
Government Analyst, of soils, that Sir Henry John-
ston had expressed himself favourably about it. He
spoke of the advantages which would accrue
from the appointment of a Government Ana-
lyst, and of the possibility of the dis-
covery of phosphates, Ac., and trusted that a
sum might be set aside for the appointment of a
Government Analyst. Ho thought the expense might
even be met by the fees charged.

RAILWAY.

Mr. I.srael said, it had been proposed by the
Chamber to call a meeting on the 4th December
and pas.s certain lesolutions which they would ask
the Commissioner to forward to the Home Govern-
ment with reference to the proposed r.iilway.

Mr. Macrone produced plans of the alternative
route and explained that although the gradients
were steej)er than by the first proposed loute, the
line was four miles shorter and would save about
.t'2,000 in construction, but he would recommend the
original capital to be adhered to (£200,000). He said
that w'hat they hoped Government might do was
to guarantee a dividend of 3 per cent for a few
years. Mr. Macrone had estimated the lino would
produce per cent at first, and they wanted the
Home Government to guarantee the remaining IJ
per cent probably amounting to a sum of about
£3,000 per annum. This was a very small sum, while
the benefits to the colonists would he very large.
They considere 1 that in the face of the large Uganda
vote, the settlers in British Central Africa who had
exploited a new country, established a new in-
dustry, and proved its success, were entitled to ask
for some small assistance in the railway question.
The trade for a railway in British Central Africa
already axisted, and would pay a dividend now and
would largely increase with railway facilities.

LABOUR REGULATIONS.

Mr. Paolucci stated that in his opinion there was
not sufficient safeguard in the Labour Regulations
against labourers deserting their work before their
time was finished.

Mr. Hastings said that planters object to the Labour
Regulations fee of Is.

After some discussion about the cash 2iaymeat of taxes
Mr. Israel mentioned Sir Harry Johnston’s last offi-
cial Report on B.C.A. taking exception to certain
Iiaragrap'hs concerning the payment of labourers.

In replying to the foregoing observations made
by the various g( ntlemen on the depmtation, Mr.
Shaiqie said that Lord Salisbury had not definitely
declined to do anything in the way of helping a
railway, but that he had stated that the Foreign
Office could not consider the jiroposals until a definite
scheme was placed before them.

He 2>roposed to get all inforixation possible from
the Government of India with regard to shade trees,
and asked the Chamber to formulate their wishes in
this respect in a letter.

With regard to an analyst, he recognised the im-
portance of the agiicultural interests in the future
of this country, and would convey to the Home Go-
vernment the feeling of the Chamber in this matter.
He would endeavour t o make some provisions for
a Government Analyst coining out, and if, as he
was informed. Sir Harry .Johnston had expressed a
favourable opinion, he had little doubt the matter
could be arranged, but not till next year.

It was true that the Ocean mail service was not
satisfactory. The Home Government was aware of
the facts and recognised our difficulties in this res-
pect out here. The question had also arisen at home
in the beginning of the present year. We required
a fixed service at regular dates to Chinde ; and he
had some hojies that before long something might
be done in this direction.

With regard to the Shire Highland proposed rail-
way, Mr. Sharpe said there would be little gained
by his forwarding indefinite resolutions. The Home
Government had already stated that it would be
impossible to consider the matter until a definite
scheme was submitted. They should meet and form a
committee to go into details, prepare careful plans
and estimates, and make the whole thing as com-
plete as possible. Government would want to know
to whom it was proposed that such guarantee should
be made. Their best policy would be to form a
definite scheme and he would submit it to the Foreign
Office. He had heard that, with regard to the exist-
ing schemes, some amalgamated arrangement had
been come to by theiiromoters at home.

Regarding the Labour Regulations, these were
drawn up with the view of instituting a formal agree-
ment between the employe and the employer, and
there was no doubt that the act of registration was
now looked upon by the labourers as a necessary
formal preliminary. The registration fee of one
shilling was small. In some countries it was as high
as 10 shillings. Collectors were aluaya ready tg

March i, 1897.] TtlK TROPIC\L

AGRICULTUPlSr.

6r3

assist in endeavouring to find and return labourers
who had broken their agreements and run away
before the completion of their time. These regula-
tions were framed quite as much for the protection
of the labourer as the employer. He did not think
they had much to complain of in the matter of the
ijabour Regulations, which were working well.

Referring to Sir H. H. -Johnston’s last official re-
port onR. C. A., Mr. Sharpe felt sure that the Com-
missiouea- had no intention of suggesting (as they
seemed to consider,) that labourers were unfairly
treated by employers in this Protectorate, but that
the labour regulations were so framed by him that
[ofi dealing was secured for both employer and
'Bq'Burer. — British Central Africa Ganette.

PRODUCE AND PLAJSTING.

The Shakes of Ceylon Tea Companies. — As a
set-off to the outcry in some papers against tea
shares and the absurd talk about “ booms” and in
vestment in tea companies being overdone, the
Echo, in its money article, has something to say
in favour of Ceylon companies. After giving the
price and the yield per cent of some of the better
known companies, similar to that which appears
in our columns week by week, our contemporary
states that “ investors who have hitherto held aloof
from these shares may see what a far better hold-
ing they have proved to be than gold or silver
mines. Yet a company like the Barnato Bank can
obtain its millions of pounds without a prospectus
in a few hours, and can find hundreds of
small capitalists readj' to sell out of Consols in order
to pay for a £1 share, while it has taken these
same people six or seven years to be persuaded into
baying Ceylon tea shares which were at one time
obtainable at par, and which have ever since their
formation as limited liability companies paid hand-
some and steady dividends. The rise in value of the
Eastern Produce and Estates Company is remarka-
ble,” says tlie writer ol the article, ‘‘ when one re-
members that this Company is the successor to the
old Ceylon Company, Limited, which was brought
down during the years 1880 to 1881 by the utter
failure of the coffee crops. At the time of the
first suspension of the Oriental Bank in April,
1881, the Ceylou Company, Limited, owed the bank
a sum of about £.570,000. ludead, the bank and the
Company were so mutually involve t in each other that
they were bound to fall together. With the rise of other
tea planting the Eastern Produce Comjiany has
risen also. Its 10,000 acres under cultivation repre-
sent some of the finest old coffee properties in the
island, as well us some of the largest Rothschild
Estate in Pussellawa and Meddecombra Estate in
Dimbula were almost the best-known coffee planta-
tions in the Central Province, the former having
been successfully worked for nearly forty years
before giving out. This company’s debentures must
be well secured, and should prove a suitable pur-
chase for anyone desirous of holding an actual mort-
gage as v\eil as a share in profits.”

Indian and Ceylon Tea in the United St.ates.—
The American Grocer bears testimony to the success
which is attending the efforts of Messrs. Blechyn-
den and Mackenzie towards popularising Indian
and Ceylou teas in the United States. The pre-
judice against these teas is giving way, and
dealers who formerly prognosticated the failure
of any attempt to place them on the market
o anything like a large scale now admit that the
growth of the trade is marvellous', and will continue
to grow.

Packet Tea. —The growth of the tea planting indus-
try fias been accompanied by a similar development
of enterprise in regard to the packet tea trade. Those
concerns whose proprietors have had faith in the
value of advertisements and also the necessary capital
to spend on this all-important department have found

the paeket tea trade pay, and the extent of the
business is considerable. In their report, recently
issued, the directors of the Mazawattee Tea Company,
Limited, statethat they have thought it wise in this
year’s accounts to provide for the whole of the
exceptional expenses in connection with the
opening up of new business in fresh centres,
including development outlay in Ireland, so
that they have been entirely written off this
year’s profits. The net profit, after providiig
for these payments, is the sum of £54,270 2s 5d;
and after payment, of the managing director’s re-
muneration, directors’ fees, preliminary and office
expenses and other charges and interest, making the
necessary reserve for discounts, and for depreciation
of leases and plant, there remains a balance avail-
able of £31,613 6s 5d. Prom this is to be paid the
dividend due upon the preference shares at the rate
£5 per cent, per annum, which will absorb £4,476
15s ; and the diiectors recommend a dividend upon
the ordinary shares at the rate of £8 per cent, per
annum for the half-year ending December 21 last,
which will amount to £13,533 6s 8d. They propose to
set aside out of the profits of the current year the
sum of £12,000 as a reserve , and, after making thie
provision the amount of £1,604 4s 9d will, subject to
such sum as may be voted for the commission of
the directors, form (he balance to be carried forward
to the next account.

In Puaise of Tea. — In an article on tea drinking,
which appears in the Globe, the writer says : — “ 'Wa
can scarcely in the present day conjure up the vision
of a tealess world. Yet our stalwart ancestors drank
ale to their breakfast ; and even when their overnight
potations had been deep were constrained to call for
‘small beer.’ Modern civilisation has provided
substitutes for these refreshments and our less robust
age revolts at the idea of them. But modern civili-
sation has done more than give us substitutes ; it has
supplied us in the tea-table with an institution where-
of no prototype exists. The glories of the punch-
bowl have departed ; the guiuea-decorated ladle is
profaned to the service of various degenerate and
soulless compounds known as ‘cups’ — it is enough to
make our convivial great-grandfathers turn in thpir
graves. The hospitable mahogany has its cheerful
surface veiled with a cloth, and might as will bo
simple deal; but we miintain in its perfection the
rite of tea-drinkining. It is not a rite of such dig-
nity as those practised by our forefathers ; the tea-
pot soothes rather than elevates ; it is domestic
rather than convivial ; its function is not so much
to create a bond of unity between an assembly ai
to supply a solace to the individual. But such ai
it is unequalled. Moreover, tea is a link between
all classes of society ; for it no longer coats, as in
the times when fashionable society rhymed it to
‘ obey,’ twenty shillings in the pound. It sheds
its grateful influence upon palace and cottage alike;
it is no longer merely an ‘ elegant regale'; it has become
popular, and that without losing its charm.”

THE TEA INDUSTRY.

INDIAN AND CEYLON IMPORTS.

Y'^ear by year the growing importance of British-
grown tea is showing itself in statistics and Board
of Trade returns. If the official Britons take money
out of India and live at home in something re-
sembling ease, it can at least be urged that the
commercial Briton takes his capital out to the East,
where he often lives in considerable discomfort, work-
ing hard himself, and employing native labour by the
hundred thousand at a time.

The official prays for a rise in exchange, and
considers that he is being robbed with every frac-
tion that it declines. The planter, or capitalist,
employed in the tea enterprise would be glad enough
to see the Rupee down to a shilling, as any gold
ho sends out to India to pay for the opening up of
more jungle land becomes nearly doubled en route,
while the product grown on the estates is shipped t<J
London and sold for gold.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March t, 1897.

614

Subjoined are the imports of tea into the United
Kingdom from the 1st January to the 31st Decem-
ber 1896, as shown by the Custom House returns,
together with the figures for the two previous years.
- The first line (a) relates to British India, the second
■ (b) to Ceylon, the third (c) to China, and the fourth
(d) to all o'her countries, including Java and other
Dutch settlements.

]894.~Lb.

(a) . . 118,400,000

(b) . . 76,300.000

(c) .. 43,900,000

(d) . . 5,600,000

1895.— Lb.
123,300,000
83,400,000
40,000,000
8,400,000

1896.— Lb.
128,800,000
94,600.000
35,2tK),000
7,400,000

244,300,000 255,300,000 266,000,000

• Thus, while China imports have steadily declined from
43,000,0000 lb. to 35,000,000 lb., those from Ceylon
have risen from 76,000,000 lb. to 94,000,000 lb. —
- Echo, Jan. 23.

. — ^

CEYLON TEA IN CANADA.

JNlv. Mackenzie, our American Tea Delegate, in

• communicating with us by a recent mail, sends

• us the following extract from a letter he had re-
' ceived from the Salada Ceylon Tea Company : —

; ■ “The Canadian Grocer of this week made a bad
' mistake. They stated that there were ‘ ten million’
' pounds of tea imported in that year, 1895. They must
have given the returns for the Province of Ontario
instead of the Dominion of Canada, as there were
twenty-three million ’ in 1894. I am enclosing you a
page with it in. I have just called their attention to
' it, over the phone.

“ You will also notice an article on that page about

• the Japanese gentleman who was interviewed in
Montreal a day or two ago.’’

The extract from the Canadian Grocer is as fol-
lows : —

DUTY ON TEA AND KAW SUGAR.

"If I could only foresee what the Government
intends to do, I could make a barrel of money,’’
said a leading Montreal wholesaler to the Candian
Grocer this week.

Thie expression sums up the situation in a
sentence. There is a pretty general impression

, that a duty on both tea and raw sugar

' [will be among the methods that the Govern-
ment will adopt to make up for decrease in revenue
eaused by readjustment in other directions. But
though this belief is general throughout the tradet
It has so far failed to induce any buying as far as
Montreal is concerned either of tea or sugar in anti-

' cipation of profiting by the change.

■ From the opinions generally expressed by the
Montreal jobbers, they would all welcome a duty ou

‘ tea. With a duty they think that it would sensibly

■ .reduce the impertations of low-priced Japan and
China tea into Canada.

■ As is well known, the great bnlk|of the tea turned over

• in Montreal costs from 10 to 15c. in a wholesale way.

- In the old days of the duty, with 7c. per pound

and 15 per cent, and valorem on Japans and greens,
and 4c. per pound and 15 per cent ad valorem on
blacks, it hardly paid to import these very low-
grade teas, hence their consumption has enormously
increased since tea itnported direct was made free.

No trader is prepared to specify what the duty should
be, but many declared that they would not object to a
specific duty of 5c per pound on all teas and a certain
ad valorem charge. They figured that the incx’eased
cost to the consumer would not be of the kind that
is keenly felt, while it would be one of the quick-
est moans of the Government’s securing uhe increase
in revenue that it requires.

During 1895 there were 10,083,310 pounds of tea
entered for consumption in Canada. This will afford
some idea of the increase in revenue the proposed
duty would bring in. With regard to raw sugar, on
which many expect that the present duty will be
maintained or increased, 309,302,296 pounds were
entered for coiisumtion in 1895.

• The othei' article we will quote in another i.s.suo.

THE CLYDE TEA ESTATES COMPANY,
LIMITED.

The annual ordinary general meeting of share-
holders was held at the ollice of the Secretaries
Messrs. Lewis Brown A' Co., Fort, at noon on the
loth Feh. when the following were pre.sent per-
sonally or reiiresented : — Mr. li Lewis M. Brown (in
the chair) Mes.srs. Frank M. Laurie, W. Forbes
Laurie, G. 11. Austen, Leyhourn Davidson,
Robert Davidson, Mrs. Holdicli, and Mr. A.
Vanllenen.

After the notice calling the meeting had been
read, the Chairman moved the adoption of the
report and accounts as published. This having
been duly seconded and carried, the payment
of a final dividend to 31st December 1896 pay-
able on 1st proximo was formally proposed and
agreed to.

The re-election of Mr. Frank Laurie as a Direc-
tor and of Mr. Hercules J. Scott as Auditor
concluded the meeting.

The Directors’ report was as follows : —

ACREAGE.

Tea in full bearing . . 460 acres.

„ „ partial „ .. 61 „

Jungle, A'c. . . 172 „

Total.. 693

Your Directors beg to submit their Report and
Accounts for the season running from the formation of
the Company, viz :— 1st October, 1895, to 31st Dec.
1896.

The quantity of tea made dining that period (inclu-
ding bought leaf) was 220,884 lb. which realized
E93,931‘07, an average of 42'53 cents per lb.

An Interim Dividend of 5 per cent absorbing
R13,500 was paid on 5th August, last and the sum
now available for distribution after writing off
Rl,122'34 on account of Preliminary Expenses and
Rl,161'35 for depreciation of Machinery is R9,155'86,
out of which the Directors recommend payment of a
final dividend of 3 per cent leaving 1,055 86, to be
carried forward to 1897.

The Working Expenditure curing the period now
accounted for was in excess of the estimated amount,
and, while the Directors much regret this, they will
endeavour to i revent a similar excess in future.

On his departure for Europe in October last, Mr. A.
VanRenen handed over the Estate Superintendence
to Mr. M. J. Alderson, whose management of the
property is giving much satisfaction.

The prospects for the current year are good, and
with normal weather and prices the shareholders may
confidently antic’pate a very favourable return.

Mr. E. D. Harrison having left for Europe in Octo-
ber last, bis place as a Director was filled by Mr.
Leybourne Davidson. Mr. Frank M. Laurie retires
from the Board by rotation, and being eligible offers
himself for re-election.

CEYLON PATENTS.

The following Grants of Exclusive Privilege have
been gianted under the Inventions Ordinance, No.
16 of 1892, during the half-year ended December 31,
1896

No. !304. — To William Jackson, of Thorn Grove,
Mannoficld, Aberdeen, North Britain, engineer, for
improvements in or connected with machinery or
apparatus for drying tea leaf or the like.— July 7, 1896.

No. 505. — To William Jackson, of Thorn Grove,
Manuofield, Aberdeen, North Britain, engineer, for
improvements in or connected with webs, trays, llap®,
or carriers, for carrying tea leaf or other substances
in drying machines. — July 7, 1896.

No. 492. — To Dick Edward Radclyffe, of 56, Glouces-
ter Croscout, Regent’s Park, Ijondon, England,
gentleman, and 'Taylor Burrows, of 88, Upper Keii-
■ ingtou lane, London, England, engineer, for im-
proved apparatus or incthod or system for preparing

March i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 615

chena grass or rhea fibre or hem } or similar fibres
for combing or spinning. — July 7, 1896.

No. 462.— To George Murray Gollom, engineer and
,tea planter, care of W. G. Forbes, Esq., Her Maj-
esty’s Mint, Calcutta, for invention for improved
patent tea sorting and sifting machine for tea or
grains, &c.. to be called Collom’s Patent “ Acme
tea sorting machine. - July 9, 1896.

No. 503. — To Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sirocco
Engineering Works, Belfast, Ireland, merchant, for
improvements in the trays or carriers of apparatus
for e.xposing tea, collee, cocoa, grain, and other sub-
stances to the drying or other action of air, vapour,
or gases. - July 23, 1896.

No. 493. — To Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sirocco
Engineeiiug Works, Belfast, Ireland, merchant, for
improvements in tea rolling machines.— August 21,
1896.

No. 501. — To Bruno Wesselmann, engineer of Got-
tingen, Prieland, Weg 45 in the German Empire,
for improvements in or relating to drilling or boring
tools. — August 21, 1896.

No. 496. — To William Walker, the younger, of
Birmingham, England, electrician, and Frank Richard
Wilkins, of Handsworth, England, chemical merchant,
and Jabez Lones of Smethwick, England, manu-
facturer, for improvements in primary Voltaic bat-
teries.—Septemper 1, 1896.

No. 508. — To Samuel lleland Davidson, of Sirocco
Engineering Works, Belfast, Ireland, merchant, for
improvements in tea leaf rolling machines. — September
17, 1896.

No. .507. — To James Thomas Hawke, of Orion estate,
Gainpola, and Charles Northway, of Deviturai, El-
pitiya, in the Southern Province of Ceylon, planters,
for improvements in machinery or apparatus for a
tea cu;.ter. — September 26, 1896.

No. 509. — To Sydney Lawrence, of 159, Queon street,
Melbourne, in the County of Victoria, Australia,
engineer, for improvements in mechanism for and
mode of marine propulsion.— October 10, 1896.

No. 514. — To Henry Bingham, of 365, Mount
Alexander road Ascot Vale, in the Colony of Victoria,
Au.stralia, dentist, and John Alston Wallace, of
Ludstone Chambers, Collin street, Melbourne, in the
Colony of Victoria, Australia, for improvements in
bicycle and like tyres.— November 13, 1896.

No. 511. — To Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sirocco,
Engineering Works, Belfast, Ireland, merchant, for
improvements in tea erpializing or cutting mills. —
November 30, 1896.

No. 512. — To Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sirocco
Engine'ering Works, Belfast, Ireland, merchant, for
improvements in aparatus for tilling tea or other
substances into chests or the like while being packed.
— Nov. 30th, 1896.

No. 515. — -To Herman Frasch. of Euclid avenue,
corner of Kennard street, in the City of Cleveland,
in the County of Cuyahoga and the State of Ohio,
one of the United States of America for improve-
ments in mining gold and similar metals. — Doc.
15 th, 1896.

No. 518. — To John Cory ton Roberts, of 16, Crom-
well Grove, West Kensington, in the County of
London, England, planter for improvements in the
manufacture of tea chests and other packing cases
or boxes. — Dec. 24th, 1896.

No. 523. — The Pennington Motor Foreign Patents
Syndicate, Limited, of 5 and 6, Great Winchester
street, Loudon, England, for improvements in explo-
sion engines. — Dec. 24th 1896. — Gazette.

British Honduras. -Tlie produces of our
cultural industries, still really in their infancy,
are chielly represented by bananas, plantains,
coconuts, coir, coffee, bene([uen, Indian coin,
limes, mangoes, oranges .sour and sweet, pineap-
ples, avocado petirs, rubber, to which tliere
•hould be added, in time, anatto, cacao, ground-
nut, indigo, jule, ramie, spices, manila, .and
doubtless other marketable commodities. — Keiv

VISIT OF A JAVA ESTATE
PROPRIETOR

COFFER,— CACAO,— TEA.

Mr. Van Solin— the owner of e.xtensive tea,
colfee and cinchona property in Ja\a, who has
just closed a brief visit to our pl.anting districts,
— is an exceptionally bright ititelligent Dutehman,
speaking English admirably and entering with
gusto into all modern improvemen.s connected
with a planter’s life. In his Tea Factory in Java
he has a turbine developing 24 horse-power,
half-a-dozen rapid rollers, 3 or 4 Britannia driers,
and all needful accessories, and he has just bought
a Roll-breaker at the Colombo Iron Works. His
factory and bungalow are lighted with electric
light, and that he and his partner are fully alive
to the difference between high and low prices
and coarse and line plucking may be judged
from the fact that while in 1895, as much as
595,000 lb. of tea was made in his factory, for
1896 the return is only 330,0001b. from the .same
acreage of 550 acres— chielly due to liner plucking,
though partly to a drier season. Mr. Van Sohn’s
prices have gone up to Hid per lb. and he can
turn out his tea for 3id per lb. (but that perhaps
was with the larger crop). He confirms our view
that the basis of the Java Currency is a gold
standard, though they use silver chiefly— ex-
change affecting the Java planters no more than
3 cents above and 3 cents below the 12 guilders
they count to the £. — In coffee, fresh planting
is confined to the Liberian variety in the older
and more settled districts of Java ; although in
East Java, the Arabian variety is persevered
with, notably by the Ceylon planters wh<j are there
interested. Mr. Van Sohn has only a few bushes
of cacao : and he says the industry generally is
not at all promising in J.ava any more than in
Ceylon. Its worst enemy in Java is a boring
beetle. Mr. Van Bohn’s tea is chiefly in the
lowcountry not more than 1,000 feet above
sea-level, and helopeltis is sometimes troublesome,
his only eflective remedy being cleaning the stems
of the bushes and letting in light and air
generally.

Very important for Ceylon planters to know
is the fact that Mr Van Bohn does not expect that
the Java Tea Exports will increase by more
than half-a-million lb. per annum for some years
to come, t^uite as interesting, too, is it to know
that all the tea from Mr. Van Bohn’s property
goes direct to Holland and that successful efforts
are being made to extend the consumption of tea
(in place of coffee) in the Netherlands and Bel-
gium.

Mr. Van Bohn, who, besides visiting Nuwara
Eliy.a, passed through Uimbula and Hikoya to
Maskeliya, was much astonished to see some
of the soil in which tea grows and flour-
ishes in Ceylon as compared with the rich
deep volcanic soil of Java. “ Even on little
more than bare rock, tea seems to grow
with you ” is one of his rem.arks ; but
in such cases, the roots doubtless find their
way unobserved far into a subsoil.

Without benefitting by exchange, Java planters
prosper because of cheaper labour and a more regular
supply and also we suppose, on the whole, through
richer tea crops. Our visitor left last month by the
French steamer for Bingapore ; and some day
we trust to be able to look in upon him on
his fine Java property and get an idea of the
island generally with its great planting riches
and capabilities.

6t6

THE TROPICA!

AGRICULTURIST.

[March i, 1S97.

LON HILLS TEA ESTATES CO., LD.

Tlie annual general meeting of the shareliohlers
of this Company was held or. the 15lIi Eeh.
in the otiice of Messrs. Ijosanc^uet A' Co. Present • —
Messrs. J. H. Kenton in the Chair, W. M . Kenny,
G. C. Walker by his Attorney Mr. J. W. Forbe.s,
W. C. Brodie, A.‘ V. Kenton, A. AV. Tlieniing, J. D.
Balfour by pro.xy. Tlie home shareholders were
all represented by proxy. In laying the Directors’
report and statement oi the Company s accounts as
for the 2lst Deceml)er last before the meeting, the
Chairman explained how it was thattlie estimate of
crop had not been full? realised and pointed out that
bitter results might reasonably be expected this
year. Mr. J. H. Kenton pruposedt he adoption of the
report, Mr. Walker seconded and the motion was
earned unanimously.

Mr. Walker proposed and Mr. Brodie seconded
that a dividend at the rate of 0 per cent, per
annum be paid. Carried unanimously. Mr.
Unwin proposed and Mr. Brodie secomled that
Ml. W. W. Kenny, the retiring Director, be re-
elected. Carried unanimously.

STINSEOKD TEA COMPANY.

The first ordinary general meeting of the share-
holders of this Company was held on the 15th F eb.
in the otiice of Messrs. J. M. Kobertson A Co. Mr.
W. Forsythe presided and the others present
were Messrs. F. W. Bois and W'. Moir by his
attorney Mr. V. A. Julius.

The report of the directors was submitted as
follows : —

The Directors have now to render their first Report
and Accounts, being those for the season ending iJlst
December, 189G.

The quantity of tea received from the two Estates
Waa lboai7 lb. which is considerably under the esti-
mate iheshortfaU being upon the Ivies estate, where
IhH result of the year has been most disappointing.
£ consequence of a scarcity of labour at the com-
mencement of the season pruning was unduly delayed

The 'LVa Factory also was not fiually completed until
the both of June and the crop lor the first half of

the year was manufactured in a neighbouring factory

It a cost of 10 cents per lb. Prospects for the new
■easoii are favorable on both properties.

d'he Directors trust that then next annual Report
«iit indicate better returns, as labour is now plenti-
ful and the 1B97 crop is estimated at 217,.500 lb. of
made Tea.

acres of young Tea upon Stinsford will be in
^artia^ bearing the latter half of 1897, and the
acrU planted in 1896 with Nahaketti Indigenous

is now growing satisfactorily. , .u-

30 acres of new land are being opened this year upon
Ivies and the work is well in hand.

The result of the season shews a profit of R21,941-46,

and the Directors recommend that a dividend of 6 per

cent on the capital of the Company be paid absorb-
inff R18 QUO and that the balance of ii3,9Al4b be
carried forward to the next account.

In accordance with the Articles of Association all
the Directors retire, but being eligible offer them-
selves for relection.

It will also be necessary to appoint an auditor or
season 1897.

The report and accounts were pa.ssed and a
dividend of 0 per cent wa.s declared. The diiec-
fn™ were re-elected and Mr. Jol.n Gutlum ap-
pointed auditor lor IShT-

THE GI.ASGOW ESTATE CO.MPANY, LD.

TKA AND COFFEE.

The annual ordinary general meeting of share*
holders of tlie above Company was held at the
Company’s Ottice.s, No. 7, Gueeu Street, Fort,
Colombo, on Saturday, February 13Lli, 1879, at
12 noon.

Pre.sent : — Mr. J. G. "NVardrop, Chairman}
Directors ; Messrs. A. Thom.son, Thos. Mackie,
E. J. Young. The following shareholders were
represented by their attorneys : — Mr. E. John by
Mr. K. .lohn ; Mr. (1. C. NV'alker by Mr. Jas.
Forbes; Mr. G. \V. Carlyon by Mr. A. Thomson;
Mr. \V. H. G. Duncan by Mr. A. Thomson.

Mr. Wardrop having taken the chair, tlie
notice convening the meeting' ivas read.

The re}iort and accounts of the Company as
published were adojited, and a linal dividend of
9 per cent, was declared and made payable
forthwith.

Mr. Alex Thomson was re-elected a Director
and Mr. Hercules J. Scott was appointed Auditor
for this year.

A vote of thanks to the Chair closed the pro-

ceedings.

RKPORT.

ACREAGE,

Tea in full bearing

433

acres.

Do. partial bearing

157

♦)

Do. not in bearing

46

Grass

2

Jungle, A'c.

76

Total Estate .

. 714

acres.

The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the Share-
holders the accounts of the Company for the past year.

The crops secured amounted to 232,013 lbs. of Tea
and 260 bushels Coffee, as against 232,239 lbs. Tea
and 562 bushels Coffee iu 1895. The net average prices
realized wore 58 01 cents per lb. for Tea and R16'94 for
Coffee respectively, as against 58i cents and R18 res-
pectively in the preceding year.

After making the usual provision for depreciation
of Buildings and Machinery, the resuit of the year’s
working, including a small balan.ie from 1895, shews
a profit of R64,538’98, equal to about 19J per cent
on the Capital of the Company, as against 21j per
cent in the previous year. The reduced revenue is
due to the smaller Coffee crop secured. This latter
product having ceased to be profitable, the trees re-
maining on tlie Estate are now being cut out and
larger returns from the Tea fields from which they
are being removed will doubtless result.

An interim dividend of 8 per cent was declared on
the 8th August last, and the Directors now recom-
mend the payment of a final dividend at 9 per cent,
making 17 per cent lor the year. They further re-
commend tliat the sum of R8,000 be added to the
Extension Fund, and that after payment of R200 extra
fees to the Dire ctors in terms of the resolution passed
on 18th February, 1893, the balance of Rl,088'98 be
carried forward to the current year’s aceount.

During the past year good progress has been made
with the Turbine Installation referi'ed to iu the
last Annual Report, and the Directors look for its
completion during the current month. Tlie work has
been found to be much heavier than was anticipated,
and as -will be seen from the accounts now submit-
ted, the sum expended under this head to 31st Decem-
ber last amounted to R26,696'94. It is expected that
a further sum of about 116,700 will he required to
complete the undertaking, the total c ost of which
the Directors suggest should bo charged against the
Extension Fund. The Capital Account outlay incurred
during the past year anionnted to R6,214‘48 for ad-
ditions to Buildings and Machinery aud on the
opening of a new Tea clearing of 15 acres iu extent.

The estimates for the current year arc' 250,000 lbs.
made Tea again.st an expeiidituro on Working .Vecount
of R67,697’50. It is proposed to open a further clear-
ing of 15 acres during the year in ooiiuoctiou with

March i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 617

which and with other items chargeable to Capital
Account the outlay estimated under that head amounts
to E3,005.

Messrs. G. W. Carlyon and C. A. Leechman hav-
ing during the j'ear resigned their seats on the
Board, the remaining Directors apijointed Messrs.
Alex. Thomson and Herbert Tarrant to fill these
vacancies respectively. In terms of the Articles of
Association Mr. Alex. Thomson retires by rotation
from the office of Director, but is eligible for re-election.

Mr. K. L. M. Brown having resigned the post of
Auditor to the Company, the Directors under the
Company ’s Article No. 92 appointed Mr. Hercules J.
Scott to fill the vacancy thus occosioned.

The appointment of au Auditor for the current
year will rest with the Meeting. By order of Hie
Directors. hittall & Co.

Colombo, Feb. 3rd 1897. Agents & Secretaries.

THE MADRAS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

The ollowiiig questions by an iinotlicial mem-
ber of the Madras Legislative Council and the
answers of the Government are of interest in view
of a similar proceeding which took place in the
Legislative Council of Ceylon ; —

COST OF THE AGRICULTURAI. COLLEGE.

Q. — What is the approximate amount spent till
now towards the maintenance of the Agricultural
College and the Farm, &c., at Saidapet?

A. — THE HON'DLE Mil. GROSE : —

12. The ajiproximate cost comes to about 8 lakhs
of Rupees.

RENEFITS FROM THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Q.— Ill what way has the country benefit by it?

A. — THE HON’BLK MR. GROSE 1 —

Among the benefits which the country has derived
from the College of Agriculture may be enume-
rated—

(i) The spread of agricultural education.

(ii) The supply of trained subordinates for the
Agricultural and Civil Veterinary Departments.

(iii) The supply to the Revenue and Forest
Departments of a number of subordinates who are
acquainted with the theory and practice of agriculture.

■ (iv) The diffusion of a knowledge of improved im-
plements, of stock and dairy management, of deep
cultivation, of manure and of other matters inti-
mately connected with improvement in agriculture
through the agency of the students.

(v) The general awakening of interest in agri-
cultural matters.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ON
AGRICULTURE.

Q. — Has the agriculture of the country '^een in any
way improved ? If so, in what way ?

A.— THE HON’bLE MR. GROSE : —

The question covers so vast a field that it is im-
possible for the Government to furnish the Hon’ble
Member with a siiiple answer. So far as the Madras
Presidency is concerned, information in regard to
such improvements as have been effected will be
found in the published administration reports of the
Departments of Land Records and Agriculture, to
which the Hon’ble Member will be referred.

INADEIJUACY OF AGRICULTURAL ISmROVEMENT.

Q. — Does not the Government think that steps
hitherto taken towards the improvement of agriculture
are not enough, and the ryots are too poor and helpless
to improve it themselves ?

A. — THE HON. MR. GROSE : —

The Government considers that further measures
should be adopted from time to time for improving
ogiiculture, and this difficult subject consequently con-
tinues to engage its attention. The Government does
not believe the ryots to be generally “po°'^ and help-
less but, on the contrary, is convinced that, as a
class, they are well able to take care of their own
interests in this respect and will readily adopt improv-
ments in agricultural methods which are brought to
their notice when the advantage to be derived there-
from is demostrated to their satisfaction.

FACULTIES FOR AGRICULTURE.

Q, — Will the Government be pleased to adopt better
measures than have hitherto been adopted for the pure
pose, as for instance, of obtaining lease of ten to fifteen
acres in each taluk from ryots, and prove by actual
improved means of cultivation the advantage of the
new s) stem as a practical lesson to the owner of the
land and his neighbours.

A. — THE HON. MR. GROSE : —

The Government does not consider the scheme sug-
gested by the Hon. Member to be practicable ; but he
will, uo doubt, be glad to heir that orders have recently
been issued directing the establishment for a similar
purpose of an experimental farm at Bellary or
Coimbatore. Should the working of this farm prove
a success, the Government will, in all probability,
establish others in different parts of the Presidency.

^

LANDS GIVEN UP AND BOUGHT BY
CEYLON PLANTERS IN THE STRAITS.

The District Officer, Klang(Mr. W. W. Douglas),
Reports : —

Block Nos. 32 and 33 on the Langat Road, recently
surrendered by Mr. William Forsyth, form part of the
areas mentioned above. The applicants are princi-
pally Javanese, but in block 32, which contains 64
holdings of about 4g acres, the applicants are Malays,
Chinese and Tamils. Block 37 surrendered by Mr.
T. N. Christie, is being alienated to natives in a like
manner, and up to the end of the month 62 appli-
cations had been made leaving room for about eight
more. Blocks .32 and 33 are at present being
demarcated.

At the land sale held on 7th December, 1.5 blocks
in the Kapur Mukim, one in the Klang Mukim, and
one in the Damansara Mukim, in all comprising 5,682
acres 1 rood, were offered for sale by auction at an
upset price of |1 per acre. Of the 15 blocks in the
Kapar Mukim six were sold, one being purchased by
Mr. E. V. Carey for Mr. A. Orchard, three by Mr.
A. D. Douglas for Dr. Graham andBodo Von Bulow,
one by Mr. T. Gibson for the Klang Planting and
Estates Syndicate, Limited, and one by Mr. John
Inch, of Klang. One block in the Klang Mukim,
between the 6th mile on the Langat Road and the
Langat River, was bought by Mr. J. D. Toynbee for
Colonel W. Ellis, and at Damansara a small block.
No. 18 was bought by Mr. R. S. Meikle for Mr. T.
N. Christie. In the sale of these blocks the upset
price was realised. — Selanyor Govt. Gazette.

♦

LONDON PRODUCE CLEARING HOUSE.

REFERENCE TO CEYLON COFFEE AND INDIAN TEA :

GOLD AND SILVER.

The yearly general meeting of the London Produce
Clearing House, Limited was held yesterday (Jan. 25)
at the Cannon-street, Hotel, under the presidency
of Mr. Francis John Johnston. — The Secretary (Mr.
John Culbertson) having read the notice convening
the meeting.

The Chairman said : — Gentlemen, When an in-
creased dividend is proposed and when that dividend
is the highest paid since the company was formed,
we have a practical proof, more telling than words,
that our business is progressive. This increased
dividend is chiefly due to our larger dealing in sugar,
in which the range of prices, from the highest to
the lowest point, during the year, has been about
35 per cent. It is severe fluctuations like this that
the security afforded by our system becomes speci-
ally evident, and this fact has not failed to impress
itself strongly on operators through the stern logic
of events. While we have secured to our clients in
sugar, as in other articles, the due and prompt fulfil-
ment of engagements, we have not only been able
to do so without any loss, but also without a single
dispute or case for arbitration, so smoothly has our
business worked. In short, our operations have been
conducted on the admirable business rule of safely,
swiftly and pleasantly. While, however, sugar ha«

6i8

THE TROPICAI

AGRICaLTURISr. [March r, 1897.

afforded ns the fluctuations on which we chiefly
live, our business in silver has been checked by the
steadiness of its value. This may, however, be but
a prelude to better things. For if the production of
silver is to be reduced by its present moderate
price, while that ot gold increase by leaps and bounds,
we may see the present relative position of the two
metals changed by the natural laws of trade, pro-
vided, of course, present silver-currency countries do
not abandon its use.

COFFEE, &C. AND SILVER.

There seems to be no reason why they should,
as there can be no question that the trade of
countries like Mexico, for instance, is being
greatly advanced by the depreciation in silver, as
wages there remain stationary, while much higher sil-
ver prices are being paid to producers, whereby a great
stimulus is being given to the production of coffee and
other agricultural products, which are now becoming
leading articles of export, and which, when once deve-
loped, will remain so, even with a recovery in the value
of silver. In Indian tea and in Santos coffee the
new types have led to increased transactions, which
it is to be hoped will prove permanent and progressive.
We hear in some quarters, not well versed in busi-
ness, of the depressing influence of speculation on
the prices of produce" Yet those who ar« acquainted
with the Con.inental sugar trade could tell you that
refiners there have had to suffer from an insufficient
margin between the prices of raw and refined sugar,
a difficulty which can be explained by the fact that
raw sugar, being the chief medium of speculation,
has commanded a price above its relative intrinsic
value. The law that the more current you make
a thing the higher is its value is well understood
on the Stock E.xchange, where with securities identical
as to intrinsic merits, that which is most dealt in
always commands the highest price. There was a
striking instance of this some 40 years ago, which
some of us are old enough to remember, when native
Ceylon coffee, being the medium for speculation,
was always relatively dearer than plantation Ceylon,
and was called the Consols of the coffee market,
commanding even on some occasions a price equal
to plantation, though iuLrinsically its inferior by
many shillings per cwt. Make crystals and granulated
sugar a medium for speculation rather than raw,
and the refiner's position is at once improved. To
ourselves it is naturally the same whether specula-
tion fastens on raw or refined sugar so long as
there is speculation which requires our system to
keep it sound and wholesome.

AN UNASSAILABLE AXIOM.

It may further be laid down as an unassailable
axiom — (1) That there will always be speculation,
(2) that speculation is desirable in the interests of
trade, and (3) that it is to the advantage of all that
speculation should be kept sound and sober by the
rules on which we act. It is on this rock that we
stand, and we know, therefore, that our foundations
are true. In the accounts there is nothing which
seems to call for special remark. The investments
are all taken at the prices quoted at the close of
the year ; since when any change has been to their
advantage. Our American securities are all of the
highest class, and being all in sterling, are free
from the risk of currency experiments. Their quality
is proved by the fact that they all stand s.t a pre-
mium, and that the railways whose bonds we hold
are now able to borrow at rates much below the
interest our bonds carry : in the case of the Pennsyl-
vania and the New York Central at little more than
— say, at 3.^ per cent, against li per cent, so there
can be no question as to the payment of our bonds as
they fall due. With these remarks I beg to move
that the report and accounts be received and adopted,
(Appaluse.)

Mr. B. B Tabor seconded the resolution,
which was carried unanimously. — / iihmtia(_ Times,
Jan. 213.

CENTRAL AFRICAN NEWS.

Mr. Alexander Whyte has, during the last ten days,
been collecting zoologicsl and botanical specimens
on the top ol Mlosa mountain and plateau. He
reports that he has procured some interesting speci-
mens, several of which he thinks are new to science.
The top of Mlosa plateau consists of roiling hills
covered with fine short grass, well wooded in the
gullies and with a plentiful supply of water. The
plateau is not quite equal in extent to the Zomba
plateau, but lies at about the same elevation
(between five and six thousand feet above the sea),
and the scenery is even finer than that of Zomba.
Access is obtained to the Mlosa plateau by more
easy gradients than the Zomba plateau or that of
Mlanje. At this time of the year Mr. Whyte finds
the climate very pleasant.

The first foal bred in British Central Africa, the pro-
perty of the Administration, is now two years old, and
in a few months time it will be broken in. It would,
we think, be very advisable for those who import
horses to get in as many mares as possible, and in this
manner by degrees to get a true Nyasaland breed.

VARIOUS PLANTING! NOTES.

Royal Gardens, Kew. — Bulletin of Miscellaneous
Information, Appendix I. — 1897, contains list of seeds
of hardy heiDaceous plants and of trees and
shrubs, which for the most part, have ripened
at Kew during the year 189(3. 'These seeds are not
sold to the general public, but are available for ex-
change with Colonial, Indian, and F'oreigu Botanic
Gardens, as well as with regular correspondents of
Kew. ho application, except from remote colonial
possession, can be entertained after the end of March.

The Bulletin of the Botanical Department,
Jamaica, for November 1896, edited by William
F'awcett, B.Sc.. F'.L.S., Director of Public Gardens
and Plantations, has for contents : Soil F'erments

Important in Agriculture II ; Micro-Organism's &
Tooacco ; Orchid for Naturalisation ; Coccidse or
Scale Insects. — IX, Jaffa Orange; Ferns: Synoptical
List. — XLIl; Contributions to the Department;
Castleton Gardens. Mr. R. Thomson’s paper on the
new orchid is interesting : have we Udontoylosswa
crisimni in Ceylon ?

Coffee. — Mr. A. G. Beestou, brother of Mrs. Mac-
kenzie-Steuart, has, I hear, accepted the post of
Secretary of ihe Serapiqui Coffee Co., Ld., which
has recently been formed for working the property
in Costa Rica visited last summer by Mr. J. L. Shand.
The capital for this venture has, 1 understand, been
now subscribed, and Mr. Rothe, the vendor of the
land, returns at once to Costa Rica to begin operations
in earnest. The proceedings of this Company, and
also of the Dumont Coffee Co., Ld., in Brazil, will
be watched with much interest by all old Ceylon
Coffee Planters. — London Cor., local “ Independent.”

The “Indian Forester,” a Monthly Magazine of
Forestry, Agriculture Shikar and Travel, edited by
J. W. Oliver, Conservator of Forests, and Offg.
Director of the Forest School, Debra Ddn,
for January 1879, has the following contents; —
Original Articles and Translations : The American
Resin Industry (Translatiouj ; Correspondence :
What Constitutes a 'Thinning? letter from F. Gleadow ;
The Dimensions of Trees ; letter from “ A P’ores-
ter ” ; The Official Designation of Poorest Subordi-
nates : letter from “ Miles ” ; Review : The Forest
Administration Report of the Jummu and Kashmir
State for 1895-96; Extracts, Notes and Queries:
The Grievances of the Forest Department ; The
Formation of Sand Dunes ; Wealth based upon
Elastic Gum; Wood Paving in Rangoon; Wood
used by Cabinet Makers ; Rudyard Kipling on the
Indian P'oresters ; A Spider that cats Birds ; Timber
and Produce Trade : Churchill and Sim's Circular,
December 1897 ; Market Rates of Produce ; Average
Soiling Rates of 'Timber in the N.-W. P, in November
1896; Extracts Official Gazettes.

March i, 1S97.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

THE MANURING OF TEA ESTATES.

f Continued from pnyc 570.)

The following i.s another instalnient of the
letters w'e have received in reply to our circular
to representative planters asking information on
the following points;—

1. Has the manuring of tea estates become
general in all, or only in old, districts? or, if
your experience is local, in your own district?

2. Is bulky manure chielly used?

3. Is the manure sent up by raihvay used
alone or mixed, and is th.ere much of bone-dust
and nitrates as well as of castorcake and fish
manure now used ?

4. Do yon think harm is being done to any
extent by the use of artilicial manures in the
case of tea?

5. How does the oldest manured tea comj)are
with unmanured tea of the same age?

No. XXXVI.

High District, Jan. 7.

1. Manuring is general in all districts, prob-
ably fifteen to twenty per cenc of estates use
artificial manure.

2. Artificial manure is usually used, with the
exception of a few estates with special facilities.
Only small acreages can be manured with bulky
manure.

3. Nearly all the manure is mixeil ; — one-third
of Hones to tw'o-thirds of Castor, is the usual pro-
portion.

4. So far no harm appears to have been done
to the tea, but a great deal of soil must be washed
away by manuring steep slojies.

5. Manured toa gives 150 to 200 lb per acre
more than unmanured. — M.

No. XXXVII.

Jan. 8.

Dear Sir, — In reply to your questions rc
manure : —

1. I cannot say whether manuring has be-
come general in all districts or even in this
district, but it i.s being done here.

2. Where bulky manure c.an be had it is
,api>lie(l and preferred for its lasting qualities, but
more is being done with artilicial, mostly white
Castor and Hone Meal.

3. Manure is generally mixed in the Colombo
mills before being sent off, (unfortunately we
have not yet a r.aihvay to bring it) ; it mostly
consists of Castor and Hones in the ratio of
three to one.

4. Far from tiiinking harm is being done, I
am confident much good is being done by man-
uring tea. I began at first with fear and trem-
bling ; but now I am a staunch advocate of
manure, as it increases the yield, and gives a
more healthy appearance to the bush, but I
think the (juality sutlers somewdiat. The only
really serious charge lying at the door of arti-
ficial manure, is the contamination of the water
supply, hence the greater prevalence of typhoid
fever “ et hoc genus omne.”

5. Compares favourably in every way, only
manure wlien once begun must be continued
at least every three years, or the bushes will
go back, as the artificial stimulant must be
kept up.

KELANI VALLEY.

619

No. XXXVIII.

OLD, AXD MEDIUM ELEVATION, DISTRICT.

1. IManaringin this di.strict is very general and
ap[)Cars to be carried on to a large extent on
estates at a medium elevation and where trans-
port is easy. It is by no moans general in all
the planting drstricts, at very high elevations
scarcely any arlificial manure is ajiplied ; and
on estates to which transport is far and difficult,
but little is carried out.

2. Hulk manure is a[)[)lied whenever procur-
able, but on many estates there is little or no
bulk manure worth speaking of.

3. When systematic manuring is carried on
a mixture of Castor-cake and Hone-meal oiiijears
to be most geuerodly applied, though fish manure
and nitrates are also used, but not to so large
an extent. In some instances fish manure is
mixed with Castor-cake and Hone-meal.

4. I do not think that harm is being done
to tea by the application of artificial manui-es;
on the contrary I think th.e bushes are streng-
thened thereby, though I think wlien artificial
manuring i.s starteil it miisl be continued or the
Imshes would cease to yield jirolitable flushes.

5. Old manured fields compare very favorably
with unmanured fields of tlie same age, the
bushes being larger and much more healthy in
appearance, and the fields present a much liner
cover. I might mention however two drawbacks
to manuring, viz., the additional cost of weeding,
and the loss of soil by wash, caused by the
constant cutting of holes; this of course refers
chiefly to wet districts and to steep land.

rEQUUS IN AliDUIS.

No. XXXIX.

Matale, Jan. 9.

Dear .Sir, — In rejily to your favor, I only
manured 22 acres with bulk, last year, and this
ye.ar I have manured with Castor-cake and Hones
45 .acres. I therefore really have not the necessary
experience to give an opinion. There is very
little m.auuring of tea in West Matale. I
cannot speak of other districts, and I have not
heard of any one in Matale West using artificial
manures except myself. The little manure used
in Matale is nearly all bulk, I believe. I cannot
say, that the artilicial manure, I have used this
year, has reduced the price of my tea, and it
h.as certainly increased my yield. The 45 acre
field manured with Castor-cake and Hones
has given 1,0501b. jier acre, and the 22 acres
manured with bulk last year has given 9501b.
per acre.

The Bones and Castor-cake I got were mixed in
Colombo, The bulk manure used was bought from
natives, and was not anything like equal to
manure made on the estate. MANAGER.

No. XL.

Wattegania, Jan. 9.

1. Not gener.al yet, though .some estates have
adopted it with marked benefit.

2. No -too costly except near towns and vil-
lages and where lay of land [lermits of easy cart
transport.

3. Mixtures vary ; but Castor-cake, Hones and
.Sulphate of Ammonia and Nitrate of Pot.ash are
favorites, and fish is largely used, and kekuna
ne.ar villages.

4. Less chance of harm would exist here ;
a,rtificial manures always mixed with bulk. I(j

78

620

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[March t, 1897.

is most important to mix well with plenty of soil.

5. No comparison in old cotl'ee land, yield
doubled and mure. T. KOKO.

— Beware of the practice of Ijuryinr; prun-
lugs. No tree feeds on its own refuse, or the
result would be as in animal life? (by analogy,
and probably experience will piove the truth
later on if men are not careful.) Absit omen !
Vegetable typhoid in tea would be a fell follower
of Hemileia va.'itatrix in coll’ee.

No. XLl.

Dear Sir, — Replying to your inrjuiries re
manuring tea, I am sorry I cannot tell you much
about it as very little has been done in that line
as yet in the district ; but there can I think be
very little doubt about the benelicial eifects from
the manure already applied. In my opinion
manuring is in many cases delayed too long on
lowcountry estates and artilicial manures do not
seem to have much or any eflect on its worn-out
soils. A stitcli in time would save nine. — Yours
truly, L. A. W.

No. XLl I.

Kandy, Jan. 14.

Dear Sir,— The mamuing of estates in this
District is being tackled as the state of labour
will permit. As far as one can judge moving
about the country, older districts are getting
more attention than new. Labour is more plenti-
ful in the older districts than new.

II. Bulk manure unfortunately is a too scarce
and expensive luxury.

III. Castor, Kish, Bones, with a small ])inch
of Nitrates added, are the manures most in vogue.
Not so much Nitrates added last year owing to
unfavourable exchange.

IV. In older districts, on onr side Tea will
derive benefit from manure of any kind. Bulk
and artificial or either ap])lied singly.

V. Where manuring has been carried out
systematically over a tenn of years on the Kandy
•side, manured tea takes the upper seat. Manured
tea will easily show returns of 550 — 600 as against
300 — 350 on unmanured fields.

In a forcing climate, it would be risky to say
if Tea of a very high jat will give the results that
an ordinary hybriil jat will, after an ap[)iication
of artificial manure. — Yours faithfully,

A NORTHEKN PLANTER.

No. XLfIL

Udapussellawa, Jan. 11.

De.AR Sir, — I have done no manuring yet with
Artificial manure to our tea ; but my neighbours
have and are doing a good deal and 1 am much
interested in watching the results. A contro-
versy will be most interesting if ue can
get the opinions of men who liave watched
tlic results of, say, 4 years. From what I
hear the (juantity is largely inen'ns.d without
sacrificing (|uality ; l)ut al'tei the dca<lly cfl'ect
that artilicial manures had on our coffee, parti-
cularly salts of sorts, I should like to know more
about its effects on tea before applying it to a
large acreage.

Tea made off say 9-3'ear old bushes never
nianure<l should be coiii])ared with tea made off
bushes of the same age that have been manured
say twice during the last four j'ears. The yiehl
will be recorded in the books. CjllERiyT.

No. XLIV.

Jan. 11.

Sir,— In reidy to your circular re manuring of
tea,—

I have very little experience, as I very sel-
dom have time to travel about ; hut from what
1 know and hear, 1 should say that very few
estates in what may be called the new districts
or very few estates anywhere would use manure
of any kind so long as the trees weie of vigorous
growth and tea yield satisfactory. If any manure
were used, nothing hut cattle would be applied
in such case. On the contrary on old wo>-n-out
land in the old districts manure both cattle and
artificial has no doubt been of great benefit in
increasing the 3'ield and in building up the frame-
work of the trees. When the land is not worn
out and tea is yielding .well, I think manure of
any kind is a mistake. In old disiiicts and on
worn-out estates the result of manures both
cattle and artificial has been most marked both
in growth of the trees and increased return of
leaf, but I think the leaf is produced so much
more rapidlj^ that the tea is inferior to that ob-
tained from unmannred fields. Good fields on
good soil on the place that I am in charge of
I have not manured, nor would I think of manur-
ing, unless there was a most pronounced falling-
off in the yield.

Those people who have good yielding estates and
apply artificial manures will, 1 believe, kill “the
goose that lays the golden eggs. ” I cannot see
liowever that it is possible for any harm to be
done by the u.se of cattle manure.

Those people who have estates planted on worn-
out land can no doubt by artificial manure very
largely inciease the yield : in fact in many cases
double it, but whether artificial manure can be
applied beneficially for a long series of years is
a ))roblem that has yet to be solved.

I am sorrj' I have not answered under the
different headings : but it is most difficult lo do
.so and write anything l)ut pure generalities. —
Yours faithfully W. J. G.

No. XLV.

Matale, Jan. 20.

Jle manuring tea, about 30 to 50 acres have
been manuied with cattle manure on this estate
every year for the last six j'ears with very good
results. No patent manure has been tried as ^-et.

No. XLVL

Jan. 14.

Dear Sir, — I am afraid 1 am rather late in
replying to _your queries rc-manuring of tea.

(1) . 1 tlo not think the manuring of tea has yet '

become general in any District, though it is likely
to become more of a necessity in the near future
esiiecially in the older Distiicts.

(2) . Only a comparatively .small number of
Estates liave facilities for obtaining and applying
bulky manure in any (juantity. It is decidedly
preferable to artificial manure, and gives very
satisfactory results where it can be regularly
and cheaply procured, an application of about
24 tons* per acre being sulHcient for three years
at least.

(3) . I am not in a position to give an opinion.

(4) . I have not heard of harm being done in
any case by the use of aitificial manure. Of
course, such manuring would have to be kept up,

* Sie in cojiy ; but our correspondent means
surely “cwt. — Ed. T.A,

March i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

621

and there are cases of Tea Estates wlierc very
fine crops have been regularly got by tlio system-
atic use of artilicial ’manure.

(5). I have not had any opportunity of making
a comparison ; I have only seen the wonderful
improvement in tea and its yield on old and pom-
soil after tlie application of bulky manure. — Yours
faithfully, I.

No. XLVII.

Badulla, Jan. 1.

Dear Sir, — I have little or no knowledge of
what is being done in the way of manuring tea
outside this district. So far, a very limited area
has been treated in this neighbonrliood and that
has been cliietly with bulky manure. — The results
of a fairly liberal application of well-rotted bulk —
cattleshed and street refuse chiefly— have been
most satisfactory as regards increased yield, but
whether quality has in any way suffered I can-
not say.

Kepeated doses of artificial manures, such as
Nitrates or Bone Dust might show good results for
a time, but I fear a sudden cessation of these
doses would leave the bush in a worse condition
than they found it. There can be little doubt,
however, that a liberal application of suitable
bulk brings the bush into a healthy and vigorous
condition, largely increasing the yield and presum-
ably— until the contrary is proved — nob interfering
with the quality. The cost of such manuring is,
however, high and for this reason it is not likely
to become very general.— Yours faithfully,

‘•OUVAH.”

No. XLVIII.

Dear Sir,— I send you the following replies
to the queries in your circular of 26th ult. : —
No. 1 My experience is very local — (Kotagala
Valley). A little manuring is being done on
some estates.

(2) Bulky manure is no doubt always used,
where procurable, bub the supply must be very
limited.

(3) .Bone-dust, Castor-Cake and Nitrates, &c.,

are mostly applied alone — well-mixed with

the soil.

(4) None— that I know of— altho’ it may be
prudent to guard against loss of “ flavour ” by
the indiscriminate use of artificial manures, — or
by too large doses at one time.

It is a fact that many plants lose their natural
scents or oils— by manuring or cultivation. Take
the wild canot or celery, for instance. These
are nauseous, naturally — but become edible when
cultivated.

In my experience — the tea made after manuring
with our ordinary manure — has lost some of its
“ pungency ” — while it has gained in “ body ”
and “ maltiness.” The yield is increased at least
one-third.

For tea, our soils, as a rule, arc too deficient
in potash, and this is difficult to remedy by
manuring, the salts being so very soluble, that
much I0.SS may be sustained— by their getting
too deep in the soil— ere the plant can assimi-
late them.

(5) Tfie oldest manured tea is twice as good in
appearance— as the unmanured of the same age.

Without manuring (where required) tea will
hardly pay— in future.

Analysis of the soil and of the manure to
suit it,' is indispensable. Or one may “ be carry-
ing coals to Newcastle.”— Yours faithfully,

® “ SENEX.”

No. XLIX.

Southern Province, Jan. 14.

Dear Sir, — In reply to your favor of 8th
idem, my experience of manure is as follows : —

1st As I have not worked tea estates in the
old Districts, I can only write of the new.

2nd. No artificial.

3rd. I use 2 oz. Castor and 1 oz. Bone-dust to
each bush Avell mixed with the soil.

4th On the contrary; bub it must be kept up.

5th (Jnmanured lea compares unfavourably both
in wood and leaf -.vitli manured.

Ileferriiig you to statement below.

100 acres gave in 1894, 1901b.

^lanured in

March 1895 ,, 1895, 272 ,, gain 82 lb.

Not mamtred in

March 1896 „ 1896, 420 „ 230 „

Increase over 1894 312 ,,

I am, yours faithfully,.

B.

No. L.

Udapussellawa, .Jan. 8.

Dear Sir,— The following are my replies to
your questions about manuring tea ; —

1. A few estates in this district have applied
manure, bub as yet it has nob become general.

2. Bulky manui'e is being used where it is
obtainable at a reasonable cost ; but on most
estates the conditions are unfavourable for the
keep of live stock. There is, however, little doubt
that cattle manure is the best, as it gives good
returns and does not force the bushes to such
an extent as artificial manures do. Ihe effects
last a fairly long time, and regular flushes are
secured ; but the difficulty, in most cases, is to
produce and apply it at a paying figure.

3. The manures priiicipally used are Castor-
cake, Fish, Crushed Bones, and Bonemeal. Sul-
phates and Nitrates are to be given a trial on
a few properties, but they are to be mixed with
Castorcake and Bones, and in some instances
the prunings will be buried at the same time.
In my opinion when these manures are applied
every effort should be made to bury all prunings
and dead leaves obtainable, as I think they
materially help to carry on the bush after the
artilicial manures are exhausted, especially in thin
gravelly soils, and in a comparatively dry climate!

4. On this .side of the country I do not think
any harm has been done by manuring yet, but
this may happen in time if large doses of ’arti-
ficial manures have to be resorted to. The ques-
tion which presents itself to me at present is —
AAlll the bushes continue to give satisfactory
yields without increasing the quantity at each
application ? If they ivill, my opinion is that little
or no harm will be done (but the reverse); if they
will not, then larger and larger applications ’will be-
come the order of the day until the cost becomes
prohibitive. This may be a danger looming ahead
of us, <as if manuring is suddenly stopped the
bushes which have become accustomed to it will
doubtless suffer considerably.

5. As far as we have got in this district
(the lower and older end of it) there can be little
doubt tlitit in most casos the manure, whethev
bulky or artificial, has worked w’^ouders upon the
frames of the bushes, and also has given a fair
profit, but as it is only within the last few yeai^

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, .897.

that inanuriiig lias been started licre, it will take
sometmie yet to form a eorreet oiiinion of what
It may or may not do in the intiire. — Yours

(h T. it.

No. Id.

Kelani Valley, Jan. 20.

Dkau Sii!, — Keidying to your circula'- letter
or the 2(Jih ultimo : —

1. Manurin'; is decidedly on the increase in
both old and new di.stricts.

2. Very little hulky manure is used as coolies
cannot he s]>ared to look after cattle or to
carry out the manure to tlie held.

3. The ininciiial manures used by estates are
Oastorcake, Ilonedust and Fish manure.

4. In my oidnion both the bushes and crops
are distinctly improved by the use of artilicial
manure.

5. 1' avourair'.y in every way. T believe that
manuring would be done on a much larger scale
than it is at jnesent, but for the insuliicient
supiily of labour.— Yours faithfully.

J. B. C.

No. Lit.

8t. Leonards, Nuwara Eliya, Jan 22.

Dkar SlK,— In rejily to j’our circular re
manure : —

1. Local e.xperience is that very little maimr-
ing is (lone.

2. _On this e.state vnhi cattle manure has been
applied ; no arlihcial.

3. On neighbouring estates some Cake, iJones
and Nitrates are being applied.

4. Undue use (d ft»y .'-timulants in any form
must in time prove no.xious.

6. M here soil is go(jd the eflects of manure
are not noticeable : old wornamt spots are much
improved Ijy cattle manure, also by a judicious
nii.xturc of Cake and Bone.s In Ibis district— the
upper end all land Is comparatively 7icw and docs
not rc(itiire manure.

You will be doing a public benclit by in voigh-
ing .all you can against undur. applications
of artificial manures. Planters have money now
ahd are not av(U'.se to liberal (?) cultivati-on. In
a short time we cannot (xpect the same pro-
fits. ytarvation cultivation will liien be ro.sortcd
to, and tea will be much in the same iiosition
as coffee was. — 1 am. Bear .Sir, Yours faithfully.

C. II. B.‘

No. LI II.

Talawakele, Jan. 24.

Every acre now in cultivation could by
manuring be made to yield from 200 lb. to 3o'0
lb. (on a’l line soils even more) per acre
additional and the area under the bush could be
doubled. Conceive then what Ceylon output might
be ! Double the labour force now in Ceylon and in
15 years you would ship 2^ times what we aie
doing.

The ([uesBon of manuring is one I here need
be no hesitation in facing, liavii.g regard to the
fact that life is short,

Unriueslionably if you cut holes or dig about
a bush for the purpose of manuring you must
cut a certain period off its natural life as you
cannot help breaking or cutting the laige roots;
in fact any artifici.al method of forcing loaf or
fruit must in the nature of it interfere with the
natural (teriod ol its life whatever that may be.

My view of it is: if you cultivate your bush
you will take out of it, in possibly 3U or 40

years, what it will give if not forced in 55 or 60.
Few p(jopl(3 Would object to that, il thei'e is anything
in a Inrd in the bamt being worth two in the
busli.

Of couit>c, care must be e.xcrcised in sclect’on
of leiti izers and the sooner an Ordinance is
p.asscd the better, to protect jdantersfrom spurious
manures.

1 see inlinite harm being done in manurin''
where care is not taken in cutting loots, as
they never grow again-I mean the large roots.

J hen as to the (juestion of manuring doin''
injury to the (|uality of the Tea you .nay ju.-t
as well say that lich .soil jirodnces an inferior
i ea to poor soil ! 1

S.

No. LIV.

TT . f . I alaw.ikole, Jan. 1.

Manuring of tea is yet. in its infancy and we
aie all nun e or le.ss groping in ihe dark— .so far

incduce certain

lesults in he way of increased Hush and that
IS al.out all.

What is wanted is a full knowledge of .such
manures as are available, and wliat their eflects
are in not alone increasing Hush, but in w,prov-
DK/ QY oUieiwuse the (juality of teas. ^

To liiid out this, systcim'itic and carefully con-
dimted e.xi.enments on a large .scale arc necessary
and It is to be hoped that some of onr wealthy
proprietary planters will take the matter up

— J'. F.

No. LV.

T-, r. r Kamhoda, Jan. 20

dkau Siu,-.ln reply to your em,uiry on the
subject of manuring tea. There seems to be .an
inclination to put out bulky manure, if procura-
ble in preference to artihcial.

IWver the e.xpen.se of a cattle , establishment
and the occupation of so much good hind for
cultivation in gia.'.s IS a |.reventivc to any exten-
siv’e or general application of bulky manlire.

I believe mo.st of the V. A.’s .are advocating
faBhfuH>"^ itiliheial manures in old te.a. — Yours

No. LVI.

Ill older districts, where tea has supphuH^
collee, Cas (.rc.ake and B.medust have hlen
applied with advantage, and the .eturns inc caseT
Cattle bulk and compost also, but the latter
manures Pave in many instances proved nmch toi
expen.sive on the extra returns. Unless facilities

LaLS v:’"”''"

IVijonally, I think t he le.ss tonics applied where
tea IS gi\ ing a l.air yield, the better for the bushes
.although in worn-rmt soil something must be dorm
to encourage Hushes. I (piestion very niuch if
a lea ly serious interest has been taken in hav-
ing the soils analyzed to enable those who manure
to return what is w.anting. "nom.imiic

"M*'- R^l'vay-Baniber’s Text Book
on the Chcm.istry and Agriculture of Tea

l.e of valuaWe ossi,„„,co to tl,„4

"'’""“'I 'lie

ut6tt oc/ ui/fcc*~i am, jonrs. '\y

No. LVir.

My c.xpcrienee of .Manuring J’ea is so Torv
slight that It IS not worth while publishin-' 'l
only manured one Held with Bonel and FVtor

March i, 1897.] THE I'ROITCAL AGRICULTURIST. 623

cake — one of tlie former to three of the latter — in
1894. Kesults have been most satisfactory;
the held was pruned in July last, the results
since pruning have heeii more apparent than before.
It is ilushing now like fun, and giving 20 to 80 Ih.
leaf )jer cooly every eight days. LJnmanured liehls
no way near it.

Manuring with hulk, I have only done a few
acres with line refuse, &c., near cooly lines. Re-
sults are highly satisfactory, but unless your
land is fairly level and soil sutticiently free to
admit of forking in the manure, the expense of
applying bulky manure would he prohibitory.
Imagine cost of cutting and lilling in 3,000 holes
to an acre and if you give 4 a basket to a tree
with any distance to carry. On fairly Hat land
free soil that could he forked, application miglit
be brought within reasonable limits. How much
of this land is there in Uva? Planter.

No. LVIII.

Kotagala, Feb. 3.

Dear Sir,— So far as 1 have observed, manur-
ing is pretty general on tea estates but not very
extensive. I mean that most estates manure a
little, both in old and new districts.

2. Rulky manure is not available in large quan-
tities with' a few exceptions, — and application is
necessarily expensive unless for lields near a cart
road.

3. The manure sent up by railway is gene-
rally used alone, sometimes mixed with pninings
and with bulk when available such as Line and
Factory sweepings. Bazaar refuse, etc. Bonemeal
and Castorcake appear to be most generally
used, with occasionally Nitrate of Potash in small
quantities, and there is also an a])i)reciable quan-
tity of Fish manure used. 1 have no experience
of the latter, but would fear its use would encour-
age blossom and seed on the bushes.

4. 1 do not think any harm is being done to
thehushes from the use of artilicial manure— rather
the opposite. On )>oor land an apiilication of man-
ure even to conqiaratively young tea is henelicial
as it improves the wood and expands the hushes.
On very rich .soil artilicial manure appears to give
the tea a rankness which I do not think im-
proves the quality. In fact on rich land I think it
is a mistake to manure, as it makes the Hushes
too Hhrous and coarse.

5. Unless oveidone manured tea compares fa-
fourably with umnauured especially on poor old
land.

To enable planters to give necessary manurial
assistance to laud requiring such, Oovernment
ought to give all po.ssible assistance in providing
cart roads to stations as otherwise transport is
prohibitive. — Yours faithfully, W. H. W.

No. BIX.

Ambagamuwa, Feb. 12.

Dear Sir, — Now tiiat you are about to close
your columns to the “Manuring” discussion, if
you think it worth publishing my experience in
that line I now submit it. Since 1890 1 have
manured this estate both with artificial and hulk ;
the former comprised of either fish, kapok, and
blood manure mixed 6 ounces to the tree, or
• istorcake and bones mixed — same quantity ap-
plied. This was resorted to only on inaccessible
fields, I always found that in 3 months the
manure had begun to act and its effects were
appreciably noticed up to say from 15 to 16
months after ap))lication, the hushes responded
in a marked manner, the yield was J more than
it was before application, but after the run of

16 months I always noticed a falling-off ; and
at about the end of two years you weie no better
than when you started, if anything worse ; the
bushes pre-sented an all gone seedy appearance
suggesting as it were “ I want, a stimulant to
fig me u[i,” a secoml application of a like ([uantity
(6) ounces did not by any chance result in the
same way as at first although it did some good.

I am therefore of ojiinion that if artilicial manure
is to he applied it will become nece .sary to in-
crease the dose at every suh.sequent manuring;
just likens one to an oinum-eater ; first a
minute quantity hardly pereejitible, till in after
years -i an ounce would he aliout the sufficing
quantity to allay his craving. Will artificial
manure pay in the end ? !

Bulk. — Situated as lam and being possessed of
grazingland I keep a. stock of native cattle which
yearly gives me enough manure for from 40 to 50
acres ; a basket of cattle manure to 4 trees ; this
application takes longer to tell ; but once it does,
the bushes present such a luxuriant growth with a
strong healthy dark green a])]iearance which
makes the heart of man glad to look at ; its
elfects will last out a gmod 2j to 3 years, and a
second application will only require to be made
after that time, the quantity being far le.ssthan on
the first ap|)lication. Say a basket to 0 trees,
your bushes never present that unhealthy woe-
begone look which is noticeable after the elfects
of artificial manure have ceased to tel!, so that
theie can he no two doubts that the stafiility of
tea will in a great manner depend on the kind
of manure you ajiply ; the yielding powers from
bulk manure may not be quite so much as from
forcing artilicial, l ut the fact remains that there
it is in |iaying quantity and udll remain so long
as you last. <J. T.

No. LX.

Feb. 15.

Dear Sir, — I have not been asked for my
obiter dicta regarding manuring and yet intended
writing you before now, since it .seems to me I
have more data on the subject than anybody
else this end of tea-land. The season ] 895-1896
saw the completion of a systematic cycle of culti-
vation and the estimate realized nearly 100 per
cent increase on the 1894-1895 crop. Experi-
mental handling of artificial manures has given
Castorcake and Crushed Bones the laurels, and a
schedule should show manuring to be no outlay
of ca])ital for the crop doubled- jmur tea is
cheaper f.o.b. Colombo. Here are a few blocks
as examples : —

1 Fields, all old \

coffee land I 21 35 41 27 43

of say 35 j Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres

years j

2 1894-1895 yield

per acre 2041b. 3041b. 1431b. 1861b. 3051b

3 Manured Do.’95 Mr.’95 Ja.’96 Nv.’96 Dc.’95

4 1895- 1896 yield

per acre 4251b. 7261b. 3101b. 3171b. 6371b,

There are so many factors to be remembered in
cultivation that space forbids enumeration.
Pruning and character of tea to be treated, rain-
fall dates and nature of soil, being the chief.
Then has to he considered method of application,
for loss of soil cannot be permitted and is easily
obviated on steeps. The mamoty is a sorry
cultivator compared to the fork ; but don’t spread
manure broadcast, get it into the ground with
an alavangu followed by forking, treading down
the new earth exposed. You Avould not ask me
“ why,” for the prima'y question is what is the
crop— fruit or leaf : Manuring is demanded by

624

THE TROPICAl. AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1897.

the crop every tliird year. Experience bids me
say tliat Sulphate of Ammonia is playing with
tire unless one knows what he is handling and
Bamber’s “ Chemistry and Agriculture of Tea”
L'ives an empliatic warning should one be elated
by sucli monstrosities as twin stalks and triple
“ bangee” 1 aves after applying Suli)hate of Am-
monia, however mixed with wood ash, ‘ ones or
fish or etcetera. — Yours truly,

HOMO PLANTAT, HOMO IIUIIOAT, SED
DECS DAT INCllEMENTUM.

No. LXI.

Dimbula. — I thoroughly believe in manuring, but
we should have more coolies or manuriu" is of no
use ; on old fields the first application of manure
does not result in much more leaf, but the trees
fill out and strengthen the wood on them, and the
following year you get the benefit. I have
manured for over 6 years a portion of the estate
each year with Castorcake and Bones, only one part
of the latter to 5 of the former— cattle manure
does not tell for many months after the applica-
tion, inU it lasts double the time of artificial and
does not leave any bad effects afterwards as
artificial sometimes does. — J. J.

[This closes the series of letters kindly .sent
to us on the Manuring of Tea : the whole are
being reproduce*! in our Tropical Agriculturist
with our several reviews ; and .afterwards some
copies will be printed in pamphlet form for
rea<ly reference: one copy of which will be sent
w'ith our compliments and thanks to each con-
tributor to the series. — Ed. T.A]

THE AGRAOUVAH ESTATES COM-
PANY, LTD.

The annual ordinary general meeting of share-
holders of the above Company w.as held at
the Company’s Offices, No. 7. Queen Street, Port,
Colombo, at 3-30 p.m. on Feb. 11th.

Present Mr. A. Thomson, Chairman ; Mr.
C. A. Leechman, Director ; Messrs A. Steven-
son, H. Tarr.ant, Jas. Forbes, Geo, Noel, and
C. J. Donald. The following sharehohlers were
represented by the holders of their Powers of
Attorney;— mV. Wm. Watson, by Mr. J. G. War-
drop ; Mr. E. John, by Mr. K. John ; Mr. G.
C. Walker, by Mr. Jas. Forbes ; Mr. G. H.
Alston, by Mr. A. Thom.son : Mr. W. H. Figg,
by Mr. T^homson.

The report and accounts of the Company as
published were adopted, and a final dividend
of 14 per cent (making 22 per cent for the year),
was declared and made payable forthwith.

Mr. C. A. Leechman was re-elected a Director,
and Mr. Hercules J. Scott, was appointed Auditor

for this year. .

A vote of thanks to the chair closed the pro-
ceedings.

The following is the report :—

Acreage, 31st December 1896.

Agra Ouvah.

Tea in full bearing
Tea not in bearing
Grass in Jungle

Total Estate . .

Fankerton.

Tea in full bearing
Timber clearing
Grass, Patana and Scrub

Total Estate . .

Grand Total . .

302 acres
20 „
!)

331 acres

165 acres
10 „

18 „

193 acres

521 acres

The directors have pleasure in preseutiug to the
shareholders the accounts of the Company for the
past year.

The crops secured were 257,004 lb. tea, as against
191.685 lb. in 1895, and 487 bushels coffee, as against
1,291 bushels in 1895.

The avei'age net prices obtained were 61'29 cents
per lb. for the tea crop and R16'64 per bushel for
the coffee crop, against about 66j cents per lb. and
R17‘85 per bushel respectively in 1895. The receipts
for manufacturing tea for other estates shew an in-
crease of R6,856'43 as compared with the figures for
the preceding year.

The expenditure on capital account during the
year amounted to R17,798'50, this outlay being for
additions to buildings and machinery and on a new
clearing of 20 acres tea on Agra Ouvah.

After making the usual ample provision for depre-
ciation of Buildings and Machinery, and including the
balance of R6,439T0 brought forward from 1895, the
amount at credit of Profit and Loss account is
R94,301'82, being rather over 25 per cent on the paid up
Capital of the Company. An interim dividend of 8
per cent was declared on the 8th August last, absorb-
ing R30,000, thus leaving a balance of R64,381’82 now
to be dealt with.

The Directors recommend the payment of a final
dividend of 14 per cent, making 22 percent for the year,
and that the balance of Rll,881'82 be carried forward
to the current year’s account.

The crops estimated for in 1897 are 265,000 1b. Tea
and 100 bushe's Coffee, on an expenditure on the
Estate of R79,557‘50, which outlay is inclusive of the
cost of manufacture of 135,000 lb. Tea expected from
other Estates for that purpose, and the upkeep of the
20 acres clearing planted last year. No expenditure on
Capital account is expected to be necessary this year.

At Extraordinary General Meetings held on 24th
October and 14th November, 1896, special resolutions
were passed increasing the Authorized Capital of
the Company to 11750,000, thus placing the Directors
in a position to add to add to the properties of the
Company on any favorable opportunity for so doing
presenting itself.

Messrs. G. W. Carlyon and W. H. Figg having re-
signed their seals on the Board on their departure
respectively from the Island, Messrs. A. Tliomson and
G. H. Alston were appointed by the remaining Direc-
tors to fill the vacancies thus created. In terms of
the Articles of Association Mr. C. A. Leechman re-
tires by rotation from the office of Director, but is
eligible for re-election. On 8th January of this year
Mr. Alexander Stevenson lesigned his appointment
as Director, but in the opinion of the Board it is
unnecessary to fill up this vacancy.

Mr. R. L. M. Brown having resigned the post of
Auditor to the Company, the Directors, under the
Company’s Article No. 92, appointed Mr. Hercules J.
Scott to fill the vacancy, thus occasioned. The appoint-
ment of an Auditor for the current year rests with
the meeting.

«

CHINA’S AWAKENING.

A CEYLON TEA PROPRIETOR ON CHINA TEA.

Mr. T. Fairhurst, who is well known in Ceylon as
the owner of Ferham and St. Andrew’s estates, Dim-
bula, but who spends his time mostly at Foochow, is at
present on a visit to the island. Speaking to the
representative of a contemporary he said: — “Well, I
suppose the point of most interest is the introduction
of machinery for tea manufacture into China, but I am
afraid that, so far, I can tell you but very little. You
see, things are very different in China from what they
are, here. Here you get tea all the year round ; but
in China they only get it in crops — three crops in a
year — and of these the finest and best crop is the first
one, which is gathered in April. That is always equal
to about half or a little more than half — of the total
crop from the Foochow district in a year, and, as far
as the use of machinery will affect tho teas, wo had
little opportunity of judging in 1896. for, when the
machinery that is now there was erected, the first

March j, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

625

crop had been gathered, and the machinery could there-
fore only be used for tlie later crops, which are much
inferior and do not afford a proper test."

“The machinery then was used for the second and
third crops

“ Yes, and it had a noticeable effect on the tea, as
far as appearance and the sti'engtli of the liquor went
but it made no alteration whatever in regard to the
flavour of the tea— not the slightest improvement
being noticeable. Asked what increase in the cost of
manufacture was brought about by the use of ma-
chinery in regard to the teas on which it had so far-
been tried, Mr. Fairhurst said ; “ Well they reckon it
means an additional outlay of about IJd, and whether
that will be made up by a longer price being got for
the tea in England and in the other markets, I can-
not yet tell you, for the total quantity of machine-
manufactured tea sent home last year was not more
than 1,500 or 1,600 packages, and that, of course, was
largely bought as a curiosity, being competed for in an
exceptional manner on account of its novelty, and so
arfording no guide. Everything is to be learned this
year, and all depends on the first crop. If it answers
in regard to that, then machinery will be adopted
on a larger scale, and it may be that then
China will once again be a rival with Ceylon
and India in regard to the better classes of tea.
As far as the Foochow district is concerned we
shall learn the first results of machinery manufac-
ture in May, and we shall know the financial r-esult
of the e.xperiment in July when we learn what the
teas fetch. But the experiment will not be a very
large one, there will be only ready for use some
five rollers and about three dryers ; but in addition
there are men who intend going on rolling the leaf
by the old manual process, but who have consented
to try indoor withering instead of sun withering and
to use Ceylon methods of fermenting. They seem to
have realised that indoor withering is preferable to
the other system, and they are now putting np the
necessary buildings for doing this work; but, taking
all these improvements in manufacture, they will
not affect more than a tenth of our output in Foochow
— say about 40.000 half-chests." Foochow, according
to Mr. Fairhurst, is the pioneer district in China as
far as this movement is concerned. He passed through
Amoy on his wa}' here, and he assured us that we
had been wrongly informed in respect to that district
when we were told that machinery had been already
introduced there. So far nothing h^s been done
there beyond talk, and they are evidently going to
wait and see the outcome of the Foochow experi-
ment. In the latter district the movement has been
entirely the result of the introduction of European
capital, with the result that the Europeans who have
found the money have persuaded the Chinese, who
have to take up the lands (no European being allowed
to take lands) to adopt the new methods. The prin-
cipal movers in this respect have been the Foochow
Tea Improvement Company, which, he says, consists
of about 6 Europeans and 6 Chinese, each of whom
have put one thousand dollars into the concern.

The new methods are only to be applied to the
higher grades of tea. In one respect, according to
Mr. Fairhurst, the position of Foochow is unassail-
able, that is, in regard to its power of producing
cheap common teas. These it can turn out at a
price of 4Jd to 5d, and in this respect it leads other
tea-producing countries easily.

Asked if the water supply was good, Mr. Fair-
hurst said : “ Far fiom it ; there are a lot of

streams all about the district, but the force of
any of them is scarcely more than sufficient to
drive a 16 feet wheel, which amount of power is
just about what one Excelsior roller only requires.
Steam will have to be largely restored to, therefore,
and in producing this the Chinese have at present
no coal of their own to help them ; — the cheapest
available co.il is that which they can get from
Japan. Another difficulty arises from the short space
of time they have in which to gather and maun-
facture the first and most important crop. It will
all have to be dealt with in the ihort space of six
weeks, think of the vast amount of machinery they
will have to get to do that."

NO CIIANOE OP JAT LIKELY TO SUCCEED.

Asked if he thought it likely the Chinamen would
go in for new Jdts of tea in connection with this
progressive movement, Mr. Fairhurst said he did not
think any innovation of this sort would be likely
to prosper. The Tea Improvement Company,” he
said, “ are getting down some Indian teas ; but I
do not think from my experience of Formosa teas
they will succeed. Formosa teas, you know, were ori-
ginally Chinas. They were taken from China,
and planted in Formosa where they did amazingly
well in tlip volcanic soil that Formosa possesses.
Some time ago I tried the experiment of bringing
some of the Formosa teas here, and planting them
051 my places in Bimbu'a, but there they went back
to the old China state, showing it was the Formosa
soil alone that improved them. The same thing
will happen, I think, with these Indian importations!
they will very quickly become like the Chinese im
digenous teas, and the idea of using them will b«
abandoned."

CEYLON V. JAVA AS TEA
PKODUCEKS.

{Bj/ an ex- Merchant- Pla7iicr.)

London, Jan. 22.

1 thought my letter of the 15th inst. would
be the last I should have to trouble you with,
on the subject referred to in my three previous
ones ; but as you transmuted the word “Java” into
“Japan,” when publishing my letter of the 10th
ult., it is nece.ssary to draw your attention to the
inistakex

I wrote the word Java, and not Japan pur-
posely, because the latter is not, and 1 think
never will be, a eonmetitor with Ceylon in the
supply of tea to the European markets* ; wherea.s
Java will most probably in time become a serious
rival, especially if it continues to be supported,
and encouraged by British protection, as it is at
present.

I do not know that Java has not as good
a climate for the production of tea as Ceylon ;
but I do know that it has a much better soil,
a large area of available land, and a good sup-
ply of labour.

It is true, the import of Java tea into England
last year was only seven million of pounds, and
that the increase year by year has been com-
paratively small ; but remember the cinchona
incident, in which the tortoise beat the hare. It
will not be wise for Ceylon planters to take a
leaf out of the Indian planter’s book, and pooh-pooh
the idea of Java (where the tea is similar to that
of Ceylon and made on the same lines) ever becom-
ing a serious adversary.

We all of us recollect how Indian planters
jeered at the idea of tea in Ceylon ever becoming
a permanent and increasing industry. Nay, even
now — according to “W. McK.” — they say to Ceylon
men “ Oh ! Ceylon may supply the Colonies,
America, and the Continent, but we will soon
have the English market all to ourselves, and
will be content with it.” Let us not be too con-
fident. In the battle which is undoubtedly
before us, we cannot aftbrd to be generous.
Planters may say: — “Oh ! we can do very well with
exchange at Is 3d or Is 4d” ; but that you know
is not the question. It is, “ Can we aftbrd to pre-
sent our adversaiies witli 10 to 15 per cent, of
the value, to enable them to compete rvith us ?”
Is there any call to give them any advantage
at all ?

* But Japan is a great rival in the United States
—Ed. 7'.. I,

626

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1897.

There is a danger, tliat if the rates of ex-
cliange decline a little as they well may, plan-
ters will think the storm cones may be lowered,
as the storm is passing away ; if they think it
cannot return, tliey will find themselves mis-
taken and may be wrecked before they reach
a harbour. Let tliem remember it has taken
ye.ars for the wail of the Siu'-ar planters to
reach the ears of Government, and when it has
reached them they are soothed with a Grand
Committee to find out what is patent to the whole
world, namely, that they have been ruined by
bounties on the production for export of Beet
Sufiar.

The mischief I have written to you about, is an
insidious one, but on that account is not leas
real. If exchange on the piesent system goes back
to Is 2d, as it may some months hence, it will
still exist.

Ceylon should endeavour to free itself finan-
cially from a Government which for its own
purposes will “corner” its currency, as it did
when it ceased to mint silver for the public.

1 sent my letter to the Secretary of State to
Mr. VV. E. Thompson Sharpe as bein'! the member
for Ceylon and asked him to be good enough to
forward it direct to Mr. Chamberlain. I have
not yet had an acknowledgment of its receipt.

[About Java is our corres|)ondent not aware that
the standard is a gold one there, or at any rate
that it is based on gold, although the actual cur-
rency is silver, the coins being merely tokens as
in England. We think, therefore, that Java tea
planters can have no advantage over us through
Exchange?— El) T.A ]

By today’s mail, we have received the fol-
lowing : —

“ Jan. 29. — I enclose copy of Mr. Chamberlain’s
reply to the letter I wrote to him of which I
sent you a copy.

“ It is the one I was led to believe I should
receive, but as mentioned to you in my letter of
the 1st inst. , the grievance I asked you to be
good enough to ventilate, did not exist wlien the
inquiry took place. The Indian Kates of Ex-
change were regulated by the market prices of
silver, and as long as that was the case, Ceylon
had no cause of complaint.”

(Copy.) Downing Street, Jan. 28.

C. ShaND, Esq.

Sir,— I am directed by Mr. Secretary Cham-
berlain to acknowledge receipt of your letter
of tlie 4th inst., relative to the Tea rade of
Ceylon, ami the Currency system of that Colony.

Mr. Chamberlain has given your letter very
careful consideration ; but he is unable to see
suHicient reason for reopening the question of the
Ceylon Currency, which was most fully considered
in all its bearings by tbe Silver Currency Com-
mission, whose report was imblished in the Co onv
in 1894. -I am, Ac., JOHN BUAMSTON.

TEA CLTLTIVATIGiN AND TROUBLESOME
WEEDS— WORTH DIGGING IN?

[The following has been put at cur service
by a Colombo mercantile firm. — Ed. 2’. -■(.]

February (>, 1807.

From Royal Botanic Gardens, llakgalu.

Dear Mr. , — The Oscalis that is such a tronblo-

some weed is O. Violacea. It bolong.s to tiio Gera-
niam family (Geraniacea)) and therefore cannot be
called a trefoil which belongs to the order Legumin-
osae, and generally applied to Tri/'oliiini.

The Oncalis I'iolacea is a native of United States.

(Signed) W. Nock.

Copy. City Analyst’s Office, Colombo, Dec. 8, 180G.

Report on a sample of so-called Trefoil leaves, received
for analysis, on the 25th November 1890.

The sample of so-called trefoil plants consisted of
§rds by weight of stem and leaves, and ^rd roots. The
leaves and stems of the so-called trefoil consisted of
about 90 per cent moisture, and 10 per cent dry matter.

The roots consisted of about 60 per cent moisture
and -10 per cent dry matter.

In 100 parts of the whole plant, there were 20
pai ts of dry matter, and 80 parts of moisture. The
roots, thus, furnished 66'66 per cent of the dry matter,
and the stems and leaves funiished 3;j’33 per cent.

The dry matter of the leaves and stems, and that
of the roots, were analysed separately, with a view
to ascertain the proportions of the important elements
of plant food, taken from the soil by each.

ANALYSIS OF DRY MATTER.

Stems and

Leaves

Roots

per cent.

per cent.

Nitrogen

.. 2-794

1280

Potash

. . 2-679

-871

Phosphoric Acid

•691

•417

Lime

. . 1-596

•352

In order to compare the amount of these consti-
tuents removed from the soil by the so-called trefoil and
by tea respectively, the following tabular statement will
show the amounts of these substances contained in
1,000 lb. of tea, of Trefoil leaves and stems, of Tre-
foil roots, and of the whole Trefoil plant, all in the
dry state.

Tabular statement showing the amounts of impor-
tant constituents of plant food contained in 1,000 1b.
respectively of tea, Trefoil leaves and stems, Trefoil
roots, and this whole so-called Trefoil plant dried at
212° F. ;—

Nitrogen

d

O

H

lb.

46-02

Potash

23-64

Phosphoric Acid

7-98

Lime

5-88

.

CO

'5

c3 ^

o

o

f* .

P4

H a

0) —

'O >75

o

•q ^

§

V

H

lb.

lb.

lb.

27-94

12-80

17-85

26-79

8-71

14-74

6-91

4 17

5-08

15.96

3-52

7 82

It will be observed that the so-called Ti'efoil plant con-
tains, weight for weight of dry matter, about 28 parts to
the 1,000 in its leaves and stems, as against 46
in the case of tea; but, as the former is a legu-
minous plant, a portion of this nitrogen must be
assumed to be derived from the air, and would,
therefore, be a distinct gain to the soil if dug in.
The plant seems also to be rather greedy in the
matter of Potash and Phosphoric Acid, which,
from an agricultural point of view, are the two most
important constituents, after Nitrogen, of the tea
plant, and which are altogether derived from the
soil or from manure. While the so-called Trefoli plant
is growing, therefore, it competes with the tea plant,
for those elements of plant food as it draws its
supplies, however, from near the surface, the advan-
tage to be derived from digging it into the soil as a
green manure, might more than compensate for the
preliminary abstraction of these elements from the
soil, these being again returned in a more readily
available state for use by the tea plant.

(Signed) M. Cochran, f.c.s.. City Analyst.

Silk in India. — Silk Is not likely, says the
Eiiyiishmnn, to become one of the products of the
North-West Provinces, unless great meteorological
changes come about. Repealed attempts on the
Cawn))ore e\i)erimental farm to roar silk worms
from As.sam have proveil a failure. The hot
temperature is fatal to the worms, which die scoq
after being received.

March i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

627

To the Editor.

AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS IN ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar, Jan. 11.

Deab Sir, — The Government of Zanzibar have
decided to appoint a Director of Agriculture and have
selected me for the post.

The object in creating the post is to improve,
where possible, the methods under which the agricul-
ture of the country is now carried on, and to
endeavour, by experiment, to discover some new
product that may, to a certain extent, take the place
of cloves. The Government desire that the work so
admirably begun by Sir John Kirk when he was
Consul-General there, and since interrupted, may be
continued.

I have taken the liberty of addressing you * in the
hope that you will consent to open communication
with me, with the view of exchanging information
that may be considered of value, and of mutual
assistance in obtaining plants and seeds that majf be
required. It will afford me pleasure if, at any time,
I can be of use to you, and I hope you will consider
me at your service.

Zanzibar does not as yet issue a Botanical Journal ;
but, if iu the course of time it becomes possible to do
so, 1 shall be glad to send you copies, meanwhile it you
will be good enough to supply me with any of your
ublications I shall be happy to reciprocate your
indness. — I am, dear sir, yours truly,

R. N. LYNE.

TUSSER CULTIVATION.

Weuda, Fob. 6.

Dear Sir, — The appeal which I made some months
ago in your columns for live Tusser cocoons met
with no response, but I succeeded in finding some
in another district and have got the moths to pair
without much difficulty. The next step in their
domestication is to get the worms to feed in con-
finement. It will be probably impossible to feed
the worms of the first brood on single leaves, like
the mulberry feeding w’orms but they can easily be
reared on small branches of loquat, Kahata (patana
oak), avocado pear or weralu, placed in bottles of
water. They spin in about 30 days.

These worms will probably do better at higher
elevations than this ; I have grown very fine cocoons
in Dimbula. bein^ somewhat pressed for space, with
the Japanese mulberry silkworms and other species,
I shall be glad to distribute half of these eggs, gratis,
in lots of 50, to any applicants who may care to
assist in their domestication.— Yours faithfully, B.

MR. TURING MACKENZIE AND THE

CLIMATE OF PERAK.

3ir. — I have just seen in the Penang Gazette of
January 29th an extract from your papert quoting an
interview with Mr. Turing Mackenzie, who is reported
to have stated, when referring to coffee planting in
Perak and Singapore— “ I would chuck up my Sumatra
land tomorrow to take up land on the Government
terms there, but the climate of Sumatra is very much
better at all events than that of Perak— witness the
churchyard at Thaiping, which speaks for itself. It
is excellently well furnished, mostly with men under
35 years of age, malaria being the great scourge.”
For Mr. W. Turing Mackenzie to have made a
statement of this nature either shows that he must
have a barely bowing acquaintance with the Perak
climate or he has been very much misinformed. The

* As Editor of Tromcal Agriculturist.
j Local “Timos.”

Thaiping churchyard, which has been in existence
for 20 years, has at present 38 graves (Luiopeans).
The number includes five children and six women.
I am in a position to state that malarial fever caused
the death of tw'o, possibly three of the total num-
ber, so that the statement about ‘‘ fever ” being the
cause of the number of graves in the church} arJ
is erroneous.

It will be news to the several ex-Sumatra Planters
now resident in Perak to learn of the superiority of
the Sumatra climate as compared with ours. Speak-
ing from an experience of nearly nine years in
Perak, I am able to state that the type of malarial
fever met with is comparatively mild, except when
there is severe and prolonged exposure, as in the
case of those engaged in the Trigonometrical Survey.

I shall, therefore, be much obliged if you will
publish this letter to endeavour to do away with any
misapprehension that may have been raised through
Mr. W. Turing Mackenzie’s somewhat rash state-
ment.— I am, (fee., S. C. G. FOX.

District-Surgeon, Perak.

Thaiping, Perak, February 4th.

MR. MACKENZIE’S REPLY.

Upcountiy, Feb. 13.

Sir, — I take off my hat to Dr. Fox, who is a
good specimen of the climate of Perak, and as lie
gives actual figures there is no more to be said.

For myself, I confess to the funks as regards
Perak, and during the past year three of my
particular friends have been at death’s door from
fever in Thaiping, two of whom had no connec-
tion with the Trigonometrical Survey.

“ The climate of Sumatra” is a tail order ; but
speaking of niy own district of Boven Serdang,
it is certainly the best lowcountry climate that
I know ; am\ my exiieriences have been many
and various.

W. TURING MACKENZIE.

THE COCONUT PALM AND THE
SENSITIVE PLANT.

Dear Sir, — Can any of your scientific readers ex-
plain what influence the sensitive plant [Mimosa pudica
— Sinhalese [Nidikiunba) has on the growth of the
cocount tree [Cocos imdfcra) ? It is asserted that
wherever this plant (or weed) grows at the foot cr
a coconut tree, that tree thrives better than others,
and is a more prolific bearer. I heard this a few
years ago, and recently when going over a large
tract of coconuts at Welikada, I mentioned it t " the
proprietor and he told me that he was cognizant of
the fact, and that he had noticed it on some of
his trees: accordingly we visited the spot. I was
impressed with what I saw — the trees growing there,
taking them as a whole, were not very good speci-
mens. Some hwked “ jaundiced,” the result of hard,
bare, cabook soil nnd quick evaporation of moisture;
but those at the foot of which the sensitive plants
were growing, certainly looked more robust and theif
superiority over the rest was at once perceptible.
The following theories to my mind bear a certain
amount of weight in the solution of the question,
viz : — The weed being a surface feeder, it is prob-
able that its roots open out the surface soil, thus
making it easy for the coconut to absorb moisture ;
or it may be that the roots or tubers of the weed
contain certain chemical properties favourable to the
growth of the coconut, which the spongiolea of its
rootlets readily imbibe; or that the weed affords a
certain amount of succour to the coconuts, by shad-
ing its roots from the scorching heat of the fierce rays
of the sun.

I pointed out the absurdity of manuring coconuts
with husks and dry fronds. No tree thrives on its
own refuse; coconut husk takes years to decay and
iu its damp musty state, is a favourable receptacle
lor the larvae of grub,

79

628

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1897.

la the property known as “ The Moss ” at Mara-
Jana, which belonged to tlie late Mr. J. A. Marleusz,
it was discovered that husks buried at the foot of
trees were in a fairly guod state of preservation after
a I ipse of 20 years, and the trees had apparently
derived no benefit from them. There was no mistake
regarding the period as records showing the dates
when each field or plot was “ mainu’ed were forth-
coming.— Yours truly, C. A. G.

USEFUL PLANTS AGAINST MALARIA
AND INSECT PESTS.

Deau Sin, — “ Householder’’ ’s letter on page 573 is in-
teresting, It is true we do not hear of much that is being
done to encourage the cultivation of trees for the object of
warding off malaria and insect pests. The trees that
have of late years gained the highest repute from a sani-
tary point of view are most probably various species of
Eucaliji>tm, especially the ‘•Blue Gum” (E. globulus)
and E. amygaalina. These are said to have exer-
cised on regions congenial to their growth more
hygienic innuence than any other arboreus vegeta-
tion. They are natives chiefly of Australia and
'Tasmania aud have been introduced into many parts
of the world and planted largely in malarial dis-
tricts, as in the Mediterranean region and parts of
Italy, and to some extent at the higher elevations
in tnis country. Species of cinchona also— ‘apart
from their yield of quinine, which undoubtedly is the
most powerful febrifuge as yet known — are believed
by some to have strong deodorant properties. Among
the list of febrifugal or sanitary trees, the Ceylon
cinnamon, which causes the proverbial spicy breezes
of our island, should surely find a prominent place.

It cannot be doubted that the cultivation of some
trees more tiiin others, whether by the result of
the action of ilieir roots on the soil or by exhala-
tion from the leu,ves or by both, play an important
part in the purifying of the atmosphere in their neigh-
bourhood. Yet one must not be too credulous in
regard to plants that are said to afford protection
from snakes and mosquitoes, and to be able to drive
away rats, Ac. Most of us will have heard of the Upas-
tree {Antuii'ia toxtcariu) of Java which used to be
credited with having the power of putting an end
to any animal life that came within several yards of
the tree, on account of an enormous quantity of
carbonic acid gas which it was said to be constantly
giving off. A i)utch surgeon wrote about the end of
the last century that “ criminals condemned to
death were given the option of going up the Upas-
tree to collect the poison, but not more than two
out of every twenty returned.”

Ved.iialas tell U3 with indisputable proofs that no
cobra or polonga will venture within some consider-
able distance 01 the “ Ankonda ” (.IcroMyc/^m Inv.ii-
I'olia), whilst the possession of a small piece of the
root of “Elawara ’ {Cidohoyis gigantca, var.) is said
1 1 be one of the best safeguards against snakebites.
We ourselves are well enough used to seeing the
“Boy” going over the rooms on an evening carry-
ing a burning lump of Uie guui-resiu of ‘‘ Mal-
kekuua ” {t'anariuni. ~eylunicum) for the purpose of
driving away unwelcome visitors. Ocyinuin sanciuni,
the Holy Basil of the Hindus, is acknowledged by
many people to be a great enemy of the mos-quito.
Not loss important, however, is the root “ Vada-
kaha ' (.Icoras^ caliiiniis) said to be: when freshly cut
and retaining its full aroma, it is reported to drive
away Ileas and other insects. BEX.

IIUW TU RAIbE RHEA I’LAN IH
FROM yEED,

Ur.Ait iSiit, — Many enijuiries have reached us from
India, Straits, Sumatra, Ac., as to the best way of
treating Bochnieiia Nivea (Rhea) seed.

Our experience in raising plants from seed is as fol-
lows : — Rrepare the nurpery in rich soil, place in the
top of the nursery about half inch with tlio following
mixture and sow the seed one part rich soil, one part

sand, one part well decayed cowdung manure and one
part coir dust, mix well, shade aud water once a day in
the evening, avoid too much moisture, seeds will begin
to germinate in ten days, one lb seed produces over
twenty thousand plants.

We find that plants grown by the above mode are a
success aud a six weeks’ old plant has four eaves. —
Yours faithfully, J. P. WILLIAM BROS.

JADUO : A NEW “POTTING” MATERIAL:
DOING AWAY WITH SUPPLY BASKETS

Devonshire, Jany 27.

Dkak Siu, — It may perhaps be of interest to give
your readers some account of a visit I recently had
the pleasure, as one of a party of mutual friends, of
paying Gol. Halford Thompson, the inventor and
patentee of a new “potting” or perhaps, I should say,
“onowiNo material” for which the "Jadoo” Com-
pany has just issued its prospectus; enclosed copy
of which will help to fill up the details. The first
thing undertaken was an inspection ef the various
hot-houses and conservatories containing an exten-
sive selection of ferns, shrubs Ac., in different stages
of growth, all raised and growing solely in Jadoo.
Many of the plants were in fine bloom, but what of
course attracted my special interest were numerous
young Tea seedlings of fairly vigorous growth. 'That
the latter should, with their roots cramped in flower-
pots barely of a few cubic inches in contents, show a
healthy appearance, forcibly supports the conten-
tion that Jadoo supplies in itself an admi>*able
material for nursery purposes. I am convinced that
from a nursery formed of good loam with, to the
depth of a few ii.ehes, an admixture of even only
say one-third of Jadoo, the young plants so raised
could readily, if not allowed to get beyond a certain
size, be removed to the planting field with Ihe material
they were grown in still adhering undisturbed to
their roots, and so entirely supeisedethe costly use,
aud inconv, nience of '• transplanters.” An important
feature is that the substance is extremely light,
whilst being of an essentially fibrous nature the
pots upon removal invariably disclosed an interwoven
mass of roots and jadoo that would tax the ingenuity
of a more than ordinarily careless cooly to break up.
Knowing too well the immense aggregation of loss
to proprietors in the past in time wasted, waste of
valuable reed and plants — not to say by permanently
injured clearings, — which must have been occasioned
by the crude system of planting, till quite recently
very generally in vogue, which usually allowed the
roots to be bared and exposed ; the above would
point to qualities in jadoo that may prove of much
value and utility. It lightens the soil, especially it is
claimed producing a heavy growth of healthy feed-
ing roots ; and, not in itself subject to decay, it is
a question of some interest, as to whether or not
a layer if placed aiound matured plants (tea, cocoa
or coffee) a few inches below the surface (of course
to be left undisturbed) might not , from its strongly
absorbent qualities, form an excellent yermanent
medium in economising liquid aud o.her manures of
a quickly solvent character, besides encouraging the
formation of a mass of fibrous roots which
will form in it.

From the Uonservatories we proceeded to the factory
conveniently situated with a private siding, close to the
railway station at'i’cignmouth. The manufacture consists
jirincipally of boiling the peat litter or moss, with the
sundry chomicals used, in largo boilers— the real secret of
the jiroccsH however — the culminating discovery of
over 11 ycarc-,' patient experimenting by the patentee
— lying in ilie subsequent reactions set up by cer-
tain of the latter under fermentation. .Tauoo will, I
understand, retain its qualities, if kept under cover,
for an indefinite time, whilst, on the other hand, it
can in use conveniently be ” refreshed, ’ that is to
say its fertilising qualities stieiigthencd or le-
plenished when necessaiy by occasional applications
of a concentrated liquid, which loims a second

March i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTUPISf.

639

article of sale the Company anticipate a large de-
mand for. This liquid, 1 was informed, combines —
save the mechanical qualities of the Jadoo fibre — all
the valuable properties of the latter as a manure,
and can be used iudependently as such. My visit
convinced me that both products, forming as they
jointly do the outcome of so long a series of in-
telligent research and experiment, should wisely be
afforded careful trial by horticulturists in the East,
generally. Already the fertilised fibre has obtained
a sufficiently encouraging i-ecognitiou abroad to
enable Col. Thompson to dispose of the American
rights on most advantageous terms to himself, whilst
in the West Indies the planting community have
been quick to recognise its merits.

C. R.

COFFEE IN NOllTH BORNEO.

We notice that the exports of Coffee are shewing
an appreciable increase as compared with 12 months
ago. The new plantings of the British Borneo Trading
and Planting Co. at Segaliud, Kabili, and Sibooga
are looking very promising and part will soon come
into bearing, while Mr. Gob Tek Seng’s p'antiug
at Sibooga will also soon help to swell the export.

Prom Kudat we hear very good reports of Mr.
Henry Walker’s Estate at 'laritipan, and Mr. E.
Walker in making good progress on his new estate.
Mr. Stewart Murray (formerly with Mr. Henry Walker)
is proceeding to open near to Mr. E. Walker. —
British North Borneo Herald, Feb. 1.

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

The Indian Tea Crop for 1896-7 is now
estimated at 148,250,000 lb., of which 130,500,000 lb.
were shipped from Calcutta up to 13th February.
The total for India and Ceylon — althougli the
seasons differ — will be as follows : —

India 1896-7 . . . . . . lb. 148,2.50,000

Ceylon 1896 . . . . . . lb. 108,141,412

lb. 256,391,412

As regards the Indian Crop, —

The total for 1895-96 was 134J mllion lb.

„ 1894-95 125J „

1893-94 123i „ „

80 that 148i for 1896-97 need not astonish us.

The total for both countries in 1897-8 at this rate of
progress may equal 275 million lb. : so let would-be
planters of tea in new countries beware 1

Caucasian Tea. — The linn of Widow J. van
der Chijs & Zn. of Delft write to the Indische
Mcrcuur (in the issue of Jan. 30) as follows (we
translate from the Dutcli)

“ In continuation of our letters of 19th Dec. last we
have now the pleasure of sending you in a separate
postal packet, a sample kindly sent to us by Mr.
Constantine Popoff of Moscow, of tea grown and pre-
pared on his plantations at Chalon, Kropishoom, and
Halibomoouron in the Caucasus by Chinese labourers.
We gladly place the same at your disposal.” The
editor of the Indische Mercuur adds the following to
ihe above: — “The analysis made by us of the tea
is as follows : — Leaf — good black colour with a trace
of reddish and a trace of golden tip, in appearance
like a Chinese pekoe congou, somewhat small, equal,
carefully prepared and moderately well twisted.
Taste — clean, without any decided character, most
like a Chinese pakling, good aroma, but not
sufficiently moist for Netherlands consumption ;
colour of decoction, light and transparent ; colour of
infusion, very nice-looking, golden yellow, which points
to a good quality. Our opinion therefore is, that
this first experiment is a very great success, and,
although the quality is capable of great improvement,
this culture, if it develops, may be expected to-be-
come a serious rival to tne kinds grown in China,"

THE CEYLON TEA CROP IN 1897 s
I. A. ESTIMATE RAISED TO 118 MILLION LB.

We have just learned from Mr. R. E. D'Esterre,
Hon. Secretary to the Matiirata and Upper Hewa-
heta Planters’ A.ssociation, that, through some mis-
take, tlie Tea Crop Committee in Kandy omitted
to include the M.iturata returns in their total
estimate for 1897. Con.sequently, 1,833,4001b.
have to be added, raising the planters’ estimate
to 119,083,400 lb. What does our jiessimistic
evening contemporary say to this? The injury
he has done to tea proprietors in Ceylon,
through under estimating the capacities of the
Colony and encouraging tea extensions in North-
ern and Southern India — everywhere hut in
this island — of late years, is beyond reckoning.
—Since writing the above, our telegram from
Kandy has arrived, showing the P.A. has increased
its estimate to 119 million lb. orahnost exactly the
same as Messrs. Forbes i.'v Walker.

COFFEE PLANTING IN MEXICO.
COFFEE LEAF DISEASE IN THE STATE
OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO :

[By an ex- Ceylon Planter.)

26th Dec. 1896,

My Dear “Observer”,— I frequently receive
letters from England, United States, as well rs
elsewhere, making enquiries, and .seeking reliable
information in regard to coffee planting. I find
it very difficult and inconvenient to reply to
them : too often the amount of information asked
lor is not in proportion to the knowdedge, which
they ought to have of the time at my disposal to
reply thereto. Only the other day I received a
letter from a gentleman, written from the village
where he was born, I suppose : no country was
given nor country mentioned in his address.
These persons, I have no doubt, wonder why they
never receive answers to their letters, and never
think their own carelessness is to blame.

This person sard he had seen my name men-
tioned in the Ceylon Observer. Accordingly in the
hope that he may see this let me tell him to
write again — write your name plainly, distinctly,
with full address plainly written also. This
advice I give to all wdio eare to rvrite to me,
and I will endeavour to answer directly or through
the columns of the planter’s friend — the Ceylon
Observer.

I do not think this is a good place for
A CEYLON I'LANTER

to come to in search ot employment as mana-
ger of a coffee plantation. Such situations are,
very scarce, and the wages paid, except only with
rare exceptions, are not of such a nature as to in-
duce anyone to embark his fortunes in Latin
America.

A Ceylon ))lanter, too, is \ ery much handicapperl
by other planters resident here — German, French,
American, Italian, in fact of every nationality,
besides a redundancy of Mexican natives of the
country. The first requisite is a good knowledge
of Spanish, so as to enable one to do his own
bufiness personally, without the services of an
interpreter. The methods, too, of doing business
in these countries are entirely ditlerent to the
best way in which we are educated. The Jesui-
tical doctrine, that the end to be gained justi-
fies the means employed to gain that end, per-
meates every transaction, and eats into the vitality
of every negotiation ; accordingly one requires to
be very alert, careful, and reserved.

630 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1897.

Many persons who come to these co'.mtries to
teach I'emain to learn : their lessons tt)o often are
very severe. When I lirst arrived in the neigh-
bouring

REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA
in the early part of 1883, 1 thought that the
very name of being a Ceylon planter was sufficient
to establish me as an authority on such subjects;
so it was to a certain extent, but my case was
very exceptional and successlul. But I readily
say that our Ceylon system of coffee planting
could never be adopted successfully here, where
the same method prevails which is employed in
Brazil. The reasons are legion in number and 1 have
written you too fretiuently regarding them. In a
word it is eminently cheaper and simpler, so
much so that whatever p:iit of the world I
were to go to prosecuie the coffee industry I sliould
assuredly work on the lines esiablished in all
this continent. Accordingly you see my Ceylon
coffee planting education is no use to me.

I am one of those who came here to
teach and have remained to learn.

Central America stands very high as a large
coffee-producing country. It is split up poli-
tically into live distinct liepublic.s. The chief of
these as a coffee country is the Keimblic of Guate-
mala. Last year the harvest reached nearly 9U0,00U
9uintals (one (juintal is enual to 100 lb. weight.)
It is an accepted fact that

VOLCANIC SOIL

is the very primest for the growth of coffee. Now
Guatemala and its immediate neighbour, .San
Salvador, is nearly altogether of volcanic forma-
tion. There are fully 12 distinct r olcanoes, rang-
ing in height from 13,500 leet to 15,000 feel
above sea level. These volcanoes begin in Mexico,
State ot Chiapas, and exteiul in uniform succession
tliioughout tlie Republic of Guatemala and San
Salvador. They are all situated about the same
distance from the seashore washed by the Paciiic
Ocean and not far inlaml. Their lolty tops look
down on the band-like cloud belt, which is
often seen to rest more than midway up their
sides, like a cotton bandage round a sore finger
— scale gigantic. Not a very poetic figure of

speech, but that is what I thought one of them
looked like the first time I saw it. The upper
portions are very rugged and steep ; at lower
elevations their bases spread out, llatten and
broaden and at the usual height above the sea-
level a line can be drawn which marks the lower
limit of the coffee zone throughout the district
of Soconusco, state of Chiapas, thence traversing
eiiuidistant from the sea, through Guatemala
and San Salvador. From this line reaching up-
wards is the great coffee belt of Soconusco and
Central America.

A PERPETUAL CALM

broods eternally along this gigantic band. The
stillness is scarcely ever ruffied even by a gentle
breeze. During the rainy season, heavy rain and
thunderstorms are the rule nearly every after-
noon ; but only in the afternoon. During
the whole of my sojourn there I scarcely
ever remember seeing it rain in the mornin".
Every morning breaks to display a perfectly
cloudless sky, the sun shines with a tropical stiength
and heat, and to all appearance, were it not for
the wel jungle and muddy roads, one wouiu
suppose that such a brilliant sky never was
darkened by a cloud, or its tranquility disturbed
by a storm. After noon, however, the clouds
gather with magic lapidity, black and ominous
are they, succeeded by heavy rain which pours

down, lining and swelling the rivulets and making
everything in the w'ay of a stream an impassable
torrent.

This is a true description ot the climate which
prevails ixi the Pacific sloiie of Central America,
and differs so veiy widely from that where I am
at present situated that I must describe it also.
Today is the 2(jth December and it is just
EIGHT DAYS SINCE I SAW THE SUN.

Two days ago it rained 27 hours incessantly —
never stopped a moment. Today w'e have no
rain, but the whole sky is ob.sciued by dense clouds.
How many more tlays may pass before I shall
see the blessed face of the sun I know not ; but
this I will say : that I am very credibly in-
formed that it not infrequently happens that
the sun, is obscured for 15 and 20 days con-
secutively, particularly at this .season of the year.
The previous 8 days was entirely the reverse : the
sun rose in the morning, unclouded sky, and bright
and cheerful was the whole day for 9 consecutive
days. Here we seldom have thunder. I cannot say
I ever heard any during the 9 months that 1 have
been here. Can anything be more opposite or
different than the display of the two climates
between this place ami the Paciiic slope of f.'entral
America. Vet there are coffee plantations here
which grow and thrive wonderfully. The soil is a
very deep rich friable loam of volcanic origin.

When I lirst w'ent to Guatemala, March 1883,
the coffee showed a magnificence and a luxuriance
of growth and redundancy of foliage, that I had
hitherto been a stranger to. From 8 to 12 pounds of
coffee was not unfrequently picked off single trees.
But in the early “ nineties ” 1 noticed

A GREAT CHANGE

particularly in 8oconusco and the district in
tJuatemala calleil Tumbador, which immediately
adjoins JSoconusco. The coffee trees seemed to
have lost their great and exuberant vigor. Their
luxuriant foliage was decidedly lessened, and in
their stead an unhealthy sickly appearance had
taken its place ; the leaves were more scattered
on the ground than on their proper place on the
treest ; the young wood especially would appear
weak, was withered and black-looking from the
ends leading toward the trunk. In speaking to a
friend of mine, a wealthy planter, he acknow'-
ledged the difference, and said it was most marked.
“ They don’t seem to me to have half their former
luxuriance of growth,” is what he said to me.
It is needless to say that I soon found out what
the cause was. I noticed what to me was an old
and familiar face. The underpart of the leaf I
noticed was semi-perforated. They were spotted
all over with the same marks. No wonder that I
was frightened. I thought I had discovered
HEMILEIA VASTATRIX

beyond all doubt. My fear and anxiety, however, I
kept carefully to myself; and to make myself
absolutely sure, I collected and prepared botnni-
cally a little box of the diseased coffee leaves
and despatched them to the Director of the Smith-
sonian Institution of Sciences, AVashington, United
States, North America, giving him at the same
time a description of the coffee trees, as well as a
comparison of what they were years before.

The following is the reply which he sent to mj’
letter, w'hich 1 feel assured will be read with
great interest by all planters as well as all
those who have capital invested in Soconusco amt
Guatemala

Smithsonian Institution, United States National
Museum, Washington, May 22iid, Iti'.ri. Mr. W. J.
Forsyth, Chiapno, Mexico.— Dear Sir,— The coffee tree

I'HE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

March i, 1897.]

631

leaves receatly transmitted by you for examination
have been referred to the Curator of Botany in the
National Museum. He has submitted them to
Mr. Ellis of Newfield, New Jersey, who states that the
disease, which has alfected the trees, is not caused
by the fungus Hemeleia Vastatrix, but by the
growth to which the name of Utilbum Flavidum
(Cooke) has been given. This, I am told, is quite
widespread. Mr. Ellis has in lus collection speci-
mens of the same fungoid giowth from Costa Kica,
Jamaica and Venezuela, inasmuch as no ex-
periments have been made in this direction no
remedies can be suggested. — Yours Respectfully,

G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary.
(2,683,) (True copy W. J. F.)

A great deal has been written and said about
the large jirotits attending the cultivation of
coffee, wlien all the natural conditions and
requirements of the coffee tree unite in certain
favored places, and make it produce its greatest
and best. This is justly true ; but there are
many dubious roads, whicli are said to lead
there and pitfalls and precipices where the nn-
crrltured can slip and fall. Such a warning 1
herewith hold out to the unthinking in hope
it may lead to some benelicial result. I ques-
tion if anyone knows that the jrest Stilbum
Flavidum is exercising its powers, and aiding
to consummate the extinction of the coffee in-
dustry of Soconusco and Guatemala. Bub it is
nevertheless true as the letter I quote amply proves.

This disease is almost entirely conlined to the
district I ha\e named. Nowhere throughout
the state of Oaxaca have I observed any in-
dications of the pest. I have travelled over a
large belt of coffee country here and have
failed to notice the slightest indications. Con-
sidering therefore that there is an absence of
the pest in this great and famous state — further
that we are removed from the scene of its
ravages, fuPy 150 leagues, with nothing in the
way of connecting links to transmit the plague —
it accordingly behoves the Government to pro-
tect as much as possible the industry here which
still remains unblemished in all its vigor and
robustness.

I shall now conclude this present paper, wish-
ing yon and all my old Ceylon friends a very
happy New Year. — Yours truly,

W. J. FORSYTH

THE VENESTA TEA CHEST.

STARTING OF A LOCAL AGENCY.

The Patent Veneer and Metal Case Co., Ld., of
London are introducing their “Venesta” tea
chest into the island. Mr. A. S. Penny, a repre-
sentative of the linn, ai rived here by the P. &
O. ss. “Sumatra” over a fortnight ago and ar-
rangements have been concluded to turn out
chests to supply local requirements, the agents
being Messrs. Walker, Sons & Co., Ld. Mr.
Penny gave a demonstra' ion in putting together
the tea chests at the office of Me.ssrs. Walker’s
today, and was good enough to supply inforina-
ti n to a representative of the Observer. A
standard size will be ob.served in full, half, and
quarter chests. The large chests will be 24 by 19
by 19 ill outside measurement^ 5 cubic feet for
freight, and 8,123 ciiuic inches inside; and on an
average of 73 95 culiic indies to a lb, ot tea, will
hold 110 lb. of tea each. 'The chest will weigh about
128 lb. wi th lead, nails, ami everything, and 10
chests wiU go to a ton, shipping. A half-chest will
be 20 by 16 by 16 to hold (50 lb. of tea, the weight
of the chest being 12 lb.; and quarter chest

will be 13 by 12 by 12, holding 21 lb. tea, and
weighing only 6 lb. The method of })utting the
boxes together is simple, and a bo.x can be built
up, lead-lined and ready for i)acking tea within
a few minutes. 'The four .sides of tlie chests are
])laced in line, a gauge (wire rod) put between
to give a certain space and then fasteners of
annealed steel are driven in and the points beaten
in. One sheet of lead, the length of the four
sides is next placed, wooden batons placed at top
and bottom and fastened down. 'The remaining
unfastened side of the chest is then secured.
About an inch or so of lead remains above the
batons. A sheet for the bottom is placed and
folded with the lead already fixed down, and the
board is then ])laced in i>osiiion ami fastened,
thin, and is made up ot three sheets 116th of
an inch thick each, and pasted together, the
grain running transversely, giving ihe boards
great strength with lightne.ss ; and an emptj^
chest will liear the .weight of a man, the thin
plank only bending. The boxes are quite a new
iilea and only about the end of last year, were
introduced into England. 'The Mariatvatta Tea
Co., London, are -.;sing the “ \'enesta ” chests
largely fur their Foreign and (.'olonial trade;
and many large estates in India are using the
chests, Me.ssrs. William.son, Magor &, Co., being
agents at Calcutta. An agency has also been
opened in the Persian Gulf, the boxes being
used there for the date trade. Agencies are
also opened in Australia and Newv Zealand. Mr.
Penny has already secured several orders from
upcountry estates, and he will be leaving ne.xt
Saturday for Mariawatte, East Holyrood,
Glenlyon, Waverley and other estates. Mr.
Rutherford has placed an order for very
nearly 4,000 chests. Machinery has already been
put down to turn out 10,0(10 chests a month,
and it is intended to enlarge the work accord-
ing to requirements.

Besides tea chests “ venesta ” can also be sup-
plied in large sheets for constructing, lining or
partitioning tea factories, stores ami bungalovs,
and being %vater-proof and an e.xcellent non-
conductor of heat, it is believed it can be
applied advantageously. In fact it can be put
to a variety of uses and we were shown travel-
ling boxes, and hat cases made of the material
very strong, light and neat in appearance. In
London we are told that small express wagons
used by provision dealers are being built, one sheet
being used for each large jiauel. Small bric-a
brae, trays and such like are also turned out
with advantage.

The firm is at present experimenting in turning
out corrugated roofing and expect to be able to
supply rooting for estate stores, etc. Mr, Penny
believes that it is likely the Admiralty may use
the venesta planks for fittings and light work.
A great saving is effected in freight and ilock
charges, etc., by the venesta chests, because more
tea goes home under the same measurement, and
the dies ts being very much lighter than other
chests more tea goes home under the same dock
scale. A saving is also effected in carriage to
estates the shooks measuring ami weighing less
than others ; and there is a saving also in the
number of boxes used because 22 venc.-ta boxes
contain as much tea as 24 other boxes of same
external disnensions. Nails and .'<older not being
required a saving in ihatdiiection is likewi.se effect-
ed. ilm ing the aftenioon today, Mr. Pcnnyg."vea
demonstration in the stores at Me.ssrs. Walkers
before a number of those interested in the tea
trade. Mr. Scovell, planter, was one of the visitors.

632

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March r, 1897

MAIIKET MANURES AND THEIR
ANALYSES.

We append the Drafi of a proposed Ordinance
drawn up tor us hy a le,aal frieiul and amended
in one or Iwo i)oints l>y Mr. M. (Jodiran, Public
Analyst, who has added two sub-dauscs. In re-
turning the Draft, Mr. Cochran writes;

i do not think it is necessary to introduce the
distinction in the Ordinance between soluble and in-
soluble phosphxtes. In England, it is very excep-
tional to use a phosphatic manure which does not
contain soluble as well as insoluble phosphate. Here, on
the other hand, it is just as exceptional to use a phos-
phatic inatiure which does contain soluble phosphate.
We would now' urge the Planters’ Association to
take u]> the matter and call on their represent-
ative to bring the draft measure under the
notice of Government in the hope that leave
may be given to intioduce it into the Legis-
lative Council. It would not be the lirst time
that an unotticial member liad (with the leave
of the President) introduced and carried through
a useful piece of legislation.

Our legal friend’s draft as amended is as
follows : —

AN ORDINANCE EOR REOULATINO THE
SALE OP MANURES OR FERTILIZEHS
OP THE SOIL.

Whereas it is expedient to provide against the
adulteration of manures or fertilizers of the soil • —
It is hereby enacted by the Governor of Ceylon, by
and with the advice and consent of the Legislative
Council thereof as follows : —

WAiiR.\NTy ox S.VLE OF FERTILIZER; I.— (1) Every
person who sells for use as a fertilizer of the soil any
article manufactured in Ceylon or imported from
abroad shall give to the purchaser an invoice stating
the name of the article, and whether it is an arti-
ficially compounded article or not, and what is at
least the percentage of the nitrogen, phosphates, and
potash, if any, contained in the article, and this invoice
shall have effect as a warranty by the seller of the
statements contained therein.

p2) For the purposes of this section an article
shall be deemed to be manufactured, if it has
been subjected to any artificial process, or if the
seller has declared it to have been manufactured.

(3) This section shall not apply to a sale where
the whole amount sold at the same time weighs
less than half a hundred-weight.

Pex.vlties for 13 reach of Duty by Seller. II. (1)
If any person who sells any article for use as a
fertilizer of the soil commits any of the following
offences, namely : —

la) Fails without reasonable excuse to give, on or
before or as soon as possible after the delivery of
the article, the invoice required by this Old n uice or
(d) Causes or permits any invoice or description
of the article sold by him to be false in any
material particular to the prejudice of the purchaser,
he shall, without prejudice to any civil liability,
be liable on summary conviction, for a first offence
to a fine not exceeding one hundred rupees, and for
any subsequent offence to a fine not exceeding fivo

hundred rupees. j n.

(2) In any proceeding for an offence under the

section it shall be no defence to allege that the
buyer, having bought only for analysis, was not pre-
judiced by the sale. , . , j

(3) A person alleged to have committed an
offence under this section in respect of an article
sold t)y him, shall be entitled to the same rights and
remedies, civil or criminal, against the persons from
whom he bought the article, as are available to the
person who bought the article from him, and any
damages recovered by him may, if the circumstances
justify it, include the amount of any fine and costs
paid by him on conviction uuder this section, and the
costs of and incidental to his defence ou such
conviction.

Appointment of Analyst. III.— The Governor shall
appoint one or more Governmeiii Agricultural
Analysts for the land, who shall, while holding the
Office of Government Agricultural Analyst, not engage
ill any trade, maiuifacture or business connected
with the sale or importation of articles used for fertilis-
ing the soil. Should more than one Agricultural Analyst
be appointed, one of them shall be appointed Chief
Agricultural Analysfi

Power of Purchaser to have Fertilizer

Analysed. IV. — (1) Every buyer of any article used
for fertilising the soil shall, on payment to a Govern-
ment Agricultural Analyst of the fee sanctioned
by the Governor, be entitled, within ten days
after delivery of the article to the buyer, or
receipt of the invoice by the buyer, whichever is later,
to have the article analysed by the Analyst, and to
receive from him a certificate of tlie result of his
analysis.

2. Where a buyer of an article desires to liave
the article analysed in pursuance of ihis section,
he shall, in accordance with regulations hereto
appended, take three samples of th<. article, and
shall, ill accordance w'ith the said rcgiilatio..s, can.se
each sample to bo marked, sealed, and fastened up
and shall deliver or send by post one sample with
the invoice or a copy thereof to a Government
Agiiciiltiual Analyst, and shall give another sample
to the seller, and shall retain the third sample for
future comparison ; Provided that a Government
Agricultural Anal3'st, or some person authorised by
him in that behalf with the approval of the Gover-
nor shall, on request either by the buyer or by
the seller, and on payment of a fee sanctioned
by the Governor take the samples on behalf of
the buyer.

3. The certificate of the Government Agricultu-
ral analyst shall be in such form and contain such
particulars as are directed, in the schedule hereto
annexed, and every Government Agricultural Analyst
shall carefully enter in a Register to be kept for that
purpose, the result of any analysis made by him in
pursuance of this Ordinance.

(4) At the hearing of any Civil or Criminal pro-
ceeding with respect to any article analysed in pur-
suance of this section, the production of a certificate
of a Government Agricultural Analyst shall be suffi-
cient evidence of the facts therein stated, unless the
defendant or person charged requires that the Analyst
be called as a witness.

(5) The costs of and incidental to the obtaining
of any analysis in pursuance of this section shall
be borne by the seller or the buyer in accordance
with the results of the analysis, and shall be reco-
verable as a simple coutract debt.

(6) In the event of the results obtained by two or
more Analysts, who have analysed samples from the
same lot of manure, disagreeing to a material extent,
the matter may be referred to tlie Chief Analyst,
who shall take steps, either by analysing the sample
kept in each case for comparison, or by drawing
and analysing a fresh sample, or by both of these
methods, as may seem best to him, to determine
the true average composition of the manure ; and
the results obtained by him shall be regarded as re-
presenting the true average composition of the
manure.

Penalty for Tampering. — V. — If any person know-
ingly and fraudulently — (a) tampers witli any parcel
or fertilizer so as to procure that any sample of it
taken in pursuance of this Ordinance does not
correctly represent the contents of the parcel ; or
(It) tampers with any sample taken under this Ordi-
nance, ho shall he liable on conviction to a fine not
exceeding five hundred rupees, or to imprisonment
for a term not exceeding six months.

Application. — \'l. This Ordinance shall apply to
wholesale as well as retail sale.

Commenue.ment of Ordinance. — VII. — This Ordi-
nance shall come into operation on the 1st day of
January 1898.

Short Title. — VIII. — This Ordinance may bo cited
as the Fertilizers Ordinauce, No. of 189 — .

March ij 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 633

THE PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION AND OUR
MATERIAL INTERESTS.

Tnrniiv to oixr stajxlo exports as repre-
sented W the Association, it is gratitying,
after all we have heard of the decay of cacao
on certain estates, to note that the crops go on
steadily increasing, and that the current year
is likely to excel its predecessors. Ihe case is
ditlereut with collee--the old Arabian slowly
dying out, although tlie clearing away of bug
by the lady-bird beetle might check tiie decay,
while tea is too prosperous, even now, to allow
of anything like due attention being given to
Liberian. Cardamoms continue to give a good
deal of assistance in certain districts, and we
sincerely trust that attention to these several
bye-products, as well as to Rhea veiy propeily
broimht forward by the Association— and some
others not mentioned,— may steadily increase.
We are surprised, for instance, to find no re-
ference to “ Rubber,” which ought to grow in
importance every year. There is no better re-
pertory of information for the practical planter
on the outlook for bye-products, than is allorded
in our “Planting and Agricultural Revie.v,
prefixed to Uie Handbook and Directory, ihe
Association has, however, taken a very wise
step in calling for a resumption of the adyer-
tizinc' of seeds and plants available from time
to tmie, by the Royal Botanic Gardens ; and
another wise step would be to ask each of
the seventeen District Associations in their an-
nual Reports, or in special communications to
the parent Committee, to notice what is being
done with new products within their boiiiuls.
In this way a good deal about “Iwibbei might
be learned from Kalutara and Sabaraganmwa ;
on Liberian cotlee from Matale, the Ivelaiu
Valley, etc.; on Rhea from Kurunegala and the
lowcoiintry, and so on. It is encouraging to
know that the Association is not to lose siglit
of the need for legislation to provide a check
on the quality of manures sold ; and that— m
the interests of young planters especially— the
Midland Jury lists are to be looked after. VVe
are very pleased to see the reference to our late
Postmaster-General in the Report. If ever there
was a high-minded, progressive omcial in the
Colony, it was Mr. T. E. B.
is astonishing to us that Sir Artliur Havelock,
amhi all his professions of esteem, did not, in
connection with the opening of the new Co-
lombo Post Ollice, secure some signal mark o
honour for Mr. Skinner, who certainly deserved
it quite as much as some otliers who were
not forgotten.

The Labour Supply t^uestioii is un-
doubtedly the most important one befoie
the Association and the Planting comnui*
uity generally. It is not necessary, as we
h.ave pointed out, to go beyond the Madras
Presidency or a people closely allied to our pre-
sent coolies in race and language, in order to
tap a new and populous district and at the same
time relieve distress. We lefer to the (.mlappab,
and part of tlic Arcot, district as wotthy ol an
experiment in lecniiting. The mention of 1 nl-
talam as the future central port and depot lor
coolv immigration is important. ^Ve have long
ur‘fe'd such a departure in connection with ti e
raflway which must one day run direct from
Colombo along our North-west coast, while a
branch to Aniiradhapura would be a necessary
adiunct. With the discussion on Mr. N(^ls
motion we shall deal in our next.- The
explanation given about the new Roads Ordi-

nance is very useful : possilily this may ac-
count for the delay of tlie Ambawela Exten-
sion road among other tilings ; Imt we can
conceive how much injustice may be done tlirough
setting the value of the roatl to an estate against
the land taken up. Is it not the case tliat a
proprietor would often prefer a road to keep
outside, rather than to cut through his plantation?
All that Mr. Mackenzie tells us of his work in
America is of great interest, especially the fact
that India has spent as much as Ceylon in the
States. As to “advertising,” Mr. Mackenzie has
been repeatedly told by us that we do not coniine
the term to the Press, but interpret the word in
the broadest sense and think food-shows, demon-
strations and lectures about the very best form
of advertising. The “Thirty Commitee” again
write as if Mr. Rogivue were practically alone
working for our teas in Russia. They have surely
heard of other big operators — of, for instance,
Liptoivs House in «t. Petersburg sending orders
across to London for 2,UUU boxes at a time. It
is very satisfactory to liiul the Association tak-
ing an interest in the “ Arrack” problem — a
question, we suspect, which lies at the founda-
tion of the greater part of the serious crime in
the island ; but is it not rather reversing the
usual order to say the Committee will wait for
the Commissioner’s Report? By the way, how
absurd to have a Commission made up of one
member? We do not know if this is because
Mr. Ellis did not care for associates, like the
dissentient juryman who said that his eleven
colleagues were the most obstinate and wrong-
headed men he had ever known. Certainly, on
this most difficult and complicated Arrack ques-
tion, there should sit a representatiie, though
carefully picked, body of Commissioners, some
of whom should be native gentlemen as most
intimately acquainted ivith the ways and feelings
of the people in the principal rural divisions
of the island. Perhaps, the Governor only means
Mr. Ellis’s Report to be regarded as a preli-
minary one, to indicate the policy as oo which
a duly-constituted Commission should enquire and
take evidence’

PLANTING PRODUCTS.

(Kxtrnds from the Fortij-third Ainmnl Jtepo i m ///r
<Jei/lon Plcuitcra' As--<ociation, held
17 th Feh. 18U7.)

Tea.

The season geuerallj has been a fail average
one. Taking the Chamber of Commerce returns,
the increase in crop as against 1895 is 10,201,5411b.
The total exports reaching 108,141,412 lb. of this
11,205,051 lb. were shipped direct from Colombo
to ports other than the United Kingdom, or an
increase of exports direct to outside markets of
2,018,519 as against 1895, which may be considered
very satisfactory, more especially as the Home ex-
ports of British grown Teas show an increase of 5
millions on last year — 1895. There is also the very
satisfactory increase in Home consumption of British
grown Teas of 11 millions over last year, which irself
showed an increase of 7 millions over tho year before.
Everything points to increased foreign consumption
during 1897, more especially in America and Russia,
where your Commissioners fMr. Mackenzie) in the
former, and Mr. Rogivu, in the latter, continue their
good work with energy. The average London price was
8jd per lb. as against 8id per lb. for 1895; but results,
taking the year as a whole, are satisfactory, and con
fidence in your staple is maiutaiued, while it is geue-
r.illy considered that there is no safer investment than
Ceylon Tea property. Extension of planting still con-

634

THE TROPICAl. AGRICULTURIST.

[March r, 1897.

tinues in a small way, and the demand of Tea seed is
yuite as strong as it was in 1895. Labor was short
during the busy months — March-May — in some dis-
tricts, notably where estates lie some distance from
the main road. Extension of cart roads is a matter of
necessity, and should be pushed on with activity, as
not only do coolies dislike the carriage of Tea chests,
but U'ausport by coolies takes away a considerable
force from the pluckers.

Coco.v. — As anticipated in last year's report, crop for
1896 exceeded that of 1895, the figures for the last four
years being: 1893—29,775, 1894—22,791, 1895—27,522,
1896 cwts 33,890, from which figures it may be inferred
the crops for 1897 will probably be the largest yet
picked, cwt. 35,000 being perhaps a fair estimate. Some
anxiety was caused during the past two years by re-
ports received of cocoa trees dying out in rather a
wholesale way by the ravages of a small borer beetle,
and your Committee considers the matter worthy of
the moat careful attention. The position of the home
market is encouraging, the demand having largely in-
creased whilst the imports have not done so. Eor the
first time for some years the deliveries from Loudon
and Havre show more signs of catching up the imports.
The following extract from Messrs. Wilson, Smithett
& Co.’s circular of recent date gives interesting statistics
regarding Imports, Consumption and Stock. (Already
given in the Observer).

Caudamoms. — The forecast of your Committee in
last year's report has been borne out — Exports being
in 1895 435,0901b.; in 1896 463,233 lb. The prices
realised have also been exceptionally in favour of
growers.

Auabian Coi-FBE. — Where this cultivation is main-
taiued there is little encouragement to increase the
area by planting up fresh land or keeping up old
bushes in first class order.

Libkkian Coffee. — A very small area of this product
has been planted, and its success may be hoped for.

Rhea Fibre has so far only reiched the stage of
striking, cuttings, nurseries, &c. Kuruuegala so far
has been the basis of such operations. Keen in-
terest is taken in the matter, and if sufficient evi-
dence is forthcoming of its profitable culture, there
are many enterprising planters who will take up land
for its cultivation.

Croton-seed. — The fine prices ruling two or three
mouths ago made the fortunate possessors of this
product pay some aDtentiou to the cultivation.

Officevl Estim.atf. of the Tea Crop for 1897.
— -Your Committee has decided to estimate the tea
crop for 18b7 at 119,000,000 lb.

New Products, Forest Reserves. — Your Com-
mittee feels that the present prosperity of Ceylon
generally affords a favourable opportunity to invite
renewed attention to the important rpiestion of new
products in connection with which a Commission was
appointed in 1881 by Government at the instance of
your Association. As an Appendix to the Report
of the Commissioners {vide Rook of Proceedings of
the Association for the year ending 17th February,
1882) there is printed a memorandum on the part
taken by the Royal Rotanic Gardens, Powdeniya, in
the introduction of useful plants into Ceylon in
which the late Dr. Trimen remarked as follows :
“ Appended to this memorandum is an advertise-
ment from one of the local newspapers of the plants
and seeds on sale at the Gardens in June 1881. Such
advertisements are now prepared quarterly by the
Director, and have, it is believed, considerably ten-
ded to the spread of ‘new products’ in the Colony.”
Your Committee would bring this matter before Go-
vernment, and urge that the “ advertisement referred
to ” should again be regularly prepared quarterly
and prominently advertised in the “ Govern-
ment Gazette,” in the local newspapers, and
by printed circulars in the vernacular for dis-
tribution widely among cultivators. As regards
forest trees, your Committee would remind Govern-
ment that the late Dr. Thwaites in the year 1879
asked that he should receive instructions to form
both at Petadeniya and at Hakgala Gardens,
nurseries for supplying at a moderate rate of charge,
young plants of suitable kinds for the convenience of

planters vyho may require them for reservations.
Dr. Thwaites further annexed under lists A. B. & c!
those species he considered most suitable, both
indigenous and exotic, of which seeds could be
obtained without any great difficulty at their proper
seasons.

Your Committee desires in this report to record
the universal regret felt at the untimely death of
the late Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens
Peradeniya, and the sense of loss that has been thereby
sustained not aloue in the departments of learn-
ing in which Dr. Trimen was conspicuous, but also
among the Planting Community in whose interests
he at all times evinced the keenest regard, and for
whose progress he laboured in so many ways.

L.ABOUR Laws.— Some recent decisions of the
Supreme Court have been the subject of consideration
and discussion, and while it cannot be said that any
remedy has been found for such mistakes, or that a
solution of the difficulties that follow has been
arrived at, it was unanimously resolved by your Com-
mittee that it would be unwise and inexpedient to
endeavour to re-open the existing Labour Ordinances
which, on the whole, when reasonably interpreted’
afford considerable protection to all interested in the
Labor Question.

Supply.— Your Committee appends Abstract
of the Official returns showing the arrival and depar-
ture of coolies for 1896, also for comparison the
similar table for 1895.

[Table given already in Observer.)

Committee is further able, by the courtesy
of Government, to invite attention to the following
Jmmigration Returns, compiied by the Master Atten-
dant, Colombo, showing the number of Indian coolies
that have come to Ceylon annually for the past five
years, 1892-96, via North Road and via Tiiticorin
respectively : —

RETURN SHOWING THE NUMBER OF INDI.AN ESTATE
COOLIES W'UO HAVE COME TO CEYLO.N rid THE
^ NORTH ROAD I'OR THE PAST FIVE YEARS.

Numlier.

1892

1893

1894

1895 . . . . ‘.I

1896 (up to 30.h November 1896)

RETURN SHOWING THE NUMBER OF INDIAN^ ESTATE
COJLIES WHO HAVE COME TO CEYLON FROM TUTI-

45,687

34,564

36,062

31,448

29,442

Year.

Men.

1892

. . 21,583

1893

. . 12,235

1894

. . 12,864

1895

. . 28,519

1896

. . 36,135

Year.

Children.

1892

. . 4,689

1893

. . 2,710

1894

. . 3,038

1895

. . 9,259

1896

. . 9,015

Suggestions

FOR Inure

Women.

7,381

3,975

3,936

9,717

11,906

Infants.

3,665

1,455

1,267

2,687

3,412

Total.

28,964

16,210

16,800

38,236

48,041

Grand total.
37,308
20,376
21,095
50,182
60,498

TO COOLIES FROM iUTICORIN TO CoLOMBO BY StEAMF.R
— THROUGH Booking of Coolies from India to Ceylon
— Blackmailing of Coolies at Stations on thf
South India Railway and elsewhere. — All the above^
mentioned subjects have received a large share of
the time and attention of your Committee during
the past year, and satisfactory results have been at
tained In the matter of the alleged Blackmailing
of coohes especial y, the thanks of the Association
are due to both the Ceylon and Madras Govern-
•ments for the keen and effective interest and action
that have been taken with a view to putting a stop
to Blackmailing, while inte resting and valuable re-
ports have been transmitted for your information
and giudanco bv Government.

Quarantine Regulations at Colombo.-I,, view of
the fact that the course of immigration is now being
largely diverted from the land to the sea route it
would seem acivi sable to look to some other port
than Colombo for a terminus. During areeont^.,V
break of cholera on the Mainland quarantine had to

March i, 1897*] THE TROPICAL

bo established at Colombo, and the steamer agents
consequently found themselves unable to continue
the service of conveying coolies. Such a stale of
affairs is always liable to recur, but would be dis-
astrous in its results. Your Committee hopes that,
on the occasion of the extension of the railway
now proposed Northwards, it may be found possible
to servo Puttalam, and to establish in that neigh-
bourhood a landing station for coolies, available and
safe at all seasons.

Ordinance Rei.atino to Claims to Forest, Chena,
Waste, and Unoccupied Lands. — The above«mentiqned
Ordinance, which has recently passed the Legisla-
tive Council, gave rise to consideiable apprehension,
and your committee felt that in eonnection with such
Ordinances especially the views of the Planters'
Association of Ceylon should have been expressly
invited by Government, ample time bing given to all
interested to consider them. A Sub-Committee was
appointed to look into the Draft Proposed Ordin-
ance as it appeared in the Government Gazette, and
it was resolved to point out that in the opinion of the
Sub-Committee Section 19, sub-sections A.B.C., would
arbitrarily prejudice many persons in their just pro-
prietaiy rights, and shake the confidence of investors
in all landed property. With regard to the principle
ot the bill the Sub-Committee was of opinion that
the Occupier of Land should under no circumstances
be made the claimant, but that if it should be neces-
sary to take action against him, he should be the
defendant. Further, that though it is desirable to
give legal effect to agreements arrived at between
the Government Agent and the occupier, the Gov-
ernment Agent should not be allowed to adjudicate
if an agreement cannot be come to, but that the
case should go to a properly constituted Court.
It was felt that in all cases ample time should be
given to claimants for the proper defence of the
action, and to safeguard the interests of ab-
sentees, and that no Government official that had
at any preliminary inquiry been a party should be
appointed a special Commissioner. The attention of
the Planting Member in Council was drawn to these
and to other points when watching the proposed
Ordinance at the various readings in the Legislature.
Your Committee, while adhering to the views ex-
pressed by the Sub-Committee, deem it advisable to
annex as an appendix to your Committee’s Report
for further reference and guidance an extract from
the speech recently made by His Excellency the
Governor in reply to some observations on the sub-
ject submitted to him in an address by the Northern
Districts Association.

PmuDiAL Products Thefts Commission. — The re-
sult of the Pisedial Products Commission from the
standpoint of Government as regards remedial and de-
terrent action may be summarised thus. In view of
revision of Ordinance No. 16 of 1S65 the Government
oes not consider further legislation necessary in re-
spect of the recommendation made in Paragraph 29 of
the Report of the Pioedial Products Thefts Commis-
sion. Paragraph 29 reads,— “We recommend, however,
in the present instance, the establishment of special
police in the districts which suffer from thefts, the es-
tates which desire such protection and are willing to
contribute towards the cost of it. We consider that the
reality of any complaints about the prevalence of theft
may ne fairly gauged by the willingness of those who
complain to contribute towards the suppression ; and
we are therefore of opinion that whenever two-thirds of
the owners of estates in any locality are willing to pay
for a special police force, this is in itself sufficient to
establish the existence of a state of affairs which ren-
ders it the duty of Government to pay a moiety of the
cost of such police, and we advise that the application
of this system should be sanctioned in any district or
locality where such police are applied for.’’

The Government consideied the proposed amend-
ment of section 14 of the Ordinance, recommended in
Paragraph 62 of the Report, undesirable. Paragraph
32 reads. — “ The system here recommended is, in its
general features, already provided for by sections 14
to 22 of the Police Ordinance No. 16 of 186.o, and it
seems singular that the northern districts, where
80

AGRICULTURIST. 635

thefts are most prevalent, should not have availed
themselves hitherto of the pr.ivisions of this Ordi-
nance.

“ We consider that the Ordinance should be amen-
ded by the substitution of five acres for twenty-five
acres in section 14, and that in section 15, proprietors
should, in addition to giving the number of men, be re-
q ired testate whether regular or rural police are re-
quired, whether they desire police stations or patrols,
and whether they would wish the force to consist of
local residents or of persons enlisted elsewhere; in
other words, they should give a general outline of the
scheme they wish to have adopted.’’

With regard to the recommendation made in para-
graph 34 of the Report, His Excellency the Governor
was pleased to order the relaxation of Section 17 of the
Rules and Regulations made under Ordinance 32 of

1891, and published in the “ Ceylon Government
Gazette Extraordinary ’’ No. 5,159 of August 6th,

1892, so far as to leave to the Government Agents the
selection of such men as may be employed as special
Police in the suppression of thefts of Presdial Pro-
ducts.

NEW MARKETS FOR TEA :

THE TIIIUTY COMMITTEE.

The (^lonimittee’s Report i.s as follows : —

In presenting a short statement of the work of the
“Thirtj' Committee’’ for the year ended 31st Decem-
ber 1896, it may be useful to remind those interested
that the Fund now being employed in pushing and
advertising Ceylon tea throughout the world, but of
course especially in the United States of America
and Russia is the proceeds of the levy of an export
duty on tea of 20 cents per 100 lb. under the Ordi-
nance No. 4 of 1894. The money so collected is ap-
plied “ towards increasing the consumption of Ceylon
tea 111 foreign lands in such manner as may from
time to time be determined by the Joint Committee
appointed for the purpose by the Planters’ As-
sociation of Ceylon ’’ and “ by the Ceylon Chamber
of Commerce,’’ now known as the “Thirty Committee,”
subject to the approval of the Governor in Executive
Council. Since the commencement of this arrange-
ment the sum of R-153,550‘56 have been paid into the
Bank for credit of the Ceylon Tea (New Markets) F'und
up to the close of the past year. Of this sum ac-
cording to the accounts kept in Ceylon £16,663 6s lOd
equal to R‘282,847T7 had neen drawn for by the pre-
sent Ceylon Representative in America (Mr. Wm.
Mackenzie) exclusive of local payments for tea sam-
ples, photographs, &c., while a sum aggregating
R25,872'49 hasheeu paid to Mr. M. Rogivue for dis-
bursement in Russia on the lines laid down for this
direction.

Ceylon Tea in America. — As regards Mr. Mac-
kenzie’s work in America the following Report has
been received written in the general tone, and which
cannot fail to greatly interest all who have watched
the progress of the tea campaign in the United States
and in Canada. Mr. Mackenzie writes : — “ As the
day of the annual meeting of the Association is draw-
ing near, it W'ould perhaps be well that I should
furnish you with some general notes of what has been
done in America with the funds so liberally supplied
to me during 1896.

Minute particulars with details of expenditure in
a matter of this kind must necessarily be for the
Committee only, as it is not advisable to disclose the
dealings of any firms of Tea Merchauts to every
other rival. The Committee knows from my letters
and from my accounts, exactly the lines in which I
am working, and if they are satisfied, I feel certain
the general body of planters have sufficient confid-
ence in them, to allow details in the meantime to be
between the Committee and me.

But without touching upon any point in a way to
disclose their business, and thus offend any of the
firms, energetically -syorkii^g w'ith us, and on our
behalf, it may be possible to describe generally what
is being done in a way that may be of interest to
the subscribers to the Fund, i.e. the whole planting
community.

6j6

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[March i, 1897.

It must already be well-known to most Ceylon
planters that the Americans are not a tea drinking
people. In Britain the consumption of tea is 6J lb.
per head, of cjffee, a fraction. In the States, tea
13 a little over 1 lb. per head, coffee between H and
9 lb. mis may seem strange to those who still re-
gard the Americans as “ flesh of our flesh.” That
might have been true at one time, say even to fifty
years ago. But the innnigratiun of (iermaus, Aus-
trians, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, and Swedes has
been for many years very much greater than that of
English, Scotch, and Irish. Last year’s statistics of
immigration show’ the number of arrivals of Italians
for the year, as 57,000 and of Austrians and Hun-
garians 57,000. No other nation at all approaches
these figures.

Then the descecdants of the old English sett'ers in
the east and south are well-known to resemble the
French in having very small families. It is stated
that two children of European descent are born for
one of British in the U.S.

Another reason for the non-use of tea is, that it
is generally so bad in the States, while coffee is
universally better than in Britain. A Tea Merchant
told me that when new factories were built in Buffalo
some years ago, ho did a very good trade for a year,
with a lot of Irish and Scotch labours who were
specially imported to work the factories. During the
second year these customers of his dropped tea, and
took to coffee and he gave me as the reason that
they did not care for American tea (green) and found
American coffee a delightful surprise. I have fre-
quently heard it said that a mail who drank tea was
in America called a “Jenny,” that is, was effeminate.

The following cases may be regarded as typical of
at least four-fifths of the people of the States.

A gentleman who was born in America, of German
extraction is agent for an English firm who are pushing
our teas vigorously over there. He told me he drank
0)ie cup of tea a loeeh on Sunday. His wife told me
she had never tasted tea until her husband took it up
6 mouths ago. Since then lie had several times made
her try to drink a blend of Ceylon and Indian tea,
but that she always felt sick when she took a mouth-
ful, and had to give it up.

This gentleman introduced me tc one of his tra-
vellei’s, whose duty it was to push the tea, I asked
him how he liked our tea. He said that he thought
the best way to arrive at an opinion as to its chances
with American people was, to try to get his father,
mother, sisters, brothers and cousins (tvvelve in all,)
who were tea-drinkers to use it. He took home a
packet, carefully attended to directions as to boiling
water, quantity of tea, and time of steeping Ac. and
got all to take a cup. He told them they would not
like it at first but induced them to persevere. On
the third day the father said “Tom. if it will do you
any good, I’ll go on drinking this tea, but it is hor-
rible.” The mother refused to drink any more of
it, whether Tom benefited or not : and the other re-
lations insisted on going back to the old green variety.

Now, those people had an object in trying todrink our
tea, but they could not overcome their dislike. What
chance have eve then with those who have no such
object ? These cases are not singular, I could give
many similar experiences among those whom I gave
some tea w'ith directions for making Ac.

Among black tea drinkers — a fifth of the population
— our progress is easy. But to the majoriiy — the vast
majority — green tea and coffee drinkeis, a cup of our
tea, especially as they make it — putting as ninch in
the pot as they do of weak Japans and allowing it
l<) th an 10 lo lio minutes, is as nauseous as margosa
oil uouklbc lo a Blanter ! No ^vondcl' an Ameri-
ca ii Doctor by whose family 1 got our tea used (or
\1 inuutliB, told me last month that uuIcms carel i!!.'
made and drunk within a few minutes it was poison-
ous. We would all think it abominable if we made
it, as Americans make their tea.

Any unprejudiced person must see from the abo>e
that beyond the region in which black tea is drunk,
our progress must be very slow. The question is,
if we are to persevere, what is the best method to
pursue. A proverb says “ you may take the horse

to the water, but how are you to make him drink?”
I see one Ueylon Paper repeatedly has advised that
the whole Fund should be spent in Press advertis-
ing, that is ill lettimj the horse know the water c-cists
somewhere.

In America, editors of Journals, A A B, say that
the rival Ediiors of Journals, C cfe D, believe that
when they (the latter) are engaged in sneezing Pro-
vidence kindly halts. The former Editors admit the
halting, but not that it is to Editors of G A D that
the consideration is extended 1 The Press is power-
ful, but even if it made a few ask for an article ad-
vertised, it cannot make merchants interested in a
rival article hold it. Thao is of course, unless the
funds at the disposal of the Advertiser are practi-
cally unlimited. The matter was settled long ago
as far as we are concerned. The Committee may
remember that I had a difference of opinion with
advertising Agents last year as to the best means of
spending our Fund. They naturally said in the Press
through them. My enquiries elsewhere led me to be-
lieve differently. The Agents proposed to leave the
matter to be decided by a gentleman known to them,
who was acknowledged to be the smartest advertiser
of Grocery Articles in New York. This gentleman
kindly agreed to judge between us. I allowed the
Agents to state the case, which they did quite fairly.
The expert’s decision was in my favor. He said if
your Fund is £100,000 go to the consumer through
the Press and otherwise, but with £10,000 only,
you must “ interest ” the Trade.

Since then I see the advice given is “ leave
all to private enterprise. If you interest part of
the Trade, you create jealousy among the others.”
Those we assist are Firms who do Educational
Missionary work in many large towns and even in
villages, by having tea stalls in grocers’ stores, at
Church Fairs, Ladies’ Charity Meetings, bazaars etc.
by supplying house to house canvassers, distribut-
ing samples, circulars, pamphlets, instructions for
making Ac., and who, when making those efforts in
any centre, advertise in the local papers at the same
time. It is by such means that every new article of
food is introduced in America. Americans are great
eelebrators. Every local centre has many events
which are “ celebrated” yearly, and such gatherings
afford opportunities for exhibiting our tea, a baking
powder, a new cereal product, Ac. It would be quite
impossible for the two associations to make use of one-
tenth of such occasions as are turned to account by
our numerous allies.

Last year, 1895, and in the early months of 96 we
did a deal of such work, because at that time, our
friends were comparatively few. But our efforts, be
sides being necessarily few', were of much less avail
than those of firms because we were not tea-dealers,
and could only refer enquirers to their grocers, who
nine times out of ten either had none of our tea or
sold them some Chinese mixture instead. Large
wholesale firms “ demonstrating” our tea, can refer
enquirers to hundreds of grocers in every large town,
W’here their blends and packets are handled. The
girls in charge of these demonstrations teach the
people how to make the tea, and show them that it is
palatable, as made by them. They give away sam-
ples Ac. The wholesale firms shift these demonstra-
tions from shop to shop. Unless something of this
sort is done, grocers will not hold the tea to give it
a chance.

Now all this “ demonstration” is expensive, and
unless we assisted those who undertake it, it would not
be done for our tea. The strong firms now working
torus, would push the trade in America just the same,
but it would naturo.lly be v trade in teas which art-
generally drunk, which would require little or no
demonstration, and which while giving much less
trouble, would yield a higher profit. What object
would they have in pushing British grown teas at a
vast amount of trouble and expense, when an open
field is there for them to supply the existing demand
for green and unfermented loaf.

I leel certain that if wo, withdraw aid entirely
now', these firms would naturally slip into supplying
such teas as the people w'aiit. What is there in our

March r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

637

tea that we should expect merchants to lose thousands
of pound in pushing it, when they could make a
profit by supplying other tea ? Many of those help-
ing us, do so because they believe they will eventually
recoup their immediate losses, being the first in a
trade which they foresee our effort will make, if we
persevere. It is not so much becuse of the amouut
we can give in aid of their work, as because they
know if they do not fall ia with us, their rivals will.
This is clearly shown by a circular addressed by a
leading American firm to their 16,000 grocer customers,
in which they say they are obliged to put up a packet
of Ceylon and Indian tea because “ English packers”
assisted by the Association would otherwise get 1-lOth
of their trade. That tenth, they say, is practically
all the black tea drunk in Atnerica. The balance
being green or untermented teas. The Chairman has
copy of this circular.

.lealoti,s!/ and rivalry a,re elements of all trade — little
would be done were everybody content. I am glad
we have creaced those feelings in .America, and I do no
believe v'P. have, created them in Onlonibo. True much of
the tea sold by oirr strong London allies may be
bought in London, and muclt of that used by our nu-
merous American friends may be bought in Ijondoii or
New York. It may also be true that Colombo firms
would like get to those orders, and that some of them are
jealous in consequence, Hut tlm tax from which the
Fund comes in paid by the cjrowera and in intended to
benerit the planters — not the numerous potty Agencies
which may e.xist in Colombo. Agents or Colombo
Merchants are so much mix id up with planters as
Shareholders and Directors of Companies, that may
be difficult to separate their interests. But I feel
certain such firms as Messrs. George Steuart & Co.,
Messrs. Robertson & Co., Bosanquet & Co., Whittall
& Co., &c. are not in any way jealous of London or
American Houses who, at an expense three to six times
greater than our subsidies, do all the educational work
now going on in America. If there are Firms “ con-
sumed with jealousy,” why do they not engage in
this work themselves and come in for some crumbs
from the fund ? At present they only execute orders.
Now I take it, our Fund was intended to create a
demand — not to .subsidize such as merely execute
orders.

When the planters see no further use for the
“ Cess,” let them get it withdrawn by all means,
but they should not be infiuenced by insinuations of
jealousy I have entered at length in this phase of
the subject, because I notice an effort has been
made to create disunion and disaffection. But if it
be true as I see in the Colombo papers that the Com-
mittee has granted Tl‘2,000 for America in 1867, it
proves that the gentlemen forming the Committee
believe the methods I have pursued to be such as we
may o.xpoct to produce results. But I shall welcome
suggestions reduced to what the Americans call
“■ practical propositions ” believing that de/initioa
would do more good than vague denunciation.

As to the results of our work so far it is difficult to
speak with confidence as to actual figures. I believe
myself that the consumption of our teas in 1896 was
double that of 1894 I say consumption not importation,
because we began 1896 with a large stock in hand
in America. The Presidential Election too upset
trade in 1896, so much that few Merchants would
touch a new article. But during the last three
months, I believe it will be found, that the exports to
America from London, Calcutta, and Colombo were
very large indeed.

Whatever may be results, I can speak confidently
of the great extension of the efforts made in 1896 —
especially during the last eigho months of the year,
to introduce our teas into Stores, to open up new
fields for them, and to make them know to consuuiers
in all States East of Chicago. And these efforts have
undoubtedly been attended with great success. Some
Wholesale firms have now several hundreds of
Grocers in each of several large towns, selling our
teas. I could tell much more in this direction were it
not that I think it better not to publish details of
other people's business. But the Committee are in pos-
session of a mass of information bearing on the point,

and a few words from the Chairman will suffice to
satisfy the subscribers that their money is not being
wasted.

I may give a few instances of what is being done.
In one very large Store recently built in New York,
six rival firms had stalls for weeks, where our teas
were exhibited. That is the girls m de tea, offered
it to customers, who entered the store, gave away
samples, circulars &c. In another rival store close
to this one there were three stalls running last month.
In Chicago I found one store with four. In Philadel-
phia I saw the best exhibit of the kind I met any-
where. One of our strongest allies — an American
Firm — had an enormous booth in a Food Show — about
a quarter of the immense Hall— beautifully decorated
witli palms, flags Ac. where a lady well known in Ceylon
with 14 girl assistants welcomed all comers to taste a
cup of pure Ceylon or Indian tea. The place was crowded
daily.

All towns are not as large as New York, Chicago,
or Philadelphia, but in many towns on a scale in pro-
portion to population, this sort of thing is going on con-
stantly. Wherever we c.ui get this kind of work done in
a town by two or throe whole-iale houses simulta-
neously, we draw the attention of the publi(! by adver-
tisements in the daily press. Wo have recendy taken
up Buffalo and Pittsbing, and are arranging for ex-
tending to three oiher towns at once.

Wo advertise in 22 leading jupers in the E.iatern
State.s, besi ies numerous magazines, and ladies’ newa-
papei’s,

I may here be allowed to sound a note of warning.
Whether it be that quantity rather than quality is
now the aim of most Ceylon planters, or that the
teas are really deteriorating, 1 cannot decide, but
no one can deny that compared with teas from India,
Ceylon teas are rapidly falling in value. Broken pe-
koes are no longer in request. Coarser leaf teas are
used in blends to bring down the average cost to
the blender, while Indian teas supply the point and
qualitv. Ceylon teas are quoted 5d to 6d, dangerously
near the price of Chinas.

Our best customer in America has written to me that
the largest American Tea Firm— hitherto unap-
proachable by us, has sent him samples of machine-
made China tea as asubstitute for Ceylons. He says
they are very like Ceylon broken pekoes m style, but
fail in cup qualities. He adds they may well “ inter-
rupt ” the sale of our teas to inexperienced dealers.
Everything points to this, that quality not quantity
should he the aim of all in 1897.

Ceylon Tea in Russia.— Letters recently published
together with statements of accounts, received from
Mr. M. Rogivue have already supplied all informatiou
possible, and as these papers will be included in
tlie Book of Proceedings of the year it is unneces-
sary to recapitulate their contents. They afford evi-
dence, however, if evidence were wanted, that vigo-
rous efforts should continue to be made to make
known Ceylon tea in the vast Empire of Russia, and
that steps should be devised as soon as possible
largely to increase the demand for Ceylon tea by
that tea drinking nation.

In view of the large area of the country to be
worked, and the great value of the trade, if acquired,
it may be necessary to supplement Mr. Rogivne’a
efforts by independent agencies. No one man, how-
evar energetic, can cope with trade of the whole
empire, and' no efforts I should be spared to interest
those already engaged in tea in our produce.

Ceylon Tea at Inxern.ytional Exhibition at
Geneva. — With a view to following up previous small
grants to different applicants who had been push-
ing the sale of Ceylon tea on Switzerland, and on the
recommendation of Mr. Wm. Mackenzie a sum of
£200 sterling was paid to Messr.«. Tetley & Co , who
had represented that the Geneva International Exhi-
bition would afford a most favourable opportunity to
push Ceylon tea in Switzerland and the neighbour-
ing countries. It was propo.-ied that Messrs. Tetley
& Co. should share with two Swiss firms a chalet
to be erected in the grounds. In this chalet they

638

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [March i, 1897.

were to have an attractive tea exhibit and by in-
fuaing Ceylon tea to enable all visitora to judge
of its superiority over the China tea, most
of them had been in the habit of drink-
ing. They stated fu'-ther that they anticipated
so good results that they had made arrangements
for appointing agents in all the principal towns in
Switzerland, and that they contemplated doing
so also in the nearer towns which lie outside
the frontier. In acknowledging receipt of the i:200
paid to them through the Secretary, the Ceylon
Association in London, Messrs. Tetley & Co. inti-
mated that that they would furnish full particulars
of what they had done for the information of the
“Thirty Committee.” So far the promised report
has not been received, and attention has been drawn
to the matter.

Cr.

By Balance National Bank of India

Limited as per previous statement
,, Balance in Petty Cash as per previous
statement

,, Ceylon Tea (New Markets) Fund
„ Ceylon Tea Fund
,, Interest

R c.

162,545 00

115 06
112,273 00
2,496 15
1,376 60

R278,805 81

E. A’ O. E.— D. W. D. S.
Kandy, 30th June 1896.

AU.STKACT OK THE CEYLON TEA (NEW MAUKET.S)

CnvLCN Tea at the E.mi’iue oe India and Ceylon
ExHimrioN London, 1896.— At the request of Mr. E.
E. Green, it was decided to support him in his
application for support in connection with the con-
cession he hoped to secure for a Ceylon tea house
at the Empire of India and Ceylon Exhibition 1896 ;
but unfortunately Mr Gi'een had to withdraw his
application owing to the action of the Exhibition
Directors.

Ceylon Tea in Norway. — During the year a grant
was made of 300 lb. of Ceylon tea for free distribu-
tion in Norway by Mr. A. Floor at Bergen, while a
grant of 200 ib. was also made to Mr. Paliser for
free distribution, in various towns and districts in
Norway.

Ceylon Tea in Belgium and Holland. — On the
application of Mr. E. II. Templer — who was ivell
recommended — a grant of 1,000 lb. Ceylon tea was
made to him on terms together witli a sum of ii25
sterling to be extended in advertising Ceylon tea in
Belgium and Holland.

Ceylon Tea on the Continent of Europe : Mr.
R. V. Webster's Application. — In response to Mr.
R. V. Webster's offer to distribute samples of Ceylon
tea in bulk and packets throughout the Continent
of Europe, provided the “Thirty Committee” gave
him some support in advertising, a sum af £500
sterling was granted to him for the purpose indi-
cpted. Mr. Webster intimating that he will hold
details of expenditui'e at the disposal of the Com-
mittee.

Ceylon Tea in Austria and Hungary. — During
the past year various applications have been re-
ceived for grants in connection with pushing Ceylon
tea in Austria and Hungary, but so far exaction
has been referred.

Finances. — The usual abstract of accounts for the
half-yearly periods ended 30th .June 1896, and 31st
December 1896, are appended.

ABSTRACT OF THE CEYLON TEA (NEW MARKETS)
FUND ACCOUNT FROM 1ST JANUARY TO
30th JUNE 1896.

Dr.

R.

c.

To National Bank of India, Limited . .

147,377

51

,, Albion Press

20

00

„ Telegram account . . . .

92

90

,, Secretary . . . . . .

„ Ceylon Tea in America (Telegrams

500 1

000

account) . . . . . .

j, Mackenzie, AVm., Representative in the

55

50

United States £6,786-17-4

116,071

32

„ Ch..rgcs

2

.50

,, Ce'. Ion Tea in Russia

12,935

02

„ Cl- Ion Tea in Norway

386

no

,, Ph.iiu A C-,'. A. . . .

1,000

00

„ IV-' ty Ci-.sh

,, Postages, Petties and Sundry Dis-

60

61

harsements ,,

181

-)5

„ Peon’s Services... ,,

1-20

00

11278.805

00

Dr.

To

FUND ACCOUNT FROM 1ST JULY TO

31st dece.mrer 1896.

National Bank of India Limited
Mackenzie Wm. Representative in the
United States £6, -100-0 0
Ceylon Tea in Russia
Ceylon Tea in Switzerland
Ceylon Tea in Norway
Ceylon Tea in Belgium and Holland
Philip A' Co. A. . .

Petty Cash

Postages, Petties and Sundry Dis-
bursements . .

Peon’s Services. .

Charges

Ceylon Tea in America (Telegrams)
Miscellaneous account
Secretary

Cr.

By Balance in National Bank of India
Limited as per previous state-
ment

,, Balance in Petty Cash as per previous
statement

,, Ceylon Tea (New Markets) Fund
„ Ceylon Tea Fund
,, Interest

Y to

R

c

134,290

59

104,667

88

8,552

33

3,420

94

170

1,005

32

1,000

00

156

24

199

50

120

00

84

87

78

10

375

00

600

00

R254,621

02

R

C.

147,377

61

60

61

104,091

79

1,697

54

1,393

67

R254,621

02

Kandy, 31st December 1896.

JADOO AND NITKAGIN.

The Principal of the School of Agriculture
write.s: —

“ I send you a sample of Jadoo Fibre, the new
‘■gi-o'-, ing medium,” which has been well spoken
of. The manufacturers in Exeter have been good
enough to send mo 10 bales for trial, and I shall
be glad to supply those interested in jadoo with
small quantities for trial on their own account.

“I also send you a specimen bottle of ‘uitragin,’
or pure cultivation bacteria for leguminons crops,
which has been sent me by the manufacturers.
The parcel from Germany should have reached
me more than a montli ago, but throtigh an error,
was sent to the Sanitary Ollicev, with whom it
has I)cen for some weeks. The acc inpmyii'g
cop> of the ‘Agrii-nlfur.ll Magazine’ contnins on
)■ -ge oC) the directior.s fm- use of niti agin.”

Jlotli of tho.se s:ini|)l-s c.'ut ho .■^eeii at our
otlico by any one imerestctl. As the instnic
tions referred to tire, like all in (he useful
“ Agricultural Magazine,” emhoilicd in onr
Tropical AtpicuHuritit, we need not reiietit them
in the Observer.

March i, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

639

THE INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA CROPS.

A merchant lately asked us ; —

“ Is there any ready means of comparing the total
grading of Ceylon teas with Indian, for, say, a year ?
This might give an indication as to which country
plucks finest, and possibly accounts for difference in
rates.”

The only information we can get is fi’oni a tea-
dealer who says tliat tlie proportion of “fine”
Indian teas (Darjeelings, »S:c.) is ten ]>er cent of the
total Indian crop ; while the proportion of “ line”
Ceylons (Nuwara Eliya, &c.) is only 3 per cent
of the Cejdon crop. If this be correct, it cer-
tainly explains to some extent the higher
average for Indian tea ; but would it not be
possible to work out the total quantity of Broken
Pekoes and Pekoes in the Indian and Ceylon
sales for a year in order to oiler a further com-
parison ?

While on this subject we may (j^uote the some-
what epigrammatic and contradictory statement
of an old resident who follows the local tea in-
dustry very closely

‘‘ — is the exponent of versus

If we all did what he does 150,000, OCKJ lb. would be
the export of Ceylon tea for 1898. If wc go in for
f/ualiiif, the dealers will have us on the hop, and
give ns ordinary prices for it and then import cheap
tea from China to mix with it. It is our common
teas that have enabled us to chuck China tea out
of consumption.”

INDIA RUBBER FOR CEYLON PLANTERS.

“J. M.’s ” letter in another column appears
at the right time. We feel that it was a great
omission in the Planters’ Association Report
that no reference was made to rubber, and, we
trust our suggestion as to collecting information
on this and other minor products, from the Dis-
trict Associations, will be adopted another year.
Meanlime, it is of interest to know that very
shortly a series of experiments in harvesting
rubber is to be undertaken at the Henaratgoda
Gardens and that the results are to be cai'cfully
noted and published for the guidance and, we
trust, encouragement of planters. Every year,
too, sliould make the areas cultivated with rubber
under the direction of the Forest Department,
more interesting, and it should soon be time to
institute tapping experiments, so as to judge
year by j'ear, what is the best and most pro-
fitable time and mode to harvest the crop. Then
if planters, with an appreciable number of rubber
trees or creepers and a certain amount of ex-
perience in cultivation and harvesting, will but
tell us of the same, briefly and to the point,
we shall indeed be able to put forward more
reliable information as to the present po.sition
Ilf Rubber-growing in Ceylon. The importance
of the industry as one of the few products, for
which there is an ever-growing demand, cannot
be over-.estimated.

THE CULTIVATION OF RUBBER
IN CEYLON.

Kandy, Feb. 2.

Pkar Sii!,— It is much to be desiied that we
slioiiM bi-ai inure abmit nibbor and its enhivation
fioii. all who liave inforni:-.ti(«u to imparl, sm h as
those ex pel imenting in Ct ybiu ; ml those ^vllo
arc directors of sm-li establislmients as the Pera-
deniya Botanical Ganleii.s. It would indeed he
a very appropriate time for Mr. Willis to strike
his first note.

Some time ago attention was called in your
columns to Mr. Rowland W. Cater’s communi-

cation to Chamber's Journal on castilloa rubber
and I see in the Stayidard of 29th Januaiy
an interesting article upon “The Rubber In-
dustry” coniinencing vvith the recent discovery
of the Germans in their Cameroon possessions,
of aiu'olilic rubber yielding tree Kickxia Afri-
cana. It is said that the value of the export
from Lagos was £324 6s 4d in 1894 and
in 1895 all from this Kickxia Africaua. In the
Standard reference is made to ell'orts of Indian
and Ceylon Governments and Ceylon planters
to ascertain if the cultivation of rubber can be
made iirofltable and speaks of the experiments of
Ceylon planters not being remarkably successful,
though finest varieties were introduced, and it
states that “it is not uncommon still to hear
of cottee planters in Ceylon and others in India
laying out their estates in rubber !”

I do not think the introduction of the best
varieties was on a large enough scale or has had
sufficient time for very complete jeoof of success
over an area of large extent.

The advantage of cultivation in respect to
best varieties, accessibility of cheap labour, purity,
and careful )jreparation as opposed to collecting
in primeval forests — uiulcr disadvantages, that
involve destruction of the trees, and after mixii g
wfith foreign matter and at much cost, — may be
so great as to justify more attention to the matter
than has hitherto been given here.

Mr. Cater’s article “ Out with the Indian
Rubber Gatherers ” is valuable for information of
various sorts ; but when he gives the figure of
estimate of a plantation of castilloa elastica at
Nicaragua with its results in 8 years it makes
one wonder wdiether we have not neglected our
opportunities in Ceylon. Having taken his
selling basis on 2s a lb. only, calculating his
trees planted 15 feet apart, included the pre-
mium of 3d per tree paid by the Government,
wages of tapping at over Is 3d per diem, he brings
the following result of a 500 acre clearing at
Nicaragua : —

£

Cost of 500 acres of land at 6s p. acre

1 . . 125

Survey and procuring titles thereto

. . 100

Clearing land for planting . .

. . 1,000

Collecting seed and planting. .

.. 500

Eight yeailv weedings at £200 each

. . 1,600

Extras, implements, &c., &c.

.. 300

£3,625

Interest on £3,626 eight years at 5

per

cent p. acre

. . 1,450

Planters expenses, cost of living Ac.,
eight year at £200 per annum

per

. . 1,600

Cost of gathering the Sih years crop

. . 1,500

£8.175

But his estimate of profit per acre at the 8th
year is as follows : —

Dr.

£ s. d.

Cost of cultivation eight years 193

trees p. acre . . ..749

Cost of tapping or harvesting . . 3 0 0

Balance of profit .. . . 88 13 G

Cr.

Government premium
Yield 965 lb. per tree at 2s

£98 18 3

£ s. d.
.283
. 96 10 0

£98 18 3

640

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March r, 1897

So that on .oOO acres the profit would be £44.337'10.
If this is not satisfactory — go on to the next — the
9th year.

£ £
200 for weeding Value of cron in 9th year .50,000.
1,;500 for harvesting
500 for planting
180 for interest
47,620 profit

50,000 Profit would be £47,620.

His report of yield of tlie cantUloa elastica in
Mk-aragua is interesting in view of tlie late
Dr. 'rrinien’s somewhat a<lverse report on the
yiehl in Ceylon.

The trees at Wiliarag.una, Matale, .seeded very
freely and it is much to he regretted that on no
proper scale has experiment been made with this
variety. J . M-

THE COCAINE HABIT.

The increase of inebrity from the use of cocaine
is the theme of an article in the British Medical
Journal. The .article points out that the greatest
number of victims is to be found among society
women and among women who have adopted
literature as a piofessioii ; and there is no doubt
that <a considerable proportion of eocainists have
fallen under the dominion of the drug from a
desire to stimulate their powers of imagination.
Others have acquired that habit quite innocently
from taking coca wines fortified with salts of
the alkaloid in solution. It is stated that at
Manchester, Kentucky, the cocaine habit has re-
cently assumed the proportions of a veritable
epidemic, and that thousands of people are sutler-
ing from it. The evil commenced with a local
dru"gist, who advertiseil a popular remedy for
cataiTh, which was found on investigation to be
a mixture of menthol and cocaine. There was
a sudden demand for it, and it was taken to
such an extent that many of the victims had to
be accommodateil in the public lunatic asylum.
The symptoms experienced by the victims of the
cocaine habit are illusions of sight and heal-
ing, neuro-muscular irritability, and localiseil
anaesthesia. After a time insomnia supervenes,
and the patient displays a curious hesit incy and
an inability to arrive at a decision on even the
most trivial matter. In Paiis the u.se of the
hypodermic syringe both for the administration
of cocaine and morphine is extremely common,
and there sre establishments to which ladies of
fashion resort periodically in order to have the
accustomed stimulant administered. According
to the authority we have quoted coca wines made
from cocaine and cocaine lozenges and tablets
should be supplied with the utmost caution.—//,
efc C. Mail.

PLANTING IN NORTH BORNEO
IN 1896.

(B.iV. Borneo Herald. -Ian. 16.)

CuUieation (Sandakax msTRiCT.)-At the Byte E.s-
tate about 160 acres are under coftee. Crop tor
1896 piculs .532 against 300 during 1895. During the
year the B.N.B. Development Corporation extended
their coffee planting by 130 acres. They also sold
200 acres to Col. Molloy of wlmih 50 acres have been
planted with coffee and 10 acres with coconuts. A
Ghi laman who haA bought land at the has

also planted about 30 acres with gambler. Ka'.eli
estate^ (Coffee).— 70 acres. Crop for 1896 piculs 102
against piculs 40-50 for 1895. About 25 acres more
has been planted with coffee during the past year.
Loong Piasow Syndicate’s estate (Coffee)— 70 acres.
Crop for 1896 piculs .52 73, first bearing.

Coconuts. — A considerable number have been
planted at both Byte and Kabeli estates during the
past year. The three year coconuts at the Byte are
now in bearing.

Manila Hemp. — Practically nothing has been done
at the above estates with this during the past year,
on account of want of skilled workmen. Under this
head however, must be noted the 300 acres now
being cleared and planted on behalf of the Dawson
Syndicate, Glasgow. Despite troublesome or dis-
honest Chinese contractors, and the usual coolie
troubles a large area has been cleared and burned,
and the plantation is looking good enough to satisfy
the most exigeant speculators.

Tohac.'o. — As regards the tobacco estates the news
from La hat Data is very good, there being a large
crop and of good quality. On Batii l‘iuih and Biiit
the average is 1 piculs. Koyah and Lamag shew a
higher production.

Kuoat DisxKmT. — The prosperity of the dif-
ferent cultivations in the Kudat District becomes
more and more marked.

The Tob.acco crops have been uniformly heavy and
good in quality and search for more tobacco laud by
comp .iiids new to the district is being carried on with
energy and success.

Coffee is receiving atteution by the Chinese Hakka
setders, many small acreages having been taken up
and planted to the North of Kudat town while the
plantations under European management have done
well. The areas under cultivation have been exten-
ded and new land selected, and it is believed that
coft'ee has become a permanent item of export. The
soil is proved to be eminently suited for this cultivation,
and there is abundant i-oom for additional ventures.

Coconut, Limes and Granges have yielded good
crops and coconuts especially are being largely planted.

(Other Estates) Coffee. — In reviewing coffee for
the past year the only matter to regrot is that opera-
tions have not been more extended. This is certainly
not owing to lack of confidence of those engaged in
coffee but simply the result of limited means at dis-
posal and difficulty of getting outside capital. The
new plantings for the year probably do not exceed
3 to 400 acres all told. We should be glad to see
our local estates formulate systematic records of their
crops, as from personal observation we are convinced
that such figures could be shewn as would astonish
ouLsiders.

CocoNUT.s. — New plantings are not in bearing with
the exception of some of the 3 year variety' on the
Byte E.state. The avidity with which the coconut
consignments from Cagayan Sooloo are bought up
by our Chinese traders for manufacture i. f copra, and
promises a good local market. The total as planted
by Europeans in Sandakan neighbourhood isprob.ibly
not far short of 800 acres.

Timbeu. — In the earlier part of the yoai the Hong-
kong trade was very encouraging to shippers and
led to an extra regular steamer being put oh the run.
Unfortunately the last quarter shewed stagnation and
collapse in prices. The moral is that shippers must
not confine themselves to one market. Tne eagerly
looked for era of the opening up of China” has not
yet dawned although we have the prelimiuaiy
symptoms. There can however be no (piestiou as to
the opportunity offered for Borneo timber when that
^oes occur.

Cokfek-Planting inNkwHeurides.— We have
had a call today from a Jamaica-born Scotsman
— for Mr. Girvin’s name clearly indicates an
,'Vyr.shire origin from Girvan — wlio has been for
three years planting coU'ee in the New Hebrides,
but who i.s now on his way to Europe with a
view eventually to settling down iii British Cleii-
tral .Africa. Mr. Girvin reports about '2,000
acres of coli'ee [ilanteil in tin New Hebrides,
cliielly owned by one I'leiicli ami one Anglo-
Australian Company ; but the chief dilliculty
is labour, the islanders being very uinvilliug to
do much work.

March i, 1897.] TH£ I'ROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

641

THE MAZAWATTE TEA COMPANY.

The first general meeting of Mazawatte Tea Com-
pany, Limited, was held on Friday, at the Gaimon-
stieet Hotel. Mr. John Lane Deusham (one of the
managing directors) presided. — Tiie Chairman., in
moving the adoption of the report, expressed his
great pleasure at seeing so large a gathering. The
first thing he should like to mention was the pleasing
duty the directors had in reporting the continued
progress of the business. The expansion of the
trade had been evidenced in all parts of the
United Kingdom. Their tea was not only drunk in
every part of Great Britain and Ireland, but he might
say it was taken from Norway and Sweden to South
Africa and to Australia and West Indies. That year
they had been able to pay £15,000 to the vendors,
at the rate of 5 per cent on the capital up to
Borne time in July. They had also been to wipe
out all expenses for extra advertising. Tea was taken
more in agricultural districts than in other places.
He looked forward to a very profitable year — Mr.
B. Densham (the other managing director) seconded
the report. — Mr. Vickery (a shareholder) suggested
that as they were in such a flourishing condition
they should send £200 to the Lord Mayor for the
Indian Famine Fund. (Hear, liear.) He thought
they could afford to be generous. The Chairman
mentioned that, owing to there having been a
collection in the tea trade, this question had been
considered, and it was thought that it woirld not be
a right thing for a company so subscribe. He and
his brother had sent a cheque privately from their
own pockets, but he would oppose a company like
that giving a donation, no matter how good the ob-
ject. He felt very strongly on the subject. — Mr.
Vickery intimated his intention of moving a reso-
lution on the subject, but it seemed to be the general
wish of the meeting that he should not do so, and
he resumed his seat. — On the motion of Mr. Vane,
seconded by Mr. Duke Dyke, it was agreed that a
dividend on the preference shares at the rate of £5
per cent, per annum, and a dividend upon the ordi-
nary shares at the rate of £8 per cent, per annum
for the half-year ended December 21 last, be declared.
— Other business was transacted, and after a vote of
thanks to the chairman the meeting terminated.

NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.

CEYLON PKOPRIF.TARY TEA ESTATES COMPANY LIMITED.

Registered January 20, by Murray, Hitchins, Stirl.
ing, and Murray, 11, Birchin-laue, E.C., with a capital
of £160,000 in £l shares. Object, to purchase, take on
lease, hire, or otherwise acquire any tea or other estates
or lands or hereditaments of any kind in Ceylon or
elsewhere, and any machinery, works, stock, and plant,
and real or personal, immoveable or moveable estate
or property of any kind and wheresoever situ-
ate, including concessions or easements of any
kind ; to hold, use, cultivate, work, manage im-
prove, carry on, and develop the undertaking, lands,
and real and personal estate, or property and assets
of any kind of the company, or a- y part thereof ;
to plant) grow, produce, and deal in tea, coffee, cin-
chona, cocoa, cardamoms, and other plants, trees,
and natural products of any kind in Ceylon or
elsewhere ; to work mines or quarries and to find,
win, get, work, crush, smelt manufacturer, and deal
with ores, meials, minerals, oils, precious stones, itc.
The signatories are : —

Shares.

H. K. Huthorford, 21, Miucing-lano, E.C. i

R. A. Cameron, 11, Eastcheap, E.C. .. l

W. dohubou, Bart., 21, Miucing-lane, E.C. l

D. Reid, Shootfield, Sevenoaks . . i

H. Tod, 21, Mincing-lane, E.C. .. i

D. R. Smith, 41, Eastcheap, E.C. .. i

G. T. White, 31, Fenchurch-street, E.C. . . i

The directors are G. A. Talbot, R. A. Cameron,
H. K. Rutherford, and F. H. Wiggin. Qualification’
£250. Remuneration as fixed by the company
Registered office: 21, Mincing-lane, E.C.

CENTRAL PROVINCE CEYLON TEA COMPANY, LIMITED.

Registered January 20, by Budd & Co., 24, Aus^in-
friars, E.C., with a capital of £100,000 in £10 shares.
Object, to adopt and carry into effect four agreements
made respectively between H. P. Powell, S. R. Pryor,
and F. M. Mackwood, and the Company ; with H. E.
Miliar and the Company; with E. M. Smith and tie
Company ; and withT. M. Mackwood ; and to establish
and maintain any mills, factories, or works, or any in-
terest therein, and in particular tea, coffee, and cocoa
factories for treating any produce of Ceylon or the
East Indies, or any other part of the world ; for manu-
facturing and dealing with the same ; as merchants,
storekeepers, planters, commission or other agents,
manufacturers, shipowners, carriers, warehousemen,
wharfingers, underwriters, contractors, and engineers;
to acquire and turn to account any oil wells ; as
miners and smelters, &c. The signatories are ; —

Shares.

H. P. Powell, 10, Herbert-crescent, S. W. . . 1

A. G. Kendall, 26, Palace-terrace, VV- .. 1

F. W. Selfe, 6, Trinity-road, Wimbledon .. 1

C. B. Hervey, 88, Cazenove-road, Stoke Newington 1

T. L. Franck, Tecoma, Acton, W. , . 1

S. B. Topham, 94, Constantine-road, Hampstead . . 1

F. O’Connor, Stoke Villa, Forest-gate, E. .. 1

The directors are H. P Powell, S. R. Pryor, and
F. M. Mackwood. Qualification, £500. Registered
office: 148, Leadenhall-street, E.C. — U. <£• C, Mail,
February 5.

^

THE DUTY ON TEA AND WAREHOUSE
ABUSES.

To the Editor of The Home- and Colonial Mail.

Sir, — I understand the Indian Tea Association of
Calcutta have passed a resolution in favour of the
reduction or abolition of the import duty on tea, and
have forwarded an earnest appeal to the Association
in London to use their best efforts towards the
attainment of this end. It is to be hoped the council
of our Association may give the matter that inde-
pendent and through investigation and consideration
to which it is entitled, and act for the best interests
of the producer and consumer.

Let us consider this important question in some
of its bearings. It is sometimes urged that the
duty properly acts as a premium on qualiti/
and that its abolition or further reduction
would unduly encourage the production of com-
mon and low-class teas. But the changes under
discussion could never unfairly discourage the manu-
facture of the fine teas, because it never can be
otherwise than for the benefit of gardens, with the
soil and conditions favourable to their production,
to aim at the highest quality , On the other hand,
abolition or reduction can be no more than fair to
gardens wanting in the natural advantages for the
growth of prime quality teas, which all over India
must always constitute the vast majority. The
duty undoubtedly favours the minority with na-
ture on the side of quality, and unfairly handi-
caps the great majority of concerns only capable,
with the utmost skill and care, of turning out teas
exquisite make, it may be, Lut withal of medium
quality. This is beyond dispute. To put it plainly,
“ stand-out ” and higd-class teas can afford to be
watered by dutjq so to speak, to an e.xtent that
common and medium teas cannot. This is demons-
trated by a very simple formula as given below.

Doubtless, abolition or material reduction of duty
would unjustly favour the poorer teas from China or
Japan. This may not be viewed with apprehension
just at present. It \yould, however, if the China
trade should revive, in which case the equitable ad-
justment (though probably more than need be
looked for under our free trade policy) would be
continuance of duty in case of repeal, or otherwise
differential duty' on non-British-grown imports, which
is required to compensate the imperial producer to
the extent he is handicapped against free silver
countries through the operation of existing Indian
exchange and currency regulations.

642

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1897.

It would seem no more than fair to reduce the
tea duty to 2d per lb. a? in the case of coffee. This
could not fail to prove a boon to the great bulk of
the population of these isles, and lead to an increase
of consumption, so that the loss to the E.Kchequer
would not be great. It is sometimes asser.ed that
consumption has already reached its iimit, but if we
reflect what the consumption of au ordinary house-
hold with servants (but exclusive of guests) is — probably
considerably over double the average consumption per
head of the population, making full allowance for the
coffee and other beverages used — it would seem
reasonable to calculate that if tea were cheaper the
consumption per head would soon rise to, or even
exceed, that of the Australian colonies at present.

As the duty affects the consumer, the case may be
stated, not to go to extremes, as follows : — For
qualit/j tea Is 8d, plus duty 4d, equals 2s per lb ; on
the other hand, for common tea 8d, plus duty 4d,
equals Is per lb. In the former case the purchaser
has to pay one-sixth of his money, for which he
receives no value in tea in the latter one-third of his
money goes in that way. Hare 1, of course, take
no account of the profits of the dealer, middleman,
or grocer, which may likewise weigh proportionately
against the lower-priced teas. It is also well-known
that in ‘‘stan'l-out” teas Id per lb of extra quality often
adds 4d to fid per lb. to the price at public
auction. This while in no way benefits the
gre.at bulk of producers, is doubtless to some extent
fostered by the duty. It may be contended, there-
fore, that an adoalorem duty would be fairest, but
its collection would doubtless prove much less con-
venient for all concerned. In the interest of the
great body of producers it is to be hoped, however,
that any further material er permanent fall in the
retail price of tea is to come from reduction of duty,
or it may be of profits on this side.

The strongest objection urged against abolition is
the withdraw.il of the customs’ supervision, and the
consequent risk of adulteration and the Hooding of
the markets with spurious teas. But there is not
the same temptation to do this with tea at its
present price, as there would have been twenty-five
yeais ago; and many large dealers are of opinion
that the Adulteration Acts iu force alone afford
ample security against a uilteration.

But one thing about w'hich there is absolute cer-
tainty is, that any advantage, however great from
the customs' supervision, is more than counterbal-
anced by the injury to the tea industry from the
objectionable treatment the teas receive in the bonded
warehouses. This need not be enlarged upon here,
as the subject has formerly been touched upon in
these columns, and may, it is to be hoped, be dealt
with more fully on some future occasion. All that
need be remarked is, that if teas were exposed
to the moist atmosphere in bulking, and, worse
than this, left unsoldered by the manufacturer,
as is the practice in the warehouses, they would
be absolutely ruined, and we cannot with a clean
conscience go iu for the conquest of new markets
boasting of machine manipulation throughout, and
entire freedom from objectionable handling, so long
as the teas are trampled into the chests by the
dock labourer on refilling.

For Imperial considerations, however, abolition
would seem a mistake. The duty, though falling
upon nearly all, and in some respects, as has been
shown, more unfairly than it might, is but little
felt. It is almost the only tax paid by abstainers
and non smokers, and it affords Government a means
of increasing the revenue iu any emergency, without
causing dissatisfaction, as was done during the Cri-
mean war. The objection to further reduction is
that iho net revenue would be unsatisfactory, as the
cost of collection would remain the same; but why
should this be urged in the case of tea more than
coffee, cocoa, or chocolate?

As abolition does not seem desirable on patriotic
gr-ounds, and there niay not bo great hope of mate-
rial reduction of duty, and whether or not it be de-
cided to agitate for either, justice to the producer
and also the consumer demands, without delay, the

most vigorous and persistent efforts on the part of
the Association, until the desired reforms be secured
iu regard to the treatment of our teas in the bonded
warehouses, wliich no one can deny is a discredit as
well as an injustice to the British tea industry.

These warehouse abuses have doubtless grown up with
and become linked to the Customs’ supervision and regu-
lations, and are to some extent due to the London re-
presentatives of the industry not having insisted
upon certain details that ought to be carried out at
the factories being attended to there. But the sooner
reforms iu those directions are pushed the better
for the great body of producers, as the warehouse
abuses may be continued (if strenuous and sustained
efforts be not made to remove them) even after the
repeal of duty and the withdrawal of the Customs’
control. — I am, sir, yours, &c., Planter.

Feb. 3rd 1897. — H. and C. Mail, Feb 5.

THE RONDUHA VALLEY TEA COMPANY
OF CEYLON, LIMITED.

The tiist General Meeting of this Company was
lield at the registered office of the Company, No. 6,
Prince street, Fort, Colombo, today when Messrs.
A. E Scovell, F. W, Bois and Alfred Scovell
were reappoiiued Directors.

An Extraordinary General Meeting was after-
wards Held when the following resolutions were
carried unanimously.

(1) To consider an offer made by the Yatiyan-
tota Ceylon Tea Company, Limited, to purchase
the Company’s estates, called and known as
Kondura, Broadlands, Yahainde, and Florence,
as from 1st January, 1897, the price to be paid,
after completion at the expense of the Kondura
Valley Tea Company of Jeylon, Limited, of the
factory and road, to be £33,23U, payable as to
£30,000 bj' the issue to the Kondura Valley Tea
Company of Ceylon Limited, or its nominees,
of 2,OoO ordinary £10 shares of the Yatiyantota
Ceylon Tea Com]>any, Limited, at an issue price
of £15 per share, the remaining £3,230 being paid
in cash at cunent late of exchange on date of
transfer, for telegraphic remitances from London
to Colombo.

That (j “ that the Kondura Valley Tea Com-
pany of ejdon, Limited be wound up voluntarily.”
(Should such resolution be passed by the requisite
majority, it will be submitted for confirmation
at a second Extraordinary Meeting, which will
duly convened. ’ By order of the Board of Direc-
tors J. M. KOBERT.SON A. Co., Agents and
Secretaries.

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

Royal Gardens, Kew.— Bulletin of miscella-
neous information, for January: Contents. — List of
Kew Publications, 1841-1895. Miscellaneous Notes.
— Mr. W. Thorpe. —Visitors during 1896. — Bota-
nical Magazine. —Journal of Sir Joseph Banks. —
Australian Myrmecophilous Plants.

Ipecacuanha has been recommended by
Father Baulez as a remedy for plague. Dr.
Cantlie, in a i>a[)er on ])lagae re-published by the
Government of India, also recommends an emetic
in the early stages of the di.sease. — JL Mail,
Feb. 24.

nPAPMtQQ essay describing a really

ULnlllLuOi genuine Cure for Deafness,
Kinging in Ears, Ac., no matter how severe or long-
standing, will be .sent po.st free.— Artificial Ear-
drums ami similar appliances entirely superseded.
Afliiress niOMAS KEMPE, Victoria Cha.m-
REIW, 19, yOUTHAMPToN BUILU1NG.S, llOLUORN,
London.

March i, 1897] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

643

THE MANURING OF TEA ESTATES :
IN CONCLUSION.

The fourtli, aiul linal, batcli of letters,— from the
36th to the 61st (see pages 619-624)— on the iiianur-
iag of tea estates, remains to be reviewed in conclu-
sion of the series. The letters are full of informa-
tion and suggestion, and represent ahiiost every
part of the island in wliich tea is a leading
product. Thus, in the first six of tliem, pub-
lished on the 5th inst., we have “M.’' from a
“ Higli District,” who tells us in a few words
that manuring is getting to be general in the
island, that about 15 to 20 per cent of the
estates use artificial manures, as special facilities
are necessary for securing bulKy manure ; that
2-3rds Castor to l-3id Bones is tlie usual projmr-
tion ; and that, while he fears a good deal of
soil must be washed away by manuring steep
slopes, he thinks manuring increases the yield by
150 to 200 lb. per acre. Now, should it not be the
endeavour of the careful husbandman, by terracing
or otherwise, to reduce risk of the wash to a
minimum, since it is the steep slopes that gene-
rally most need renewal of soil '! “ Kelani Valley ”

coniirms “M”’s experience, that more is being
done with Castor and Bones mixed in the mills,
than with Bulky Manure ; that though he com-
menced the use of artificial manures with mis-
giving, he is now a staunch advocate of manuring,
as it improves the yield and also the ai)pearance
of the bushes ; but he thinks the quantity of the
tea suffers somewhat, and he fears that the water-
supply is injuriously affected, leading to the
greater prevalence ol typhoid. This is certainly
a matter which demands attention, and if the
fear is justilied, special care should be taken to
protect the water. The opinion that artificial
manuring will need to be continued, at intervals,
say of three years is shared by many planters,
since otherwise the bush deteriorates. But why,
if the treatment pays, should it ever be discontined ?

‘‘ ^Equus in Arduis,” from an “old and medium
elevation district, ” reports that manuring is very
general in it, though not throughout the country ;
while at very high elevations, where transport is
difficult, scarcely any manure is applied. The
usual mixture is Castor and Bones, though Fish
and Nitrates are not unknown. As regards good
results, and the necessity of continuing manures
when once begun, he agrees with the previous
writer ; while to the drawdack of wash he
adds tfie cost of weeding— a sign, surely, of
enrichment of soil. “Manager” from West
Matale disclaims experience for a positive opi-
nion, as he has just begun manuring; but so
far the results are highly satisfactory, the fields
manured with bulk having yielded 950 lb.
per acre and with artifical, mixed in Colombo,
1,0501b. Nor has the price of the tea fallen.
“’t. Koko” from Wattegame has a similar tale
to tell, of yield being doubled and more, by-
manuring, especially on old coffee land, though
he suggests a careful mixture of artifical with
bulk with plenty of soil, and he strongly depre-
cates the burying of prunings “ as no tree feeds
on its own refuse. ” We should wish to know
how far this opinion is supported by scientific
authority and practical experience. On what do
forests thrive, but the vegetable mould formed
of their own “ refuse” — natural, taking the place
of artificial, manuring? And are not coconut
husks generally regarded as among the best
manure for coconut trees? “ L. A. W. ” pleads
lack of experience ; but he doe.s not doubt the
l^neffcial effects of manures, and fears their

81

application is too long delayed, especially in the
lowcountry, while artificial alone can do little
• for worn-out estates.

In oiir issue of the 9th inst. “ Z, ” from Matale
reports very good results from the annual appli-
cation for the last six years of cattle manure
on 30 to 50 acres. It is not very clear whether
the same field is meant throughout? If so,
wo suppose tlie reason for the annual apiilica-
tion is that the land is worn out. “A Northern
Planter, ” from Kandy, expre.?,ses confidence in
manures, whether bulk or artificial, and observes
an extension of manuring in the older districts
with good results — 550 to 600 lb. being harvested
from systeniaticallj^ manured fields, against 300
to 350 lb. from unmanured. Last year adverse
exchange restricted manuring ; and it is doubted
Avhether in a forcing climate, a very higli jat
will respond as readily as a hybrid. F'rom
Udapussellawa, “Querist” can say nothing from
personal experience, but he has been observant
of his neighbour’s operations, and he would like
to see the experience of a period, say four years,
recorded. So far, he learns quantity is decidedly
increased without sacrificing quality ; but he e.x-
presses hesitation about adopting artificial manur-
ing “after the deadlj^ effect that Matale
manures had on our coffee, but particularly
salts of sorts.” Now, is there any real proof
that our Coffee suffered in the manner indicated?
If such disastrous results can be verified and
localized, an expert should certainly be con-
sulted regarding similar results with Tea. The
tendency of W. J. G.’s verdict is against the
manuring of vigorous Tea, giving a satisfactory
yield ; but in the old and worn-out districts, the
benefit derived has been most marked ; and yet
again, he fears quality suffers from the rapid pro-
duction of leaf. To manure vigorous plants with
artificial manure, he considers tantamount to kill-
ing tlie goose that lays the golden egg.

On the 10th we published four letters — from
“ 1, ” testifying to the beneficial effects and
splendid results obtainetl by the application of
bulky manure, wherever, available, expressing
his conviction that manuring must spread,
e.specially in the older districts and that no harm
could come of regular ajiplications at fair inter-
vals. “ Ouvah ” from Badulla can speak, hap-
pily, only of the application of well-rooted bulky
manure, with most satisfactory results as regards
quantity and health of bushes ; but he is unable
to say anything about quality, and doubts
if “artificial” can be applied regularly and I be.!
stopperl without evil cotisequences. In a [)i‘ivale
letter, our correspondent, a planter of largo
experience and holding a very responsible position,
fears that manuring is being done greatly in
the dark, and thinks that an Agricultuial Che-
mist might do a great deal of good to the
country. Meanwhile, he warmly commends our
efforts to collect information and focus results
for the benefit of the planting community, and
also we may add for the guidance and opinion
of experts. “ yenex ” from Kotagala supports
the generally beneficial results we have already
noted, but thinks some care should be taken
lest large doses of artifical manure, shotild tell on
the flavour of the tea as the natural oils or
scents of plants arc known to be affected by
cultivation ; and be instances the wild carrot
or celery. This is therefore peculiarly a matter
for investigation by an expert, and strengthens
our position in favour of an Agricultural Che-
mist, “B” from the Southern Province gives
interesting figures which attest the e.xcelleut)

644

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1897.

increase of yielil obtained by iiiammng, wliile .
the bushes and the wood stand out well.

In our issue of the ]lth “ G. T. II.” from
Udapu.'s.selhau’a strongly favours Cattle Manure
as the best, hut in its absence arlilicial has
been applied M'ith good results, and primings
were buried at the same time, and he, counsels
the inactice 1 The interesting question he pro-
pounds is whether the quantity of artiiicial
may not of necessity liaA'e to be increased after
repeated apjdications, but will not that depend
greatly on the soil ? If the .soil be worn-out
and thin, it would be undoubted gain, to ob-
tain remunerative returns from it, albeit only'
for a time- “J. B. C.” from Kelani Valley
supports the ^erdict in favour of manures on
all grounds, and regrets that shortness of labour
prevents larger applications. “ C. H. B.” from
Udajmssallawa, is also an advocate of manuring,
but judiciously, and he especially deprecates
over-stimulating. The older and more worn spots
show more appreciable results. “S.” from Ta-
lawakele takes a rather different view, and,
pleading the shortness of life, would carry on
liberal cultivation everywhere and on all soils,
thus Securing from 200 to 300 lb. per acre more
tlian at present. This aspiration is controlled by
the lack of labour, and, may we add, by the
fear of over-production ; but the problem he
sets forth is one worthy of attention, whether
we are not justified in forcing out of the bushes
in 30 or 40 years what they will take 55 to 60
ye^rs to yield naturally. His advice as to cau-
tion, however, will receive more general support,
ns also the warning against cutting the larger
roots. He scoffs at the notion of flavour being
affected by a rich soil ; but is there not a
diti’erence between a naturally rich soil and one
artificially stimulated ?

The fifty-ninth letter, and a very suggestive
one it is, appeared on Saturday last from “ C. T.”
from Anibagamuwa, He strongly advocates bulk,
fjuoting results, and is rather suspicious of arti-
ficial manures, which however, is a necessity in
most cases. Finally, we come to the 60th and
61st letters which close the series .and are by no
means the least important. Indeed the “ Homo,”
who signs with a very proper Latin monition,
and to whom we owe an apology for not sending
him a circular in the first instance, is almost
the only one who favours us with tabulated
results of experiments carried on, evidently after
a fashion that will delight the heart of Mr. John
Hughes among others. “Homo” very ))roperly
reminds us of the many factors, — some of them
apt to be overlooked— that ought to be taken into
account, in cultivation ; but he .and “ J. J. ” agree
— like so many more — in giving the ])ieference
to “ Castor c.ake and Bones” as, on the Avliole,
yielding the best results.

In concluding this review we owe it to our
friends to thank them very heartily for their
contributions towards thesolution of a very interest-
ing and important prolilem, with whicli is inti-
mately wound up the prosperity of the Island.
"We have another Circular “in pickle” ! — indeedit
is already in circulation and most valuable in-
form.ation on several ])oints connected with tea culti-
vation and pre]i.aration h.as alre.ady reached us from
many leading members of the planting community.

FIIODUCE AND PLANTING.

Indian and Ckvi.on 'J'kas in tiik Unitki) Staics. —
^Vo referred last week to the ineroasing popularity
of Indian and Ceylon teas in the United Stales. A
proiuiueut Philadelphia distributor who declined to

handle these teas at one time has recently published
the following ; ‘•During the year 1896 there has been a
most marvellous grow'th in the consumption and sale of
Ceylon and Indian teas, principally, however, in paekag. s
under the proprietary brands and under the stimu-
lus of proprietary enterprise. At the same time the
•ales of bulk India and Ceylon teas have largely
increased. This is one of the strongest proofs that
can be given of the value of judicious and well-con-
tinued advertising, for had not these teas been adver-
tised as well as they have beeg during the last j-ear
or so the sales probably would have been of an in-
finitesimal character. Now there is no question in
my mind whatever but that the Ceylon teas and the
Assam teas have coma to stay. Not only are the
people buying the teas, but they seem pleased with
their aroma, their strength and colour, and their
gp'eatly nourishing qualities. In a blend with other
teas they are productive of the most marvellons
results in producing body, character, and good
drawing qualities. The grocer of ’97 who
does not use to a greater or less extent in
his business these machine-made, carefully pre-
pared teas will surely drift to the rear. If the planters'
associations keep up their fight for Ceylon and Indian
teas they are bound to gain a strong foothold in the

United States.”

White Tea. — The British Consul at Meshed (Persia)
has a note in a recent report on this subject. He
states that “white tea” is really nothing but com-
mon Pekoe, with a sprinkling of the unfermented
sun-dried tips thrown in. Much care is required in
preparing these silver tips, and a pound of them would
cost perhaps 15 rupees. But even a sprinkling of
of them is sufficient to impart a very delicate perfume
to any ten, and with this the Persians have been greatly
taken. The brand sold is poor stuff, with only a
slight odour, but the upper classes now use hardly
any other, especially during ceremonial visits. .

“ Beautiful” Ceylon and its Tea Industry. — In
his lecture before the Society of Arts, referred to
elsewhere. Sir Charles Dilke paid a high tribute to
the planting enterprise of Ceylon, remarKing that
Ceylon, which was one of the most beautiful and one
of the most interesting portion of the earth's sur-
face, had more than recovered her prosperity through
the brilliant enterprise with which the settlers had
turned to the planting of a tine tea.

A Costly Quakrel.— There is a nice little struggle
now in progress in New York between the Sugar
Trust and Arbuckle Brothers, a very rich firm of
coffee roasters. The New York correspondent of
the Grocer describes the way it came about. He says :
“ The Arbuckles bought of the inventor a macliine
which automatically weighs sugar and puts it up into
packages, which sugar the Arbuckless sold with their
patent glazed coffee, put up in sealed packages, and
sold under a proprietary label. For this machine
they paid £20,000. They offered to sell it to the Sugar
Trust for £50,000, but they refused to purchase.
Then the Arbuckles decided to build a refinery, and
make themselves independent of foreign or domestic
refiners of sugar. In retaliation, parties, in the
interest of the Trust, bought out the Woolson
Coffee and Spice Mills of Toledo, Ohio, incorporated
in 1882 with a capital of £20,000. 'This company
made enormous profits, selling their shares at
a price reported at £230. It is said the con-
trolling interest cost the Sugar Trust’s agents
£252,000. The Arbuckles managed to buy in a secret
manner sixty shares of stock (for which, it is said,
£20,000 was paid), which move was to give them a
position to demand all the knowledge and such rights
as stockholders are entitled to receive. Some years
ago the Arbuckles adopted a recipe of their mother’s
for keeping the flavour of coffee, which calls for a
coating of the bean with a substance of an albumi-
nous character, giving the coffee a glaze and practi-
cally hermetically scaling the bean. The sale in-
creased enormously, and their brands obtained a
foothold that no one could dislodge. Some
idea of the magnitudu of their business may bg

March i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

645

gained from the fact that they imported in 1806 a
total of 757,091 bags of Brazil coffee alone, or nearly
100,000,000 lb. It is claimed that they roast and
distribute over 2,000 bags per day. This has been
an enormously profitable business. Thirty years ago
the South and West used only green coffee, and it
took years to overcome the prejudice which con-
sumers had towards coffee sold ready for use. They
believed coffee should be roasted at home, and only
as required, if its full aroma was to be retained
The Atbuckles’ device insured the aroma, and soon
the bulk of the trade. There are now three great
roasting concerns. As soon as the Woolson
Company changed hands the price of their
coffee was reduced, which cut the Arbuckles
net. Cut has followed cut, until 2i cents per
pound has been taken off. Tho fight is between
giants, but Napoleon said, ‘ Heaven is on the side
of the heaviest artillery.’ The probable outcome will
be tho formation of a coffee-roasting trust and a
compromise and treaty with the Sugar Trust, whereby
both interests will go on peacefully and profitably.
The Sugar Trust forced the fight from the date of
the inception of the Arbuckles’ plan for an indepen-
dent refinery. At present the war is vigorous and
costly, and hence is likely to be short-livod.” — II.
& C. J/itiV, Feb. 5.

TOBACCO— AND CEYLON PLANTERS.

How is it tliat while the natives — the Tamils
especially— in so many districts, Negombo, Chilaw,
.Jaffna, Trinconialee, Uvaand, we suppose, around
Dumbara continue to cultivate tobacco profitably,
the European planter should have cast it so
much on one side? For the coarse native growth,
a price equal to 25 cents each big leat is, we
believe, readily paid in the bazaars ; and even,
therefore, for tlie supply of the local demand,
one would suppose plantation fields of tobacco
would, in some places, prove profitable. With
the object of getting the opinions on this point
of the gentlemen who have had actual e.vperience
in our midst, of growing tobacco, we sent some
notes of enquiry and the results we are now
able to lay before our readers, in the following
interesting communications. These were provoked,
in the first place by the contributions of an e.x-
pert, writing from Southern India in our columns
some weeks back. Hi.s last letter we referred
to local authorities and one of these challenged
the e.xpert’s statement that Ceylon could produce
“a very pure and high-class leaf,” insisting in-
stead tiiat high-class leaf for cigars could not
be produced here. Only on one estate was this
ever done in Ceylon, we are assured. Another
prentleman with some experience thought “Expert”
wrote to the point ami that he touched the key
of the situation in the following:—

All ihat is necessary to ensure success is a thorough
knowledge of growing and of manufacturing, coupled
with busiuesslike management and the requisite

TTis “and a raihvay to Jaffna” he thinks should
ensure success to tobacco-growing. Does that
mean that Jaffna laud would be clioseu 1 y Euro-
pean capitalists— or that Jaffna men would be
eiu|doyed as cultivators? Here is how another
resident writes : —

1 am sorry that I can give yon no infor-
mation with reference to tobacco cultivation.
There must surely be some gobd reason for the
cultivation being abandoned by theCeylon Tobacco
Company when they had an experienced Sumatra
Tobacco Planter to start and supervise the w'ork.
Then if, as w'as stated at the time, Messrs. VoJar
and Cwatkin made such a good thing out of their
tobacco, grown near Kandy, why did they not
continue its cultivation ? Why did Mr. Ingleton

fail to make both the cultivation of tobacco and

manufacture of cigars pay ? should be able

to give you some reliable information, also and

w'ho, 1 remember, was .Superintendent of

the Tobacco Company when the first crop of
tobacco was secured. Where is the land to
be got suitable for tobacco cultivation on any
large scale? I know of none. I think a dry
climate with a good North-East monsoon rain-
fall would suit It best, as that would disi)ense
with watering and permit of the leaf maturing in
dry weather. It has first how'ever to be shown
that tobacco can be [irolitably cultivated in Ceylon
by Europeans ; if tliat is once assured I think
tliere would be no lack of men to try their
fortune.

Here is the deliverance which Mr. Vollar himself
kindly sends us : —

“I do not think the colony can do a big thing in
cigar tobacco. There is no doubt we can grow first-
rate cigar tobacco, but so far we have failed in the
curing of the tobacco, and in the making of the cigars to
have them mild enough— which is the thing that is
wanted at home. Tliore is no land available in the
Central Province, and the soil in the Western is not
suitable. Jaffna tobacco is too coarse and rank.

‘‘If tobacco could be grown on the Eastern aide
and proper care taken in the curing and manufac-
ture, it would, I think, pay well ; but it’s a very tick-
lish product to cure and so dependable on weather.”
Another tobacco authority takes a rather differ-
ent view, although in the main equally dis-
couraging : —

” I fear good tobacco suitable for the manufacture
of cigars for the European taste cannot bo produced
in Ceylon. It is true Messrs. Vollar and Ingleton
grew some fine tobacco in Dumbara eight or ten years
ago which took attention at home; but in no other
district in Ceylon was ever afterwards such tobacco
grown aud it had a very fair trial in several other
Uistricts as I know only too intimately, but without
success. We cannot produce leaf thin enough in
texture for the manufacture of cigars and no one
will look at ours at home or on the Continent.”
There is nothing like having all possible views
from different quarters and the next local autho-
rity we are going to quote, has entered so fully
into the matter that his letter is a little essay
in itself : —

You ask me “ why tobacco and cigar making
dont do in Ceylon.” I could reply by telling
you why they did not do; but it might get me
into hot water, so instead of giving a direct re-
ply I jot down a few notes which may be useful.

There can be no question that under the guid-
ance of capable energetic men, with the neces-
sary skilled experience, and of course backed by
sullicient capital said pluc/c to stand a few failures
Ceylon could yet compete successfully in the
tobacco markets, though the recent failure of the
Tobacco Company would deter many from ven-
turing in the revival.

Stress may be laid on two if not three facts:

1. Tobacco is a leaf product which, unlike tea
is more like a fruit, in its requiring specially
favorable and seasonable weather lor ripeniiu'- bar.
vesting and ban lling. 2. That a very" large
labouriorce is indispensable. ,3. That freiidu /ms
been a diliiculty in the past, aud I am noraware
if that has been solved yet.

The opinion was expressed long ago that it was
not a work for Euro|jeans to engage in, and <>-ood
reasons were given; but the same was said of
coconuts ! Nevertheless no work requires so much
concentrated, constant, intelligent, individual, per-
sonal supervision. This may be a pilimr-nu of
adjectives, but it’s a fact and the tobacco planter
must be prepared to torego tennis, cricket, foot-

646

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1897.

Lall and “ Mounted fnt’’ d\irinp; the l>usy sea-
son. You could not tni.st native overseers, as tea-
makers are — nor your held conductors. Every
work must be done as much as ])ossible under
your own eye, or a few Iwurs of ne}>lect may cause
ruin after montlis of careful forethought and at-
tention.

Most of the Ceylon {/.hough not all) grown to-
bacco has been too strong and coarse for the
English market. More men {and children)
smoke than ever, and smokers consume more than
ever, and want a mild rveed, or they would
smoke tlieir heads oft' !

Tlie failure of a Ceylon ])lanter in establishing
a demand for Ceylon-made cigars, after prolonged
perseverance, deserving a better fate, was owing to
(1), Tootightrolling. (2), Leaf toostrongandcoarse.
(.3) liquoring down (4) and certain ingredients to
improve flavour, his own taste being for “grip” with
flavour. The wiiter has smoked thousands of hi.s
cheroots, but found the muster uneven, .sometimea
ojdy one good box out of four, but that one
good'. Ten or twelve years ago, — made a
beautiful large “ Nona” brand, but men grunted
at the price which was most unfair, and beating
down the price led inevitably to inferior pio-
ducts ! ’Tis so with everything now a days. It
is folly to talk of “ cheai)ness,” but fools are
plentiful according to Carlyle. Good quality
must be suiqjorted by good jirices. Surely our
Tea history proves this. It’s waste of time to
enlarrre upon so jralpable a fact, and yet it will
take generations more to diive this into men’s
and women’s minds. Most of the Indian fancy
work of today is inferior to that of 20 years
ago. Erass-ware has not half the weight in it.
Cotton goods are coarser. Good linen is a scarce
article now. Tools and cutlery are vastly in-
ferior, and as for note paper, it is awful. The
ink soaks through and one can only write on
one side of a note-paper costing Kl-2o per 5
quires. (Tliat last gets over me, for you can liny
capital note paper at home at 3|d per 5 quires \)
The housewife who is always beating down the
tradesman docs more harm than she imagines to
future generations. Who is to blame for so much
of the sweating that goes on in Europe? But
revenons a nos moutons. Good cigars need good
baccy grown from selected .seed in good land,
under favourable cirr umstances as regards soil
(rich in potash and lime and friable) lay, eleva-
tion, rainfall, shelter from wind, and suitable
aspect, with an ample labour force irregularly
employed.

In reply to your ([uery therefore I ask where
in Ceylon can these be got? And having grown
and cured your tobacco will tea and baccy ship
better than tea and aj)ples?

I have shi])ped several thousands of Ceylon
cheroots and also took home .some tliousands and
went to friends in the wholesale trade ; but utter
failure was the restilt. To compete with Indian
cheroots, they wanted runebi Nonas at B15 per
1,000 f-o.b. i’l Put that in your pipe and smoke
it if you can ; it made me turn worse than any
mal-de-mer ! T. Koko.

"We shall now await with interest, the comments
of our Indian tobacco exiiort on the .'ibove ex-
pre.ssions of opinion by Ceylon jrlantcis.

THE CENTRAL PROVINCE CEYLON
T EA COM I’AN Y, LI M I TE D.
Kegaiding this Company whose registration we
noticed in <mr last i.ssue the prospecttis states
that it has been formed piincipally for the pur-

pose of acquiring, vyorking, and developing the
Estates mentioned in the following Report by
Mr. Mackwood : —

November 2nd, 189G.

Messrs. Cotesworth A Powell, London.

^ Dear Sirs, — I engaged Messrs. C. Spearman Arin-
Si-rong and Thomas Smith (of Dolosbage) to go over
and report to me in detail upon the following
properties : —

Barnagalla and Dedugalla Estates in Dolosbagie
district. Goonainbil and Plriagastenne and Raxawa
in Pangwella district. Wayweltalawa in Ainbaga-
muwa district, Berat in Dickoya district. CasUe-
milk (including an addition referred to in the pros-
pectus) in Pusilawa district.

I have carefully checked their figures of area, esti-
mates of crops, expenses and profits, and am able
from my intimate knowledge of most of the estates,
and general knowledge of tue others, to confirm their
estimates.

The area of the properties is as follows : —

1,545 acres tea in full be iring.

83^

no'

140

185

56.^

1,620

3,740
The estates

in partial bearing,
under 2 years’ old.
now being prepared for tea.
cocoa in full bearing.

,, in partial bearing.
forest-Cnena and other land, of
which 590 acres are virgin jungle
—80 acres planted with fuel
trees ; the greater part of the
whole area will grow good tea.

, , 8°°*^ order, have substantial

bungalows, suflicient coolie lines and fully equipped
factories, with the exception of Goonambil, wliere
a new factory is in course of erection.

The properties are easily accessible, being all
(except one) within a few miles of railway stations

and having high roads passing through or near them’

The one estate excepted is within lour miles of a
high road, and cost of transport from it to the sea-
port, Colombo, is as cheap as from the other estates
The labour force on the estates is adequate the
coast advances out amounting to R20,995 as on the
1st July last.

The crops for the past season aggregated 721 8’’6 lb
but of this amount 18,000 lb. from one small place
is taken on the statement of the native owner • there
were also 520 cwt, cocoa. ’

The crops for season 1st July, 1896 to 30th June
1897, are estimated at 707,800 Jb. tea. ’

this period are estimated as

profits for

The
follows
Tea, 767,800 lb.
to nett(6fd. per lb.)

Cocoa, 542 cwt. to
nett (45/11 per cwt.)

Less upkeep
expenditure,
tea and cocoa
Minus profit
making out- R.

side tea . . 14,880 00

Minus profit
making out-
side tea .. 4,80000

R.

. . 348,688 00

. . 20,596-00

Total., 369,284-00

R.

238,870-50

19,680-00

219,190-60

Nett Profit.. 1.50,093-50
In addition to the above upkeep expenditure, the
outlay on capital account for cost of factory, iucreasod
machinery, opening 140 acres new laud and upkeep
young tea is estimated at R56,792 00 ^

Messrs. Armstrong A Smith, worked their calcu-
lations ou the basis of exchange of Is per

March i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

647

Rupee, at which rate the pi'ofit for Season 189fi — 97
would equal £9,063 3s. I am. Dear Sirs, Yours
faithfully, F. M. Mackwood.

The price to be paid by the Company has been
fixed by the Vendors at £92,500, leaving £7,500 surplus
capital.

The Vendors take payment in £16,50 ) of Preference
Shares and £16,500 of Ordinary Shares, and the
balance in cash.

The Company buys the Estates, other than the
additional lands at Castlemilk, as from 30th June,
1896, and will pay interest on the purchase money
at 5 per cent from that date. The Company will
repay the owners with 5 per cent interest, the ex-
penses already incurred on the crop beginning 1st
July, 1896, including all sound coast advances, and
will be entitled to all profits from that date.

The titles to the proposed addition to the Castle-
milk property are now under examination. This
property will, if acquired, be taken over as from the
date of transfer, and if this purchase be not com-
pleted, the surplus capital will be increased by
the sum proposed to be paid for its acquisition.
The above estimvted profit of .£9068 shows nearly
10 per cent on the price at w'iiich the Company
acquires the estates. The surplus capital, it may
be hoped wilt be equally productive, as it will be
mostly used in developing the present estates or in
further purchases to extend the acreage, several of
the estates being in districts where extensions will
not be difficult. Estimating the surplus capital to
earn 6 per cent, the total profit would exceed
£9,.o00, which, after providing for the Preference
Dividend, £3,000, would leave £6,500 available for
the formation of a reserve or improvements and
payments of dividend on the Ordinary Shares.
There should also be some increase in profits as
the young tea comes into bearing. Allowing £5
per acre on the 1,620 acres forest, Chena waste
and lands planted with fuel trees as well as the
140 acres in preparation for planting, the cost of
the 1,980 acres planted, equals £46 Is 2d per acre.
Mr. Mickwood is willing to act as the Company’s
Agent in Colombo.

Messrs. Cotesworth & Powell have, for the commis-
sion on sales as previously charged and estimated
for in the figures of the Report, agreed to provide
management in their offices for a period of lOyears
from the 30th June, 1896, an I during this period
neither 'the two members of that firm who are
Directors, nor Mr. Mackwood while Ceylon Agent,
will be entitled to claim any remuneration as
Directors. The above estimate of profit is therefore
free of farther charge for management in London,
unless the Company appoint more Directors. The
only Directors of the Company at present are the
two partners in tse firm of Cotesworth & Powell, and
Mr. Mackwood, who are the Vendors to the Company
of the greater part of the properties proposed to be
acquired and they have fixed the purchase price. In-
tending subscribers for shares are to be tre.aied as
having knowledge of these facts and as subscribing
on that basis. The Vendors bear all the expenses
of the formation of the Company up to the first
allotment. Applications for both Preference and
Ordinary Shares will be considered before applica-
tions for Preferred Shares only. Preference and
Ordinary Shares will rank equally for voting pur-
poses. The Articles of Association of the Company
restrict the borrowing powers of the Directors,
without the consent of a General Meeting, to the
amount from time to time paid up or treated as
paid up on the Shares for the time being in issue
of the Company.

^

INDIAN PATENTS.

Applications in respect of the undermentioned
inventions have been filed, under the provisions of
the Inventions and Designs Act of 1883, during the
week ending 6th February 1897 : —

Apparatus for cooling tea leaf. — No. 37 of 1897.—
Nathan WilHiam Horatio Sharpe, engineer, of 26th

Perth road, Stroud green, London, for an apparatus
for cooling tea leaf to facilitate oxidation or fer-
mentation, and for withering the same.

Improvements in the manufacture of black tea.
— No 42 of 1897. — Samuel Cleland Davidson, mer-
caut, of Sirocco engineering works, Belfast, Ireland,
for improvements in the manufacture of black tea
from the green tea leaf.

Improvements in appartus for withering or limp-
ing tea leaf. — No. 43 of 1897. — Samuel Cleland David-
son, merchant, of Sirocco engineering works, Belfast,
Ireland, for improvements in apparatuc for wither-
ing or limping tea leaf in the course of its manu-
ture int } black tea. — Indian and Eastern Engineer.

THE COCCID/E OF CEYLON.*

Fioriuia Fiorinise, Targ. Tozz. Adult male not ob-
served.

Habitat on under surface of leaves of the camel-
lia plant and the coconut palm. Punduloya (Sep-
temDer). I have not yet foundthis insect upon tea
but its presence upon such a closely allied plant as'
the camellia makes it extremely probable that our
staple product may be attacked by this pest. Its
presence in large numbers upon coconut leaves
must be injurious, the affected leaves turning a
sickly yellow colour. The same insect is said to
affect the Areca palm. The species is widely distri-
buted, occurring in Europe, America, and Australia.
But Mr. Green adds a note this very month :

Since writing above — this species has turned up
upon tea. I have found it firmly established upon
a tea plant on an upcountry estate : and also upon
Areca palms in the same district. — E. E. G., Feb. 1897
But in regard to identification of course’ die plates
are of most value. Regarding them Mr. Green
writes : —

“ I very much regret that, owing to an un-
fortunate mistake between publisher and litho-
graphers, the plates have been printed on smaller
paper than the letter press. The difference was not
discovered until too late to rectify the mistake.

I find too that my publisher has followed the
modern plan of issuing the part unstitched
which— however good it may be for the subse-
quent binding— is not a very convenient form for
present use.

“ I trust however that, in spite of these and
other defects, the work may prove u.sefnl.

“ I have previously explained that I have been
unable to include in this first part tlie special
chapters on Insecticides and General Preventive
Measures. These will appear in Part II, upon
which I am now at' work.

“ The book is to be completed, if possible, in
four parts ; but the number of species to * be
described is steadily increasing. Since my return
to Ceylon I have already added 3 or 4 new species
to the list.''

It is a small matter about the plates : they can be
bound sepai-ately from the letterpress, and the
great fact is that they are so clearly and so
beautifully executed— the lithographing and colour-
ing being perfection.

We feel sure that no District As.sociation or
Library worthy of the name should be without
this book. Indeed it is one that ail Tea Com-
panies and large individual proprietors should at
once supply to their Managers for estate u.se

THE TONACOMBE ESTATES COMPANY
OF CEYLON, LIMITED.

iiuceLo np ot rue iiiird Ordinary General
Meeting of shareholders held at Ambewatte House,
on .1 hursday tlie 2.5th day of February 1897.

* By Ernest Green, p.e.s
plates.— London, D'.dau & Co, ’

Part I with 3.3

648

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS P.

[March i, 1897.

Present: — Messrs. G. II. Al.ston, Cliairman,
and H. Cumberbatcli Directors, and by tbeir
Attornies Col. H. L. Brooke, Col. E. Corse-
Scott, Major A. H. MacNab, Miss A. A. Cmn-
berbatch, Messrs. W. S. Bennett, \\^ Bowden-
Sniith, A. Fetherstonlianj^b, ami T. K. Writdit.

The notice convening the meeting was read.

The minutes of the last meeting of the 28th
Februcary 1896 were read and conlirmed.

Proposed by the Chairman and seconded by
Mr. W. S. Bhnnett that the report of the
Directors as circulated among the shareholders
be adopted.— Carried.

Proposed by Col. Corse-Scott, seconded by
Mr. T. K. Wright That a dividend of 10
per cent be declared for the year 1896, payable
forthwith.”— Carried.

Proposed by Col. Brooke, seconded by Major
MacNab : — “ That Mr. .1. N. Campbeli be re-
elected Director of the Company.” — Carried.

Proposed by Mr. Fetherstonhaugh, seconded
by Mr. T. K. Wright that Mr. Hercules J. Scott
be re-elected Auditor for 1897.

A vote of thanks to the chair terminated the
meeting.

CUMBERBATCH lA' Co.,
Agents and Secretaries.

REPORT.

ACREAGE.

The acreage of the Company’s Estates for the year
1897 is as under ;—

Tee in bearing
Tea seed bearers
Tea not in bearing . .

Coffee . .

Cardamoms in bearing

Do. not in bearing

Total cultivated acreage
Forest and Fuel Plantations
Chena and Patna

Acres.

Acres.

430

6

145

.581

55

65

35

100

736

31

894

Grand Total .. 1,()61

The total quantity of tea secured during the year
was 158,919 lb., which has been sold at an average
of 51-34 cts. net per lb.

The total cardamoms picked amount to 7,872 lb.,
which heve been sold at an average of R2-22 per lb.

144 29-32nd bushels of coffee have been harvested
and realised R2, 163-60, or say 1115 per bushel.

The total expenditure amounts to R51, 489-03. The
balance available after providing for depreciation
amounts to R37,7l6-82, and the directors propose to
puy a dividend for the year at the rate of 10 per
cent absorbing R28,000 to place R9,12011 to credit
of extensions account, bringing|the amount at credit of
that account up to R17,000, and to carry forward
R596-71 to next account.

The wire tramway alluded to in the last report
has been erected and is working satisfactorily.

During 1897 it is proposed to plant 2C acres with tea.

The crops for 1897 are estimated as follows : —

190,000 lb. Tea
6,000 „ Cardamoms
225 bushels coffee (Dry cherry)

against an expenditure of R59,863.

The Directors have arranged with the Debenture
holders to increase the amount of debentures to
£7 000, reducing the interest from 7 per cent lo 6
per cent from 1st .January, 1897. The loan is fixed
for 5 years certain.

Of the Directors Mr. ,J. N. Campbell retires, but

(eligible for re-election.

An auditor for 1897 will have to bo appointed at
this meeting.

INDIAN TEA SALES.

(From William Moran <fc Co.'s Market Report.)

C.MX'UTTA, Feb. 17.

VirtuaUy the last auction of the season was held
on the 11th instant, when 11,978 packages were dis-
posed of.

The quality generally was poor, with the exception
of a few Assam invoices.

Colonial buyers took advantage of the lower prices
ruling, and a fair quantity was secured for those
markets.

Reuter's Telegrams, received since our last, report
as follows : —

Indian Tea : —

February 11th — Auctions. — “ Offered 40,000 packages.
Sold 34,000 packages. Generally good demand. Com-
mon to medium qualities very firm. Average price,
9ifd.'’

Total Tea passed through Calcutta from 1st April
to 15th February.

1896-97. 1895-96. 1894-95.

Great Britain
Foreign Europe
America
Asia

Australia

131,215,566

436,2.58

1,926,909

4,190,289

6,263,192

120,223,505

276,295

1.080,234

4,787,951

6,581,356

114,140,191

240,254

586,187

3,710,311

4,766,195

144,062,214 13-2,949,341 123,443,138

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

Tobacco. — In continuation of the discussion as
to the growth and preparation of tliis product
in Ceylon, we liave to thank “ J.M.” for his very
useful letter which will appear infour next i.ssue.
It is evident that if tea should begin to fait
us— s.ay in the older districts — of whicli there
is no sign as yob — we need not consider “ to-
bacco” as quite played out .in the bauds of
])lanters.

Cacao and Cinnamon in the Amboina
Islands. — In a paper read at the Colonial Mu-
seum at Haarlem on Dec. 12, 1896, and printed
in the Indische Mercuur of Jan. 30, 1897 : —

*' On the means of re.storing prosperity to and
developing the Amboina Islands,” the writer, G.
W. W. C. Baron van Hoevell, said (we translate
from the Dutch) : — “ I must draw attention to two
other cultures [besides coffee] for Serau, namely
cacao. and cinnamon. The first, at one time, tried
on the little island of Amboina, gave poor results,
and a number of extensive cacao gardens there have
been destroyed by a disease that caused the fruiti
to turn mouldy, blacken, and fall off before these
were ripe- This disease could now easily be warded
off, as a remedy was discovered later on to prevent
it : ginger root, planted round the stem, is an excellent
trap-plant ; and keeps away all diseases from the
tree. The case is different in Seran, where I have
seen at Awoya in the Elpahpoetih Bay plantations of
cacao that were thriving excellently and had
nothing to suffer from disease so far. The cultiva-
tion of cinnamon can also be recommended. I do
not mean that of cassia, the wild variety, which ii
met with so plentifully in the uplands of Padang,
but the true Ceylon cinnamon. I have seen speci-
mens of it in the Amboina residency, -which yielded
a cinnamon that, according to experts, did not de-
serve to be classed as inferior to the best Ceylon.”

(4LOSETS, Uriiials, Night Cominode.s, Stables,.

' Kennels, should be lightly dredged

(aftcM- cleansing) with (’ai.vert'.s 1.5 jier cent
Garholic Powder, to destroy bad odours and
to kill or kee]) away insects — ’i'he most effective
jirepar.-itioM. — In J Ih., lib. and 21b.- d red y ms, at
6d., Is.', & Is. 6il. each, from Gbemists ami Stores.

F. C. CALVEUTA Co., Manchester.

March i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

64$

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT,

{Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce).

Colombo, Mar. 2nd, 1897.

Exchange on London; Closing Rates, hank Selling
Rates:— On demand 1/2 15-16; 4 months’ sight 1/2 31-32;

6 months’ sight 1/3. •

Bank Buyinq Rates Credits 3 months sight 1/3
5-32; 6 months’ sight 1/3 7-32. Docts 3 months sight
1/3 3-16; 6 months’ sight l/3i , , .

Coffee.— Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot
per bus.,R16'75 to 16'75. Estate Crops in Parchment,
delivery no quotations. Plantation Estate Cortea,
f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. E85-00 to 85 00. Liberian
parchment on the spot per bushel, R7.00 to 7-00.
Garden and Chelty Coffee, f.o.b. per cwt. no quotaions.
Native Coffee f.o.b. per cwt. R65'00 Nominal.

'Jea. — Average Prices ruling du ring the week llroken
Pekoe, per lb. 45c. Pekoe per lb. 38c. Pekoe Sou-
chong per lb. 25c. ]Brokeu inixd and Dust, per lb.
20c. Averages of Wednesday’s sale. , ^ •

Cinchona Baek.— Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
per lb 03c. — 1 to 5%

C-ARDAMOMS.— per lb, R2-25

Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. R13‘o0 to 13 o0
Dealers’ oil per cwt. R12'75.— Coconut oil in ordinary
packages f.o.b. per ton R300 00.

CoriiA. — Per candy of 560 lb R45'00 to 45^

Coconut Cake :(Poonac)f.o.b. per ton, R75-00,

Cocoa. — Unpicked and uudried, per cwt. R42'00.

„ o I Kogaila no quotations

CoiK Yarn. Nos. 1 to 8 | Q^iiombo ,,

Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 61c. Scarce
Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 59c.

Ebony.— per ton No sales
Plumbago :— Large Lumps per ton, R310 j
Ordinary Lumps per ton, R260

do

Fine
qualities

Chips per ton, R120. Dust per ton, R90 (^scarce
Rice. — Soolye per bushel, ( R3'60 to 3’76
„ per bag, |B9'50 to 10 75
Pegu and Calcutta Caluuda R9’i5 to 11 00
Coast Calunda per bushel, R3'70 to 4.00
Muttusamba per bushel, R3 60 to R4T0.
Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel, R3 45 to 3'80.

Cargo.

Tea

Coconut Oil
Plumbago
Coconuts in bags
Other Cargo
Broken Stowage
SAILERS.
Coconut Oil
Plumbago

Freights.

Per tOD
London
per str.

O (J2

<D U
O'

CO .

o u

r—i

cfl

. ' a

43 <a

s s

<0

s-i 5
H

Mai

per

s. d.

s. d.

s. d.

IL c.

s. d

2bl

30/

22/6

25

20/

20/

20/6

, ,

22/6

25

njt)

22 6

25

20/

20/

22/6

25

20/

20/

• .

22/6

25

20/

10/

••

• ■

• •

••

..

30/

• •

, ,

••

28/9

• •

• •

• •

LOCAL MARKET.

Bv Mr. A. M. Chiltambalam, 7, BailheSt., Fort

Colombo, Mar, 3rd, 1897.
.Scarce per bushel
(Nominal) 1113'25 to 13'!50 do
RG.5-00to 66 '00 per cwt
RTO'OO to Tl'OO do
Bl'Z'oO per bushel (nominal)
R63'00 to 64 00 per cwt
Rl'75 to 2 per lb (nominal)
R20’00 to 32 CO per cwt do

Garden Parchment
Chetty do
Native Coffee Scarce
do f.o.b. do
Liberian Parchment,
do Coffee
Card.vmoms.—

Cocoa.— (nominal)
Rice.— Market is quiet
Kazla
Soolye
Callunda

Coast Callunda (Scai’ce)
Kara

(Scarce)

R9 to 9-50'
(Scarce)
3-50 to 3-60
3-25 to 3-37
3’50 to 3’75

per bag

per bu.shel
do
do

Copra. — Market steady
Kalpitiya
Marawila
Cart Copra
Poonac.— Gingelly
Chekku
Mill (retail)

Ebony. — quotations at
Satinwood.— cubic feet
Ualmilla.— do

R41 to 42 per candy
38 to 40 do

33 to 36 do

85 to 900 per ton
8-) to 85 do
70 to 75 do

RlOO to R195 (nominal)

2-00 to 2-25 do

1-25 to 1-50 do

KiTUL Fibre.— Quoted at R28 U0 per cwt (nominal)
Palmyra Fibre.— Quoted nominally:—

JaHna Black.— Cleaned (Scarce)

do Mixed R16-00 to 17 00 per cwt.

Indian do R7'00 to 9 '00 do

Do Cleaned lO'OO to 14‘00

Sapan Wood. — Quoted 45’00to50'00 per ton
Kerosine Oil— American 7 ‘50 to 7 •55 per case
no Bulk Russian 2'72 to 2’77 per tin
do Russian in Cases R5‘90 to 5'95per case
Kapok.— Cleaned f.o.b :— RiO’OO to 30'00 per cwt
do Uncleaned 8 '00 to 9 '00 do

Croton .Seed Scarce do

Nux \'omic.a 2'50 to 3'00 do

CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION
1896-97.

O

bC

c3

(M f-- (M (M

00 O O 0^

CM • CO CM O

CO ‘ <XJ

rjl I CO
CD a OS

cw w ^

OS ^ O
DI CO CO CO

CO lO lO
CS O
f-« CO
(M CO

to CD O l--

CD CO r-t 1-H

CO 00 O ITS

w — CO
O Ofc CS OO

o

o o o os

'^5

CMOOOO O O r-OO

•^oooo O O CCOO

l>.p-tOOr-< LO o r-^o

00 ITS uO • <M • • • . o

CO f-( • CQ • • • • pH

OS 00 CD
OS CO o-
■p?' rH CS C>

s

o

s

o_

ci

o

o

o

O

CO CD O <M
O I'- I ' CD
CD l>- ’"iJ'
r- — O
I'- X I** CO
(M ^

CO O X I'-
CO' OT CS iD
t>- tM CO CO
CD O O
CD ^ OS l-«»

oo

US

44

©•1 o

CD

Tfi t-- X CO
CD rH CS CO

t

OS •

©1 l-r *-0 W
OS O OS c©

US O CO o
C»S — I US X CO
(M <M -AT 1^
CO pH T-f t-« CO

<M X OI CD O <* X
CD OS O ^ CD X
. O CO •—> rH O
• CO CO X I'- f-> rti
OS r-( US tH CO
CO

CO US
X

u: X
X

X US ifs

CD O i-->

Tti I- r-<

OOO'MCOUSl'-OSCO
OiCOr-'CSCDXCOi-'
USXCOXX — CO<M<M

• rH CD ^ US (M CO

• OS rjl X rH OS

I'- rH

ID CD r>- o

CO CO CD US

f-H O) o
I"- X O CO
CO X c:
f-i (M <M Hj*
CO Tfi US (M

c

I ^

osH

CO CD (M
I-- CD (M
CO OS 01
OS rl I-*

1'-. I- CO

rH CO

■ O
i H

CS OS O US

lO CO O pr

1'- • (M rH

CM CS

i-H O

. . Tji

3=

o

O

CM — O U3

<M CS ©q oo

• C ! I'' O tcs

C o OS CS O rH

c3 I'p (M • ©1 rH

rH -aJ I rH •

CO X CD c*5
©1 US OS CO
X CO CQ i-f
©1 W ^ US

Muttusamba ---

Cinnamon.— Quoted Nos. 1 to 4, at 60c and Nos. land 2
63 cents per lb (nominal)

Chips. — 1185'00 to 87 '50

Coconuts.— Ordinary B32 to 37 per 1,000 (nominal)
do Selected 38 to 42 do do

Coconut Out.— 13-5 to 13'5o per cwt do

W

M

«

H

O

o

^ 3 I « I

O :

• CO US
C OS OS OS Os
X X X X

iH rH rH iH

o

650

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[March i, 1897,

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AMD NEW PRODUCTS.

• f From Lewis d' Peat's Fortaighthj Prices Ourrent, London, January ‘Jlth, 1897. J

QUALITY.

.QUOTATIONS.

ALOES, Soceotrine

Fair to tine drv

44s a 100s

Zanzibar A Hepatic

Common to good

11s a 76s

BEES’ WAX,

Zanzibar & ( White...

Good to fine

.£7 a £8

Bombay 1 Yellow...

Fair

£G a .£6 10s

Mtturitui.s & -Madagascar...

Dark to good palish .

£5 15s a £6 5/

CAMPHOR, China

Fail average quality ...

l!2s td

Japan

, . nom. . .

Clipped, bold, briglit,tine

117s Gd

CARDAMOMS, Malabar..

3s Id a 3s 2d

Ceylon.— Mysore

Middling, stalky & lean

2.S 9u a 2s lid

Fair to tine plump

4s a 4s 3d

Seels

3s lOd a 4s

„ Tellichcrry...

(iood to fin..

2s 9d a 3s Gd

Brownish

2s Gd a 3s

„ Long ...

Shelly to good

2s Gd a 2s 8d

,, Mangalore...

I’AtSTOH OIL, Calcutta. .

Med brown to good bold

4s 3d a 4s Gd

Ists and 2nds

cl 4.^(1

3^(1

Madras ..

CHI 1.1. IKS. Zanzibar ...

Dull to fine bright

20s a 37s 6d

CINCHONA BARK.—

Ceylon

Ledgeriana Chips

Id a 31d

Crown, Renewed . .

•2d a 4(d

Org. Stem

lid a 3d

Hybrid Root

2.(d a 2id

CINN AVlON.Ceylon Ists

Chip

Rd a 2d

Ordinary to fine quill...

lid a Is 7d

2iids

10^ d a Is fid

3rd-

lOd a Is 4d

4tlis

II II

Fair to good

9id a Is

Chips

2|d a 3M

CLOVES, Pemang

Dull to fine bright bold

4jd a Kkl

Amboyna

Dull to fine

5d a 4jd

Zanzibar I

Good and fine bright .

2,Jd a 2id

Stems

COCULU.S INUICUS .
COFFKE . •

Ceylon Plantation

Native
Liberian
COCOA, Ceylon

COLOMI30 ROOT

COIR ROPE, Ceylon ..

Cochin . .

FIBRE, Brush

Cochin ..
Stuftinf? ..
COIR YARN, teylon .

Cochin ..
do.

CROTON SEEDS, sifted...
CUTCH ••• -

«INUE1{, Bengal, rough
Calicut, Cut a
B & C
Cochin Rough...

Japan

QUM AMMOhllACUM ..
ANI.dl, Zanzibar...

Madagascar ...

ARABIC E. I. & Ad. n ...

Ghatti ..
Kurrachee . .

Madras

ASSAFCETIDA

KINO

MIKRH, picked ..

Aden sorts
OLIBANUM, drop ' ..

pickings

siftings

INDIARUBBEr, As.sani .

Rangoon

Borneo

I'oicmon <1 1 ll to

Fair

Fair

fair

Bold to fine bold cotory
Middling to tine mid
Lowmiii. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary
Small to bold
Bold to fine bold
Medium and fair
Triage to ordinary
Fair to good

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to tine long .straight
Ordinary to good clean
Common to tine
Common to superior ..

., ,. very tine ...

Roping, fair to good ...
Fair to good
Fair to tine dry
Fair

Good to tine bold
.Small and medium
Common to line bold ..
Small and D’s
Unsolit

Sni. blocky to fine clean
Picked tine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
Med. A bold glassy sorts
Fair to good palish
., red
Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to tine pale ...
Good and fine pale
Reddish to pale selected
Dark to tine pale
Clean fr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine bright
Fair to tine pale
Middling to good
Good to fine white ...
Middling to fair
Low to good p.vle
.Sligiitly foul to fine ...
(food to tine
Common to foul & mxd.
Fair to good clean
Common to tine

-d a 2id

Id

Ss

llSs a 123s
nOsa 114s
lUOs a 103s
92s a 90s
70s a 30s
35s a 80s
05s Gd a 75s
.05s a U2s
30s a 50s
25s a 27s

nominal
£10a.Ul
CIO a C21
CIO a ,C22
C5 a .CO lOs
Cl 2 a C20 lOs
C12 a C34
£11 10s a £15
80s a 82s
Os 3d a 32s 6d
I5s 6d
70s a 8.5s
32s a 67s Gd
7s a 32s ( d
lO.s a 25s
15s

17s a 3Gs Gd
CIO 7s Od a £13
C7 17/0 a£10 lOs
70s a £7 12/6
C5 10s a ,£7 10s
90s a 137s Gd
£4 8s a £0 15s
£4 6s a £9
50s a GOs
25s a GOs
55s a 00s
35s a 45s
37s Od a 45s
40s a 80s
30s a 37s
C45 a £55
80s a 90s
33s a 05s
34s a 00s
20s a 31s
11s a 12s Od
9s Od a 1 ts
Is lOd a 2s 4d
3d a Is Gd
Is 4d a 2s Id
Is a Is 8d

INDIARUBBER, (Contd).
Java, Sing. & Penang

f

Mozambique

Madagascar
INDIGO, E.I.

MACE, Bombay, & Penang

MYRABOLANES, Madras
Bombay ..

Bengal ..

NUTMEGS—

Bombay <fc Penang

NUTS, ARECA
NUX VOMICA. Bombay
Mivlras

OIL OF ANISEED
CASSIA
LEMONGRASS
NUTMEG
CINNAMON
CITRON ELLE
ORCIIELLA WEED—
Ceylon
Zanzibar.

PEPPER - (Black)—

Alleppee & Tellichcrry
Singapore

Acheen & W. C. Penang
PLUMBAGO, lump

chip.s

dust

SAFFLOWER

UUALIl Y.

Foul to good clean .. Is 3d a 2s 3d
Good to fine Ball .. 2s 2d a 2s Gd
Ordinary to fair Ball Is 2d a 2s Rd
Low sandy Ball . lOd a Is Id
Sausage, fair to good Is4da2s Sjd
Liver and livery Ball... Is S^d a 2s Ijd
Fr to fine pinky & white Is lid a 2s 5d
Fair to good black .. Is 3d a Is lOd
Niggers, low to good . lOd a Is 5d
Bengal --

.Shipping mid togd violet 4s 4d a 5s Id
Consuming mid. to gd. 3s 4d a 4s Id
Ordinary to mid. good 2s Sd a 3s 2d
Mid. to good Kurpah... 2s a 2s lOd
Low to ordinary .. Is3dalslld
Mid. to good Madras . Is 4d a 2s Gd
Pale reddish to fine .. Is 7d a 2s 9d
Ordinary to fair .. Is 2d a Is Gd

Chips and dark lid a Is Id

Dark to tine pale UG ..;3s 9d a 5s Gd

QUOTATIONS-

Fair Coast
Jubblepore
Bhimlies
Rhajpore &c.

Calcutta
64’s to 57’s
11-2’s to G7’s
160’s to 130’s
Ordinary to fair fresh .
Ordinary to middling...
Fair to good bold fresh _..
.Small ordinary and fair
F’air merchantable
According to analysis..
Good flavour & colour..

SANDAL WOOD—

Bombay, Logs
Chips
Madras, Logs
Chips

SAPAN WOOD, Bombay
Madras
Manila
.Siam

SEEDLAC
SENNA, Tinnevelly

4s 9d
5s a 7s
4s 3d a 8s Gd
4s Gd a 5s
4s a Gs
3s a 3s 2d
Is Id a -2s lid
9d a Is
12s a 14s
4s Gd a 6s
6s a 7s Gd
4s Gda 7s
6s Vi<\ a 6s 9d
6s Gd a 9s
2Jd

3jd a 4d
4d a Is 3d
Is Qd a Is 2d

10s a 12s Gd
lOs a 20s
15s a 17s Gd

lJing:y to white
Ordinary to fair sweet..

Bright A good flavour .

Mid. to fine not woody .

Picked ciean fiat leaf ..
wiry Mozambique

Fair to bold heavy .. -Sd a 2Jd

Fair -i22f32d

Dull to fine 2 ll-16d

Fair to tine bright bold l-’S a 17s Gd
.Middling to good small
Dull to tine bright
Ordinary to fine bright ;

Good to fine pinky
Middiing to fair
Inferior and pickings

SHELLS, M. o'PEARn-
Bombay ..

Mussel

TAMARINDS, Calcutta
Madras ,

TORTOISESHELL—

Zanzibar and Bombr*y

TURMERIC, Bengal ...
Madias
Do.

Do.

Cochin

VANILLOES—

Mauritius ivml I
Bourbon ... L 2nds
Sevchelles Jrds

VERMILION

WAX, Japan, squares'

Fair to fine flavour

Fair to good flavour
Inferior to fine
Lean to good
Good average
) Rough & rooty to good
1 bold smooth
Ord. dusty to gd. soluble
Good to fine bold green
Fair middling medium
Common dark and small

3s Gd a 13s
is Gd a 8s Od
2s a 6s
85s a 90s
80s

GOs a 65s

Bold and A’s

D’s and B’s

Small

Small to bold
Mid. to fine bl’k not stony
Stony and inferior

Small to bold dark
mottle part heavy
Fair

Finger fair to fine bold
.■Mixed inidlng. (bright
Bulbs
Finger

Bulbs

(id. crysallized 31 a 9 in. m-"* bd u 33a
Foxy & reddish 4J a 8 ,, 1^** ‘-52.S

Lean and inferior .. 10s a 16s
Fine, pure, bright ... ’-l-’i 4id

Good white hard m

£30 a £50
5s a £3
£30 a £50
£4 a £8
£4 a £5

£4 a £5 nom.
£4 lOs a £5 15*
£6 a £7
70s a 80s
4d a 8d
■2.id a 4^d
Id a 2d

£i 17s Gd a £5
£4 12s Ga£41is
85s

21s a 57s ed
9s

6s a 7s

I7s a 21s 6d

8s Gd a Os
11s Gda 12s
10s Gd
8s a 9s
10s

7s Gd a 8s

aril El

AGRICULTURSL mSGSZinG,

COLOMBO.

Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRIGULTU RISTT

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazim
for March : —

Vol. VIIL] MARCH, 1897. [No. 9.

SEASON KEPORTS POR JANUARY, 1897.

EST ERN PRO VINCE.— liaha
padilj' harvest has begun. No dry
grain cultivation worth noting.
Fruits and vegetables scarce
generally except in the Colombo
district, wliere the supply was
good and prices moderate. Rainfall light.
Harvest prospects may Jbe said to be generally
fair.

Central Province. — Maha paddy nearing matu-
rity in most parts, prospects fair. Dry grain crops
fair. Indian corn and Rurrakkan cultivation
very satisfactory in Walapane. Health of cattle
good. Rain fell in most parts excepting Udunu-
wara, fall registered in Matale, 3'95 in.

Northern Province. — Paddy crops being har-
vested, prospects good. Dry grain crops satis-
factory ; out-turn in Mannar below average owing
to damage by floods. Rain more or less general :
in Jaffna, '82 in., in Mannar ‘72 in. Murrain re-
ported to have broken out at Ralvilan, in Tunukkai
division.

Southern Province. — Only a middling paddy har-
vest is to be expected. Vegetables in Galle dis-
trict scarce. Rainfall in Galle, l'o6 in.

Eastern Province. — Paddy much damaged by
flood in Batticaloa district, in Trincomalee dis-
trict thriving in nearly all parts. Dry grain crops
also suffered from the same cause. Fair pros-
pects of Tobacco in Trincomalee district. Rain-
fall in Batticaloa 10 in., in Trincomalee 1116.

North- Ji estern Province. — In the Kurunegala
district paddy and dry grain prospects good,
health of cattle good, except in Dambadenni Hat-
pattu and Ivatugampola where murrain has been
reported. Prospects of grain crops good in Putta-
1am district. Rainfall in Puttalam 1'20 in. Reap-
ing of maha in Chilaw district where rain has
done some damage.

North-Central Province.— crop in various
stages, good harvest expected ' throughout the

Province. The severe murrain of last year causes
great scarcity of buffaloes for agricultural work,
Rainfall at .\nuradhapura 6'92 in. A few cases of
murrain in Ivalagampalata.

Province of TJva. — Yala harve.st in progress,
yield good. Preparations for maha crop going
on, but delayed — some fields being abandoned —
owing to floods. Indian corn and Kurrakkan ripe
and ready for harvest. Fruits and vegetables
plentiful and cheap.

Province of Sabargamuwa. — In Ratnapura dis-
tricts paddy promising, though rain has caused
damige in some i^arts. Fine grain prospects
good. Preparations going on for Yala paddy and
dry grain. In ivegalle district, maha jiaddy being
harvested and yield very good. Dry grain crops
satisfactory. Rainfall registered at Ainbanpitiya
2’.34 (on three days), at Ruanwella 2-31 (on three
days).

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OP

AGRICULTURE

DURING

THE MONTH

OF FEBRUARY,

1897.

1

iMonday

Nil

18

Thursday . .

•18

2

Tuesday

Nil

19

Friday

Nil

3

Wednesday . .

Nil

20

Saturday

Nil

4

T;;iir.‘!day

Nil

21

Sunday

Nil

o

Friday

Nil

22

Monday

Nil

6

Saturday

Nil

23

Tue.sday

•51

7

Sunday

Nil

24

W ednesday . .

Nil

8

Monday

•15

25

Thursday . .

mi

9

Tuesday

Nil

26

Friday

Nil

10

Wednesday .

1 do

27

Saturday

Nil

11

Thursday

■05

28

Sunday

Nil

12

Friday

Nil

1

Monday

Nil

13

Saturday

•05

14

Sunday

■06

Total.

.2-80

15

Monday

•25

Mean . .

•10

16

Tuesday

Nil

17

Wednesday ..

Nil

Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours —
on the 10th U'ednesday,' inches I ’So.

Hecorde.l by A. K. Jkuf..miah,

652

Supplement to the ^'Tropical Agriculturistr [March 1, 1897.

THE USE OF THE LACTOMETER.

It cannot be denied that the lactometer is a
very convenient and handy instrument to use in
the testing of milk, hut we would iuipress upon
those who pin their faith to it, the necessity for
making sure that tlie instrument they employ
is correctly graduated, hy verifying its readings,
first, by using it with pure water reduced hy ice
to 60° F., and next with milk cooled down to the
same temperature. In the former case the lac-
tometer, if correctly graduated, should stand at
the 0 mark, and in the latter at 30 or 1030 as
the instrument is marked.

Hr. Wanklyn, the well-known chemist, speaks
strongly against the lactometer in his work on milk
analysis. He says that in some manuals intended
for the guidance of medical officers of health the use
of the lactometer is recommended — one of them
in particular hy Dr. Edward Smith claiming a
sort of pseudo-Government sanction for its use,
and commending it as being for milk what the
hydrometer is for alcoholic fluids. “ But,” to
quote Dr. Wanklyn’s own words, “ although it
is so very popular, and although it lias been so
implicitly trusted, the lactometer is a most un-
trustworthy instrument. Thei-e hardly ever was
an instrument which has so utterly failed as the
lactometer. It confounds together milk which
is exceptionally rich with milk which has been
largely watered.” The same writer makes refer-
ence to a prison not far from London where the
prison authorities are very particular about their
gupply of milk. They allow no milk to enter the
pruson unless it comes to the M mark on the lacto-
meter, which the milk purveyor reaches hy
flcimminy the milk.

Taking the specific gravity of pure milk to he
1030 (which should correctly be written 1'030) at
00" F., an easy way of making the neces.sary
correction for the reading of the lactometer at
tropical temperatures is to add 4 to the reading
at 85° F. and to add 5 to the reading at 90° F.
In Ceylon the lactometer should always be used
in conjunction with the thermometer. If the
temperature of the milk be found to be 85° and
the reading of the lactometer is 1026, the inference
would be that the milk is of the be.st quality
since a specific gravity of 1026 at 85° I', is equiva-
lent to 1030 at 60° F. Indeed a lower speci-
fic gravity than 1026 at 80° F. need not convey
the idea that the milk has been watered, par-
ticularly when it is borne in mind how simple a
matter it is to raise the specific gravity either
by adding foreign matter or hj' ahstmctiny cream.
(5i.B.— Let it further be remembered that milk
abnormally rich in cream shows a specific gra-
vity below the normal.)

But let no believer in the lactometer imagine
for a moment that because an instrument is
purchased from this or that store, it is therefore
correctly graduateil. Indeed, it is quite a com-
mon experience to find lactometers from where-
soever purchased, incorrect by 2 or 3 mark-
ings for which due allowance has to be made.
Let this error be discovered by testing the lacto-
meter with water at 60° F. We have known the
same n.ilk tested in one establishment to show
a difference of nearly 10 in specific gravity when
testcd'ut another.

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

It must be gratifying to those connected with
the Agricultural College in Madras to find how
willing both the Government and the represen-
tatives of the jmblic are to help on their work.
The late discus.sion in the Legislative Council
there shows that the Agricultural College is not
being supported merely because it is a Govern-
ment institution, but because the Council was
convinced of its duty to do all in its power to
further the interests of the agricultural classes
in the Presidency, and give the greatest possible
support to the institution which is working for
those interests. Indeed, it would have been a
reproach in this XlXth century to even the
Government of the “ benighted presidency ” if it
confessed its unwillingness to forward the cause
of agricultural education in India.

Those who know the history of agricultural
education and reform in England will have some
knowledge of the difficult and discouraging nature
and the snail-like progress of that work. India is
going through the same experience, and she is
content to struggle on and persevere in lier efforts.
Is little Ceylon, then, grandiloquently termed tlie
first of Crown Colonies, to be the last in the race
for agricultural reform ? And it too an eminently
agricultural colony ?

The spirit in which tlie discussion in the
Madras Council was carried on might well be emu-
lated hy any body of senators, for while the sub-
ject was thoroughly threshed out for the benefit
of those who asked for information, there was no
wild talk on the one hand and no tendency
to suppression of facts on the other. In the
absence of these latter unfortunate circumstance
the result of deliberation and discussion was
what was to be expected, viz., sound common-
sense and truth, and in the end these prevailed.

A planting correspondent in writing to us en-
quiring where he could get“ Homco” manure, and
expressing his desire to get two tons of it, says :
“ It made my cocoa and orange trees jiini}) !”

The number of applications for admission into
the Colombo School of .\griculture have increased
apprecialily this year.

The Final Examination of the Forests Students
took place on the 15th February and the follow-
ing days. The results have not been announced
as yet.

The Entrance Examination for candidates seek-
ing admission into the Forestry School was held on
the same days. Seven candidates presented
themselves. Tlie three first who passed were in
order of merit — Richard de Silva, Lucas Mendis,
and M. A. Fernando.

In November last the highest rainfall for the
month (according to the Survej’or-General's re-
turn) was that recorded at Digulla, Awisawella
viz., 34‘8i)in., the rainfall at Sognma, I’nssellawa,
running this close with 3I'(i3. The lowest re-

M\rch I, 1897,]

Supplement tn the '•'Tropical Agriculturists

653

corded rainfall was at Hainbantota, viz., 6‘08 in.
The heaviest rainfall on any one day was that
recorded onHorakelle Estate, CHlaw, viz., 9T5 in.

In December the highe.st rainfall for the month
(according to the Director of Diiblic Works’ re-
turn) was at Itukarn in the Eastern Province,
viz., 57’84 in., and the lowest at Tangalla, viz., .5'47
in. ; while tlie heaviest rainfall on any single day
was that recorded at Diickwari, in tlie Central
Province, viz , 12 '32 in.

JADOO FIBRE.

AVe are glad to be able to announce the receipt
of a quantity of Jadoo fibre, in pre.ssed bales, from
E.veter, the headquarters of the .Tadoo Company,
Limited. In our last issue we e.xpressed our
willingness to forward small quantities to those
who may wish to give a trial to this new and
highly-spoken-of growing medium. The price of
the Jadoo fibre per 60 bushels (about one ton) is
£5 -10. F. O. B. London, Liverpool, or South-
ampton. The following are some directions for
the use of the fibre

Always use the J idoo in a moist condition.

I he Sowing of both lea and Coffee in Jadoo
should be carried out exactly the same as in earth ;
put a small quantity of Jadoo into the trench,
making a layer about three inches deep, sow the
seed in it, and cover lightly with earth. A three-
bushel sack of Jadoo should be sufficient for
450 plants in this way, and can be used again and
again for fresh sowings.

For growing “ supplies” of Tea or Coffee in
baskets — one-half Jadoo should be used, and this
should be placed at bottom of the basket.

For old Coffee or Tea Plante. — Scrape away
carefully about three inches of earth round the
tree, and mi.x the earth so removed with about f
peck of Jadoo, replace it and cover over with
leaves, &a, so as to retain the moisture in the
Jadoo. The same treatment should be adopted
for Oranges and Mangoes, in every ca.se taking
care that there is a sufficient covering of earth or
leaves to retain the moisture in the Jadoo. Where
Coffee is not grown on the “ supplies” system, a
very small quantity of Jadoo should be placed in
the holes in which the Coffee seedlings are
planted. This will bring them to maturity
sooner and make the trees healthier.

For Sugar Cane. — A small quantity should be
put at the bottom of the holes in which Sugar
Cane cuttings are inserted, thus ensuring the
striking of the cane, stimulating root action, and
retaining moisture around the roots during the dry
season. A handful of Jadoo round the cutting is
all that is needed, as it is not wanted as a manure,
but simply to encourage formation of roots.

Sugar Cane has been rooted strongly in Jadoo
in 10 days.

For Indigo. — A very small quantity of Jadoo
Fibre, placed at the bottom of the drills in which
Indigo is sown, will have a marked effect on the
crop.

For Tobacco it will be found invaluable, both
for forming beds to sow into, and also when the
young plants are transplanted to permanent po.si-
tions.

For potting foliage and flowering plants Jadoo
fibre is highly recommended. The fibre should be
pre.ssed tightly round the roots of the plant. As
bought, it is said to have sufficient in it to be fit
for use, but if it has become dry it should be
moistured slightlj' before using ; in any ca.se the
plant should be watered directly after potting.
Afterwards care should he taken not to over-
water. Plants growing in earth can, it is said, be
transi)lanted into Jadoo fibre without much risk.
To do this successfully it is recommended that the
plants should be kept drj’ for 24 hours so that the
earth will come off easily from the roots which
should, after the plant is taken out, be plunged
into tepid water and gently moved about until the
earth is all washed off. Care should, of course,
be taken not to injure the roots. The new pot
should be filled to one-third its capacity with the
damp fibre, and the roots of the plant to be grown
spread out on it, while the rest of the fibre should
be pressed down on the top of them so as to com-
pletely fill the pot. The plant should be shaded
at first and gradually exposed to sun and air.

Jadoo fibre has the advantages of being a clean
substance, of being able to retain moisture, and
supply the plants grown in it with nutriment;
and it is further stated of it that it gives a
better colour to flowers, and a richer and deeper
texture to the foliage, causing the marking
on leaves to come out clearer.

We have been supplied with a number of copies
of testimonials as to the value of Jadoo fibre in
rai.sing coffee, tea, cocoa and orange seedlings.
To some of our subscribers interested in the new
growing medium, we were able to forward leaf-
lets containing testimonials and other infor-
mation regarding the fibre, with the lastbssueof
the Agricultural Magazine.

We should conclude this notice by e.xtracting a
passage from Col. Halford Thompson’s lecture on
Jadoo Fibre at the People’s Palace, which refers
to the manufacture of the substance : —

“ The foundatioti of it is what is known as ‘ peat
moss’ which is exceedingly spongy and capable
of absorbing into its compo.sitiou any chemicals
into which one may wish to impregnate it. The
peat moss is boiled with certain chemicals. The
exact nature of these chemicals I will not

allude to in this lecture, but it is

sufficient to say that in the composition of Jadoo,
every chemical element is present that under any
circumstances is required for plant food, and to
ensure the thorough amalgamation and decom-
position of these chemicals the fibre is fermented
in a particular way after the boiling process is
completed. It is on the careful carrying out of
this fermentation, and checking it at a certain
point, that the success of Jadoo depends.”

We cai\ only hope that those who try the
fibre will find that it pos.sesses all the valuable and
useful properties claimed for it.

HEPATITIS (LIVER DISEASE) IN (JATTI/':—
(A SO-UALLED OBSCURE DISEASE).

In the January number of the “ -Vgricultural
Magazine’’ a note is pul)lished on a little known
disease among cattle ; it runs : “ A curious form
of disease about which practically nothing is
known occurs among stock in Ceylon. Among the

G54

SuppJp.DV'nt Vt thi' “ Tropical Af/ricuKurriftlT [Ma.rCH I, 181)7.

Symptoms live increased respiration. -a darkening of
he colour of the coat, either completely or in
patches (while the hair of the coat at the same
time tends to become lonp , am\ in milch cuttle
of milk.' The uhove ure no doubt some of
tlie principal .symptoms that are seen and ob-
serveil at a glance. However, the writer has had
Oppovtunities of e.vamining animals said to be
suffering from the comjdaint noted above and some
of the identical animals from which the above
particulars have been gathered. In addition to
these principal symptoms, one also ob.«erves a
slight abdominal ilistention in the affected
animahs, yellowi.ih tinted mucous membranes, and
altered dung. The animal is sluggish and dull
and the jmlse is very weak. From these and
other .symptoms it is evident that the animals
•suff’er from a liver complaint and that no other
than inllammation of the liver (Hepatitis).

The reason of this disease being described as
a “ new form of desease” is that as liver desease
is somewhat rare in cattle, it is only seldom one
gets the chance to study it, nidess it be in a
tropical country. Steele, in his admirable work on
the diseases of cattle, writes as follows under
hepatitis, : — It is sometimes seen in high-bred
animals fed with an exces.'ive amount of highly
stimulating food associated with want of exer-
cise. It is most prevalent in hot weather. It
is also iittiilmti'd to changes of temperature and
of food, as Well as to exjiosim' of various kinds.’’
Jsow the (iovernment dairy cows that suffered
from this complaint were well-bred animals
(comparatively', were fed with a large amount
of stimulating food, and had very little exercise ;
for, the Sind cows that were brought down to
the Government Dairy, were in their native land
not fed with stimulating food, and, with the
cattle bn‘eder.-< of th .t di-:ricl, it is the invariable
])i'actice to allow llieir animals a deal of exeicise
so 1 hat they had to cover miles and miles of ground
daily in their pa.stures. It is the same case with
the Soutli Indian cows that get affected with
the complaint at the Government Dairy. They
are bought off a cattle-dealer, w ho brings them
from the interior of .Southern India, where
there is not jilentiful pasturage and where the
animals daily have to cover a large area of ground
in picking uji their foixl. These lue brought to
Colombo and the dealer keejis them in his stalls
and feeds them up with stimulating food
to bring them in condition, We have also
the authority of Professor Gamjee to account for
numbers of animals getting affected at the same
time ; the Professor cites in-tances where hepati-
tis had a.'sumed alrno.-t ejiizootic forms in hot
climates. ,So far then all the causes that lead to
hepatitis were found in this particular instance,
and we will also see presentlj' that the symptoms
of hepatitis were present in the dairy cows that
were affected with this “ curious form of disease.”
I’rofessor .Steele, in de.scribing the .symptoms of
the di.sea.'-e, .'^ay.s that “ yedowness of the visible
nuicoLis memlii’anes and of ( he skin is considered
dingncsiic ol liver disease but it is not alwai/s .so.

a certain amount of abdominal disten-
sion is observed, the bowel.® are tm-pid and fieces
dry, .scanty amJ of a chocolate cclour, milk is
scanty, skin is harsh starinp and coated with a
yellowish brownij matter, the respiration is some-

what impeded and the pulse is soft, weak and
frequent. Lameness of the right fore limb has not
yet been observed in cases of this kind in the o.r.
The animal is very dull." Almost all the above
symptoms were present in the affected animals.
Impeded respiration, darkened coat, hair tending to
become long (staring coat), loss of milk, the gene-
ral symptoms observed by even a casual observer,
are .symptoms of hepatitis.

Those who are acustomed to a deal of theory
without much of its practical application would,
no doubt, be disappointed to find two of the so-
c.illed patent symptoms in liver disease, yellow-
ness of the visible mucous membranes and the
skin, and lameness of the right fore limb, absent
in the di.sease wdiich affected the animals
in question, and hence the idea of liver disease
might have entirely escaped them, but what does
Steele say under the very disease Hepatitis :
Yellowness of the mucous membranes and of the
skin is considered diagnostic of liver disease, but
it is not always so. Lameness of the right fore limb
Jus not yet been observed in cases of this kind in
the o.r.

So then this curious form of disease was nothing
else than hepatitis, and Professor Wallace, with hi.s
well-trained practical eye, detected the cause
without even being acquainted with the history
of the cases.

The writer had no difficulty whatever in pro-
nouncing the cases to be hepatitis on their very
first appearance and it well worth testing that
opinion by adopting the treatment for the disease
in even a few cases. It may be mentioned that
such drugs as dilute hydrochloric Acid, Ammonia
Chloride, Magnesium .Sulphate and Ipecachuana
answer well in affections of the liver in domestic
animals in warm climates.

W. A. D. S.

THE COCONUT PALM.

In an account of the coconut palm Dr. George
Watt gives the following instructions as to its
cultivation in his Dictionary of the Economic Pro-
ducts of India : —

Sowing. — Ripe nuts, carefully collected, should
alone be employed, and for this purpo.se they ure
usually gathered from February to May. Seed
from very young or very old trees should be avoid-
ed. After having been kept for a month to six
weeks they should be planted. This may take
place in January to April, or again in August,
provided the rains are not heavy. The seed bed.s
should be dug 2 feet deep and the nuts planted
1 foot apart. The nuts should be laid on then,
leaving 2 inches of their surface expo.sed. .\shes,
or ashes and salt, should be freely placed in the
trenches; these act both as a manure and us a
preventative against insects. The seed-bed thus
prepared should be kept moist, but not soaked.
The germinated seeds may be transiilanted when
they are in their second to their sixth or even
twelth month. In the Godaveri district they are
placed ill their permanent jiositions when three
to four years old. In damp localities the tran.s-
])liinting may be done in the hot season, other-
\\ise during the rains.

TuAN.siM.VN'i'iNa. — The siellings should lut be
put out in the plantalion, pits j2 yards apart

MaPvCH 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Iropiertl Agricnltnrht, ”

6.0.9

having been prepared for them. In rich soils the
pits m.ay be small, but in poor soils 1 to 2 yards
wide and 2 to 3 feet deep. In cold clay soils these
pits sliould be ^lled with sand. In marshy land
walls should be constructed round them. Ashes
are often recommended to be freely mi.xed with
the prepared soil to he put into the as this
is supposed to prevent the attacks oi l he beetles
that prove so destructive to the tree.'. Cultiva-
tion of turmeric, arrowroot &c. in t lie pits, along
with coconuts is believed to be beneficial. Tlie
soil round the seedlings is also often kept damp
by a bed of leaves, particularly such as will not
encourage, but rather check, the approach of ants
into the prepared soil. If the soil be natiuailly
poor, salt, ashes, paddy-straw, fish manure, goat’s
dung, and dry manure may be added during tlie
first year.

Treatment of Plantation. — By the end of
the first year the normal leaves will begin to
form, and at this stage the soil around the plants
should be dre.ssed and ashes added. Every suc-
ceeding year the ground should be opened out
and manured about the close of the rains. By the
fourth year the stem begins to appear and has
about 12 leaves ; it is distinctly visible by the
fifth year, when the tree has about 24 leaves.
The spathes commence to be formed by the sixth
year, and the stem is then 1 to 2 feet above the
ground, but in e.xceptionally favourable climates
and .soils it may be three or four times tliat height.
The first few spathes do not form fruits, but bye-
and-bye they begin to do so, and in three or four
more years the tree is in full bearing. Dr. Shortt
says that in good soils and if watered the coco-
nut begins to jdeld in the fifth year, but in poor
soils and if not watered they only commence to
yield in the seventh or not till the tentti year.
About si.x months after flowering the fruits set,
and by the end of the year they are fully ripe.

Coconut palms may be easily transplanted, and
indeed often with advantags. Some of the fibrous
roots should be cut away, and manure, together
with a little salt, placed in the pit in which it is
intended to plant tiie tree.

As a rule, the coconut throws out a spathe and a
leaf every month; each flowering spike yields from
10 to 2.') nuts. The produce of a tree in full
health and properly tended may be from oO to 120
and even 200 mils a year, the yield depending
greatly, of course, on the suitability of the cli-
mate and soil for coconut cultivation ; a safe
average would be 100 nuts a year to each tree in
full bearing. The coconut will continue to bear
for 70 or 80 j-ears-

NOTE ON LAG BY M. RIDLEY, Esq.,
SUPERINTENDENT OF HORTICULTURAL
GARDENS, LUCKNOW.

Regarding the statement conimonly made, and
as generally believed, that “ iflac is not removed
from trees it will in time destroy the tree.<,’’ 1
have practically demonstrated aiuf proved in the
most conclusive way that the above theory is in-
correct and entirely at variance with fucL When
I first came here, 23 years ago, the matter then
came under my notice ; many large trees in the

Wingfield Park, Residency Ground.^ and the station
avenues were badly infested with lac, and the plan
then in vogue wa.s to sell the lac to contractors,
who in collecting it denuded the trees to a most
objectionable extent. Tlii.s led me to think of
some way or means of keeping tlie tiee.s clear of
the pest. A Forest ofiicer informed me that this
could be done by lopping off all tlie leading
branches and afterwards stripping the branches
and stems of all leaves and twigs, the object being
to divest the trees of all infected parts and to re-
move all trees of the lac insect and so prevent its
breaking out on and spreading over the trees so
treated again.

I adopted this plan with one or two tree.s in the
Wingfield Park, but found it ineffectual, as on the
new branches ana shoots which were developed lac
again appeared as bad a.s before. This plan proved
an entire failure to protect or keep trees clear
of lac.

I then decided to stop lac collecting on a few
trees, to test and prove the theory about its des-
troying the trees. The result of this experiment
was that after a time the lac all disajipeare.l and
the trees in a sliort period recovered from the
effects of the lac and became perfectly clean and
healthy again. This is absolute fact, and I can
show numerous large peepul and pakar trees
which at one time were so infected with lac as to
be most unsightly objects, now entirely free from
the pest and the trees healthy and vigorous.

On the representation I made to NIr. Boys, when
Deputy Commissioner here, he passed Im order
prohibiting the sale of lac from trees in the sta-
tion, and since then 1 believe no lac has been col-
lected from trees on avenues and groves in Luck-
now ; certainly none has been collected from any
of the gardens or other public grounds in my
charge, and there has been no loss of trees in con-
sequence.

For some years there has not been mueli I.ic mi
trees iuLucknowg at least on tl.ose under mv imme-
diate observation ; but whether this decrease of
lac pest is due to collecting being prohibited or
to the seasons not favouring its spread J am not
prepared to pronounce an opinion, but the fact
remains that it has been much less in evidence for
the past five or six years than it was for many
preceding years.

I have often been told that the lac gatherers ino-
culate trees to spread and propagate lac. The re-
sults here rather favour tliat statement. Prohibi-
tion may have shown them that they gain nothing
by spreading it, and this may lune led them to
cease inoculating trees ; but on this point conclu-
sive and certain evidence is not forthcoming.

1 most decidedly do consider that trees are in-
jured by the wmy lac is generally collected, owing
to the removal of such a large portion of the
young twiggy growth of the trees.

Near and in towns the object of this free
removal of twigs is two-fold: one, to obtain as much
lac as possible, the other, to make money by selling
the tvNigs for firewood. If proper and efficient
supervision could be provi ed, lac might be
removed to some extent by collecting dead twi>/s
and a small proportion of tlie finer ones. The
trees wmuld not suffer to any appreciable degree if
collecting was done in this svuy ; but, L the
necessary supervision toensurethis is not available,

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

[March I, 1807,

GoG

prohibition is, in my opinion, the only safe
method to follow.

The theory mentioned at the beginning of this
note comes no doubt from pe sous interested in
lac and is a purely sellidi one.

Others have accepted it from want of evidence
to Combat it, and .so it has come to be very gener-
ally accepted as fact. For this reason it woukl
probably be useful to circulate the facts and e.vpe-
rience given in this note.

M. RIDLFY,

Siiperiatendent Government Gardens, iMchnow.

6th June 1896.

[In Ceylon we have a number of lac-produc-
ing trees, among which are the two mentioned in
the above note, viz., I’eepul {Ficus religiosa),
Sin. Bo ; Fakar (Ficus infectoria) Sin. ivalaha.l —
Fn. A.M.

MIMv AND iMlLiv I’liODUCTS.

By Mr. Jame.s Mor.i.isov,
Superintendent of Farms, liombay.

{ Continued.)

The butter is luw suliieieuily washed to be re-
moved from the churn to the butter-worker by
means of two wooden scoops. The butter-worker
is a simple arrangement, whei’eby, iu a wooden
trough, a grooved roller kneads the butter com-
pletely free of butter-milk. The l)utter-milk es-
capes down the iucliued plane wliich forms the
floor of the trough, and runs through a tap hole to
a ve.ssel placed to catch it below.

When thoroughly worked, the butter is iu a
condition to be made up into marketable form.
By the use of “ Scotch hands” and wooden butter
prints or moulds, it can be made up at once into
pats for immediate sale. If it is necessary to keep
the butter any time, it should be preserved with
salt. One per cent, salt is sullicieut to presen e
butter in good condition for a few weeks, whilst 3
to 4 per cent, will keep it good for months.

Fine table salt shouM be used. Before it is
mixed with the butter it should be powdered very
fine with the roller (an empty buttle does very
well for the purpose). The salt should be mi.xed
with the butter by thorough working on the
butter-worker, a little .salt being sprinkled each
time the butter is kneaded by the butter-worker.
1 have proved that butter preserved iu this man-
ner, if packed tight iti earthenwuire ‘‘ crocks” with
tight-fitting lids, will, iu a comparatively cool
place, keep good for mouths. Moreover, when
required for use, the butter could be washed almost
free of salt by the free use of pure cold water and
of the butter-worker. Improved dairy machinery
is de.signed with the object ot making it unne-
cessary for the dairyman to touch with the hands,
either milk, cream or butter, which, iu India, is a
point of sigt.ificant importance.

The ordinary method of hastening the ripening
of cream is to add to it a little sour milk which,
how'ever, must be clean and free from any foreign
taint or flavour.

Butler should b{‘ nnob; in India in the early
morning w hen I he dairy is cool.

Ripe cream Indore it is churned should be
cooled ; oo° F. or 60 F. is the i/ro])er temperature.

The temperature of cream is lowera<l by adding

ice or by setting the cream in its vessel in cold
water. The cooler the cream is churned, the firmer
the butter will be. The churn should revolve
about 55 times per minute. Tluf best results are
got when the butter comes in half an hour. If it
comes much sooner it is prol)able that the cream
has been over-ripened. If the cream is not equally
ripe, f."., if during ripening it has not been well
stirred and thoroughly exposed eguallif to the air,
that at the bottom of the vessel will be less ripe
than that at the top, and in the proce.ss of churn-
ing the ripe or overripe portion of the cream will
form into butter granules first. If this occurs, a
good deal of cream which has not been converted
into butter, will be removeil with the butter-
milk, and w’ill be lost unless the butter milk i.s kept
for 21 hours, during which period tlie unchurned
cream will rise to the surface of the butter-milk
and may lie skimmed off. In India a good deal of
cream is recovered iu thi.s manner during the hot
weather. Even under the most careful manage-
ment some cream wdll bo lost iu the butter-milk at
this season. The cream from buff.ilo’s milk can
be churned at a liigli temperature tlian that from
cows and yet produce equally firm butter. The
feeding of the milch-cattle, as already noted, also
influences the temperature at which firm butter
can be churned. Colouring matter, if desired,
should be added before churning. It is made
from 3 oz. annatto seed digested for an hour in
8 oz. pure olive oil and then strained through fine
muslin. One tea-spoonful is sufficient for the
cream of 40 lbs. buffalo’s milk, ie., for about 4
lbs. of butter. Colouring matter, which is more
concentrated, is made as follows : 4 oz. of ground
annatto seed is ijut in a glass flask and just cover-
ed with rectified spirit. This mi.xture is allowed
to digest for 7 days. The rectified ."ipirit dissolves
the colouring matter from the seed and a pure
solution is obtained by straining through muslin.
This solution is, however, unsuitable for colouring
butter, because tlie spirit w'ould taint the butter.
Tlie mixture is tlierefore placed in a cooking ves-
sel with 1 11). of .sesamum oil and carefully heat-
ed ; the spirit is entirely ev!ii)orated and the solu-
tion is transferred to the oil- The colouring
matter thus prepared is placed in a bottle when
cool and kept corked to be used as required.
♦

BOTTLING AND CANNING FRUIT.

To preserve fruit in a fresh state it is necessary
to raise the temperature above 100 deg. F. to des-
troy the germs of fungoid growths which pro-
mote decay, and to close the receptacles perfectly
airtight while at or above the degree of temper-
ature given above. For general use, an»l to
allow a margin on tlie operator’s side, tlie boiling
|)oint 212 deg. F. is usually adopted. Tire fruit
should be sound, firm, ripe— but not “ sqiiasliy”
to the touch. The tin or bottles should be of
the size suited to holding enough for one dish
for the houseliold, and it must be observed tliat
the fruit will decay if allowed to stand for any
length of time after being exposed to the air —
for at once on being oiienod fresh germs fall u[)on
it from tlie air and set up growflis wliich hasleii
decomposition. Tins are cheaper than glass jars
ami therefore are used more, but as they have a
leiideiicy to oxidize artd become useless iu about
a couple of seasons, Hie glass jars are probably

(^57

March 1, 1897.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical AgriculturistT

cheapest in the long run. If cans be used the
self-closing or patent topped cams are the best,
as very few persons care about the trouble of
soldering on tue tops, and having to cut away
the lids when o])ening for use. Tlie general
complaint against the tins is that tliey often rust .
on the insides of the lids, and impart their
nasty rusty flavour to the fruit. To avert tliis,
small circular discs of greased or oiled paper could
be placed over the holes before the lids are
forced down, this precaution should also be
observed where the patent screw topped glass
jars are used if the tops are made of tin. For
cooking the fruit any ordinary stew pan may be
u.sed, but an ordinary washing copper if well
cleansed acts well.

There are various methods advocated by autho-
rities on the subject, those mostly in vognie are
firstly : — Pack the fruit into the jai's or cans, boil
the syrup in another vessel for ten minutes, stand
the jars or cans in a shallow pan with water
reacning to within an inch of the top of the cans
or jars, cover the pan and bring the water to a
boil for several minutes, then pour the boiling
syrup over the fruits quite filling the cans or
jars. Keep the water round them boiling for
a few minutes longer, until no air bubbles rise
up through the fruit, then put on the lids and
while still hot run a little beesw’ax or parafine w'a.x
around the rims.

The other method, and no doubt the best for
small householders, is to place the fruit and pre-
pared syrup into a common washing copper, and
stew it until it is of sufficient softness, but yet
linn enough to hold its shape when being care-
fully ladled into the tins or jars while still hot.
The jars or cans should then be placed into a
shallow vessel or pan, and the water surround-
ing them brought to a boil until all air luibbles
cease to rise among the fruit, then seal down as
in the first method. Such little points as putting
straw or cloths around the jars to prevent them
touching when in the shallow pan ; or placing
straw or split pieces of deal or woofl upon the
bottom of the i>an to stand the jars upon — to
keep them off tlie bottom, or not allowing the
bottles of fruit when very hot to stand in a cold
draught, are all well known to every housewife.

It will ahvays be well when cooking to err on
the side of under cooking, as the fruit can be
stewed a little if necessary when opened for use.
The matter of putting syrup or only pure water
into the jars is a matter of taste, as it has very
little if anyihing to do with the preservation of
the fruit. The authorities on syrups vary from
4 oz. to 1 Ib. of sugar lo each iiuait of water,
and the times for co(»king for various fruits are
widely different, but this is a point wiiich must
be worked out by the operator according to the
ripeness of the fruit under treatment. — Adelaide
Observer.

^

RINDERPEST IN THE WANNI AND
ad.joininct districts.

In concluding my remarks on the prevention
and su})pression of rinderpest,.! cannot do better
than give a summary of the rules laid down under
this head in Veterinary Major Mills' treatise on
Cattle Diseases.

(1.) Stray animals should be prevented from
coming in contact with healthy cattle.

(2.) All animabs which have been recently
bought or have been in contact with strange ones
should be kept apart from others.

(3.) Whenever an animal shows signs of sick-
ness of any kind he should be kept separate from
healthy ones and watched, his food and drinking
water being brought to him.

(4.) Cattle suspected of rinderpest should be
kept strictly apart from the rest, at a distance of
at least 500 yards. All their bedding, gear, dung,
&c., should be destroyed by burning. Dog.s, crowds,
&c., must be kept out of the Hospital Iffiund as
much as possible.

(5.) The stall or shed in which a diseased
animal has been, should be disinfected by burn-
ing sulphur about the place, or by sprinkling a
solution of Carbolic acid, Jeye’s fluid or some other
disinfectant. The floor should be dug up and
fresh earth placed, and all walls and wood work
whitewashed.

(6.) All animals which have been in contact
with a diseased ones should be thoroughly washed
with a disinfectant solution and should be kept
apart from the healthy.

(7.) The men attending on the sick cattle
should not be allowed to approach the healthy
animals.

(8.) Animals that recover should be well
washed and pastured for at least a month apart
from the herd.

(9.) The carcases of animals that die of rinder-
pest as well as the litter, dung, &c. of all the
infected ones .should be burnt.

In order to carry out these rules in the villages
of the interior, there ought to be a special Veteri-
nary headman resident in every large cattle vil-
lage. The irresent minor headmen are too busy
with other work to devote sufficient time and
attention to matters connected with the welfare of
the cattle. Drompt measures are of the utmost
importance in the suppression of the cattle plague.
It is hardly of any use to attempt to suppress the
disease about the tail end of an outbreak.

Treatment. — When Rinderpest breaks out in
Europe it assumes a most virulent form and is
not amenable to treatment. Says Professor
Williams. “ The cattle plague may be classified
as one of those diseases in which ail methods of
medical and hygienic treatment have hitherto prov-
ed unsuccessful, and judging from the nature of
the malady, always wdll prove unsuccessful.”
Professor .Steel .says Numberless receijjts have
been submitted, tested, and proved worthless. We
can name no agent ca])able of acting as an antidote
to rinder])ost poison.”

inesc remarks, howevei’, have been made with
special reference to the plague as it occurs in most
European countries, and do not n[)ply with the
same force to the form in which it isoften found
in feibcria, India and Ceylon. It has been observ
ed that lu localities where the disease is enzootic
sucli as in many Asiatic countrie.s, it often assumes
a milder form, and is then amenable to treatment
to a ceitain extent. It is the opinion of the
Indian Cattle Plague Commi,ssioners that at least
LO per cent, of animals which would otherwise
die may be saved by suitable treatment
The indications for general treatment are to
help nature in getting rid of the virus from the
system to sujiport the strength of the animal bv
caivful nursing juoper diet and stimulant tonic

WO.US

058

Supplcmatl to the “ Tropical AyricultaristT [March 1, 1897.

Mr. Thacker's mixture consisting of Camphor,
Nitre, Datura, Chiretta and Arrack has been re-
comineuded by Veterinary Surgeons llallen and
Pease. I have used this uiixUire substituting
margosa bark for chiretta, and have found it
answer well when due attention is paid to the
nursing.

The animal sliould be fed with liriuid food such
ns rice conjee with the boiled rice mixed. Peas
(kadalai, gruel is recommended by tli(3 Indian
Plague Commissioners when there is a tendency to
excessive purging as it is more astringent and
stimulating than rice conjee. Simple water should
be very sparingly given, as excessive draughts
have been known to increase tlie diarrhoea and
hasten death.

Very mild laxatives are useful in the early stage
of the disease when there is constipation ; but few
villages make out the disease at this stage. When
there is excessive diarrhoea for more than 24
liours, it should be checked by adding some suit-
able astringents such as catechu or gallmits to
Veterinary Surgeon Thacker's mixture above re-
ferred to. Decoction of “ heli" fruit may be also
added to the mixture if the diarrluca and dysentry
progress.

There are, however, serious obstacles to the
treatment of rinderpest in the villages of the inte-
rior of Ceylon. 'I'he villagers do not care about
the nursing of any animal that is attacked with
the disease. They do not even think of providing
shelter for it, and it is allowed to roam about
along with the healthy animals. They seem too
lazy to attend to the nursing or housing, and are
always ready with their excuses. The utmost
they can be persuaded todooftluir own accord,
is to tie the sick animal to a tree and give it
some straw or grass. They are i)rejudiced against
the new method of treatment. In fact, they have
no faith in any kind of treatment for rinder-
pest, and believe that only their deities can either
kill or cure the infected animals.

No doubt some specific or heroic remedy that
could effect almost a cent per cent cure will carry
conviction to their minds and overcome their pre-
judice. But hitherto veteiinary science ha.s not
discovered any specific for linderpe.'^t, and nursing
has been considered the most important part of
the treatment, which, unfortunately, is just what
i.s most neglected.

Under .such circumstances it is with no little
eagerness that the veterinary world has been look-
ing forward to the results of the investigations re-
cently carried on by Dr. Koch at the Cape ; and
the telegram published the other day, to the effect
that he claims to have discovered a remedy for
rinderpest will be hailed with intense joy by
cattle-owners all over India and Ceylon. The
exact nature of the discovery has, however, yet to
be ascertaineil, and wo must receive the nevvs with
caution, lest we meet with disappointment. Let
us however trust tliat it is something more than
the hasty conclusion of an impulsive enthusiast,
and that Dr. Koch has at last hit upon something
that will make him a benefactor to the whole
agricultural and veterinary world.

K, T. IIOOLE.

Anuraditnpura, 20th Peb. 1897.

“ NITliAGlN."

We have much pleasure in announcing that
we have received some specimens of “ Nitragin’
(pure cultivation bacteria for leguminous crops)
preiiared according to Doctors Nobbe's and Hiltner’s
direction in lldchst-ou-the-Main. The Nitragin is
contained in bottles inserted in a brown paper
case, and has to be kept protected from light and
heat. The following are certain facts referring to
the material as set forth by the manufacturers

The principal food-materials abstracted from
the .soil by plants, and which therefore require to
be replaced in the form of manures, are potash,
phosphoric acid, lime and nitrogen.

Re.«i>ectiug the. last it has been known that
leguminous crops, such as clover, vetches, peas,
beans, lupines, etc., do not usually require to be
manured with nitrogen (in the form of nitre or
ammoniacal compounds), and yet under favourable
conditions yield rich harvests, whilst the soil is
even enriched with nitrogen.

Tile reason of this peculiar behaviour for many
years remained unexplained, but the onward
march of modern science has new demonstrated
the ability of leguminous plants to abstract nitro-
gen from the air — only, however, bj' the aid of a
sjiecitic kind of micro-organism, a bacterium that
re, 'ides in tlie characteristic nodules on the roots.
If these bacteria are not at the disposal of the
plant, then it loses its ability to utilise the atmos-
pheric nitrogen, and hence it is found that not
every leguminous plant i.s able to flourish luxuri-
antly without niirogeneous manure ; many remain
small and .stunted under conditions otherwise
favourable, and evidently suffer from the lack of
nitrogen.

It is therefore a mutter of extreme importance
to the farmer to make certain that each fleld of
legumes is supplied with the necessary quantum
of bacteria ; only then can he expect to obtain
full crojis from jioor sandy soils without nitrogen
manures [i. e., w’ithout saltpetre, ammonia etc.)
and only then wdll he reap the advantage of a soil
enormously enriched with nitrogen.

The wide bearing of this newly-di.scovered prin-
ciple has already been taken into practical con-
sideration, and fields are now inoculated, that is
to say, strewn with earth in which legumes have
already flourished. This method, however, apart
from its great cost and the loss of time and labour
entailed, also involves the danger of disseminating
injurious as w^ell as useful bacteria.

This disadvantage is, however, now' completelj'
overcome by the Patent Germ Fertiliser
NITRAGIN

whicli consists of a pure cultivation of the specific
bacteria of legume nodules in a suitable medium.

The inoculation of the seed or of the soil with
the Germ Fertlli,«er, according to the directions
given below, possesses the following advantages : —

1. Fvery single .seed is surrounded with bacte-
ria which, after germination, penetrate the root-
hairs a7id commence their role as collectors of
nitrogen, so that a good crop is secured in the
poorest soil without nitrogenous manures.

2. Tlirough the storage of nitrogen by the bac-
teria, the soil itself become.-* richer in nitrogen in
an assimilable .state, to the advantage of the other
crops grain in rotatioti.

March 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

659

3. The disadvantages of tlie mode of inocula-
tion previously adopted are avoided.

4. Manuring with nitrogen in the form of
saltpetre, ammonium salts, etc., is absolutely un-
necessary.

dihections for use.

Every bottle contains sufficient for inoculation
of 2^ roods.

If the contents of the bottle have already be-
come liquid, they are used as described below for
the direct inoculation of the seed. If solid, the
contents can be easily liquefied by warming the
bottle gently for a few minutes, for instance, in
the trousers-pocket, in tepid water, or in a warm
room. Exposure to temperatures above the heat
of the body, which is ample sufficient to melt, or
to direct sunlight must under all circumstances be
strictly avoided.

The liquid contents are poured into a vessel
containing one to three pints of clean water (care-
fully washing out the wliole contents of the bottle
with a little water), and then shaken or stirred
until the Fertiliser is equally distributed through-
out the vessel and the bacteria are well mixed in
the water.

The inoculated water th us prepared is poured
over the seed and worked with the hands (or the
shove!) until every .seed has been moistened. If
the quantity of water is insufficient more must be
added, but usually for small seed a pint and a half
will sufKce and for large seeds two or three quarts.
The moistened seed is then reduced to a condilicn
suitable for sowing by mixing with some dry sand
or fine earth and if necessary allowing it to stand,
turning it over from time to time ; too great dry-
ness is deleterious. The sowing and turning in is
carried out in the manner usually practised. If
possible however avoid sowing in glaring sunlight.

Instead of inoculating the seed the same, in
some cases, better results are obtained by inocu-
lating the soil by means of inoculated earth. For
this purpose for every 2^ roods ^ cwt. earth is
inoculated in the above-described manner, using a
proportionately larger quantity of water ; the ino-
culated earth is then dried in the air or mixed with
dry earth, scattered equally over the field, and
worked in 3 or 4 inches deep.

For larger surfaces than 2| roods a correspond-
ing number of bottles must be used (8 bottles to o
acres).

At the bacteria are absolutely innocuous, there
is no fear of danger from tlie bottles being left
about or employed for other purpo.ses.

Nitrngin for the following crops are now obtain-
able from the Faberwerke Vorm. iMeister Lucius
and Bruning, at lldchst-on-Main or (i and 7 Cross
Lane, St. Mary’s Hill, London, E.C. : —

Common I’ca
Sand l*ea
Common Vetch
Hairy Vctcli
Common Field Bean
or Hor.sebean
White Lupin
Yellow Lupin
Blue Lupin
Clover

White Clover or
Dutch Clover
Alsike Clover

Visum sativum.

Visum (irveiise.

Vida sativa.

Vida villosa.

Vida fahos.

Lupinus n.lbus.
Lupinus lufcus.

Jj up in ns a tifjust ifol ius.
Trifolium pratcnse.

Vrifolium rcpcns.
Trifolium hijbvklam.

Carnation Clover
or Trifolum.
Bokhara Clover
Black Medick
Lucerne
Kidney Vetch
Sainfoin
Serradella
Wild Everlasting
Pea

Trifolium incarnatum.
M dilotus alba.
Medica(]o lnj)ulina.

M eclicago sativa.
Antlnjllis vidneraria.
Onobrydiis saliva.
Oniithopus sativus.

Lathyrns sylvestris.

ARECANUT CULTIVATION IN INDIA.

The Arecanut is described by Dr. Watt as a
native of Cochin Chinn, Malayan Peninsula and
Islands. It is cultivated throughout tropical
India; in Bengal, Assam, Sylhet ; but will not
grow in Manipur, and only indifferently in Cachar,
Burmah, and Siam ; in Western India below and
above the Ghauts. It does not grow at any dis-
tance from the sea and will not succeed above
3,000 feet in altitude. Most villages in Burma,
Bengal and South India have their clumps or
avenues of betel palm. The betel palm groves
and pepper betel-leaf houses are perhaps the most
characteristic features of the river-banks in Sylhet,
and from these plantations the inhabitants of
Cachar and Manipur obtain their supplies.

Mysore. — The following facts relative to the
cultivation and yield of Arecanuts in Mysore are
given in the Mysore Gazetteer : — There are two
varieties of the Areca in Mysore, the one bearing
large and the other small nuts, the produce of both
kinds being nearly equal in value and quantity.

The manner of arecanut cultivation is different in
dift’erent districts of Mysore. The method followed
in Channapatna is as follows : — The seed is ripe
about the middle of January to February, and is
first planted in a nursery. Trenches are dug and
half-filled up with sand, on the surface of which
is placed a row of the ripe nuts. These are again
covered with sand and rich black mould, and are
watered once in three days for four months. The
young palms are then transplanted to the garden,
wdiich had been previously planted with rows of
plantain trees at the distance of about four feet.
Two young arecas are set in one hole between
every two plantain trees.

When there is no rain, the plants are watered
every third day. In the rainy season, a trench is
dug betw'een every third row of trees to carry off
superfluous water, and to bring a supply from the
reservoir when wanted. At the end of three
years the original plantain trees are removed and
a row planted in the middle of each bed and kept
up ever afterwards in order to preserve a coolness
at the roots of the areca. The trees are five feet
high in five year.s, and begin to xmoduce fruit.
The plantation requires no more watering except
twice a month during the dry weather.

The methods followed in other parts of Mysore
differ in some respects from the one above, but they
agree in the essential point, namely, plantain
trees are planted with the areca palms, and in
most districts trenches are dug to carry off super-
fluous water. The seedlings, e.vcept in one dis-
trict, are first raised in a nursery and thence trans-
planted. Manure is used in some districts, but
watering is resorted to everywhere. A rich black
mould or a black soil containing calcareous ucdules
is prefeiel for arecanut cultivation.

6G0

Siqiplement to the Tropical Agriculturists [March 1, 1897.

The areca i'iiuu,ations in Mysore are inter-
spersed with coconut, lime, Jak, and other trees,
which add to the shade and to the freshness of
the soil.

In Jvoi.a.ba. — In Kolaba, the betel palm is grown
in large numbers in coconut plantations along
the Alibag coast. The nuts are buried two inches
deep in loosened and levelled soil. When the
seedlings are a year old, they are planted out in
July and buried about two leet deep. The soil
is then enriched by a ini.xture of salt and nachni,
sometimes with the addition of cowdung. Now
w’atering is required at first, butafter four months
the plant is evatered either daily or at intervals of
one or two day.=. If water is not stinted, the
betel palm yields nuts in its fifth or si.vth year. The
tree yields twice or thrice a year about 250 nuts
being an average yearly yield.

In Janjira or Shivardha. — In Janjira, the
betel palm is the most important of garden croi>.«.
Shivardlian betel-nuts are known over the whole
of the Bombay Presidency. The seed-nut is sown
in Fel)ruary or ilarch about half-foot deep and is
carefully watered. After about four months the
plant appears and is watered every second day.
When it is four years old it is planted out about
two feet and-a-half below the surface, a foot and
a quarter of the seedling being buried under the
ground, while a round trcncli of the same depth
is left for the -waler. When the tree is nine or
ten years old, it begins to bear fruit, tlie yearly
yield varying from 25 to 400 nuts. This variety
fetches, relatively, a much higher price in the
market than any of the others.

[To be continued.)

GENERAL ITEMS.

In ISO."), it is rcporte I oflicially, tlie area under
arecanut cultivation in the Kegalla District wa.s
24, (ISO acres, or more than one-tliird of all Ceylon.
Tiie i)alius bear best in that district where the
yield has at all tim s been famous, and whence
in all historic times there has been a consider-
able import to Sotithern India. 'The area in
'I'lirec Korales tinder cultivation is G.5'27 acres,
with an average yield of 7S3.1: million nuts. The
yield [ter acre on unplantcd (i.c. naturally grown)
iind over-crowded gardens is 120,UUO nuts
|)er acre. 'I'he nuts are measured by an
amuimin of 24,000 to 20,000 nuts. Therefore,
the average weittlit equals about .5 amunams.
An amniiain weighs cwt. Therefore the aver-
.age yield jier acre repiesents in weight 12J cwt
(N.i;|_.\\'ell-cultivaleil and scientilically -plan ted
Ki'ambrs yield nearly a ton an acre, statistics
quote-d from a small aeie.age in Madras give
nearly two tons.)

To .ascertain the weight of cattle, measure the
girth close behind the shoulder .and the length
from the fore.p.art ol the shoulder-blade .along
the b.ack to the bone at the tail which is in a
vertical line witli the buttock both in feet.
.Multiply the “(piare of the girt, exprc.ssed in
feet, liy live times the leiiL'th, .and ilivide the
lirodiict by 21 ; the (piotient is the weight, nea.ly,
of the four (|uarters, in imiierial stones of 14 U).
avoirdupois. J'’or ox.ample, if the girt be 0 ft.,
and the length 5.[- ft., we shall have 0 (i= 30,

and .5] y. o =- 20]; then .30 x 20] 4!)5, and thi-s

divided by 21 gives 45 stones e.xactly. It is to

be observed, however, that in very fat cattle the
ffiur quarters will he about one twentieth more,
while m tho.se in a vci}' le.an state they wall be
one-twenlieth less than the weight obtained by
the rule.

G. F. Plunkett, whocontributes the Poultry Note.s
to the Au.<itriilian 7Vo/)if«/D/)‘isMor December, ad-
vises poultry keepers, if they wish to prevent
lO.ss of chickens, (1) to keej) their jioultry houses
clean and free from lice, by regular cleaning out,
white-washing and sprinkling the floor with lime;
(2) by kee|iing the chickens off the wet grass
in the early morning ; (3) by preventing in-

breeding by introducing fresli blood into the broods.

The Manning River correspondent of the Sydney
Mail writes;— At a meeting of the committee
of the Agiicultural .and Horticultural Associa-
tion, held here recently, Mr. W. Allen, of Du-
maresque Island, detailed the result of his ex-
perience in the adoiition of the treatment of seed
oats by iinmersicn in hot water, as recommended
by Dr. Jansen. Half of the seeil required for
sowing was treated for a few minutes with water
at .a temperature of 145 deg. F. ; it was then
placed in cold waiter .and .sowm immediately. The
remainder of the seed untreated w.as also sown
.afterwards. The two jilots of soil used were of
the same quality, and every endeavour was made
to give the same care and attention to the treat-
ment and cultivation of each seed. The final
result proved unquestionably that, although no
u})parent ilifl'erence could be noticed in the growth
of the two loti of seed, the portion of tlie seed
treated with hot water w.as absolutely free from
any trace of smut or other imperfection. Of the
untreated seed it was found that at least 15
per cent, of the heads of oats ivere destroyed
by dise.ase. IMuch interest has been taken in
the district in Mr. Allen’s experiment, and ar-
r.ingemeats are being made for further trills with
scalded seed at various tenqieratures of waater.

On the subject of selection ol seeds Dr. Cobb,
of the Agricultural Department, New South
W.ales, .s.ays: — “The grading of seeds is almost
wholly neglected by farmers in most of the great
•agiicultural countries, and this very fact is one
that IS sometimes jiointed out in defence
of not grading the seed. I have heard it said
in sulistance I'.y .a well-known teiicher of .agri-
culture—a man whose word is res])ectfully lis-
teneil to by thousands of farmers — that there
could not be inmdi in gr.aded seed, or fanners
wouhl not so generally neglect the matter. . ,
One might peitiiiently ask this te.acher of
agiicul urc how, if a practice is to be its own
snllicient defence, any improvement is ever to
take place, and enquire of the advocates of
l)incheil seed why Dame Nature does not pro-
vide .all her plants with iiinchcd and puny seed, if
they are so much better. The truth is that,
other things being equal, plump seed is much
better than shrivelled seed, and that where the
results obtained from shrivelled seeil are better
than those obtained from plump seed, the result
is due to other factors than the ijuality of the
seed. . . . The vitality ot seed diminishes

with age, hence it is necessary in comparative
experiments (except such .as are devoted to as-
certaining the rate of decrease in vitality due
to age) to make sure that the seed used in the
diilerent plots and rows is of the same age.”

I

GEORGE SMYTTAN DUFF.

o<! MONTHLY. IX>

4 '

Vol. XVI.] COLOMBO, APRIL ist, 1897. |No. 10.

“PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON,”

{Second Series.)

GBORQE SMYTTAN DUFF.

BANKER AND PIONEER PROPRIETARY PLANTER.

the

IME wa.s wlien tlie name of
Mr. CT S. Duff was as a
“ household word” among tlie
Colonists ot Ceylon. No
more .astute nor successful
Banker ever came to the
East, and no individual capi-
talist has ever done more
forties ” to develope and

right on from
sustain the planting enterprise of this Colony^
Moreover, Mr. Duff — who is still wonderfully well
' preserved, although approaching four-score years,
— is an evidence of what the tropics may do to pro-
long a (medically) threatened life and to carry a
weak constitution in comfort through early and
middle .age, until tlie climate of the United Kingdom
— once so inimical- can he faced in safety. There
js one case in our experience in Ceylon where a
.Scottish lawyer condemned by two Doctors as
having lungs too far .advanced in disease to allow
of his living by aii3'' possibility, anywhere, beyond
two or three ye.ar.s, returned from Ceylon after
fifteen years’ residence, to his native Highlands to
find the two medicos who had signed his death-
warrant, both passed awaj' ! Mr. Duffs case was
not quite parallel, but still striking enough as
the sequel will show.

Born .and educated in the North of Scotland, Mr.
Duff’s banking and financial career was early
determined on and 1840 found him in a London
Banking oflice ; but having a far from robust
constitution, the confinement of oflice hours
and the trying fogs of the City soon told,
so that towards the end of 1841, he had
fairly broken down, his chest dnd luni.>-s giving
ominous signs of being unable to stand another
English winter. EortunateRq the young Banker
had good friends : his uncle. Dr. .Smyttan, had been
a College chum of the then Queen’s Physician, Sir
Janies Clarke, and the latter came to attend

Mr. Duff, bringing him daily throughout Noveniber-
December 1841, all the new's of the young Prince
(of Wales) born 9th Nov., Sir James being in
attendance on Her Majesty. On comparative
recovery. Sir James ordered his yonthful patient
to leave England at once— he must go to Ma-
deira or the Canaries ; but learning he would be
quite a stranger there, while he had an uncle
(another doctor, Dr. Bell) in Bombay, he gave him
permission to go there, although he added that
Ceylon as being nearer the equator, would be better.
The only difference the Queen’s Physician, and his
patient had was when the latter began to en-
quire about the needful fee : “ If ever your un-
cle’s nephew mentions such a thing, we shall have
a serious quarrel” was the generous response.

Accordingly, e.arly in 1842, Mr. G. S. Duff sailed
■ from London for Bombay in the ship “ Sophia,”
Capt. Johns, who had previously belonged to the
Indian Navy. Meeting with heavy gales off the
Canaries, the ship sustained serious damage, masts
■and buhvarks being swept away and it was de«
tennined to make for Rio de Janeiro to refit.
There were 40 lads (mere boys) on board going
out for the Indian Navy ; but they were kept at
the pumps in relays, niglit and day, and so
saved the ship from sinking. After six weeks

spent in refitting at Rio, the voyage to Bom-
baj" again commenced and Mr. Duff reached
that port six months after leaving London. He
went to reside with his uncle. Dr. Bell, wlio
Inad just returned from the Scinde Campaign,
having been with Sir Charles Napier in his great
defeat of the Amirs at the battle of Meanee.
After a time, Mr. Duffs health not improving,
the Doctor sent him to Ceylon for a trip. This
occupied two months anil on his return he entei’ed
the Bank of Western India. In August, 1844,
however, promotion came : the Manager in Ceylon,
Mr. Smollett Campbell, was transfej red to China

662

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[April i, 1^97.,

and as Ida fiuccstor Mr. (!. S. DuH' arrived
from EomLay.

The Western P>ank of India, of rvliicli Mr.
J^ufl’ thus hccanie Manager in Ceylon, had only
opened in Coloinlo and Kandy on the 23id
October 184.3. It rvas preceded by “ The Hank
of Ceylon” in Colombo on 1st June 1841 ; in
Kandy in 1843. The latter Hank became irre-
tiievably iinolved in the ccfl'ee crash of 1847,
£60,000 being ultimately lost and the rival insti-
tution now elianged to the happier title of “ The
Oiiental Bank Coi poration,” in return for its
lioyal Charter, took over the liabilities and busi-
ness of the Bank of Ceylon. In ISol, the two
Banks were formally amalgamated, and the
“ Oriental” entered, in Ceylon, on that long
eareer of unbroken prosperity which it owed in
a very special degree to the shrewd and suc-
cessful management of Mr. G. S. Drift’. Colombo
became almost the most impoitant, certainly the
most jirosj erors branch of the Bank in the
East, and Mr. Dull’ continued at his post a
Manager from 1844 till 1871, uith only one
interval of 18 mouths’ furlough in England. So
long an occupancy of the management of one
Branch has been unprecedented in the history
of Banking in the East, nor can a career of
such uninterrupted prosperity be paralleled.

We ought to have chronicled before tliis,
however, a circumstance that contributed very
much to Mr. Drift's long residence and good
health in Ceylon, nauiely, his happy marriage
in Septemb.r 1847 to Miss Kodney Brown,
daughter of Colonel Brown, who, at the
time, Commanded the lloyal Engineers in Ceylon,
Mrs. Drift’s mother was a daugliter of thef
Hon. John Bodney, Colonial Secretary or
Ceylon from 1815 to 1833, and grand-daughte
of the famous Admiral Lord llodney. When
*as Colonial Secretary Rodney retired from the
Ceylon Civil Service, he owned certain land in the
neighbourhood of Colombo, which he pointed cut,
would undoubtedly be valuable to Government
as time rolled on and he ollered to exchange it
for small aunuities in favour of his two daughters.
This was agreed to ; but the bargain proved a
hard one for the Colony, since the lady-annuitants
were so long-lived that Mrs. Brown (Mrs. Dulls
mother) who drew £60 from 1824, only died on 12th
February 1897 at Bath aged 93 ; while her sister.
Miss llodney, still survives and continues to draw
from Ceylon, tlie annuity of £42 also begun in
1824 ! Mrs. Dull herself, besides being a veiy
hand-some, attractive lady — the leader of Society
in Colombo for many years next to Queen’s House
— was always a picture of health, and, humanly
speaking, miglit have been expected to outlive many
years her comparatively delicate husband ; but her

detrlh took place very unexpectedly in London
during the summer of 1895. Mr. and Mis. Lull’s
family consisted of thite sons and Ihiee dnughteis :
two of the sons being in the Ain.y as Cavalry t Ul-
cers, the third as a juivate gentleman residing near
Folkestone ; while the daughters married, one,
Cajit. Rolfe, 17th Foot and the other two respti-
tively, Mr. Kevett and Mr. B. C. Oswald whote
London him “ Kevett, Oswald, & Co.” is inti-
mately connected with Ceylon.

But this is hastening too far ; for we have now
to treat brielly of Mr. Drift’s connection with the
planting develoi>ment of Ceylon, bj' no means
the least impoitant division of his career. Of
cour.se, as Banker, he was always the judicious
upholder of coffee planting in our hill-country,
and most of the prolits made lor his Bank
was through the wise as well as liberal encour-
agement of the planters and the growing busi-
ness in all departments that necessarily acconi.
panied the spread of the industry. But per.son»
ally and in his juivate capacity, Mr. Dulf showed
his confidence by investments in cofl'ee. His very
first venture was in the Tellisagalla estate, Kot-
male, with Mr. Crosby, and he also became in.
terested with relatives in Dumbaia, by a purehasr,
which led to the lamous Rajawella litigation case.
In the Ballacaduagioup of estates, Mr. Duft’w,-#
for some years the partner of Mr. Andrew Isicol ;
and in conjunction with Mr. J. C. Fowlie he
opened Raiipahannock estate in Ldapinssellawa.
In I’ussellawa and Ramboda he acquired consi-
derablc ]iroiirietaiy rights :—Hellebcdde w hich
had belonged to the heiis of Colonel Mac-
pherson ; while .Sanquhar w as opened by him. Blue-
lields and Ballagolla ; and Rangbodde purchased
from the heirs of General Fra.scr. In Colombo, Mr.
Drift’, at one time, owned both tlie House and what
is now' Mount Lavinia Hotel. On Mr. Lawrence
Ulijdiant selling all the Kuwara Eliya and other
Ceylon property belonging to his bather, our foimer
Chief Justice Mr. Dull’ became the purchaser,
and horn j art of the forest land was able
to develope Dunsinane estate in the Pundaluoya
Valley. ’When the Messrs. Worms— cousins of
the Rothschild.s — wished to retire from Ceylon,
it was Mr. Duff who arranged the imrchase of
their properties and so far as this island was con-
cerned, promoted the establishment of “The
Ceylon Company, Limited.” Then, again, Mr.
Dull early became a juoprietor and pioneer in the
Uva districts. He aceuired Gowrakelle, and in
partnership with a nephew, the Gonakelle Group
as well as Kayabedde in Haputale. Getting
alarmed about the dearnc.'^s of rice and .scarcify
of labour, Mr. Duff sold the Mousagalla block of
land to Mr. C.B. Smith, the same proving, as a coffee
plantation, a regular gold mine to the fortunate
proprietor. In Haputale, Mr. Duff opened the

April r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

663

large estate of Wiliaregalla* having, as liis lirst
manager and i)art proprietor, Mr. F. F. B.
Childers (brother of the well-known Orientalist)
since settled in business at Mont"*- Carlo. After-
wards, Mr. Oulf opened the line estates of
Dnnsinane, Fundaluoya district ; West Holyrood,
Dimbula ; and Culloden in Kalutara district — al(
since sold to Limited Companies. Few capitalists
connected with Ceylon sulfered more severely
through the cotlee crisis — the collapse of a great
industry owing to the destruction wrought by a
fungus enemy of the leaf — than did Mr. Dull';
and that not so much in connection with his
own pro])erties or personal investments, as
through his good nature in becoming security
for old friends. In one such case, the loss at
a single stroke, to be made good, was no less
than £50,000 ; but Mr. Dull’ bravely faced the
crisis, sold oil' his property in the Highlands of
Scotland, never lost faith in Ceylon and hopefully
entered on the new conditions which led to tea
gradually but surely superseding coffee, until
now he finds his large group of Ceylon i)lanta-
tions more valuable than ever they were. These
now compiise a total of 8,525 acres, of which
3,500 are in tea ; while 1,500 more acres are in
coffee or other products.

It only remains to be mentioned that in August
1805, during the Administration of Sir Hercules
Robinson, Mr. Duff was appointed one of the un-
official members of tlie Legislative Council, a post
which he only vacated on leaving the island in 1871.

We have given a very bare outline of a life
of great business activity for 27 years in Ceylon —
nor did that activity end with Mr. Duff’s
retirement to England. He still maintained his
interest in business, throngh connection with
“the City” Ceylon Companies — such as theUva
and Spring Valley — as well as through his own
extensive estates and ever-developing work as
pioneer. Mr. Duff also continued to be the friend
and supporter— sometimes, as we have shown,
to his own great loss — of many in or connected
with Ceylon ; while as adviser his counsel was
sought in many directions. His faith in the
Colony has, however, been amply rewarded by
the return of prosperity which tea has brought
to all its planting country. From his home in
Queen’s Gate, Kensington, he continues, through
the Overland Observer, to watch all that goes on
in his old adopted home ; while, until recent

* On one of Mr. Duff’s risita to^ Ceylon — in this
property was privately declared for sale and the late
Mr. C. H. De Soysa offered £80,000 for it. Mr.
Duff held out for £85,000 ; but after he left the
island, he changed his mind and telegraphed from
Aden to his Agents to sell to Mr. De Soysa. The
answer to his continental address was “ Too late : Mr.
De Soysa has gone in for something else.” No
los8;.to Mr. Duff, since Wiharegalla after that year
yielded profits aggregating fully the above price, and
now in tea is as valuable perhaps as ever it was.

yetU's, he enjoyed his sunimcr residence and
shootings in the Highlands, varied by an occa-
sional visit to the Continent, to Egypt or to
Ceylon. The great shock of his life came in
the summer of 1895 in the unexpected and
terribly sudden death of his wife who had always
enjoj’ed good health ; but time has enabled Mr.
Dull' to some degree to overcome the blosv and
the presence of his ilaughter and son-in-law (Mr. &
Mrs. Oswald) still make his residence “home.”
When we called to see, and say good-bye to, Mr
Duff, during our recent visit to England, we found
him in his library finishing a letter — and the
caligraphy of the old gentleman, well on tow'.ards
80 years, is as admirably clear and neat with its
plain but all-sufficing signature

as was that of the Co'ombo Banker of the
“ sixties.” “ In a minute I’ll be free,” was Mr,
Duft'’s remark as he rapidly completed his letter,
rose to a copying press in the corner of the
room, secured the duplicate, returned to his
seat and laid aside the half-dozen letters he

had prepared for the post. “Two or three hours
of such work in here daily, keep me .alive, ’j
was his remark and he then readily entered
into reminiscences of early days in Ceylon,
imparting confidences, in answer to stray ques-
tions, to which we liave scarcely ventured to
refer in our scanty notice. For, to write ade»
quately of Mr. and Mrs. Duff’s life in Ceylon
would be to give not only the financial, business
and planting, but also tlie social history of the
Colony during one of its most interesting and
progressive periods. There were few love matches
or marriages of any note among the Colonists
of the “ fifties” or “ sixties” in Ceylon, in
tvhich the influential Banker and his hospitable
warmhe.arted wife did not bear <a generous part
and not a few happy unions, indeed, for which
they were very much responsible. That is all of
the past ; but it is a matter of present and
continuous interest that the name of “ G. S. Duff’”
should continue even now as proprietor (indivi*
dually or in partnership) of such important and
widely separated plantations in the island as
the following - Area-acres ;

Name District Total — cultivated

Helbodde . . Pussellawa . . 1,778 . . 735

Rangbodde .. Ramboda .. 2,081 .. 922

Wiharegalla .. Haputale .. 8,95i .. 7,99J

Nayabedde • • u •• 1,125 .. 867

Gonakelle Group . . Passara 1,752 . , 995

Gowrakelle . . Badulla . , 829 . . 635

Kitulgala . . Dolasbage . . 65 . . 50

Total.. 8,525 5,003

Long may Mr. George Smyttan Duff be spared
as atypical successful Ceylon Colonist— a model of
industry, uprightness and shrewdness as Banker ;
of enterprise, liberality and confidence as pioneer
proprietary planter.

664

1 HE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[April i, 1897,

Agricultural Pests :

WITH METHODS OE PREVENTION.

BY MISS E. A. ORMEUOD
(Late Consulting Entomologist to the
Royal Agricultural Society of
England).

IV.

Beetles and Weevils Injituous to Field
Caops AND Gardens,

The Apple-blossom weevil {Anthonomus pomonm)
does much harm by laying its eggs in unopened
apple-buds, where the maggot feeds, and thus
destroys the young forming fruit. This weevil
shelters itself during winter under clods of earth
and rubbish, and also beneath rough bark on the
tree (so that keeping rough ground and bark in
order serves much to diminish their numbers) ; but
further, it comes out in the spring, and the females,
it IS stated, rarely fly, but crawl on the branches,
and drop down on being alarmed. By working on
this habit of the apple-blossom weevil (and of
some other kinds), we may clear many sorts of
fruit trees and bush fruit simply by jarring the
boughs. Thus the weevil falls, and we only need
to use such plans as common sense will teach us,
to keep it from getting back again. Wilh the
apple weevil, or those that are shaken down from
the trees, such methods as putting a rough rope,
or a ring of anything they’ will not cross on the
ground, round the trunk, answer well. This may
be made ef twisted hay (or anything preferred),
which has been dipped in spirits of tar, or in tar
and coarse oil, so that it may keep wet and sticky
or caustic gas-lime may be shovelled round, of
course taking care not to hurt the bark.

In Cornwall, where the pitchy-legged Weevils,
or other kinds of Otiorhijnchii^, injure the fruit to
an extent causing serious loss in the great rasp-
berry gardens, it is found to ansuer, well for men
to go round with freshy tarred boards, place the
boards below a bush and shake ; the weevils fall
on the tar and stick to it. Thus, clearing the
weevils and retarring the boards frequently, the
weevils are got rid of at a paying rate.

The principle of alarming the weevils, so as to
jnake them fall, may be applied to many kinds of
weevil attack, bearing in mind that the weevils com-
monly fall on the first alarm ; and we must give a little
attentim to their habits, or they may all have
dropped down and secured themselves before he have
set about frightening them in full form.

' Several kinds of weevils feed on peas, beans, and
clover leaves, doing thereby most serious harm.

The terribly destructive pea weevils were formerly
supposed to feed only by day ; then they fall at
the vibration of a foot, and bury themselves.
There may have been hundreds a minute before,
but you will very likely not see one ; but beat the
ground with a spade and you will most likely see
them all struggling up out of the earth again.
More recently, however, observations have shown
that they may be found at night working at the
edges of the leaves, and then it is stated they
are not nearly so susceptible of alarm.

Returning now to the ravages of the SitoiicSj
commonly known as “ pea and bean weevils,” these
may be told by the semi-circular srcoops eaten
out of the leaves, We find these attacks the worst
to the leafage of young plants, especially when, from
weather or other circumstances, the plant is kept
back, so that it cannot grow av, y irom them ; but
the weevils are to ■ be found in legions later in the
year, and sweeping these up, as they are to be found
in the waggons when cloieror peas are being carri-
e 1, would get rid of some amount of coming at-
tack. The main point we seem to need here is
to prevent the settlement of the autumn brood of
beetles. These fly well, and have been found to
shelter themselves in the top joint of corn stubble,
and from this they come out to .set on foot attack

in Trifolium, or clover, drilled after. Also it has
been noticed that where wheat-sheaves stood long
in havest-time, the clover on these spots was free
from attack in the following spring, although that
on the rest of the field was attacked. Acting on
these observations, skimming the surface stubble,
so as to get rid of the shelter, has been considered
useful ; and a good liming, or other chemical dress-
ing, much of which would go into the stubble and
make it a very undesirable home for the w’eevil,
would help us. All measures which will pu^h on
good growth are valuable preventives in this case ;
and in gardens it would probably do a deal of good,
to lay the drawn and useless haulm along the rows,
with any dry rubbish, and burn it. It appears to
be the nature of this weevil to come up not to go
down, on alarm ; and we might thus clear out. the
parents of the next spring’s attack.

The small long-snouted “ iiear-shaped” clover
weevil also does much harm to clover leafage ; but
in this case the grub lives in tlie seed-head, and
seeds on the young forming seed ; and the best
known method of prevention is cutting the clover
before the flower is fully out. These pear-shaped
weevils are so very small that they are hardly
observable, but the damage to the leafage, or patches
of brownish heads in a held in llower, shows where
they are at work.

There is yet one more of the common weevil
attack of the bean crops to notice ; it is that of a
small short-snouted weevil (black with brown hairs
and white markings), which is often found inside
broad beans, with no signs outside of how it got
there. The attack happens thus : — When the bean-
pod is still in its very youngest state, even still in
the blossom, the beetle lays its egg there ; the
maggot, which hatches from it, lies in one of the
young beans in the pod, but the hole by which
the egg was put in, or maggot crept in, is so
small that it giows up completely wdth the growth of
the bean. When the beans are ripe and garnered,
the maggot is there too. It feeds within ; and
though it does not prevent the bean sprouting, yet it
lessens the size of the seed-leaves, and consiquently
weakens the first growth, and thus damages the
strength of the future plant. Hero one good method
of prevention is to examine a sample seed, to
find whether it is infested. The maggot turns
to a beetle within the seed ; but before it

does this it eats a tunnel to the outside,

only just leaving the outer skin at the end. This,

having nothing behind it sinks in, as if a knitting-
needle had been slightly pressed on it. By this
little round dented-in mark j'ou may know infested
seed ; if, instead of the mark, there is a small

round hole, the beetle has completed its work
within, and has gone. By these two marks you
may judge as to the state of the seed ; and, further,
if there should be the mark showing the beetle
is still within, it is unsafe to sow' as attack will
follow. The beetles will presently come out, and
as soon as the beans in which they were sown
have grown, and are in flower, their sometime ten-
ants will mount to the blossoms, and lay eggs to
start a new attack. The bean beetles begin to
appear in February, and for this reason autumn-
sow'u beans are the most likely to be infested as
the beetles are still within.

During the last few years it has been found that
dressing infested beans, before sowing, with a
mixture of 1 lb. blue vitriol, and 1 pint of klcDougall's
sewage carbolic to 6 quarts ol wattr, answered
well. The above mixture is enough for six bushels
of beans.

The cabbage and turnip gall weevils do harm
underground. The female lays her egg on the
root or the under-ground part of the stem, or in
a hole which she forms wilh her snout ; and in
consequence of the irritation thus set up the
small lumps form, which wo know as gails. In
each of these the maggot hatched from the egg
feeds, until it is full fed. Tnen it gnaws its way
out and forms an earthen case, in which it turns
to a pupa, and thence to a weevil.

April i, iS-;;. ]

Ti-IE TROPICAL AGRICJL rORIST.

665

The maggot does not care for cold. It will
mend its earthen case it it is broken ; and even
if it is buried by the giills on t’.io c.abbage stalks
being dug in, it appears to thrive as well as if
thsy were still growing. Therefore, it is a great
object to get rid of all nurseries of future attack
by burning or other vise destroying old stems with
galls, instead of throwing them to a rubbish-heap
or digging them in ; and a ch.rnge of crop is use-
ful, by presenting food that they e.rnn .t eat, or
find useful 1 1 lay eggs in, to the g.all weevils that
may be waiting in the ground.

In many of the v.'eevil attacks which we have been
studying, treatment of the surface of the rronnd is
a great point; as, for instance, where they shelter
under rulibish, or down stubhlo, to clear away these
slielters, and put on dressings which will be thor. Highly
obnoxious to the weevils, is good treatment- WUiere
the Weevils, or their grubs, are in the ground, it
obviously is well to turn them out 011 the surface,
or bury them by treucliiiig so d eply chat they can-
not come up; and also, so to dig in, or otherwise
apply, chemical manures, as to make the soil un-
pleasant at least to the pest, and so good for llie
plant that it may grow away from attack.

The turnip flea beetles are well Icuown tor their
e.iping powers. They live daring winter uu.der clods, or
ia dry stone walls, or any conveuicut slioltev and
cjme out with sunshine in spring. Then they feed
on any plant of the cabbage kind; charlock is an
especial favourite, until tlie young turuio plants are
come up. Presently they lay their eggs (if oti turnips)
on the under side of the i-ough leaf, and from these
tne grub eats its aw.iv into the leaf, within which
it feeds for about six daj’s. It thou comes ou’’', buries
it.self in the ground, tind turns to the chrysalis, from
which the beetle appears in about a fortui fiit, ready
to begin a new attack.

The first point in prevention is to t iks care there
is as little winter shelter as possible. Lumps of
m inure and clod.s of earth on the field; heaps of
stones and rubbish, such as are often allowed to lie
in corners of fields; large collections of d ad leaves
on the borders of woods; and dry dykes or open
stone walls — are all winter shelters.

Another point is to let there be as few weeds as
possible to keep the “'Fly ” alive. If it does not
find suitable food it will die or remove itself. It
has a power of perceiviug whore its food is; aud
such plants as charlock, or tho white-fiowering .Jack-
by-the-edge, or shepherd’s purse, will ail help to keep
it alive till our turnips are ready. Thus, we may
lessen the amount of coming attack; hut the grea't
p nut to depend on for carrying the turnip crop through
‘■fly’ attack is judicious preparati m of the ground —
plentiful supply of enrichment, including a, good amount
of artificial manure, and liberal supply of seed.

The “fly” does most harm to tne turnips whilst
they ate still in the seed-leaves; therefore, all means
should be used to give a good start, aud run the
plant on in 0, hearty growth. For this purpose the
land should bo well prepared beforehamk Where
climate allows, autumn eulcivatiou is best. Thus the
surface soil is broken down by the winter frosts,
and there is a good tilth on the surface, with absence
of the clods which shelter “ fly ” and cause a dry tsp,
instead of tlie evenly-evaporating surface which suits
the young turnips. When thus cultivated beforehand,
the laud does not require jiloughiug again in sprin°’;
scarifying is enough; and thus the supplies of moisture
which have gathered below the surface during the
wiutei remain undisturbed; whereas, if the ploughs
are put in, the soil is turned uj) to a muc'n greater
depth, and instead of a mellowed surface witii good
moisture below, we p irt with tho, stores whifii in a
dry season, would liave made all the dii'f jrouco of
life or deith to the crop. The turnip pluitis of
such^ IX siioculc-iiit nciciu’0, th.it tliG point of supplyioef
it with enough inois.uro is one of tlie main tilings
in all methods cf starting it.

It is a.dvised to let the land remain untouched for
a few days before drilling, with a view to the
surface not being dried by exposure just before sowing'
and the effect of what seems jint the opposite treatment

— namely", to sow at once, when partly rotted manure
is ploughed in, in spring— is, for the same reason,
to secure the moisture. But whenever it miy be
necessary to work the land, one great point is to
secure such a state of under-soil aud upper-tilth as
will push the plant on; and by no means trust to
a more go 'd tilth, if it is gained, as is sometimes
done, by turning the land over in the sunshine and
heat until wa fairly see the dust rising, and, as it
h -..s been well remarked, it is as dry as if we were
making hay. Turnip fly delights in heat and drought,
and the turnips in just the opposite.

Liberal seeding — 31bs. or more per acre, answers
well; for if fly comes there is a good chance of some
of the plants e.scapiug, and if it doss not the surplus
quantity may easily by removed. In either case the
large number of plants helps towards a he.arty start,
as the many small leave.s prev-nt the moisture beneath
evap ira'ing, as it would from bare earth, and thus
keep a damp air beneath the leaves. Good seed is
also very important, so that it may sprout at once,
aud with vigour.

To gii'ii this hearty aud rapid growth through the
time of tiie seed-leaves is one of t'le reasons of applying
artificial inauu 'e before sowing, or drilling it together
with the seed. A few hundredweights of super-
phosphate, or other manure suitable to the land,
oven if there is a good supply of farm nianiire also,
will run the plant on rapidly througli the growth of
the seed-leaves; and when the rough leaves are come
the greatest danger is past.

Where a crop hangs back, the water-cart has been
found useful, and al.so the putting in of the seed
wiih the water-dril!; but if the weather should be dry
at the time of sowing, theie is fear of tho small
supply of moisture put in by the water-drill causing
harm (by the mere temporary effjcl) rather than
permanent growJi.

When attack is presen*, various fertilisers have
been found to do good by pushing tlio plant 011; but
all applications intending to serve by removing ‘‘ fly,”
or killing it, should be used either when the dew is
on at night or early morning, or during damp by day.

The turnip fly leaps away when it finds attack
coming; but if the dew or slight rain is on it, it
caiiuot leap, because the moisture clogs the hind legs,
by means of which it takes its great springs. There-
fore, such measures as driving sheep through infested
fields, or laying on special dressings, often fail, because
they have been done at time when the fly is well
able to avoid receiving harm. Turnip flj attack is
one of those that it would he well to enter on, if
possible, in full detail, as an instance of those which
only last for a short time, and which we conquer by
methods having, for the most part, very little to do
with the insect itself. We know that the turnip is
chiefly in danger whilst iu the seed-leaves; we know
exactly what will suit its growth iu this state, and
we make ready the ground accordingly; also we clear
away weeds which would support the “fly” when the
crops are not present for it to feed on.

PROGllESS IN THE PERAK STAPd-,

In the few remarks which I intend to make on
this subject I do not purpose to trouble your
readers with satieties, or to say much about the
“pig that pays the riiu” — the tin mining industry —
though up to the present it has run the whole
show.

KOADS AND KAILWAYS.

Oommunications everywhere are the wheels of
progress ; if they are bad the wheels go slowly
round ; and if they are good, better, best, the pace
is proportionate. At present it may be said that
coinmnnioatious in Perak are “good” — that is there
is a first-cla.ss metalled road from T riping, where
the railway from Port Weld lands you, to Kuala
Kangs.ar on the Perak River, a distance of 2 !
miles ; and from the latter place there is a branch
road of 20 miles to Kota Tampan tow.rls Norsh
Perak. The continuation of the K. K. ro.t ’ across
hePeiak River takes you into Kinta, the priu-

666

I HE IROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[April i, 1S97.

cipal tin producing province (exporting something
like 120,00) cwts, annually), where you meet the
Kiuta Valley Railway at Cheemor, 22 miles from
K. K. and Go miles from Telok Auson— tlie present
outlet of Kinta and Lower Perak on the Straits
of ^lalaoca. To take you to the Southeni border
of Perak and the Northern of Selangor at Tanjong
Malim, some 50 miles from Ihipah on the K- V.
Railway, there is only a bridle-road and in-
different bridges. Such is the state of existing
communications, which, taken as a whole, may be
called “ good’’. We will say noihing about
the steamers which carry you from Penang to
Port Weld and Telok Anson, because they belong
to a private firm and are not subsioisjd. It they
were, perhaps they wmuld be moie comfortable
and the Government of Perak might see more
visitors, and secure some of them as investors
in the land w'hich is so abundant.

METKE GAUGE U.AILWAY3 EVEUYWnERE.

There is, however, a near prospect of the quali"
fication “good” being converted into “better”
as 20 miles of the break between Larut and Kinta
in railway communication are under construction,
and 25 miles under survey. Between Taipiug and
Pra', opposite Penang, at about 50 miles’ distance,
the railway survey is in progress, as it i.s between
Tapah and Tanjong Malim, another 50 miles.
The completion of this through line of railway
communication in Perak may be looked for before
the year lOOO is ended, for they don’t take up
years* of time there in talking about their pro-
posed lines and they don’t w'orry t'lemelves over-
gauge. They have adopted the metre, and thej"^
are content to keep it to the end, as the best
suited in cost and capicity for a country of short
distances, though with a large traffic in the pre-
sent, and a still larger in prospect the near futu e.

What the speedy completion of this “ better” —
1 may say “ best’ line of communication when
Selangor, with IG miles, links up from Kuala Kubu
— may be judged from the small “ boom” that set
in a year ago in coffee planting, cosequent. in a
measure, on the steadily-pursued railway policy of
the Government of going ahead until their trunk
line is an accomplished fact.

THE LABOUR ANE ADVANCES ROBBERS.

Prior to the last year or two j ou could not point
to any considerable evidences of the doings ot coffee
beyond Waterloo (,\rabian) and Kamuning estate
(Liberian), both the result of European c.ipital
and enterprise. Now you can point to recent de-
velopment of ab )ut a thousand acres in coffee in
the Kuala Kangsar, and a great deal more in the
Kiuta district; and a feature in this fresh departure
is the investment of Chinese capital. Whichever
way it is, from a belief in coffee or a disbelief in
mining, the fact remains that the Chinaman is
putting his money into coffee, and, when he joins
with the European in the race, we can come to no
other conclusion than that, for better or worse,
there is to be a run on the coffee lands of the
Perak State. That it will be for the better all
the evidences go to shew; where it mry be for
the worse I am inclined to say it will be from
fauKs that could be avoided, and not from any
drawbacks of soil, climate, labour, or communi-
cations. This leads me to speak of the labour
problem in Perak. Until within a recent period
it was a difficult problem and a deterrent to
planting progress, I think it is n rt so any longer.
’The Cninese are as apt at most of the planting
work as the Tamils, and will do it as cheaply and
well. Both these races can now be got in suffici-
ent numbers and without advances, and, so long
as tin is at its present price, there need be no
fear as regards labour, even should the “ boom ”
to which I have referred extend in volume a id
make a larger demand than hitherto on tne labour
supply. We in Perak are, of course, at a dis-
advantage compared with Ceylon as regards rate
of wages, but we have, on the other hand, the
advantage in freedom fro n advances and necessity

of supplying rice The cooly gets his pay every
mouth regularly, and all that has lo be done for
him is to provide good lines and give him medi-
cine when necessary ; his rice and fish he gets as
cheap as in Ceylon, and such things as 2^1‘tutains
he gets for nothing or next to it. With all these
inducements to the cooly I dont think the planter
in Perak has anyth ng to fear a< regards la our
any more than he has with regard to the good
growth and plentiful cropping of Liberian. I see
1 0 hiiig else to that ths market, which m ly

become glutted with coll e as it is sometimes iu
danger of being with tea. Sir Graeme Elphinstoae
last year cleared 500 acros of land, which he
planced mostly with L beriau Coffee, and at the
be.inn ng of this year he had n -xt to nothing on
his books in outstanding a.ivances. I believe this
experience of on 3, vvhioh I qujt-o, is the experience
of the many u Persk. If ft we-e not so there
would not hi I he advance there has recently been
for Chinese would not hang on to a place under
advances the sa ne as the Tanils in Cey.on, any
more than the Ta nils iu Perak would do ; aud
there would be much greater loss in recovery,
as I had good cause to know in connectioa witu
railway work there.

THE TAMILS IN PERAK.

AdJitiomal and cheapened facilities in the steam-
boat communication between Penang or the Straits
and Southern India, coupled, with the increasing
poioubanty of Perak with the India coolie, wdl
lu-mg Tamil f ee labour over iu greater uu iibsrs
year by )eir, aud t ie planter tliere will before
long have the advantage of two races compe-ing
for his wo k; aud he can 1 lok forward to geatuig
more work out of the individual than hitierto.
T’nat this will be a blessing to the coolie nimself
tnere cannot be a d mbt, for it was the a.iort
hours aud high pay that teiideii to demoralize the
Perak I’amil aud lu ike him s> inferior in quan-
tity aud quality of work to his brother in Ceylon.

YIELD OF LIBERIAN COFFEE.

As already mentioned’ coffee planting iu Perak
is so much in its infancy that not in icrj can be
looked lor, so far, in crop results, but what can
be mentioned of the yield iu 1895 of clean coffee
from one e-tate hiving 257 acres more or less in
full bearing, G to 7 years old, is encouraging
enongii for those later in the field. The acreage
mentioned, with so.nething like 400 trees to tne
acre of Liberian, some of it topped at G feet, and
some at 10 and 12 feet, gave G4 cwts. per acre of
clean berry, which fetenei tne highest price in
the Singapore market. This result was attained
without tile aid of any mannre ; with that aid it
is quite likely the crop return might nave been
increased by fifty per cent.

COCONUTS.

Regarding coconuts I am inclined to think that
on a large scale the returns will ba much greater
tliau ill Ceylon. Going into a native garden whore
there were some very tine trees, I asked how many
lints were got from a tree in a year, and wss
told 200. Tnis may be right or wrong, but there
is no doubt of the heavy bearing capacities of the
trees generally,

I say nothing about Selangor, for I have uot
heeu bear this tiino, neither do I say anything
about planting Liberian, in imitation of Selangor,
on the low, ll it, more or loss swampy, peaty
linds by the sea, for time will tell if tiie venture
be right or avrong. — Local “ 'Times.”

THli WOODS OF SAMOA.

Much has boon written about Samoan wools,
their beauty, abuiidauoe, aud variety, but, s.iya the
United States Consul-Geueral at Apia, there is bat
little foundation for the statement tiuat tiiese woj.l.s
are likely to Oecome a source ot marvellous wcialtli.
There can be no question but th at ihe variety of
woods is very extensive, and that a limited pro-

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS I‘.

667

Portion may in time become valuable. Most of
the Samoan woods are very soft and light, which
aftes becoming well dried, lose not only a great
proportion of weight, but become brittle, and of
no practical worth to sustain lateral strain. In
addition to the.se, there are several varieties of
hardwoods, such as the iMtle, talia, pau, ioi, nida,
tau, and the ifi ( Iiiocarpus cdulis), which can
scarcely be said to be abundant. Several of these
are beautiful, very hard, and susceptible of a high
polish. One or two vaiieties grow to a fine size,
and are in request among the natives for making
kava bowls — wide shallow vessels, hoi owed out from
cross sections of the butt of the tree, generally
from 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter, and some
times reaching 3 ft. 6 in. in width. Woods em-
ployed for this purpose would doubtless cut into
veneers, were there a demand for their peculiar
colour and grain by the fancies of fashion.
8uch, however, docs not at present exist, and

there is no probability that the mere eccentricty
of taste will take a direction to create a demand.
A large amount of hard wood is used in making
the common canoe of the natives. These are
mere logs, hollowed out, and the largest with

rare exceptions, would not require a log of more
than two or three feet in diameter. These canoes
are hollow'ed laboriously out of the log, on the
ground where the tree is felled, being hewn away
until the boat is a mere shell of from 1 to

inches in thicknees, except at the bow and stern.

When thus lightened to a minimum, they are drag-
ged and carried to the water. AVhile large trees
are numerous, they are not in proportion to the
extent covered by the forest, or to that common
in a country of merchantable timber, plentiful, or
found close together. The dense character of the
tropic, forest, the deep shade, moisture, and heat,
has naturally, in such a climate, the influence of
so thickly crowding the surface with shoots and
young trees, that the forest is a mass of slender
saplings, overcrowded and dense, all under the
stimulus of the need of light and air, towering
to reach the open space above. In such a

bush, the large trees having attained size on some
principles of survival of the fittest, abound in ne-
cessarily limited abundance. These large trees,
of nearly all varieties, flare out at the butt in
ribs or inverted brackets until they cover a spice
at the surface of from 12 to even 20 feet. The
woods are not of straight grain, hut are twisted,
knotted, -gnarled, and contorted in shape, and
this bent and knotted quality in the hard and
tough varieties produces a most excellent materi; 1
for knees in small and medium-sized w'ooden ves-
sels, for which it is much used. In a general
sense, it is, perhaps, in this emploj'ment th; t
Samoan woods find their greatest value. Much
was expected in years gone by from the production
of fibres, and an array of p>lants was cited pro-
ducing fibres of a merchantable character. The
intervening years have allowed the shipments of
various samples to Europe for experiment, but the
experiments were such that no encouragement or
demand followed. The fibre obtained from the
covering of the coco' ut is particulaily the only
one produce in the Samoan islands. This article
is well-known to commerce, and long ago took a
place in the manufacture of mats, and to soms extent
as a substitute for hemp in twines. In all coconut
growing countries, it is of course abundant in
proportion to the production of mats. In Samoa it
13 used by the natives in making all the twine and
small rope their needs require, and does not enter
into export — Jourmd of the Socicfif^ of

HASSAN JACK FRUIT.

The Jack-tree of the East Indies (Artocarpus
integrifolia) is a handsome evergreen tree about
60 feet high, the trunk having a diameter of 30
to 40 inches. Its dome of dark foliage, with the
stem burd#osd with monster fruits, is perhaps one

of the most characteristic features of East Indian
village surroundings. The yellow timber is highly
valued for carpentry and furniture, and takes a
fine polish ; it becomes beautifully mottled with
time, and then resembles Mahogany. It also yields
a yellow d3e, little inferior to fustic. The fruit
yields a very important article of food to the
natives of the East Indies, both when green ns
well as when ripe. It is closely allied to the
Bread-fruit of the Pacific Islands, but usually is not
so palatable. Europeans seldom touch it. The oily
seeds, when roasted, are eaten, and are said to re-
s mble Chestnuts.

The leaves of the Jack-tree, as the specific name
implies, are usually entire. In exceptional cases
they are three-lobed ; this is specially a characteris-
tic of seedling plants. The lobing of the leaves
shows the alhuity of the Jack to the Bread-fruit.
They both belong to the tribe Artocarpeae of the
N. O. Urticacese, as also do the Figs, which
yield a similar milky juice. The flowers of
the jack, produce on the stem and older bran-
ches, are monoecious — that is, they apper on dif-
fereirt parts of the same plant They have a
somewhat sweet smell. This is in marked contrast
to the strong, unpleasaut odour of the ripe fruit.
The male flowers are densely crowded on the
outside of a fleshy hon.-like central receptacle,
about 2 to 3 inches long. The individual flowers
are very minute, and consist of a single stamen
and a two-dobed yellow anther. In a section
across the receptacle the male flowers are to Le
seen radiating in a very regular manner from the
circumference of the spongy centre. The fema’e
floivers are similarly arranged, but on a much large r
receptacle, and are so numerous and. thickly crowd
ed as to form an oblong, tuberculated mass of
flowers several inches long. Each female flower
consists of an oblong, tubular perianth, green and
contracted at the mouth. The ovary is provided
at the base with a lateral white style passing
through the aperture of the perianth. After the
ovary is fertilised the mass (or spadix as it might
be called) swells in all directions, and forms a
tuberculated, compound flesby fruit, sometimes w'e-
ighing from 40 to 60 lbs., probably the largest
that is known. The central part is the soft, fleshy
receptacle ; surrounding this, and radiating toward
the circumference, are— (1) the succulent parts of
the very numerous, linear, abortive florets ; and (2)
the enlarged perianths of the fertile florets much
swollen, and appearing as brownish-yellow succulent
masses, 2 or 3 inches long. Those two sets of
bodies constitute the eatable part of the Jack-fruit.
Each seed is completely hurried in pulp, and enclosed
in a leathery testa. It is usually as large as a
Nutmeg; it is destitute of albumen, and composed
of two unequal cotyledons.

Good figures of the flowers and fruit are given in
the Botanical Magardne, tt. 2833 and 2834, from
specimens grown in the Botanic Garden at St. Vin-
cent, in the West Indies. A plant is mentioned to
have flowered in 1827 in the stove of the Edinburgh
Botanic Garden.

The ordinary Jack-fruit above described is familiar
in many parts of the tropics, and is widely cultivated
in the East, from the Punjab to China, and from the
Himalaya to the Moluccas. There are numerous
varieties recognised by the natives of India and
Ceylon. Although common in the latter country, it
has probably been introduced at a remote period from
India. It was introduced to .Jamaica and St. Vincent
by Admiral Rodney in 1782, and thence distributed
to other countries in tropical America. The fruit
is not esteemed anywhere in the New World ; pro-
bably the single variety there known is an inferior
one.

This year a drawing of a very remarkable Jack-
fruit was sent to me by Mr. J. Cameron, F.L.S-,
Superintendent of the Lai Bagh Gardens, Bangalore’
in Mysore. In a letter dated August 2;i last he gave
the following description of it : —

“About a month ago I sent you a photograph and
a water-colour drawing of a remarkable Jack-fruit-.

668

|Aprm, I, 1^97.

THE TROPICAL AGRlLULTaia^r

at least remarkable to me, as it is the first of its
kind I have ever seen.... The fruit and photograph
were sent to me from Hassam, one of our hill dis-
tricts by Mr. A. Walkinson, a coffee planter. His
own letters, with two of my replies enclosed, will
afford all the information at my disposal. Would you
do me the great favour to say what you ihink of
this fruit?.... With your eastern and western ex-
periences you are, of course, well acquainted wdth
the usual form of this fruit, and can offer a valuable
opinion. ”

Mr Watkinson’s account of the tree is as follows: —
“There is a peculiar Jack-tree here, the shell which
holds the kernel grows on the outside of the fruit
... Both planters and natives declare it to be un-
known in any other part of the district. The native
idea is, it was brought hither by a cobra when youngj! ”
On March ‘23, 1890, Mr. Watkinson sent a specimen
of the fruit to Mr. Cameron with the follow’ing note :
“ In October last I wrote you about a curious Jack-
fruit, a specimen of which I am sending by bearer.
I think you will find that the pericarp is intermixed
with the tubercles or spines, and that the peculiarity
i.s not caused by enlarged spines. I am sending a
fruit weighing 9.^ lb. to Mr. Graham Anderson. I
should have sent the larger one to you, but it is
already over-ripe, and should be in a state of decom-
position by the time it reached you. ..I could send
you another later on, as there are five others on
the tree only half-grown. ” Mr. Watkinson adds, “I
can see no difference in the tree itself from tlie rest
of the trees of the wild Jack.’’ The wood-cut (fig.
125) represents the Hassam Jack-fruit one-lialf the
natural size. Its most striking characteristic is the

osition of the seeds on the outside, instead of being

uried, as usual,. in copious pulp. There is evidently
no swelling either of the receptacle or of the perianth,
as in the ordinary Jack-fruit. Hence the Hassam
fruit is probably uneatable. The spine-like processes
occupying the area between the seeds are the abortive
florets.

Sir Joseph Hooker, who has recently completed
his great work, The Flora of Bril ish has been

good enough to ex.unine the drawing of the Hassan-
iruif, and he is of opinion that it is either an ab-
normal form, or a new species.

Colonel Beddome, F.L.S., who is credited with
having found the Jack-tree in a wild state in Southern
India, expresses a similar opinion in the following
words : —

“ The Jack-tree is very common in a wild state in
nil the moist forests on the w^estern ghats of the
Madras presidency.... Its fruit does not differ from
that of the cultivated tree. Your drawing must, I
think, represent a quite abnormal form, unless it be
a new species. I can only say I never saw anything
like it.”

Appar-ently it is not an abnormal form, as the seeds
(I learn from Mr. Cameron) are fully developed, and
give rise to normally healthy plants. These are now
growing in the Ihaugalore Garden. The matter cannot
be carried any further at present, but material is
promised of both the leaves and of flowers, the latter
in different stages of development. When these
arrive it may be possible to come at a more definite
conclusion respecting this interesting plant. — D. Moik
Ris, Kew, December 5. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

TUB COFFEK ENTEUPKISE IN
SELANGOR.

Judging from the euthusiasm of tho.se directly
interested in the cnlii.ation of Libc;i-an coffee
ill Selangor (writes a c irrcspondent who has boon
visiting the Native States of the Malay Archipe-
la<ro) there stens ti be a great future in stoio
for the (u'erprise. In Ceylou you have heard'
from one s lurco or another, at irregular intervals
of the oiJportunitici oJe.el by investments in laud
in these States, but very little real interest seems
to have been taken in the matter. I have had

the privilege of meeting among.st others, Jlr.
'Toynbee, who was engaged in opening out the
first estate ever put under cultivation in Selangor,
and who naturally is an authority on the subject.
He is now one of the largest proprietors in the
district. Selangor is the capital of the newly-organ-
ized Federated States of which Mr. F. A. Swetten-
ham, 13 the II* sident-General. It is, in

extent, 3,000 square miles, or about one-eighth of
the size of Ceylou. It lies immediately to the South of
Perak, and is well intersected with railways. The
climate is much the same as that of Colombo and
the lowcoantry of Ceylon, and is regarded as being
no less healthy than tho average Eastern country.

At present there are some sixty estates under
cultivation, but many more are likely to be opened
out shortly. Possibly Mr. T. N. Christie, l^lr.
G. A. Talbot, or Mr. W. B. Kingsbury would be
the best authorities as to when. In the meantime,
however, it is as well to state that at present
land may be bought at the rate of the dollar per
acre, with a nominal annual ground rent of half
that sum. To small capitalists then, the prospect
ought to be inviting, because there can be “no
doubt, no possible doubt whatever” that the con-
ditions are favourable for the cultivation of the
product, and that those who have already invested
are anything but dissatisfied with the results of
their experiments.

On one point, however, I was solemnly w'arned.
However expert a Ceylon planter may be, he cannot
hope to be a successful Selangor planter, until he
has, so to speak, served an apprenticeship in the
country. First and foremost a knowledge of the
iMalay language is essential, for although Tamil
labour is largely used, it is next to useless in the
preliminary work tliat has to be done, and for
which Malays only arc utilized. Secondly, it is
necessary that the planter should know all about
irrigation and the intricacies of drainage — drainage
such as is little dreamt of in Ceylon. For instance,
a clever prospector will see glorious possibilities in
a huge sheet of water, that is a tract of flat
ground, covered by two or three feet of water.
The first thing to be done, of course, is to drain
tbe w'ater off the ground, and the second to do
il in such a way as to prevent a repetition of the
Hood. This done the estate is ready for planting.

I have said that Tamil cooly l.ilour is largely
employed. From what I heard there seems to be
no difficulty in the way of procuring this labour.
A man is paid twenty-seven cents for a day’s work,
equal to about forty-five Ceylon cents, while a
\yoman is paid twenty cents. Rain is plentiful, as
is necessary for the cultivation of Liberian coffee,
the average rainfall being anything between 80
and 180 inches.

What the future of the country may be it is,
of course, impossible to say, but at present pros-
pects seem very bright. The Government is doing
its best to assist tlie planters, and fresh capital is
continually being imported. To the outsider it would
seem that the enterprise has already got beyond
the experimental stage, and that the openings for
and the probable re«ards for small or large capi-
talists are enticing. It is, however, no place for
the uncapitalized Ceylon planter, for, as I said
before, the conditions and the nature of the work
are very dilTerent to those here. Wtill it is as,
good a place as any other for tho ‘‘ creeper,” and
— what a chance for Lipton! — Local “ Indepeudent.”

C.tPK Fruit. — The ss. “Tantallon Castle” has arrived
from the Cape with 728 cases of fruit, consigned as
follows : — 202 cases of Grapes, to Mr Hudson ; 195
cases do., to the Colonial Consignments and Distri-
buting Company (Ltd.) ; 5 cases to W. R. Sutton A
Co. ; 80., and 20 cases of I’ears, to Messrs. Woodhead,
I’laut & Co. ; 120 cases of Grapes to Mr. E. Hudson ;
and 100 cases do., to Mr. Nathan. This cntii-e con-
signment arrived in very good condition. — Gardeners'
Chivniclc,

April r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 669

THE CEYLON PROVINCIAL ESTATES
COMPANY, LIMITED.

Tlie second ordinary general meeting of tlie
aliareliolders of litis Company was lield at Colombo
on tlie 27tli Feb., when tlie following report
Nvas presented and adopted : —

The Directors have the pleasure iu submitting their
report for the past year, 1896, together with a state-
ment of accounts shewing the results of the Com-
pany's work from 1st August to 31st December last.

The accounts now submitted, taken in conjunction
with those laid before the meeting held on the 5th
September last, cover the Company’s operation for
the whole of 1896.

The expenses incurred in forming the Com-
pany, and the legal and other outlays attendant
upon the purchase of the three properties, amount
to R9,074'63 altogether, and after providing for that
out of revenue the net earnings for the year come
to R61,567'99.

On the 5th September last a dividend of 4 per cent
was declared, and out of the amount now at credit
of the Profit and Loss account the Directors recom-
mend that a further dividend of 5 per cent be paid,
in respect of the shares entitled to participate mak-
ing 9 per cent for the year. The balance after set-
ting apart a sum of R500 to meet remuneration to
the Directors they have decided to employ in pro-
viding, as far as it will go, for what the Company
has spent during 1896 in adding to the cultivated
area of the estates.

The Tea extensions in 1896 represent 63 acres al-
together (50 on Brownlow and 13 on Glassaugh),
and it is in contemplation to clear and plant 30
acres more on Brownlow in 1897.

Since the Shareholders met in September last the
purchase of Aadneven Estate has been concluded.
The consideration given for it was £6,085 sterling
in cash, and 12'2 shares of the Company taken at
a premium of 40 per cent. The area of the property
extends to 188 acres altogether, of which 170 acres
are under Tea cultivation.

The total Tea Crop harvested in 1896, inclusive of
some small sales on the Estates, was 368,367 lb. but
in the case of Aadneven the Company got the bene-
fit of 4 months’ yield only (September-December).
The average selling price of the Tea was about
48'82 cents” per lb. and the coat of production 26.80
cents per lb. approximately.

The Estimates for 1897 point to an output of
370,000 lb. of Tea from the three Estates which it is
expected will be put on the market for about 27'60
cents.

The following statement shews the area of the
Company’s properties: —

Glassaugh and

Aadneven.

Brownlow.

Total.

Acres.

Acres.

Acres.

Tea in full bearing

426

400

826

, in partial „

34

—

34

„ not in bearing

28

50

78

Forest

23

62

85

Waste and Grass

21

72

93

Total acres. .532

584

1,116

YOG AN TEA COMPANY, LD.

The annual general meeting of shareholders of
the Vogan Tea Company took place at Colombo
on the 27th Eeb.

The Annual Report was as follows : —

The directors have pleasure iu submitting to the
shareholders their report and accounts for the year
ended 3 1st December 1896 which they think will be
considered satisfactory.

The estimated crop for Vogan and Iddagodde was
265,tXJ0 lb., and for Barkindale and Stamford HilJ

84

77,000 lb., i. e., 342,000 lb., and the crop actually
secured was as follows

lb. per lb.

Vogan and Idda- realising a net average

godde . . 275,606 price of cts. . . 41-39

Barkindale and realising a not average

Stamford Hill 87,791 price of cts. .. 53'02

Total.. 363,460 lb., averaging cts. 4T23

The laid down cost in Colombo was for : —

per lb.

Vogan and Iddagodde . . cts. 23 06

Barkindale and Stamford Hill .. cts. 31’35
or an average of cts. 25'03 per lb., which includes
a sum spent” on manure of R4, 638-41, and the cost
of making Iddagodde tea in Pantiya Factory for
the first five months of the year, aud of Barkindale ,
and Stamford Hill teas in Auutield and Ottery Fac-
tories respectively for the whole year.

During the year under review 77 acres of tea
were opened on Vogan estate, and a further 70
acres of forest were felled and burnt off out of 100
acres to be planted in 1897. For the latter, nur-
series of dark-leafed Manipuri Indigenous Seed have
been laid down.

At the extraordinary general meetings of the Com-
pany held on the 12th and 28th December- last,
the shareholders authorised the directors to accejrt'
the purchase of about 210 acres of land adjoipiHia.,,^.
Vogan and Iddagodde estates, made by their-autho-.''*
rity from Government, and this addition to the
Company’s property is a valuable one. At the same
the directors were authorised to issue debentures
from time to time as required for the purposes of,
the Company, the aggregte not to exceed R100,000'
at 7 per cent interest or less, on such terms of
repayment and for sirch periods as they may deem
expedient.

Up to the J7th of this mouth Debentures to the
extent of R49,000 have been issued bearing interest
at 7 per cent, and this rate of interest will be the
rate for the balance of the Debentures when issued.

The Acreage of the Company’s Estates is as
follows : —

Vogan and Iddagodde 518 Acres Tea iu bearing

24J „ ,, in partial bearing

1263 „ „ not in bearing

590 „ ,, Jungle

70 .. .. „ (felled)

Barkindale & Stamford

Hill

2-20 „ Tea iu bearing

Total.. 1,549 Acres

After writing off R2,731-53, half the amount of pre-
liminary expenses, and setting aside R3,000 for de-
preciation of Buildings and Machinery, the balance
available for distribution amounts to R58,520‘09.

Of this sum R28,800 were absorbed by the pay-
ment of an interim dividend of 4 per cent for the six
months ended 30th June last, aud the Directors now
recommend a further dividend of 4 per cent for
the last six months, making 8 per cent for the year,
and the carrying forward of the balance R920-08 to
the next account.

As the Share Capital of the Company was not
finally called up till about the middle of February,
1896, the Profit is really the result for under eleven
months.

The iron work of the new Factory on Stamford
Hill is erected and it is hoped that the Company's
Tea will be manufactured there from some time in
April next.

The estimated Crop for 1897 on Vegan and Idda-
godde is 300,000 lb. Tea, aud on Barkindale and
and. Stamford Hill 104,000 1b.

In accordance with the Articles of Association
all the Directors retire, but, being eligible, offer
themselves for re-election.

It will also be necessary to appoint an Auditor
for. 1897.

By order of the Directors,

Lee, Hedges' & Co.,

Agents lO kleerctanes,

Colombo, Ftbruary, 18th 189J.

670

THE TROPICAI. AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1897.

THE TALGASWELA TEA CO^IPANY
OF CEYLON.

The annual general meeting of shareholders of
this Company was held at Colombo on the 27th
Feb.

The Annual Report was as follows: —

Teas . . 703 acres

Other products . . 35 ,,

Forest andchenas.. 1,031 ,,

Total . . 2,039 acres.

The Directors have the pleasure to present to the
Shareholders their Annual Ninth Eeport with a duly
audited statement of the Company’s affairs as on the
31st December, 1896.

The crop for the year turned out 150,2001b. of tea
against an estimate of 160,000 lb., and was all sold
locally at an average of cts. 42'70 per lb. against an
average of cts. 47'52 per lb. for the previous year.

After payment of interest on preference shares and
writing off the usual amounts for depreciation, there
remains a balance of R6,209'78 for disposal and the
Directors propose the payment of a dividend on the
Ordinary Shares of 3 per cent carrying forward the
balance.

During the year, the planting of coconuts, recom-
mended in the last report was proceeded with, and
200 acres have been lined and holed of which 75
acres have been planted. The Directors intend in-
creasing the acreage under this product.

The estimate for 1897, is 170,000 lb. tea. Messrs.
S. .?gar and H. VanCuylenburg retire from the board
by rotation and are eligible for re-election.

The appointment of Auditor also rests with the
meeting, and Mr. Guthrie offers himself for re-
election — By order of the Board of Directors,

Baker & Hall, Agents and Secretaries.

TRAA^ANCORE TEA ESTATES COMPANY,
LIMITED.

Registered February 1, by Murray Hutchins, Stirl-
ng and Murray, 11 Birchin-lane, E.C., with a espi-
al of FT50,000 in £1 shares, divided into 75,000
referred and 75,000 ordinary. Object, to adopt and
arry into effect a certain undetailed agreement for
he acquistion by purchase or otherwise for the fol-
lowing tea estates situated at the Peermad district,
in Travanoore, in Southern India, the same being
known respectively as Bon Ami, Mount Nanja,
Mully, and Kole Kannam, or any of them, or any
parts thereof, and to develop and turn to account
the same in such manner as the company shall see
fit ; and, generally, to carry on business as planters,
growlers and producers of tea, coffee, cinchona,
eoooa, cardamoms, and other plants, trees, and
natural products of any kind in India or elsewhere;
to prepare for market tea, coffee, rice, and other
products ; as warehousemen and carriers by land and
water; to work mines and quarries, and to find,
get win, work, crush, smelt, manufacture, or other-
wise deal with ores, metals, minerals, oil, precious
and other stones, or deposits or products ; to carry
on the business of mining in all its branches ; to
acquire work, and turn to account any patents,
patent rights, &c. ; to build and work tea factories,
coffee-curing mills, factories, tram roads, &c. The
signatories are : —

Shares.

H. K. Rutherford, 21, Mincing-lane, E.C. .. 1

D. Reid, Shootfield, Sevenoaks . . • . 1

H. Tod, 21, Mincing-lane, E.C. .. .. 1

W. R. Grant, 101, Leadenhall-street, E.C. ,. 1

\V. H. Anderson, Rupert Lodge, Burnham, Maiden-
head . . . . . . . . 1

\V. Johnston, Bart., 21, Mincing-lane, C.E. .. 1

W. Mackenzie, 39, Netherhall-gardens, Hampstead 1
Registered office : 21, Mincing-lane, E.C. — 11. and
0. Mail, Feb. 19.

A LESSON IN GARDENING IN CEYLON.

(By a Planter in a Medium District.)

Nallamma, my principal kangani's wife, had, no
doubt, many attractive qualifioatious. In addition to
an unusually clear complexion and features that any
artist would have been delighted to transfer to canvas,
her charm of manner was irresistible : always
apparently happy, in spite of domestic cares, bright
without effort and jocular without freedom on the
one hand or loss of dignity on the other. But her
chief attraction in my eyes was her constant love
of gardening, and I determined one morning to
inspect the kangani’s garden, and to do what I could
to encourage their cultivation. It had occurred to
me, too, that it would be a good plan to give the
kangani the greater part of my newest lot of English
seeds on the understanding that he should supply
me, at moderate prices, with any surplus vegetables
he produced. Such things as peas, rhubarb and
celery, of which the average Tamil coaly knows
nothing, I would continue to cultivate myself, but
it seemed probable I should get better results from
beans and cabbages, if grown in the kangany’s
arden than in my own. This ideal should ceHainly
ave carried out, but for the fact that I was then
only an assistant on the estate, and liable like junior
officials to sudden removal by ill-health or promotion.

I had finished mv morning’s round of work with
unusual celerity, and at ten o’clock had ample time
to visit the garden on my way back to the bungalow.
I found Nallamma not exactly at work, but reaping
the fruits of her labours, or rather of her supervision;
for, of course, she did not stoop to violent manual’
effort personally : working by deputy, to those who
have that gift, is very pleasant and less conducive
than actual physical exertion to rheumatism and
back-ache.

I suppose she must have noticed an avaricious
look in my eyes, for, she asked me, as soon as I
approached the narrow entraiica in the fence, what
it was I wanted. I told her I merely wished to
have a look at her garden, on which she cast .a
somewhat dubious downward glance at the brinjals
and chillies she was carrying in the folds of her cloth.

I crawled sideways through the gap, taking off my
broad pith topee, and at once began my examination. T
found, just as previous hurried inspections had led me
to expect, her garden iully occupied by native vege-
tables of all sorts, and all of them seemed to be
in much better condition than any that my garden
could boast of. There were several things too grow-
ing in it, which were new to me.

‘ What is this?’ I asked, as we came to a bed of
tall plants with showy yellow flowers, apparently *
species of Hibiscus.

‘ We eat the leaves in curry’, she replied, ‘ they are
very good but acid.’ Nallama had very fine teeth
and I could not help telling her so. ‘ Ah,’ she
said, with a pitying air, ‘ you don’t chew betel.’

‘ You eat these leaves too,’ I asked, looking at
some slender trees with large, graceful, cream-
coloured blossoms. ‘ Yes, of course,’ she replied,

‘ and the Agati flowers too, when not wanted for seed.’’

‘ And these two are edible ?’ I enquired, pointing
to a small bed of foliage plants very like the Uulem
in my front garden, but with no red or yellow or
purple tints in the leaves. ‘ Yes,’ she answered,

* we call them small potatoes : the little tubers are
very good, and the plants bear in two or three
months ’ time.’ I began to feel that my knowledge
of gardening was still capable of expan.sion.

‘ Why don’t you grow some of our English vege-
tables,’ I suggested rather feebly. ‘ I would give
you seeds or plants.’ ‘ We fiud these quite enough’
she said : ‘ yours would take up loo much space auii
they might not be of use in curries.’ * Jhit/ I
observed, you could make a larger garden and try
some of them. At any rate you might cut out some
of these useless plantains and grow better things
there.’

‘ The plaintains,’ she remarked, with a merry
laugh, ‘ are not useless. We get m.x or eight bnnohes
a year from each always, and the best kinds aee

671

April 1, I897.J THE TROPICAL AGRICUi TURIST.

worth a rupee each.’ I must confess I felt rather
sceptical on this point. I had about a hundred
trees growing on two sides of my garden, and got
only one bunch from them in about three mouths.

“ Your bungalow servants perhaps take them,”
she suggested : “ every kind is good for cooking if
cut before they ripen.” This was rather distress-
ing. I had fancied I knew something about plantains
and certainly lost no opportunity of pointing out to
Ramasamy each flower as it appeared, but I re-
flected sadly that a great many flowers had borne
no fruit for me. I continued my search in hopes
of finding some vegetable as to which I might offer
hints of improved cultivation, but in vain. Even
the onions, of which my cooly had planted several
beds at different times, with what I considered good
results, were finer and much regular than mine,

” Do you make much flour from your arrowroot
plants,” I asked, feeling that I might have a chance
of telling her how to prepare it. ‘‘Not more than
you do,” she replied with a merry light in her
eyes, ‘‘ but you grow yours in pots in your veran-
dah.” “ Yea,” 1 assented, “ mine are merely orna-
mental,” and I began to explain how the tubers
should be cleaned and converted into flour. “ I
used to make some every yea*-,” she said, with a
gracious air, ” before you came here, but we can
get arrowroot and other things from you whenever
any of the children are ill. You sometimes give
away these things,” she added, “ to coolies, who are
net really ill,” and she mentioned two cases in which
my charity had recently been evidently carelessly ad-
ministered.

“ Your bandahai plants,” I observed, “ seem to give
a large crop : it is a pity they haven’t a better
flavour. “ Oh,” she replied, ‘‘ we like them well
enough : the kaogani is very fond of them.” Per-
haps your servant doesn’t cook them properly.
Different vegetables require different curry-stuffs.”
This was a point I had never considered ; my appu
had unlimited curry materials to work with, but
there was a sameness about his curries that made
them disgustingly monotonousand the dishes often went
back to the kitchen ulniost untasted. I remembered
having once suggested that the curry should be given
to the fowls, but reflected now that I had rever
seen the poultry regaling themselves on curry.

“ What are these plants,” I asked, pointing to
some with broad ash-coloured leaves. ‘‘ Those are a
Very good kind of yam,” she answered : “ we eat
the stems and the yams too when tlie porcupines
don’t destroy them. It was to catch them that rriy
husband borrowed your large rat-traps last month,
but they wer-e no use. The porcupines are too
clever, and the only plan is to shoot them. But, ’
she added, with an assumed tone of regret, ” we
caught your liorsekeeper’s dog, and it is still very
lame.” The dog had done a good deal of damage
in my own garden and I could not conceal my delight.

I failed to find iu the garden anything of which
either the roots, leaves or fruits were not edible
till we came to a couple of low spreading plants
with long spikes of red flowers. ‘‘ 'This is certainly
cmamental,” I observed, ‘‘ but perhaps you use it
for curry.” “ No, for medicine,” she replied ; ‘‘ the
roots are used iu certain cases by Tamil women.”

1 thought it hardly safe to venture further enquiry.

I had supposed I knew something of medicine,
both Euro^jeau and Oriental, having experimented
with many hundreds of sick coolies, usually very
successfully, though often, I fear, to our mutual sur-
prise, but this perhaps was a branch of medical
^re that I had not yet taken up. Nallamma seemed
puzzled at my silence, and I made an effort to con-
tinue the conversation by complimenting her on
possessing a garden containing nothing useless.

‘‘ Yes,” she remarked, ‘‘ we do not grow flowers
like yon do in front of your bungalow ; we can get
from you all the flowers we want for our temple
festivals. I congratulated her on getting so much
more produce from a small bit of giound than I
could from my larger garden.”

*• I suppose you get seeds given you by all the
ptbor coolies who keep gardens,” I suggested.” “No,”

she replied, with an air of dainty scorn, “ not at
all. We give away a great man}*.”

“But how do you manage to get such fine crops,”
I asked. It occurred to me that perhaps a little of
the artificial manure, intended for the coffee trees,
was occasionally used, but the suggestion was met
by a decisive negative. “We use only cattle manure
and ashes,” she observed, “ and, of course, water
the gxrden regularly.” “ My garden cooly does the
same, I replied, “ but nothing seems to grow as well as
it ought to. My coolies cost me about twelve rupees a
month, and I buy about ten rupees' worth of seeds
each season. Ramasami uses the best tools I
can get and a very flue watering-can, but even the
cabbages don't grow properly and half the seeds don’t
come up.” “ I’m afraid,” said Nallamma, “ you don’t
look after him sufficiently : you have’nt time.”

This was such an une.vpeoted compliment, and said
in such a graceful way that I felt not cnly pleased
but convinced that she was right. “ We irrigate our
garden from the water course,” she added, “ and I
sprinkle my plants lightly with water from a chatty,
Ramasami perhaps sows your seeds in wet weather
or does not use the rose of your watering-can except
when you are in the garden.” And then she continued,
with gentle emphasis, “ I always sow our seeds my-
self.” I felt that I was acquiring knowledge fast,
but did not like to admit it. I argued that my gar-
den-cooly, having no fixed task to do and having
generally a fairly easy time, was not likely to shirk
such a simple work as watering. “ I don’t know,”
she said, “ he may be a very good cooly” — her
features expressed other disbelief — “ but your garden
has as good soil as this ; I expect it is' his fault if
your plants don’t grow right. His brother has a

garden nearly as good as ours. You need not tell
im I said so,” she observed with a plaintive look-.

“ No, my dear,” I answered, with that famili arity
which naturally arises from a mutual interest, “T
will say nothing, but I will look after him more
carefully.”

“ Do you use these also for curry ? ’ I enquired, point-
ing to some small plants growing near the entrance,

‘ or are they used for drup” ? “No,” she replied
gaily, “ I have never heard of their being used for
either purpose, but the fresh leaves are good for
insect bites, and, when rubbed on one’s face, remove
sun-burn. “Olil” I exclaimed, looking closely at her
clear cheeks, “ I can understand wby you grow it.”
She did not seem offended, but advised me to plant
in my garden : “Some day,” she added, “ when you
have children, you will find it useful.” Apparently
she knew something of my matrimonial intentions :
my appu had evidently been reading my home-letters,

(I did not know he could read Euglish), and the
kitchen gossip had reached the cooly-lines.

“ I think it is time I went back to breakfast,” I
remarked. “ Yes,” she assented “it is late, and you
must be feeling hungry.” And I wished her “ good
morning” with a rather painful consciousness that,
instead of having given Nallamma any hints on Garden-
ing, she had instructed me in the first principles of-
horticulture. And this feeling was certainly not
lessened when she sent me, in the evening, by her
little son, a collection of seeds, a magnificent cab*
bage and a dish of beans. GIPSY JOHN.

JADOO CRITKJISED.

“Toda” writes as follows, under date of 13th
instant : —

As you published Colonel Halford Thompson’s
letter, which appeared in the Madras Mail of 12th’
January, criticising a letter of mine re Jadoo Fibre,
which was inserted in the Mail of IDth Novembir
1896, I would ask you in fairness to kindly publish
iu the next issue of riantinij Opinion, my reply to
Colonel Halford Thompson’s letter which you will
find in the Madras Mail of Ith February, signed-
“ Toda.”

We regret we have not sufficient space to quote the
letter in full, which occupies a full column of very
small print in our contemporary, but xve trust ‘ Xodft"

672

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Appil i, 1H97.

will find the oniissious iu no way impair the weight
of h is crushing I'cjoinder.

Colonel Tiiompson says: — ‘ I', is diffiuiU to con-
ceive how £7-10 0 per ton at Madras (now reduced
to £7) could by any raeani swell to U170.” Blessi's.
Parry and Co. tell me they can supply the (ibro al
R7 per bale of 1 cwt., on rail at Madras. Add another
R30 for cost of carriage, ( i fair estim ile, seeing that
the majority of estates are many miles from the
Railway Station,) and the present price comes to
R170 per ton. In Colonel Tuompson’s prospectus it
was claimed that Jadoo fibre would be useful in two
ways, so far as coffee planting was concerned, (i)
In the “raising of nursery plants.” (M) In “ bring-
ing on supplies,” a d with these uses I dealt in my
original letter. In regard to the fii-st I said “ now
as to the cost of raising nursery plants.” The pros-
pectus states that a 3 bushel sack of Jadoo should be
sufficient for “raising 4.')0 (nursery ) plants.” The ton is
said to contain GO bushels, so that the cost per plant
would beabontSs pies. Thismeans an expenditure of —
about — Rl,650 on the puirliase. of Jadoo alone, in the
case of a nursery, for a 50 acre clearing, planted
5’ X 6'.” Colonel Thompson siys this c<alcula' ion is
wrong because I “ have taken the quantity of Jadoo
equired for a seed bed large enough to raise 450
Beedlings at a time” — it will Pe observed that Colonel
Thompson admits the quantity given in thq prospec-
tus, a three bushel sack for 450 seedlings is correct —

'• (but which could be used again and again so that
20,000 seedlings could be raised from it) as the I asis
of a calculation based upon the original 450 seedlings
being the whole quanli y that could be raised
out of that amount of Jadoo.” Tne circular saj-s
nothing about the possibility of using a given
quanity of Jadoo “again and again,” but this does
not affect my cale.ulatinn in the smallest degree. If
it takes a 3 bushel sack to raise 4.'>0 seedlings (as
Colonel T.iom[)sou admits) then, with the price of a
ton at R170, each seedling would cost 3§ pies, and a
nursery for a 50 acre clearing planted ,5' x 5' would
entail an expenditure of Rl,650. Colonel Thompson
draws an alluring picture. You buy your 3 bushel
sack of Jadoo, and raise your 450 seedlings by its
aid every year for the term of your natural life.
Then you leave it to your successors as an heirloom,
who do the same, and so on to the crack
of doom. The only drawback is that as a 60 acre
clearing would require a nursery of 1)0,000 plants as a
minimum, and as you can only raise a nursery once
a year, it wonhi, at the rate of 4,50 plants per
annum, take about 200 years to plant the clearing
up. The new light th.at Colonel Thompson throw’s
on Jadoo, viz., that it can be used for a series of
years as it does not lose its efficacy, would of course
reduce the cost of a nursery in subsequent years, so
far as the purchase of Jadoo is concerned. Before
I leave this question, I would add that it is “ diffi-
cult ” for) one not in the know •' to conceive ” how'
Jadoo call be used again and again. The testimonials
printed with the prospectus, and those given in the
Madras Mail of the 0th December, imply that, when
Jadoo is used iu a mu sery, it encourages root growth
in a wonderful way, and that, when the seedlings
aip large enough to be put out in the field, the
fibre is a mass of fibrous roots. Hovy then is the
fibre to be retained for future use. without serious
injury to these fibrous roots? I trust Colonel
Thompson will make this point clear. With regard
to the second use I said (I quote from my original
letter), “ But these figures pale into insignificance
before the cost of ‘bringing on supplies.’ The pros-
pectus gives 3 peck as the quantity each supply
should receive.

= 3 16 bushel,

or, say, 1 bushel for 5 plants,

1 ton for 3C0 plants,

= 9 ans. per plant ”

On this head Colonel Thompson says“ the amount
of Jadoo requi'-cd for raising seedlings in beds to sup-
ply .50 acre.s would be certainly not more than 5 cwt.
and would cost therefore JlJ‘2-8 instead of 111,6.50
as calculated by Toda.” Bvery word of this

(jcuteuto is jfifteciuivte, and it is hete that Cylottel

Thompson gets into a state of more “hopeless confu-
sion” than anywhere else in his letter. In the first place
I never said that “ the cost of raising seedlings in
beds to stipjdi/ 50 acres w’ould be 111,6.50.” The cal-
culation in which those figures were given had re-
ference solely to cost of a nursery for planting up a
50 acre opening. Colonel Thompson is evidently un-
able to distinguish between planting up a new clear-
ing, and supplying an old estate. (Query. Has he
ever seen a coffee estate ?). Further the large quan-
tity of Jadoo — J peck — given in the prospectus as
the amount necessary for each supply, shows clearly
that the prospectus did not contemplate the “ raising
of seedling! in beds” as supplies. It meant that
that amount of Jadoo should be applied to each
supply in the field. Again, it is not in the power of
Colonel Thompson or anyone else to say that the
amount of Jadoo I’equired for “raising seedlings in
beds to supply 50 acres w’onld be certaiely not more
than 5 cwt.” or an;/ fixed amount, for the simple
reason that ‘ supplying ” is a variable quantity.
Granting that J peck is the right amount of Jadoo
for each supply (and Colonel Thompson does not
deny it), how many plants would 5 cwt. — the amount
fixed by Colonel Thompson as sufficient for a .5')
acre clearing— cover ? The ton contains 60 bushels,
so 5 cwt. w'ould contain j of this or 15 bushels. At
1 bushel for 5 plants, this w'ould mean (5 by 15) =75 sup-
plies. Well A's 50 acre clearing (lucky dog !) might
need only 75 supplies, while B’s clearing of a similar
extent might need 7, .500. What then becomes of Colonel
Thompscu's fixed price of R12’S for supplying 50 acres ?
On the lines marked out by Colonel Thompson, it is
impossible to arrive at any definite conclusion as
to cost of supplying. My calculation is the correct
one, viz. that if it takes J pjck per supply, then
it costs 9 at.s. per plant, with Jadoo at R170 per
ton. One thing is obvious from Colonel Thompson’s
letter that, however great his theoretical knowledge
of the merits of Jadoo may be, he knows abso-
lutely nothing about its practical application to
coffee. The figures given in the Jadoo prospectus
are either right or wrong (and Colonel Thompson
in his letter implies they are right). These
figures are a 3 bushel sack of Jadoo for 450 plants
in the case of a nursery, and 5 peck for each supply
(to be applied of course in the field). If these
quantities are right, my calculations are right, in
spite of the tissue of nonsense contained in Colonel
Thompson’s letter. If they are wrong, the sooner
Messrs. Parry and Co. (who have a practical know-
ledge of coffee planting) correct them, the be ter for
everyone interested in the question of Jadoo bre. —
Planting Opinion, Feb. 20.

LPiCTURE OX RHKA.

An interesting and instructive lecture entitled
“ Rhea^ — its History and Prospects” was delivered
a* a meeting of St. Andrews’ Guild on the evening
of the 12ih by Mr. J. Melrose Aruot, r.c.s. There
was a large attendance. The lion. Sir John Wood-
burn (President) presided and introduced the lecturer.

The lecturer dealt with the subject in detail. At
the outset a description of the plant was given, show-
ing its essential features by means of diagrams and
growing plants. Then the history of the plant was
passed in review, and the lecturer stated that the
fisherfolks of India, China, and the South Sea Islands
were probably the first people to make use of the
fibre and to cultivate the plant, which he said they
still contine to do. He then handed round samples
of the hand-cleaned fibi'e which had been obtained
from the fishers of Dinagepore at a cost of R2 per
seer. The methods of cultivation and propagation
followed in Asia and China were described, and it
was pointed out that arich sandy loam in a warm and
equable climate with a good rainfall, well distributed
throughout the year, is the most favourablecircum-
stance for the production of good crops, which may her
gathered four or five times per year. The lecture
then insisted upon the necessity for liberal manuring
Aud careful euUiYfttjou, cutoiciug the point by lucauci

April j, 1897.] THK TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

673

of tables showing composition of plant and soil,
and remarking that although one part of Ben-
gal seemed to suit the plant fairly well in
common with other crops, it suffers severely from
long drought. The primitive modes of preparing
the fibre were described, and then the various
modern processes were reviewed, special attention
being devoted to the Gomess process, the Mac-
donald.Boyle process, and the process of Mr. J. S.
Brown, Bally Paper Mills, a working experimental
model and complete drawings of whose machines
w'ere exhibited. The lecturer then said all fibres
have this in common, that they arc e’ong ited c“lls,
but they vary greatly as to length, thickness, form
of section, shape of ends, hardness, softness, elasti-
city, flexibility, lustre, and strength. All fibers of
one class however have characteristics in common,
that is to say, that all fibers obtained from one
natural order or family of plants so closely resemble
one another as to be only with difficulty distinguished.
In the textile industries, for instanco, we have a wide
range of easily recognisable fibres, as cctton and
jute, hemp and flrx, wool and silk; but the various
varieties of cotton can only be distinguished by an
expert, and same may be said of hemp and of the
animal fibres, wool and silk, although they are not
cellulose. In the paper industry we have a much
wider i-ange of fibres, and many of them so .closely
alike that we 'have to depend on the appearance of
some invariable complement to the fibre, such as
the cells of the pith or the leaf-hair of grasses
to identify them. I have here prepared a table to
show the chief physical characteristics of the most
important commercial fibres, and you will see that
f)r length, strength, and lustre, rhea far transcends
all the other vegetable fibres. And besides all this
it combines with its rare whiteness an affinity for
colouring matters which is not approached by any
other normal cellulose. Jute dyes excellently, but
jute is a very pronounced teguo cellulose, and the
colours, w'hen dyed, lack the purity of tone which
they show so admirably on rhea. Chemically con-
sidered rhea is a pecto-cellulose like all the other
finest textiles, as linen, hemp, and cotton. When w*
consider what may be the future for rhea, we must
be careful to bear in mind that none of the people
to whose lot it w'ill fall to make a success of it have
any experience yet. That the fibre can be extracted
S3 successfully as to leave little to be desired is, I
think, beyond a doubt; but the growers are ouyl ex-
perimenting yet, and so we have no good supply of
regular 'qualities of fibre, and consequently the
spinner has to work upon an uneven material whose
qualities he has not yet mastered. Cultivation and
frequent cropping improve both the strength and
fineness of the fibre, and when the plant is produced
largely and steadily, we may expect to see a great
advance in every direction. The fibre combines well
with silk, flax, and wool, and, when alone, it rivals
the more ordinary sort of silk. Moreover, it enjoys
an advantage w'hich silk has not— it may be con-
verted into the most excellent paper after it has
become useless for any other purpose. When a
sufficient supply is forthcoming, machinery will
be modified so as lo obtain the best result,
Much has been said about rhea as a substitute
for jute; but jute is more easily cultivated, and the
rayat would, I fear, fail to give rhea the raanurii g
and attention which it demands during the greater
part of the year, so that most likely rhea would
not be widely cultivated in the jute districts, and
the jute business would still continue. The whole
future of rhea now depends, on the cultivator, and
there is every reason to believe that in many districts
it may be grown at a profit. I have heard that the
company which is working the Gomess patents can
manufacture rhea filasse as cheaply as cotton is
produced, but as the raw material is not sufficiently
abundant that would not continue to be the case
in the event of a largely increased demand arising
soon. At present they are producing about two tons
weekly. But the rhea fibre is more likely to become
a serious rival to flax and wool than to jute. Jute
is indeed among textiles, as like newspapers in another

sphere, often used for nobb ends, but, as a rule,
doing the drudgery of the world and cast aside
when it has accomplished its more immediate purpose.

The President congratulated the lecturer on his
successful lecture and demonstration, and in opening
a di.rcussion on the subject of rhea, said that Lord
Mayo’s Government in offering a reward of £5,000
for the best process for preparing rhea had begun
at the wrong end. The principal problem which had
alone to be solved was the difficulty of getting the
material in sufficient quantity in India. It had been
shown that the climate of Bengal was not suited to
its cultivation ; it required a moist and equable cli-
mate, otherwise interruptions occurred in the fibre
which was fatal to its utilisation. He understood
that a keen controvercy was going on among bota-
nists as to whether the mistake had not been made
of growing the tropical species of rhea in semi-tro-
pical regions and the semi-tropical in regions similarly
nnsuited to them. Surgeon-Major Prain followed and
confirmed what Sir John Woodburu had said with
regard to the confusion which existed with regard
to the species of rhea most suited for manufacturing
purjtoses' There was little doubt that the tropical
species was the one which Dr. Roxburgh had ori-
ginally introduced from Sumatra, and was therefore
not suited to India generally. He said that Dr.
George Watt had lately proceeded to Assam with the
object partly of ascertaining which species is the
true rhea. Mr. John Gemmell, in the course of a
few remarks, said that the plant had been tried as
an expel iraent in several tea gardens in Assam with
some success, but that the cost of cultivation had
acted as a deterrent to its extended introduction.
Messrs. George S. Sykes, James Luke, and G. W.
MacMinn also contributed to the discussion. — Indian
and Eastern Engineer, Feb. 20.

‘i TEA AND MANURING.”

A young planter who has been interested in
the discussion on tlie above subject wants to
know whether, as a matter of fact, tea has ever
been known to be killed through manuring • and
secondly, whether tea, once manured,’ and
improved in yield, has ever been known to go
back to less than the original crop per acre’
We ai'e not .so sure about the second ; biitsu’-elva
negative is the only ansiver to the first question ’
.\n old and practical planter writes on another
controverted point ; —

As regards cultivation ’ in previous corresnond*
ence, the ‘ opinion ’ of some that returning green
primings to the trees poisons them, my «:pertence in
tropical cultivation of over 30 years is that under
proper conditions this gives some of the very best
esults !

UDUGAMA TEA AND TIMBER COMPANY
LIMITED.

At the annual general meeting held on Isf,
March 189/, the following Report was snb
mitted : —

The directors submit to the shareholders the account-
for the year ending 30th September 1896.

The yield for the Saumarez. XJduEramn av\/i tt

dollj «nio«ntea lo 144,350 lb., »n incSa,, nfej!'

Su,.r™" >o2881b.p’o7^jl^

Of the cleared land in Maininadnlo ,

m 1805 b.ve c«»e o.. S/t 12

bearing next year ; So acres were nlanteH l.ct
and are looking very healthv and SI ‘
now felled and are ready for i ilanL 0-^“^ **’•

mated that when all these clearimrs^o^o
they should yield 150,000 Ib. ^ ^ ® bearinj^

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April r, 1897.

f 76

been anplied over about 20 acres, the total area manured
since the Company acquired the property being com-
puted at 414 acres.

The Company’s Property consists of: —

476 acres Tea under leaf. Yield in 18%=
426 lb. Tea per acre.

50 „ Forest.

Total.. 526 acres.

About 4 acres are to be brought into cultivation during
the year.

The estimated crop for 1897 is 190,000 lb. Tea.

It will be seen that the property representing
Capital stands in the balance sheet at approximately
R501 per acre cultivated, as compared with about
R508 m the previous year’s account ; and that the
profit per acre is about R68 00, as compared with
K84'00 in the previous year.

Mr. John Albert Martin retires from the Board by
rotation, and is eligible for re-election.

The Shareholders will be requested to elect an
Auitor for the current year. — By order of the Directors,

B. G. L. Bremner, Secretary.

Colombo, 24th Feb. 1897.

THE BOGAWANTALAWA DISTPJCT TEA
COMPANY.

The Bogawantalawa District Tea Company Ltd.,
has been registered with a capital of £250,000 in
£10 shares of which 12,500 are preference,
and 12,500 are ordinary. Object to adopt and
carry into effect an agreement expressed to be
made between this Company and C. Fetherston-
haugh. Sir George William Campbell, k.c.m.o., A.
T^bor, and J. C. Fort for the acquisition, by pur-
chase, lease or otherwise, of any land and buildings
in Ceylon or elsewhere, and any estate of interest
in or any rights connected with any such lands
and buildings, and in particular the Kirkoswald,
Bridwell, Elbedde, and Bogawane estate, Dikova,
Ceylon, or any of them, and, generally, to develop
the resources of, and turn to account the said pro-
perties by clearing, planting, cultivating, farming,
grazing, mining, and building thereon. The signato-

ries are : —

C. Fether-
stonhaugh
A. Tabor
J. C. Fort
H. Bois
C. M. Robert-
son

J. G. Forster
E. Bois

Hurst Lodge, Twyford, Berkshire
Sunnydene Eastbourne
Forest Lodge Ashford. Surrey
5, Ashwood-road S,. Kensington

Share.
1
1
1
1

12, Fenchurch Street, E.C. 1

12, ,1 ti 1

12, ,, I, ,» I

The directors shall not be less than three, nor

more than five; the first are the first four sub-

scribers. Qualification £1,000. Remuneration, £^
per annum with a percentage of the profits divisi-
ble. Registered Office, Fenchurch Street, E. C.

THE YATADERIA TEA CO. OF CEYLON
LIMITED.

The annual meeting was held on 5th Marcli.

The Directors’ report is as follows : —

The Directors have the pleasure to submit tha
Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for
the year ending 31st December, 1896, duly audited.

The balance of Profit (including R10,120'84 brought
forward from last year, after crediting Reserve Fund
with R15,000 as voted at the last General Meeting;
and after writing off for Depreciation of Buildings
and Machinery as shown by the accounts) is
R74,329'43. Of this sum R23.750 has been absorbed
in paying an Interim Dividend at tho rate of 12J
per cent; and the Directors propose that a further
Dividend of 12J per cent, and a bonus of 7J per
cent absorbing R38,000 be declared and made paya-
ble on the 8th March ; that R5,000 be transferred
to the Reserve Fund account and that the remainder
of R6,329'43 (after paying Rl,250 special foe voted
to the’ Directors at the General Meeting in 1895) be
carried forward,

It will be seen that the property representing
capital stands in the Balance Sheet at approximately
R204 per acre cultivated, as compared With about
R255 in the previous year’s accounts, and that the
profit per acre is Ii87.

The Factory extensions referred to last year have
been nearly completed ; and a new turbine and sifters
have been erected.

The total Tea crop was 544,1591b. or 82,311 lb. less
than estimated in the last report, rather finer pluck-
ing having been adopted with a view of improving
prices, which ns far as can be judged was successful.
The plucking area v/as 768 acres. The total quantity
of Tea for disposal was 545,393 lb. including 1 234 lb.
made from purchased leaf, of which 12,9881b. were
sold locally averaging 27'28 cents per lb.; and 532,405
were shipped to .London, of which 102,160 lb. had
still to be accounted for ; but the average ob-
tained for the 430,2451b. as yet accounted for is
33'24 cents per lb. The cost of the Tea delivered
to buyers or put on board ship, including all charges
and Depreciation of Buildings and Machinery,
was 2059 cents per 'b. (beiag "08 of a cent
more than in 1895). The net value realised from sales (a
portion being estimated) was 32’34 cents per lb. (being
4'-83 cents less than for the previous crop). The
sum written oil for depreciation represents '71 cents
per lb. of the cost.

The Company’s property (including 96 acres pur-
chased during the year) consisted on the 31st Dec.

1896, of
Acres.

Tea plan- Y^ield in

c3

<U

Eh

r

2^
o >

o

03

CO

172

208

100

42

6

52

120

68

37

75

22

255

ted in.
1885

1887

1888

1889

1890

1891

1892

1894

1895

1896

Cocoa and
Forest, &c.

1896.

793

730

723

792

811

939

757

160

not

lb. tea per acre

^ O

§3?

* 00

la ueariDg.

»♦ M

Factory site.

1,157 acres as per last report.

96 „ purchased from Crown and Natives.

1,253 Total acres.

The Directors propose an extension of about 35
acres Tea in 1897, which has been cleared.

The estimated crop for 1897 is 537,600 lb. Tea.

Mr. John H. Starey retires from the Board, in
terms of the Articles of Association, and being el’igi-
ble, offers for re-election. Mr. David Fair\”eather
resigned his seat at the Board on leaving the Island
and the Directors elected Mr. Charles MintoGwatkin

in his stead.

The Shareholders will be requested to elect an
Auditor for the current year.— -By order of the Direc-
tors, B. G. L. Bremner.

Colombo, 24th Feb. 1897.

Secretary.

♦

Indian Tea Crop.— The Indian Tea Associa-
tion publish the following figures showing the ac-
tual outturn of the Indian tea crop of ”l896 :

As.sam, 59,655,793 lb.; Cacliar, 20,401,487 lb.*
Svlhet, 25,099,486 1b.; Darjeeling 7,817,495 1b.’
Terai, 3,738,9271b.; Dooars, 22,073,781 lb.; Cliitta-
gong, 1,030,125 1b.; Cliota Nagpore, 220,.322 Ib •
Kangra, 2,180,0001b.; Delira Doon and Kumaoa
(Estimate), 2,000,000 lb. ; Private and Native Gar-
dens (Estimate) 4,000,000 lb.; total, 148,217,4161b
The total shipments to all places from 1st April
to 31st January 1897 are 138,171,829 1b. The ex-
ports to the Colonies and other ports, together
with local consumption, are not likely to exceed
16 millions, which will leave about 131} million
pounds for export to Great Britain.

677

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

TKE EILA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON,
LIMITED.

At the meeting of the Eila Tea Company of
Ceylon, Ltd., lield at the offices of Messrs. J. M.
Robertson & Co., on tlie Oth Marcli 1897, tlie
following report of the directors was presented and
adopted : —

The directors have the pleasure to submit their
report and accounts for the year ending 80th June,
1896. The crop on Eila estate has slightly exceeded
the estimate, but the crop from Kanangama was a
little under that estimated. The total crops from
the two estates amounted to 3.58,066 lb. against an
estimate of 360,000 lb. The j)rice realized for the
tea was not altogether satisfactory and the net average
of the tea sold from the two estates was 37-97 cts.
against 42-83 cts. last year. The net profit for the
year, after allowing R6,100'49 for depreciation, is
K44,657T1 (equal to nearly 15 per cent on the capital
of the Company) to which must be added the balance
brought forward (after payment of the dividend for
1894-95) of R2,095T3 together aggregating R-16,752'24.
Out of this an interim dividend of 4 per cent has
been paid leaving R34,752’24 available for distribution.
The directors recommend that this be disposed of as
follows, viz : — That a final dividend of 9 per cent
bo declared on the share capital of R300,000, making
13 per cent for the year.. .. R27,000 00
That a sum be carried to Reserve
Fund of . . . . . . . . R6,000 00

Leaving to be carried forward to next
account . . . . . . . . Rl, 752,24

R34,752 24

The estates on 30th June, 1896, consisted of Eila,
410 acres tea, 5 years old and upwards ; 50 acres
tea, 2 years old and upwards ; 105 acres tea, 1 year
old and upwards; 62 acres tea, under one year; 330
acres forest, total 957 acres.

Kanangama, 20 acres tea, 5 years old and upwards ;
15 acres tea, 4 years old ; 108 acres forest, total 323
acres.

Mr. H. Tarrant retires in accordance with the
articles of Association, but being eligible offers him-
self for re-election. The shareholders will also have
to elect an auditor for season 1896-97.

THE RATWATTA COCOA COMPANY,
LIMITED.

An ordinary general meeting of the .shareholders
of this Company was held at the Company’s
Offices at No. 20 Baillie Streeton tlie Cth March
1897.

The following is tlie report of tiic directors : —

The Directors have the pleasure to submit their
fourth annual report, together witli a statement of
accounts for the year ending December 81st, 1896.
The accounts show that the Company’s property
stands at a nett cost of R120,941’27. For this capi-
tal outlay the shareholders have a property con-
sisting of 789 acres. The definition of the estate
as at present constituted is as follows : —

3 Years old. 2 Years. 1 Year. 'I'otal.
Tea and Cocoa 86 acs. 9 acs. — 95 acs.

Cocoa . . 66 „ 109 „ 81 acs. 256 ,,

Liberian coffee

and tea .. 15 „ 9 „ — „ 24 „

Liberian coffee — — 11 ,> H >>

Grass . . — — — 3 „

Coconuts planted —
Forest — normally

2,000 4,000'

400

Total . . 789 ,,

Besides opening and planting this land, a suli-
stantial Superintendent’s bungalow has been built
of bricks, tiles and sawn timber. A cocoa store, of
brick and iron roof, is nearly completed, and the
necessary cooly lines. In view of the low prices
obtained for cocoa in late years , and the success ot
So

tea in the Matale district, your Directors called a
general meeting of shareholders to discuss the sub-
ject ; when it was resolved that only the best fields of
cocoa (about 200 acres) should be retained as cocoa,
and that the cultivations of teas bo extended as
fast as possible, thus not rendering the Company
dependent on only one product. The capital of the
Company was raised from R150,000 to R200,000 to
allow of this programme being carried out. With
this double cultivation, the Directors look forward
to the future with confidence. Valuing the reserve
forest at R50 per acre, it will be seen that the cost
per acre of cultivated land is R285 per acre, a
figure which must be considered moderate, remem-
bering that the laud is all young and coming into
bearing. When the whole estate of nearly 800 acres
is under cultivation (which it is hoped it will be
in 1,900), the , Company will have a very valuable
property, as it is now known frem the statistics of
an adjoining estate, that the district grows tea
equal lo the best in the Island for quantity. Work
of 1897—100 acres of forest will be cleared and planted
with tea, and as much of the exposed cocoa land as
can be done. Dirtctois — Mr. B. Jeffries retires from
the Board, but is eligible for re-eleclion. An Audi-
tor will also have to be elected.

THE UPPER MASKELIYA ESTATES
COMPANY, LIMITED.

The annual ordinary general meeting of tlie
above Company was held at tlie Company’s
Offices, No. 7, Queen Street, Fort, Colombo, on
the 6th March 1897.

The directors’ report was as follow's: —

Acreage 31st December, 1896.

Brunswick Caskie-
& Bloomfield. ben. Total,
Tea in full bearing 446 200 646

Grass, Timber Trees, &c. 72 7 79

518 207 725

The Directors have now the pleasure to submit
to the Shareholders the Accounts of the Company
for the past year.

The yield of tea from Brunswick and Bloomfield
has been well maintained, the crop for the year
having been 229,238 lb as against 227,359 lb in 1895,
while the prices obtained may be considered satis-
factory, in view (>f the course of the Tea market and
of exchange, the net average for 1896 having been
45'60 cents per lb as against 481 cents in 1895.

The profits and receipts from sources other than
sales of Tea amounted to R5,610'16 against an esti-
mate of R8,800, the shortfall being almost entirely due
to the purchase by the Company of Caskieben Estate.

At Extraordinary General Meetings held on 5th
September and lIRh October, 1896, Special Re-
solutions were passed increasing the Authorized
Capital of the Company to R350,000 to provide for
the purcb i : i>f Caskieben Estate. The 160 shares
of tlie second issue have all been taken up by holders
of those of the fii’st issue, and Caskieben has been
duly convoyed to the Company.

The purchase of Caskieben dated from .30th Maj^,
from which date to 3ist December 46,225 lb. Tea
were secured and sold on the Company’s account
at a not average of 44'25 cents per lb. The outlay
on the Estate for the same period amounted to
R12,636'29, equal to 27’33 cents per lb. on the crop
secured. From the profit thus realised falls to be
deducted R3,715'75 interests paid to the Vendor from
30th May lo 80th October, which is duly shewn in the
Accounts.

The Capital Acoouiit outlay for 1896 amounted to
Rl,-168'44 under the head of ‘‘ Buildings,” for the New
Caddies and Rice Store referred to in the last An-
nual Report, and also R3,849'49 under the head of
‘‘Machinery’’ for Rapid Roller, &c., which it was found
desirable to provide. Against the latter sum has been
placed the receipt of R900 by the sale of an old Roller.

6^8

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1897.

After making adequate provision for depreciation of
Buildings and Machinery, as also for Commission due
to the Superintendent on the year's working, a
balance of R87,G54'20 is shewn at the Credit of Profit
and Loss Account. This sum includes 1140,000 pre-
mium on the (econd issue of Shares, and R6,997’G0
brought forward from the previous year’s accounts.
The Directors recommend that in terms of their
Circular to the Shareholders dated 21st August last,
the sum of R45,00C be applied towards the purchase
of Cuskieben, and placed to credit of an “Extension
Fund” account. The Profit and Loss would
thus be reduced to It42,654’20, out of which
an interim dividend of 6 per cent, on the original
Capital of R270,000 was paid on the 8th August,
absorbing R16,200. The Directors recommend a
final dividend of 9 per cent on the original Capital
of R270,000, making 1.5 per cent for the year, and
a dividend of 2J per cent as provided for in their
Circular of 12th October, 1896, on the second issue
of shares of R80,000. These final dividends will
amount to R26,300, leaving a balance of R154'20
to be carried forward.

The crops estimated for 1897 from the Company’s
estates amount to 323,000 lb. Tea against an esti-
mated outlay of R90,206. The estimated profit from
Rents and other sources is R2,500. In addition to
the above expenditure the sum of R4,000 is allowed
in the estimates for New Machinery, Ijines, &c.

Mr. W. D. Gibbon having retired from the post
of Inspector of the Company’s Estates as from 1st
January, 1897, Mr. A. E. Wright has been ap-
pointed to that office.

Mr. G. W. Carlyon having retired from the Board
on nis departure for England the remaining Dir-
ectors elected Mr. Alex. Thomson to fill the va-
cancy. Mr. C. A. Leechman having also retired
from the Board, Mr. A. E. Wright has been simi-
larly appointed to the Directorate. In terms of
the Articles of Association Mr. A. E. Wright now
retires by rotation from the post of Director and
is eligible for re-election.

Mr. R. L. M. Brown having resigned the post of
Auditor to the Company, the Directors, under the
Company’s Article No. 92, appointed Mr. Hercules
J. Scott to fill the vacancy thus occasioned. The
appointment of an Auditor for the current year rests
with the meeting.

By Order of the Directors,

WHITTALL <0 Co.,

Aqents and Secretaries.

Colombo, February 20th, 1897.

THE IlUANW’ELLA TEA COMPANY,
ITMITEU.

The annual ordinary general meeting of the
above Company wa.s held at the Conijiany’s
Offices, No. 7, tineen Street, Fort, Colombo, 6tli
Marcli, 1897.

The following is the directors report:—

ACREAGE;

Tea in full bearing

. 313

acres.

„ „ partial bearing

. 25

n

,, not in bearing

. 36

Jungle and Waste laud

. 199

Total .

. 673

acres.

The Directors beg to place before the Shareholders
the Accounts of the Company for the past year.

The total crop secured was 153,828 lb., being 6,172
lb. less than was estimated. This was equal to 491
lb. per acre, and it was produced at a cost of
R34 768'82 on working account, being at the rate of
22-60 cents per lb., wliich is slightly under the esti-
mate. It sold for a net ol R54,514-.56, an average of

35- 13 cents per 11). • i •

A sum of 111,776-09 expended in manuring during
November and December has been brought forw-ard
to this year’s working account. The capital expendi-
ture during the year lias been 1119,465-81 for now

clearing, factory extension and new steam engine and
boiler, against which has been credited 111,938 fox-
proceeds of plants and old machinery sold.

After providing for Colombo administration ex-
penses, Superintendent’s Commission and writing off
R2,000 for depreciation of buildings and machinery,
as also R254'b7 the balance of preliminary expenses,
a net sum of R13 707-84 equal to 5-17 per cent on
the total paid-up capital of the Company remains at
the credit of profit and loss account, out of which
the Directors recommend that a dividend at the rate
of 5 per cent be declared, leaving R457-84 to be
cari'ied forward.

This disappointing result is mainly due to the low
prices obtained for the Company’s Tea, attributed
to the insxxfficient Factory accommodation, the ad-
ditions to which occupied an unexpectedly long time
in completion. The desired accommodation has now
been provided and ample machinery arranged for,
and the Directors will not be satisfied unless a marked
relative impi-ovement in the prices obtained is mani-
fest during this year.

This year’s ci'op is estimated at 180,000 lb., equal
to an average of 530 lb. per acre, costing 24 cents
per lb. on working account, including R2,000 for
manuring and a capital outlay of R8,160 on clearing
and machinery is anticipated.

For the information of the Shareholders the
Directors issue with this Report a copy of Mr. W. R.
G. Hickey’s last visiting report.

The Directors all retire from office in terms of
the Articles of Association, and Mr. Eric S. Anderson,
being about to leave the Colony, does not offer him-
self for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current
year rests with the meeting. — By order of the
Directors, WHirrALL & Co.,

Agents and Secretaries.

Colombo, 12th February, 1897.

♦

PERAK PRICES OF COFFEE AND
OUTTA FOR FEBRUARY.

Coffee, to ^30.50 per jxikul.

Gutta Porclia, First quality, $130 to $180 jier
pikul.

Gutta Perclia, Seconxl quality, .$.50 to $110 per
pikul.

W hite Gutta $50 to $60 per pikul.

India Rubber, $120 to $130 per pikul. — Perak
Government Press.

NOTES FROM THE METROPOLIS.

February 12.

The lecture delivered one evening this week be-
fore the Society of Arts by Mr. David Crole on
“ THE CHEMISTRY OE TEA ”
was c'early not intended for general consumption,
but rather for the instruction of probationers in
chemistry. Mr. Crole is an A.ssamite, and the
Indian element in his audience predominated as a
matter of course. The lecturer began by deploring
the fact that chemistry and kindi'ed sciences had
not bestowed as much attention on tea as on other
products. With tea, he said, the advancement of
knowledge had been chiefly made along practical
lines, ami science had been, till (broadly siieaking)
the inesent decade, very little requisitioned to help
in the evolution of a more ])erfect .sj'stem of culti-
vation and manufacture. His pi-escnt object was
to direct moie general attention towards and
stimubiting research in this direction. The.se
introductory sentences will serve to show the scope
of Mr. Crule’s paper. Tlie audience were soon
c.xlleil upon to wrestle with passages of most
elaborate and ear-sjilitting chemical definitions
and descriptions, delivered with the ease
of an cxjiert by Mr. Grole, who iilso show-ed
intinuxte acquaintance with the names of nume

April i, 1397.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

679

rous v)roclact3— “ pliloroglucin ” and “ paia-tU-liy-
droxybenzene,” and many otlier sneeze-words
whicli your correspondeiifc ojnfesses, lie does not
know iiow to spell. Indian and Ceylon teas,
it was explaineil later on, posse.ss more of
both tannin and tbeine than China teas, but
it would be wrong to infer from that fact tiiat
the consumer imbibed more tannin ami theine
with a cup of British-grown tea, for a larger quan-
tity of China tea had to be pub into the pot.
China tea, said Mr. Crole, was lowest in theine,
Japanese had a little more, and then came Java,
Ceylon and Indian (in the order mentioned).
Sir E. Stewart Bayley presided, and amo;ig the
audience were Mr. (f. W. Chrisbison and Mr.
A. (4. Stanton. Though the tone of the lecture
was severely scientillc, a lively contributor to
the Daily feleyroph manages to weave plenty
of fun into a half-column report of the meet-
ing. After ronqiing about among the poets
wlio have made verses out of tea, he winds up
with the remark that it is bad enough to be
frightened with “ There is death in the pot”,
but it is worse to be intimidated with “ There
is ‘ cheesine.ss ’ in the chest ” — from which it
will be inferred that the lecturer had some-
thing to say as to the advantage of steel tea
chests.

Among new Conqianies floated this week is
THE CEYLON PROPltlETARY TEA ESTATES COM-
PANY, LD.,

with a share capital of £160,000, divided into
40,000 £5 per cent cumulated preference shares of
£1 each, and 120,000 ordinary of £1 ; 150 £5 per
cent first mortgage debentures of £100 each have
already been subscribed for. The directors are
Mr. H. K. Rutherford, Mr. G. A. Talbot, Mr. R.
A. Cameron and Mr. F. H. Wiggin (late Chair-
man, Beaumont Tea Company of Ceylon). Sir Wm.
Johnston, Bart., is the Secretary. “ The Company
is formed,” says the prospectus, “ with the object
primarily of acquiring as going concerns tl*e follow-
ing tea estates in Ceylon : the Beaumont Group
(Pusselawa District), the Forres and Warburton
estates (Maskeliya), the Summerville estate
(Dikoya), the Troy estate (Kelani), the Radella
estate, se^’ell-eighth shares (I)imbula). It is
estimated the 2,113 acres under tea will yield
at the rate of 400 lb. per acre, or 845,000 lb.
per annum, when all the acreage is in bear-
ing. This, at 3J per lb. profit, will give a
return of .£11,000 per annum, wdiicli is suffi-
cient to pay the debenture and preference in-
terest and a good dividend on the ordinary
capital.” The price to be paid to the vendors
for the properties (subject as to the Beaumont
Group, Forres and Warburton to £15,000 de-
bentures or Beaumont Tea Coy. of Ceylon, Ld.)
is £95,480, payable £71,376 in shares and
£24,104 in cash.

CLUB ECHOES AND TEA LEAVES.

(By an ex-UjJCounfry Resident.)

London, February 12.

Last night, having failed to get a seat at
Nansen’s great meeting the evening before, I con-
soled myself with attending a lecture delivered
at the Society of Arts, John street, by Mr. Davhl
Crole. The subject was

the' CIIE.MISTRY OF TEA,

and I have no doubt whatever that the lecturer
himself understood all the jaw-breaking words
and technical terms he used in the course of his
address, but honesty compels me to admit they

were f.ar beyond me. I .am the less .ash.amed of
this conlession, humiliating as it m.ay appear,
because at the close of the lecture one old
planting hand after another stood up to .acknow-
ledge the same identical thing. The very Chair-
man— a K. C.S. I. no lc.ss — confessed himself

battled, and one e.xperienced tea planter, whom I
met afterwards, succinctly expres.sed the perfor-
mance as the “ most awful heathenish jargon ” he
had ever heard in all his days. The Latin in-
.scription which Littleton of dictionary fame, com-
posed for the Monument and which included the
names of seven Lord Mayors in one word, was
nothing to it. This was all the more to be
regretted that Mr. Crole has evidently accumu-
lated a vast amount of scientific information on
the subject. In fact what this distinguished
specialist does not know about tea, I should say
is not much worth knowing, and if he had only
had a little mercy on the less highly trained
brains of his audience, all would haVe been well.
A lecturer at any subject must cultivate a popular
style if he wishes to be enjoyed by the man
in the street.

But enough of criticism. Passing over the
purely technical part of Mr. Crole’s remarks, the
outcome of his lecture was pretty much as fol-
lows : He altogether deprecated the rule of thumb
system in tea planting and advocated more
general attention to the scientific side of the
mattei. iVIuch, he said, has yet to be discovered
about what goes on in plant-life, and therefore
details, which might be useful to the tea planter
are as yet lost to him. (A table of analysis
which Mr. Crole had borrowed from his own text-
book on the subject of tea hung on the wall
behind the lecturer and was frequently refer-
red to. The list of subst.-uices displayed on
it was truly formidable to an unscientific

mind !) Bohea tannic acid, the chief form of
tannic found in black tea b. dongs, the lecturer
said, \.o t\iQ non-qvecniny variety, “tea” tannic
the characteristic form of the acid in green tea
on the other hand being of the non-blueing class.
When tea liquor remains in contact with the
air for some days, the cloudine-ss that is ap-
parent i.s line to a xeaction between the tannic
acid and the legumin, and the consequent for-
mation of an obscure and insoluble compound,
the astringency being ilecreased to a marked
extent. This reaction accounts somewhat for the
“ mellowing ” of tea that is kept for a time.
Teas freshly rnanufactureil produce unpleasant
symptoms when drunk, therefore they should be
mellowed for at least si.x months. Thickness of
liquor or creaming , that quality so hi<dily
esteemed by tea tasters and buyers depends 01° the
amount of mucilage present in the tea, and also
in the action of tannin on theine. The amount
of essential oil, theot in tea is variable, but it
is a very important constituent, as its presence
determines the greater part of the flavour aroma
Being volatile it is apt to be lost if the tea i.s
exposed too long to the air. It is developed
during the process of withering, and in the first
stage of firing, but irrational firing may drive off
a good deal of it by the steam generated in the
firing. If projier attention, said Mr. Crole, were
given to this part of the subject, he had no
doubt the percentage of essential oil in tea mifdit
be greatly increased, and the quality of the 'tea
consequently improved. It could be extracted
from refuse tea, etc. by distillation by steam
but the great barrier is the seeming impo,ssibility
in keeping it, as it so readily resiiiizes in contact
with the air. Tlie more re.siii, the le.ss essential

68o

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1897.

oil and the resins in tea being insoluble in water
have no ellect on the strength of the liquor.

Tn the manufacture of tea Mr. Crole spoke of tlie
various mistakes that might be made hy inex-
perience such as allowing the concentration of
the sap in withering to go too far, which would
prevent the cells bursting, impair the colour in
fermentation and so forth ; the bruising of the
fresh leaf which gave the air access to the sap
during withering, causing consequently inferior
quality and appearance of tlie tea; the exposing
of the tea to tiie direct rays of tlie sun, or to
excessive temperature otherwise ; the allowing
the rolled tea to lie about heaped up for any
length of time, inducing a secondary fermenta-
tioii, which last he ascribes to a living germ similai
to that in the yeast plant, and desirable in the
extreme to arrest at the very outset, its action
being deleterious to tlie quality of tlie tea. Four
points he laid great stress on • — 1st, tlie leaf when
withered and rolled, should be sieved to sort out
the fine leaf from the coarse, as it is impossible
to obtain an even fermentation if the twi^ kinds
are not separately ilealt with.

2. A clean cenieut floor on which the leaf
may be spread out evenly, not too thickly, and
kept moist.

3. A dark cool airy room with a moist
draught of air if possible.

4. The temperature of the leaf should be kept
under 85° F. if po.ssible.

After which .\Ir. Crole explained his theory
that tea should be I'ermcnted under such reduced
temperature as can only be obtained in a tea
factory by the artificial use of a refrigerator,
and added somewhat ruefully that having
circulated this idea rather rashly a year
ago, a machine had since been brought out
forestalling his own invention on these lines. He
has, however, gone on with his own and considers
it embodies all the points his practical experience
and scientific knowledge have suggested.

The disagreeable cheesy smell occasionally per-
ceptible on opening tea chests, arrived at tlie
docks, he attiibuted neither to the lead lining
round the tea solely, nor to the green wood
used in the boxes, but to both conjointly, and
that some emanation of the green wood coriodes
the lead, and then either itself, or its compound
with lea<l, acts on .«ome uonstitueiiD of the tea.
In steel chests, the remedy might be found,
although of cotuve that was merely a surmise.
The foregoing is a .summary of the more jirae-
tical points in the lecture. What my boiling
down of it loses in scientilic language, I ho])C
will be forgiven for the .sake of evciyday English
which is perhaps mure intelligible to the world
in general.

In iiiatLcrs spcci.ally connected with Ceylon,
perhaps the most noteworthy item of the week is
the i.s:?uingof the prospectus of iio‘ new
TKA COMPANY.

The Company style themselves the Ceylon Pro-
prietary Tea Estates Company, Limited, with a
share capital of £160, OtX), divi<led into 40,000 £.o
per cent preference shares, and 120,000 ordinary
shares of £1 each. The Diiectois are : II. K.

Kutherford, G. A. Talbot, of the Ceylon 'I’ea
Plantation Comp iny. Limited, and 11. A. (lameion,
(Director, Eastern I’roduce and Estates Company,
Limited), and F. II. Wiggiii (late Chairman,
Ileaumont Tea Conqiany of Ceylon, Linuted).
'I’he Hankers are the Commocial Ha.nk of .Scot-
land ; ar.a.l the oHices of the new Company ;ire in
21 Mincing Lane, E.C. I'lie Conqi.any is formed
withttio objects of buying and working thcHcau'

mont Group of estates in Pussellawa, the Forres
and Warpurton estates in Maskeliya, the Summer-
ville estate, Dikoya, the Troy estate, Kelani,
and the Kadella estate, seven light shares, Dim-
bula-

^

THE CHEMISTRY OF TEA.

(From the /C. tO C, Mail, Feb. 12.)

An interesting but highly technical paper on “The
Chemistry of Tea” was read by Mr. David Crole at the
Society of Arts on Wednesday evening. Sir Stewart
Biyley was in the chair and in introducing the lec-
turer slated that besides being an expert chemist he
had also been a tea planter in Assam.

Mr. Crole began by describing the various chemical
constituents within the tea plant and their action
there so far as that action was yet known. The
chemical constituents of tea make a list of most porten-
tous names— tannic, gallic, and boheic acids; benzene,
phlorogliicin, oxyhyaro-quinoue. Meat tea, said the
lecturer, was a horrible meU. dear though it was to
the hearts of certain English folk, because the tannin
of tea then taken into the system in conjunction with
albuminoid matter was converted into a leathery
compound which took all the time of a powerful diges-
tion to tackle. In fact, the meat tea meant dyspepsia.
Besides theine the other alkaloids found in tea were
theopylin, theobrimine, assumin, quercitrin, and some
other underterrained ones, which . the lecturer
thought should be investigated.

Mr. Crole, after dealing at length with the chemistry
of tea and its organic constituents, came to the ques-
tion of the chemistry of the process of manufacture.
He said : —

Whilst the leaf is withering little chemical
change takes place, beyond an incipient oxi-
dation of some of the constituents of the sap.
Withering is brought about by the evaporation
of a certain variable amount of moisture, but
generally about one-quarter of the original weight
of the freshly-plucked leaf. This loss of moisture
occasions a concentration of the sap : if this pro-
ceeds too far, however, (1) the cells will not burst
in rolling ; (2) some of the constituents of the sap
will no longer remain in solution ; and (3) the colour
during fermentation will be uneven, owing to there
being insufficient sap to spread over the whole sur-
face of the rolled leaf.

If the fresh leaf is bruised the air gains access to
the sap during the withering process, and the tea
is, in consequence, inferior both in quality of li-
quor and also in appearance, owing to decomposition
and premature oxidation having set in.

If the leaf is exposed to a temperature which is
excessive under the circumstan ;es — as, for instance,
exposure to the direct rays of the sun — an untimely
oxidation will set in which will spoil the leaf for
m inufacture.

The object of rolling is to give a twist or
roll to the leaf, and also to break the cells of
the leaf and thius liberate the juices they contain,
so that they may be further acted on during the
next process, and also that they may be more
capable of o.xbraotion with water,

t)n the cells being broken the sap escapes, and
during the coiuin nance of the rolling is spread all
over the surface of the rolled leaf, where it is in a
very favourable position for the oxygen to act on it
during the next stage of manufacture — viz., fermen-
tation. Some of this exuded sap is acted on by the
hot air contained within the box of the rolling-machine,
and in consequence a portion of the organic acids
(chiefly the tannin) undergo partial oxidisation. Some
of the tannin combines with the oxygen to form phlo-
baphene (Hamber), and also glucose and gallic acid,
assuming a dark insoluble form during the process,
while part also combines with some of the albuminoid,
matter, an insoluble, loather-like substance resulting.
These two last reactions are only incipient at this
stage, but are more fully developed during the next
process (fermentation).

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 681

The next process, viz., fermentation, is the most
important one from our present point of view —
the chemical aspect of the subject. Strictly speak-
ing, it ought to be confined to a primary fermenta-
tion process (probably due to an oxidising enzyme) ;
for if fermentation is further encouraged (by allow-
ing the rolled leaf to lie about heaped up for any
length of time, for instance) the tea manufactured
from such leaf will be spoilt. In my opinion, this
species of secondary fermentation and decomposition
always begins to set in after the primary fermenta-
tion, or oxidation pure and simple, has proceeded
far towards completion, and it is to forestall
the secondary fermentation, more especially as vyell
as to fix the primary fermentation, that the first
stage of firing is mainly intended.

Mr. Bamber, who wrote on the chemistry of tea
asserts that there is no fermentation at all during
the process which popularly bears that name in the
industry, and he bases his theory on several ex-
periments in which he failed to discover any micro-
organisms ; but recent research has shown that enzy-
mes usually possess an oxidation action ; and again,
if the process is only an oxidation one, why is it of
such extreme importance to “ fix” it by the first
stage of firing at the exact moment when the cli-
max is reached ? For the firing would not fix oxida-
tion, by any means, but would strongly tend towards
hastening and increasing it. Therefore, I think that
there is every reason to conclude that tlxe technical
term “ fermentation” is quite correct.

My theory is that the process commonly known
as fermentation in the tea industry is, during a
greater part of the time, at any rate, mainly an
oxidation one, but that later on (it takes a little
time for the microorganisms to develop and get to
work), a fermentation due to an organism mani-
fested by the peculiar rancid odour produced by
overfermentation of a butyric nature begins to be
set up, which it is desirable in the extreme to arrest
at the very outset, since its action is deleterious to
the quality of the tea.

Fermentation may be described as the splitting up
of complex organic substances into simpler bodies,
by meaus of either (1) living organisms, or (2) natural
ferments or enzymes.

Living germs (micro-organisms) are responsible for
such fermentative processes as are carried on by the
yeast plant, or in sour milk, rancid butter, or when
nitrogenous matter acts on sugar to produce gum.

The natural ferments or enzymes are named dias-
tase (in malt), emulsin (in almonds), inverting (in
yeast), pepsin, ptyalin, and trypsin (the active
principles respectively of gastric, salivary, and pan-
creatic juices).

The primary fermentation that I have described as
being the only one to be encouraged in tea, is due to
one of the second class {i.e., a non-living ferment),
whereas the secondary fermentation, which is the
one to be discouraged, and arrested by firing, can with
a good deal of certainty be ascribed to a living germ
or organised ferment.

For the oxidation process to be accomplished pro-
perly the following points should be observed : —

(1) The leaf should be sufficiently withered and
rolled, and then should be sieved to sort out the fine
leaf from the coarse, as it is impossible to obtain
an even fermentation if the two kinds are not dealt
with separately.

(2) A clean, smooth cement floor on which the leaf
should be evenly spread, not too thickly, and the
leaf should be kept moist.

13) A dark, cool, airy room, with a moist deanght
of air if possible.

(4) The temperature of the leaf should be kept below
85 deg. F. if possible.

As regards the temperature at which tea should be
kept during the oxidation stage, I have given what
I consider is a minium temperature obtainable un-
der ordinary circumstances in a tea-house in the plains;
but I hold that a maximum of coolness during the
operation, so as to protract it as long as possible
(without, of course, reaching the point when the
secondary fermentation is in active force), ought to

be the aim in view, for reasons that will have been
noted when reading the remarks on the formation and
decomposition of various substances during the pro-
cesses of manufacture. In fact, it would be well worth
while to ferment teas under such reduced tempera-
ture as can only be obtained in a tea factory by
the artificial aid of a refrigerator. I made this sug-
gestion in my MS. of “ Tea ” over a year ago, but
I was misguided enough to circulate it. Since com-
mencing to write this paper I was apprised of the
fact that a machine had been brought out some-
what on these lines; but as it did not altogether-
carry out my ideas I determined, without delay,
on bringing out a machine myself embodying all the
points that I found from a very extensive practical
experierree of and a large number of experiments
with the fermentation of tea, were requisite.

One of the most importent chemical changes at
this stage is an increased formation of essential
oil, which it has been an aim in my machine to en-
ourage.

The astringency of the tea is reduced by a
further conversion of part of the tannin, to
which this quality is mainly due, by a combination
of part of the tanuo-acids with some of the albut
miuoid matter, into a leathery substance which im-
parts the characteristic tough feeling to the leaf at
this stage. These two last reactions usually com-
mence miring the rolling process.

A small quantity of the tannin is changed into
gallic acid and glucose, and it would be a great
advantage if more of it underwent this change,
since gallic acid is not nearly so injurious to the
human economy, when taken with albuminoid food,
as tannin.

The pleasant aroma and nutty flavour of
the leaf, so markedly developed during this
process, are due to the formation of severa-
volatile oils. It the process be too long con-
tinued, however, acids very similar to those presenl
in rancid butter are formed, viz., butyric acid, &c.
Prolonged firing will, of course, rid the tea of this
disagreeable feature, but only at the expense of the
greater part of the essential oil as well. This aci-
dity, due to butyric fermentation, causes the coagu-
lation of some of the albuminoid matter, which is
chiefly present in the form of vegetable casein (legu-
min), which is an alkaline albumen resembling the
casein of milk. This coagulation is unfortunate, as
it converts a valuable food material (which tea is
very largely provided with) into an insoluble form,
with the result that a large supply of nutriment is
rendered useless. However, were it not already
coagulated by the tannin, it would soon become so
by the heat to which it would be subjected in the
firing.

Daring the first stage of firing an increased amount
of essential oil is freed by the bursting of the cells
and a further quantity is also formed by cheraicaf
action.

Another action of this operation is to arrest the
secondary fermentation — by which I mean that fer-
mentation which, as I have already explained, begins
to set in wheu the oxidsition has about reached its
critical point. It also removes about 40 to 50 per
cent of the moisture from the half-m&iiufactiued tea.

Special attention should be paid to avoid most of
the important volatile constituents being carried away
and lost owing to the employment of too high tem-
peratures and draughts of too great a force.

The concluding operation that tea undergoes in
the factories where it is manufactured is, of course
packing; and with regard to this, I may mention
that It not infrequently happens that wheu a wooaen
chest is opened, on its arrival in the docki the tea
is found to possess a very nasty, cheesy smell
which takes some time to completely pass off. For
some time the only explanation for this rather dis-
agreeable feature that was forthcoming was that the
tea, under certain extraordinary circumstances, acted
on the lead lining enveloping it. But although ex-
periments were tried to produce this state of things
artificially, no such action could be got to occur-
and then a new theory was started, placing the whole

683

THB TROPICAL

AGRICQLTaRISr,

j APRIL I, 1897.

tlie box63) the exndsition from which has a corrosive
action on the lead between the wood and the tea.
However, this has not been actually established yet
as the cause of “cheesiness.” I have little doubt,
in my own mind, th it both reactions conjointly pro-
duce this objectionable occurence, and that some
emanation of the green wood coi odes tlie lead, and
then either itself, or its compound with lead, acts
on some constituent of the tea. Anyway this is a
point that naturally turns one’s attention towards
the several kinds of steel tea chests that are now
being exploited — II. & C. Mail, Feb It).

In our last issue we gave a verbatim report of that
portion of Mr. Crole’s paper read before the Society
of Arts which referred to the chemistry of the pro-
cess of manufacture. It was the first portion of his
paper which was especially technical. In dealing with
this part of the subject Mr. Crole said that gallic or
dioxysalicylic acid did not possess the deleterious pro-
perty of precipitating albumen, gelatine, or starch,
as tannin did, and since it was just as capable of
imparting pungency to tea, it would seem a pity th.at
a great deal more of the tannin was not reconverted
into it. He would suggest th.c experiments be mide
in tea factories as to the effect of careful regulatio i
of access of air and amount of heat applied duri ig
the operation of “ firing ” the tea, and that means
should be tried to regulate the conversion and re-
conversion of gallic and tannic acids during the fer-
mentation stage of manufacture. To tannin the
pungency of tea was largely due — a valuable pro-
perty from the commercial point of view. The origin
of tannin in the plant was somewhat difficult to
account for, but it would seem that it arose, at any
rate in part, from gallic acid, though it must be
mentioned that during the manufacture of tea some
of it was oxidised back again into gallic acid and

flucose by the action of a particular enzyme (pectase).

'rom this last reaction it would be seen that
tannin was a glucoside. When tea liquor remained
in contact with air for some days a cloudiness was
apparent which was due to a reaction between the
tannic acid and the legnmin, and the consequent
formation of an insoluable and obscure compound,
the astringency of the infusion being of course at
the same time decreased to a marked extent. The
reaction accounted in some measure for the “ mel-
lowing ” of tea that was kept for a time. Freshly
manufactured teas produced unpleasant symptoms
when drunk, t herefore, they should always be allowed
to mellow for at least six months. A deleterious
property of tannin was what it precipH ited gela-
tine, and formed with albuminoid matter compounds
closely related to leather. When the tannin of tea
(or any of the tanno-acids) was taken into the sys-
tem apart from albuminoid material it was quickly
converted during digestion into glucose and gallic
acid, the former being a useful food substance, and
the latter at any rate less injurious than the original
tannin. The amount of essential (volatile) oil in tea
was variable. It was of great importance, as, though
present in such small quantities, yet its odour was
so strong that it imparted a major share of the
sroma and a certatn amount of the flavour to tea.
Owing to those volatile properties tea loses its characis-
tic delicate aroma if exposed to the air for any length of
time. This constituent was developed to a certain ex-
tent during withering, and also daring the first stage of
firing. Through irrational firing, however, a good deal
of it was driven off mechanicilly by the steam gene-
rated in the firing, or may be in pirt oxidised into re-
sin. He was rather inclined to think that more than
one representative of this class of compounds (viz.,
volatile oils) was present in tea. He had little doubt
that, if proper attention were given to the subject, a
very considerable increase in the percentage of essen-
tial oil would result, and the tea consequently be

freatly improved in quality. It could be extracted
rom refuse tea, &c., by distillation with steam; but
the great difficulty in the way was the seeming impos-
sibility in keeping it, as it so readily resinised in con-
tact with air. Comiug to the nitrogenous holies found
in tea, the lecturer said that various alkaloids had
been discovered, and he was persuaded that yet more

would be revealed by future analysis. On account of
the refreshing properties duo to theiue, all the plants
in various parts of the world that elaborated it were
used for making beverages. Mo doubt the value of a
tea should be in direct proportion to the theine it con-
tained, but Dr. Driver found, as a result of
his analysis of twenty-eight samples, varying
in price from 7d to 7s, practically no more
theiue in higU-priced teas thin in common ones; for
instance, in a sample of strong (in the technical ac-
ceptance) tea he found 4'43 per cent of theiue, and
in a sample of weak tea, 4'35 per cent. The amount
of chlorophyll present would seem to be actually a
reliable index of the quality of black tea since it
varied from 3 per cent in good to 1 per cent in com-
mo i teas. What the consumer liked in tea was
strength, body, and delicacy of flavour, but he carried
what amount of theine he got, for he had no ready
means of estimating the proportion present; yet, if
he drank tea on account of its refresliing proi)erties,
he would do well to see that he got a maximum of
the alkaloid which possessed this important character-
istic. Plants which were able to elaborate certain
alkaloids in one part of the world, either entirely
f.iilod to do so when transplanted to another part,
or else only did so to a limited extent. The cocoa
plant was a good instance in point. And it
seamed that for this reason Chinese tea contained
less theine than Indian teas. Chinese contained the
least, Japanese slightly more, then Java, Ceylon, and
Indian, in the order mentioned. It wis popularly
supposed that tannin was present in tea in inverse
ratio to the amount of theine, but that was not borne
out by analysis. Indian tea possessed more of both
tinnin and theine than Chinese teas, but it
must not be inferred from that fact that the
consumer imbided more tanuiu in the one esse
than in the other, for in household use more
China tea had to be put into the pot than was the case
with Indian tea.

DISCUSSION.

The following is the discussion which took place
on Mr. Crole's paper, read before the Society of
Arts, of which we gave a report a day or two
ago : —

Mr. A. K. Donald desired to elicit tin views of Mr.
Crole as to the infusion of tea. He wished to kuow
whether, if tea had water poured over it quickly, aud
the tea was then taken away, one would gci a cousi ler-
ablc proportion of theine aud very little tannic acid, or
whether, if it was infused for a long tims, the propor-
tion of tannic acid would not be increased, as compared
with the theiue. Further, he would inquire what
effect carbonate of soda had if put into the water; did
not that extract more tauuic acid? It csrtaiuly p.-o-
duced a very peculiar flavour ; and it has been stated
in some books (particularly in Professor .Johnston’s
“ Chemistry of Common Life ”) that putting in carbo-
nate of soda had the effect of getting out some albu-
minoids, aud consequently making the tea more nu-
tritious. It would be interesting to kuow whether Mr.
Crole had any theory upon this point.

Mr. H. E. Bristow, referring to the statement of
Mr. Crole that for the fermentation of tea a tempe-
rature of 85 deg. or less should be miintained, re-
marked that no mention was made as to the length
of time of fermentation. He would like to know
whether there was any method of fixing the proper
time for the fermentation process to last ; was it to
be determined in any other way than by the colour
of the tea ?

Mr. T. W. D ivies said the reader of the paper hid
spoken of the principle of tea as an essential oil. He
would like to know whether Mr. Crole h id had a suffi-
cient quantity of that essential oil to test it so as to
know whether it was really an essential oil contain-
ing an hydroc irbon ; might it not be a volatile alka-
loid after the cb iracter of, for instance, nicotine.

Mr. D. M. Stewart asked if Mr. Crole’s attention
had boon called to the differences of the teas of differ-
ent districts 'The remarks in the paper as to the
cool temperature in which the fermentation should bo

AGRICULTURISr.

683

April r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL

blame of the mischief on to using green wood for
carried out led him (Mr. Stewart) to think of the
difference there was between Darjeeling and almost
all the Plains gardens in the matter of flavour. He
had bimself noticed, when in Darjeeling, that if a cool
blast of air, such as was produced by a mist cloud
coming down, went over a garden as the leaf was
being plucked, as a rule the flavour was very much
increased ; that was what was known as the Dar-
jeeling flavottr. Mr. Crole did not seem to think that
much change could take place while the leaf was
growing, but this fact seemed to point in the other
direction — that some change might take place whilst
the leaf was growing, if there was a sudden change
of temperature.

Mr. Crole, in reply, said that when tea is infused
the theine is extracted very much more rapidly than
the tannin. For that reason tea should only be in-
fused for three or four minutes, in order to get the
maximum of theine and the minimum of tannin ;
the tea-leaves should not be in the water more than
four minutes. "With regard to carbonate of soda, its
action was, in the first place, to soften the water,
thus allowing more of the flavouring matter to be
extracted. Another prominent action was to diminish
the astringency of the tea by neuti'alising, and even
preventing, the solution of the tannin. He did not
think it had any other action on the constituents of tea.
He did not know what ruled the time of fermentation.
In one garden it might be that eight hours' fermentation
would be required, while the next, separated by only
a fence, would not want more than two hours.
The difference was probably due to soil and jat
of tea. But he thought that teas should al-
ways be fermented according to their colour and
smell, and not by any time method, unless, of
course, they were fermented in a refrigator. What
the effect woirld be of a cold cloud while the leaf
was being plucked he could not say ; but undoubtedly
a certain amount of cold during the process of fer-
mentation was a great advantage. It was inexpli-
cable to him that, while the tea was growing or
being plucked, a cold cloud or cold blast should
bring out the flavour, but he could understand that
that might be the fact. Mr. Davies had spoken
with regard to the essential oil in tea. There was
little doubt that it was absolutely an essential oil ;
but there were other alkaloids, of course, in tea, and
some of them had not been determined. He was
himself working at the determination of one of
them — not associated with the essential oil of tea, but
with what was called boheic acid — and he thought
he would be able to get an alkaloid from that. As
he stated in the paper, boheic acid was probably not
a single organic acid, but a compound of assamic acid
either with another acid or with an alkaloid.

The Chairman, in moving a vote of thanks to Mr.
Crole, said he was not capable of judging of the
excellence of the paper from the technical and
scientific point of view, but it contained some advice
which he was quite sure was most useful aud valu-
able, and which he hoped would be taken to heart.
It was impossible to doubt, as was stated in the
paper, that so long as the tea manufacture and
similar manufactures were worked by mere rule of
thumb, so long would the manufacturers fail to get
the best that was to be got out of their products.
Their experiment was tried in Assam, for a short
time, of having a chemist to help the planters gene-
rally in the process of manufacture. He had not
heard what became of the e.xperiment, but he believed
it had not lasted for any length of time. It was one
which, of course, could not succeed unless kept up
for a number of years together ; aud it required an
expert who should be well paid, aud who would con-
fine his whole time and labour to the study of chemi
cal questions. He was sure that, both in the
maufacture of tea and in the manufacture of indigo,
such an experiment would pay the planting commu-
nity over and over again. With regard to the
remarks made in the last paragraph of the paper as
to the cheesy smell of tea on arrival at the docks,
that was an old question in Assam He remembered

that years ago there were endeavours to get Hd of
it by changes of boxes or by inquiries as to the
chemical action on the lead, but nothing effectual
had come of them. Concluding, the chairman said
he was only expressing the unanimous feeling of those
who had heard the paper in offering Mr. Crole their
very best thanks.

Mr. Christison said : As the chairman had done
him the honour oi calling upon him to contribute to
the discussion, it might seem ungracious on the part
of one who had been so long connected with the pro-
duction and manufacture of tea, unless he stated that
it was not the want of interest in the subject or of
will that made him diffident in rising. He thoroughly
agreed with the chairman as to the vast importance
to the tea-planting industry of having scientific as-
sistance. So important an industry ought to employ
scientific experts continuously ; but great care must
be taken to engage those most suitable and com-
petent for the necessary investigations. He felt that
as the paper was of so technical a nature he was
not competent to express any opinion as to its merits.
In reference to the least scientific portion of it, which
treats of the chemistry of the process of manufac-
ture, if the opinions expressed on the more practi-
cal points are deductions from Mr. Crole’s indepen-
dent scientific investigations, all that he could say
was that, so far as they go, they tend to confirm the
eommonly approved practice in the tea districts, and
what has been that practice for a very long time.
Though on the technical points he was not in a
position to speak, he had no hesitation in saying
that thanks were due to Mr. Crole for devoting him-
self to seientific research on a subject too little
studied or even thought about. The publication of
this paper could not fail to lead to further discussion
and research with good results.

The resolution was carried unanimously and Mr.
Crole having briefly responded, the meeting termi-
nated.— H. and. C Mail, Feb. 19.

VARIOUS FLANTING NOTES.

Tea Duty in Denm.vrk. —A merchant writes :
Can yon tell me what the duty is on tea in
Denmark. I have applied to the Danish Consul
and he doesn’t know.” In our Handbook and
Directory for 189o-6, we gave a list of countries
>vith the duty levied on tea in eacli. In that
list Denmark is down for “lid”; but we believe
there has been an increase since ; for we find the
Danish duty given at 4d in a London authority
for this year.

Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon. This

great task, which Dr. Trimen set himself to
elaborate, w,as to have been completed in four
volumes, the third of which was issued in 1895 It
was to complete the fourth volume that the late
lamented Ur. Trimen went back to Ceylon in
spite of the shattered state of his health. ’.Sad
to say, he was unable to accomplish this before
the end came. When he was no lun<«-er able to
sit up to work, the indefatigable botanist did
so lying^ on his back. Of the 3,000 species native
to the island, about 800 still remain to be tackle, i
They consist chiefly of grasses and Orchids li
18 believed in Ceyl n that the completion^of the
fourth volume may take place at Kew mwle^
the direction of Dr. Thistleton Dyer D,-
men had a good many years’ loetl experience
before he commenced his Flora, and it is much
to be regretted that he did not live to compfi
It. His name will, however, be always i.lentilied
with the boUny ot Ceylon. Mr Willis rl
new director will have his hands 'full with the

684 The TROI^iCAL

TEA PLANTING AS A PROFESSION.

This is the a»e of competitive examinations, and
year by year the standard of kmwledge required
to pass them successfully becomes higher. They are
the door through which most professions are entered,
and, says Hearth and Home, the tendency is to intro-
duce them in mauy where formerly totally different
methods prevailed. Year by year it becomes h irder
to provide for boys who have no taste for brain-
work, and who, although in full possession of their
faculties, cannot attain the high standard of learn-
ing wherewith we must now be fortified to pass even
the simplest of tests. In England itself there are
very few openings in which headwork is not required.
India and the Colonies offer a larger field, which
unluckily is daily becoming a smaller one. In most
colonies such work is of an arduous nature, only
fitted to be undertaken by the most robust, who
have to work harder than day-labourers at home;
but in the East, where the menial work is done by
natives, there is less toil, combined with a greater
degree of comfort, and good health, although an
important point, need not be of the powerful order
which is imperative for the settler “ out West,” or in
the newer settlements of Australia. Of openings
in the East, tea-planting perhaps offers the greatest
inducements and best prospects to boys who like an
outdoor life and cannot pass the examinations neces-
sary for appointments in Government service.
” But isn’t the profession terribly overcrowded ?”
arents ask. Of course it is, but so is every other
csirable profession under the sun. Planters (who do
not at the moment require pupils) will tell you that
it is terribly so, and that the prospects of tea arc
distinctly bad ; but this statement must be taken with
a grain of salt ; it is only comparative, and nine men
out of ten will tell you their ow nparticular profession
is in the most hopeless state of any.

The prospect of a successful career as tea planter is,
it must be allowed, not very good, if the boy has lo
make his way on his merits alone, unbacked by capi-
tal. In this case he will rarely attain a greater emi-
nence than the position of manager (and this is not
to be despised), but if after his period of probation,
when he nas thoroughly mastered the intricacies of
tea planting, he can command a sum to in-
vest in a small estate, or to buy a partner-
ship, it completely alters the matter. Statistics
tell us that the consumption of tea, despite

doctors, is greatl" on the increase, although
planters no longer amass the fortunes of

former days a very fair competence may still be made
in their trade, and a very comfortable life may be
led. Most planters take pupils, thereby adding a
considerable sum to their incomes, and at present
this is the only school in which the would-be planter
can graduate. The greatest caution must be exer-
cised in selecting a person with whom to place the
pupil . The choice of a place, too, is another very
important matter, as the climatic and social condi-
tions of the various tea districts vary greatly. Cey-
lon certainly takes the lead of tea-growing districts
in point of desirability, its balmy atmosphere and
beautiful scenery making it sn ideal residence (it
is one of the three sites of the Garden of Eden),
while its luxuriant vegetation makes the cultivation
of all manner of crops an easy matter. A planter’s
life is qy no means an idle one, passed in lazily
enjoying the profits of black labour, as the pupil
soon discovers.

Work, hard and continual work, albeit there is no
actual manual labour, from early morning till short,
tropical twilight, gives place to night, is the secret
of successfully conducting of tea plantation. Before
sunrise, after an early cup of coffee, the owner
is up and making a tour of inspection around the
estate, seeing that the Tamil coolies, men and
women, are at their work among the sweet-
smelling tea shrubs and slender white-flowered
cinchona trees. Constant supervision is re-
quired wherever Oriental labour is employed. In
^0 beat of the day, travelling over the sunny, troelois
paths, even when protected by a solar tope, is trying.

Agriculturist. [April r, 1897,

Then the accounts of the estate have to be carefully
kept, the state of the markets studied, and a vast
amount of correspondence to be got through. Shrewd-
ness and the power of calculation are highly necessary
qualities, for the success of the crops in a great
measure depends upon a thorough knowledge of the
weather and the conditions of the soil. When the pupil
has finished his novitiate in tea planting he will, if he
has capital, buy a share in some estate, possibly the
one whereon he has lived ; but if not possessed of
money he will have to content himself with the posi-
tion of manager or overseer. The pay given to these
varies considerably, according to the size of the estate,
but a very usual rate is from R300 to R500 per men-
sem, with a bungalow included. It will be seen from
this that the pay is not high but living is cheap, and
the axiom that ‘‘ Man wants but little here below ”
is realised in the tea districts of Ceylon.— /f. and C.
Mail, Feb, 12.

IMPORTATION OF DUTIABLE GOODS IN
PACK.AGES OF TEA.

The Treasury Department has information to
the effect that a practice prevails among foreign
shippers of tea, intended for this country, of
placing dutiable goods in the same packages with
tea, such as paper bags, chinaware, transparen-
cies, etc., which are to be u.sed as gifts to retail
purchasers.

The above practice is held to be unlawful under
the tariff laws, inasmuch as it prevents a proper
examination of the goods and facilitates frauds
upon the revenue.

Instructions regarding sucli importations have
been issued to the Collector of Customs at all
ports of entry, ordering the retention of all
packages of tea containing other merchandise.
The original order was as follows ; —

Treasury Department, Ofldee of the Seeretary,

, Washington, D.C., Aug 21, 1896.

Collector of Customs, Port Townsend, Wash :

Sir, — The Department has received your letter of
the 4th inst., inclosing a communication from your
deputy at Tacoma, in which he calls attention to
an objectionable pi'actice which is in vogue among
certain importers of tea. The practice he describes
is the placing in each chest or box of tea of a piece
of porcelain ware, intended, as he presumes, as a
gift to the purchaser.

Although this mode of packing is not expressly
interdicted by the law, it is fraught with such danger
to the revenue and such labor to the customs officers
as make it inadmissible. The Secretary of the Trea-
sury has, under the Statutes (R.S. 2949), authority
to make rules and regulations, not inconsistent with
law, to secure a just, faithful and impartial appraisal
of all merchandise imported into the United States.

You are therefore iuatructed to retain possession
of packages of tea containing other merchandise, as
above described, and to notify all persons concerned
that no such packages will bo admitted to entry ex-
cept for immediate exportation.

You further call attention to the new method of
putting the contents of boxes of tea into small papers
and you point out the difficulty of deciding upoii
the nature of teas so put up, unless every package shall
be opened and examined.

The practice last described is not held to be fraught
with danger to the revenue, and therefore is not for-
bidden. You are advised, however, that a thorough
scrutiny of tea ao packed should bo made, even it it
sometimes necessitates the opening of every paper
package in a chest. — Respectfully yours,

Charlks S. Hamlin,

Acting Secretary.

— American Oroc er, Feb. 3.

April i, 1897.] THE 1'ROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 6^5

THE SOUTH WANARAJAH TEA
ESTAT ES, LIMITED.

A copy of the prospectus of this Company has
just reached us. The share capital is £100,000, divided
into 5,000 cumulative six per cent, preference shares
of £10 each and 5,000 ordinary shares of £10 each.

The Directors are Matthew P. Evens, Director of
the London Commercial Sale Rooms, Limited, Chair-
man. Hamilton A. Hancock (Hancock Brothers &
Co.), 28, Mincing Lane, E.C. Thomas J. Lawrance,
Director of the Ceylon and Oriental Estates Com-
pany, Limited. Oswald C. Magniac, Hay’s Wharf,
Tooley Street, S.E. Managing Director in Ceylon. —
W. Reeve Tatham, South Wanarajah Estate. Being
interested as the Vendor, will not vote as a Director
until after the completion of the sale. Solicitors. —
Harwood and Stephenson, 31, Lombard Street, Lon-
don, E.C. F. J. and R. F. de Saram, Colombo.
Bankers. — The National Bank of Scotland, Limited,
37, Nicholas Lane, E.C. Head office in Edinburgh,
and Branches in Scotland, the Chartered Bank of
India, Australia, and China, Colombo. Auditors. —
Fuller and Wise, Chartered Accountants, Portland
House, Basinghall Street, E.C. Secretary (jjro. tern.)
and Offices. — P. E. Harvey, 39, Lime Street, E ,C.

This Company has been formed to acquire as going
concerns the two tea estates known as South Wana*
rajah and Dartry, situated in Ceylon, and to acquire,
can’y on, and purchase other estates in Ceylon as
favourable opportunities occur, the unissued capital
being available for that purpose.

The total area of the two estates is 713 acres, viz. : —
467 acres tea in full bearing.

46 „ „ in partial bearing.

29 ,, „ 2 to 3 years old.

17 ,, ,, 1 to 2 ,,

21 „ „ under 1 year old.

580

41 „ cocoa and coffee.

71 ,, grass and timber.

21 available for tea.

Total.. 713 acres.

It is intended to acquire the Dartry Estate as from
1st January last, and the South Wanarajah as from
1st July next.

Taking a full year’s estimated revenue, the profit
derivable from both properties should be consider-
able, as shown herein, and after providing for the
interest on the present issue of Debentures and the
Dividend on the present issue of Preference Shares
the balance should be sufficient to afford a handsome
return upon the Ordinary Shares.

As 46 acres are still only in partial bearing, and 67
aci-es are still too young to pluck at all, it will be
seen that the output of made tea should considerably
increase without further extensions, and, therefore,
it is confidently believed that there will be a very
considerable addition to the profits of the Company
in two to three years.

South Wanarajah is situated in the Dikoya district,
4 miles from Hatton Railway Station, and has the
Government cart road through the property. The
buildings, which are sufficient for all the requirements
of the estate, include a well-built bungafow, ample
line accommodation for the coolies, and a new and
substantially-built brick factory, equipped with all
necessary machinery of the latest type for the present
and future requirements of the estate. 'The motor
power is a turbine fed by an abundant supply of water
from the river Dikoya. *

The Dartry Estate is situated in the District of
Gampola, and is only IJ miles from the Gampola
Railway Station, and has a private cart-road from
the factory to the Government road, which facilitates
and ebeapens transport operations. This estate en-
joying as it does a perfect climate for tea, and the com-
mand of ample labour supply from the villages adjoin-
ing, may be said to possess great advantages which
cannot be too highly estimated. The property has
moreover been opened in a most liberal manner, and
86

planted with Tea of the best jat. The buildings are
substantial, consisting of a manager’s bungalow,
two conductors’ bungalows, and sufficient line accom-
modation for the coolies. The factory is well equip-
ped with machinery for all the present requirments
of the estate. The motors are a turbine and an oil
engine, the latter being used when the water runs
short, as it usually does during one or two months
of the year.

The Vendor’s estimates of crop from the estates
for the present season, say from 1st January to 31st
December, 1897, are as follows : —

Tea. .3000,000 lb. at the low price of 6id. per lb
nett (as against 6|d. per lb. for last season) £7812
Tea Seed, &o . . . • • •

8612

Ceylon working expenditure ... £5000

Depreciation of machinery, London
charges. Directors’ and Auditors'

Fees &c. . . . . . . “162

5462

3150

Deducting —

Debenture Interest. . .. 900

Preference Share Dividend • . 60

960

A balance of . . . . . . £2190

is left available for Dividend on the present issue of
ordinary Capital of £18,000.

The price to be paid by the Company for the
purchase of the estates and properties including all
the dead and live stock (except the furniture and
personal effects), free from incumbrances, except as to
a mortgage on the South Wanarajah Estate for
Rupees 55,000, or say at Is. 3d. exchange £3437 lOs.
Od., has been fixed by the Vandor at £33,000, pay-
able as to £23,000 in cash, and as to £10,0ci0 by the
allotment of 1000 fully-paid Ordinary Shares of £10
each, which will rank for dividend as from 1st July
next. Taking the price of the uncultivated and re-
forested land at £10 per acre, the price of the land
under Tea, Cocoa and Coffee, including all the build-
ings factories, and machinery thereon, is about £57
per acre.

Mr. W. R. Tatham the Vendor, who has had a long
experience as a Ceylon Planter, has agreed to act as
Managing director during the term of ten years.

The Vendor will pay all the expenses of and inci-
dental to the formation and registration of the Com-
pany up to the first general allotment of of Shares, and
will convey the estates to the Company free of ex-
pense.

^

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

The Tea Duty Question. — In a letter which ap-
peared in our last issue a correspondent, “ Planter,”
drew attention to the question of the reduction or
abolition of the duty on tea. In our opinion the ad-
vantages of such a fi'^ral step are obvious. It would
benefit all who are cjiu-crned in the industry. The
producer would gain by it on account of the increase
of consumption which would inevitably follow, and
also because it would strike an effective blow at the
evils that attend the Customs’ supervision of tea im-
ports in the bonded warehouses. The contention that
duties keep up the quality of teas is, we believe, a
fallacy. It is the character of the soil and natural
conditions and surroundings that determine quality.
It cannot be doubted that the consumer would
hail the advent of abolition with great satis-
faction. Nothing was more popular with the masses
than the reduction of the tea duty effected by Mr.
Goschen when he was Chancellor of the Exchequer in
the first Unionist Administration. In fact, so gratify-
wds that policy from an electioneering point of view
that it is probable the present Ministry, should they
some day find it necessary to appeal to the country,
will resort to a similar expedient to revive their ap-
parently waning popularity with the labouring
classes, as evidenced by the recent bye-elections. In-

686

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

April ij 1897.

direct taxation is distasteful to the public, particularly
when it affects anything in the shape of feed or drink.
Much sympathy was evoked at the Romford and
Walthamsto AT elections by Opposition orators point-
ing out how much more useful it would have been
to have taken off the duty on tea and similar
articles of universal consumption than to have drawn
on the national exchequer for the relief of agricul-
tural rates.

Unf.\ir iNcinKNCK OF THE DuTY. — Another as-
pect of the question which tveighs with the
pnblic is the unfair incidence of the duty,
duty. As “ Planter ” points out. on quality teas the
duty is just half as much as it is on common teas,
which is a manifest hardship to the average consu-
mer. Tea nlanters unacquainted with the ins and
outs of home politics have no idea of the large part
that this question of taxing tea plays in rural politics
and in the political discussions always going on in
the poorer urban districts. “ Planter ” has patriotic
compunctions as to the advisability of abolishing the
duty altogether on the ground that in the event of
war it might be expedient to rise the revenue bj'
increasing the tea duty. But as it is generally ad-
mitted by both parties in the State that the burdens
of taxation should be imposed on the persons best
able to bear them, no. Government would be likely
to put a tax on food or kindred substances, that
falls most heavily on the masses, while there was
an income tax to screw up, which mainly falls on
the well-to-do minority. As to putting differential
— mueh as Indian and Ceylon planters may desire it
—duties on China teas, that proposition, however
plausible in theory, is not within the range of prac-
tical politics. No Chancellor of the Exchequer would
entertain the idea at present ; Sir Michael Hicks-
Beach, who is one of the staunchest of Free Traders,
least of all. British enterprise and the hold British-
grown teas have on the community are the best
safeguards against China competition. We do not
believe ourselves that the consumption of tea has
reached its limit, as some aver. The tendency of
the tunes in all ranks of society is to eschew the
cup that inebriates and to drink more and more
tea. This tendency, if it be condemned by the
medical faculty occasiiially, is still growing,
for all classes of the community are fond of tea,
and believe that, in spite of the evils of dyspepsia
which are supposed to wait on those who drink
too much, there is nothing yet known which com-
pares with tea as a comforting and invigorating drink.

Tea Planting and Matrimony. — The columns of
Truth are usually open to grievances of all kinds,
either at home or from India and the Colonies, but
there are some problems rather too wide and deep
even for Tnith. We recently touched upon the sub-
ject of planters and matrimony, admitting, however,
that it was rather a large order. The editor of T,-uth
evidently thinks so too, for he says : I am desired
by an Indian tea-planter to help in correcting the
mistaken notion which prevails in many quarters
at home respecting the class of young men who
are required in the tea industry The idea
seems to be that any ne’er-do well or noodle
will be good enough for a berth on a tea garden in
India or Ceylon, and owing to the foolish com-
plaisance of directors of companies and owners of
estates in yielding to the influence of relatives and
friends such youths are often sent out. The busi-
ness is really one, however, in which a special scienti-
fic training is demanded, and directors who foist on
to an estate incompetent young fellows with no
knowledge or aptitude for the work do themselves and
their shareholders a very bad turn.”

The Labovu Question.— TrutA touches upon another
matter affecting tea planters, for in the same issue
as the above the editor says : “ A new phase of the
coolie recruiting question is brought out >n a letter
that I have had from a tea jilanter at Sibsagah, in
Assam. Ue frankly admits that under the system of

so-called ‘ free emigration ’ from Chota Nagpur,
coolies are brought and sold like cattle. Nor does
he deny that atrocious cruelty is practised in con-
nection with the traffic ; but he says that these in-
iquities occur in the recruiting districts, where the
planters are powerless to stop them, and that once
the coolies get to the tea gardens they are well
treated. The special point of view from which he
writes, however, is the high price which employers
in Assam now have to pay for these ‘‘ free emigrants.”
Formerly a planter could send forth one of his own
garden sirdars as a recruiter, and rely upon his
bringing back twenty or thirty or more adults, at
a cost of from R35 to R50. Now the supply of such
labour from Bengal is almost wholly in the hands
of coolie contractors, and these middlemen make the
planters pay from RlOO to RI50 for each adult
delivered in Assam. One result of the high prices
is that a strong inducement can be held out to
men to abscond and enlist over and over again, the
dealer in coolies making a good profit for himself
each time. My correspondent’s proposed remedy for
a state of things which he plaintively declares is
becoming unbearable seems to be a combination
among owners of tea estates to boycott the coolie
contractors, and run the recruiting business on their
own account, though under the supervision of a
Government officer’ This would be a very good move
for the planters, bnt whether it would be sufficient
to put an end to the abominable abuses which exist
in the recruiting districts is exceedingly doubtful.
What is wanted is a root-and-branch reform, if not
the abolition of the whole system, which at present
is nothing less than a legalised slave trade.”

The Chemistby of Tea. — Mr. David Crole, whose
book on “ Tea; a Text-book of its Cultivation and
Manufacture,” will be published shortly, read a
paper on “ The Chemistry of Tea” at the Society of
Arts on Wednesday. The paper, a portion of
which we publish in another column, was a very
technical one, and as there were few among the
audience who had made a special study of the
chemistry of tea the discussion on the paper was
necessarily brief, although the chairman called on Mr.
Christison and other gentlemen ivho have had
practical experience of tea manufacture to take part
in it. We have not space to reproduce Mr. Crole’s
elaborate and carefully prepared exposition of the
chemical constituents of tea, but we reproduce the
more practical portion of his paper dealing with the
chemistry of the process of manufacture. As the
chairman of the meeting stated, the whole subject of
the chemistry of tea requires investigation, and Mr.
Crole’s paper should help to stir up interest in the
subject.

R.vther Too Popular. — At a time when there are
complaints that the ‘‘ creeper ” system is overdone,
and that tea planting as an occupation for young
men in search of employment and adventure is over-
stocked, tlie appearance of articles in family papers
on the popularity of tea planting are not so welcome
as they otherwise might be. We reproduce elsewhere
an article on “ Tea Planting as a Profession ” from
the pages of Hearth and Home. It is not a highly-
coloured picture of the prospect, but it is calculated
perhaps enthuse young men with a desire to go tea
planting before they have ascertained the difficulties
which are pretty certain to overtake thorn in the pur-
suit of a likely opening. Unless a young man has
first passed some time in an engineer’s shop and
mastered the rudiments at least of mechanical
engineering, to say nothing of agricultural chemistry,
and has rendered himself fit for the tea garden, he
is of no practical Uoo, and has everything to learn.
If he has done all this he has still to find a vacant
berth where his rudimentary knowledge will find
scope for expansion. Under those circumstances the
choice of climate and the attraction of the life need
not fill too large a jilace in his mind. Of young
men on the look out for billets on tea gardens
there are enough and to spare ; therefore, unless
new corners are physically and mental ly lit and sped-

April i, 1897] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

687

ally qualified generally there ia no room for them
in India or Ceylon, and they will do better by stay-
ing at home. We quite admit that the question what
to do with young men whose education has been costly
and who aspire to any kind of life which takes them
abroad is one of the problems of the day. Even for
the stay-at-home studious youth it is perple-Kin/. All
the professions are overstocked, and it is only the
young man with remarkable qualities and indomi-
table pluck and perseverance who is likely to suc-
ceed in any walk of life unless it be by a fluke.
But tea planting, as we have said, is also over-
crowded, and therefore it offers no field for candidates
from home who are not specially qualified. It is not
sufficient that the aspirant for a tea planter’s creer
should have free and easy manners, no spcial love
for work, and no particular fitness for anything but
routine life. India and Ceylon are intensely like
other places in that these human products are not
necessary to the welfare of the regions. Waiving
the question of the outlook, even to a qualified young
man, with tea nlanting offers if he have not capital
behind him, it is clear’ that the market for tea assis-
tants is over supplied, and that rose-coloured views
on the subject of the prospect offered are doomed
to disappointment. — II. rO C MatJ, Feb. 12.

On tiif. Right Tiuck. — The importance of opening
up and supporting new market for Indian and
Ceylon tea has now become generally recognised.
For some time past we have repeatedly drawn atten-
tion to the matter, and it will be remembered that
at nearly all the general meetings of the tea com-
paniei last summer this fact was specially empha-
sised. In turning to the results that have already been
achieved it is gratifying to note that, so far as North
America is concerned, the quantity of British-grown
tea taken during 1896 shows a considerable increase
on previous years. From statistics compiled by
Messrs. Gow, Wilson, & Stanton, we find that the
quantity of Indian tea was 5,202,4051b, compared
with 4,059,595 1b. in 1895, and 2,428,2301b in 1894.
The figures for Ceylon tea are as follows : 1896,
4,268.614 lb ; 1895, 3,735,590 lb ; 1894, 2,293,140 lb.

“ Well begun is half done,” and it must be ad-
mitted that these results are highly satisfactory, and
should prove a great stimulus to future efforts. It
must, however, be borne in mind that the task is
by no means complete, and that it is only by united
action on the part of the Indian and Ceylon plan-
ters in supplementing the efforts of Mr. Blechynden
and Mr. Mackeniiie by raising as large a levy as
possible, 'and other means, that it can be accomplished.
—II. d- C. Mail, Feb. 19.

TEA PACKING.

Necessity is the mother of invention. We note
that the prolonged depression in the Welsh tin-plate
trade has caused those interested in that industry
to seek fresh fields of enterprise for the disposal of
their produce. The Tin-plate Manufacturers’ Associ-
ation of South Wales have awakened to a sense of
the wide field which Indian and Ceylon might afford
for the utilisation of tin-plate for tea packing pur-
poses. Several meetings nave been held iu the dis-
trict to discuss the project. At these meetings the
fact was pointed out that only 2 per cent of the tea
imported into this country is packed iu metal cases,
and a determined effort was expressed to win the
remaining 98 per cent for the trade of the Princi-
pality. Voluminous correspondence has appeared on
the subject in the Welsh newspapers. Large dealers
in the metropolis and elsewhere have been consulted,
and an expert was invited to read a paper on the
question by the Association.

The objections of some tea importers to tin as
compared with wooden chests were, of course, trotted
out at the meeting referred to. One ridiculous ob-
jection was that tin fatally debarred any sort of
ventilation, and led to the following correspondence
in a local newspaper : A correspondent signing him-
self “A Well-known Local Grocer” wrote: “Tin

will never do. You know that they when stacked
often causes sufficient heat to cause a blaze, Well,

unless some outlet for the damp contained in tea is
provided it will all go wrong. Of course the air
cannot get to it to give it sufficient oxygen for a
fire, but the result with air-tight tin boxes will be
that the tea will get heated, then mildewed, and
spoilt. Under the present arrangement the leadfoil-
lining of the wooden boxes, not being hermetically
sealed, allows the hot air to get away through the
wood, and tho tea arrives here quite sound and
wholesome. If is my firm belief that it would not
do so were it to be packed in sealed tin boxes.”
The foregoing epistle elicited the appended reply
from a leading Cardiff business man, who had for
fifteen years been a tea planter in one of the most
prosperous districts in India; “I read with astonish-
ment the opinion of ‘ A Well-known Local Grocer.’
I should like to know this man, as such ignorance
of a subject in which one would naturally suppose
a grocer to know a little is deplorable, and I would
be loth to accept him as a representative of his trade.
'Tea is aud must ba packed in hermetically-sealed
chests, otherwise (considering the extraordinary
power of absorbing moisture which tea possesses)

‘ the sea will get heated, and then mildew and spoil.'

‘ A Well-known Local Grocer’ will be surprised to hear
that before the tea is p.ieked it is retired, and
every particlef of moisture 'withdrawn; it is
put into the chests hot, and immediately the
lead is soldered down and hermetically sealed. Great
care is also taken by the planter in nailing on the
wood top, iu case eve i a nail should be driven care-
lessly and perforate the lead, and thus spoil the air-
tight case in which the tea is enclosed.” According
to the value opinion of Mr. Christisou, whose paper
on tea planting read before the Society of Arts dealt
with this subject, unsoldered cases as received by
grocers and warehouse methods have something to
answer for.

As to the superiority or inferiority of tin cases to
lead-lined wooden boxes for tea packing purposes,
we must leave that controversial point to be settled
by planters, co itenting ourselves with drawing atten-
tion to the activity which is being displayed in
the tin centres of South Wales to meet the require-
ments of the tea industry. — II. d C. Mail, Feb. 19,

CEYLON PROPRIETARY TEA ESTATES
COMPANY, LIMITED.

From the prospectus of this Company which we
mentioned had been formed with a capital of
£160,000, we quote as follows : —

This Company is formed with the object primarily
of acquiring as going concerns the following tea
estates in Ceylon :

The Beaumont Group (Pussellawa District) ; the
Forres and Warburton Estates (Maskeliya) ; the
Summerville Estate (Dikoya) ; the Troy Estate
(Kelani) ; the Radella Estate, seven-eighth shares
(Dimbula), aud of purchasing other properties when
favourable opprtunities offer.

The following are the total acreages of the pro-
perties (subject to the reduction of one-eight, in the
case of Kadella estate, for the purchase of which
negotiations are in progress.

Estates.

1 I
§ s

2 a

c6

<U

43

a ob
a, a

a

o9

o

<s <o

■» fcl

o •

Feet.

Acres.

Acres.

Acres,

Beaumont Group
Forres and War-

3,000

608

189

393

burton

5,000

380

9

Summerville

3,800

200

37

Troy , .

300

326

145

Radella

, 5,000

410

—

186

Total Acres .

1,924

189

770

1,190

389

237

471

596

2,883

The properties are freehold, with the exception of
75 acres of tea and 5J acres of uncultivated land on

688

THR TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

the Beaumont Group, held on lease, under which
there is an option of purchase for part of the acreage.

It is estimated the 2,113 acres under tea will yield
fct the rate of 400 lb. per acre or 845,000 lb. per an-
num, when all the acreage is in bearing. This, at
3Jd per lb. profit, will give a return of £11,000 per
annum, which is sufficient (after allowing for the one-
eighth share in lladella estate not yet acquired), to
pay the Debenture and Preference interest and a
good Dividend on the Ordinax-y Capital.

The estates are intended to be taken over as and
from the 1st day of January last, and the price to be
paid to the Vendors for the propei'ties (subject as to
the Beaumont Group, Forres and Warburton to
£15,(X)0 Debentui’es of the Beaumont Tea Company
of Ceylon, Limited, hereinafter referred to) is £95,48(3,
payable as to £71,376 fully paid Ordinary Shares,
and 20,(X)0 fully paid Preference Shares, and as to
the balance, in cash.

Allowing £5 per acre for the value of the uncultivated
land, the purchase price of the land planted with tea,
including buildings, factories, machinery, &c., is at
the rate of £51 13/- per acre.

After payment of purchase money the present issue
of Shares will provide £6,520 available for prelimi-
nary expenses and working Capital, and also for the
proposed additional purchase of land.

The Preference Shares will be entitled to Cumu-
lative Dividend of five per cent per annum, and
will take priority both as regards Dividend and Capital
over the Ordinary Shares.

The £15,000 Debentures will be secured by a First
Mortgage in favour of Trustees on the Beaumont
Group, Forres and Wax-burton Estates, and are in-
tended to replace an equal axxiount of Debentures of
the Beaumont Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited,
which are charged on the saxne Estates, aixd which
the Ceylon Proprietary Tea Estates Coxnpany, Lixni-
ted, is to get in and cancel.

The terms of purchase of the Beaumont Group of
I Estates and Forres and Warburton Estates are con-
tained in a letter from the Directors of the Beaumont
Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited, to H. K. Euther-
ford and R. A. Cameron, dated 31st December, 1896.
■ and telegrams dated 18th, 22nd and 24th January, 1897.

The terms of purchase of Summerville axid Troy
Estates are contained in an agreement xna 'e the
5te February, 1897, between Mary Elizabeth Evelyn
Elwes, Violet Lucy Elwes and Arthur H. L, Elwes
of the one part, and the Ceyloix Proprietax-y Tea
Estates, Company, Limited, of the other part.

The terms of purchase of seven-eighths of Radella
Estate are contained in letters from Francis Holme
Wiggin to R. A. Cameron, dated 1st, 7th, 15th, 23rd
and 31st December, 1896, and telegraxixs of 18th,
22nd and 24th January, 1897.

ASSAM AND INDIARUBBEK.

Those tvho know Assam believe that nearly
everything can be produced thei-e. The e.xcep-
tional demand for rubber at the present time
lends additional interest to the accounts of tlie
rubber output from Assam. This amounts
annually to about 3,500 mounds (about 128 tons )
worth in Calcutta K3,50,000 (£35,000). This in-
cludes, beside the rubber produced in the pro-
vince, in the plantations and reserves, the
“ foreign” rubber collected and brought from the
interior by the natives. It is estimated that,
from the latter source, a supply to the extent of
900 to 1,000 maunds per annum may be kept up
for five or six yer.as, by which time the trees will
have been exliau.sted, anti supplies will have to
be bioxight from a greater distance at increased
cost — that i.s, assuming the rubber niants to exist
in the remoter regitxns. The total area of tlie
plantations already e-itablished is estimated at
about 2,t00 acres, but many parts are not fully
stocked, great difficulty having been experienced
to preserving the trees from illicit tapping by the

[April i, 1897.

natives, even in the reserves. The pre.sent posi-
tion of the rubber industry in Assam is very fully
discu.ssed in a “ Note on an Inspection of Certain
Forests in A.ssam,” by Mr. II. C. Hill, officiating
inspector-general, forests, dated March 31, 1896,
from which the following is taken : —

“ The illicit tappii'g of trees in reserves, sparsely
scattered over miles of almost impenetrable evex--
gxeen forest, with an undergrowth of cane is easily
explained. The roughly-collected impure rubber sells
at a rupee a seer, and to obtaixx a number of seex's,
which are intercbaxigeable for twelve times their
weight of rxce at the nearest Koya’s shop, a maix
has only to make his w-ay to a tree, make cuts in
the roots, and, retxxrning three days later, collect his
spoil. No system of inspection, paths, or stall' of
patrols, would render protection effective over a block
of forest of 200 square miles, such as the Balipara
and Charduar reserves, with, perhaps, ten or twenty
trees to the square mile in the x-ichest parts, even
if men could be got to stay in the forest in the
rainy season. Under existing arrangements, the
tapper works ixx the x*aius, when all guards are with-
drawn. The northern boundary is uninhabited and
trackless except for wild elephant paths ; therefore,
the rubber, once collected, is’ easily carried across
the line, to be x-eimported as foreign produce. The
result is the continued destruction of the trees in
reserves, as well as in unclassed forests, and if this is
the state of things within the inner line it may be
safely concluded that the trees are being generally
killed off across the line. The only px-ospect of
assuring a continuous rubber supply seems to be in
the dix'ectioxi of artificial plantations, where the
trees can be concentrated on a limited area, the
effective protection and exploitation of which will
be possible. Can these plantations be expected to
become a profitable investment ? The Government
of India decided in 1894 that the further extension
of the plantation was not advisable, because a con-
siderable amount of expense would be incurred, and
there was a great doubt whether the expenditure
would prove remunerative, and fur, her, because, even
if it were remunerative, many years mxxst elapse
before any profits could be obtained. In any opi-
nion, the cost of establishing a plantation wh^e
open lands are planted, as in 1892-3, may be esti-
mated at R30 per acre; the existing plantation has
cost R50, but, with the experience gained, there
can be little doubt that operations will be cheaper
in the future. The prospective yield of the planta-
tion has been discussed at length, but it would
seem that some assumptions have been made
too unfavourable to the plant s=tion. Trees have
been put out seventeen or eighteen to the
acx-e, and it has been assumed that half would
disappear and seven or eight remain per acre
but I think it may reasonably be held that
xnore than eight tx-ees will be permanently
maintaixied- Admitting that axi acre with eight tx-ees
or more will yield 40 seex-s at a tapping, which may
be repeated every five years, the net value of the
rubber being R80 per maund, the return per aere
per annum becomes R16. If 1140 be taken as the ini-
tial outlay per acre, and calculated at 3i per cent
coinponiid interest, it amounts to E2-20, and interest
bein paid on this at 3i per cent., out of the Rl6
there would still be a net return of R8 per acre
per annum. If these views are accepted, there would
seem to be a good case for extexiding the plantation
by 250 acres a year, at a cost of R10,000, for the next
twelve years at least. Bythat time it would
coyer an area of 5,000 acx-es, the prospectxve yield of
which would add a net in come of at least R80 000 to
the forest revenues of the pxoviixce.”— //. d- c’ Mail
Feb. 19.

THE SUGAR COMMISSION IN BRITISH
G UI A N A.

GEORGKTOWN, RlilTISlI GUIANA, FKU. 4.

Tlie Royal Commi.ssioner.s, Sir Henry Noxnian
Sir David Barbour, and Sir Edwani Grey, arrived
in this colony by Royal Mail steamer a week

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

689

ago and in the interval they liave examined
some tl)irty witnesses representing all classes and
interests in the community, and have visited two
large and representative sugar estates. The
anmunt of evidence taken is extensive and pro-
bably entirely exhaustive of the subject of the
sugar industry and tlie large part which it lills
in tlie commercial, social, and industrial life of
the colony. Of such a mass of information it is
impossible to give more than an outline, and it
is sufiicient to say tliat without exception the
trend of tlie evidence has gone to show the iden-
tity of the interests of the colony with the for-
tunes of its .stajile industry. The expression used
more than once has been “ the sugar industry of
the colony.” In a previous letter I gave a lew
figures showing the predominant position of the
trade of sugar growing and expcn ting in British
Guiana, and it is not necessary to labour the
point by repetition. It is, however, important
to note that a great majority of the witne.sses
give it as their opinion that the sugar-cane is
the only product that can be grown with any
degree of success on the alluvial soils of Uome-
rara. A considerable volume of evidence has
been taken as to the practicability of alternative
industries to sugar, but very little really satis-
factory information is to be obtained. For years
past the subject of “ minor industries,” as they
are called here, has been en Fair, but wherever
attempts have been made to raise anything be-
sides cane or “ ground previsions” — i.e., plantains,
cassava, yams, and so forth — failure has been the
rule. The heavy salt soil is quite unsuited to
cocoa, which is so successfully grown in Vene-
zuela, and local labour conditions would render
coffee unprofitable as an export commodity. The
cultivation of rice is becoming general amongst
the time-expired coolies who remain in the colony,
and when proper machinery is introduced, it is
probable that sufficient rice will be grown to
meet local demands ; but British Guiana can
never hope to compete with India as a rice-ex-
porting country so long as labour in the
one country cannot be had under Is a day
— the irreducible minimum— in the other may
readily be obtained for l^d. The conclusion to
which one seems to be forced after studying the
evidence given is that sugar, and sugar alone,
can be sucessfully cultivated for export purposes
on the coast lands of the colony. At present
colonists are turning wistful eyes towards t he
interior, which, until the di.scovery of gold some
tsvelve years ago, was allowed to remain a sealed
book to the generality of the public. The deve-
lopment of the interior, however, cannot be ade-
quately undertaken by a Government whose revenue
is falling as steadily as its expenditure is increas*
ing, and there is a bamentable dearth of private
capital for such a purpose. The gold industry
even, according to more than one witness, has
not been an unmixed bles.sing, for it has
ab-sorbed thousands of pounds of local capital,
only a small proportion of which has proved pro-
ductive. What is chiefly needed is the intro-
duction of foreign capital for the development of
. the troldfiekls, but until the boundary of the colony
is finally adjusted that is hardly to be ex-
pected.

The Commissioners have devoted considerable
attention in the examination of witnesses to
colonial expenditure, and particularly to the cost
of immigration, w'hich constitutes a large drain
upon the exchequer. ISince the year 1878 the
Government has borne one third of the total cost
of immigration, but, in view of the serious de-

presssion of the sugar trade, during the last
financial year the Government share was increased
to two-third.s. In addition the presence of
thousands of indentured labourers on the estates
necessitates the maintenance of an extensive
medical service, the whole cost of which falls
upon the colony. It was suggested by Sir David
Barbour that this public expenditure on immigra-
tion is equivalent to a bounty to the planters,
and the reply elicited was that the introduction
of so many immigrants must benefit a revenue
largely derived from the taxation of foodstuffs
and clothing, and it w'as further stated that had
it not been for East Indian immigration the
population would have steadily decreased during
the past 30 years. Other witnesses, however,
have contended that from the point of view' of
the .settlement of the country and the formation
of a wealth-creating peasantry, the introduction
of the coolie has pro\ed a marked failure.
Another \ery costly item which has figured in the
investigations of the Commi.ssion is the payment
of return passages, for which the colony is at
present liable to the extent of £1,000,000. As it
IS, a considerable proportion of the coolies elect
to remain in the colony on the expiration of their
agreed term of service and residence, but the
number is not satisfactory, and it is difficult to
devise a means of increasing it without involving
the colony in an expenditure on small bonuses
equal to the cost of the return passages. The
Commissioners remarked the fact that -while the
sugar industry is declining immigration is still
maintained (2,425 coolies were imported during
the year 1895-96), but the planters contend that
a ready supply of indentured labour is absolutely
essential to the carrying on of their industry, as
no reliance can be placed upon the negro and the
free coolie.

With regard to efficiency and economy in the
cultivation and manfacture of sugar, expert ami
scientific evidence given before the Commission
entirely bears out the statement which I made
in my last letter upon this subject -namely, that
he cost of production has been reduced to a
minimtim and the methods adopted are thoroughly
up to date. It has been stated in the evidence
given that the German manufacturers can sliow
no process of production which might be con-
sidered an improvement upon those employed in
Demerara, and the yield of the cane has been
increa.sed to a point beyond wdiich it is practi-
cally impossible to go. And yet in spite of all
his efforts the Demerara planter is unable to make
headway against the brute force of bounties.
During the past six years nearly 13,000 acres pre-
viously under can have gone out of cultivation,
and it is only due to the happy circumstance that
the past season has been exceptionally favour-
able that the whole of the existing plantations
are still being carried on. One estate, indeed,
has been abandoned and is now on the market,
and another large plantation is in process of being
“cropped.” With two or three more equally
favourable seasons there need be no immediate
fear of a w'holesale abandonment of estates — that
is, provided that sugar does not fall lower in price
than at present, and colonists are somewhat less
inclined to regard their position as desperate than
they were tw'o or three months ago. One con-
clusion seems to be general, and that is that con-
siderable economy must be exercised in the
public expenditure of the colony.

The Commissioners sail on Saturday next for
Trinidad. — London Times, Feb. 19.

6go

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1897.

LADY-BIRDS AND BUG.

Sir, — Your correspondent “ Black Bug” in his letter
to yon of the 28th January, (this was written before re-
ceipt of our last issue. — Ed.) which appeared in your
issue of the (ith instant brings up a point in con-
nection with Lady-birds (Coccujeth'da?) which has more
than once occurred to me. So many estates in S. India
are more or less heavily shaded that the fact of Lady-
birds living or not living under shade may be-
come a serious question. I have watched the habits
of Cocciiiellidie very carefully during the past year
and a half and have found them under shade. That
they are sun-loving insect is only too true, but 1
am' inclined to think that as I have found them to
do they will not hesitate to attack their prey under
shade, although they will return to the unshaded
and sunny tree on the estate to live and breed.
From what I can gather I believe that the coffee
in Hawaii was not to any extent shaded, and where
large trees did occur they were citrous and as much
infested with coccidae as the coffee. Mr. E. E.
Green's opinion on this point would be interesting,

I am not a Collector and have not studied Coleo-
ptene in general; but I fancy I could find more than
five varieties of cocciuellida* on the coffee in this
district. Would ‘-Black Bug” care to have speci-
mens and would he identify them for me If so I
shall be glad to correspond.

I quite agree with “ Black Bug ” that it is impro-
bable that many varieties of Lady-birds would for-
sake their natural food to blunt their teeth on Black
Bug (presumably “ Black Bug ” means Lecanium
Cofee and not Lecanium nigrum), but this wont hold
good w’ith green bug (Lecanium viride] which is a soft
shelled scale and would probably not only be a more
plentiful but an easier prey for the Lady-birds where
it is to be found.

With regard to your “ occasional note ” in same
issue on Black Bug.

I shall be very much surprised to hear that
Ckilocorus Nigritus have been found preying on
Black Bug {Lecanium Coffee). It is quite likely that
another variety of cocciuellidse may beat work, though.
I hope the Kotagiri planter will have given you the
details you ask for in your next issue. Would he
also kindly send some specimens

I have just had my attention drawn to a letter
of Mr. E. E. Green’s in the Ceylon Observer of
the 6th instant. In this Ltter Mr. Green sug-
gests that the reason of the slow increase in numbers
of Ckilocorus Xigritus is due to its natural enemies
in this country and suggests an exchange of the
different specimens of Ladybirds with Ceylon with
the view of experimoutiug with them iu countries
where their own parasite may not be found.

This is, I think, an admirable suggestion, aud I
shall be moat happy to exchange some of our coc-
cinellidm. Just at present unfortunately both the
Green Bug and the Lady-birds are dormant, but in
another month specimens should be fairly easily

obtained. r, t

I am only afraid that Ceylon and S. India are too
nearly allied to make it impossible that parasites
may be found iu both countries or at any rate that
the specimens one exchanges may be so nearly allied
that the parasites will not hesitate in transferring
their attention from the exported to the imported
Ladvbirds.

However, as Mr. Green says the experiment would
be inexpensive and easily carrried out, aud I think
(aud hope) may result iu practical mutual benefit,
Pillavaly Estate, Howard Newport,

Hon. Sec., L. P. P. A., Dindigul.

Madura Dist., 1.5th Feb. 1897.

— Planting Opinion, March 6.

Teainthic Future.— a tea proprietor writes:
What do you think of pre.seiit prices for
tea properties ; are tliey likely to last another
year or two ? Over-))rodnction and low prices
rather alarm one.” And with some reason : it
is very dillicult to say what the next year or
two may produce !

THE MAHA UVA ESTATE COMPANY,
LIMITED.

The annual ordinary geneial meeting of the above
Company was held at the Company’s Oliices, No. 7,
Oueen Street, Fort, Colombo, on the 13tli March.
The following is the Report : —

ACREAGE.

Tea in full bearii g - - 299 Acres.

,, ,, partial bearing - - 200 ,.

„ not iu bearing - - 118 „

Collee amongst Tea (190 acres)

Cardamoms - - - - 80 ,,

Grass - - - - 15 „

Total Cultivated
Jungle and Waste land

Total of Estate - 928 .Acres,

The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the
Shareholders the Accounts of the Company for the
past year.

The following are particulars of the Crops and
prices secured in 1,S9(1, as compared with 1895

1896.

1895.

Net

Net

Crop.

average

Crop.

average

price.

price.

lb.

R. c.

lb.

R. c.

Tea

• 155,020

— 49

105,472

— 52

bus.

bus.

Coffee

369

16 12

2,453

16 80

lb.

lb.

Cardamoms - 502

1 60

615

1 18

The increase in the yield of

Tea is very satis-

factory,

being 18,020

lb. in excess of the

estimate

for last year. 275 acres of the oldest Tea, which
extent cannot yet be considered as in full bearing,
gave an average yield of 463 lb. per acre.

In the last Annual Report it was mentioned that
the Directors proposed, during the past year, to
issue the balance of the authorized Capital of the
Company, viz., 30 Shares of the nominal value of
R500 each. This was done in Juno last at a pre-
mium of R400 per share, and the amount so realized
appears at credit of the 1896 Profit and Loss Account,
wnich shews an available balance of R-13,156-06. The
Directors recommend that the Share Premium re-
ferred to, viz., R12,000, be transferred to Deprecia-
tion Account. An interim dividend of 4 per cent on the
Capital at 1st January last, viz., R285,0U0 was declared
on 8th August last, absorbing Rll,4t)0. In terms of
the Directors’ ciicular of 26th March last the Shares
issued in June are to rank for Dividend at the rate
of one half of the total dividend for the year. The
Directors now recommend that a final dividend of
5 per cent be paid on the Capital as at 1st January
last, viz., E‘285,000 making 9 per cent for the year,
and that a dividend of 4J per cent be payable on the
last issue of shares, viz., R15,000. After payment
. of these dividends a balance of R4,831'06 will remain
to be carried forward to the current year’s account.

The Capital account outlay during the past year
amounted to R14,746'55, being for cost of acres 14.3.22
land added to the acreage of the Estate, for additions
to Buildings and Machinery and for outlay on young
and new clearings.

During the current year about 200 acres planted
with tea in 1893 will give some crop. The Crops
estimated for 1897 are 170,000 lb. Tea, 300 bushels
Coffee (a prelimin ary estimate), and 1,000 lb. Carda«
moms against an expenditure of R51,323 for delivery
of same into Colombo. The outlay on Capital account
is estimated at R8,360, mainly for upkeep of the
acreage not yet iu bearing, and additional line ac-
commodation.

On the departure from the Island of Messrs. C.
Young and G. W. Cariyon, Messrs. E. J. Young and
A. Thomson were respectively appointed to the
vacancies iu the Directorate thus occasioned. In
terms of the Articles of Association Mr. A. Thomson
now retires by rotation but is eligible for re-election.

April i, 1897.]

rHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

6gi

Mr. R. L. M. Brown having resigned the post of
Auditor to the Company, the Directors, under the
Company’s Article No. 92, appointed Mr. T. J.
Stephen to fill the vacancy thus occasioned.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current
year rests wiih the Meeting.

By Order of the Directors,

Whiti'All & Co.

Colombo, 2nd March. 1897. Agents and Secretaries.

THE DRAYTON (CEYLON) ESTATES CO.,
LIMITED.

A general meeting was liekl on March LSth
at 11, Baillie Street, Fort.

Tlie Directors’ report is as follows : —

The Directors beg to submit the Annual Balance
Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for the year end-
ind 31 December, 1896.

After providing for depreciation of buildings and
machinery, the balance of profit available is R25,815'91.
The Directors propose that a dividend of three per
cent, be declared, making, with the interim dividend
of eight per cent, eleven per cent for the year, and
the balance R4,365'91 be carried forward to next
year's account.

The crop of tea secured from the Company’s estates
including 27,755 lb., tea made from Cwm leaf was
386,776 lb., against an estimate of 400,000 lb.

The total cost of the 386,7761b. tea was 27'99 per lb.
including Cwm rent, but exclusive of depreciation,
and estimating that the tea unsold will fetch 47 cent
per lb. the nett value realised for the whole crop will
be 50’92 cent, showing a profit of 22'93 cent per lb.

Tea Bearing

685 1

Young Tea

84

Grass Land

18

Timber

10

Forest

17

Waste Roads, &c.
fid

69

Tea in Bearing

207

Young Tea

11

Forest and Timber

7

Waste

8

1,116

acres.

The estimated crop for 1897 is 405,000 lb. to cost
27^ cent F.O.B. Adding rent of Cwm R4, 500 the cost
will be rather over 28^ cent-'.

Estimate allows of 2J cents per lb. being spent on

manuring.

Mr. A. R. Wilson-Wood resigned his seat at the
Board) on his departure from the island, the Directors
elected Mr. Harry Whitham a Director in his stead.

In terms of the articles of Association, Mr. Harry
Whitham retires from the Board by rotation.

Mr. A. R. Wilson-Wood having since returned to
the island offers himself for re-election as a Director.

The Shareholders will be requested to appoint an
Auditor for the current year. — By order of the Board
of Directors,

Harby Whitham, Secretary.

Colombo, 2nd March, 1897.

TEA “OXIDIZER.”

Mr. Natli.an Sharpe, the well-known Patentee
of Tea Packing and other Machine.^ in connec-
tion with Messrs. Richard Moreland & Sons,
is at present on a visit to Ceylon. The first
of his “ Oxidizers ” is on the way out and is
to be erected on Bandarapolla estate. Mr. Sharpe
is sanguine about its good work and great sav-
ing of space : lie will remain six weeks in the
island.

Mr. Sharpe got the idea of his machine from
remarks in the lecture by Mr. Christison before
the Society of Arts where we also were present
and spoke. We read of the machine : —

The “ SiMPi.EX ” Cool Oxidizer. — Various systems
now prevail in the tea districts, especially in the plains.

for the purpose of keeping rolled tea leaf in as cool a
condition as possible whilst undergoing the important
chemical change of Oxidation, more commonly ex-
pressed and termed “ Fermentation.” The Inventor
of this machine thought that a great deal of room,
labour, etc., could be saved by bringing the leaf under
treatment into a more economical space and applying
a cheap and efficient method of cooling the air, which
would come into closer contact with the leaf, and per-
form a perfect cool oxidization of the leaf throughout
the process. Methods of cooling air have (and still
are, in other manufactures) been somewhat costly
items, and we might say that a great deal of thought
and attention has been bestowed on this machine, to
enable us to present it to the notice of the Planting
Community as it now stands, simplicity itself, there-
fore reasonable in cost.

Le.af Surface. — The machine consists of series of
racks which support 144 leaf trays, 3 feet long by 2
feet wide, which gives 864 square feet of leaf surface, in
a ground space of 12 feet by 6 feet, therefore the
machine, when fully charged, will hold 36 Rolls or
about 11,000 lb. of rolled tea leaf.

THE ANKANDE ESTATE COMPANY OF
CEYLON, (LIMITED.)

The first ordinary general meeting of Share-
holders of the Ankande Estate Company of Ceylon,
Limited, was held at the Company’s Registered
Office, 22, Baillie Street, on the iStli Marcli.

The report is as follows ; —

The directors have pleasure in presenting to the
shareholders their first annual report with a duly
audited statement of the Company’s affairs as at
December 31st, 1896.

The Company took possession on January 1st, 1896,
as a going concern of three estates constituting the
Company’s property, consisting of, and at the prices
below stated : —

fl.nkande.

Glenury. Altwood. Total.

R

R

R

R

Price Paid. 60,700.

14,789.

30,221-17. 105.710-] 7

Acreage Tea.. 91 acres

18 acres

7 acres

acres

in full

in full

1 to 5

bearing

bearing

years

116 Tea

Do Cocoa &

Liberian

Coffee . . 60 acres

114 Cocoa

in full
bearing
Do Cocoa.. 17 acres

37 acres

and

Liberian

Coffee.

under 2
years

in full
bearing

Do Cardamoms..

. .

93 bear-

93 Carda-

Do Unopened 262 acres

22 acres

mg moms

2 acres 286 un-

(heavy Chena)

opened

uotai Acreage a.iu acres 77 acres 102 acres 609 acres

The various crops gathered during the year ex-
ceeded the estimates in every case, and the prices
obtained were well up to market averages.

After writing of preliminary expenses, paying in-
terest on R23,510'17, part of purchase money out-
standing on loan from vendors and placing R2 .500
(returned by vendors, as working capital ' as
arranged with them) to reserve, there remains an
available balance of R7,877'28. out of which the
directors propose paying a dividend on vendors’
shares (R82.200) at the rate of 4 per cent per annum
and carrying forward the balance of R4,589'28 to 1897’
t es^'iaiates of ordinary expenditure and revenue
for 1897 are as follows: —

>73

a

!3

R.

Expenditure 15,450
Revenue 21,250

Balance 5,800

a

o

3

R.

2,035

2,975

940

ri

n

O

3,560

8,400

4,840

Total.

R.

21,045

32,625

11,580

I for 1897.

Total esti-
mated profit.

692

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1897.

The directors propose to increase the cultivated
area of Ankande by clearing up and planting in tea
during the S. \V. monsoon 50 acres and during the
N. E. monsoon further 50 acres, total 100 of the un-
opened heavy chena land there.

According to the articles of Association the whole
of the directors retire, but being eligible offer them-
selves for re-election.

The appointment of Auditor also rests with the
meeting.

Lewis Brown A Go., Agents and Secretaries.

PROSPECTS OF “TEA” IN LONDON.

Several letters from “ the City ” by tins mail
are marked by quite a cheery tone as to the
prospects of tea and Tea Companies, One gentle-
man, who pays close attention to “tea,” tliinks
it is going to take the place of “gold” in the
esteem of provincial investors throughout the
United Kingdom, in view' of the great loss sus-
tained of late through “gold mining shares” in
Western Australia and even in South Africa.
We quote as follows : —

The public are looking with increased interest
after tea shares, since they have suffered so much
in gold mines w'ithout a prospect of getting any
return from many of them. There are buyers from
all parts of the Kingdom and I believe we shall see
a considerable expansion of business this year and
the number of new companies coming out will form
wider field for investors.

“ The unsettled political outlook has a very serious
effect upon general business just now, for people do
not know what may be the result of the bellicose
Greek and unless the Powers are united as to what
is to be done serious sonsequences may still further
develope.”

From another City authority we have the tol-
low'ing ; —

“ Mr. James Sinclair has returned from Ceylon,
very favourably impressed with the appearance of
the properties owned by the Dirabula Valley Tea
Go., and the satisfactory future that lies before it.
Quarantine regulations prevented his landing at Brin-
disi or Marseilles, as the authorities at these ports
absolutely prohibit the landing of any passengers
from the East, except under the most galling restric-
tion, and a delay which renders the voyage round
to Plymouth much preferable in every respect.”

“ The feature of the last few weeks has been the
strong position of the Indian tea market, owing to
the short supplies. Ceylon teas have shown some
improvement and the market is stronger, but prices
compare very unfavourably with those obtained the

Indian teas.” , ^

“ There is a lull in the production of Tea Companies.
Owners are asking very high prices, whilst the
unsettled state of the political horizon render in-
vestors very cautious with their moves.”

the knavesmire tea estates

COMPANY LIMITED.

The first ordinary general meeting of the Knaves-
mire Tea Estates' Conqiany, Limited, w-as held
on the 13th March, at the Registered OHice of the
Company, No. 14, (^ueen Street.

The Directors’ Reiiort is as follows : —

Dirkctous : — H. O. Iloseason, Esq., A. G, xj.

Dnpuis, Esq. , n • t> .

Your Directors have now to submit their Keport
and Accounts for season ended 31st December, 1896.

The accounts cover the first twelve months of the
Comnany's work, and shew a balance at credit of
“ Profit and Loss” of R19,799'69, out of which the
Directors recommend payment of a Dividend at the
rate of 7 per cent per annum. A Dividend at that
rate will absorh 1117,717-67, and leave a sum of
K2 082-02 available to cover Directors’ fees, and to
iir.nif1n.te in nart the expenses connected with the
formation ol the Company, and transfer of the Estate.

The past season’s Tea Crop amounted to 250,9401b.
upon an estimate of 250,000 lb., and the Directors
are confident that a materially larger yield would
have been secured, had the labor force been on a
satisfactory footing all through the year.

The Labor question is still a source of anxiety to
the Directors, but in some respects the position has
improved of late, and the efforts of all concerned
are being directed to bring about such an increase
of the force as will admit of the property being
craped up to its full capacity in the future.

For 1897 the Directors have decided to fix the Crop
Estimate at 300,000 lb., a figure which they regard
as well as within the mark, assuming an adequate
Labor force. The cost of producing the above Crop
and placing it in Colombo is estimated at R63.930.

In terms of the Articles of Association all the
Directors retire on this occasion, but are eligible for
re-election.

Geo- Steuart & Co., Agents & Secretaries.

THE KIRKLEES ESTATE COMPANY,
LLMITED.

The annual ordinary general meeting of the
above Company was held at the Company’.s
otlice.s No. 7, Queen Street, Fort, Colombo, on
the I3th March.

The following is the Keport : —

ACREAGE of KIRKLEES ESTATE.

Tea in beai’ing . . 280 acres.

„ „ partial bearing . . 32 „

„ not in bearing . . . . 80 „

Total Tea 392 acres.

Cardamoms . . . . 20 ,,

„ and Timber . . 4 „

Timber .. .. .. 56 „

Uncultivated Land . . . . 245 ,,

Total 717 acres.

The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the
Shareholders the Accounts of the Company for the
past year.

The Crops secured in the year were 88,597 lbs.
Tea, 86 bushels coffee and 736 lbs cardamoms. The
average net prices realized were 544 cents per lb.
for the tea, R16-65 per bushel for the coffee and
Rl-35 per lb. for the cardamoms.

After making ample provision for depreciation of
Buildings and Machinery the net profit for the year
amounted to R13, 117-11, to which has to be added
the balance brought forward from 1895, Rl, 541-57,
making a total of 1114,658-68 available for dividend,
equal to about 14J per cent, on the Capit.al of
the Company. An Interim Dividend of 5 per cent
was paid on the 6th August last, and the Directors
now recommend a final dividend of 8 per cent, makf
ing 13 per cent for the year, leaving a balance of
Rl,658-68 to be carried forward to tbe current sea-
son’s account.

The estimates for this year are 95,000 lbs tea, .50
bushels coffee and 1,000 lbs, cardamoms, on an
expenditure of R33,G80.

The estimate of expenditure on capital account is
R12,300, which provides for the upkeep of the tea
not yet in bearing, additions to Machinery and
Buildings and a survey of the Estate.

During the year Mr. G. W. Carlyou resigned his
seat on tho Board, and Mr. A Thomson was invited
to take his ))lace. In terms of the Articles of As-
sociation Mr. G. 11. Alston retires by lotatiou from
tho office of Director, but is eligible for re-election.

Tho appointment of an Auditor for the current
year will rest with the meeting.

By order of the Directors, Whittall & Co.
Colombo, Fob. 27th, 1897. Agents A Secretaries.

April r, 1897 J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

693

PLANTING AND PRODPCE.

(From tlie II . and C. Bind, Feb. 20.)

Pushing Tua. — The pushing of tea by retailers
goes along merrily. We notice that a Glasgow store
gives “ sugar for nothing” in the proportion of half
a pound to each quarter-pound of tea at lid. We
trust that the day will never arrive when tea will be
given away with something else. It is an age of
over-production and consequent low prices, but tea is
an exceptional position, at least in some respects. It
cannot as yet be grown even on bounty terms in
Europe, and the Chinese and Japanese have not yet
started on their threatened raid on the markets of the
world.

The Sug.ak Commission. — From an account of the
first sitting in Demerara of the Royal Commissioners,
which we give in another column, it will be seen that
the evidence of planters. Government ofSclals, magis-
trates, merchants, chemists, engineers, and others
has been taken. The opinion generally expressed
appears to have been that all has been done that
can be done to make the sugar industry of British
Guiana profitable, and it is claimed that the one
thing needful is fair competition, on a natural basis.
The Commissioners intend visiting the islands of the
West Indies. Apropos of the sugflr supply and the
Sugar Commission, Lord Stanmore presided on
Monday night at the Imperial Institute at a lecture
on“ The Bast, Present, and Future of the Sugar-
Supply of the British Empire,” by Mr. C. A. Barbcr-
The subject was treated in a comprehensive man.
per, and was illustrated by a large number of views
on the screen. After referring to the enormous
growth of the consumption of sugar at different periods,
Mr. liaiber said that in 1895 the total consumption in
Great Britain was l,5()(i,000 tons. Fifty years ago
cane produced nearly all the sugar, but there had
been a factory established for the manufacture
from beet at the beginning of the century. He re-
ferred to the large quantity sent here by France and
Germany, and to the unfair system of bounties; and,
in concluding his lecture, remarked that the future
of sugar was full of interest. Beet was going to stay
whether bounties continued or not. The British
colonies were in a very bad way, there was no doubt
about that, and many proprietors would be ruined.
He believed, however, that coarse sugar could ha
produced so well and cheaply in the islands that
ultimately they would emerge from the trial. The
question was how many of the present race would
see the- triumph ? The Commission that had gone
out to the West Indies would find that they had
other things to contend with besidas bounties.

TEA IN RUSSIA.

Mr. Wm. B. Sbeveni, who claims to have been
tlie very first to have given a start to Ceylon Tea
in Russia — imineiliately after our nieeung him
at Vichy in France, in Sept. 1887 — writes as
follows by the mail delayed through the
“Oiotava” : —

St. Petersburg, 22nd Jan. 1897. Add ; 15 Admiralty
Canal. — Some weeks ago I ivrote a long letter *
advising you to have some articles written in the
leading Russian papers re the excellent qualities
of Ceylon tea. As I cannot write Russian myself
i.e. well enough for the press, I, personally, should
reap no advantage from these articles being written ;
but I cannot help but think that the planters — if they
are wise — would make use of this offer. I also hope
they will not forget the man who first conceived the
idea of introducing Ceylon tea into Russia and paved
the way for Rogivue and his assistants. I really
do not care what form the testimonial takes ; but I
think if the tea planters are men of fine feeling
they will not forget me. I suffered so much ridicule
and even loss in this attempt, that I should like to
have something to show for it — even if it mere only
a tea-caddy I You, I am sure, can understand this

* Not received, — Ed. T.A,

feeling. I find Ceylon tea is now being sold here. It ia
however making slow headway. The taste does not
suit the public and perhaps the quality is not quite
as good as it might be. I know I bought i a lb. not
long ago ; but the quality is so poor that I cannot
finish it. It casts Rl ltj per lb.

We leave tlie F. A. Committee or rather the
Committee of Thirty, to say whether tliey feel
inclined to semi Mr. Barne.s-Steveni an “ Orien-
tal tea-caddy ” a.-i a memento to the first man
who stood up for Ceylon tea in Russia ? And in
addition to empower him to spend £b or £10
on a series of articles in the Rii.ssian pre.ss on the
goodness of our Ceylon teas.

«

PLANTING PRODUCTS.

(Extracts from the Forty-third Annual Report of the
Ceylon Flanters' Association, held
17th March, 1697.)

Tea. — The estimate as furnished by our Hon. Secre*
tary at the instance of the Parent Body is 2,800,0001b.
made tea. Further large acreages have been planted
under tea during the year now under review, the
weather for such operation b.iing exceptionally favour-
able. The further loweriugof prices for our teas, and
the upward tendency of exchange during the latter
portion of the year will doubtless suggest to membera
ihe great importance of exercising all judgment and
caution in the future selecting of tea laud, as the old
cry of *■ overproduction ’ is now being raised, and
we may have to face smaller profits in consequence.
The high favour in which Te.i Companies in Uva
are viewed by the public, as attested by the Colombo
share li.its, goes to prove how eminently suitableour
soil and climate are to the tea bush. The north-
east monsoon rains were severe and continuous,
thereby seriously retarding our flushes during those
rainy months. For the sake of record, your Com-
mittee think it interesting to commit to writin<r the
fact that in the month of December the flood water
touched the Badulla bridge !

CoEFEE.— Your Committee feel it unnecessary to al-
lude to this products (Arabian) at any length. Age
(iu many instances), green bug, and leaf disease are
steadily performing their mission of destruction, and
it is now pretty well allowed as hopeless to success-
fully cultivate this product. The A variety hai

received considerable attention in the Mooneragalla
district, with varied results. Crops generally nave
been very short indeed.

Cocoa. — Much new land has been planted under
this product, especially iu the Mooneragalla district,
where it is so thoroughly established and grows
luxuriantly. Beyond a little “Helopeltis” to bo oh-
served here and there, this industry so far may be
s.aid to be free of pssts, and requiring, as it does, so
small a labour force, it is peculiarly adapted to these
days scarce of labour.

^

NEW INDUSTRIES IN THE KURUNEGALA
DISTRICTS.

{From our Correspondent.)

I. — COCONUT MANUFACTORY, COCONUT OIL, FIBRE, AND
DESICC.ATING MILLS.

The name of J. II. Vavasseur tfe Co. will ever re-
main intimately connected with the introduction into
Ceylon of an industry which, in point of importance
in the labour it employs, the capital it involves, the
prominence into which the island is brought by it
in various parts of the world, promises to be second
to none of the other industries here — namely coconut
desiccating. Desiccated coconut already forms a prin-
cipal article of export and one of the most popular
shapes iu which the product of the coconut palm is
sent out of the island, Mr. John Clovis de Silva the
well-known merchant, with commendable zeal fore-
sight and enterprize, has added to our provincial indus-
tries this useful branch, and in the space of a month

87

694

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS P.

[April i, 1897.

or so, Kurnncgala will boast of a coconut manufac-
tory, coconut oil, fibre and desiccating mill in full
working swing. In a coconut district such as this
IS, the visefulness aud importance of a manufactory
of this kind cannot be overestimated. blather
than allow the principal agricultural product to leave
the district and be diverted into various channels
outside its borders it will attract and utilize the
trade, offer a ready market to the district owners of
coconut, and open out a never-failing field of work
to the labouring classes. Such a public benefactor
deserves well of his countrymen, and in giving the
following description of the mills, which will pro-
bably commence operations in April or May next, we
wish Messrs. ,7. C. de Silva A Co. of which firm, Mr.
John Clovis de Silva is the chief partner and moving
spirit, every success in his new venture.

THE MILLS.

The main building is one of the most imposing
structures in Kurunegala. It stands on a plot of
ground, about 10 acres in extent, on the Circular road,
South, in the hamlet Vilgoda, and is about a mile
from the Jail Corner. The roof is of zinc, and the
wall of red brick, pointed with cement, while the doors
and windows are painted chocolate. A 0 ft. brick
wall with massive gates runs along the road
frontage. The tout ensenible is picturesque in the ex-
treme.

The main building is 203 ft. long and 86 ft. wide,
aud occupies the central portion of the land. P’or
purposes of internal economy and arrangement the
building is divided into three portions to serve three
departments.

(1) THE DESICCATING DErAltTMENT

which takes the right hand side of the building, and
occupies the largest space, 153 ft. by 86 ft. Then this
space is again subdivided into (a) the packing room
and (b) the desiccating room. There is accommoda-
tion for eleven desiccators, but only three have been
fitted up for the present, aud are similar to those
used in the tea factories. — Brown’s patent single
desiccators, manufactured by the Colombo Commer-
cial Company. The desiccators occupy the entire
length of the room on the southern side, the
engine room being at the extreme end on the
east. The engine is 8’ by 13j’ by 20” compound
tandem condensing engine, with 9’ 0” by 5’ 0”
type D cylindrical multitubular boiler by Euston
Proctor & Co., Lincoln. It is the first of its
kind imported into the island. Another imported,
after it, has lately been fitted up at the New Ice Mills,
Colombo. The enormous amount of time and labour
and expense saved by the use of a compound as
against a simple condenser, is too well-known to be
repeated. The boiler in question will develop 12
nominal and 50 indicated horsepower.

The other machines to be used in this department
are the slicing, grating, and stripping machines. The
grating machines are from the Commercial Company,
Colombo, and the slicing machines from C. A. Hutson
& Co., Colombo. The shelling of the coconuts will be
done by axes, and the shaving by spoke shaves used
manually, chiefly by women and boys.

There are also one hot water tank to noil coco-
nuts in and a washing tank in which the nuts are
washed.

THE OIL DEPARTMENT

is just in front of the ground taken up by the fibre
department, aud occupies a space 9D ft. by 25. This
department is not to be worked just at present, and
will commence operations probably some time after
the other two branches are sufficiently well developed
and all in proper w'orking trim. When this depart-
ment begins work, Richard’s occupation at Gangoda
will be gone. Gangoda is a hamlet in Kurunegala,
where the native oil mills (chekkus) do a small trade,
which at one time flourished. The chief residents are
Tamil chetties, who were one time well-to-do men
but strange to say, not one ever succeeded in keeping
the money, (and in days of yore it was not such a rare

commodil}' as it now is), he piled up. There is not a
single man now at Gangoda among the oil-mongers
who is above want.

Something ails it now

The place is curst.”

THE EIIiliE DErAimiENT

is just behind the oil room and covers a space 54
feet by 86 feet. Ten fibre drums have been set up
along the southern length of the hall, and will be
worked by the same shaft as the other machines.

Then there are the crusher.? to crush the husk,
the winnow'ers to shift the fibre, while the most
Interesting branch of the department is the “ heck-
ling shed,” where the fibre is combed and dressed.
It is said that young women arc as a rule employed
for this kiml of work and perhaps with much reason
for a gay pert damsel would “ do up ” the fibre as she
would her own hair, which you could not expect from the
sere and yellow leaf! 8o there will be an excellent
opening for Miss Kuiunegala at the Mills, when work
is in full swing. Then, again, there are the b.illoting
presses. We next come to the tanks which are right
behind the fibre room and are two in number. Tliey
measure 26 ft. by 23 ft. each, Tlrese tanks are us< d
for soaking the Inuks, and are fed by the well ad-
joining it, which was constructed by contract for a
sum of 11750.

THE superintendent’s rungalow
stands on the right and a lit le distance away from
the main building, It is to be an upstair building
with two bed rooms and a hall at the top, and two
rooms, a dining hall, and office with outhouses,
etc., below.

IIUILDING material.

With the exception of fire-bricks imported from J.
and M. Craig, Kilmarnock, the rest of tiie bricks used
was supplied locally’, principally by the well known
kiln at Malpitiya, three miles from Kurunegala —
which has won quite a reputation for the superiority of
its bricks. Locally m.uiufuctured Inicks were largely
used in the construction of bridges and culverts on
the Kurunegala branch of the railway, and Mr.
Waring wrote in his final report : — “ The bricks used
for the most part were made at brick fields on and
near the work, the remainder having been made
at Colombo. The locally made bricks were, I think,
fully equal to those from Colombo.” 'In this con-
nection it would be interesting to know whether
lire bricks were ever made in Ceylon. Is not fire-
clay to bo met with in the island ? If fire-bricks
have not been made, perhaps it is due to the fact that
they do not command a market here, and tlnit it is
cheaper to get the impo'-ted article.

The zinc roof was supplied by Messrs. Hutson
& Co. and the timber bought locally, while the work-
manship so far as the wood work goes was contri-
buted by Moratuwa carpenters, the masons being
men of the place.

THE STAEP.

Mr. E. C. Dick son, a competent practical Engi-
neer, supervised the setting up of the machinery and
to some extent the fixing up of the roof, on a
special agreement. Mr. Dickson was at one time
residing at Kurunegala, and daily visiting the manu-
factory. but as the work progressed, he changed his
residence to Kandy and now pays peiiodical visits.
It will interest the friends of Mr. Sydney Morse'
whose memory is bound to live long in' musicai
circles, that Mr. Dickson as well as his brother
served the same apprenticeship as Mr. Morse and
his brother did in Scotland, in qualifying themselves
as practical Engineers, and that they all passed out
at the same time. Nothing surprised Mr. Dickson
more than on suddenly coming face to face w' th his
quondam fellow-upprentico in the streets of K ind \ I
Mr. Dickson is a nephew of Dr. Cochran, the Ci v
Analyst. Mr. Dickson’s trusty lieutenant is filf
Henry de Silva w-ho has had ten year.s’ experience
in the desiccating mills of Messrs. Vavasseur in
Colombo, also at the Kelaniya Mills, and who will be
the Superintendent of the Machinery when the work
starts. Mr. Silva is busy in carrying out the work
according to the instructions laid down, Eor most’

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

69s

of the particulars contaiued in this account and for
the exceptioiialiy kind niid obliging manner in which
everything (/f importaiico and interest at the work
was explained and shown, the writer is gratefully
indebted to Mr. Silva and to Mr. kleiidis, the able
and e icrgelic agent of Messrs. J. C. de Silva & Go.

THE COST OF THE WOKKS

we "an only give a guess at. If they cost a cent
they have cost their proprietor certainly 1140,000, in-
clusive of mrclunery, which he is sure to recoup,
a’ld we trust with handsome profits before long. It
is his intention at present to commence work with
about 2(),0C0 coconuts per diem. There are mills
w''iich use up as many as 60,000 per diem. At the
modest rate at which Mr. Silva proposes to m ike his
start, there will be a never-ceasing demand for
coconnts in every part of the district. Mr. Silva
already owns thousands of acres in the Kurunegala
district, and he has the lease of extensive planta-
tions ; nevertheless he will have to place lauds other
than his own, under contribution to meet the daily
demands of his mills.

THE l>OPU/..UUTV OF UESICC.VrED COCONUT

is widespread, but the writer never could understand
why there is such a halo of secrecy around desci-
cating manufr.ctories as to prohibit the entrance of
visitors into the charmed places where the desiccat-
ing goes on. Is it the risk rnu by the secrets of
the trade being found out, or the chance of some
spy gettiiiii a tip or a wrinkle which may be only
known to the charmed circle, that the desiccating
rooms are so jealously guarded and watched, or can
it be that the entrance into these rooms means so
much diminution of the manufactured article which
is the greatest temptation to the visitor to resist
the tasting of ?

PACKETS OF DESICCATED COCONUT.

Talking of the high favour in which desiccated
coconut is held by ‘‘ strangers within our gates,”
Mr. Bilva mentioned to the writer that it was as
ranch as he could do to keep off the iuquisitivo and
itching fingei’s especially of the fair visitors to the
mills he had worked in, from picking at the scrap-
ings, on the invariable plea of ” just to have a
taste only of the nice stuff.” At times, on weighing
the desiccated coconut at the close of the day’s work,
as much as 20 and ;50 lbs. were found short, tlio
result of the visitors gratifying their taste 1 With
a view of preventing this gratnitons and of “ ad-
mittance except on business,” Mr. Silva proposes to
have littlS packets m.rde np of desiccated coconut,
with printed labels containing instructions as to the
way in which the contents may be turned into
pudding etc., and to sell the packets at a nominal
rate. This idea will certainly have the desired effect
of cherkiug ” shortage and intrusion.” The packet
will doubtless be a boon and a blessing.

THE THIRTY COMMITTEE.

Minutes of Proceeding.! of a meeting of the “ Thirty
Committee” held at Kandy on Saturday the 13th
day of March 18U7 at half past seven o’clock in the
morning.

Present ; — Messrs. J. N. Campbell (Chairman),' A.
Philip (Secretary), R. S. Duff Tytler, F. C. Gubbins,
A. A. Bowie, j. P. E. Ilyan, Gordon Pyper, H. V.
Masefield, H. Cumberbatch, C. E. Welldon, E. Ros-
ling, F. G. A. Lane, Oliver Collett.

The notice calling the meeting was read. The
minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the ‘‘Thirty
Committee ” held at Kandy on Monday the 1st day
of Eabruary 1897 were submitted for confirmation.

Read letter from Mr. J. 11. Renton regretting his
inability to be nresent.

Read letter from the Secretary, Ceylon Chamber
of Commerce, notifying that the following members
were recently elected to represent the Chamber on
the “ Thirty Committee,” — Messrs. Gordon Frazer,
J. H. Renton, C. W. Horsfall, H. Cumberbatch, P.
Bois, while Mr. F. M. Mackwood as Chairman of the
Chamber will continue to be on the Committee.

Read letter from the Manager, National Bank of
India, Limited.

Read letter from Government acknowledging re-
ceipt of copy of the minutes of proceedings of a
meeting of the “Thirty Committee” held at Kandy
on the 16th January 1897.

REPRESENTATIVE IN AMERICA.

Read letter from Mr. Mackenzie to Mr. Sackvillo
dated London 10th January 1897 ; also the accom-
Xianying enclosures.

Read letter from Mr. Mackenzie to Mr. Philip dated
London 14th January with statement of expenditure
on account of the Committee to 8th January 1897, 19th
January, 27th January 1897. Resolved : — “ That the
sum of £3,000 sterling applied for be placed at Mr.
W. Mackenzie’s credit at London by wire for the
American campaign.

Read letter from the Secretary, the Ceylon Asso-
ciation in J ondon, forwarding the following resolu-
tion passed by the Tea and Produce Committee of
the Association at a meeting held on the 18th
January. — “ That the Secretary be requested to ask
the Committee of Thirty on what general principles
the amount raised in Ceylon by the taxation of tea
is spent.

“ What amount is expended in America— and to ask
that an account of expenditure for the year 1896
(without details that it may bo considered injudi-
cious to publish) be sent to this Committee.”

Read cablegram from Mr. Wm. Martin Leake, dated
1st February 1897, reading “ Mackenzie sailing Satur-
day ; please telegraph credit £1,000.'’

Intimated that the request had been complied
with. Resolved: — “With reference to the resolution
forwarded by the Ceylon Association in London, that
in terms of his letter to the Secretary dated London
19th January 1897, Mr. Mackenzie be requested to
give the Committee of the Ceylon Association in
London such details and particulars regarding the
disposal of the funds granted to him for pushing
and advertising Ceylon tea in America as may appear
to him judicious.”

Resolved (II) ; — “That in answer to the specific ques-
tions the Ceylon Association in London be informed,

(a) on what general principles the amount raised
in Ceylon by the taxation of tea is spent?”

The general principles are advertisements and
demonstrations in localities which are being spe-
cially worked, and by assisting those who are
spending their own money in pushing Ceylon tea.

(b) WHAT AMOUNT IS EXPENDED IN AMERICA.

The amount expended in America up to say 31st
December 1896, as per Mr. Mackenzie’s accounts is
£17,090 9s 8d. (Seventeen thousand and ninety pounds
nine shillings, and eight pence.)

(c) That an account of expenditure for the year
1896 (without details that it may be considered inju-
dicious to publish) be sent to this Committee.

That Mr. Mackenzie will be requested to give the
Committee of the Ceylon Association in London
such information as he may deem judicious.

CEVLON TEA IN RUSSIA.

Resolved ; — “ That with the object of farther push-
ing Ceylon tea in Russia Mr. T. N. Christie be
asked to visit Russia during the year 1897 and to
report to the Committee as to the best means
of securing this end ; (2) that the sanction of Go\-
ernmeut be asked to an expenditure of a sum not
exceeding £200 to cover all expenses Mr. Christie
may be put to, during his visit to Russia in con-
nection with the mission reierred to in the above
resolution.”

CEYLON TEA ON Till ONTINENT OF EUROPE.

Read letter from Ml. K. V. Webster by hi's Attor-
ney Mr. J.H. Renton ackno'.vlrd.,ing receipt of cheqi e
for R7,852-76 being the equivalent of £5.)0 sterling
granted to Mr. Webster for the purpose of pushing
and advertising Ceylon tea on the Continent of
Europe.

CEYLON TF..V IN BELGIUM .AND HOLLAND.

Read letters from Mr. E. U. Tcmpler on the sub-
ject of his offer to push and advertise Ceylon tea in
Belgium and Holland, and rogardiug the 1,000 lb. tea

696

the tropical ACxRICULTURIST. [April i, 1897.

Betit to him with draft for £35 sterliuj;, and stating
that the tea was of such good quality that he had
no hesitation in saying belter or perhaps such good
teas have never been sent to Belgium or Hol'and.

Resolved : — ‘‘ That Mr. Teinpler be informed that
the 1,000 lb. of Ceylon tea already sent to him may be
considered by him ns a free grant, the pro-
ceeds to be used for further pushing the sale of
and advertising Ceylon Tea, but that in future any
business arrangements for additional supplies must
be made to tbo Ceylon Tea Company Limited, direct
or to any other firm. Tiie Committee trusts that
Mr. Teinpler will tee the importance of continuing
to keip stocks of Ceylon Tea through the ordinary
Trade Channels; the Committee will be glad to have r-e-
ports — ns promised — from time to time of the pro-
gress made, and would add tlnit any future grant will
depend on the attendant results.

CEYLON TEA IN AU31I1IA AND nUNOAllY.

Read letter from Messrs. Dailey, Butler tt Co.
making an application for a grant o'f 500 los. of Cey-
lon Tea for distribution in Aiistr a and Hungary
on behalf of a cori'cspoiident in Vienna.

Resolved: — “That a g ant of 5oO lbs. of Ceylon
Tea be made 'to Messr.s. Barley diutler Co. for the
purpose indicated in their letter. ”

CEYLON TEA IN GEIIMANY.

Read letter from Mr. Chas. A. Bohringer asking
for a grant of .£50 sterling to be spent in advertis-
ing on y and paid over on production of vouchers
showing how the money has been spent.

Resolved : — “ That a sum of £50 sterling be granted
to Mr. Bohringer on the terms stated in his letter.’’

CEYLON TEA IN BWEllEN AND NOliWAY.

Read letter from Messrs. Akt. Bolg. Maren A Co.,
Stockholm a king for a contribution towards expenses
to bo incuir d in introducing and pushing Ceylon Tea
in Sw'eden and Norway,

Read letter from Mr. A. G. Seton recommending
the application, and expressing the opinion that it
affords a good opportunity for making Ceylon Tea
known throughout the Scandinavian Continent.

Resolved: — “That a grant of £250 sterling be
made to Messrs. Akt, Bolg. Maren & Co. for adver-
tising and pushing Ceylon Tea in Sweden and Nor*
way, and that they be informed that the Com-
mittee will be inclined to give them further suppoit
if they are able to open in other localities. Tbo
Committee will be glid if Messrs. Naren A Co. will
Bend some particulars showing the places in which
the advertising is cliielly done, and the approximate
amount apportioned to each town.

Report a d accounts for the year ended 31st Decem-
ber 1896.

Submitted and laid on the table Report of the
“ Thirty Committee ’’ for the year ended 31st Decem-
ber 1896 together with the Abstract of Accounts of
the Ceylon Tea (New Markets Fund) for the like
period.

The " Thirty Committee ’ then adjourned.

A. Philip,

Secretary to the “ Thirty Coinmitice.’’

THE KELANl TEA GARDEN COMBANY.

LIMITFD.

A general mceling of shareholders of the Kclaiii
Tea Garden Co., Ltd., was held tit the oflice.s of
Messrs. Carson and (Jo., on the 13th March

Tlie Report was as follows : —

ACKKACK.

282 acres Tea in full bearing
52 „ ,, planted 1896

30 ,, Felled

224 „ Reserve

588 acres

The Directors have pleasure in sul niitling to the
Shareliolders the acccunts of the Cciuticny for the
year eiicliiig 31st Dcct mbor, 1896.

The crop seciurd ami uiilcd to 166, ()56 lb. of male
Tea realiz ug 1167,056 /7, cr an average price o < cuG
iyybperlb., as against ai expeuditiuc (exclus ve of

items under Capital Account) of R39,505'83, or an
average cost of cents 23 79 per lb.

The hil.ince at credit of Profit and Loss Account
after making provisoii for
Depreciation on Buildings and Machinery R5,369 11
Stationary and Postage.! . . . . 5 00

Auditor's F’ee and Management Expenses 3,050 00

8.424 11

Less Transfer F'ec s .. R22 00
Interest on Bank Account 205 51

227 51

R8,196 60

nmouids to H19,35P31, and with the balance brought
forward from previous year of R3,255‘84, a total of
R22,610 18.

This ttio Directors recommend being dealt with as
follows : —

A dividend of 5 per cent for the year absorbing
RI5,000. and the balance R7,G10 18, to next account.

Tlic Directors are endeavouring to negotiate the
purchase of about 160 acre.s land which adjoins the
52-acre clearing opened last year.

Mr. J. W. Baniforth, for many years Superinten-
dent of Chesterford estate, wdll take charge from the
15th March, 18t)7.

It is hoped that the returns for the current season
will be more satisfactory than for the past year.

The estimated cir.p for 1897 is 185,000 1b.

Mr. K. Greasy has retired from the Board of
Directors, and it is suggested that Mr. Chas. L. Davis
be elected to fill the vacancy.

The appointment of an Auditor rests with the
meeting.

Cahson a Co., Agents and Secretaries
Colombo, BOlli January, 1897.

THE UDABAGE ( OMRANY, LIMITED.

A general meeting of shareliolders of tliis Co.,
was held at the oliices of Messrs, Carson & Co..
The following is the report : —

ACllEAGE :

Originally purchased by Company . . 355 acres.
Lately purchsed veiy suitable for Tea 785 ,,

Tea

))

n

full hearing
planted 1894
„ 1895

„ 1896

1,140 acres.
210 acres.

15 ..

2 „

82 „

.300 acres.

Reserve . . 810 ,,

1,140 acres,

The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the
Shaicholders the accounts for the year ending 31st
December, 1896. The crop secured amounted to
123,385 lb. made Tea realizing R42,370'26, or an
average price of cents 34'34 iier lb., as against an
expenditure of (exclusive of items under Capital
Account) R31,317 01, or an average cost of cents
25'38 per lb.

The balance at credit of Profit and Less Account

after making piovisiou for

R. c.

Stationery and Printing . . . . 10 00

Balance preliminary expenses . . 314 88

Interests . . . . . . 1,907 40

Directors’ fees and Visiting .\gent . . 1,450 00

Auditor’s fee .. 50 00

Agents and Secretaries . . . . 750 00

Depreciation on Buildings and Machinery 2,535 13

Legal Expenses .. .. 1,.586 00

R8,603 41

Less liauifcr foes .. 13 00

B8,590 41

697

April i, 1897. J THE TROPICAL AGRICULURIST.

amounts to R2,4ti8'81, and with the balance brought
forward from previous year of Rl,2‘21'71, a total of
R3,690'55. This the Directors recommend being
carried forward to next account.

As regards the working of iha Estate, the Com-
pany has been under a disadvantage owing to changes
of superintendence. Tlie Directors have now secured
the services of Mr. A. E. Biun-Smeaton, under
whose management considerably better results may
be looked for.

During the past year, the valubable land in the
vicinity of Udabage being rapidly acquired by others,
the Directors deeined it advisable to secure three
fine blocks aggregating 781 acres. In order to pay
for this, and tlie co t of the opening, Debentures
bearing inteivst at the rate of 7 per cent, were issued,
but only R53,000 have been taken up, and the
Company is indebted to its Rankers in the sum of
R15,82118 on which interest at current rates is
running.

The Directors, therefore, propose entering into
negotiations at home tor the rai-ing of a Sterling
loan secured by a primary mortgage on the Cotn-

{ rally's property upon more reasonable rates than can
le obtained locally, and which will permit of their
paying off the Debentures and debts, and provide
bu.vicient funds for further extensions.

The ostiraite for the cane t season is 125,000 of
made Tea, and up to 250 acres are being felled and
planted np.

Mr. J. N. C.uiiPBELL retires in terms of the Articles
of Association, but is eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor res's with the
meeiing. Cmison & Co.

Colombo, 29th January, 1897. Agents and Secretaries.

PLANTING NOTES.

I see an outcry has been raised against the pro-
ducts of a tree being applied to it as
MANUIIK

in connection with disease in turnips at home. As
usual in such cases the outcry is being re-echoed
here, and people declaim against burying tea-prunings
which are wrongly called ‘‘ refuse.” I consider that
word a misnoiner and would ca l it a product of the
tree. There is no analogy between the refuse of the
animal cieation and tlie- leaves, fruit or branches
of trees or pl.ints. In the one instance, the refuse
is that portion of the food, which is refused by the
system after it has extracted from it all that is neces-
sary for its sustenance. According to this defini-
tion trees and plants have no ‘‘ refuse ” or excreta.
Old agriculturists believed that plants passed through
their roots what was not necetsaiy for their suste-
nance, and that this “refuse” wa.s harmful to that
order of trees and plants, and that after a time, they
refused to grow on the same land. This was the
beginning of rotation of crops. This is an instance
of right conclusions being drawn from wrong pre-
misses. The practice that observation led agricul-
turists to adopt, scientific research has pronounced
to be t! e right one, but for different reasons. The
soil is deprived temporarily of certain constituents
by one order of plants, but another order not
requiring the same constituents thrive well enough
on the same soil. As you very pertinently re-
marked, forest soils are improved by the dropping of
leaves.

Old coffee planters used always to bury primings
when the labour was available and

PULP

never' went to waste, but was a valuable ingredient
of comport heaps. Sabonadiere, an acknowledged
authority in coffee planting, wrole : — “ Pulp is a veiy
useful manure. I have found plilp most beneficial,
mixed in equal proportiens with cattle manure, the
effects seem to be equal to cattle manure alone.”
Of pi'unings, he writes : — “ Primings make a very
good AOgetable manure, they should be buried in
trenches when still green.” George Wall, another
acknowledged authority, and who had besides a
scientific knowledge of agriculture, wrote : — “ Prim •
inga are a very uaeful manure.” It might be urged

that this application of the “ refuse ” of the coffee
tree to it was one of the causes, if not the cause
of leaf disease. I leave that question for scientists
to answer.

“ 0. A. G.” in yonr columns, who affects to write
with authority, says, that he pointed out to ig-
norant native agriculturists the folly of applying to
coconut trees tlieir “ refuse ” in the shape of husks
and branches. lie instances the “Moss,” belonging
to the late Mr. Maartensz, where husks when dug
out after being buried for a large number of years
was found to be uudecayed. It does not seem to
liave struck this nutiioiity that the soil of the
“ Moss ” is sandy, and sand is a preservative agent
when d' g and whai little decay of vegetable matter
takes place in sandy soil is when it is damp and this
only in wet weather. I buried husks in a clayey soil, and
when I dug the spot three yeais after there were
traciS only of the husks, and the soil where they
were buried was a dark-coloured loam. Moral. — It
is not safe to generalize on insufficient data.

My observation goes to show that not only does
sandy soil dry up quickly, but vegetable substances
on it seem to have the moisture iu them extracted
by such soil. Dry coconut branches heaped up on
sandy soil become quite dry and crisp w’hen a few
da_\ s of dry weather follow a season of w'et weather,
while those heaped on more retentive soil, get quite
decayed and crumble into pieces after wet weather.
“ C. A. C.” may be interested to learn that another
authority and as eminent as he, recommeads the burial
boih of branches and husks of coconuts. I refer to the
veteran and experienced coconut planter AJr. W. B.
Lament, whom perhaps the infirmities of age have
made to rest his facile pen. He and Mr. Jardine
could attest to ihe value of nuts as an applica-
tion to coconut trees.

TOBACCO PLANTING

for Europeans as an industry is again being
discussed. It is a garden cultivation and as
such is very expensive if carried on with paM
labor and will not yield adequate returns to Europeans.
I believe the system adopted in the Straits is for
each Chinese coolie to be given a certain number
of plants to tend, and jiayment is made according
to the number of plants successfully tended, i.e.
payment is by results. If I mi.slake not, Messrs. Don
VanCu} leuberg and iMark Maxfield were both en-
gaged m tobacco cultivation — the Straits and Sumatra
— and they would be able to speak with authority on
the style of tbe cultivation, cost and results.
On the Western and North-'Westeru Provinces the
system adopted is for the tobacco fields, usually
sandy tracts, to be manured with cattle and move-
able pens. The droppings are not turned in
at once but lie exposed on the surface to our
tropical sun and rain. The former must
dissipate a good deal of the ammonia and the
latter, especially in the North-East rains like those
we had at the end of last year when the tobacco
lands became quite swampy, wash it out of the
not very retentive soil. 'Well, after months of ex-
posure to the sim and rain, the manure is ploughed
ill with native plough or dug in with mamoties
and the laud is prepared for planting. It is lined and
little holes are dug out for the plants, and these
are put out and shaded. The real hard work com-
mences now, the pilants are watered morning and
evening, vacancies are supplied, the ground, which
becomes hard and pressed down by the constant
action of the feet, is now ? at frequent intervals and
is weeded, “poochies” are removed from the leaves
and the plants are manured with well-rotten cattle
manure, and otherwise tended till they are fit for
topping. Then the work becomes more laborious as
suckers have to be constantly removed. In fact
the attention required is unremitting till curing
coinmencts. When the plants are fit to be cut for
curing they are sold at prices varying from from
E50 tj 1175.

I shall, when time permits, give you my expe-
rieuce as a grow'er of Tobacco tor light cigars and
lor native chewing. ® ^ ^

THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[April r, 1897.

69S

INDIAN PATENTS.

No 81 of 1897. — Ameuded application. See No. 6
of 1897. Specilications of the luidermentioued inven-
tions have been tiled under the provisions of the In-
ventions a’ d Designs Act of 1888 : —

Improvements in apparatus for drying tea. — No.
315 of 189G. — William Alfred (jibbs, gentleman, of
Gilwell park, Chingford, England, and Gilbert
William Sutton, Civil Engineer, of liothmans.
Great Baddow, Chelmsford, England, for improve-
ments in apparatus for drying tea and other sub-
stances. (Specification filed 17th February 1897.)

Machine for Drying Tea and analogous Sub-
stances.— No. 390 of 1890 : — Henry George Hills,
Tea Planter, Silcoorie Tea Estate, Cachar, for a
machine for drying tea and analogous substances.
(Specification filed 22nd February 1897.) — Indian
and Eastern Engineer, March 13.

GUTTA PEKCHA IN DUTCH GUIANA.

The Foreign Office has recently issued a Keport
by Consul Churchill on the Halata industry of the
colony of Netherlands Guiana, which is of interest to
Forest officers in India, as it shows that the list of
trees which yield gutta-percha or indiarubber is by no
means complete.

Halata is a kind of gutta-percha obtained from the
milky juice of the bark of the bully or bullet-tree,
Mimusogs Halata, a large forest tree belonging to the
order Hapolacew, which ranges from Jamaica, and Trini-
dad to Venezuela and French Guiana. Although the
tree has been known for years past, audits wood, which
is very hard, largely used for sugar-mill rollers, machin-
ery and building purposes, the collection of the juice fer
the manufacture of guttapercha is of quite recent
origin, and it is to tliis point that wo wish to draw
attention, as there are probably a number of trees
indigenous to India which are capable of yielding
gutta-percha in paying quantities. The matter is
worth the attentioii of Forest officers, especially of
them in charge of evergreen forests in ti.e South-
ern Provinces. In connection with this, we would
invite a reference to a letter from Mr. Lushington,
printed in this month’s i.ssue, and to the genera
inentioned by him w'ould add Isonandra, which also
belongs to the order Bapolacew.

We reproduce below some extracts from the re-
port in question : —

‘The bullet-tree is found in (Netherlands Guiana)
in greater abundance in the low-lying zone of tiuvio-
niariue deposit. It is also found in the higher lands
of the interior, but in a less abundant and more
scattered condition. On the bullet-tree bearing
grounds in forest, where they are plentiful, the ob-
server may see from 20 to 30 trees of a thickness
of 12 to 30 inches within a radius of 100 feet around
him where this tree is less plentiful, the observer
will’ only see two or three trees within the same
area. The bleeder usually looks over his head
and ' discovers the tree by its foliage. Ho
also knows that the bullet-tree must be near when
he comes upon certain kinds of bush. A.bove a trunk
thickness of about 30 inches the tree is usually not
worth bleeding.’

. 'pjje tree often grows in zones or belts, on vvnich
it prevails in excess of all other trees. The limits
of these zones or belts being crossed, the forest may
be traversed for hours without a single bullet-tree
being met with, after which perhaps another zone is

run into.’ , , , , -,,r t

‘Ilegarding the character of balata, Mr. Jenman

quotes Dr. Hugo Miiller,i-.n.s., as follows ’;--

“ Although my own opinion about balata, derived
from personal experience, of its practical application
in a few instances w’as entirely favourable, I thought
it desirable to avail myself of an opportunity of
obtaining further opinion direct from an indiarubber
manufacturer, considering that this would be much
more to your purpose than anything I could say on
my own account, hence the delay in my answering'

your letter.

“ It seems, then, that balata is by no means
neglected, and, in fact, it wpuld find ready purchasers
if more of it came to the market. As it is, the
supply is very limited, and generally it comes only
once a year. It commands a iiigher price than gutta-
percha, and this in itself is a proof of its usefulness.
It is used almost in all cases in which gutta-percha
i.s used, but on account of its higher price only for
superior purposes.

“It seems that balata is treated by the manufac-
turers simply as a superior kind of gutta-poicha, and,
therefore, its najne disappears when manufactured.’’
‘Nevertheless, balata is distinctly different from
guttapercha, and this is esiiecially manifested in some
of its physical characters, lor instance, it is somewhat
softer at ordinary temperature, and not so rigid in
the cold.’’

‘‘ The chemical composition, however, is probably
quite identical with that of gutta-percha and of caout-
chouc.’’

“In one respect balata shows a very maiked and
important difference from gutta-percha, and that is in
its behaviour under the influenco of the atmosphere,
whilst gutta-percb when exposed to light and air
soon becomes altered on the surface and charged
into a brittle resinous substance, inlo which the whole
of the mass is gradually' converted, in the course of
time balata, on tlic other hand, is but slowly acted
upon under the circumstances.”

“I inclose a piece of balata tissue which

has now been in my possession quite six years, and
although it shows a peculiar mealy efflorescence due
to chemical change, Jt is still supple and coherent.
A similar tissue of gutta-percha would have long
before now' becone emirely converted into a brittle
resin.”

“The electrical insulating quality' of balata is
said to be quite eqml to that of gutta-percha,
and altogether there seems to be no question
about the valuable properties of balata. All
that is wanted is a sufficient and constant

supply and a somewhat lower price. But
even at its present price, I think, it would find a ready
market if it came in large quantities, and thus enabled
manufacturers to use it for applications on a large
scale. As far as I could make out, it is used by itself
and not mixed with gutta-percha.”

‘ 'The balata indusiry of this colony is in its infancy.
In Surinam the foiests which ha ve been bled are aban-
doned, and new lands are sought for and exploited up
to date. Only those areas where an abundance of trees
is to be found have been selected. On areas where 100
trees are found it sometimes happens that about 75 per
cent only' give milk at the perticular period when the
bleeder visits them, and that at some later period the
I'emaining trees will also run ; but as the bleeders
have gone beyond that particular section, it is not pro-
fitable to come back and bleed the remaining trees
just at the special time when they are ripe for it.’

‘ The forests are all the property of the Crown, and
are leased by the Colonial Government at a rental of
10c (Id) per hectare per annum for the exploitation of
balata only, and that in conformity with the Balata
Ordinance of the colony.’

‘ There is no export’ duty whatever.

‘The bleeder receives advances from his em-
ployers -against which he contracts to deliver
balata. For his balata he receives from 50 to 55c.
(lOd to lid) per lb., delivered on the concession.
An average bleeder will gather about four gallons
per day. A very successful bleeder may get as much
as 10 gallons during the same period. In Surinam a
bleeder will gather an average of 1 gallon per tree,
bleeding from the base of the tree up to a height of
20 feet and scarifying the back to half its circum-
ference only, fuither sacrilication being illegal. A
gallon of milk will dry to about -libs, of balata.”

‘ The bleeders are mostly recruited from Berbice,
in British Guiana, and about 1,000 men arc at pre-
sent empleyed in this colony in the industry.’

‘ The hot and very wet seasons are not good for
halata bleeding. 'The trues blossom in August, and
the seed drops about the month of November, when
the new loaf shoots out. By tho oud of January the

April t, 897/

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

669

milk obtains the condition when it runs most plenti-
fully. The leaves of the old trees, the milk which
is not easily getablo are dirk-brown on the lower
side and green above, the younger trees are light
green on both sides. During the flowering season
the milk dues not flow to any paying extent. The
leaves of the young trees are thick, and, when
broken, the milk issues freely from the wounds.
After the month of August to the middle of Janu-
ary no work is done, this leaves about eight work-
ing months.’

‘ Balata cannot be purchased in the market in
Paramaribo. It is only gathered for those who em-
ploy balata bleeders, therefore, no quotation as to
i.s price can be given, although it will be seen
from the statistics of the exportation of this com-
modity, winch the Colonial Government have very
kindly placed at my disposal, that for statistical
purposes a valuation is given. The only certnin
thing that is known is, that the bleeder receives from
some employers 50 and from others 55c. per 1 lb. for
the balata which he produces on the concession. Be-
yond this, however, there are other e.Npenses which
must be added, such as commissions to fosemen, loss
by runaway bleeders, deaths, thefts, loss by capsizing
of boats, cost of transportation, surveying of conces-
sions on occasions of dispu'e as to boundaries, assis-
tance of pilots, Indian trackers, &c.’

‘ KETUHN OF JiALATa E.\T11ACTUD FllOM THE COLONY OP

.NETIIEPvLANDS GUIANA.’

Tear.

Quantity.

Value.

Kilos.

Florins.

1880

1,509

1,500

1800

. . 70,320

95,407

1801

. . 05,587

143,381

1892

120,080

181,019

1803

32,540

05,002

1804

108,280

210,573

1895

133,081

207,302

—The Indian Forester.

COFFEE PLANTING IN
HONDUKAS.

We have before u.s an interesting little hroclnire
of ‘24 pages on the above .subject, in which
there is a strange omission of the date of
])ublicatidn by the American Company that pub-
lished it. There is no reason to believe that it is
of earlier date than last year, though the latest
date of the documents from which it <|Uotes
is 1894. It is a publication j)ut forth by the
Honduras Planting and Trading Company, with
the object of setting forth the attractions gener-
ally of Honduras as a spot for the investment
of capital, and specially the qualifications of
the Company as a guide to those seeking in-
vestments. Though the Company counsels large
investments, and would almost seem to dis-
courage sm.all cajiitalists — whether thiough its
own dicta or through the opinion of Consul Peterson
whom it (piotes — it does not profess to have,
or to have had, the command of uidimited
capital. Thus, Avhile we lind on page 10 that
no one should “attempt to do a ]>aying busi-
ness in Collee-raising in Honduras ” on less
than 15!25,000 to have a plantation of 125,000
trees, and “ double that amount would bring
in much better returns the vConi|)any itself
was incorporated with a cajiital of but $100,000,
and it owns “ a coli'ee farm of only 100,000
trees and it is the experience gained from

these which has induced it to invite others to
join them in i)lucking' the golden fruit. From
the mention of trees as a prime element in the
calculation, our readers will infer that the
system of planting which linds favour in Hon-

duras is dilTerent from that which obtained
here, and even yet obtains in the remnants of
the industry wiiich once represented the wealth
of the country. Such inference would be cor-
rect ; but before we jiroceed to discuss differ-
ences in the system of planting, we must
point out that tire Honduras treated of in the
booklet is not the British Possession, \yhich
represents only about 7,000 to 8,000 square
miles, but the extensive Central American terri-
tory, out of which that slice had been carved
just 99 years ago. Here is a description of the
territory on page 13 of the pamj)hlet : —

If the I'eader, looking over a map of North America
will pause at a point just south of Mexico where the
continent begins to narrow down preparatory to form-
ing itself into the Isthmus of Panama, he will notice
five small divisions, each having a different color
denoting one or other of the five Central American
Itepublifis. The largest of these patches of cclor
running from tlie Caribbean Sea on the Atlantic side
to the Gulf of Fonseca on the Pacific, represents the
Republic o'' Honduras. Its two sister Republics
Guatemala and Nicaivigua, are on either side, while
saudvdehed in, and lookii g as if they had each pre-
empted a piece of ground from the others, are the
two smaller countries of Salvador and Costa Rica.

And if any reader feels any doubt after it.s peru-
sal that the Company i.s an American one the
following from page 14 (apart from the .single I
in traveller) should place the matter beyond all
doubt : — J •

The name Honduras, meaning “laud of heights and
depihs,’’is so aptly applied that it is almost the first
thought forced upon the traveler’s attention as he
makes Ins way into the interior. Quoting the
same author again, we find him cornmentinff norm
this fact in these words : “ IVhen the greater paid of
all the earth of a country stands on edge in the air
it would be invidious to designate any one naiti’
cular hill or chain of hills. A Honduranian Denutv
once crumpled up a page of letter pauer in Ids hand
and dropped it on the desk before him ‘ That ’ he
said, ‘ is an outli e map of Honduras.’’ These
mountains, ranging in height from 1,000 feet to C 000
feet, and the deep valleys between them, afford ’cH
matic conditions varying from the tropical to the'
most temperate where wheat can be successfullv
grown. It is between these extremes that the best
Coffee lands are found— lands where the climate is
neither too hot nor too cool, and capable of nrodne
ing such Coffee as to draw the following exnresshm
of opinion from the same traveler whom we havo
already twice quoted : “ The Coffee was alwavs

ex-

cellent, as it should have been, for the Honduranian
Coffee IS as fine as any grown in Central America and
we never had too much of it.’’ ’ “

ci.m eiimauc condi-
tions above described, one need feel no snr
prise on reading of the luxuriance of the
coffee grown in that region ; but the Com
pany evidently recognizes the fact that the
c iniate and physical features of acountrv can nor
alone attract investors, and that agricultn
enterprise takes count of something more tl.nn
cheap labour and facilities of transport besides
A settled Government is a most imriortant fan
tor in the calculation ; and the difticlilty arisimr
from tlie tendency to unrest and revolution "n
the numerous Kepiiblics of the Wesi
to be met by an* extract from
Pueblo, whicii IS described as one of fim
ernment ollicial organs. In its Issue of
May 1894, tins combination of the voicG 1.«h
of the peoi.le a„.l of tl.e G,.ver„,,;e“t“ ^
warmly welconiing ininiigrants to its hospitaWe
shores, thus indicates, m its sham referince to

others, the su.spicions which investors might fed ■-

These men from the cities, the indefatigable

700

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[April i, 1897.

workers, who look to mother earth for the well being
of their families, and through that for the general
welfare of those nations where they plant their sniil
ing and cheerful homes of work and peace, and for
whom there is an increasing welcome affection and
friendship in Honduras, are the opposites of those
who, in a fraudulent and pretended harmony with
some administrations, like that which preceded ihe
present one, join our ranks in order to make an ini-
quitous bargain and disturb us w'ith the sole ambi-
tion of tilling their purses without giving a penny in
return for the protection afforded them; who, the day
after a social revolution, sneer at their f irmer pro-
tectors and speak of them sarcastically, attempting
all along with palpable hypocrisy to ingratiate tliem-
selves with the new power. This they cannot do
with the eminently liberal Government of today.
Fortunately, the few emigrants of the latter class are
well known — too well known by the Honduranians,
and, as experience has shown, their worst enemies
are their own more honorable compatriots, who have
joined themselves to the sons of this country in
honor, loyalty, honesty and work which knows neither
stint nor limit.”

To turn now to mutters strictly agricultural, we
do not find any description of the iiarlicnlar
species of eollee w liicli is grown in Honduras ;
but if “the lleshy part of the berries” can be
washeil otl’ in runniiu.' water, witliont any jire-
vions immersion in cisterns, the pulp must l.e
of a par ticularly accommodating consistency. Per-
haps, it ^vas not inteiuled that the curing jirocess
should be described with fullness and accuracy ; only
t hat the cost of bringing land into cultivation should
be correctly set forth, and its prolifs estimated
with reasonable approximation. 'I'he se dlings
aie trans[danteil when 2 years old into what is
called a grove — so that shade is probably pre-
server!— ami are put ilown 500 to the acre —
about the same as Liberian — as against 1,200 to
1,700 for Arabian Coffee. Against our 3 feet for
Arabian, Honduras Coffee is to[>ped at 5!- to
6 feet w'hich is rather higher tlian the Liheiian
variety is cut down to; and tlie effect of the
pruning is said to raise the yield from 1 or U lb.
per tree to 4 lb. on an average. Hut surely the
trees, two years when jmt down, should begin
to bear before the fourth year of planting out,
but we are told that it is only in the fifth year
the bearing

Generally averages from J to J pound. From
this on, the yield is doubled each year i.e , in the
sixth year the return will average about 1 pound ;
2 pounds in the seventh year, and 4 pounds in the
eighth to tenth year, after which the trees will
continue in full bearing for at least 30 years.

That, “under proper conditions of .soil and
climate” coffee has “few if any natural enemies,”
reads almost like fiction after our terrible ex-
perience; but it was not till the end of the
“seventies” that we began to think much of our
enemies. The estimated juehl per acre, 2,000 lb.
off trees 5 to 6 feet high, planted well apart in
“ rich, black loamy earth ” on which virgin forests
had flourished, is by no means outside the
ran<»e of probability for a limited acreage well
cared for; but the expectation of 100 to 300 per
cent profit can scarcely be realized on large
ventures. This, however, is wdiat Consul Peterson,
late of Honduras, says in the United States Con-
sular Reports for 189-t : —

The soil, climate and conditions in Honduras ai-e
equal in every respect to those of Guatem il.v, Nicara-
gua or Costa Rica, where the Coffee industry has
already reached large proportions. The only draw-
back in Honduras is lack of means of transporta-
tion and facilities for siiipment to the coast. At
nreaent, there is practically no exportation from
Hondupas, the product of the plautatjons being

readily sold at home. I have known the price of
coffee, even in time of peace, to roach the sum cf
forty (lOj cents (gold) per pound and in time of
war a.s much as seventy-five (75) cents, to notwith-
standing the splendid adaptation cf the coun-
try to us production. The Honduranian Coffee is
equal in every respect to the Mexican, Guate-
malan, or Costa Rican product, and is well-knowui
t • he of a superio'^ qualitj-, commanding a piice in the
great markets of from twenty (20) to twenty -five (25)
cents per fb. A new plantation of coffee will commence
to produce} a profit by the end of the fourth j'ear after
planting, ami after ihe seventh year a profit of from
100 to 300 percent, on the capital in>ested may be
expected. Tlie average cost of the production of
coffee, after the plantation is well started and five
years old, will not exceed seven (7) cents per pound-
The preparation of the land for a coffee plantation
will consist only of clearing it eff well and keeping
it clean. The young trees are to be secured from
a nursery, and cost from §10 to §20 per thousand.
Nurseries, of course, are maintaiued on every planta-
tion. The young tices are planted fiom twelve to
fifteen feet apart, in regular rows, like an orchard
in tlie United States, and tlie holes aie dug about
one foot square and iitteen inches deep.

Tfien the Consul proceeds: —

The following extract, taken from the 'fwo Repuhlica,
of Mexico, applies so exactly to the conditions in Hon-
duras, that, with some slight changes, I reproduce
it here: "All expenses of cost and planting ],0f)0

trees are estimated at §100; their keeping and at-
tendance dining the three following years, or until
they rcacli the bearing age, at from §80 to §100 per
1,000 trees. During the thiid year, tlie plantation
produces sufficient coffee to pay expenses. Tlie out-
lay for every 100 pounds of coffee prep red ready for
market does not exceed §7 as a maximum price, tlie
market price of whicli is, at the present time, §20 to
§22 per 100 pounds. The value of coffee plantations
in full bearing is calculated at the rate of §1 per
grown tree, a single acre producing from 400 to
.500 trees, wliich price only serves as a basis of
purchase, as it includes, besides the land and
buildings, cattle, implements and machinery. Much
of the labor required for the cultivation and
preparation of Coffee is performed by women and
children, which largely increases the labor siqiply
and reduces the cost, the average being thirty (30)
cents per day. Tnc season for planting commences
in April and ends in November, but plants raised from
seed require eight months to mature before they are
ready for transplanting to the field in which they are
finally to gr-jw. “The altitude best suited for Coffee
culture is from 1,000 to 4,000 feet above sea level, that is,
up to what is termed the frost line. If the soil be rich
and deep, .500 trees to the acre is a sufficient number.
Results have been found more satislactory with this
number than with a greater or less number of trees
per acre. The Coffee districts are also among the
healthiest in the country, and the climate suitable
for Coffee-growing is adapted also for persons ac-
customed to living in a temperate zone. “ The soil
and climate suitable for Coffee-growing are also adapted
for the cultivation of tobacco, corn, beans, bananas
and oranges, and in the lower-lying districts for
sugar cane, rice, and most tropical and subtropical
fruits, the growing of which is made accessory to
Coffee culture. The pineapple is the least expensive
and the most profitable, especially where the planter
has close and cheap transportation to the gulf ports."
To the last paragraph of the above extract might bo
added the fact that a rubber-tree can be placed in
the centre of each square of twelve feet, which, in
the course of a few years, would vastly augment the
income and profits of the plantation.

We do not apprehend the (Ie.->ertion of oiir Tea
enteijirise as a result of the jiiihlication of the.se
ligiires ; hut it is well to know how people are
impelled by great expeetatioiis. ^Ve may mark
for extract in another i.ssue the ex perieriees of tlqj
Company itself as told in the.se pages.

April i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

701

PLUCKING, PRUNING AND
PREPARATION OF TEA-

Just as we were printing off our Circular,
making inquiries under the above lieading, the
following letter came to hand : —

“ The Back Woods,” Feb. 6, 1897.

The Editor “ Tropical Agriculturist. ”

De.\r Sir, — As the manure campaign is now over,
I should like to introduce another, and equally im-
portant matter of culture, viz ; Pruning Tea Bushes,
and to get your and other opinions thereon.

With the usual system of pruning, that is leaving
a spur of two or three inches of the young wood,
from which the young flushing shoots spring,
though much can be done, and is done by careful
cultivators to keep the bushes from getting too
high or too lumpy by the healing up of many prun-
ing cuts, still there are cases, when it becomes ad-
visable to cut down into the old wood, and from it,
to get a new bearing surface.

This is done, as a rule, with much greater modera-
tion than it was some years ago ; but on some
estates, there is still to be seen the ruthless cutting
down or hacking in almost to the collar, and cu-
rious enough, I never yet met with any of those
who practise this ; whaf we sometimes hear
called — heroic cutting down. Who could give a
substantial and intelligent rea.son for it. Some of
the evil results, in my opinion, are these : — the
bushes are reduced to a much narrower surface,
and, in most instances, they never regain their
former condition ; unless possibly in strong rich
virgin soil, or if heavily manured with bulk, and
even then doubtful.

The shock to the bushes is so great that some of
them die outright — other parts, a side or .a quarter,
more or less as the case may be. The dead or
dried and stunted stumps are — especially in the
lowcountry — the prey of white ants.

There is greater waste of material in the quantity
cut away, loss of time, and of course of returns,
before the bush is in bearing order again ; add to
this, that months pa.ss before the tea is equal to its
former quality.

With the.se evils and others that might be men-
tioned, is it not remarkable that this harmful sys-
tem finds favour with .some good heads, even yet.
Were tea not a more than ordinarily hardy shrub,
there would have been less to say now about
over-production. — Yours faithfully,

■ ARBOREAL.

The questions in the Editor’s Circular run as fol-
lows : —

Would you kindly— as briefly as you please — give
us your opinion on the causes which have brought
down the average prices for Ceylon teas of recent
years in the London and Colombo markets?

(1) Would you say how far you think Coarser
Plucking of Leaf may have had to do with ?

(2) Or the more prevalent attention to Manur-
ing Tea?

(3) Or severe Pruning— cutting the bushes too far
down ?

(4) Or less attention to care Preparation in the
Factory ?

[Some say good tea is made in the field ; but we
suppose careless or inadequate factory work may
spoil the most carefully ])lucked leaf ?]

(5) How fai Shortness of Labour Supply has
affected your work in field or factory ?

(6) Any other cause that strikes you — apart from

(7) Overproduction and Increased'Supply in Com-
petition at the Sales?

88

We now begin to give the answers which em-
body a great variety of useful opinions and in-
formation from some of the best-known planters
in the island : —

No. I.

The country generally.

Answering your questions briefly, 1 do not
think coarser plucking is being adopted over any
extensive area, nor do 1 think manuring has any
thing whatever to do with lowering prices.

Severe pruning deteriorates quality no doubt for
a time, but how are we to get a low jat bush to
flush at ah, at medium elevation (3 to 4,000 feet)
without, at intervals ot 3 to 4 years, cutting down.

\Ve all know that fine leaf makes fire tea,
and I certainly do not think that less care
is being given to manufacture now than in
]irevious years. What are undoubtedly de
fective on many estates are withering arrange-
ments— these on many properties that I know
are most faulty and quite inadequate to cope with
quantity of leaf coming in. I am glad to say there
are signs all over the country that this is being
recognized. I visited several estates lately where
the superintendents had leaf spread 1 foot deep in
the rooms of the bungalow !

In my opinion we must mainly attribute to in-
creasing supply, the lower prices of the past 2 years.
When stocks run down in London and demand gets
brisker, we shall not hear so much of “poor
quality and little flavour !” R. A. B.

No. II.

No. 1. — Planters, who have failed to get good
or leading prices, may have gone in for a system
of plucking to get quantity, and thus to some ex-
tent have helped to bring down the average prices
for Ceylon teas.

No. 2. — I do not think that manuring has had
any influence whatever in reducing the rates.

No. 3. — Heavy pruning, I am inclined to say,
does interfere with the quality of our teas for 6 to
10 months after cutting down or until such time as
the bushes get on a full cover again.

No. 4. — Managers are all keen on getting the
best prices they can, and, with the additional
experience which has come with recent years,
they endeavour to make the best of the leaf that
the' estate produces. I cannot say that I have ob-
served or heard of less attention being given to care-
ful manufacture than used to be when the majority
of estates were getting lighter averages.

No. 5. — Shortness of Labour does to a great ex-
tent interfere witli good and careful plucking as well
as manufactuie; but so far 1 have never myself had
cause for complaint under this heading.

No. 6. — Increased production has doubtless more
to do with the down! !! of prices than all the other
factors put together. It is now s(jme 12 to 15
years since tea planting Avas commenced on a
large scale in this and other coflce districts, and
at that time Ave Avei'e under tlie impression that
about 300 to 350 to 400 rb. Avould be outside re-
turns per acre per annum to expect. It is true
some poor ohl liehis only give the loAver average,
Avhereas the better and manured fields yield double.

MID DIMBUOLA.

No. III.

TlllC FALl. IN THE AVER.VGE OF CEYLON TEAS
ANU ITS GAUGE.

(1) May possibly affect individual aA crage ; but I
think the plucking, generally speaking, is finer than
it Avas say 5 years ago.

(2) Not much, if any.

(3) Do. do.

702

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1897.

(4) With more commoiUous factory ami greater
knowledge, 1 tliink the work in factories generally
is more carefully done today than ever it was.

(5) When an estate linds itself short of lahonr
part is gem rally ahandoned and the rest plucked
as usual, so 1 do not think that this aliects the
average,

(7) Overproduction is, I think, the only cause
that is worth considering, and that this e.vists, so
far as the London market is concerned, is proved
by our having to lind fresh outlets for our produce
every year.

Of course individual e.xceptions go to prove the
general rule. — Yours truly,

OIMBULDANOAOYA.

Mo TV.

High District.

(1) Not much; iducking is about same as it used
to be.

(2) Not manuring certainly ; witness (Hautville)
prices in Agrapatna; Dewetnrai in Low Country.)

(3) limning could be more scientifically done
than it is in many cases, and both yield and quality
of crop imiirovecl.

(4) This is where we are weak, and even the
Java planters have in conjunction with Government
a scientilic chemist helping them, their prices are
going up, ours down !!

(5) Not much,

(0) Overproduction is at the bottom of low'er
prices and things will be w'orsc yet. “ N.”

No. V.

Ham bod a.

1. T think Coarser Plucking has had something,
but not mucli to do with it.

2. I do not think that Manuring has injured
the teas.

3. yevere limning is jieriodically necessary,
say once in 10 years, and I think there cannot
be any doubt about the teas being w'eakcr for
a considerable period after heavy Pruning for
the first 8 or 10 years of onr tea industry heavy
Pruning was not re(|uired.

4. 1 think more attention is now given in the
Factory than formerly.

5. We have always had snllicient Labor here.

0 1 tliink the chief caii.^e of the fall of prices is,

that the taste of buyers has changed of late. — L.

No. VT.

Medium District.

1. I do not think Coarser Plucking has any-
thing to do witli the bringing dowm of the
average juice.

3. I believe severe Thuning is a good deal to
blame for inferior (juality of leaf.

4. And 1 am jierfectly sure if more care was
given to Iheparation in the h'actory the average
would keep up. Many estates cannot makegood
tea for want of accommodation. Tea is made in
the factory, very little in the field.

5. Shortness of Labor Supply has not affected

field or factory work. V.

No. VII.

Dimbula, h'eb. 15.

Inrcjily to your circular the fall in prices is due
mainly, in my opinion, to 0\ erprodnction.

1. At the same time from exigencies of labour
Plucking has a tendency to he Uss carelnlly done
than a few years ago.

Theoretic Plurkiiif/ is also done (as a rule) much
less finely than a few years ago, and the extra

yield fully compensates nji to tins date for any
diminution in the (juality and price of the result-
ing tea.

2. Manure does not (to my mind) injure prices
to cUiy great extent, although it does affect flavour
in individual fields for a few months es-
pecially in wet weather.

3. Filming. — Severe pruning — I have n(j esta-
blished opinion on this point, but am inclined to
think that severe pruning would affect prices
much as manuring does for a few months. I do not
think pruning generally is in any w'ay resjjonsi-
ble for the j>resent drop in prices.

4. Factory Preparation. — It is impossible for
any factory staff’to handle a heavy crop as carefully
as a light one — a certain percentage of leaf muat
be niuierwdthered and overwithered, and indiff-
erently fermented (in spite of everj' care being
taken by the teamaker) it the crop is a heavy one
harvested in damp weather.

5. Up till nowq shortness of labour has not
affected me personally, but has undeniably done
harm generally — the shortness being rather in
field than factory.

6. iSeasons vary considerably, and I consider

that the crop of 189(), following on the heavy crop of
1895, and being in itself large, can hardly be
expected to produce- so good a jirice as was
realised in 1895, following upon the short crop
of 1894. A certain measure of exhaustion of the
liner princij)les of tea must result in the second
of two heavy flushing years, and continuous
and monotonous work makes the wdiole staff have
a tendency to get “ stale.” 130 HEA.

No. VIII.

Ansicers. Ambagamuwa.

( 1 ) The chief of the causes.

(2) No.

(3) Yes, to a great extent, Imt we must prune
hard.

(4) No.

(5) During April and May, a great deal of
rubbish is made on account of strained resources,
botli as regards field and also factory work. If
flush be left too long and the planter gets be-
hind with his rounds, then the leaf that comes
in makes bad te<a. (So also in the factory, when
the factory arrangements are unable to cope with
the great rush of flush. Night work means, as
a rule, inferior tea. 13ut all this lasts but two
months.

(6) Flayed out land, jioor .soil, general state of
the money market and trade in general.

(7) Increased production and congested sales
causing unfair competition.

We would have better jjrices i/—we had rich
alluvial soil, more decided seasons, rest and har-
vest, abundance of labour, more extended markets,
less congested sales. Our harvest is, like tlie
poor, always with us, and our other works are
carried out at the same time. If w-e had harvest
time for a short busy season, when all operators
w’ere concentratKl on manufacture — and then a
long easy season when pruning, and manuring
could be leisurely juoceeded with then we might
do better. J897.

No. L\.

Talawakclc, Feb. 15.
Dkak Sir, — With leganl to your questioms :
(1) 1 am certain that coar.ser plucking has
nothing to do with it. FIncking on the whole
is much liner than it was fiv«, six and seven
years ago.

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL

(2) It may he that mannring lias caused some
little deterioration ; but 1 doubt it, as manuring
has certainly not been generally overdone and it
gives a vigoious husli, and a vigorous hush gives
tea with quality.

(8) I am certain that “severe |)runing,” — hut
I do not say that the severe pruning may not
in most cases he necessary, — has everything to
do with this fall, except what is accounted for
by your 7th heading and, perhaps, under your
6tli heading, by competition with increased prices
in plucking in India.

(4) I believe that as much care is used in
the manufacture as formerly with more knowledge
and better machinery.

I fear there is nothing to he done hrre except
to make the host of a still very passably good job.

Tea must sooner or later he heavily pruned
and afteiwvards the results are never quite so
good in quality as previously. 11.

No. X.

Dimhula, l'’eh. 1.'),

1. Coaise riucking will undoubtedly lower the
quality of tea ; hut careful plucking is now the
rule and the hud and two leaves plucked.

2. Having no experience in manuring, I cannot
say if quality is affected by it or not.

8. Cutting hushes too far down may affect
quality for a long time as even after tiie usual
pruning leaving 2 or 8 inches of young wood
above last pruning, it takes six months before
quality and strength are in the leaf.

4. I am of opinion that preparation in the
Factory is more careful now than it used to he,
ow'ing to increased withering accommodation and
more machinery. Certainly you must have good
leaf to work upon, and the best leaf may easily be
spoiled by carelessness or want of withering
space and machinery.

5. Shortness of labour soon tells on quality
and quantity. Kegular and .systematic plucking
gives the best tea, and if from want of labour
your 8 to 10 day round takes 15 to 20 days, the
quality of leaf soon is spoiled and the quantity
is lessened.

6. Perhaps a too general publication of the

cost of production of tea may tend to keep
down prices. JAY.

No. XT.

High District, Feb. 15.

Dear Sir, — Formerly the hulk of our tea
came from old coffee estates at above 2,500
feet; but, of late, a very large proportion of
low country tea at low' pi ices has reduced
the average. Large yields of coarse leaf, where
quality is not obtainable, of course, gluts the
market with low'-priccd trash. Factory supervi-
sion is of more importance than field supervi-
sion as the former checks the latter as far as
lucking is concerned. Where shortness of la-
our means borrowing from neighbours and Sunday
plucking, the quality is hound to suffer. — Yours
faithfully, N. C. D.

No. XII.

High District.

Factory has acconimodation for million lb.

1895 318,000 lb. sold tor Is Ogd

1896 340,000 „ „ „ Is l£d

No change in system of plucking.

(1) This can be ascertained by a comparison of
grades.

(2 & 3) Does not affect quality as far as I know.

AGRICULTURIST, 703

(4) Preparation in the Factory is MOST im-
portant and I scarcely know of a building which
has always sutlicient withering space and machinery.

(5) Overstocked with coolies.

(0) Starvation wages paid to Superintendents
and the mistiikeu idea that anyone can make tea.

B,

o- - —

THE J'LLCKING, ITIUNING AND
PBEPABATION OF TEA:

llEVIEW OF LETTERS 1 TO XII.

If the questions contained in the first circular
we sent out, hearing on our great staple, may
he s,aid to he suggestive of the dictum, that
good tea is made in the held, the second .set
of (piestions cinnilated by us may he inter-
jireted to favour the tlieory llmt the factory
is responsible for the (|iialiiy of the tea that
liears the estate mark. We nmst di.sclaim
either theory .as uur cioed, as also all inten-
tion of drawing a shaip line between cultiva-
tion and manufacture. Indeed, the remark
between parentheses in our second circular, be-
tween questions 4 and 5, would indicate our
recognition of the interdependence of field and
factory work ; while, it will be observed, that
more than one question in the second circular
has reference to field operations. The fact is
that neither Held nor factory alone can pro-
duce good tea, and our chief concern is with
the tea industry as a whole, and the object
of our inquiries is to elicit information which
will be helpful to planters in their endeavours,
while securing from their estates the highest
possible yield without injury to the bu.sh, to
maintain a high level of excellence for the tea
they ju'oduce — in other words, to obtain the
best po.ssible price.s. 'I’he effect of the mass of
interesting m itter which the iir.st circular
brought to a focus, from districts varying in
every possible way— in soil, climate, elevation
and fertility — is to establish that the outturn
of the acreage already planted can he appreci-
ably increased— say to the extent of 25 per cent
at least— by liberal cultivation and manuring,
and without any injury to the quality of
our teas— always assuming there is labour
enough to apply the maunre, to pick the in-
creased crops and to carry on the manufacture.
The case for quantity has thus been made clear.
We have to deal now in the letters before us
principally with quality and price, as influenced
by a variety of considerations. The second set
of questions is, if anything, more searching than
the first, and the answers to them are even more
interesting than those which the first circular
produceil.

As will have been seen from the letter of
“ Arboreal ” the need for the second circular was
recognised even before it was issued, as prunino' is
rightly considered a very important factor in'tea
production, influencing, as it does, both quantity
and quality. It is curious that, while, at the outset
of the Tea enterprise. Planters Avere half-afraid to
prune tlieir hushes stud erred generally on the side
of under pruning until .Mr. William Cameron
(? Campliell) about 15 years ago brought his ludirn
experience to hear on the numerous estates lie
was asked to supervise, the error now seems to
he in the dircclioii of over-iiruuing — hacking
almost down to the collar. Ot course this is done
--where it is done— at long intervals of five to
six j^ears ; hut we know, as a matter of fact.

704

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1897.

that a certain percentage of l»nshes die under
the treatment ; while we can ([uite understaiul
that it permanently injures the weaker bushes
which are seldom or never what they were before,
in symmetry or plucking surface. Indeed, there
seems to be a consensus of opinion that many
months ensue, after such severe pruning, before
the quality or flavour of the tea is what it was.
This, then, is one of the causes which have led
to tlie lowering of our average prices. “H.A.D.”
leans to this view; but he regards cutting down
at intervals of .3 to 4 years absolutely neces.sary
for the production of flush in buslies of low jat
at medium elevations. He does not believe that
manuring has contributed towards low jirices,
or that coarser plucking is very generally adopted;
nor does be think that less care is bestowed
on manufacture than formerly. Inadequate and
faulty withering arrangements, he considers res-
ponsible for much of the deterioration in ([uality,
while he notes some attempts at improved
arrangements ; but the chief exi>lanation of lower
prices is to be found in the growth of production.
Few will dispute this last conclusion ; but should
not the very fact of an increasing supply suggest
the need of greater care in preparation ! It is
not enough to say, there has been no falling-oil
in care. Witli greater experience and improved
machinery we should be able to i)rodnce tea of
bettor quality ; but how is this to be done with
leaf laiil out a foot deep, and even the bunga-
low rooms utili/ed for withering?

“ Mid Dimbnla ” regards course plucking as a
result, rather than as a cause, of lower piices
which he refers iirincipally to increaseil ])roduction.
When men lind that the same quatity of tea brings
them in a diminisbed income, they naturally try
to increase the quantity, so as to improve their
income ! Neither manuring, nor inattention to
manufacture, in the opinion of this correspon-
dent, explains the fall ; but shortness of laliour,
as interfei'ing with careful plucking, has contri-
buted towards it, as also heavy luuning, for from
b to 10 months after the cutting down. And a
point generally lost sight of is that, whereas
12 to 15 years ago, 300 to 350 or 400 lbs was
considered an outside figure for most estates;
many now yield double that, and haveacorrespond-
ing lack of appliances and labour to deal w'ith
it. That, we should say, ))oinfs to a
form of insutlicient attention to manufacture.
“ I)iuibuldanda-oya,” on the other hand, while
holding that coarser plucking exnlains the
fallinf"oil’ in prices in individual cases,
thinks that, generally speaking, the plucking is
liner now than it was live years ago. Exoner-
ating as he doe.-! both manuring and heavy prnr.-
ing from responsibility lo any appreciable ilegree
for the fall, and liolding that wider experience
and bigger factories contribute to more careful
manufacture, he regards overproduction as the
principal, almost the only, cause of poorer
pi-ices — especially as shortness of labour, he says,
leads to the abandonment of flush that cannot
be overtaken, and the plucking as usual of what
can be plucked. ‘'N,*’ too, thinks ])lucking is
much as usual, tind that manuring certainly
has not tohl on piices— in proof of which, he
refers to Hauteville in Agrapatana, ami Dewaturai
in the lowcouutry. More scientific pruning,
whereby both ([iiality and yield might be bet-
tered, is possiide ; the .scarcity of labour has not
told mucli on prices, but over-production has,
and will tell yet more ; while, in his view, the
l<’actory is the weak point in our system. Our
corre.spondent does not content himself with

merely condemning preparation ; he puts his
linger on the lack of scientific knowledge as
the blot, and refers to the upward tendency of
Java tea, in the prejiaration of which a qualified
chemist helps, while our teas are going down in
price. “ L ” from Ramboda admits the evil influ-
ence on prices of coarse plucking, while acquitting
manure of all blame. He also admits the
weakening of the tea jiroduced for many months
after severe pruning which, however, he regards
necessary at least once in 10 years, after bushes have
attained a certain age. With greater attention
than before paid in the Factory, and with no
deficiency of labour in his district, the chief
cause, in L’s opinion, of the fall in price is a
change in the taste of buyers. But would not
that tell on their purchases? They do not
neglect our teas. They buy more than ever
they did before ; but they value the teas ac
less. It seems olnious that they could not do
this, if we produced less and the competition
were keener — whether their taste was changed or
not; but the question is. Is the tea the same as
it was? Can we do nothing to command tiie
better prices of Indian .sorts? “V” difl'ers from
“ L” as legards coarser plucking; he blames
severe jiruning ; he acquits short labour, and
holds the Factory responsible. More care and
more accommodation are necessary ; and very little
dejiends on the field, if the Factory does its duty.

“Bohea” from Dimbiilla admits that labour
exigencies lead to faulty plucking ; that
manure does tell on flavour and price, nut only
for a short time, and in rainy weather ; so also
with heavy pruning ; that heavy cropping in one
year (as in 1896) following a large crop (as in
1895), does tend to exhaust the finer principles
of tea — and even the buoyant energies of the
stall' through continuous and monotonous woik.
But, with all this, over-production, he regards,
.as the main cause of the fall. “ Bohea” puts his
case well, especially when he emphasizes the
difficulty of h.andling a heavy crop in damp
weather, and the influence of under-withered
and over-withered le.af on the total out-
turn. “1897” puts down coarser plucking as the
chief cause of lower prices, wfiile heavy pruning,
which is inevitable, also tells ; but he acquits
manuring of all responsibility and denies that
less attention is p.aid in the Factory th.an before,
though when there is a rush .and night work be-
comes necessary, the resulting tea is bad. The
poverty of the soil, the state of ihe money market,
increased production, congested sales, and con-
tinuous plucking without decided seasons, have
all contributed towards the fall.

Of the four letters from Talawakele, “Jay”
from Dimbnla, and “B” deny coarser plucking ;
while the last-mentioned in one word establishes
the importance of adequate Factory accommoda-
tion. His Factory is equal toi million lb. ; in 1895
he turned out 318,000 lb. which sold at Is O^d. ;
in 1896 the outturn w.as 340,000 lb. and the price
was Is l^d.! The plucking was the same, the
yield was larger, the prices higher. We agret^
th.at starvation wages to Suprintendents should
not be the reward for results even approfc'iiig
this. “N.C.D.” admits coarser plucking, and
thinks the increase of lou country estates tells
on the aver.age. In other respects, tiiese corres-
pondents do not dill'er 1 hey admit the im-
portance of care in the Factory, but realize
the evil influence of shortness of labour and
irregular plucking. M.anuring is not condemned;
but the deteriorating ell'ects of “ cutting down” are
admitted. Heavy lu uning, however, is regarded as

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST,

705

a necessary evil; but maj' not nmnuriii;f restore
strengtli to the leaf of hard-pruneil bushes, as it
imparts vigour to the bushes tlieniselves ?

•

(Letters Continaecl.)

No. xin.

Hantane District, Feb. 1.1

Dear Sir, — In reply to your circular for the
reasons why prices of (Ceylon tea have fallen.

(1) I don’t think Cu.irser l*lnel<ing is the secret.
Here we have steadily .gone in for medium plucking,
never changed it, but the prices liave <rone down.

(2) Manuring tea is not so general as to aHect
tile whole production, nor do I believe that manur-
ing does aught else than good.

(3) Severe Pruning I have no c.vpcriencc of.

I don’t prune severely but often, every twelve-
month or so. The estate is old, the soil is poor,
but it is liberally manured and primers are kept
steadily at work all the year. The result as far
as 1 can yet judge has been wholly benelicial :
no falling-off in the teas, and irood plucking
.averages, all the year round.

(4) That “ good tea is m.ade in the field ” is
only a half-truth. Nobody can make good tea
from hard or over grown leaf, but any one can
spoil good leaf in the factory. To insure good tea
requires care all round, just as to work an estate
well, means attention to every detail. Plenty of
withering space, and the ability to wither is a
great deal.

(5) Have had no reason to complain of short-
ness of Labour Supply affecting either my woik
in field or factory. Have been stuck up with
leaf that would not wither and been bothered
that way, which is bad enough.

(6) Haven’t an i<lea to offer since you prescribe
“ Increa.sed supply.” — Yours fruly

HANTANE.

No. XIV. Feb. lo,

Dear Sir, — In reply to your Circular of 12bh : —
For many years past the race has been for biggest
yield per acre. With increasing estimates, Super-
intendents have had no clioice and quality has
been sacrificed for quantity.

2. Ap))lication of artificial manure has reduced
price often by about Id. per lb. Your correspondent
“ W. H. M.” on this subject is right in saying
that manure gives a more fibrous leaf, but this
result is not confined to tea grown on best land.
Dry leais lighter — bulk for bulk— and ouUurn from
green leaf reduced.

3. Low to medium elevation, yearly pruning,
well cut down, gives best quality without reducing
yield.

4. No, there is more care and attention
bestowed on manufacture now than previously.
Bad tea is made in the field— good tea in the
Factory. With bad leaf good tea is impossible,
field therefore responsible, in other words made
the tea. Best of leaf is easily spoilt in Factory —
therefore good tea means tea made in Factory.

5. Not seriously.

6. Mixed jat gives better quality of made tea

than any one jat only. Better jats give bigger
yields, and this added to increased and increasing
acreage, manuring and coarser plucking, have
enableil us to oust John Chinaman (pro teni !) and
almost swamp ourselves, for, during past ten years
our London average has fallen from Is. 3d. to 8d.
with only about Id. difference in exchange. —
Yours truly, X. RAYS.

No. XV.

Medium District.

Sir,— My rejily to your questions relative to
the causes which have brought down the average
prices for Ceylon teas would he as follows : —

1. Coar-ser Plucking accountable only when
caused by flush rumiing ahead, owing to scar-
city of labour. Little Coarse )ducking is done
on upcountry estates now.

2. Certainly not due to manuring.

3. Here we have undoubtedly the chief cause.
In olden days, on colfee estates. Pruning rvas
made a stiuh/. Even such shining lights as G. W,,
A. S. (of Hunasgeriya), Fred K. and the well-
known and respected brothers F. R. and \V. S.
gave their minds to it. Essays, long treatises
dealing with every phase of the subject were
written, it was the sta]:le of argument between
Proprietors, Agents and Visiting Agents and of
conversation wherever planters 'most did congre-
gate and whose assistants listened and learnt.
Did not the great I. G. say when he first saw
Haputale (referring to pruning) that nature had
done everything and science nothing for that
splendid district? and is not the epigram of
another well-known authority and prince of
real cood fellows still with us ‘‘the knife is
the best manure”? Yes, togo through a coffee
estate in the sixties and .seventies tvas to see
cultivation, but for the poor tea tree ! Crammed
in everywhere, in every soil and every climate,
not even spared in its tender youth, as Viro-ii
so beautifully describes it ”

Ac clum primci novis adolesc'd frondibus ceias

Parcendum teneris * * ' * « *

Ante reforniidant ferrmn.

(“ They diead the knife ” indeed !) Mocked, tor-
mented, sawn asunder, anything is good
enough! “ Cut it straight across’” says one-”
“cut it down to 8 inches” says another; “all
this (pointing to the whole 'stem of the tree
“is no good, cut it out” says a third • “this
should all be in the factory ” says a fourth, p’ointincr
to the leaf left above the fish leaf. “ I have
found the best results from leaving fily one leaf
after lumniug” says a fifth; and so 'on. Any-
thing is good enough for the poor tea tree, which
has saved Ceylon and made so many rich. Cut
away, gentlemen, cut away ! get your yield !
force your ))oor trees to push out every leaf they
can in their attempts to save theni.selves from
asphyxiation, and then .stri] it all off— they must
give you more or die! hut don’t expect high prices
don t imagine that the poor lialf-.strangled un-
healthy, sapless wood will yield you the same
Imscious leaf, rich in the same components, which
will be pruduc (1 by the vigorous unhara.ssed
four-year-oM tree. This is what has brought
down the Ceylon average, Sir, and made people
say, Ceylon Estates will only produce line tea
when they are young.

_ 4. Not perhaps to inattention, but to change
in met .0(1 of factory work. A few years ago
we rolled for 20 minutes to half an hour :
the le.af never got heated and was exposed only
a c(iu})le of inches deep on cool tables till it was pro-
l.erly oxidized. Noic we roll twice, sometimes three
time.s-the wluile operation, with .sifting, taking
fiom tv\o and half to three hours, and notwith.stand-
ing every ciue to keep the leaf cool, fermenta-
tion begins alter the fust half, or three quarters
o an hour .■.ml goes on, to some extent, all
the time. A .ittle delay, a little want of smart-
ness in getting the leaf into the driers and
OTer-fermcntation takes place. A soft flavour-

less liquor and a “mixed infused

leaf ■

IS

7o6

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1897.

the reanlt. “Some leaves good colo\ir, want-,
ii'g brightness — very little tlavour is the bro-
ker’s report. Good tea is made cvcniwkcvc.
in pruning, in plucking and in factory — work
must be good all round to make good tea-
even then you can only keep flavour if it is
there ; you cannot make it.

.5. Simrtiiess of Labour has no doubt had
its efiect. it prevents pruning being done well,
amt at the right time, prevents leaf being plucked
e.xact ly when it is ready ; and when you arc
behind your llu'h, makes it impossible to get
the plucking done as carefully as it should be.
An adequate sujjply of labour would, I believe,
raise the price of ' eylon tea Id per lb.

GUSTOS PAUPERIS HORTI.

XVI.

(1) I don’t think, as a rule, planters do pluck
coarser ! I sliould rather say flner.

(2) I think it a mistake on any estate to
manure good tea for the sake '.f a<lditional yiehl ;
old land can often only be made to i>ay by manure ;
good laud does not require it. CatiiC manure, I do
not think, deteriorates leaf ; though artificial may.

(3) Fiom what I do, and what I .see my neigh*
hours do, tea is not nearly so severely pruned
as it was a few years ago.

(4) More attention is paid than ever before to
manufacture ; but a great many estates have ab-
solutely inadequate withering accommodation and
also rolling posver 1 Things are done too much on
the cheap by the proprietors of estates and they
lose thereby.

(5) Shortness of labour would not affect Factory
work, but in plucking ; short labour means coar.se
plucking and coarse leaf.

(6) There is no wintering of the bush as in
India, and any tree that has no rest must de-
teriorate, whether it produces leaf or fruit. In-
dian teas are stronger, though not of so good
flavour ; and strength is w hat seems to be wvanted
at present. —Yours faithfully,

W. I. G.

No. XVII.

Medium El'-vation District.

Dear Sir,— First ami foremost the chief cau.se
is that the present production is above the pre-
sent requirements. Taking your questions in order.

1. I don’t con.sider that such coarse plucking
is now' in vogue as previously.

2. Though manuring m.yself one-third of the
estate yearly, I cannot see there is any falling-
off in quality. I am continuing the same sys-
tem as I did 6 years ago, both in plucking and
manufacturing.

3. Tea occasionally require^ a heavy pruning,
but this is often very much overdone. No doubt the
leaf plucked from this is inferior to tea taken
from tea pruned higher.

4. There is very little doubt that a quantity
of the tea now manufactured has not the efficient
supervision, and machinery that it should have;
even given good leaf it is not treated properly.

r>. Labour Supply has no doubt something to
do with the (luality of the leaf, as if a flush once
gets behind, the tea thus made is inferior to a
tea made from .a flush taken at the proper
time. - INCOti.

No. XVIIT.

Ublaimssellawa, Feb. IG.

Sir, — A non-teamaking neighbour has handed
nie your circular and askeil me *^0 answer the

nue.stions. , , . ,

I. 1 do think Coarser Flmdang has deteriorated
the quality, and No. II is more closely con-

nected with No. I than appears at first, because
manured tea flushes quicker, and the flush is
over-grown on the manured field if taken in
regular routine as it generally is, especiallj'
now-a-days when few estates have suttii ient
labour to kee]* the llu.sh in hand always and the
eflbct is more noticeable in the busy months. I
don’t believe that manured tea really gives a
worse quality of leaf if the Hush can be plucked
when it is leady, and the same rule apidies to
severe pruning, as the flush comes quicker, and
too ofien w'e are not able to put cjolies on the
day it is read}', and, of course, a quick growing
field suffers more through being left a few days,
and the effect of this becomes more noticeable
every year, as when only half the estate wasin bear-
ing, the whole labour force w.as available to pluck.

IV. I don’t think the teamakers an* any worse
now, than they were ; but many factories are
more crowded than they should be, to do full
justice to the leaf.

V. Tliis question seems to strike ai the root
of the trouble. With a plentiful supply of labour
and plenty of room in our factories, I Ixdieve,
as good te.as are made now as were ever made,
but in the majority of cases, wc have to do
the best w'e can, not the best possible and do
indirectly. I believe the application of manure
does affect the price of tea. — Yours faithfully,

J. A. 0.‘

NO. XIX.

Uva side, Feb. loth.

Dear Sir, — Overproduction, or rather I should
say ample production, is tlie first and chief cause
of the fall in prices, as it ahvays is and must
be in the case of all products. There can hardly
be said to be overproduction of tea yet, as, I
believe, stocks in hand are not increasing.

Ahvays excepting above reasons I will answer
your questions seriatim.

1. Yes ; Coar.ser plucking has certainly a great
deal to do with it in two ways : a larger quantity
is thrown <n the market, and what is gathered
makes weaker and inferior tea, and too often
a greater quantity comes into the factory than
there is room to give to it for withering pro-
perly and manufacturing carefully. This coarser
plucking has been forced upon those who were
at first unwilling to go in for it. The hunger
after big profits by proprietors resident in England,
or in the case of Companies by the shareholders,
forces the resident managers to pluck coarse
whether they like it or no ; prices once brought
low by this cause, others found their profits
diminishing, and took to coarse plucking for
their own protection.

2. Matruring gives larger yields, arrd throws
more leaf on the market, arrd ofteir puts rrrore
leaf into the factory than the latter has proper
capacity for-. It rrray also cause a greater rush
of leaf in the heavy flushing rrroirths than ther-e
is labour enough to phrek, and the coarser leaf
resirlting is seldonr thrown aw'ay.

But manure irtay be dir-ectly trtjurious to the
outturn of the tea, if it is done willr iirdiscretion.
Manuring with artilreial often destroys the flavour
and this opcirs another question which it would
be of service to thor-ougirly thrash out, i.c., what
kiirds of tttauure tend to destr-oy llavoirr arrd the
re.a.son of it. I do not thiirk that bulky nranure
ilestroys llavo ir. Too forcing a rnarrure tends
to nrake the resulting tea weak, but there is

April i, 1897.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

707

no reason why any manure should do so, if not
aj)plied iii too forcing doses. Perhaps, the loss of
flavour may be traced to the same cause.

3. Yes, I have been often told by those who
have had experience that flavour is greatly lost
by cutting down old bushes to 12 or 15 indies
after they have reached too great a hcglit after
successive prunings ; I have never heard tliat such
bushes ever regain their original flavour Besides
this, too severe a pruning is likely to act in tlie
same way, though in a lesser degree and from
the effect of which bushes would be more likely
to recover. With insuflicient young wood left
above the previous cut, the new shoots are less
likely to be healthly and robust.

4. I believe that attention to careful prepaia-
tion in the factory is as great as ever it has
been, if not more so, and there is better machi-
nery. There is no doubt that different modes of
manufacture will give better results than others,
but there have always been different ideas and
different methods of manufacture, and this has
little to do with the fall in prices. Yes, good
tea is undoubtedly made in the field, but not
more so than in the factory. There cannot be
said to be any one work in connection with field
or factory which is immaterial to the outturn
of good tea. Neglect in the field will neutralize
care in the factory, and vice versa,

5. Shoi'tness of labour need not fiave any effect
on prices, because runaway flush often makes
the best tea, provided the coarse leaves are
thrown away ; but very few estates can afford to
do tills, and the result of cour.se is a weak and point-
less liquor. In my own case, I have not hitherto
been too short of iabour.

6. The more leaf which is left on the bushes,

the better the flavour and quality generally, but
the less the yield. Many estates now keep
their bushes as low as possible for the purpose
of forcing the yield, which invariably results in
a loss of flavour and strength ; they may get a
higher yield and perhaps bigger profits, but the
tea made is not so good. G. H. G.

XX.

So far as the Matale West district is concerned,
I think most of us have plucked coai se, because
we found it pay best. I doubt whether any one in
the West Matale district plucks line. The reason
is, I think, that we find we can get quantity
by coarse plucking, which gives us a very satis-
factory profit. Were we to pluck line, owing to
want of flavor, our prices would, in my opinion,
increase very little, but our yield would go down
very largely. At present the places in the
Matale valley are giving from 700 to 1000 lb.
per acre, and I have very little doubt, that if
we plucked finer, we should make less profits.
A very well-known jjlanter and proprietor, some
years ago, was advised by his brokers to try
and copy Hoolankanda teas, which at that time
topped the marked. He wrote back that he
would be very glad to do .so, if ihe brokers
could show him, that it would i>ay him better
to get 2s. for his tea, than 7.jd, This appears to
me to hit at the chief reason of the fall in
price as compared with India. I am inclined to
think that most low-country estates have tried
more for quantity than quality, because it gave
the most satisfactory results. I certainly think
that more careful plucking would raise our
prices, but I do not believe it would compensate
for the loss in yield. T.

THE PLUCKING, PRUNING AND PREPAR-
ATION OF TEA :

REVIEW OF LETTERS XI II TO XX.

It will have been seen from our summary and
review of the first twelve letters on the "above
subject, tiiat Planters from all districts are agreed
that attention to all the three P’.s wliich ap-
pear in our heading are as essential to the
manufacture of good tea, and the maintenance of
our reputation in the market, as are the his-
torical three P’s of our late Governor, to success
iu life, or at any rate to the character of a
businessman. Without proper iiruning, the quantity
and even the quality of flush is prejmlicially af-
fected ; bad plucking, whether through carelessness
or lack of labour, is fatal to the turning out of
good tea ; and the most scientific pruning and
intelligent plucking will be thrown away, unle.ss
the Factory does justice to the pioduce of the
field. And how much is included in the word
preparation or manufacture ! Everything from
the weighing in of the green leaf to the weigh-
ing out and taring of the chests — including with-
ering, rolling, sifting, firing, re-firing, re-sifting
and ])acking: can all these things be possibly ac-
complished by rule of thumb ? Where all the
conditions are normal— the leaf having been well
plucked in good time, the withering accommoda-
tion being sufficient, the weather being favour-
ad le for even withering, and all the machinery
in good order — no higher intelligence than that
of tlie Factory kangany may be necessary to
turn out a good break. But one or other of these
conditions constantly varies ; and more than or-
dinal y intelligence and powers of observation are
necessary to meet varying conditions ; and “N's”
reflection, that in <lava science is available in the
Factory, and is followed by bettei' ami improving
prices, deserves some attention. We have our-
selves always favoured the employment of an
Agricultural Chemist, and we are confirmed in
our opinion by the notes which have reached us
of Mr. Crole’s Lecture at the Society of Arts,
in which it is not difficult to discover in an
abundance of technical and high-.souiiding words
and phrases, obsei cations and coun.sel of the widest
praciical importance. They tend to establish, what
all practical Planteis believe— though they may
not be able always to pr.actise what tiiey believe
or to exjdain what they wish to practise — that
the dictum that good tea is made in the field
is true only in the sense that the best equipped
Factory cannot make high class teas from sap-
less and badly plucked leaves. The Factory is
of importance, not alone as a repo.sitory for the
many and delicate processes necessaiy for the
manufacture of tea, but also as a check on
bad work in the field — that is, on bad jduckiiig.
It is helpless, however, to do aught in respect
of leaf ileficient in the principles essential to
good tea ; and it is there that science should
come in— to tell us if the flavourless and sapless
leaf can be improved, and if so, how. We re»
fuse to believe that science cannot help ns in
restoring to the .soil w h it has been drawn out
of it, so that the leaf may be rcclothed with
the properties which produced good Tea from
the young and unexhausted bush.

So much by way of preface to our notice of
the letters 13 to 20 of the series, which we
published last week. “ Hantane” repudiates
coarse plucking, and, like many another, claims
an improvement in plucking; he does not believe
in deterioration through manuring; he has not
been short-handed ; he does not practise severq

7o8

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[April i, 1897.

pruning, but prunes once a year ; ami tliougli
tlie estate is old and tlie soil poor, there is no
falliug-oli' in the teas, while the jiiucking
average reinains satist'aetory. How is it tlien
prices have gone down? nvcr-productiou is

hinted at as the main cause ; l>ut our

correspondent recognises the need of aiii[ile
withering space ; and Ids one trouble has been
with delay in withering. That only a half-truth
IS e.xpressed, in the. Icc'end that “good tea is
made in the held,” is very forcibly and clearly
pointed out. “X. Kays"’ takes a dilleient view
on plucking, and holds that the race for big
yields has studieil (juantity at the e.vj)ense of
quality; while on uianuiing he dilfers yet more
Irom Hantane,” holding it responsible to the
extent of Id a lb. in the fall, as inducing a
fibrous leaf and one which yields less dry tea.
Xow these are points whicu science and ex-
perience combined should help to elucidate ; for
one would think that if the bush is used u])
and the leaf is destitute of sap, it is manure
which should rtstore vigour to the bush and
juice to the leaf — the “ mucilage,’' which Mr.
Crole says, gives thickness and cream which Tea
tasters value so highly, to the liquor. “ Yearly
pruning, well cut down,” is the prc.scription for
maintaining both (piality and (juantity ; and
he combines belief in greater care in jn-eiiaration
than of old with the conviction that bad tea
is made in the field, good tea in the bactory.
His reason for this last proirosilion is rather
unsatisfying ; for he admits that with bad leaf
"ood tea is imjiossible, while the best of leaf may
be spoilt in the Factory. True ; but when good
tea is made out of “ the best of leaf,” why
should not the field share the credit for it ?
'I'hough the better jats <rive higher yields, a
mixture of jats is desiderated for a better (juality
of made tea ; but big yields, manuring and
coarse jilucking have increased exjmrts at the cost
of price.

“ Gustos panperis Iwrti” cannot j>lead ])Overty of
ideas, nor can his “ wattie” be a paiticularly poor
place, if his Hush runs ahead, and his coarser
ilucking be due to that cause. While absolving
'manuring of all blame, he is strongly of ojunion
that unscientific, savage pruning is responsible
for the d terioration of tea. J here can be no
question that the jn-uning of collee is not com-
jiarable for severity with tcaja'iining ; while the
inanncr of harvesting croj)— divesting a bush of
its tender leaves as lln^y ajipear— must be injurious
to its vigour and even its very life, were it not that
tea is one of the hardiest of shrubs. To carry
methods which are inevitably harsh and urn
natural to their extremes, and over-pluck and over-
prune, must, therefore, be suicidal ; and our corres-
pondent expresses his condemnation of these
excesses in terms which will, we tiust, leave a
deep imjiression. He notes the same I'Cndency,
to overdoing in the Factory, where heavier
rollim' (oftener and more prolonged) heats the
leaf, induces ea: ly fermentation, and allects quality.
■“Work must be good all round— in jirmiing, in
jilucking, in the Factory — to make tea.” That is
a truth"worth remembering by th.ose who think
that tlie manager’s absence Irom his charge at
frequent intervals, cannot tell ; and these jno-
cesses arc, of course, allected by short laliour,
which is held to account for the loss of Id in
the lb. “W. 1. H.” desires coarser plucidng
thinks manuring good land merely to increase
the yield a mistake, notes less .severity in pruning
HOW', and greater care in manufacture— though
lack' of witlmring sjiacc is a hindrance, as also

insnfiicient rolling power. These last, and short
labour (leading to coarse .and careless plucking,
coujded with the ab.sence of a wintering season)
explain the deterioration. “Incog,” from a
medium elevation district, denies coarser pluck-
ing ; and herein he differs from J. A. O. of
Udapu.ssellawa, wdio holds that manuring, by
hastening flush, is responsible for coarse leaf, as
also from G. H. G. from the Uvaside, and T. from
Matale West — all of wdioni admit coarse pluck-
ing and explain it by the larger profits it yields.
Incog, finds that manuring one-third of the
estate each year does not affect the quality of
the yield as a whole ; while the heavy pruning,
which is occasionally necessary, does. The grow-
ing quantity turned out of the Factory renders
clo.se supervision diflicult, if not impossible,
and with a scanty labour supply which delays
plucking, quality suffers. J. A. 0. generally
agrees with these views, and holds short labour
and crowded Factories specially responsible for
mischief. G. H. G.’s dictum that artificial
manures destroy flavour will find smaller support
than his suggestion that inquiry should be
instituted as to what manures affect flavour, and
how'. It is probable that too forcing a manure
makes the tea weak, while the other reflections
on excessive jnuning, the need of all round
attention, short labour, .and greedy plucking,
merit attention. T’.s. demonstration of the greater
remunerativene.ss of co.arse plucking will be
generally accejHed, and the conclusion is obvious,
that over-jiroduction must generally follow the
methods which rather tell on quality. The fall
is then only natural !

(Letters Continued.

No. XXL

Madulkelle, Feb. 16.

Hkar Sir,— 111 reply to your circular of 12tli
inst., I beg fo state that

1. Better leaf is now plucked in Ceylon than
ever before, in fact as far as I can see, every year
sees more careful plucking the rule.

2. Manuring, I .am inclined to think, has cer-
tainly a slight prejudicial effect on quality, but not
nearly so much as some jieople aver. The reason for
poorer (juality and prices will, I think, be found in

fl. 'J he severe pruning now more or less pre-
valent in the tea districts. The call for quan-
tity from agents and owners as well as the en-
deavour to put our teas f. o. b. for the lowest
ligure jiossible, and which can only be achieved
by securing (juantity, is forcing Superintendents
much against their will sometimes, to prune
oftener and severer than they otherwise might.

4. Good tea is made in the held. Your paren-
thetical remark goes without saying.

."i. Not as yet has shortness of labour done
any harm. Fora month or so I may be forced to
jiluck a little coarser, but that should onij affect
the jirices of a break or so.

6. I would place the re.asons for reduced prices
in order of merit so : —

fl. Manuring — jiossibly.

2. Heavy and frequent ju lining — probably.

1 . Over-jiroduction — undoubtedly.

NORTH OF KANDY.

No. XX n.

1. “Coarser iflueking’ has nothing to do with
it. It is the endeavour of every Superintendent,
who takes an interest in his work, to harvest
fair leaf all the year round ; but the style of
plucking is ruled liy the weather and state of

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

709

the labour market. In heavy flushing weatlier
it takes twelve or more days to get round — in
slack times the round is completed in 7 or 8
dayi when very fine leaf is the result. In tact
plucking is generally carried on nosv as it has
ijeen conducted any time during tlie last ten years.

2. In my opinion manured tea lacks strength
as well as flavour.

.S. Can have no po.ssible eflecton general prices.
Pruning is being carried on in t wenty ditlerent
w.ays every month in the yo-'t’r on one-twentieth of
the total average of tea.

4. No.

5. Shortness of labour supply h.as never atlected
work in any Factory as far as I know. It can
never fit in perfectly with flush demand.

(j. I can think of no other possible cause but
over-production. N. A.

No. XXI II.

Prices have fallen hut it does not follow
that quality has deteriorated. In fact one of
the annual Brokers’ Circulars recently issued
states that quality has, if anything improved.
If in particular instances quality has not been
maintained it is probably due to (a) Coarser Pluck-
ing with the object of an increa-sed yield; (b)
irre^^ular plucking from want of labour; (c)
inacninery and withering space not being kept
up to requirements. Our knowledge of tea
making is empirical; but is always increasing and
Planters are always ready to spread the latest tip.
Though Superintendents may not spend as much
time in the factory as formerly, they have wel[-
trained tea-makers who are competent under
supervision to attend to the details of manu-
facture. O. Y. A.

No. XXIV.

I do not think the cause lies in the tea it-
self ; but in the increased supply, say overproduc-
tion.

The leaf plucked is no coarser than it was.

Manuring has not become so general as to
be responsible for it, nor severe Pruning.

If anything, the manufacture receises more
attention than it ever did, though this cannot
overcome' bad plucking.

Shortness of labour is felt more in field-work
than crop, though it leads to some coarser
leaf. The market holds the real reason. W.

No. XXV.

The Country Generally, Feb. 16.

1. From what I have seen the plucking is
finer in all districts than a few years ago.

In reply to your queries from Nos. 2 to 6 the
soil alone is to blame for the loss of the Ceylon
rtavour which brought the teas from this i.sland
into favour. Few planters Avill agree with me,
perhaps, but the above is iny conviction, the
bushes get no tro|)ical winter such as they
have in India and there is no recuperation — no
rest ! I fear manure will not bring back the
fiavour. “ H.”

No. XXVI.

Passara, Feb. 16.

1. So far as I am concerned, I pluck the
same now as I did 3 years ago.

2. Very little tea is yet manured in Uva,
but I should think manuring extensively would
affect the quality of the tea detrimentally : the
flushes would be heavier, come on more quickly
and consequently the leaves and shoots would
be more sappy and succulent.

3. The same applies to severe pruning.

19

4. Here I think we touch the spot. I am con-
vinced were we to follow more closely India
in this respect and have more continuous Euro-
pean supervision in our factories, our prices
would improve. Far too much is left to native
supervision. There is little doubt that the best
and most carefully plucked leaf is often spoiled
in the manufacture, or at least not done justice to’

5. This has not much to do with our poor

lu’ices I consider. P-

No. XXVH.

The Country G-enerally, Feb. 16.

Causes which have brought down the average
prices for Ceylon teas : —

1. What is called ‘coarser plucking’ wliicli
is really sensible plucking. Had it been possible
to send 100 millions lb. of the .same tea as once
was supplied by Bookwood, Ilooloo and Agar's
Land, prices would have fallen to the same level.
Fine plucking produces only a fancy article insipid
and unsuited to the taste of the million.

2. Manuring has only to do with quantity
not quality.

3. Neither does severe pruning affect the
quality— only shortens the life of the bush.

4. Oh, yes. Preparation has much to do with
it and the quantity of red leaf and muck sent
to Colombo sales is a scandal. I quite endorse, by
the way, all that Mr. Green writes re “small
breaks.” Those brokers are enough to break the
records of small proprietors.

5. Shortness of labour may affect the quantity ;
but no judicious Superintendent would allow’ it
to affect the quality. Ergo in that case, prices
ought to go up.

6. Production — I do not say over-production

yet. S.

No. XXVIII.

Pussellawa.

(1) Coarse plucking is a curse causing over-
production &c. ami undoubtedly spoiling our
market.

(2) 1 don’t think manuring has been general
enough or carried on long enough, as a rule, to
much affect bulk of Ceylon teas as yet, although
my impression is that it gives quantity at expense
of quality.

(3) We always found in old days that a severe
pruning spoilt our teas for the season. I fancy
nearly as many men prune light now-a-days as
heavy, i,e. go to the other extreme and merely
slash across.

(4) With present large quantities turned out of
factories I fear the preparation is not so careful,
and more is done by rule of thumb than before.
(Good tea is made by attention to detail in everi/
proce.ss connected with manufacture.)

(5) Shortness of labour should not affect tlie
manufacture much. It pays better to abandon a
field for months than to struggle round the pluck-
ing in 15 days or so and get bad leaf,

(6) Not particularly.

I.

XXIX.

Maskeliya, Feb. 13.

1. I do not think planters as a rule are
plucking coarser than before.

2. Manuring certainly aff’ects the tea to a
certain extent, but w’lien bad jat is manured, the
leaf improves in softness and by getting a better
leaf to manipulate in the factory, l” think a
great deal of, or all, the evil effects of manure, are
done away with.

710

THR TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April t, 1897.

3. The severe prunint; done on a lot of estates
is no doubt accounting for lower prices.

4. 75 per cent of Ceylon factories have insuffi-
cient withering space : as this is the most im-
portant item in manufacture greater attention
should be paid to it. The tea is certainly made
in the Held to a large extent. An estate with
bad climate, jat and soil can never compete, how-
ever line the plucking, with an upcountry estate.

5. Shortness of labour no doubt greatly affects
}»rices, as planters cannot keep up with their
Hushes. My conviction is that should labour be
short, planters should let part of the estate run
and only pluck the Helds they can go round
within 8-12 days, according to the climate.

7. Overproduction and increased supply are
however the main causes. — -Yours faithfully,

PLANTER.

NXX.

Dikoya, Feb. 17.

1. There can be but little doubt of late years
most estates have studied the question of yield
per acre, and instead of vicing with each other
with regard to iirices, it has Ijeen more a ques-
tion whether .-V gets a better yiehl per acre
than R, and 1 consider that this has simply
solved itself into coarser leaf having been accepted
as a resu 1 1.

2. The only way manuring might have aH'ected
prices is in the case of an insullicieiit labour
force to cope with the extra leaf ; but given an
ade(iuate. labor force with careful manuring ; and
prices, in my opinion, would be improverl.

3. The (|uestion of drastic pruning should
not alfect the point in ([uestion at all materially,
as it is a work that has to be done sooner or
later, and most estates would piobably arrange
to do only a small proportion of their acreage
in the year, and in that way prices for the year
would not be materially affected.

t This question of probable carelessness in
Factory affecting prices should in a general
sense, I think, he put aside, as a manager who
neglected the supervision of his Factory would
probably neglect the work outside as well, and
in that case would not remain long where he w.as.

T do think, however, there is a good deal of
follow-my-leader business about tea manufacture
in general which might be remedied ; but the
secret of bad prices in f) cases out of 10 is
imaflirmit ii:ifhcrini/ accommodation. How many
Paciories are really jiroperly equipped in this
respect ? Estates have yearly increased their
crops and yet have the s.ime accommodation as
they had when they were getting probably 2.7-30
per cent less.

5. In many cases shortness of l.-ibor has meant
bad leaf and bad juices, but this state of things
would probably noi, last \eiy long and so on
most estates sboulil not account foi- the general fall.

(). The whole thing will work itself out in
my opinion ; men must pluck liner to improve
prices; thos(! that do will get attention in the
market, and those who continue for yield only
will probably get lower and lower til they
rcali.se that it is not paying them.

It has p lid <d' late years (|Uiurily as against
(pialily : but the time has c.omc when (|uality must
hai’c its innings and the sooner it is realised the
better for Hie name of ('cylnn lea

L. 11. 1!.

No. XXXI.

17th Feb.

igjig — In leiily to yours of T2th, I do not think
jilanters are going in for coarser plucking now

on this side of the country than they were a
j ear or two ago. Little manuring has been done
.so far.

Severe ju uning undoubtedly affects the quality
of the tea made, at least for some months after
pruning.

I am certain much better teas could be made
in some factories, were more attention paid to
the work in both Held and factory. I believe
in careful, not fine, plucking and adequate super-
vision in the factory, (jiven the above almost
any estate in Uva over 3,000 ft. elevation should
show averages at least Id per lb. above the
London inices for the year, and in the dry weather
June-Sept., there should be a much greater differ-
ence. Many men scarcely look at the leaf in
the baskets, and certainly do not over burden the
factory with their presence, and when their teas
fetch lower prices than their neighbours’, lay the
blame everywhere but in the right quarter.

During the busy months, March, April and
May, few men hnve suflicient labor to get round
in 8 to 10 days and the teas made from a Hush
T2-l(i days old are bound to be inferior. In-
creased supply' is, however, in my opinion, the
main cause of the lower prices ruling of late
year.s. — Yours, J.

XXX If,

1. I do not consider that coarser plucking is res-
ponsible for the falling-olf in quality.

2. Nor do I think it ’s attributable to manuring.

3. Not low and frequent pruning — to secure
quality — is the chief factor in the depreciated qua-
lity.

4. Careless work in the factory and inadequate
machinery will depreciate the value of tea ; but
tea is made in the Held and not only is careful
plucking necessary, but, to secure flavour, the
trees must be pruned high and jmined at long
intervals. N.B. — The line teas fi-om St. Leonards
were procured in this w,ay. M’hen working the
Kandapola group of estates and making some
50,000 lb. of tea a month, I secured some of my
best jirices and teas, from leaf that, because
of inadequate accommodation, had been only a
quarter withered

5 Short labour spoils the quality of leaf as
the iducking is not performed in its proper rota-
tion and the result is* a large amount of
“bhanji ” leaf is formed (and cannot e.asily be
got rid of for months after) which will ruin the
([uality in any tea. D.

No. XXXIII.

Dimbiila, Feb. 17.

1. I have no doubt that coarser plucking of
leaf has very much to do with it, as well as trying
to get a much greater yield per acre. V.A. says
this Held must (observe the word) g ve 450 or
.")UU lb. jier acre.

2. No ! manuring tea has not done it. The more
healthy the bushes, the better leaf.

3. I am against severe pruning ; medium is
what I do, cutting down once in ii years or so.
Less severe pruning is done now than formerly.

4. No, more attention. Good tea is neither
made in the Held nor in the factory : it’s the com-
bination of both. It's more easily siioiled in the
factory than in the Hehl. It must, be lemcmbered
^hat if Havour and strength are not in the loaf
„o manufacturing can put it there, though it can
],e very easily thrown awjiy in the factory.

• 'this is, of course, besides the imiuodiate result of
coarse loaf harvested.

April i, 1897.] THE I'ROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

71;

Careful factoi-y work is a great essential in
making tea.

5. Shortness of labour lias made your tea run
away ; consequently, coarser tea is plucked, as
no person likes to throw away leaf.

6. I know no other cause except over-produc-
tion. J. J.

No. XXXIV.

Teldeniya, Feb. IS.

1. I fancy plucking is very much whac it
always was, and has nothing to do with the
fall in prices.

“2. Can (judicious ! ?) manuring do harm to any
cultivation or crop? I do not think so. If new
soil or manuring upsets quality and flavour, let
us rush for old exhausted land.

3. There is no doubt severe pruning (cutting
down to a foot) does away with quality and
flavour of tea for fully 12 months.

4. I do not think less attention is given to
factory work. On the other hand, too much fuss
and interference with the tea-maker is apt to
upset the regular routine of work. Of course,
“ tea is made in the field ” — good or bad— but
it lakes .some trying to spoil fine leaf.

.5. Glad to say, I have never been short-handed,
but I can quite believe a short labour supply
would upset the plucking a good deal and so
.spoil the quality of the leaf.

6-7. It IS not possible to make the same tea
all through the year, weather and pruning having
a great effect on quality and make, and prices
are therefore bound to rise and fall. The tea of
today is as good as ever it was. Increased supply
should bear the blame of fall in the market
value — here we make our best teas in the
south-west months, 1 suppose jroni the check
the bushes receive from the wind— our poorest
teas in March and April, when the great rush
of leaf is on.

I add our 3 wants as a rule : — Want of withering
space, want of power, and want of coolies.

What say you? Do you think Nasebv teas of
today are not as good as those when fine prices
were being realized some time back ? What
puzzles orje is, where all the poor teas sold in the
Colombo market comes from, or how it is
plucked and made — but it was always so, it is
no new thing. R. B.

No. XXXV.

February 18.

1. I do not think men, as a rule, pluck coarser
than formerly.

2. Manuring may, at first application, give you
a leaf lighter than the trees yielded before they
were manured, but as manuring, in the course of
three or four months, improves the wood, the leaf
must naturally be better from manured trees.

3. Severe pruning is only resorted to when the
trees, say after three primings are, what is called,
pruned down.

4. Tea manufacture, as a rule, is as much at-
tended to as formerly.

5. If an estate is short of labour, naturally
too long time elapses between each plucking, and
liquor suffers.

6. I think production is getting ahead, gradu-

ally, of consumption — hence the gradual fall in
price. V. A.

No. XXXVI.

February IS, 1897.

(1). Considering that a large numbei of estates
had been formed into Companies it is a dillicult

matter to .say ivliether coarse j)lucking is the
principle cause for low prices. 1 think yuperin-
tendents pay more attention to plucking than
they did a few years ago. Fro. plauter.s wlio
work their own estates, are generally fond of
coarse plucking, doing great harm to their own
interests in bringing down the average prices for
Ceylon teas.

(2) . Having had little or no experience in manur-
ing tea, I am not in a jiosition to answer this
question.

(3) . Severe pruning is bound to bring down the
average prices for Ceylon teas, unless estates
adopt a proper system of pruning ^rd of estate
every year. A great number of lowcountry jilaces
are iiruned once in 12 or 18 months, and these
(estates) cannot possibly send good teas to the
market. Estates at high elevation are ju uned once
in three years, but the time is not far distant
when we shall have to follow the example of
lowcountry planters of pruning tea once in 18
mo-iths.

(4) . I do not think careful attention is paid
to the manufacturing of tea. Native tea-makers
are often very careless, and yuperintendenls
should ])ay three or four visits to the factory
every day.

(5) . I have never been short of labour, but those
who have not a sufficient labour force on the
estate to pluck once in 12 days, cannot expect to
make good tea.

(6) . Careful plucking, manufacture, and proj)er
system of pruning, may keep ui> Ceylon prices,
but as far as niy experience goes, as the tea gets
older, Ceylon is bound to produce a poorer quality
of teas.

(7) . Over-production has a gi'eatdeal to do with

the low [irices, but this sort of thing cannot go on
for any length of time, for the day will come, when
estates at low elevations will gradually become
worthless, giving a chance to estates at high eleva-
tion to realize good prices. W. N.

THE PLUCKING, PRUNING AND
PREPARATION OF TEA :

REVIEW OF LETTERy XXI TO XXXVI.

Resuming our remarks on the letters on the
above subject, from No. 21, we note a continu-
ance of the divergence of opinion alreaily recorded
on the subject of coarse plucking. It is rather
a difference of testimony on a matter of fact ;
foi, if there is coarser or finer plucking now than
before, the statement regarding the cham>-e
would scarcely be reckoned an opinion, about
which practical men of experience would differ.
Either there is coa.ser plucking now, or there is
not. Ho.'.' Lit, then tliat some writers distinctly
affirm coarser plucking, and either justify it as
more remunerative, or condemn it as leadiii"- to
the fall in prices which is loudly deplored
while other writers as confidently report an
improvement in plucking, but equally iame'nt
the lower |)nces, which they refer to utiier causes
than the .system of plucking? The explanation
seems to us simple, and one which reflects on
the accuracy neither of observation nor of .state
ment of Uie writers. Each refers to matters
within his personal knowledge and observa-
tioii without the least idea of misleadin<r
The system of plucking differs in
ditterent districts, and even on different estates.
Roughly speaking, estates in the lowcountry or
of medium elevation, prefer quantity to (lu.ali’ty
seeing that their teas connot command the
prices which thu.se of the higher districts fetch j

712

THE TROPICAL AGRlCULTURtST. [^'pril i, 1897.

while proprietors, w ho own plantations in districts
of hij;hest elevation, are naturally ambitious of
maintaining tlie juices which have given their
places luomiuence Of course, there may be ex-
ceptions in lowcountry estates plucking tine,
ami high estates going in for quantity ; but, as
a rule, a hot steamy climate favours quantity,
ami the rarer air of the highlands imparts a
delicate tlavour to tea. We are unable to
illustrate this explanation by reference to particular
letters, as some of our correspondents, no doubt
for good cause, prefer not to mention the district
fiom which they write, or to indicate the estate
or estates whose system they record ; but, we
think, it will be found that the apparent discrepancy
in the evidence of the witnesses, who have favoured
us with replies, is explicable by the different stand-
])oints from which they write. The same explana-
tion ajtplies, though not to the same extent, to
the varying answ'ers to some of the other questions.

But to proceed, “North of Kandy” from
Madulkelle reports, not only better plucking
than ever before, but an improvement in pluck-
ing every year. “ O. Y. A.” on the other hand,
in our issue of the 1 1th, admits that, if quality
has not been maintained in particular instances,
it is probably due to coarser plucking, whose
object is a higher yield, or irregular plucking
through lack of labour; while “ N. A.” thinks
tiiat coarser plucking has nothing to do with
the fall in prices. He avers that it is the en-
deavour of every superintendent who takes an
interest in his work to harvest fair leaf all the
year lound, but the style of plucking is affected
by the w Gather and the laboui supply, though
generally the .system has remained the same
for the past ten years. “ W.” agrees that the
leaf plucked is no coarser than it used to be,
though he is silent on the different results
which must follow from making the round
of an estate in 7 or 8 days, and from inabi-
lity to get through the fields before 10 to 12 days,
if not moie. Uf these tour correspondents,
two hold manuring, and severe pruning to maintain
yield, responsible for deterioration ; while a third
is silent on these operations, and the fourth
denies that they are general enough to supply
the explanation. Over-production is the cause
which strikes all ; and while one dismisses the
suggestion of the need of greater care in the
fae.ory with the dictum that good tea is made
in the held, another denies it laconically, a third
holds a trained teamaker an ample equivalent
for less time in the factory by the superinten-
dent, and the fourth rejiorts that manufacture
receives more attention than ever before !

Two of the four letters in our issue of the
1.3th instant are dated from “The Country
Oenerally” ! They should be useful as illustrat-
ing how opinions differ throughout the country
generally, and establishing that there are two
faces in a shield. “ H ” declares that plucking
is finer in all the districts he has seen, than it
was a few years ago ; but “S” is convinced that
what is callcil coarser plucking is really sensible
plucking, aiul that, if 100 million lb. of the same
lea had been exjjorted as once distinguished
Ivookwood, Heoloo .and Agar’s Land, the fall in
price would have been the same as now'. Fine
plucking, in his view, produces only a fancy
article, insipid and unsuitcd to the taste of the
million. Here, it seems clear to us, is a radical
difference of opinion on paper, as to what con-
stitutes line ])lucking ; and w-e should not be
surpri.sed if, in practice, “H” and “S” agree as to
w hat constitutes fair and sensible plucking. “P.”

from Passara plucks the same as he did three
years ago ; neither manuring nor heavy jmuniug
is practised extensively in Uva, so that they
cannot be held responsible for deterioration, if
such is the effect of these two operations ; but
what does tell on prices, he considers, is tlie
absence of sufficiently close supervision in the
factory. In India, he says, the practice is dif-
ferent ; but too much is left here to the native
subordinate, whose intelligence and knowledge
are less than his master’s, and who would natur-
ally follow his master in taking things easy in
the factory. “ 1.” from Pussellawa differs from
the three correspondents, who have preceded bin),
in regarding coarse plucking, not only as a fact,
but as a curse too in its effect on the market. Here,
then, are four planters, each of whom takes a dif-
ferent view of plucking — one insists that it is finer,
wherever he has been, than it was a few years ago ;
the second, that he himself plucks the same as
he did three years ago, and he evidently know's no
change in others ; the third lauds what people
call coarse plucking as sensible plucking ; w’hile
the fourth spells coarse plucking curse ! Then
as to the causes of tlie fall in prices, we have
seen that “P” holds the lack of supervision in the
factory responsible. “ H.” thinks the secret is in
the soil which, without the recuperation of winter-
ing, is helpless to produce the same leaf it did
w'hen the bushes were young, while manure can-
not bring back the flavour ; “ S.” exonerates

manures, which affect only quantity, and severe
pruning which tells only on the life of the bush,
but blames preparation, and the quantity of red
leaf and muck sent into the Colombo market ;
“ I” too, fears that the increased quantities put
out of the factories now-a-days, render care diffi-
cult, if not impossible, in the factory, though
he holds both manuring and hard pruning pre-
judicial to quality. With regard to red leaf and
muck, it is really a question for the producer
whether they leave any profit at all, and, even if they
do, whether they would not be more profitable di-
rectly as manure, and indirectly by reducing the
quantity of low grade teas thrown on the market

^

The Kola Nut. — Most of our readers are
familiar with the name of this product, and we
have done our best to arouse a practical inter-
est in its cultivation by distribution of seed and
deligently publisliing all the information we could
collect concerning it. Briefly, it will grow any-
where where Liberian coffee will grow, but the
hotter and moister the climate the better. The trees
planted from are ten to twenty feet apart. The re-
tnrns compare favourably with even the best of
coffee land. The chief difficulty hitherto experienced
in India was the enormous price demanded for
the seed by the few firms from whom it was
obt.ainable. We aie glad to announce that the
great colonial seedsman, Mr. Thos. Chii.sty,
states in reply to a query, tliat he can deliver
a basket of about 1001b. f.o.b. London for about
£0. As perhaps ten nuts go to the pound, this
counting freight, makes the cost j)er hundred
about K12-8-0 on the estate. Allowing 400 trees
per acre, and the liberal margin of twenty-five
per cvnt for failures in germination, tlie initial
cost in seed runs to about sixty rupees per acre.
If half a dozen men clubbed togetlier, it would
probal)Iy come a greater deal cheaper. We have
an idea that the kola plants might be first put
out tentatively as a species of shade tree among
the coffee itself, say at the rate of 100 trees per
tkVcc.—lHantinq Opinion, March 6.

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 713

KANDYAN HILLS COMPANY, LD.

A general meeting of shareliolilersof the Kandyan
Hills Company, Ltd., was held at the offices of
Messrs. Carson & Co., 21, Baillie Street, on the
19tli March.

The report was as follows : —

. . 1.190 acres.

. . 100 „

1,290 „

320 „

402 „

790 „

LUO „

1,292 „

The Directors have pleasure in submitting the ac-
counts for the past year ending 31st Dec., 1896.

The crop secured amounted to 128,625 lb. made tea
realised R49,251'74 and 103 cwt. 1 qr. 24 lb. cocoa
realizing R3,508T2. The average cost (exclusive of
expenditure of items under capital account, profit
and loss and sundries) of made tea was 28'27 cents
per lb., and the average price realized 38'27 cents
per lb. This includes R3,126'76 spent on manuring
110 acres.

The average cost per cwt. of cocoa was E28‘27.
The average price realised R33'90 per cwt.

The balance at debit of profit and loss account after
making provision for

R.

c.

Stationery and postages

50

00

Preliminary expenses in the forma-
tion of the Company, including

commission to Mr. Grigson

5,241

65

Interest at 7 per cent on £4,500 mort-

gage

5,976

92

Directors’ fees Visiting Agent

1,300

00

Agents and Secretaries..
Auditor’s fees

750

00

50

00

R13,368 57

amounts -to R566'71, which the Directors propose to
carry forward to next account.

The result is disappointing, and is accounted for
by low prices r ding for medium teas last year, and
the low prices of cocoa.

The Company was also unfortunate in losing the
services of Mr. E. S. Grigson, and subsequently Mr.
G. F. Traill, who was acting as visiting agent during
the former’s absence at home.

Every effort is being made to improve the quality
and the manufacture of the teas.

Only 26 acres having been planted last year, it
is proposed that up to 74 acres be opened this
year, making the 100 acres as contemplated in the
prospectus.

The mortgage for £4,500 bearing interest at 7 per
cent per annum, is being replaced by one for a
similar amount, bearing interest at the rate of 5 per
cent per annum.

The appointment of an auditor will rest with the
meeting. — By order of the directors,

Cakson & Co., Agents and Secretaries.

ACREAGE :

Originally purchased
Since acquired

Tea in bearing

New clearing 26 planted

In process of clearing

Reserve land
Cocoa

«

THE ROEBERRY TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

The first annual ordinary general meeting
the shareholders of tliis Company was held at
the offices of Messrs. Bois Brothers & Co. on the
22nd March.

The Report was as follows : —

ACREAGE.

407 acres 4 years old and upward.
136 „ 3 do do

127 J „ Just planted

669J acres of Tea
4J „ Cardamoms just planted

23 „ Grevilleas

696|^ acres

336J „ Uncultivated

Total. 1,033 acres

The Directors have now the pleasure to submit
heir first annual report and accounts being those for
the year ending 31st December last The yield of
Tea during the period has been 127,840 lb. costing
cts. 38'52 per lb. and realizing cts. 45‘47 per lb.

On a reference to the accounts it will be seen that
the nett profit amounts to R6,753'69, after writing
off the whole of the preliminary expenses, and the
Directors recommend that this balance should be
carried forward to the next account.

The result of the year’s working is not so satis-
factory as the Directors at one time hoped, and
this to a great extent has been caused by the delay
in the completion of the Factory which necessitated
the tea being manufactured for a considerable period
at the nearest available Factory, involving a heavy
expenditure for transport of green leaf for a distance
of some 14 miles, besides the additional cost of
manufacture.

The Factory is now in satisfactory working order,
and it is hoped that the consequent improvement
in the quality of the tea made there since its com-
pletion in September will be maintained.

During the year 127 acres of tea have been plant-
ed and large nurseries established, which will be
found adequate for any further extensions that may
be decided upon in the immediate future.

Mr. Mason visited the estates on the 12th and
13th February and reports that the general appear-
ance and condition of the property is “ distinctly
good ; the Roeberry division in particular shews a
very thick cover almost throughout the entire estate.”

The out-turn of crop for last year was as follows : —

Bushels
Coffee.

284

as against an estimate of . . 280

The estimate for the current year is 174,000 lb
of Tea against an expenditure of R67,790, which sum.
however, includes the cost of up-keep of all young tea

Mr. Mason reports that the planting of the new.
Clearing was all finished in January and that the
work has been most carefully done, the vacancies
at present appearing being almost nil.

The old tea, viz., 190 acres, 5 yea-s of age and up-
wards, gave an average return of 466 lb. per acre, and
there is no reason to suppose that the younger tea
will not give equally satisfactory results when it ar-
rives at maturity.

In terms of the Articles of Association all the Direc-
tors now retire but are eligible for re-election. The
appointment of an Auditor for the current year wil
rest with the meeting.

lbs. Tea.

127,840

115,500

174,000

THE PALMERSTON TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

At a meeting of the Shareholders of the
Palmerston Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited, held
at the registered office. No. il, Queen’s Street
Colombo, on the 22nd iMarch. ’

The report is as follows : —

ACREAGE.

403 acres over 6 years
89 „ „ 3 „

472

21 ,, Forest, Grass and Timber Trees

Total.. 493 Acres,

7H

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 189

The Directors have now the pleasure to submit
their first annual report and accounts, being those
for the year ending 31st December last. The yield
of Tea during the period has_ been 176,410 lb. costing
29’66 cts. and realizing 55'85 cts. per lb.

As will we seen from the accounts the nett pron^
for the year amount to K33,348'58, after writing on
one-third of the perliminary expenses. interim

dividend of 4 per cent wasdeclared on the I4tn
August, absorbing R16, 40000, and the Directors re-
commend a final dividend of 4 P®i'

8 per cent for the year. The sum of R548'o8 will
then be left to be carried forward to the current year s

account. ,, m • <.

The Estimate for 1897 is 190,000 lb. Tea_against
an expenditure on working account of B55,605-50.

In terms of the Articles of Association all the
Directors new retire but are eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current
year will rest with the meeting.

^

THE HIGH FORESTS ESTATES COMPANY
LIMITED.

The annual ordinary general meeting of the
above Company was held at the Company s
Ollices, No. 7, (iueen Street, Fort, Colombo, at
3 p.m. on Monday, 22nd ^larcli.

The Report is as folloAvs :

ACBEAGE.

Tea in bearing . . 432 acres.

,, in partial bearing 103 „

„ not in bearing . . 53 „

,, planted in 1896 .. 246 ,,

Forest and Patna

834 acres.
798 „

Total . . 1,632

have pleasure in submitting to

The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the
Shareholders the Account of the Company for the past

^ The total crops secured were 146,861 lb. tea, which
realized a net average of 53 cents per lb. and 5,513 lb'
Cinchona bark at a cost of E48,287-47 on working ac-

*'°After making ample provision for depreciation of
Buildings and Machinery the result of the year’s work-
ing shows a profit of B25,942'90, from which falls to be
deducted the balance at debit (E3,608-54) brought for-
ward from 1895. This leaves a sum of R22,334'36
available, and the Directors now recommend the pay-
ment of a dividend of 24 per cent, which will absorb
R20 000 and leave a balance of E2 384.36 to be carried
forvvard to the current year’s accounts.

For the information of Shareholders a copy of Mr.
Megginson's report on the Estate, dated 6th March,
1897 is issued with this report. The reasons for the
shortfall in the crop are fully given therein. The Di-
rectors have every confidence that tne ctiri’ent year s
working will show more satisfactory results.

During 1896 a sum of R43,886'50 was expended on
the opening of the 246 acres and on nurseries,
R26 139T7 on buildings, and R19,563'67 on machin-
prv ’ The expenditure on Captal Account during 1897
is estimated at R58,977, viz; R14,750 on completing
the extension of the Factory', Bungalow, Lines, etc.,
R4 2.50 on new machinery, and R39,977 on the upkeep
of the young tea and in opening up a further 216 acres.
To meet this Capital expenditure the Directors m Sep-
tember last gave notice of a call, payable on 1st Jan.,
1897 of R150 per share on the pa'rt-paid shares, which

'^^The^yiefd "ot^e^ in i897 is estimated at 200,000 lb.
against an expenditure of R64,090.

^During the past year Mr, G. W. Carlyon resigned his
seat on the Board and Mr. C. A. was an-

Dointed to the vacancy. Subsequently Mr, C. A.
Eeechman resigned and Mr. F. W. Bois on the in-
vitation of the other Directors, accepted the vacant

seat.

Under the articles of Association all the Di-
rector.? now retire from oflice but are eligible for re-
election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current year
will rest with the meeting.

By order of the Directors, Whittale & Co., Agents
and Secretaries.

Colombo, 11th March, 1897.

♦

COLOMBO COMMERCIAL COMPANY,
LIMITED.

The following is a copy of the Directors’ report,
which was presented at the second ordinary general
meeting held in London on the 16th inst.

The Directors now present the following annual
accounts to shareholders, viz. : —

Profit and loss account for the year ending 30th
September, 1896.

Balance sheet made up to 30th September, 1896.

The year’s operations have resulted satisfactorily,
and the Directors are able to recommend the pay-
ment of the following dividends free of Income Tax : —
Dividend in full on the 6 per cent.

Preference shares for the year £
ending 30th September, 1896 . . 1,091 2 0

Dividend of 8 per cent, on the Ordi-
shares for the same period . . 5,600 0 0

6,691 2 0

After payment of these Dividends there will remain
the sum of £415 15s. 3d. to be carried forward to
next account.

During the year the six per cent. Debentures have
been converted into debentures bearing four and a
half per cent, interest, and an additional sum of
£4,000 has been issued at this rate. It is the pre-
sent intention of the Board to pay off £4,000 of five
per cent, debentures, maturing on 30th September,
1897.

The Liquid Assets in Ceylon appears in the Com-
pany’s accounts at an exchange of Is. Id, per rupee
the present value of the rupee being about Is, 3d.

It will be seen by the profit and loss account
that the sum of £2,007 8s. 4d. has been transferred
to exchange reserve against capital expenditure. The
board are glad to report that they have been en-
abled to make such a substantial addition to this
account during the year ; inclusive of this sum the
amount appearing under this heading is now
£19,000.

Braybrooke Lodge, a property adjoining the Com-
pany’s mills at Colombo, was in the market, and
in view of the extension of the Company’s busi-
ness the Directors considered it advisable to se-
cure it. The purchase has been completed, and the
cost has been written off in the accounts now
presented.

Mr. Brown went to Ceylon last November, and
is expected to return in time to take the Chair at
the forthcoming meeting.

The Directors are glad to report that the pros-
pects of the Company are favourable, and they also
have much pleasure in acknowledging the valuable
services rendered by the Company’s Manager and
staff in Geyton during the past twelve months.

On the retirement of Mr. H. H. Potts from the
Board through ill health, the Directors elected
Mr. P. C. Oswald to the vacancy. Under clause
No. 95 of the- Articles of Association, Mr. Oswald
retires from the Board on this occasion, and, being
eligible, offers himself for re-election.

Messrs. Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths & Co., the
Auditors, also offer themselves for re-election.

By order, J. ALEC ROBERTS,

Secretary

London, March 5th, 1897.

April i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURISlr.

COLLOM’S patent “ ACME ” TEA SOP^T-
IN(L MACHINE AND SELF-ACTING
MESH CLEANER.

Last week we were invited to attend the offices of
Mr. James Melling, consulting engineer, Dashwood
House, E.C., to witness a demonstration of a work-
ing model of the above-mentioned machine. Mr. Col-
lom, the inventor and patentee, was present and ex-
plained the working and the advantages he claims for
his invention. It is a neat, compact machine about
10 ft. in length, 2 ft. (1 in. wide,"^ and i ft. 6 in. high.
The longtudinal frames are of strong angle iron,
strengthened at the corners by cheek plates being
rivetted to the frames, and are held rigidly together
by traverse steel rods.

Upon this structure two long trays are sus-
pended, in which the interchangeable sliding
mesh frames are placed. The upper tray has a slight
fall from right to left, the under tray from left to
right. This fall can be increased or lessened accord-
ing to wish. An ingenious and simple arrangement
is fitted to the two trays, and is connected to a
crank shaft having its supports and bearings at the
left hand end of the framework. The crank shaft
is also fitted with a small fly-wheel and a split pulley.
When the motive-power is applied the crank shaft
and connecting rod impart to the trays a rapid
backward and forward motion, so arranged that a
counter-balancing action is obtained, thus ensuring
absolute steadiness. A i-h.p. engine is sufficient to
drive a full size machine.

Mr. Collom has recently added a “ mesh cleaner,”
a very useful addition. When the meshes become
choked, by simply pressing a lever downwards the
“ mesh cleaner ” is put into action, and the whole
sifting surfaces become at once quite free. This is
accomplished while the machine is running at full
speed, a great saving of time. This invention, it is
claimed, will sort five, three, or two grades at one
operation, and we were informed that a full-size
machine has sorted 1,000 lb. of tea in one hour.

The model certainly worked admirably. A pound
and a half to two pounds of tea was placed in the
top tray (when in motion), and in a very short time
all had passed through the different sorting spouts
into separate receptacles, completing the operation
in a most satisfactory manner. — II. and C. 3Iail,
March 5.

THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION,
LONDON.

The following is the interim report of the Ameri-
can and Foreign Tea Committee : —

In presenting their interim report the committee
have the pleasure to state that, in respon.se to the
appeal made in March, 1896, subscription to the fund
for introducing Indian teas to the American market
amounted to the sum of 11103,674-8-0 say (£6,500) as
against R92,575 collected in 1895. This included, as
in the previous year, a generous contribution from
the planters of Southern India.

Mr. Blechynden, the renresentative of the associ-
ation in America, has, under the direction and super-
vision of your committee, continued to co-operate
with Mr. Mackenzie, representing Ceylon, in the
work of bringing the teas of both India and Ceylon
to the notice of the American public. Your com-
mittee are therefore satisfied that everything possi-
ble is being done to awaken interest in our teas by
carefully arranged advertisements and articles in
the press, as well as judicious aid given to traders
in taking up our teas in competition with those of
China and Japan,

Advertisements of Indian and Ceylon teas appear
in large type, followed by the advertisements of
traders who have the tea for sale, in leading journals
circulating in the following towns, viz. ; New York,
Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Boston, Detroit, Buffalo,
New Haven, New Bedford, Paterson, Pittsburg, Ma-
lome, Massina, and Chatiangay.

7J5

refer to the extracts from
iXr. i31echynden’s report on his work for 1890, which
are annexed, as affording strong evidence of the value
of the work done and of the necessity of continuing
the campaign. ‘ °

The progress made in the use of Indian and Ceylon
teas in North America is rlis'inctly encr aragiug, as^ the

b°J "*.*°*' been carefully revised

by Messrs Gow, Wilso>', and Stanton, will show
Indian and Ceylon tea taken bv North America
'be last six yeais. Indian; 1896
5,205,405; 1895, 4,050.595; 1894,2,423,230; 1893 2 111 247'
l,.'U2,.32Ub. Ceylon ;

4,268,614; l89.o, o, i3a,590; 1894, 2.29,5 140- 1893

1-^89,474; 1891, 991,98nb ’ Total

1896, 9,4/4,019; 1895, 7,792,185; 1894, 4 723 370-

1893, 3,981,837 ; 1892, 3,075,900 ; 1891, 2,334 3021b

Foreign markets absorbed 42 million lbs' of British-
grown tea in 1896. There is no possibility of exactly
gauging the benefit to prices thereby obtained, but
some indi^ition may be gathered from the follov/ino-
ftgurss; The importations of all teas into the
United Kingdom increased from 1890 to 1896 bv
4^ million lb., and the price of British-grown tea fell
2d per lb. m that period. It may be fairly as-
assumed that if tne 42 million lb. of tea absorbed by
foreign markets had come to this market in 1896
prices would have been reduced by a further 2d per
lb., which vvould mean a loss not less than a inillioii
pounds sterling to the Indirn tea producers only.

Looking at these facts, and considering that this
year s crops from both India and Ceylon are likely to
show a substantial increase, your committee ‘are
strongly of opinion that there should be no relaxation
made at present in the effort to win the American
market, and they therefore recommend another lew on

in cTlcuUa*'^^^ ’ collected, as before,

James

Riddell, R. G. Shaw, A. G. Stanton, J. N Stuart
John Stewart W. H. Verner, C. W. Wallace,, mem-
10^1 of committee ; Earnest Tye, secretary. Feb. 18
1897' — II. and C . Had, M-arcL 5. ' *

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

The Anti-Tea CiiusADE. — Mr. Crole’s reference in
his lecture read before the Society of Arts to the
digestive difficulties of a meat tea has given the op-
ponents of tea an opportunity. These good people
occasionally lash themselves into frenzy about the
awful consequences of tea drinking, and therefore
the smallest indication of support from a lecturer
on tea gives them a much-desired opening. Under
the head of “The Terrors of the^ Teapot ” the
Daily Graphic prints the following effusion from a
correspondent; “Tea is so daily-nay, hoiulv-a
beverage that Mr. David Crole, whose lecture at the
bociety of Arts you recently reported, renders ser-
vice to humanity by exposing its horrors and the
risks people incur by imbibing freely of a poisonous
effusion. The portentous names are perplexing, but who
does not fear an attack of indigestion as pointed
out by Mr. David Crole in his able lecture ? He omits
to speak of the meat breakfast. It is easier to
digest than the meat tea, and might it not be helpful
to analyse the assimilation of the contents of
the terrible teapot in conjunction with, say, bacon
sausages, kidneys, cutlets, and other breakfast dishes'
various cold meats on the side
table.! ihe demon teapot has so firm a hold that
his worshippers will not easily lose faith in their
idol. Practical suggestions of a less injurious
beverage would benefit the community. Have we
nothing to fall back on our breakfast but the small
beer of tlie good old days when the horrible teapot
and Its dead iness were unknown ?” It is rather rough
on Mr. Crole that his lecture on tea should have
been made a peg whereon to hang a hatful of abuse
against tea, and an excuse for launching such demi-
‘ cuss words as “ terrible,” “ horrible,” and “ demon '
at an inoffensive teapot.

7 16

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April r, 1897,

Nkw Joint Stock Evtf.rpiuse During Februauv.
— ihe ammnt of new capital offered for public
mibacnption during Februar}' amounted to £5,669,000.

“f® amount j£98,000 was asked for in connection
witn tea. During the first two months of this year
tne capital asked on behalf of new tea projects
amounted to £203,000.

Sampling Teas in Bind. — In the coarse of a letter
on this subject a correspondent writes: “Recently
I received a parcel of tea, and the first three chests
which were opened each contained from one pound
to two pound samples worth 8d per lb. less than the
original tea. This is the latest instance of many
similar cases which have come under my own observa-
tion, and it is high time that this kind of thing was dis-
continued. There is something seriously' wrong in a
warehousing system of this kind.’’

The Adulteration of Produce. — A deputation re-
presenting the Produce Sectional Committee of the
Manchester Chamber of Commerce recently waited
upon Mr. T. \V. Russell, Parlimentary Secretary
to the Local Government Board, to urge the ii'ces-
sity for prompt legislation to amend the Adultera-
tion of Food and Drugs Act in a number of points,
the principal of w’hich were the establishment of
a Board of Reference for standards and a change
of the law with respect to warranty. After hear-
ing views of the deputation, Mr. Russell said
his view was that without a properly constituted
Board of Reference all legislation on this question
must fail. It was very unjust to allow standards
all purity to be fixed by analysts in different ways
fo over the country, and it was absolutely neces-
sary for the safety of the consumer as well as of
the trader that such a Board should be set up to
settle standards of purity that would be binding up.
on the whole community. A Bill based in tbe main
on the recommendations of the Select Committee
bad been prepared, and the Departmens would lose

no opportunity of pressing on the Cabinet the nece3-

arTppr By the way, a Birmiugham

grocer who wa.s fined the other day for selling

peaded that he did not know he was doing wrong
Perhaps he thought his customers had a playful way

G;uatemai[,i Coffee.— Mr. Audley Gosling, Her
Majesty s Minister at Guatemala, points out, with
reference to the season’s coffee crop, which he esti-
mates will V ield 600,000 quintals, value about £1,800,000
that Guatemala coffee continues to maintain its hi ' i
price and reputation, nor has the fall in “ SantoT’
(Brazilian) affected it. It is believed that even should
over-production ensue, due to the extraordinary ex-
tension of the industry throughout Centr 1 America
and Mexico, Guatemala coffee, owing to its excel-
lent flavour and quality, will still find ready buyers.
Where the cultivation of the berry is carefully con-
ducted the trees suffer little deterioration. In Guate-
mala it is hand-picked, berry by berry, and not, as
in Brazil, torn from the branches. The competition
which Central and South American producers chiefly
fear is that of the West Coast of Africa, where
coffee-growiiig is fast superseding the palm-oil
industry.

Cinnamon.— The demand for cinnamon is fully
equal to the supply, and the tending of prices
is in an upward direction. At the quarterly

sales last week there was a brisk compe-

tition, and nearly the whole of 1.2.50 bales
and 43 parcels Ceylon realised full rates cur-
current by private contract, to an advance of id
per lb, especially for the commoner qualities. There
was no material rise as compared with ihe prices
established in November last. The general range of
quotations was as follows: First quality cinnamon,
low at 7id to O^d, ordinary to good at lO^d to is
Id, fine and superior garden growth at Is iJdtols
6d; seconds, very inferior at 7d to 9d, common to
finest at lOJ to 1s 2d, choice plantation at Is 4d to
Is 5d ; thirds coarse at 8d to 9d, middling to fine
9J to Is Id, best mark at Is 3d to Is 4d ; fourths
and fifths from 6id up to Is, extra fine Is Id, and
a few broken (in boxes) at 9d to lOd per lb. ’

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

.S-VLKS.-\Ve are obliged to
Ml. I liilip for .supplying the information asked

resnR m a recent i.ssue. The

lesulb, in II2o per cwt. or about 23 cents a

Mr V® considered very encouraging ; but

nmi ‘V^*I difficulties to contend with

for liis'\aefn''T‘'‘’'''‘!®

101 In.-, tact and good nianagenient.

Tuk Glasgow Estate.s Co. -A home share-
bo der w'rituig to us by this mail, says I

ba\e just .seen the Glasgow Estates Renort T

see nothing about the Small Re.serve Fund wbicb
was created some time ago ; it seems to ha\’e /.^e

cln “ -t'*e:Extension Fund Ac-

G R » - ^ "ot tbe case, where

• fV mention of a Re.serve Fund

m the Director^ Report, and they om-ht to have

F*il'nd ’‘*^ Our co*^ Uie^Ex tension

iind. Oui correspondent is in error in statincr

that a Reserve Fund was ever opened The
sums set aside from profits (over^ and above
tie Usual provision for depreciation of buildings
and machinery) have always been put to cred^?
at account, whicll was opened

Planting and Agriculture in the Struts
SRTTLEMENTs.-From the Report for iSfi of
Kuala Kangsar district •

Oil the Kamuniug and Waterloo estates ^67
under cultivation is greatly increasT) n u
• big clearing has bin ..S'* ffTr'’

the coffee, coconuts and pepper M hoi
Muse s pepper estate has become the prouiVlv ^ f
Government by purchase and PiVoKr u of

... on the c«p.iLn 7th«
latter are still on our hands bnf r i'
will soon be forthoming A ‘ ^ ^'^P® tenants
been planted on the linta road at^® Chegor^Gl/’^
Mauura, Lenk, and elsewhere, and some
native pepper gardens look well. ^

Towards the end of the year thoro
tress in many parts at BoU Lamh7
Buaya, and elsewhere. This is accoun’t^*^^f^’ ^
by the people not having been Xwld
secondly, by their improvident hahu^
by the awful cattle

the district. They sell® their rice 1n^ though
traders for a very low nrico ^ advance to
jeweller,. The -nH

and rice was given to starving families
in payment of work done or^ nn ’ ®'ttier free,
be hoped that they will take advantage of ’thJV®
and cultivate more hemlami as i

no ladariijs will be allowed. Tlie
Government could adopt to prevent ^^^®

would be to stop the export of rL-» i 7®®“"'"^
and by charging heavy lLiis7 ®-*P®*'‘

At the Briias a good deal t nf Inri i i nee.

up, and much timber exported t! • '“f ^^®“
that the 'I'iniber Farm will im lip r ®® *mped

We suffered for .six mouths after 1^97.

followed by one of the highest
longest lasting flood on record w hich®®*i ''i ‘‘^®

to ‘I'* r"C§

April i, 1897.] TFIb: 'rROPr:AL

$oiu'6spon(3cnci?.

— — »

To Vie. F.dUo?.

CEYLON I'EA IN AMERICA.

London, 1st Eeb. 1897.

Dkau Sir, — In yonr leader (see paj^o 545) on
the interview “ llrown Paterson” had with me,
you say I am inconsistent in depreciating news-
paper advertisin.n’, wliilc praisiiif? tlie linn which
advertises Ceylon toain over 3i)0 papers.

The dillerence lies in the fact that the latter is
in Canada — a tea-ilrinkinp’ country ; wliereas
“ Browm Paterson” was referring to tlie Lhiited
States— a collee-drinking country. There, mere
advertisinj;, iniless on a scale far heyoml our
means, would he quite useless, unless we drst
induced dealers to hold o\rr tea.s. A strong friend
ot Ceylon lea writes “ I am taking up a new'
town now, but will not advertise till 1 get 50
grocers Co hold my teas.” I send a cutting from
tlie A nierirar. Grocer showing the imports of tea
into the United States from ISSO to 1896 [already
given in Obseroer. -Ei). C. O.j You will sec that the
c nsunqition per head has decreased, although
the average cost [ler To. has fallen from 27 cts.
(Is lid) to 16} cts (6-,';d). This, of course, arises
from the great immigration from coHec drink-
ing countries, chiefly Italy. Austria and Germany
about w'hich, see enclosed cuttin.g from Globe.
I enclose another reference to tlie Japan tea
organizer with .Mr. Larkin’s reply to wdiat he says
on behalf of Janan tea. — Yours faithfully,

W.Ai. MACKENZIE.

PLANTING AND THE AU.STRALIaN NE\Y
HEHUTDES COMPANY, I.TD.

10 Bridge Street, Sydney, Eel>. 5.

To the Editor, Tropieidj Afirb'idlnrFt, Colombo.

Siu, — Wi' giv3 you some particnlars hereunder
regarding the New Hebrides which wo think will bo
of interest to many of your readers.

The New Hebrides are situated 1,160 miles North-
East of Sydney, and consist of some 20 fertilo
Islands, some of which are 60 niile.s in length. They
are connected with Australia by a throe-weekly steam
service from Sydney (a time-table of which wo
enclose herewith) by a steamer of 1,200 tons ,ii 12
knots speed. The Capital of the New Hebrides
Islands is Port Vdla situated on the Island of Sand-
wich. The Sydney steamer here connects with the
Inter-Island steamer of 100 tons register.

Our idea in bringing the New Hebrides under your
notice is on account of the many advantages it
aSords for the “Tropical Agriculturist.’’ Coffee, Cocoa,
Vanilla, and Bananas are cultivated.

Coffee was introduced some live or sis years a"o
and although cultivated in a primitive way the export
last year amounted to some 250 to 600 tons. The
bulk is sold in Sydney realizing from 7d to lOd per
lb. Both the climate and soil are well suited toils
cultivation. The Islands are hilly and covered with
vegetation and abundance of shade for young coffee
may be left when clearing the land for Plantation
purposes.

Banax.vs are now grown in large quantitie.s, the
steamer on her last trip bringing '15,000 bunches
the fruit is far superior than that of Queensland
and Fiji.

Cacao and Vaniel.v,— It is only during the last
twelve months that these have been introduced, and
the young plants are looking remarkably well.

There is but little doubt that the New Plebrides
afford fine fields for tho Coffee and Tea Planter,
large tracts of choicest laud may be purchased or

£)U

AGRlCJf/rURIS r. 717

rented at nominal cost. Labor may be had iu
abundance from the local labor recruiting vessels who
bring the labour from Islands other than the one
upon the Planter who requires the boys is settled’
The recruiting Fees for good strong labourers average
from T6 to £8 per head. The laborers come to the
Planter under an engagement of three years and as
a rule renew the engagement for an additional three
years. Tho wages paid amount to tTO each per
annum with Food, q)rincipal!y Bice, Yams, Taro and
Bananas.

Our Company, we might mention, w'as formed for
the encouragement of British interests in New He-
brides and we have large tracts of land that may
be purchased or leased at nominal figures by intending
Planter.s.

We enclose herewith some copies of a pamphlet
regarding settlement, also under other cover we send
you sample of coffee grown.

We shall thank you to give the above a pai’agraph
iu your vuluiblo .Journal as we feel sure that many
of your readers will be much intei’ested in it.

Any further particulars may be had by applying to
the undersigned. — Yours very trnlv,

p. THE AUSTRALIAN NEW HEBRIDES
COMPANY, LIMITED,

Joseph Mitchell.

[Copies of circular.s witli tlie fuller information
cun be liml at our office by any one interested.—

LOCAL FRUIT AND VEGETABLES.

Kandy, Feb. 23.

Dear Sir,— Can any of your readers e.vplain
what part iu the economy of nature the
“ Siame.se I’wiu ” plantains, to be found on every
bunch of the fruit, play ?

While oil the subject of fruit, I feel certain
our new Director of Garden.s would earn the
gratitude of the community, native as well as
Flnropeaii, if he should turn Ids attention to
improve the quality of the several de.scriptions
of fruit and vegetable.s we pos.sess in the island,
many of the former are of fair flavour, but pro-
ducing very little pulp. Cultivation has rectilieil
this defect iu many instance.-; in Europe, and
surely a like sucees.s may he looked for from
efforts in the same direction out here. If I may,

I would suggest that a plot of ground in the
Peradoniya Garden.s be devoted to the object I
refer to. PALAM,

TOBACCO IN CEYLON.

Feb. 26th.

Dear Sir,— Iu reference to your very interest-
ing article upon tlie subject of Tobacco and c.i-
r|uiiy as to the causes of its cultivation not being
taken up by Europeans, may I venture to make
a few oli.servations. It appears that Mr. Vollar in
his opinion that first rate cigar tobacco can be
(p-owii iu Ceylon must be correct. The Sumatra
e.Kpert.s, who commenced the business of the Tobacco
Company, were attracteil by what Mr. Vollar had
grown and they showed their belief in it by becom-
ing purchasers to acoiisiderable extent, and as they
were men of experience it seems cFar that it w'as
not any defect in growth that brought about the
ultimate abandonment of the enterprize ; but the
curing of it was another matter. Still even that
had lieen seen to by their experienced manager
and jirio to that Mr. Vollar and others had had
a measure of success; hut there were many other
difficulties arose. Land could not ho acquired in
largo block.s and it was necos.sary to get it on
scattered pieces, hence we .saw Diimliara, Katngas-
t)ta, Wattegami, Uknwela, Matale and Kuvu-
negala all furnishing lands and these acquired
slowly R'-id no doubt c.xponsively, for I hough the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

718

land might be acquired at a lew rate per acre
it necessitated being done V)y a biglily paid stall'
of Agents and Managers, local and expert, and
others negotiating with natives and arranging
titles. Besides all thi-<, tobacco is far and an ay
the most delicate and most dangerous cultiva-
tion. 'J'he greatest possible attention is required
at every ste)). There is nothing to C(|ual it in any
Ceylon produce — the nurseries and insect attacks ;
the ])lanting reqniiing an enormous force of labour
at almost a moment’s notice ; and when cater-
]>illars come as they must and will very fre-
quently a similarly large force is needed. Subject
to all sorts of danger from vicissitudo.s of climate
and weather and (piite open to destrnclion from
a day or two of strong hreezes it is dillieult to
lind a district that would be really safe and
nothing but a S})lendid market and a successful
cron season con d ]iossihly repay tlie toil
ana failures of others. I belie\'e, however, liiat the
Siiniatra ex)>erts were anything but satisfied
that their tobacco did lind full justice in the
market, and probably the trade would hardly ac-
cept at fair value even good tobacco from a new
source. M'e are not Mointing in precedents for
such treatment. I have not forgotten the effoi ts
made by the late Mr. A. M. Ferguson in favour
of Ceylon Tea in Australia against llic interests
vested in Cliina — a thing of this s a t reiiuires
years of ojiposition. Yon .arc correct in assuming
that tobacco is still grown profitably by natives
in Dumbara, and I may tell you that at Katu-
gastota in the native gardens a good deal of
money has been made there last year, and no
doubt this has been done with the seed and with
the experience picked np from the Tobacco Com-
pany’s former buildings. J.

THE TOBACCO LEAF SALES OF THE
CEYLON TOBACCO COMPANY.

Kandy, Ceylon, 27th P’eh. 1897.

Silt, — With referP7ice to the paragraph in the
Cei/lon Observer of Friday the 26th instant under
the Heading “Tobacco” the not total amount
realized by Tobacco I.eaf Sa'es, .after the Ceylon
Tobacco Company, Ltd., went into Liquidation
was

The average price was a little over ]icr cwt.
all round, while tlicio is no doubt that there
was .a ring of dealers to tmilcavonr to keep the
prices down as on more than one occasion 1
declined to acco])L bids with the result that a
Inoderately good jirice w.as ultimately obtained
all round. — 1 am, sir, yours faitlifully,

A. ITIILIP.

PRODUCE QUOTATIONS; LIBFBIAN
COFFEE.

Dkau Sll!,— 1 notice in yoiir issue of 2uth
March, the Chamber of C( mmcrcc Price Cuuent
of 28rd gives Jjiborian tiaiclimciit “ per In slid
1(8"26 very scarce but Mr. A. M. Cliittambalam
in his local market list )iri:itcd in same issue of
2oth gives the jaice .as Bl2 r)0 per hiisliel (nominal.)

])o sndi (jnolations .as BS 25 nlicn the jnodnee
is senroe, coi.qnmd to J112'5U its price a year
ago, Avlicnit Mas not .‘caice, denote that Me have
noM’, once nioie to lind tliis (ailti\ ation .a delusion,
find let it lapse into abamlonnn nl V Can you tlnoM
ally light ujion lliis sudden collapse? Are the
jnyApoit; jnercluints gettuig all Uie Luvopcau

I April i, 1897,

and American orders or are there other sources
and onr crojis too insignilicant to count, or are our
hnyers so feM' as to att’ord no real market at all?

I have some tears that tlie cultivation is not
greatly jirogressing as it is, hutM'ith such jirices
at B8'2.t I jnesume it M'ould be altogether dis-
couraged. COFFEE.

TE.\ I’BUNINC, PLFCKTNG AND
PREPARATION.

March 3.

Dkai: Sin,— 1 cannot refrain from an exclamation
of supreme surprise on reading the lirst replies to
yonr i|ncries rc, fall in juices. 'What on earth ;
are A.’s made of, if they must needs Made
tlirongli oceans of leaf on tlieir M’ay to their 1
%irtnous couches?

(dive n.s juactical men M'ho can see an inch
beyond their noses as onr “ Guides, jiliilosojihcrs
and friends” 01 mg’ II conliimc to Hood tlic market
M’itli inferior broken teas the cause of Mliidi is
evidently hob nailed IxKitsI — Yours faitlifully,

FARMER.

[Put let “P'arnier” oblige us by sending his J
OM'ii answers to the circular-questions and so
show lioM- they ought to be de.alt Avith. W e ?
liave liegun jmidisliing the replies in the order ^
of receijit and not by any process of selection. —

Ed. T.A.]

QUERIES ABOUT TEA.

Matale 'SVk.st, March 4.

Dear Sir, — (deo. M'hitc & Co.’s memorandam
No. 157 da‘ed Eeb. 3rd is iiitei cstiiig. Take No. 1
Avith outlets, Nanuoya and Talawakelle, altitude
of cst.ates from 3,5l’0 to 6,500 feet, tlie highest |
price oVitained Avas 1/24 and the loMcst 6id. JIoav I
do yon account for a diU'erciiee of 8jd- Surely coar.se ''
jducking alone; or that cmiihined Aviili careless ^
mamifacture c.aniiot account for tlii ? IlaAe asjiect
and soil anything to do Avitli liigb juices? oris J
it that one w.as cultivated for a long number
of years before being jdanted Avith tea? Tin's
Avili not bold good in all cases; as there are
estates in most districts that secure toji-judces
nlLlioiigh jilantcd Avith cottee for .a long time,
Avhile others jdanted in forest or eliena get tAvo
Jirices.

Do some estates detei iorale faster than otliers ?

I can call to mind 2 estates that secured top-
prices some years ago for 4 or 5 years in succession.
The juices Avent loAvcr and ioMcr, till at hast
estates adjoining one of these secured higher
juices, (lioiigli foiiiieily these Avas such a dill'trence
as Sd. and 9d. jicr Ih. helAvceii them. Hoav is it
the Nonlicrn Districts get such low juices? One
estate alone gds as much as 8d. though the
elevation of some are 3,d00 feet and more. .Surely
all tlie Planters of the Districts are not iiicaji-
ahle men and a good many estates jilnck ratlier
line, til Maskeliya, Dikoya and BugaAvaiilalaAva
M'ith oiitlet-Haltoii- the iiigliest juice Avas 1 /T
and Hie loAvest 6yd.

In l.oAver Dikoya, Kotmale tlvc., out-let Mhit'a- 1
Avella and NaAvalajiiliya— elevation ],.500 to 4,.‘.(V)
there is not much ditl'erenee in juice, Iiighest Rl,
lowest 5R1. and only 3 estates secured prices
from .8(1. to <SR1. NN by does Dimhula get higher
Jirices than D.koya? Is it oAving to the lower
rainfall and does a very liigh rainfall, c.g.^
Matale D'p:t!'iet Iomci the price uf tea.

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAf,

AGRICULTQRIST.

719

A large luuuber uf estates all over tlie islaiul
ai g.Kid elevatioa and with healthy bushes secure
low [irices. Siiperiuieudeiits and Conductors known
to Miake good ten, are put on these. New and
expensive machinery are put on. Tlie price stilt
reniainid low. How do you account for this? —
Yours, ■ PLANTCU.

COARSE AND FINE LUCK [NO OF TEA.

Nawala))!tiya, March S.
1)K.\R Silt, — Now that the iliseussiou in your
columns ye coarse plucking and rubbisliy tea, with
over-production — the inevitable results ot such a
method being adopteil— is being freely ventilated,
will not the ligures given below be a poser to
our V. A.’s ami Directors of our Ceylon Tea
Companies as to this suicidal policy which here-
after means death to the shareholders and
other proprietors of tea !

'fake for example the Celestial Empire : heavenly
John’s fate was sealed when Ceylon stepi>eJ in
with a tea eipial to any in the world and by
miles superior to that being heaped on the mar-
ket by John Chinaman & Co. What followed
we all know. With this recent knowledge well
before ns, if we are to go on glutting our al-
ready overstocked mai ket with tea that John
was wont to suiiply when he had it all to him-
self, can we doubt the results ? “ Cive a dog a
bad name, Arc. ” lias been veritaldy proved in the
case of John Chinaman, and if we [lersist in onr
mad career that sncli will be our experience in
the near future is not a mere nightmare. To
obtain a sound reputation takes tons of gold, but
to secure a bad one jmu need hardly spend a brass
farthing. “ To be forewarnetl is to be forearmed.”
Let us therefore in 1807 rise to the occasion ere
the death-knell is sounded over Ceylon’s spicy
teas. There is this frivolous excuse which some
are always ready to advance. — “ If we dro]) in
our exports, others will rise up. Let them !
All I say is those countries which will flood the
markets with rubbishy teas will soon fiml their
doom ; whilst we in Ceylon, if we noic strike the
happy medium and keep to it steadily, shall and
will have the sweet comfort of knowing that our
teas are ?-n established staple for years to come.

Now for my table produced by humble eftbrts : —
“ Quality w. Quantity” — which will also do away
with the clamour for laborers, a grand reduction
of the labor force being an undoubted outcome.

Estate supposed to yield, say 100,000 lb. tea
annually ; coarse plucking.

Average 6d. alb. = £2,500-0-0. Same estate
80,000 lb. ; fair plucking ; average 7d. = £2,,38.3-(3-8.
Difference £166-13-4.

Cost of extra 20,000 lb. tea at, say 4<1.

Will land you in £333 6 8
Profit on coarse leaf 166 13 4

Diflerence in expenditure 166 13 4

80,000 lb. tea at 7d. £2,333 6 8
Diflerence in expenditure 166 13 4

£2,5f 0 0 0

Put that in your pipe and smoke it, ye croakers
of “quantity pays” ! What about wear and tear
of machinery, &c., &c., saved ? ' C. T.

P.i3. — Whether I produce 100,000 or 80,000 I can
safely do both at 4d. a lb. Diflerence in pluck-
ing won’t affect it : it may the first 2 months or
so till Menatchiegets up to the new style of plucking;
and ever after your averages are precisely the
same as if you were plucking an extra leaf or
even 4 A

[Has “ C. T.” observed that a great many of
(he letiers in answer to our circular, deny that
(he plucking is any coarser than it has been
all along?— Ed. T.k.]

HOW TO DEAL WITH UNPROFITABLE
LOWCOUNITIY TEA.

Matalij West, March 11.

Dkar Su!, — T was looking over the jirospec-
tus of the Talgaswella Tea Company and the
Kstimate (made if I am not mistaken by Mr.
T. C. Owen) for opening 500 acres in tea. It
showed at the end of .3) years, a profit of 22^
])er cent. How has this been fulfilled?

Water holing should be tried in dry district.s,
where the laml has been drained pro[>erly, and
wliere it is not too steep.

I had a very poor piece of tea udiere I tried
this. The cost was about R7 to R8 per acie arid
the yield was iloubled, and the fiehl lias continueil
to give double for the last 5 years. Might not
this be tried on Talgaswella wliere the climate
is hot and the evaporation consequently great ;
especially as some of the land is said to be sandy.
All the rainfall, or nearly all, will be absorbed arid
the tea will flush well during the drought. Again
should shade not bo tried ? I do not know if
(Irevilleas grow well in the low'-conntry, but
Dadap and Albizzia Mollucana ilo. They might)
be planted oiiLdnally Kj' x 10' and after 2 yeaia
or so when the trees grow, they should be
tliinned out and the distance might be 2o'x2o'
or more. Leguminous plants enrich the soil
and the experiment if tried will not cost much,
and cannot in any case do damage.— Youis

PLANTER.

ENEMIES OF TEA.

Maligatenne Estate, Veyangoda, March 15.
Dear Sir, — Enclosed in a match bo.x you will
receive by post a worm or a grub which attacks
tea tiee.s. It was found uniler the followim**
circumstances. Observing a small collection o*f
what appeared as a heap of saw dnst at the
foot of a tea tree of two years’ growth, I ex-
amined tic tree and found a small hole at the
foot of the tree about l-8th of an inch from the
ground. I ]irobed it and found the hole to take
an upwaril direction. 1 cut down the tree and
laid it open, and found the grub about 8 inches
from the hole up the tree. As the above in-
formation inay be of some use to tea planters,
I thought it right to send it to you.— Yours truly,
C. L. H. DIAS BA^JDARANAYAKA.
[The “ grub ” is the larva of the Borer
zeuzera cojf'va-, described in Mr. E. E. Green’s
Insect pests,’ page 8. It is an old enemy of
coffee, though never a widespread one in Ceylon.
It is also found in tea, but not in such numbers
as to need any special efforts to check tliem —
Ed. T.A.]

APPOINTxMENT OF A SPECIALIST TO

investklyte cacao disease.

Sir,— Cacao growers will be gratified to hear
that the Government intends to have the cau.se
and nature of the pest which has in some places
done so mnch damage to the red variety ot cacao
investigated, and I believe, the services of a com-
jietent specialist will be secured. Our thanks are
due to H. E. the (.^oveinor for having promptly
interested himself in the matter.— Yours faith-
THOS. NORTH CHRISTIE.

St. Andrews, Maskeliya, March 22qt[.

720

THE TROPICAL AGRICUL'fURlST.

i April i, 1897.

TEA CHESTS

In the nmltitude of counsellors there is safety.
Atul apart from the lo;al sup])ly of timber for
tea boxes — very limiteil, we fear— and the .sup-
idy from Japan, which, .some peoj)le tliiiih,
may any day be restrictel, it is a comfort
to think that so much is beinj; done in this
direction, both in Europe and America. At
the heal of the home list in importance must
be placed, the Clas<;o\v Acme Steel Cliest Com-
pany, which has already R'ot so j,' eat a hold
on Indian tea planters, that its Directors have
felt justified in seeming and erecting s)iecial
works for their operations, and are about to
increase the capital of the Com[)any. They
have got a most energetic capable Manager in
an Aberdonian <mntleman, who was trained iis an
Analyticil Cliemist ; but whose keen business
liabits liad attracted attention. Still, in his

first year he was able, as Chemist, to show
his Directors, how tliey con'd save £o00 a year
in tlicir maniimlation of the steel plates ; and
we may exitect the “Acme'’ peojjle to go
on improving their style of ch-’st which they
hojie erelong to turn out at the rate of a mil-
lion a year.

A tea box owned by a London Syndicate,
an I in the invention of which, an old Ceylon
planter, Mr. J. C. Roberts, was prominent, is
specially praised for the equal tares, it is likely
to secure, as well as for its lightne.ss and cheap-
ness. A special celluloid preiiaration is used,
tucked by very thin steel, and the steel amd
cardboard make the chests very Ilexii.le. Cut
an-oss in two, tliese are readily convertible
into half-chests. Dawson’s Raltie timber box
for tea is said to be both cheap and good ;
a?id so is a Canadian tea-chest, which it is
hoped to supply largely to India and Ceylon.
And lastly we have in our mid.st, as lately
announced in full detail, the \ enesta tea
clie.st. We liave heard remarks made as to
a recent testing ot these chests, on a Dimljula
estat“, that it is a pity that the rival boxes
were not filled with i)recisely the same quan-
titie-!, or rather weights, of say, dust tea, nml
tliat then the test applied could not prove otlier-
wise than equal and lair.

Tlie lime is, no doubt, approaching— say at
the next Agri-Horticultural ishow in Colombo—
when not only 'I’ea Machinery ol all descni)tions,
but all the varieties of tea chests can be shown
ainl even tested, to some e.xtent, simultaneously.
IVleantime, it is satisfactory^ to know that there
is no chance of a tailuic of supirly, nor yet of
a monopoly' in any' one dii'ection, in this im-
]>ortant item of a tea producers stock-in-tiude.

THE KALDTARA COMPANY, LIMITED.

The annual ordinary general meetiirg of the
above Com[)any was held at the Company' s
unices. No. 7 t^ueeir Street, Port, Colombo, on

the I8th March.

'I’he following is the report

: —

ACUEAGE.

Tea in hearing

.. 425 Acres

Tea not in hearing . .

• • 1d*> ]}

Arecanuts, Grass, Ac.

• • 7 ))

Forest • •

585
. . 499

Total

.. 1 Oil

The Directors have now the pleasure to sobrn t to
the Shareholders the Accounts for the period from
tst April to a 1st December, laoti

The Crop daring that period was 153,477 lb. Tea,
wbicii realized a net average of 3l)i cents per lb.

Af er lu.iking ample provision for depreciation of
Eiiildings and Maebiuery, there is a b alance at credit
of Profit and Loss Account on the nine months
working of R‘21,053'40, equal to 7 per cent per annum
on the Capilal of lha Company. After writing off
the whole of the preliminary expenses (K3,Di)5'99),
the balance available amounts to Rl7,057 -4l. Tiie
Direotors now recommend the payment of a Dividend
of 4 per cent, which will absorb RIO, 090 and leave
a balance of Rl,057’-4t to be carried forward to the
current season.

'J’he estimate for this year is 195,000 lb. Tea from
the 4'25 acres in bearing on an exiienditiu'e of
R 17,053-53, which includes a sum of 116, OJO to be
expended in manuring 120 acres.

Tlie C'timated expenditure on C.apital Account is
1132 33;) 11, which provides for the ujikeep of the 153
acres not in bearing, tlie planting up of additional
clearings, in extent 32 acre.q and the cost of a new
withering shed.

Mr. C. A. Leechman having retired from the Roard,
Mr. J. G. WarJropi was nominated to the vacancy
thus occasioned.

In terms of the Articles of Association all the
Directors now retire. Out are eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current
year will rest with the Meeting. — By order of the
Directors. Wiiittai.l A Go.

Colombo, 5th Mach 1897. A'jents and Secretaries.

INDIAN PATENTS.

The fees prescribed have been paid for the con-
tinuance of exclusive privilege in respect of the
iiaJennentioned inventions for the periods shown
ag.iiust each ; —

Impuoved itULLER I'ou Ricn, CoriEE, and Gjiai-n. —
No. 73 of 1892. — Edward Lennon Cantwell, civil
engineer and patent age t, of 6, Old Post Office
street Calcutta, for an improved ludler for rice, coffee,
and grain, and for scouring and cleaning rice,
wheat, and every discription of grain. (Eroin 1st
March 1897 to 1st March 1898.)

Imi’kovumen IS i.\ Tim sikthoi) or, and ai'I'ak.vt.is
VOlt, mtVlNO TEA l.KAl- A.NI) TllK TUKH. — No. 152 of 1892.
— Henry Tiiompson, engineer, ot Ipswich, in the
county of Suffolk, for improvements in the method
(f, and apparatus for, drying te.a leaf and the like.
I From 10th March 1897 to 10th March 1898.) — Indian
and Eastern Eui/ineer, March 20.

M.vnuring Tk.\ with Rulkv M.V.VUItltS.-
An experienced planter, now at home, wriies ; —
“ Ry the way ilidn’t I once iiieiitioii to yon
that when planters were maimriiig with bulky
manures, that groat care .'■hoiild be taken not to
cut the side roots. 1 have seen a great deal of
careles.s work done that way', and 1 can’t think
in a ease of that sort tlie manure is likely to
benefit the tree, wlien its feeding roots are cut.
Coolies are excessively careless when holing, ami
are eertaiii to cut large mimhers of roots uiile.-'.s
stiietly prohibited from doing .so. A kind of
special hoe .should he u.sed with blunted edge,
to draw the earth hack from the stem of the
tree wliere it enters the ground, imt to cut a
hole to deposit tlie mamtre in, for if the hole
is cut Avith a sharp holing mamotie, .'-licit as is
used in cutting roads or draiti.s, the huge side roots
are almost certain to be cut through.”

n C A p M i. Q 0 An essay ilesoribing a really
ULnl l'l OOi genuine ('itre for Dcafnes>-'.
Ringing in Ears A:c., no malterhow scA cre or long
standing, will he .sent iiost free. Artificial E u'-
drums and similar a]iplianccs entirelv superseded,
Address 'I'llU-MAS KEMl’E, Vin'oiti.v
UKlt.S, It), SOUTM.WII'TON P>UlM)li\(iS. 1 1 Ul.lg IRN ,
4 ON DON.

April i, 1897.J THE TROPICAL AGRICaLTQRIST,

721

BOWSTRING HEMP.

The |)lanb whiuh yields this libi'e is kiiowa
1) joanically as Snu'seuiera Zeiilaiiica, and to the
Natives of Ceylon as “ Niyanda.” The (i'ore is
l:ir.i;ely use I by blis Kan lyan people in the
miking of line coloured whips and mats, and
for such purposes the work of extraction is
d sne by manna! labour. Some attempts have
been male to grow the plant coinniereially and
for ex[)ort, and notably by Mr. C. Shand who, in
the time of coll'ee depre.ssion, worked up Sanse-
viera among other fibres but could not get it to
give a prolitablc yield of clean fibre. It should
be mentioned, however, that Mr. Shand used a
self-made and comparatively crude machine for
cxtiMcrion and that this fact may account for
Ids failure to grow the plant remuneratively.

Sauseviera is once more brought to the notice
of tropical jilanters and this time as a second
or catch crop on tea-land, to be grown on those
pirtionsof estates not required and not suitable
for tea. In this connection it forms the subject
of a bulletin, issued by the Government of
India, as one of their useful Agricultural Ledger
series of pulrlications. It is universally admitted,
says the bulletin, that such a crop is much
needed, and considerable attention has, of late,
been given to the subject, with the result that
Bowstring Hemp may possibly come to be so
cultivated. Rhea libre has also been si)okeu of
as a secou lary crop to tea, but Dr. \Vatt,
Iteporter on Economic Products to the Govern-
ment of India, states that there is room fur
botli fibres, that some districts might find Bow-
string Hemp more convenient and equally pro-
fitable to rhea, and that these are fibres which
will meet indenendent demands and can never
enter into competition.

On sample.s of Indian San.seviera fibre being sub-
mitted last year to Mr. T. H. Cliristy, he valued
the stufi" at £16 to £17 per ton, but added that
ha I the colour been bright whice instead of j'^ellow
he would have put down the value at £2J ])ar ton.
“ I'liis libre,” he remsi-ks, “will sell easily.”
Mr. C. E. Col Iyer, Reporter on fibres to the
Imperial Institute, states that with the present
1)W m irket for fibres lijwstring Hsmp equal to
the Indian sa!U[)les will not fetch more than
£23 [)er ton in London, but when more carefully
))repared and of the usual good strength and
colour the value will probably be ,£2o and up-
wards. In a subsequent report, IMr. Collyer
adds that the quality of the fibre will be much
improved by the use of suitable decorticating
machines and so far as any fibre has come to
market the best results have been from the im-
proved “ W. E. Death” machine which turns out
about 6 cwt. per day at a cost at least as small
as by any other system- Another important re-
mark miile by Mr. Collyer is to the effect that
•soil and climate have much to do with the quality
of the fibre as also does the choice of the right
variety of Sauseviera.

As regartls cultivation a note by a West Indian
pi, inter is the only inform ition which the bulletin
under review records. It appears that the plant
grows best in moderate shade in black soil ; the
propagation is easy from either cutting from stems
or from roots ; the plains should be about LS''
apart, and IS” between the rows; the soil should
be moist but not wet ; growth is much more
ru})id under shade than in the hot sun, ami the
(juility ot the fibre is better. The plants
are s I'.d to be re.idy for cutting in from 9 to
12 m ).ii.iii and may be cut at any season,
c-scjpo a:.'-*r a long drought when the

fibre is apt to bo harsh and tender. The
plaits attain nearly double the height in blac*^
soil ami shade compared with red .soil and in tfie
sun an I tlie fibre of the freely growing plant i.s
naturally much superior. Authoritie.s, however
wmld seem to differ a.s to the time when the
first crop could be taken, some being of opinion
that the first crop should not be taken till after
3 years, while others give 12 months as the time.
In a communication to the Ivew J-lulletin 3 000
jilants per acre is given as the rate of ijlantinc^
that IS planting 3' by 3', making allowance for
roa Is, Ac. Tfie estimates of crop also natiirallv
differ to some extent. Some authorities say that
4') lb. of fresh leaves 31 to 4 ft. loim <>-ive 1 I'b
ut clean fibre or over 1,630 lb. per acriT per cron
—two croiis being got in a year. Roxburgh es-
tiinntos tlie cro[) obDH.ini\blG for one aero at 1 613
lb. and that two such crops could be got in a year
iioni gooil soil iti fav'oiirable seasons and witli
plants of the proper age, that is U ton per
acre per annum at the end of 3 or years. *

Sauseviera Zeijiajiica grows luxuriantly in a
wild condition in many of the forests in Cevlon
rom whence it is collected by the natives
tor snch local manufactures as those already re-
ferred to. A trial with the plant on stiff soil in
the Matale district proved a failure, nor did
experiments with this and other varieties of
banseviera on .sandy soil and in the open succeed
on the premises o the Agricultural School in
Coloiubo-results which go to support the opinion
of the M e.<t Indian planter recorded above that
the pfant afiects shady localities and vegetable
soils, (conditions which are present in "forest
lands) the .Superintendent of the A^^rieultimal
School in 1S96 had .some rope made oSt of fib?e
extiacted from Sanseviera which was obtained
fiom the kuriinegala district, and submitted a

opinion through the
G own Agents for Ceylon. The report of Mr
ihonias Briggs_(which was published in the T
A of Oct. 1-S9,i) was to the following effect •—
‘ riie ropes or better calleil lines look very well and
would sed here as they are if snippeif in cMls^
All these. Nos. 1 and 2 {Sanseviera ZeyUinica and
l<oHrc)oija (riijantca) are worth about £20 per ton
delivered in London.” pei ton

3Ve have no doubt that some of our enterpris
ing planters wi 1 be inclined to give a fair trial
to bin.seviera as “second fiddle” to tea after
having satisfied themselves by reference 'to tbo
D.rector U.o Pe,acle„iya m =

I.est variety of the plant, from an economic
'S id’s i” tl.e lower ea

J^NAAD PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION

We e.xtract the following from the minutes of

Mlrdrla'"!*''’’"'

Coffee Pisses.— Road semi-official from
inten leat of Police M.ilabar, pomting out hof
important it is that p isses should b^a always
ra-ely mide out, as tbe system of nasses fa a
tor 111 the preveutioiiof Coffee stealing nn n ^*^5'
which planters would do wall to make the

sigua^tuTtom^tinLsTh^ 'cltte^rrl-omf oU

OuxraiiN OF Coffee.— Read f

lake R.N. The Hiuorafy
to tbi.ik Oipt. Oirslake for hr'leimr
out that Europeans are emoloved
measurement of coffee in the enrini
that seamless bags are obtainable thrSiigrthea'gems^

722

THE TROPICAT

AGRICULTURIS P.

but the Association think that it is pvactically im-
possible to arrive at any fixed standard of moisture
in coffee applicable to Wynaad, the Coast and London.

Thr Queens Juisilee. — Read circular proposing
the presentation of an address to Her Majesty by
the U. P. A. S. I. & draft of the same. Cordially ap-
proved.

Coffee Association. --Read circular on the proposed
formation of an Association to promote the sale of
coffee. Recorded.

New Member. — Mr. .7. W. Handly was elected a
member of the Associat'on.

THE UNION ESTATES COMPANY OE
CEYLON, LIMITED.

Tlie annual ordinary general nieating of the
above Company was held at the Coinpany'.s
Offices, No. 7 Queen Street, Fort, Colombo, at
1 p.ni. on Saturday, 27th Marcli, 1897.

The Directors’ report was as follows : —
.ACRK.VOE.

3 tS

• ^ cy

cu

H

Dea Ella

u

cJ

q;

U

d

P ^

.2 ti

1 ^ C

0 s

tuc ::

' o3

a

d

0

o.>

»■ cn

H

<o>

0

0

0

s

0

•1^

0

H

! 9

8

—

525

1,254

1,779

1 50

—

70

309

177

486

' 59

8

70

831

2,431

1,265

es of

tea are

inter

spersed

with

oconuts.)

The Directors have now the pleasure to submit to
the shareholders the accounts of the Gompaiiy far
the past year.

The tea crops considerably exceeded expectations,
having amounted to .705, 092 lb. against the estimate
of 265,000 lb. At dale aceoniits have still to be
received from London in connection with tho sale
of 36,515 lb. Hayes Estate Tea upon which a
reasonable estimate of value has been plac'^d. The
271,517 lb. for which account sales have been rendered
have realized a net average of 3/i cents per lb.

The cocoa crop amonuted to cwt. 52-0 18, which
realized only a net average price of R31S2 per cwt.

The cost of neliv. riug tlie crops into Colombo
amounted to R89,820 30 against the estimate of
R87,065. The excess of expenditure over e.stimate,
is fully acconuted for by the additional crop secured.

After making ample provision for depreciation of
Buildings and Machinery, the result of the year's
working, including a small balance from 1895, shews
a sum available for distribution of R23,0ll 09. The
Directors recommend a dividend of 7 per cent for the
year, which will absorb R‘22,100, and leave a balance
of R614'09 to be carried forward.

The question of improving the transport facilities to
and from the Estates has engaged much of the at-
tention of the Directors. Work on the Grant-in-Aid
road from Demyaya to Anningkaude is progressing,
and it is hoped that this section will be finished
about June. The Directors h.ave joined in an ap-
plication to further extend this road from Anniug-

/nHAFED skin, files, SCALDS, BRUISES,
C UTS, ST I NGS, N EU 11AL( 1 1C and K H E U-
MAITC PAINS, SORE EYES, EAR-ACHE,
TH ROAT COLDS, and SKIN AILMENTS quickly

CALVERT’S CARBOLIC OlMTlYiENT.

Large Pots ISjtl. each (English rate). Sold at
Chemists, Stores, Nc.

p. C- CALVERT & CO., Manche.ster.

[Appil I,

1897.

kaude to Hayes Factory, and it is hoped that work
on tins section will soon be commenced. So far the
application made for the improvement iff the Dea
Ella outlet has not been acceded to, bat the matter
has again been brought to the notice of Government.

ibe crops estimated for 1897 are 307,550 lb. tea
and /O cwt. cocoa, and tho expenditure on working
account is estimated at R93,388, wliicli includes ccs't
of manntaoturing 26,000 lo. tea for a neighbouring
estate. Tiie outlay on capital account is not yet esti-
mated, as it depends largely on the continuation of
the road to Hayes.

Mr G. W. Carlyon having resigned his seat on
the Board on leaving the Island, .Mr. Alex. Thomson
was appointed to fill the vacancy. Mr. W. D. Gibbon
retires by rotation and is eligible for re election.
Mr. Chas. louug has retired from the Board, which
vacancy it i-eat.s wit i the meeting to deal with.

An Auditor has to be appointed for the current
year. By order of the Directors.

Whittali. cSr Co.,

n 1 I , Agents & Secietaries.

Colombo, loth March, 1897.

GOW, WILSON A STANTON’S INDIAN AND
CEYLON TEA SHARE REPORT.

. London, E.C., 10th March, 1897.

Ihe uneasiness generally felt in regard to Europeau
politics naturaily tends to curtail investment buai-
uess, and inquiries for shares have consequently been
limited. Holders, however, have shown but little
desire to part with tlieir securities except at pre-
in cases where prices were
slightly reduced, iuvestor.s have generally come for-
ward to absorb anything offered.

J.he Indian inarKct has Ijeen very stroiir, during
the pa-st fortnight, a>.d owing to the scarcity of low
price grades, considerably better rates have been
obtainable for these, vviiile the good useful qualiiv
of the autumn crap is proving a source of revenue
to the tea gardens, owing to the high prices ruhuK for
this class of tea. Noi much of the season’s cron
now remains to be disposed of, and the recognition
ot this tact -has 110 doubt assisted to raise auota-
tioiis in the market.

.the Ceylon tea m.arkot has shown an advance
dining the fortnight, and the average price has re-
cently souiewhat improved. All tho lower grades of
wliole leaf tea are in strong demand at iinnroved
quotations. '■

Dividends.— Associated Tea I'lstates Co., an Interim
of 3 [ er cent on both preference and ordiiiarv. The
Eaesh River Co. nave declared a dividend o'f G ner
cent lor the year, 1896. ^

Ph.\\TiN(i IN NvAS.SAh.VNi).--\Ve are indelited
■ cm' - ^ "’eli-kiiowii pioneer planter

on the Shire II ighlaiui.s, B. C. Africa, for the
tollowing correetions and interesting information-
the Maj, reiiuieil to is the one appended to tlie
latest Keiiort of Commissioner Joliriston and
winch we reviewed in tiie T.A. Mr Moii
writes : —

It is pleasant to know you take so much interest
in our districts. There are some very funny thiims
about bir II. Johnston's Map. Five of my estates
^re missed out altogether of 11,000 or 13,0U0 acres
One (snrveyeci) in at Chiromo, and so perhaps more
or less out of the Map, one is certainly not snrvevod
yet. But two that were surveyed at the very same
time as several others which ii-e mapped, are not
in. And tlie I loneer estate, opened by H Bro vn
IS hkewi.se left om ; why. I cannot say
“ I daresay you would see that some of our coffee
(mine) ietc ied up to i06s 6d for peas : and 95s for
flat-j: out thU w.is rathor ovordned, as I fouud on
making careful experiments and weighings in London
lately, bo it had lost a little colour. We shrll d i
better yet. Things promise bettor for tho futuro '■

April i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICU L THRIS 1'.

723

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce).

Colomljo, Mar. 30lh, 1897.

Exchange ON London: Globing Hati s, y>’(i«A iSeUttiy
Rates: — On demand 1/3 1-lG; 4 nionllis’ 1/3 3-3’2;

(i months’ sight 1/34. Jiattk JJv.inna Rates: — Credits
3 months' sight l/3.j; 0 months’ sight l/i! .I 10. Doots
3 months sight 1/3 9-32; 0 months’ sight 1/3 11-32.

Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot
per bus., KlOaO Very scarce. Estate Crops in
Parchment, delivery no quotations. Plantation Estate
Coffee, I.o.b. on tVic spot per cwt. llSil’OO. Libej'ian
parchment on the spot per bushel, 119 00. Garden
and Chetty Coffee, f.o.b. ]>er cwt. n > quotations,
hiative Uoliee f.o.b. per c.vt. IIOT'OO Nominal.

Tea. — Average Prices ruling during the week Broken
Pekoe, per lb. 19c. Pekoe R- 39c. Pekoe Sou-
chong per lb. 30c. Broken niixd and Dust, per lb.
21c. Averages of Wednesday’s sale.

Cinchona Bauk. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
per lb 03c. — 1 to 5%

Cardamoms. — per lb, B2'50.

Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. no quatations.
Dealers’ oil per cwt. Itl2'7;'). Coconut oil in ordinary
packages f.o.b. per ton R300 00 to 29.3'OU.

Copra. — Per candy of .560 lb. K36’00 to 45 00
Coconut Cakf. : (Poonac) f.o.b. (native)per ton. K67 50.
Cocoa. — Unpicked and undried, per cwt. B46 00.

ri V -NT 1 4 Q I Kogaila B 1 S'OO
COIB Parn.-Nos. 1 to

Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. Out of season.

Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb. do
r B iNY. — per ton No sales.

Plumbago : — Large Lumps per ton, R330'|

Ordinary Lumps per ton, R390 > Very firm.

Chips per ton, R170. Dust per ton, IllO,))

Rice. — Soolye per bushel, ( R3'55 to 3'89
,, per bag, (R9 00 to 10'90
Pegu and Calcutta Calunda R9'85 to ll'OO
Coast Calunda per bushel, E3'60 to 4.10
Multusamba per bushel, R3 G3 to R4'20.

Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel, IISGS to 3'65.
Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag — IUl’50 to 12‘00

Freights.

® 6 B
0 0 h

0 u

-4-»

05

0 H

* a
X) 0 ,

Cargo.

"M* rC CO
• .

S § ©

CL

0 03

H u
0

U) cc
<l>

’■r >-<
H p4

sr* CD
rS

s. d.

s. d.

ft, (h

R. c.

s. d.

Tea

20/

31/3

22/G

25

20/

Coconut Oil

20/

31/3

22/0

25

‘20/

Tlunibago

17/6

f)l 3

22 6

25

20/

Coconuts in bags

20/

31.3

22/0

25

20/

Other Cargo

20/

31/3

22/0

25

20/

Broken Stou'age

10/

, ,

• .

, •

• «

SAILERS.

Coconut Oil

, ,

30/

, ,

, ,

Plumbago

. .

28y9

. •

• •

. •

LOCAL MARKET.

By Mr. A. M. Chittambalam, 7, Baillie St., Fort

Colombo, Mar. 3ist, 1897.
bcarce per Imshel
(Nuniinal)lll3'2.5 to 13'.50 do
H0.3‘0U to OU'OO per cwt
1170 -OU to 71-00 do
111-2-50 per biLshel (nominal)
RH3-00 to 04 00 per cwt
R1‘50 to 2 per lb (iiomin;il)
R30’00 to 40'i.O per cwt do

Garden Parchment
Chetty do
Native Coffee Scarce
do f.o.b. do
I.iberian Parchment,
do Coffee
Cardamoms.—

Cocoa. — (nominal)

Rice. — Market is quiet
Kazla
Soolye
Callunda

Coast Callunda (.Scarce)
Kara

Muttusamba

Cinnamon.— Quoted Nos.
03 cents per lb (nominal)

(Scarep)

R9"25 to 10 per bag
(Scarce)

S'OO to 3'70 per bushel
o'aO to 3'tio do
3 -62 to 3 '37 do
1 to 4, at 60c and Nos. 1 and

Chh’S. — RS.5'00 to 37-50

Coconuts.— Ordinary R32 to 3S per 1,000 (nominal)

do Selected 40 to 44 do ds

Coconut Oil— 13’U0 to 13-37 per cwt do

Copra. — ^larket .steady :
Kalpi tiya
Marawila
Cart Copra
Poonac.— Gingelly
Chekku
Mill (retail)

Kbony. — quotations at
Satinwood.— cubic feet
Hai.milla.— do
Kitui. Fibre.- Quoted f
Palmyra Fibre.— Quote

R41 to 42 per candy
38 to 40 do

33 to 30 do

8.J to 90 per ton
95 to 100 do

70 to 75 do

RIOO to 1119.5 (nominal)
2-00 to 2-2.5 do

1"25 to 1-50 do

rt R28-00 per cwt (nominal)
d nominally : —

Jaffna Black. — Cleaned (Scarce)

do Mixed 1110-00 to 17-00 per cwt.

Indian do R7-00 to 9-00 do

Do Cleaned 10-00 to 14-00

Sapan Wood.— Quoted 45-00 to 50 00 per ton
Kerosine Oil— American 7 -.50 to 7-55 per case
(10 Bulk Russian 2-72 to 2 77 per tin
do Russian in Cases P.5 -9.') to ,5-95per case
Kapok. — Cleaned f. o.b :— R'9-00 to 30 00 per cwt

(1.)

Uncleaned

Scarce

do

Croton

.Seed

do

do

Nxu Vomica

2-.50 to 3-00

<U>

CKYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION

1896-97.

Cl -c O
--

iri - I':

AC ^

cc o 7* <r:i

c 1^ o

CO ir, L-

CO fi

g '

(M -rp
Ci O O

CO c:

CO I-

CO rp

•o c-

• 1- a

5o ^

CO Cft
fM O
SI M

fM

L': — <

aD o

I'* Ci

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724

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[April i, 1897,

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AMO NSW PROOUd'S.

(From Lewis (6 Peat's Fortnightly Prices Onrrent, Lowlon, March l<)th, 1S97.)

QUALITY.

QUOTATIONS.

ALOES, Soccotriue

Fair to tine dry

I4s a 120s

Zanzibar A: Hepatic

Common to good

Us a 70s

BEES’ W.\X,

Zanzibar & ( IVliite ..

Good to tine

7 a 68

Bombay 1 Yellow...

Fair

fO a/ .60 10s

.VTaur tuis Sc -Vladagascar..

Dark to good palisli .

Co 12 0 a 60 2/0

CAMPHOR, China

Eair average quality ...

Uf'S

Japan

CARD.A.MOMS, Malabar..
Ceylon.— Mysore

, . . . noiu. . .

Clipped, bold, brigiit,tine
-Middling, stalky & lean

120s

3s a 3s Id
2s Od a 2s lOd

Eair to tine plump

3s a Is

See IS

4«

,, Tellicherry..

joott to finr

2s Oil a 3s

Brownish

2s

Od

„ Long

Shelly to good

2s Gd a 2s 8d

.. Mangalore .

^ : A HTO U OIL, Calcutta . .

Med brown to good bold

3s Od a 3s Od

Ists and 2nds

3=

d a lid

Madras

3.

CHI' T. IRS. Znnzioai ..

Dull to line bright

2cs a 37s 6d

CINCHONA BARK.—

Ceylon

Ledgeriana t hips

Id a 3J,d

Crown, Renewed . .

2d a I.ld

Grg. Stem

1,

hi a 3d

Hybrid Root

•>

:d a 2,(d

DIN N .1 MO.'' , Ceylon 1st:-

Chip

1.

:d a 2d

Ordinary to fine quill...

1

..d a Is Od

2ih1'

10,)d a Is nd

3rds

10,', li a Is Id

Iths

9,

d a Is Id

C'lili s

Eair to gO'id

'll a 3fd

CLOVES, Penang

Gull to tine bright bold

l!d a l"d

Amboyna

Dull to tine

3d a lid

Ziinzibar 1

Good and tine bright

O'lOd a 2-jd

and Pemba /

Comiuuu ui L to fair

n

d a 2 3-lOd

Stems

Eair

ii

OOCUI.IIs iM.lCUS ...
CORE EE

Eair

a Os

Ceylon Plantation

BoM to flue hold coloiy

1 IGs a 127s

-Middling to fine mid

UOsa ills

Lowmiti. and low grown

LOIS a iOSs

Smalls

,)2s a 90s

Native

Good ordinary

70S a 80s

Liberian

Small to hold

'5s a 80s

COCOA, Ceylon

Bold to fine hold

72s Od a 82s Od

Medium and fair

05s a 70s

Iriage to ordinary

iOs a 00s

COLOMBO I'.OOl’

Fair to good

20s a Z2S Od

COIR ROPE, Ceylon ...

nominal

Cochin . .

Ordinary to fair

610 a f to

EIBRE, Brush

Ord. to tine long straight

610 a 621

Cochin ...

Ordinary to good clean

615 a 621

Stutling

Common to fine

66 a 60 IOs

COIR YARN, t eylon . .

Common to superior

612 a 620 iOs

Cochin ..

.. very tine .

612 a. 634

do.

Roping, fair to good

610 IOs a 613

CROTON SEEDS, sated..

Eair to good

86s a 80s

CUICH

Eair to tine dry

c 3d a 32s Gd

OHNUl'.lt. Bengal rough

Eair

15s Od

Calicut, Cut A

Good to fine bold

70s a 85s

B & C

Small and medium

32s a 67s 6d

Cocliin Rougn...

Common to tine bold

27s a 3Us

Small and D’.s

IOs a 25s

Japan

Unsolit

i8s

ail.M A.M.MONIACUM ..

Sin. blocky to tine clean

L7

s a 3G.S Od

ANI'G, Zanzibar...

Picked tine pale in sorts

610 7s Od a 613

Part yellow' and mi.xed

e

17/0 a61U 10s

Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
-Med. Si bold glassy sorts
E’air to good palish

lOs a 67 12,0
65 10s a 67 10s
00.S a 137s Od

Madagascar ...

61 8s a 60 I5s

. , . , veil

.4 5s a 60

ARABIC E.I.& Adin ...

Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to tine pale
Good and tine pale

50s a G2sod

Ghatti ..

20s a 55s

Kurrachee

■j5s a O.'is

Reddish to pale selected

35s a I5s

Madi-as ...

Dark to line pale

3is od a I5s

ASSAFCETIDa

Clean fr to gd. almonds

IOs a, SOS

Ord. stony and blocky

30s a 37s

KINO

Fine hriglit

61.5 a 65.')

MlUKlf, picked ..

Fair to fine pale

80s a 90s

Aden sorts

Middling to good

33s a 0.7s

OLIBANUM, drop

Good to line wiutc

•jls a 00s

Middling to fair

2Us a 3 is

pickings

l.ow' to good pale

Us a 12s Od

siftings

Sliglitly foul to fine ...

Os Od a Us

IIDIAHUBBEB, Assam

Good to tine

is lOd a 2s Id

Common to foul A mxil.

3d a Is Od

Rangoon

E’air to good clean

is Id a 2s Id

JBoi'lieu O'

Coumion to fine ,,

Is Id a Is bd

INDIAllUBBER, (Contd).
Java, Sing. & Penang

Mozambi<iue

Madagascar
INDIGO, K.I.

MACE, Bombay, & Penang

M YKABOLAN ES, Madras
Bombay

Bengal

NUTMEGS-

Bombay & Penang

NUTS, All EGA
NUX VUiUCA Bombay
Madras

OIL OE ANISEED
CASSIA
I.EMONGKASS
NUT.MEG
CINNAMON
CmiONEJJ.E
ORCHELLA WEED—
Ceylon
Zanzibar.

PEPPER (Black)—

Alleiipee & Tellicherry
Singapore

Aclieen & W. C. Penang
PLUMBAGO, lump

chips

dust

SAPELOWER

SANDAL WOOD—

Bombay Logs
Chips
Madras. Ja)gs
hips

SAPAN WOOD, Bombay
Madras
Manila
Siam

SEEDLAC
SENNA, Tinnevelly

SHELLS, M. O’PEARL—
Bombay

Mu.ssel
TAMARINDS, Calcutta
Madras ..
TORT'OISESIIELL—

Zanzibar and Bombay

TURMERIC, Bengal
-Madras
Do.

Do.

Cochin

P’oul to good clean
Good to tine Ball
U'dinary to fair Ball
Low .saiuly Ball
Sau.sage, fair to good
f.iver and livery Ball

QUOTATIONS.

Is ;!d a is 3d
is id .a is Od
Is id a is P|d
lOd a- Is Id
Is td a, is .'i^d
Is 3;d a is Ud

tv..v. ......J LO .J,;. IL

Er to tine pinky & whitens ltd a is .SI
Eair to good black [Is 3d a Is lOd
Niggers, low to good. TOtlals'id
Bengal --

Sliipping mid togd violet Is Id a .“is Id
Consuming micl. to gd. 3s Id a Is Id
Ordinary to mid. good
■Mid. to good Kurpah
Low to ordinary
Mid. to good IMadras
Pale reddisli to line
Ordinary to fair
Chips anil daik
Dark to tine pale UG
Eair Coast
Jubblepore
Bhimlies
Rhajpore tfec.

Calcutta
UI’s to 57’s
112’s to 67’s
IGO's to 130's
Ordinary to fair fre.“h
Oldinary to middling
Eair to good bold fresh
.Small ordinary and fair
Eair merchantable
.recording to iinalysis
Good flavour & colour
I'ingy to white
Ordinary to fair sweet
Bright a good flavour

2s 8d a 3s 2d
2s a 2s lod
Is 3d a Is lid
Is Ida 2s (id
Is 9d a 2s Od
Is Id a Is 8d
Is Id a Is Gd
3s Od a .')3 Od
43 Od
Is a 7s
Is 3d a 8s Od
Is a 7s
Is a Os
.Is a 3s 2d
Is Id a 2s Hd
Od a Is
12s a 14s
■Js a Os Gd
is a 7s Od
Os Od

Os 7^d a Os Od
Os Od a O.s,

2jd

3i<l a Id
Id a 1 s 3d
Is Ijd a Is 2d

.Slid, to tine not woody
Picked clean flat leaf
,, wiry Mozambique

Eair

Eair

Dull

Eair

to bold heavy

to tine

to tine bright bold
liddling to good small
'uH to tine bright
Ordiiui.ry to tine bright
Good to tijio jjinky
-Middling to fair
Inferior and pickings

Eair to line flavour

Eair to good flavour
inferior to tine
L.e .11 to good
Good average
Rough t>i rooty to good
bold smooth

lOs a 12s Od
lUs a 15s
it s a lis

Ord. dusty to gd. soluble Os a 80s
Good to tine bold green
Eair midtiling medium
Common dark and small

Bold and A’s

D's and B’s

.Small

.Small to bfdd
.Mid. to tine bl'k not stony
Stony anti inferior

2?d a 3d
lolOd
i.ld a 2 U-lOd
las a 17s0'.l
3s Od a 13s
is Gda is 9d
2s a Os
8js a 00s
8US

00s a Gjs

020 10s a €o0
•is a .-03
i:3o a c:o
-la .US
ei a fa
fl a i5 noni,
1.4 lOsaf a las
cO a c7

III a 8il
2id a lid
ill a 2d

VAMLLOES—

Mauritius and I Ists
Bourbon ... / 2iid.s
.Seychelles 3rds

VERiMLIAGN

WAX, Jajian, squaro3

Small to bold dark
mottle part heavy
Eair

Eiiiger fair to tine bold
Mi.\ed inidliig. [ bright
Bulbs
Einger
Buliis

Gd. cry.sallizeil 37 a 0 in.
Eoxy ic reddish IJ a S ,.
Lean and inferior
Eine, pure, bright

Good white lurd

i'l las a .f 5 as
tl 7s Od a t'5
. 3 17s td a ,64 os
21s a 67s Od
s a 8s
Is a Gs

10s a 22s Od

OsOd
13s a l.5s
I2s a 13s
8s a Os
IDs

Os Od a 7s Gd

10s Od a 33s
17s a 22s
10s a lOs
. 2s lid

ails tv 109

AGRKJULTURAL OlAGAZinG,

COLOMBO.

Ad(hd as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRIGULTURISTT

The following pages include the Contents of the Ayricultaral Alajazine
for April : —

Vol. VIII.] APRIL, 1897. [No. 10.

SEASON EEPORTS FOR FEBRUARY.

E 8 T Eli N FRO TTNC E.—l\ich\y.
Malm Imrvest over, and prepara"
lions going on for i'ala sowing"
Fruits scarce, vegetable sujiply
good except in Negombo district-
Rainfall light. Maba crops good'

Central Frovmce. — Paddy. Alalia cro^ being
bnrvested or nearing maturity, except in Uda
Ilewaheta and VValapane, wlieie cultivation has
just commenced. Prospects good except in Uda
Bulatgama. Dry grain crops goodlor fair, but not
satisfactory in Alai ale owing to damage by rain.

Northern Province. — Paddy. Kalapokam 1897
harvested, crop good in Alannar, somewhat damag-
ed by rain in Jaffna and Alullaittivu. Cattle
murrain still prevailing in Tunukkai.

Southern Province. — Paddy. Alaha harvest on,
and preparations going on for yala, crops fair.
Fruits and vegetables scarce.

Eastern Province. — Paddy. Alunmari crops har-
vested, outturn good except in some places where
damage was done by hoods of the previous
months.

North-Western Province. — Paddy. Alaha crop
in various stages but harvested in many parts,
yield and prospects generally good.

North-Central Province. — Paddy. Crop in vari-
ous stages, but a good harvest is anticipated. A
few occasional cases of murrain in ICalagam
palata.

Province of Uva. — Paddy. Yala crop gathered,
yield good. Cultivation for malm commenced.
Fruits and vegetables plentiful and cheap. A few
Cftses of cattle murrain in Kendagolla village.

Province of Sabaragamuwa.—VaMy. Afaha har-
vest good both in the Ratnapura and Kegalle di -
tricts Dry grain crops satisfactory except in
Kadawata and Aleda Korales owdng to drought.
' ♦

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OP
AGRICULTURE DURING THE AIONTII
OF AIARCH, 1897.

1

Alonday

Nil

19

Fridaj'

Nil

2

Tuesday

Nil

20

Saturday

Nil

3

Wednesday . .

•04

21

Siiuday

Nil

4

Thursday

•Oo

22

Alonday

Nil

o

Friday

Nil

23

Tuesday

Nil

6

Saturday

•56

24

AFednesday. ,

Nil

7

Sunday

Nil

25

Thursday . .

Nil

8

Alondajf

Nil

26

Friday

Nil

9

Tuesday

Nil

27

Saturday , .

Nil

10

AVednesdaj^ . .

•24

28

Sunday

•30

11

Thursday

•08

29

Alonday

Nil

12

Friday

Nil

30

Tuesday

Nil

13

Saturday

Nil

31

AYednesday, ,

Nil

14

Sunday

•53

1

Thursday . .

Nil

15

Alonday

•55

16

Tuesday

Nil

Total. .

2-35

17

Wednesday . .

Nil

Alean. .

•07

18

Thursday

Nil

Greatest amount

of rainfall in 24 hours

on

the 6th instant inches "56.

Recorded by A. R. Jeremiah.

^ —

GREEN AlANURING AND MIXED
CROPPING.

Air. Ewart of Atchencoil, Shencotta, in writing
to assays:—" It may interest you to know that
Dadap loppings have been tried as green manure
and the result has been an increase of some 30 per
cent in paddy.” This is the Erythrina lithospei-ma
used together with E. indica (erabadu) asshade fon

726

Supplement to the Tropical i\gricult\u'ii<ty

[Aphil 1, 1897.

cocoa in Ceylon plantations. We liuve lieard of
the foliage of the latter — a common native hedge
plant — being used for green manure in parts of
the Island, as well us the leaves of Ivepititiya
(Croton laccifermn), Tejyhrosin tinctoria (pila),
Callicarjia lanata (ilia) and other trees. In
India, plants that contain a milky juice such as
Calotrojns yujantea (wara) and the milk hedge
(Euphorbia are .‘specially preferred by the

ryot, but besides these various otlier plants are
favourite manures. The following are among
those which are most generally employed in
India, or are supposed by the natives to have some
special manurial value : Adhatoda vanca (Ada-

thoda), Calotropis (jiyantoa (wara), Casmi auri-
culata (Ranawura), sjiecies of Datura, Dodoncea
viscosa (Eta werula), Indujofera })aucifolia, Jatro-
pha curcas (Rata endaru), Melia azadriach,
Mirabilis jalapa (Sendriku), Ocimum sanctum
(Maduru Tala), Ponyamia ylahra (magiil karanda).
in parts of India Adhatoda vasica is largely
used as a vegetable manure for paddy-fields, and
it is believed to possess the property of destroying
low forms of aquatic vegetation as well us of pro-
tecting crops against insect attack, it r\ould
appear that a number of the so-called green leaf
manures in use are selected for certain i>roperties
they possess which are inimical to insect life.
Apart from their action as fertilizers, green crop
manures are valuable agents in improving the
mechai’.ical condition of both cla^^eyand sandy
soils, and we believe that by a judicious selection
of green crops and leaves, the village cultivator
w'ill be in uposition to mateiially improve his
laud and increase the yield of his
crops. The reference to the result of grei n
leaf manure with which this note opens only goes
to prove this latter fact. In the light of
our present knowledge of the mode of nutiition of
leguminous crops, we would ad\ isedly look for our
green crop fertilizers among the members of this
order of plants — to w hich erabadu, dadap, ilia,
pila, indigo, ranawara, and magul karunda (the
plants already referred as being commonly used
for the purpose) belong. So far the cultivator
has had to base his choice on his own e.x-
perience and that of previous generations. He
will now be able to add to his list of green leaf
manures by further additions from the legumi-
nosie.

In this connection we would make reference
to the benefits of mi.ved cropping, not carried out
in the slip-shod manner which we find our culti-
vators adopting in their chenas, but regularly
and in order, as it should be. The .Superinten-
dent of the Poona Farm has been e.xperimenting
with Dhall (Cajanus indicus) as a nursing and
foraging plant for cereal and fodder crops. It is
advised that dhall should be planted four
feet apart and the principal crop grow'ii in rows
between it. Dhall occupies the land about eight
months ; it has enormous root develojunent and
resists drought in a remarkable degive. Its long
tap roots penetrate the soil and collect plant food
there. All the leaves fall as the crop ripens, and
these litter enriches the surface soil, while the roots
enrich the soil with nitrogen got from the atmo-
sphere. These characters place Dhall in the fore-
front us a rotation croj) and as one of the plants
that should be chosen for mixed cro].jiing, ])ar-

ticularly in cereal cultivation, whether for grain or
fodder. The Indian Ayriculturist, referring to
the Poona experiments, truly remarks that
leguminous crop-; of the jiapilionaceous sub-
order are the best to rotate with cereals,
because through the influence of bacteria
existing in the tubercles on the roots of these
puke crops, irce nitrogen is taken from the
atmosphere andconveried into an organic com-
pound of nitrogen. This combined or organic
nitrogen becomes available ns plant-food as the
root residues of leguminous cro].s decay in the
soil. “ The growth of leguminous crops with
cereals in rotation, or, as is more common in
India, as a mixed crop”, says our Indian contem-
poraiy, “ has probably done more to raise the
fertility of Indian soils than any other cause.” It
is a fact that many of the jjaiiilionaceje are not
only laseful as rotation or mixed crops, but also
provide excellent green fodder for milch or other
cattle.

We believe that much good can be done by
teaching cultivators how to make use of green
leaf and croj) manures, to the best advantage and
persuade them to adopt an a])proved system of
mixed cro]iping in their chenas, using such a
fertilizing croj) as dhall, which, at the same time,
will add materially to the poor stock of food at
the disposal of the villager in the remoter parts
of the Dhuid,

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

Hr. .Alenon, of the College of Agriculture, Sai-
dapet, and at one time connected with the
Colombo School of Agriculture, paid us a visit
last moiitli on his way hack from England to
India. Hr. Henon has been spending some two
years at the iiriucijml agricultural centres in
Great Britain and on the Continent, and has de-
rived a deal of valuable exjierience thereby.

The students composing the new' Forestry class
are Hessrs. Fontyn, Jvarunaratne, 11. S. Dias, R.
de Silva, L. ilendis and H. A. Fernando. The
work of the class commenced on the 1st prox.

Preparations are in i.rogress for a trial with
imported varieties of Indian paddies, The
plougliing which is now going on is being done
with a light iron plough made locally.

The “ Green Bank dairy in Jail Rood w'hich was
started a month ago on a small scale is, we hear,
being gradually extended. The increase in the
number of belter clas.-; dairies goes to prove that
there is a ri.sing demand for good milk in the city,
and also that dairying if intelligently carried on is
a remunerative industry.

DR. KOCH’S INVESTIGATIONS INTO
THE CAUSE OF RINDERPEST.

INTRODOCTOHY.

The Agricultural and Veterinary Journals are
largely occuined with the subject' of rinderpest
which has been once again brought prcminentlV
into notice by the devastation that the plague
has caused in South Africa. It will be remem-

Ai’iiir. 1, 1897.]

SupplonoiL to the “ Ti'opical Agriculturist."

727

bered tlint the Cnpe Government engaged the ser-
vices of Dr. Koch, the eminent Derlin .scientist, to
study the plague on the spot with a view to dis-
covering a preventative and cure for the disease.
Dr. Koch established his laboratory and ex-
perimental station at Kimberley, and his tw'o
preliminary reports have already been published
in full. With us, outbreaks of rinderpest are a
common experience, and every year sees largo
numbers of cattle carr-ied away, so I hat the })Osi-
tion of the native cultivator becomes more or more
difficult, and he is not merely left })Oorer by
the loss of his stock, but also by the crippling of
his resources in the cultivation of his land : for how
often may not the remark of the Government
Agent of the North-Central Province in the Janu-
ary Season lleports be repeated as to other parts of
the Island : “ The severe murrain of last year

causes great scarcity of buffaloes for agricultural
vt'ork” f And yet, what has been done in the wuiy
of dealing with the scourge ? Where is the acti-
vity that should characterize the efforts to cope
with the plague? Any enquiry into the pos.sibi-
lity of discovering a preventative and cure for
rinderpest is of such importance and so nearly
concerns us, that we make no apology for sur-
pressing a good deal of the matter that should
have occupied the pages of the present number,
and devoting a great part of this issue of the
Magazine to the reports on the investigations
referred to : and we have no doubt that

most of our readers will be thankful for the infor-
mation which we are able to afford them. It is said
that the Koyal Society has also taken up the en-
quiry, so that there will be no lack of talent
among the scientific workers wdio will be associ-
ated in the search tor a remedy for the plague.
"We must, however, not forget to give the credit that
is due to those who have already done so much
good work wdthin the last few years in examining
into the cause of rinderpest, viz., Dr. Edington,
Veterinary Surgeon llutcheon, and Dr. Simpson,
the Health Officer of Calcutta. We should men-
tion that-weare indebted to the official Agriculiural
Journal of Cape Town for the text of Dr. Koch’s
reports.

DR. koch’s first report.

Dr. Koch's first report, dated Kimberley, Decem-
ber 9th, 1896, is of a preliminary character and does
not deal with his own investigations. He states
thei’e that he put himself in communication with
Doctors Turner and Edington and Veterinary Sur-
geon llutcheon, and refers to his visit to the re-
search station of Dr. Edington situated at Taungs.
The following is his description of his experience
in his own words : —

“ Havins arrived there on the morning of the
6th (December 1896), I visited the laboratory and
saw the arrangements made, its experimental
animals, prepared siiecimens and cultivations. Of
the animals, one had died during the night of
5th to 6th, according to Dr. Edington’s state-
ment 23 days after having contracted rinder-
pest, and two more were sick. The autopsy which
was made soon afterwmrds by JMr. Robert-
son showed that it had succumbed most probably
to a secondary infection, starting in the tonsils.

A short time after this post-mortem examina-
tion was finished, at 12-30 p.m., one of the two
animals that were sick died. This one was also
iuunediately dissected by Mr, Robertson. This

examination revealed the characteristic lesions of
rinderpest in a comparatively early stage. Of
both these animals dissected b'ood, mucus, and
pieces of the internal organs W’ere collected and
preserved, partly moist and partly dry. In the
afternoon we inspected five head of cattle, which
in the meantime were brought from Kafir kraals
lying westward from the railw’ay-station at
Taungs. One of these appeai'ed to be recently
attacked. After having purchased the same we
withdrew from its left jugular vein a fair
amount of blood for experimental purposes.

On the 7th inst. I drove with my companions
to the town of Taungs, where I was told I
would find a large number of diseased cattle.
Ilowev'er, I did not see one beast in the town, as
all the c.aftle were driven by the inhabitants into
the mountains. Government Veterinary Sur-
geon Soga informed me that the people living
in Taungs had lost already 20,000 head of cattle
from the pest, and thought to save the remainder
best by driving them far away. I consequently
returned at once to Dr. Edington’s experimental
station. The animal which wo had brought the
day before was then killed and dissected. The
organs sliowed the characteristic appearances of
rinderpest. From this animal material for exami-
nation and infective purposes was likewise
taken. After having seen .some more cases in an
advanced state of rinderpest, and having ob-
tained mucus from a newly-diseased animal, I
returned during the night from the 7th to the 8th
to Kimberley, accompanied by Drs. Turner and
Kohlstock, and Mr. Henning.

Twenty head of cattle, twenty sheep, and twenty
goats were in the meantime purchased. Of this
number eight head of cattle were infected with
the material brought from Taungs in such a
manner that small sponges soaked in infected
liquid were put into the nostrils, and then also
the muzzle was painted over with the same sponge.
To watch the animals and to superintend the
persons employed in connection with the ani«
mals, Mr. Henning remained in the compound|
and will continue to stay there for the time
being.

From what I have seen till now cf the cattle
lilague in the Cape Colony, I have no hesitation
to say that the disease is the genuine rinder-
pest. With reference to the micro-organisms
found and cultivated by Dr. Edington, I could
hitherto not arrive at any definite c nclusion.
Tile infection trials performed with these culti-
vations appear to me not demonstrative, and
1 must consequently reserve my opinion concern-
ing them until I have personally carried out e.x-
periments with them.”

DR. koch’s second report.

The 2nd report, dated Kimberly, January 3td,
1897, after detailing the arrangements made for
laboratory work and microscopical examination,
proceeds :

'• Of the small experimental animals, sheep and
goats are sheltered underneath the verandah
along the stables, and tw'o dogs are tied to poles
underneath the verandah along the rear wall of
the house. Birds, rabbits, mice, guinea pigs and
pigs are housed in cages standing partly along-
side the stable walls, and partly in open sheds.
In the latter i.s also fastened a donkey and a,
fljttle, of which the former is only use4 {op

728

Supplemeni io the “ Tropical Agriculturist.'”

[Aphil 1, 1897.

l)erimeiits, \vliile U>e lalter serves nt the same
time for drawing the trucks and tlie trolley, upon
which the dung and the carcases of animals are
carried away.”

The report here goes on to indicate the ]>re-
cautionary measures enforced to keep all animals
which have recovered from rinderpest quite ajiart
from those to be operated on and those which
are being experimented with, so as to avoid the
possibility of spontaneous infection. The method
of work in taking temperatures and other details
are carried out in such a way that “ we consider
any cliance of transferring ihe j)est impossible.”

On the 22nd December Dr. Koch visited Tafel
Kop Farm, in the Orange Free .State, where he saw
23 out of a herd of 120 animals in various stages
of rinderpest. From tl.e diseased animals he
gathered mucus wliich was diipping from the
nose and mouth, and also some bile and blood
from two which were i)reviou.-ly slaughtered.
In addition to this, .‘■pecimens of organs were
collected for microscopical examination and
inoculation purposes.

On the 29th another visit was paid to two
farms, at one of which 33 out of a herd of 06 had
already succumbed, and at another where 40 out of
a head of 140 had been cirried of. At both pi ices
the living cattle showed in various stages
of the disease. From a baa.'^t which had shor.ly
before expired, specimens of blood were taken for
examination. “ Besides the materials for scienti-
fic research, both these visits afforded an interest-
ing study of the nature, manner of spreading, and
course of rinderpest.”

“Our inoculation experiments performed hither-
to had so far chiefly the object in view to dis-
cover an efficient method of transmitting the
scourage of healthy animals, as the modes for-
merly in vogue cannot be considered satisfactory
in this respect. They consisted in rubbing into
the nostrils or bringing into the snbculis by means
of setoning needles excretions fr.nn the diseased
• animal’s body, such as .slime running from the
nose, the watery discharges from the eyes, and
even evacuations from the intestinal canal. In
doing so, the result was either uncertain in its
consequences or the disease was from the start
complicated with sepsis through being introduced
into the system septic matter. The correctness
of this assumption wm.s also currobo ated in my
own e.xperiments. As mentioned already in my
previous report, we at first put the infective
material in the nose and upon the mucus rame-
brane of the mouth. The effect of this was
that of eight animals treated in this way with
material from Taung.s, only one, that afterwards
became the starting jioint for a whole series of
experiments, contracted the disease. Of the second
batch of animals, three in number, infected with
slime from Tafel Kop, likewise only one took the
pest. Taking into consideration the experience
gathered in former epidemic outbreaks ot>inder-
pest, it occurred tr me that a modm operandi
superior in every respect w'ould be to inject blood
liypoderinically. For when blood is taken during
the earlier stages of rinderjiest, it does not con-
tain any sceptic matter, but simivly the contagion
of rinderjiost. This sup])o..-ition has as yet shown
itself perfectly justiliable. We have inoculated
io the dewlap live iuiiojuls with defibrinuteU

blood, and they contracted the disease wi;hoiit
exceplion after a period of incubation lasting from
three to five days. Four of these animals have
already succumbed, showing at the autopsy all
appearances of rinderpest. One of them recovered
after having been very ill, and will be utili.sed
for immunisation experiments.

I purpo.'C in making such successive injections
of blood from one animal to another to get a
series of infections, wdiich will always supply me
with fresh materials for examination. We think
it best to have two such series, viz., one with
material from Taungs, and another one w’ith such
brought from Tafel Kop. To make these experi-
ments not too exiiensive we shall in each series
only infect one animal at a time.

Experiments were also made with bile, xvhich
wa.s taken from auimals that had succumbed to
rinderiiest, and which we injected in the sub-
cutaneous tissue. The motive for sj doing wms
because a mixture of bile with blood or other
liquids was said to be sometimes used by Free
State farmers, and also the circumstance that in
the bile of most of the cases examined 1 have
found in pure cultivation a bacterium, which
according to the description ])ublished iscomforma-
ble with Ihe microbe tliscovered by Dr. Simpson in
Calcutta, and declared tobethecau.se of rinder-
pest. All these expieriments with bile, however
had negative results. ’

We are cmseqiie.itly jus ilied iu siy iig th.it
bile does not contain I ho contagion of iiiuferpesv
and that Simpson’s bacteria cannot be consider-
ed to be the microbe of rinderpest. All efforts
to find by means of the microscope, as well as
through cultivation, a specific micro-organi- m in
the blood, have as yet proved friiitle.-s. 1 also
did not .succeeil in findii.g any .specific micro-
organism amongst the microbes which the mucus
from the nose, the secretions from other mucus
membranes, and the emtents of the intestines
naturally contain in large numbers. My e.xami-
nations having the discovery of the origin of
rinderpest in view, will naturally be continued
but the gre test .stress must be put upon finding
a process by which we are able so to attenuate
the virus of rinderpest that we may use it as a
preventive. With this object in view', we have
inoculated other animals le.ss susceptible to
riiiderjiest, first of all sheep and goats. This
was done on the 1 1th December when one Cape
sheep, one iMorino shee]., one Angora, and one
Cape goat were inoculated with rinderpest blood.
These animals did not show any marked symp-
toms afterwards, but they all' suffered after a
jieriod of incubation e.xtending two or three days
from a lisc of temperature iilentical with that
of rinderpest. A second inoculation made on
the 7th December with one goat, one Angora, one
Merino, and one Cape sheep, had the same effect
Having thus proved that by injecting rinderiiest
blood a sort of mitigated rinderpest can be pro-
duced in the animals mentioned, we infected in
second generation on the 21th of December two
more goats. Angoras, Merino.s, and Cape sheep.
The rise of temperature .seen also in these nnimnls
demonstrates th.at it is po.ssible to proiiagate this
attenuated rinderpest within the system of sheep
and goals. Altei one or two lurther generations
1 shall try to le-transler this attenuated riudef*

April 1, 1897.]

Supplement to the ‘‘ Tropical Agriculturists

729

pest contagion to liealtliy cattle. Similar ex-
periments we are just making, or intend soon to
carry out, on antelopes, pigs, asse^, mules and
dogi

I furtlier ])i'opose to study the susceidibility for
rinderpest of as many animals as possible that are
suspected in this coiiutT'y to contract the disease
or to assist in spreading It. 1 would in this re.s-
irect recommend that camels ahso should he pro-
cured, in order to definitely decide upon their im-
munity against linderpest or otherwise. Apart
from all this, we shall further try if by some
other means, viz., through chemical or physical in-
fluences, rinderi)est blood cannot be rendered use-
ful for ]>reventive measures, that is to say, may be
turned into a vaccine.

An opi)Ortnnity to test carefully the remedies
and modes of inoculation in vogue in South Africa
against the disease has not yet offered itself, but
1 shall after a time inoculate with a virulent mate-
rial those animals which were first treated with
bile, in order to see if rinderpest bile has any pro-
tective properties or not.

On one of our visits to the Free State 1 olrserved
tliat all animals on the farm were inoculated
as a preventive with garlic or “ knoflook” into the
dewlaji, but this pi'ocedure had evidently no bene-
ficial result. On anotlier farm the owner had
drenched his cattle with a mixture of carbolic and
petroleum, but this likewise proved futile.

On the other hand, however, every one who
had the oirjrortnnity of becoming acquainted with
the state of affair's along tire Free State border irr
the district of Kimber ley, wdll rrot hesitate iit as-
serting that the restrictiorrs ettforced along this
line have fulfilled their purpose. On orre side of
the boundary there have beetr for weeks several
farms badly visited by rinder'jiest, irnd yet the Colo-
nial orre is still cirtirely free from the scourge.

With reference to the rinderpest microbe found
by Dr. Edingloit, 1 beg to r'eport to you that Dr.
Edingtorr has handed to me oir the 28th ultimo a
cultivaliorr growit iir bouillon, from which he in-
oculated irr my pr'esetree two test tubes corrtaining
the same medium, llaviirg corrvitrced myself that
theculture had beerr growing irr t he latter pure
artd opulerrt, 1 inoculated otr the 81st ultinro with
either of these cultivations one heitlly laarst, artd
shall repiorttoyou in due time what effect this
operatiorr had upiort these animals.

I would further like to direct your attention to
the circunrstance that orre of the lirree airimals,
the autopsy of Iticlt was made iir Tairtrgs, was
sufl’ering front Te.xas fever, as we foirttd orr the
rrext day w hen examining the blood. Irr order to
avoid, witetr ittakirrg .such exirerirncnts, arty
errors that could happeir tlnoirgh the disease
being coittbiited with Texas fever, we,ntake it a
point to examine inicroscojrically the blood of all
attitnals which we use for infective purposes.
Fotler.

Cotreerning our South African rinderpest, we
have noticed that the s^uuptortrs iir sonte res-
pects dill'er somewhat from the descriptions given
try other observers. We have, 'for irrstarree, found
that the escantheirra and diphtheritic-like changes
on the mucus rnenrbrarre of the month and orr the.
palate are but little marked, whilst the early
jiatliological lesions in the irrtestiires ar-e ratlrer
considerable. Thus we have seen thrice amongst
ten post-viortcm examinations librinous bloody
excretions of the walls of the intestinal tube.

The latter has produced coherent "masses about
a yard long, which formed a sausage-like com-
plete cast of the walls of the intestines, and
surrouirded a surall canal filled with excrenrent
of a tliin fluid nature. The irrasses rneirtiorred
consisted of detached cjritlreliuirr of the digestive
tract, a linn (ibrinc-like substance and blood.

What rrray be the reason of tliis difl'erence,
wdietlrer' climatic influence or the peculiar' breed
of cattle, I am at preseirt unable to decide. In
all other points, however, the symptorrrs of tire
disease do so completely agr ee with the genuine
rinderpest that their identity cannot be doubted.

Tlie observations made during the last Eng-
lish epidenric by F)ur'don-.Sanderson, viz., that tire
beginniirg of the pest can be recognised by an
elevation of tenrperature several days before
other symptoms are manifest, we could confirm
in every single case that canre under our notice
at the Experimental Station. This is a fact of
utmost importance not only for experimental
research birt also for practice, as thus the ad-
vent of the disease can be detected already at
sucli a time wdien no infectious discharges are
rivacu.ated and the animal is not yet able to
siiread the pest."'

All EGAN UT CULTIVATION IN INDIA.

[Contin ued. )

In Thana. — The betel-nut is grown largely
in Thana, Bombay. The best nuts are carefully
selected in October and dried in the sun ; uu-
husked nuts are considered best for seed. They
are planted in a well-ploughed plot of land in
pits three inches wide and three inches deep, and
at a distance apart of from six inches to a foot.
For the first three months the young palm is
watered at least every fourth day and afterw'ards
every third day. AVhen the plants are a year or
a year and a half old they are fit for planting outi

The selling price of young plants varies from
6 j)ies to 1 anna.

The betel palm usually grows in red soil, but
it flourishes best in sandy soil that remains moist
for sometime after the rains. Before planting
the young palm, the ground is ploughed, levelled,
and weeded, and a water channel is dug six
inches deep and a foot and a half wide. Then pits
nine inche.s dee]) and two feet wide are dug at
least four feet apart, nenly full of eartli, but^’iiot
quite full, .so that water may lie in them wdiere
the soil allows; plantains are grown in the bed.s
to shade the young palms. Except during Die
rainy season, when -water is not wanted, the jmeno-
trees are watered every second day for the firs”
five years and after that every third or fourth
day. Dining the rains manure is sometimes given.

The cost of betel-nut cultivation in Thana is
calculated as follows: An acre entirely given

to betel palms would, it is estimated, hold 1000
tree.«. The total cost of rearing 1,000 betel palms
for five year.s— tliat is, until they begin to yield— is
about .U127 los., including compound interest
at 0 jier cent. After o years a lliousand trees
are estimated to yield about .LMO a year from
which, after taking U18 tis. for watering assess-
ment and wages and til 0,-. 1 Ud. as interest at
the rate of 9 ]ier cent on tl27 Ills., there remains
a net estimated profit of tl9 10s. o|d. or lo'5->
per cent.

730

[ApiiHi 1, 1897.

Supplement to the “ Ti'i^jical Agrieutturtst."

In Bengai., — The supari or betel-nut is com-
mon in Eastern Bengal, especially in Tipperah,
Backergunge, and Dacca ; and its cultivation is
very profitable to proprietors of land. It bears
fruit in the eighth year, and is most j)roductiv3
from that time to the si.vteenth year, when the
produce falls off. The nuts are gathered in
i^ovember.

Betel-nut cultivation is very e.xtensive,
especially in the Police circles of Tubkibagara and
Hajiganj. A considerable trade in this article is
carried on with Dacca, IS'arainganj, and Calcutta.
The cultivators of thepalm usually own a large piece
of ground, slightly raised above the level of the
surrounding coui\try, and surrounded by ditche.s.
In the centre of this they build their dvvell-
ings, and Jill round then they plant betel-nut
trees. An acre of land will obtain about 3,000
trees. When first planted the betel-nut requires
to be protected from the sun ; for this purpose
rows of madar trees are planted between the lines
of betel-nut trees, and the growth of jungle is en-
couraged. When the betel-nut trees have grown
strong, and no longer require the shade, the culti-
vators are too lazy and thoughtless to remove the
jungle; and the result is that whole parga-
nas which w'ere once fully cultivates! are now
covered with dense jungle, in which even tlie
betel-nut trees cannot grow ; while thousands of
the inhabitants have been swept away by cholera
and malarious fever of a very virulent type.
The unhealthiness of the neighbourhood of betel-
nut plantations is variously attributed to the
dense jungle and undergrowth above-mentioned,
to the exhalations from the trees, and to the
malarious gases generated by decomposing vege-
table matter in the ditches surrounding the plan-
tations. The betel-nut trees grow to a height of
about 60 feet ; and in some parganas they are
Cultivated to such an extent as to almost entirely
exclude rice cultivation.

— ^

THE DELATION OF MODERN SCIENCE
TO AGPICULTURE.

This is the subject of a brilliant address deli-
vered at the University of Aberdeen by Professor
Hendrick. The professor, says an English e.x-
change, “ clearly set forth the ground on which
be stands as a teacher of science related to agri-
culture, and no one can possibly disagree with the
claims urged on behalf of scientitic teaching. He
has not claimed too much, nor yet has he claimed
too little.’’ The address, w hich has been fully re-
ported, is far too long to be quoted in our limited
columns, but wm cannot forbear making copious
extracts from it, in thehope that it might bring con-
viction, as regards the importance and usefulness
of modern agricultural teaching, to the minds of the
conservative and sceptical who are always ready
to sneer at technical education in agriculture and
to cripple its power for good.

Profe.ssor Hendrick’s opening remarks were as
follows : —

“ In coming for the first time publicly before an
Aberdeen audience, and as — 1 think I am right in
saying — the first lecturer in agricultural chemis-
try in t his ancient university, it seemed to me that

there are many subjects on which I might address
you. But when I reflected that there are, unfor-
tunately, still in our country those — and they are
not confined to agriculture — who look upon
science as essentially opposed to practice and on
what is scientific, and as it is often sneeringly
called theoretical, ns by its very nature opposed to
what is practical, it seemed to me that I could not
do better than come forward at once and treat the
general question of the relations of modern science
to agriculture. This university, in common with
most of the universities and university colleges of
Britain, has recently made a new departure in
organising in her faculty of science a department
of agriculture. All over the country we have been
hearing a cry, voiced with greater or less wisdom
and enlightenment, for agricultural teaching of
all grades— from that of elementary schools to that
of universities. 1 hope to show you, if you will
bear with me so long, that there is only too good
justification for this cry, and that our universi-
ties and colleges are not a moment too soon in res-
ponding to it. Indeed, I may at the very outset
state to you my main contention. Science has in
this nineteenth century already revolutionised
agriculture, and brought about an unprecedented
state of affairs for that most ancient industry.
And 1 maintain that it is not only important, but
of fundamental importance, that the rising genera-
tion in agriculture who are going forward to face
the twentieth century should be equipped with all
the weapons which our science, which our modern
knowledge can give them. I also maintain that it
is our duty to raise up a body of trained agricul-
tural investigators to extend and improve our
knowledge, and to provide a suitable field and
means of inquiry for these.

It is not my place to deal with economic ques-
tions relating to the altered state of agriculture. 1
am not here to deal with systems of land tenure or
their improvement, with land banks and improv-
ed systems of agricultural credit, with iuqrrove-
ments in cariyingand marketing systems, or with
any of the other instruments for adjusting our-
selves to altered conditions brought aliout and
rendered i)ossible by the advance of knowledge.
But below all tliese, of greater and more funda-
mental importance than any of them, is the ad-
vance of that knowledge, the increase and , spread
of that science, whicli has not only alterei! all
the relations of agriculture, but has revoluliouised
all indurstry, and, indeed, changed the wliole out-
w:ird appearance of modern society. With this
it is my duty to deal. If, gentlemen, 1 had the
presumption on this my first appearance before
you to preach you a sermon, ancient wisdom
would readily supply me wdtli a text. 1 might
preach to modern agriculture what Solomon
preached long ago “ Tliere is gold and a mul-
titude of rubies; but the lips of knowledge arc a
precious jewel.

Some three or four centuries ago philosophers
began to leave the medieval method of basing all
their know ledge on ancient authority, and boldly
set cut to evamineand question Nature for them-
selves. For long most c f the know ledge gained
w'as wdiat the j)ractical man would call useless.
Fortunately, however, when very little so-called
practical results w'ere gained, there were always
men with sufficient enthusiasm to pursue know-
ledge for its own sake. So, through long years,

April 1, 1897.] Sup])lniient to the “ Impiccd AgricuUnrist'''

731

luiowledge way aiMad to knowledge, and theory
to theory, till modern science, which had been
slow'ly growing for two centuries, burst into full
bloom, and that fruit-bearing from which wo are
profiting in this century was made possible. We
know more than our ancestors, and ancient wisdom
tells us that it is the part of the wise man, and, I
may add, of the wise nation, to increase know-
ledge iuul understanding.”

« # # #

“ I have roughly sketched, then, the altered con"
ditions in w Inch the progress of the w’orld has
placed agriculture. The new conditions require,
of course, new methods. It is useless to fight a
modern army with spears and bow's, no matter
how skilful we may be.”

“Science has armed the farmer with w'eapons
of precision which place him as much ahead of
his predecessors as the soldier of today is in his
equipment ahead of the soldier of Waterloo.

It is not enough to put in the hands of a body,
even of the most able and intelligent men, modern
W’eapons to make them a modern army.

They must have organized training in the
principles of their use. They must be organised
and drilled, and be3’ond them there must be sjre-
cialists who are coustantl,y active in increasing
all knowledge which can add to the effectiveness
of their methods of offence and defence. So it is
in the armj^ of our agricultural industry. We are
in the midst of a great struggle. In the twentieth
century they wdll command the market who are
not only good men with good weapons, but who
are well educated and well organised, and who
have a gmod scientific-staff behind them to con-
stantly improve their knowdedge and their
weapons. We cannot j'et set anj' limit to the
fierce competition for our markets, because we
cannot }’et set auj’ limit to the development of
new countries, to the development of improved
machinej'3’ and methods, and to the development
of the carrying industries of the world.”

Professor Hendrick then w’ent on to refer to
Technical Education, and wdiat the various Go-
vernments are doing in equij)ping the people from
the armourj’ of science, and in promoting and
increasing that purely tlieoretical knowdedge
which supplies the raw material to make new
weapons ; a work in w’hich everj’ countiy which
claims modern civilization — from Germany to
Japan and round the world home again by way
of the United States and Canada — is engaged, by
organizing the education of the agriculturist.

He p’oceeds next to refer to the cry for
something wdiich is ‘ practical,’ and remarks
“ i)ut 1 am not quite sure that wdiat we call prac-
tical does not very often consist in making the
roof before w’e have laid the foundations.”

=* * * #

“ The demand is all for something practical,
which the practical man can understand. That
means for the demonstration and development of
principles already so well established that they are
fit to be brought into relation with practical life.
This is extremelj' useful work, and jmu will mis-
take my meaning if you suppose I am questioning
its usefulness. But it is not the highest work.

Really new knowledge cannot, on account of its
verj" newness, be known to, or, in most cases,
appreciated by, those engaged in practical life
until it has been so established and its relations
with other ki owl edge so determined that it is fit
to be brought into lelations with practical life.
This always means the work of years, olten of a
lifetime. Still, such knowledge is the very source
and mainspring of advance. It is the highest kind
of knowledge. It is the know’ledge winch re-
search stations and our highest teaching institu-
tions, our universities, ought to increase and
spread. It is the foundation on which our whole
system of technical education should rest. This
is accepted as past the need of demonstration in
Germany and France. Tyndal preached it elo-
quently in America a quarter of a century ago.
America has been acting on his advice.”

“ Gentlemen, 1 fear I am risking j’onr displea-
sure in speaking in this way before practical men,
but I have almost got to hate the very words
‘ technical and practical education,’ on account
of the utterly w’rong idea so often bound np in
them in this country. By all means let us have
technical education — let us have agricultural edu-
cation ; but let them be really practical. Let them
begin by teaching principles and theories on which
the practice rests, and leave alone that which can
be better trained in practice to practice. ‘ What
is the use of chemistrj- P’ saj’s the practical man.

‘ I have no time to waste with that. I want
something practical.’ So w’e constantly get stu-
dents who want to come directlj’ to learn agricul-
tural clieiuistry before the,y have learned anything
of the principles of cheiuistiy itself. They want
to learn the applications of a science befc re thej'
have mastered its elements. I am not here to
teach practical agriculture, but I am here to teach
the principles, the theories as applied to agricul-
tiue of one of the sciences wdiich he at the founda-
tion of agriculture and of all industry. The dif-
ference betw'een the new and the old education is
not that, wdiereas a boj' once learnt agriculture on
a farm, now he will learn it in a school or college.
Not at all ! Modern conditions require that we
should arm our agriculturists, and especiallj’ those
who occujy any position of leading in agricul-
ture, with know’ledge of the scientific principles
W’hich underlie their art, but that does not excuse
them from the necessity of learning their art even
as their forefathers did. There is something add-
ed on. Modern conditions give a man a greater
productive power, but they also demand of him a
greater training. Education cannot make a prac-
tical man, and knowledge cannot make a wise
man. But, to the practical man and to the wise
man knowledge of jirinciples and the trained mind
are an inestimable advantage.”

“ 1 am afraid the mere use of the words science
and scientific produces a prejudice in many minds
against those things in connection w’ith which
they are used. Still more dreadful is it to use
those awful words theory and theoretical, which
are supposed to denote the very opposite of what
is good and useful. It is very unfortunate that,
like so many w’ords, these w’ords have various
meanings which, though connected with one
another, express very differ ent things. Toe words
science and scientific I need not defend. Tliough
there is much science, falsely so-called, science

732

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." [April 1, 1897.

means merely exact knowledge— know leilge reduc-
ed to a system. But what have I to say for
theory ? Well, what i.s atlieory ? The word, un-
fortunately, has a loose and degraded meaning— a
bad meaning — as well as the strict and good mean-
ing in which it is used in science. In its bad
meaning, whic’.i is not very deiinite, but has vari-
ous shades of badness, it stands for a useless or
groundless speculation which leads nowhere, and
which is not tested by facts or practice. But that
it not the sense in which we use it in science. 1
am inclined to think in this .sense the non-scienti-
tic man is a greater theorist than the scientific.
This is the very antitliesis of what is scientific.
The very first lesson of science is never to theo-
rise in this sense.

So soon as we have accumulated a mass of facts
in any branch of knowledge, tlie mind naturally
seeks an explanation of them. It seeks to group
them together, to systematise them by some great
common circumstance or cause which produce.s
them. In fact, it forms a theory. It may be a
wrong theory, but at least it is based on facts,
which it attempts to explain.

But all the history of science shows that a
wrong theory is often atr ajjproximatiorr to the
truth, or contains some germs of truth itt it. A
scientific theory, then, mirst rrot only be air ex-
planation of frrct, but it must not be inconsisteirt
with any known fact. It must be able to lit iir
with aird explaiir everything known which is con-
nected with it- If it does not, it naust be modi-
fied or rejected. Scierrtific theory is therefore a
most useful thing. It is a most practical thing.
Not only does the clashing of rival theories when
we are at the stage before we have arrived at air
accepted theory — always lead to investigatioir arrd
inquiry on the part of their advocates, each anx-
ious to discover everything which can favour his
point of view and hence lead to great extension of
knowledge, but when we have arrived at a correct
theory we are placed in a position of great advant-
age. We now have an explanation of certain facts
of Nature. Hence we are so tar in a position to
use and control Nature for our benefit, because we
now understand her working. But further, and
still more important, we never arrive at a true
theory without it leading to developments, often
in the most unexpected directions. We can never
arrive at the explanation of any one set of facts
without it throwing light on a host of others.
There is no department of natural study so small
and mean that the acquisition of a true theory re-
garding it will not improve the outlook of all
human knowdedge. Some of you may know how
beautifully Tennyson put this thought in the
poetical words : — “ Flower in the crannied wall,
1 pluck you out of the crannies ; I hold you here,
root and all, in my hand, little flower— but if I
could understand what you are, rootand all, and
all in all, I should know what God and man is.”
We see, then, that a real theory is the most prac-
tical of things. It grows from facts ; it explains
facts ; it increases known facts ; it never loses its
hold on fact.s. 1 am not ashamed to in'oclaim
myself a teacher of theory.”

In concluding his able address I’rofessor Hen-
drick said : —

“ Now, gentlemen, 1 must not try your patience
any longer, but endeavour to come to a close.

But just let me ask — What is the use of this agri-
cultural department!-' Thi.s is for you to deter-
mine. 1 have endeavoured to the best of my
ability to point out to you the crying need there
is to bring onr highest training and research,
whicii, 1 jiresume, should be found in our univer-
sities, into touch with onr industries. In this
district, as in many others even in our manufac-
ing and commercial Britain, agriculture is the
great industry. It should be the duty of this
department, then, to form a centre of scientific
knowledge and a centre for the dissemination of
such knowledge in the agriculture of the district.
We cannot do this without your sympathy and
support. Our modern agriculture needs to have
scientific sjiecialists placea at her disposal, brought
into the closest possible relations with her, not
merely as analysts and commercial scientists,
but as teachers and advisers, centres for the crea-
tion and spread of knowledge. The modern
agriculturist; be he landlord, factor, farmer, or
be he a manure merchant or manufacturer, or
other follower of a business depending on agri-
culture, needs to know a great deal of the sciences
connected with agriculture. Therefore, he
needs to be taught. From these classes, there-
fore, and from the teachers who are to carry the
information on to other grailes of societj', we
ought to draw students. If we do not, we are
not doing our duty, or you are not using your
privileges. Already in Germany no man need
ajiply for any agricultural post of importance who
has not a college training in the sciences, as well
as a field training in the practice of agriculture.
Are we going to fall further behind ? It is an
ignoble thing to be spurred on merely by fear of
the foreigner ; but, if you will not move from
higher motives, let that move you. Then, even
wiien onr men are taught, they cannot know
everything. They cannot become encyclop.aedias,
carrying all the information of all the specialists
who have taught them. Therefore we need
means, such as are supplied by the universities
and research stations abroad, to bring our special-
ists and their knowledge freely to the use of
agriculture. We are here to be used. No, gen-
tlemen, the world has changed, and we must
change with it or be crushed out. If the days
are gone when we can get >'3 [ler cent., we must be
content with 2|. If the days are gone when it
was enough to take pains with our hands and our
feet, we must take pains with our heads as well.
We must call to our aid that force which has
changed the world or it will destroy us. I
appeal to the twentieth century for my justi-
fication.”

INSECT BESTS.

[Being nelectiom from the Report of the Government
Entomohxjist, Gape 7'o?c//.]

In an entirely normal state of nature, the re-
lations between plant-feeding in.sects and their
enemies remain jiractically the same during a
serie.^ of year.-;. Tlu se enemies are predaceous
animal', .'ucli as snakes, toads and birds, and pre-
ilaceoiis and [mradi ic insects. The first class, that
is the pred iceeus animal', and a part of the second
feed with little discrimination on a great v.iriety
of insects, and hence their inlluence on a particq*

April 1, 1897.] Sapplement to the “ Tropical AgriculturistT

733

lar species is largely in direct relation to that
insect’s abundance. Most of the enemies of the
second class, however, coniine their attention to
one species or to a few closely-allied ,'pecies, and
hence the abundance of a particular species of
insect is greatly influenced by the abundance of
these enemies. For a few years these enemies may
keep an injurious insect in an almost complete
state of subjection ; but, becoming over numerous,
they perish for want of food, and the injurious
insect is left to multiply in peace, which it cpuck-
ly does. But its climax is soon reached, for the
few enemies peculiar to the species which have
survived the famine again find the land abounding
in plenty, and, responding to the conditions, they
in turn multiply and soon again subject the plant-
feeder. Thus in a series of years, in spite of the
marvellous fecundity with which Nature has pro-
vided insects, their numbers remain approximate-
ly the same. The limits in time of this “ rise and
fall” varies widely with respect to different in-
sects. With some, as with many aphides, only a
single season is required ; with others, as with
many locusts, several years are required. But
always Nature tends to preserve a balance, and
under strictly natural conditions no insect long
remains superabundant.

Man, however, upsets these fine adjustments of
Nature, He devotes immense areas of territory to
the same food-stuff, he cultivates the plants, ren-
dering them more luxuriant, more tender and suc-
culent. Thus the favours the plant-feeding insect.
Nature had designed it to meet with privations, for
less nourishing food and less bountiful p70visiou.
Under its new conditions the insect simply luxu-
riates. To effect its perpetuation it had been en-
dowed with wonderful powers of multiplication,
and these are now used to their fullest extent.
Food is now plenty ; there is room for their
increase. Many birds and other small animals are
not tolerated by the farmer among his crops,
and thus no small degree of the check which
-Nature had provided to prevent an undue super-
abundance of the plant-feeding insect is removed.
The parasitic and predaceous insect enemies re-
main, it is true, but these alone can wage only
an unequal war, with the balance always much
in favour of the plant-feeder. For these reasons
the farmer must wage eternal war against plant-
feeding insects.

Comparatively few per.sons realize what an
immense variety of forms is displayed in insect
life. To the average Colonial farmer there are a
few species of locusts, a few different kinds of
caterpillars, some Hies, a dozen or so “ bugs” and
perhaps as many beetles. Knowing so few insects,
he fails to appreciate the difficulties in the study
of entomology, and why, with all the entomolo-
gists, so little can often be told him regarding a
particular insect.

In number of species, insects far out-number
all other classes of animals combined. Dr. C. V,
Riley, late entomologist to the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, published the statement
in 1892 that ten million'^ would in his judgment
be a moderate estimate of the number of different
species of insects ! The vast majority of these le-
main undescribed and unnamed. In the United
States about twenty-ffve thousand species have
been named and described, and of these Dr. J. A.

Liiitner, the New York State Untomologist, esti-
mates tliat at least tifteen thousand are injurious,
and that about half of this number, or between
seven and eight thousand, may justly be re-
garded as pests.

; To be Con tinued. )

REMEDIAL VALUE OF VEGETABLES
x\ND FRUIT.

As])aragns is used to induce perspiration.

Apples are useful in nervous dyspepsia ; they
are nutritious, medicinal, and vitalizing ; they
aid digestion, clear the voice, correct the acidity
of tlie stomach, are valuable in rheumatism,
in.somnia, and liver troubles. An apple contains
as much nutriment as a potato, in a pleasanter
and more wholesome form.

Bananas are n.sefiil as a food for those suffer-
ing from chronic diarrluea.

Blackberries as a tonic. Useful in all forms
of diarrluea.

Cranberries for erysipelas are used externally
as well as internally.

Carrots for sufferers from asthma.

Celery is valuable as a food for those suffer-
ing from any form of rheumatism, for diseases
of the nerves, and nervous dyspepsia.

Fit'S are aperient and wholesome. They are
said to be valuable as a food for those suffering
from cancer ; they are used externally as well
as internally.

Fresh ripe fruits are excellent for purifying the
blood and toning up the system. As specilic
remedies, oranges are aperient. Sour oranges
are highly recommended for rheumatism.

Grapes dilute thick blood, send the circulation
to the surface, remove obstructions from liver
and lungs, and bring the Stomach to a healthy
condition.

Lemons for feverish thirst in sickness, for
biliousness, low fevers, rheumatism, colds, coughs,
liver complaint, etc.

Lettuce is useful to those suffering from in-
somnia.

Onions are almost the best nervine known.
No medicine is so useful in cases of nervous pros-
tration, and there is nothing else that will so
quickly relie\e and tone u|i a worn-out system.
Onions are mseful in all cases of coughs, colds,
and iniluenza ; in consumption, insomnia, hydra
phobia, scurvy, gravel, and kindred liver com-
plaints. Eaten every other day they soon have
a clearing and whitening effect on the complexion.

Pineapple juice will cut the membrane from
the throat of a diptheria patient when nothing
else will.

Peanuts for indigestion ; they are especially
recommended for corpulent diabetes. I’eanuts are
made into a wholesome and nutritious soup, are
browned and used as coffee, are eaten as a re-
lish, simply baked, or are pre])ared and served
as salted almond, s.

Pie plant is wholesome and aperient, is ex-
cellent for rheumatic sufferers, and useful for
purifying the blood.

Spinach is useful to those suffering with gravel.

Turnips for nervous disorders and for scurvy.

Tomatoes are a powerful aperient for the liver,
a .'■overcigii remedy for dysiiei».sia and indigestion

Watercress is a remedy for scurvy.

W atermelon fur epilepsy and for yellow fever.

734

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist^

[April 1, 1897.

GENEUAL ITEMS.

A coiTes!])omlcnt to (lie Scoltl'ih Farmer refer-
I'inrr to ticks, s.\ys ; — Havinji; liad consiileraLle
experience with ticks in Scntli Africa, I may say
tliat I never found tliem injure iiiucli liealtliy
fat cattle. I’iinci|ial Williams recommends tar
and linseed oil. I have found lard ami flowers
of sulidiur superior to anythiiij^ else.

There is great rejoicing in Denmark by Dr.
Bang’s discovery of the bacterium which causes
abortion. It remains now to discover the best
way of destroying the germ, but meanwhile it
has been demonstrated that a bull usetl for service
on a cow that has aborted may infect any cow
he serves afterwards.

In New Zealand the aeration of milk is mad®
compulsory by law. klvery supplier of milk has
to pa.'-s his milk through an aerator, or, at al
events, remove the animal odour from it im-
mediately it is drawn from tlie cow. 'J'he “re-
frigerator ” which also aerates milk is too expen.sive
fur common use, but now more than one cheap
aerators has been jiatented. The late.^t on the
market is the “Austral,” which is said to be
very satisfactory and cost only 12s. GJ.

The latest device for pres.erving eggs is toiuh
them over with the white of egg and pack in
flour. By this method both the yolk and whites
are said to remain marvellously fre.sh and
sweet.

I

f

«

w-

JOHN BROWN

-A MONTHLY.

Vol. XVI.] COLOMBO, MAY ist, 1897. [No. 11.

“PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.”

{Second Series.)

JOHN BROWN,

ENGINEER AND PLANTER.

HE late Mr. John Brown was
born at Udney, Aberdeen-
shire, on 17th October, 1826.
He was educated as a Civil
Engineer and served first on
the staff of Mr. Gibbs of the
Aberdeen Railway, and after-
wards on the Railway Survey
and Construction staff of Mr. John Miller of
Edinburgh.

In the year 1848 he sailed for the East viS.
the Cape to take up an appointment on an Indian
Railway under Government. The vessel made a
fast voyage, and on reaching Point-de-Galle, and
finding that he had ample time, before his due
date, Mr. Brown determined to visit Colombo and
Kandy and .see sometliing of the Ceylon planting
districts, before proceeding to India. This was
probably very much owing to the fact that Mr.
and Mrs. R. B. Tytler were jtassengers in the
same vessel, — Mr. Tytler returning after having
gone Jiome to get married ; and all he had to
say about coffee in Ceylon no doubt influenced
the young Engineer. Be that as it may, life and
prospects in Ceylon proved so attractive, and there
was such evident scope for the exercise of his own
profession among the planters, that Mr. Brown
determined to abandon his Indian engagement and
to remain in the island. For some years Mr.
Brown was very busy over engineering work in
connection with the coffee enterprise, chiefly in
Pussellawa. His first engagement was to under-

take the planning and erection of extensive
works for coffee preparation on Rothschild, the
property of the Messrs. Worms, Avhich he
brought to a successful conclusion. Mr. Brown’s
next and his largest undertaking was in con-
nection with the late Mr. R. B. Tytler’s giant
coffee irrigation scheme, commonly known as the
Rajawella Waterworks. On this Mr. Brown was
occupied for .six years, and the large turbine and
pumping machinery erected at the side of the Maha-
weliganga, in Dumbara, were, finally, a complete
engineering success. Water in l.arge volume was
forced up to the top of the hill on the property ;
but the difficulty in distributing it over a sufficient
area of the planted coffee, prevented the scheme
from turning out eventually, the financial success
anticipated for it. As this was one of the most
notable engineering works ever undertaken in
connection with the coflfee enterprise of Ceylon,
or inderd with'tropical planting anywhere in the
world, we extract from several issues of the Ceylon
Observer of the “fifties” and “sixties”, accounts
of the progress and opening of the Waterworks ;

' IRRIGATION APPLIED TO COFFEE PLANTING.

Some of our readers travelling by the Colombo
and Kandy coach may have observed lately sundry
carts along the road laden with massive iron pipes
about nine feet long and of diameters varying from
six to ten inches. These pipes form part of the
Machinery intended for raising water to irrigate the
portion of the Rajawelle Estate belonging to Messrs.
Morton and Tytler ; and as considerable public in-
terest and curiosity have been excited on the subject
of these contemplated Water-works, we proceed to give
some general account of them.

73^

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May 1, 1897.

The Rajawelle Estate, situated in the lower Doom-
bera valley, is known to lie within the line of country
in which the S. W. Monsoou occasionally fails, and
the result is that this Estate, which in moist seasons
bears very heavy crops, loses in a very dry season
from one-third to one-half of the crop on the trees.
There are only two or three small streams in the
property, and even these in very dry years occasionally
cease to How ; but the Mahavilla Ganga forms the
boundary of Rajawelle on the south- side, and as the
Mahavilla affords at all seasons an abundant volume
and fall of water, the idea occurred to the proprietors
of the Estate, to make that river itself subservient to
the purposes of irrigation. The problem praotically
was a serious and difficult one. The old Estate lies
a mile and a half from the river in a straight line, and
is divided from the new Estate by a ridge ascertained
by actual survey to be 460 feet in vertical height.
The power requisite for raising even a moderate
quantity of water to this high elevation by a single lift,
is very great ; yet the necessity for employing a single
lift could not be avoided except by substituting still
more costly Machinery, such as a powerful Steam
Engine half way up the hill. To this there were
many practical objections. Accordingly it was resolved
to throw up the whole quantity of water required,
by means of the power obtainable from the river alone :
and after consulting practical Engineers in England
and Scotland, it was resolved to employ as the motive
power ^Vhitelalo' s Horizontal Water-wheel. This
Wheel, with the Pumps and connecting Machinery,
has been accordingly manufactured by Messrs. White-
law at Glasgow, and the whole are on their way to
Ceylon in the ‘ Coromandel.’ The iron-piping (of the
length of 6,250 feet and weighing 212) Tons intended
for the conveyance of the water over the ridge was
brought out by the ‘ Armais’ some weeks ago ; and we
believe a great part has been forwarded to Rajawelle.
The works at the latter place are in rapid progress,
The great sluice, for supplying the water to the
Wheel, is nearly cut. This sluice, which will be a
small Canal when completed, is to be nearly three
quarters of a mile in length, and eighteen feet
broad by three feet deep,— discharging at least half
a million of gallons of water per minute. As there
are several rapids in this part of the Mahavilla Ganga
(indicating of course a great declination in the bed
of the river) a comparatively short extent of sluice
gives a great fall ; — consequently it is found that
the three-quarters of a mile give a fall of some 24
feet. The large body of water supplied by this canal,
with the fall of 24 feet, produces a very large amount
of motive power ; in fact it is calculated to be equal
to a Steam Engine of about 200 Horse-power. We
believe that a Steam Engine of this size would have
cost more than the whole expense of the intended
works, independently of the objection that its work-

ing would have been very costly, whilst the Water-
wheel is self-acting.

The Wheel will oe quite a curiosity m its way.
The Diameter is only 14 feet,— a size which would
be considered small for any of the "Watei -wheels
used on Coffee Estates for working Pulpers and
Clerihew fans. Wo believe that the ordinary over-
shot Wheels used on Estates are about 16 feet in
diameter; but the resulting power is seldom more
than from 8 to 12 Horse-power, An overshot Wheel
of 200 Horse-power, would require to be at least
sirJi/ feet in diameter ; and a Wheel of such an
unvvieldy size would have required to be very favor-
ably placed, as regards the supply of water and other
circumstances, to be worked effectively. We re-
member seeing a skctcli, in the Illustrated Hews last
year, of a gigantic wheel of this description, lately
erected at some Minos in Wales, but although the
diameter was four or live times as groat as that of
the Rajawelle Water-wheel, the effective power
was loss. Mr. Whitolaw himself, in a letter pub-
lished in the Mechanic’s Magazine of May 6th 1854,
Speaking of this very llajawelle Wheel, describes it as.

“ A Water-wheel of 200 Horse-power, which I am
“ making for Messrs. Gwynne & Co,, Engineers,
■“ London, which is to work six single-acting pumps
f of 20 inches stroke and 8J inches diameter, to raise

“ water to a height of 460 feet for irrigating an
“Estate. When finished I believe, no water-wheel in
“the world will he of rj reate r power than this \ but be
“ this as it may, it will be a large one.’’

The principle of Whitelaw’s Wheel is peculiar and
not very generally known. It is placed horizontally,
and as a central opening for the ingress of the water
from the sluice, which is supplied by a large in-
duction pipe. The diameter of the pipe for supply-
ing the Rajawelle Wheel is 76 inches, so that a tall
man with his hat on miyhf stand uprifjht in it ! This
pipe will be always full ; and even persons practi-
cally unacquainted with Hydro-dynamics, can readily
understand that an enormous force must be exerted
by a perpetual column of water six feet four inches
in diameter and twenty-two feet in vertical height.
The principle of action is somewhat complex in
theory, though extremely simple in practice and re-
sult. It has been described as “centrifugal”; and
so it is to a certain extent. The arms of the Wheel
are curved and have orifices at the extremities ;
and the water, forced in through the central opening,
rushes through these curved arms and out of the
orifices; and Mr. Whitelaw describes the action
as communicated by the water pressing on the sides
of the arms as it rushes through and by the centrifugal
force as it rushes out. But as we observe from the
drawing which has been sent to us, that '.the dia-
mater of the central opening in the Wheel is very
much less than the diameter of the large supply pipe,
we fancy that the action is greatly aided by the
operation of another : valuable hydro-dynamical princi-
ple, viz. that a force exerted upon a certain surface
of water is multiplied lohen communicated through the
loater to a smaller surface. The increase is in a known
ratio, viz. inversely as the squares of the surfaces.
This is the principle of the hydraulic press. It was
by the application of this principle that Mr. Robert
Stephenson raised the vast tubes of the Britannia
Bridge. On a small scale, the action of a common
“syringe” is precisely the same; and this perhaps
is the humblest illustration of the principle.

The Rajawella Wheal is to work three or more
Pumps, which ai'e upon the ordinary principle, and
no further remarkable than for their size and strength.
These pumps will deliver their water into the conduit
or long iron piping laid over the ridge ; and Messrs.
Gwynne & Go. have guaranteed that the Machinery
shall deliver 500 gallons of water per minute at the
top of the ridge, which, as mentioned above is 460
feet in perpendicular height. To give an idea of the
strength of the valves required in these pumps, it
may be mentioned that the actual weight of the
water in the conduit pipe when full, will be, in round
numbers, over seventy tons ; but as tbe pressure exerted
by a column of water is proportionated only to its
vertical height, the effective weight may be taken at
one-tenth of that figure. A continual pressure
however of even 7 or 8 tons upon pump-valves, calls
for both stout material and good workmanship.

How much of the Rajawelle Estate can be watered
efficiently by the amount of water above stated (500
gallons per minute) is a question which actual experi-
ment alone can solve. Much difference of opinion
exists on the subject. Some of Messrs. Tytler and
Morton’s friends are kind enough to assure them
that the whole thing will be an utter failure 1 The
Estate consists of 700 acres or thereabouts, of which
200 Acres (the old Estate) lie over the ridge, and
.500 Acres (the new Estate) between the ridge and
the river. Taking 600 trees to the acre on the old
Estate, and 1,200 trees to the acre on the new the
total number of trees may be set down at 720,000 ;
and this happens to bo exactly the number of gallons
of wator per 24 hours at the rate of 500 gallons per
miuuto. 1 ! other words, if the whole Estate is to
be watered at once, the quantity received by each
tree would be only one gallon in the 24 hours ; and
this without allowing for loss by evaporation, d’C.
But we believe the intention is to water only 50
or 100 acres at a time; and it is calculated that in
about a month, the greater part of the Estate would
have received a supply equal to a heavy shower of
rain. In 1853 the drought at Rajawelle lasted nearly

May I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

737

iive months ; and experience is said to have shown
that it is only when the trees have been more tnan
a month or so without any supply of moisture that
they begin to suffer materially. In June and July
1853, in the height of the drought we learn that
Mr. Tvtler tried the experiment of leading a sma.U
stream of water among a few .acres of the 0
Coffee, and that the experiment was perfectly success-
ful though the stream itself had dried up before
the drought was quite over. The watered trees
filled their cherries, just as in a moist year, while
the unwatered trees in the adjoining squares hah
fully half their berries light. And with regard to
the supply of water, it should be mentioned that
Gwyniie & Co.’s engagement is that the quantity
guaranteed shall be delivered at the top oj the ndge.
The conduit piping has stop-cocks at various intervals,
and as a much greater quantity of water can be
delivered by the same power at lower levels, the
greater part of the new Estate can be supplied lar
more abundantly than on the above calculation.
However actual experience will be the best test ; and
we learn that the works are expected to be in actual
operation before the end of the present year. Mr.
John Brown, formerly in the service of Messrs. Worms,
is the Engineer employed on the spot ; and under
his efficient supervision the works are proceeding
rapidly and satisfactorily.

THH RAJAWELLA WATER WORKS.

We are rejoiced to hear that the great irrigation
works at the Rajawella estate were successfully
tested on Saturday the 7th instant, the water being
forced to the top of the hill, some 460 feet above
the level of the Mahavilla ganga. We hope the un-
wonted elevation will not turn the old River s head.
We heartily congratulate those concerned on the
successful completion of what has been an anxious
and costly work, and a great experiment. Its suc-
cessful issue is of great importance to the future
of Ceylon.

Later on, however, some of the machinery
first erected was found unsuitable, for in the
Observer, January 1859, we find the following

THE RAJAWELLA IRRIG.ATION WORKS.

“Immense Hydraulic Engine. — Messrs. Abernethy
have just finished, at their works at Perryhill, Aber-
deen, a hydraulic engine of very great power. It
is intended for an East India plantation, and^ its
object is to pump water, for purposes of irrigation,
on both sides of a hill whose altitude is 500 feet.
It consists of twelve pumps, which act in sets, and
will be driven bv a water-wheel of 200 horse-power.
The engine is calculated to lift water at the rate of
1,000 gallons a-minute. It is of massive construction
and admirably finished workmanship. We (Aberdeen
Journal) are not aware that any hydraulic engine
of nearly equal power has yet been constructed in

this country.” . r .r, ■

We have no doubt this is the machinery for Raja-
wella now on its way round the Gape. Mr. Brown,
the Engineer, (who went home mainly with reference
to this machinery) is already in the Island.

Slice of the continued and extended success of the
Coffee enterprise in Ceylon, as ivell as out of regard
for the spirited proprietors of the Rajawella property,
we trust the experiment will be largely successful.
'The effects of full succsss can scarcely be estimated.
On one estate it is cidcuJated that in a year of
drought it would make all the difference Iretween
an unremunerative gathering of light husky Coffee,
and a bumper crop of full, bright, solid berries,
yielding a profit of £H',030. For this year we are
glad to hope that the Duinbara and many of the
other lower estates arc safe — long continued heat
having been succeeded by copious showers of rain
and occasionally hail — the latter being light and
harmless. All that is wanted is moderate weather
in June. By next year the great irrigation w'orks
will be in full play, placing, let us trust, the owners
of the particular property beyond the reach of anxiety,
and opening up a new era for Coffee Planting in
Ceylon.

THE UAJAWET-LA WATERWORKS.

It affords us much pleasure in announcing the
final completion and success of this costly and spirited
undertaking. By force-pumps of an ingenious con-
struction, moved by a Turbine of 2c 0 horse-power,
water is raised along a pipe of a mile and a quarter
in length, to a height of five hundred feet, sufficient
in quantity to serve for the irrigation of eight hundred
acres of Coffee. In the bold conception of the original
idea, the patient perseverance in carrying it out,
the overcoming of engineering difficulties as to the
most suitable machinery and the erection of the
ponderous pieces, and in the fortitude and faith
which sunk thousand after thousand of pounds in
an improved experiment, too much credit cannot
be given to all parties concerned. It is an honor
to the Island to have such a work to exhibit. We
are assured there is no room any longer to doubt
of its final success. The Pumps originally supplied
hy Gwynne & Co. were a failure, but another set,
supplied by Abernethy & Co., of Aberdeen, work
with a precision and ease comparable to clock work,
and though the replacement cost £3,000, and the
former contents of the pumping house lie a scat-
tered heap of worthless iron, there is more than
equivalent for all in the great fact that the property
is independent of drought. The present season’s
very heavy crop is matui'e, and the beans that are
picked are of well-filled quality, equal to the pro-
duce from any estate of the same elevation. The
effect of the water applied in irrigation is plainly
and immediately perceptible upon the drooping trees.
They are kept fresh in aspect and the crop is
sustained by circulation of the sap, which would
stagnate in the absence of the moisture at the roots.
It appears to ns that the value of these works is
not confined alone to the watering of the trees,
most important though that view of their object be,
but that in the carrying out of liquid manure,
coupled with the digging of the soil, in such a
warm district as Dumbara, not only would there
be a saving of labor in manuring, but it would be
impossible to predicate to what extent the quantity
of produce might be increased.

THE RAJAWELLA IRRIGATION MACHINERY.

The great pumps— probably the most powerful
in the world— intended to force up water to the
highest point of the Rajawella property— have arrived
at°Colombo in the Ellon Castle, and with the con-
nected pipes and machinery are being laiidel and
sent on to their destination under the superintendence
of Mr. Brown, the Engineer. Some idea of the
pumps may be formed from the fact that there is
a pressure of 8 tons on each piston. It is expected
that they will send water up to a height of some
460 feet — the highest point, above the river, of the
fine estate for which they are intended. For the

Mr. Brown’s skill and perseverance in over-
coming the difficulties, incidental to so novel and
trying an engineering enterprise, greatly impressed
those who watched him. His quiet, resolute de-
termination combined wicli great alrility, carried
him tlirougli where other men would have failed
and established his reputation in Ceylon as a
reliable, sagacious Engineer and a valuable colo-
nist of the right type for a young plantation
^“ountry.

738

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

The time had now come, indeed, for the young
Engineer-planter, to begin planting on his own ac-
count, and accordingly Mr. Brown, who had now
seen a good deal of the country, took up land for
coffee planting in partnershij) and conjunction with
Messrs. Norman Stewart and J. B. MacIntyre.
Stewart, Brown and MacIntyre — as the partner-
ship ran — opened and planted a group of estates
in the Badulla district, the iirincipal of which
was known as Glen Alpine, and which, afteryielding
rich crops for several years, were sold in 1864
to a London Limited Company, entitled the Ouvah
Coffee Company. Tliis Company proved successful,
and Mr. Brown was induced to join the Board as
Managing Director. Under his care the Ouvah
Coffee Company, as also the Spring Valley Coffee
Company — in wlio.se foimation by the purchase
of the famous Spring Valley Coffee plantation from
Mr. Bannatyne, Mr. Brown had assisted — became
very prosperous and paid large dividends for many
years. To these vvas afterwards added the Hunas-
geriya Estate Company ; and in the year 1877,
-Mr. Brown and some friends started the Colombo
Commercial Company, Ltd., which though in-
tended mainly at first to act as Colombo Agents
for the Coffee-growing Conijianies, has developed
into an engineei’ing and contracting as well as
mercantile and planting concern of an importance
far beyond Mr. Brown’s original conception,
thanks very much to the judicious management
of this Colombo Company and to the impetus
given by the prosperity of "tea”!

The latter jiortion of Mr. Brown’s life was
almost entirely devoted to the management of
the several Companies, wdth which his name was
identified, and the fact of his having successfully
piloted them through the difficult times that fol-
lowed the collapse of the coffee enterprise in the
“ eighties,” and restored them to prosperity in
tea, is sufficient evidence of the care and enter-
prise of his management. Ve believe that only
•ne other Coffee Company succeeded in passing
through the crisis brought about by the coffee
fungus, Hcmilcia vastatrix, which practically ruined
a great planting enterprise in Ceylon.

Mr. Brown had a decided faculty for invention,
and, as a practical Engineer, he early found room
for its application in a young planting colony
just developing a new enterprise. He was res-
ponsible for many of the improvements
made in Coffee-pulping machinery, his own Coffee
Crusher and Puipcr not being the least noticeable
—and when .attention jiassed from coffee to tea
he introduced two more well-known machines in
"the De.siccator” — a splendid tea-drying machine
also used to prepare desiccated coconuts — and
his "Tri])lc Action Tea Boiler.” Both these
machines have been warmly commended and
have proved most successful, and considerably over

600 Desiccators were in use in Ceylon alone at the
date of ^Ir. Brown’s death. The Triple Action
Tea Roller — highly praised for its work by
planters best acquainted with it, — was unfortunate
in being the cause of an action at law for infringe-
ment of patent taken by Mr. Wm. Jackson against
Mr. Alfred Brown and the Colombo Commercial
Company, the Agents for the machine. The
case was carried to the Privy Council, when
Mr. Jackson was unable to sustain his
charge of infringement ; but it must always be
regretted that the Privy Council judgment was not
pronounced until after Mr. John Brown’s death.

Mr. Brown died from the result of an illness
contracted in Ceylon in the early part of 1894.
He left Colombo for England in poor health,
accompanied by his eldest son, and contrary
to all e.'cpectations he did not get benefit from
the sea air, but gradually lost strength and died
after reaching Alexandria, where he was landed
from the steamer in order to secure experienced
medical advice. He died at the Deaconesses’
Hospital, and lies buried under an Aberdeen
granite tomb in the Alexandria Cemetery : —

“ Mr. J. Brown was born on 17th October 1826,
married for the first time to Elizabeth Hall, 7th
September 1858 and again to Elizabeth Wylie Aber-
nethy on 18th June 1892. Died I8th March 1894. He
left seven children, all by his first wife.”

The subject of our Memoir cannot be described
as having been a brilliant man ; but the quality of
his mind was solid and thoroughly practical. His
success in life was mainly due to hard work,
thoroughne.ss and sincerity of purpose. Once
having made up his mind as to the proper course
to pursue— that so-and-so was the right thing to
do or the right \vay to do it, — no one could turn
him fiom his purpose, or persuade him to the
contrary. In private life, Mr. Erowm was most
w'orthy. In i-espect of both the Coffee and Tea
Planting Enterprises of Ceylon— in a connection
extending over some 45 years — few men have
left more practical or useful evidence of their
presence than Mr. Brown. As an Engineer, an
Inventor, a Proprietary Plantei', a Managing
Director, and Chairman of Companies, Mr.
Brown took a prominent and .successful position,
and his name ought long to be remembered in
the annals of the Planting, Engineering and
Commercial development of Ceylon.

^

Coffer in Pouto Rico.— A New York exchange
atithority s.ays “ The Porto Rico coffee croj)
will, this season, according to advices received
by le.ading merchants doing business with that
island, fall short all of 66 2-3 per cent over the
amount exported last season. This shortage will
not in any way he felt in this market, as the ini-
]iortations are comparatively light from Porto
Rico, their markets being those of France, Italy
and England.”

May I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

739

Agricultural Pests :

WITH METHODS OF PREVENTION.

BY MISS E. A. ORMEROD,

(Late Consulting Entomologist to the
Royal Agricultukal Society of
England).

IV.

Injcrious Moths — Methods or Prevention.

In the case of the white cabbage butterflies, the
caterpillars of which often do serious mischief in
gardens, they have been found not to do so much
harm in proportion to field cabbage, because the
caterpillars choose a dry, well-sheltered place to change
in. For this they crawl away from their food-plants,
and hang themselves by a silken band under eaves,
palings, or the like shelter, out of doors, or in any
neglected corners in garden-sheds, where they ai’e
allowed accommodation, and much may be done to
lessen amount of attack simply by tidiness. The
collections of old brooms, bits of wood, and dry rubbish
of every kind in which they shelter, are much better
away, whether indoors or out ; and a brnsh taken
along angles and in corners and under stairs, ladders,
beams, &c., in garden-sheds, will sometimes clear the
chrysalids out by the handful. A search of this kind
between the time of the first and second brood in
summer, and some time between November and March,
would do much good.

It is an excellent principle to keep down the effect
of in.sect-attack by broad measures of agricultural
treatment which will carry the plant well on away
from the power of the insect ; but at the same time
it should not be forgotten that when there are a
great number of large caterpillars or chrysalids plainly
to be seen, and easily to be laid hold of — ^^ether
with fingers or by other means — ^the best thing to do
is, forthwith, to lay hold of them.

There are not many kinds of butterfly caterpillars
which are hurtful to crops in England ; but amongst
the hosts of difierent kinds of moth caterpillars that
cause great loss, about the very largest of all, which
is that of the death’s head moth, is best got rid of
by hand-picking. This sometimes does much harm
to potatoes by feeding on the leafage.

The caterpillar usually hides by day, and feeds
in the 'evening or at night ; therefore, when great
harm is found to be going on (either iu this case
or others like it) from an unseen enemy, it is well
for some trustworthy person to watch at dusk or dawn
for what is going forward, and with large creatures
like these caterpillars a very small quantity of light
will be enough to see them by as they gentley move
the leafage in feeding. When full-fed the caterpillar
goes down into the ground to change; therefore,
turning up the chrysalids is an easy measure of
prevention with this potato-feeder.

The vaiious kinds of attacks of moth caterpillars
are so many, and the injuries they cause so great,
that in whatever point we may select now for study,
it seems at the cost of leaving out something else
of importance; but in these short details. I have tried
to draw attention to some four or five principles
of preventing or remedying attack : —

One is taking away shelter (as in the case of
cabbage caterpillars). Another, the possibility of
hand-picking, shaking down, gathering, or whatever
term we use for it, being so managed as to be a
practicable and paying operation, instead of a ridiculous
loss of time. Another is prevention of egg-laying
on fruit bushes, by keeping them so properly pru-
ned that there is no attraction of cracks and crevices.
We have also noticed that the caterpillars may be
smoked or poisoned in their burrows — a simple piece
of knowledge, but yet one which, some few years ago,
would have been of great service in saving coffee
shrubs in one of our colonies. Further, we have
noticed that, with webbing caterpillars, it is dicidedly
well, before we pay our visit, to see if the family
are at bouie.

With the great increase of the fruit industry, we
have now areas of thousands of trees where for-
merly these were counted by hundreds, and we have
a consequent increase in amount of the attendant
fruit-tree insect vermin. Where there is a large
extent of plant growth of any kind, orchard trees
or otherwise, affording food in their feeding condition,
and shelter in their other stages, to special kinds
of insects all the year round, and for successive years,
there these insects are sure to be present. This has
been the case in such a marked and increased degree
during the past few years, and in some of our fruit-
growing localities, as to necessitate the adoption of
some special measures of prevention suitable to the
special habits of some of the kinds of caterpillars,
and also of remedial applications suitable for sweeping
them all off and destroying them together (whatever
their other habits may be), when broadscale ravage
on the leafage calls for broadscale clearance.

One very important division of caterpillars to which
measures of prevention can be applied, is that of
the“looper” caterpillars of various kinds of moths,
of which the females are either totally wingless, or
the wings are abortive to such a degree as to prevent
them being of service in flying. Of these, two of the
most hurtful kinds are the mottled umber ( Hyhernia
defolianaj, and the too well-known winter moth,
sometimes called the Evesham moth.

The method of life of both the above kinds is for
the caterpillar to hatch in the spring, on the orchard
trees on which the eggs have been laid, and feed
on, or possibly fairly ravage, the leafage and all the
soft growths, during a period which may be from
about the end of March until the end of .June. Then
the caterpillars leave the trees, and go through the
change to chrysalis state beneath them. This may
be just about the surface of the ground, or a little
below. From these the moths begin to come out in
October or November, and the wingless female moths
creep up the trees and deposit their eggs. This habit,
if the moths only went up the trees during a special

geriod, would put means of prevention at once in our
ands. But even as it is, the infestation may be
greatly reduced by putting bands of sticky material
round the trunks, such as will either deter the moths
from trying to go up, or hold them firm if they try
to cross. This plan catches the moths by hundreds
on each tree, but care must be taken lest the mixture
applied should injure the bark. On the rugged, thick
bark of old trees, where the out-side is a mere dry
dead coating, it is possible that even tar may be
applied without doing harm, though not without risk.

But with young trees there is veiy great danger
of serious injury, and sometimes great losses have
taken place consequent on tar or grease being applied
direct to the bark. The application soaks into the
tissues, and the tree in such case perishes.

The safest way is to begin by passing a band of
tough grease-proof paper, such as may be procured
at very small co t from grocers, round the tree. This
may be about seven inches wide, but the wider the
better; the ends should overlap, and the paper be
secured in its place by a piece of string being tied
round near the upper and lower edges. On this the
grease may be smeared, A flat bit of wood, like a
paper-knife, is a convenient implement for spreading
it with, and common cart-grease answers well as a
cheap and effective application. Even, however, where
the tree is protected, some care must be exercised
in the choice of the “ sticky ” mixture selected as
some of the materials sold under the name of “ axle-
grease” contain petroleum residue, animal grease, or
other components, which, like tar, would have very
undesirable effects if (as I have myself seen to happen)
they should soak through the suppo.ied grease-proof
paper to the bark,

The above treat)uent does much good, but does
not answer perfectly, for ^ he following reason. Though
the great body of these moths come out from the
middle of October to December, this period by no
means includes the whole appearance. We find them
still at the end of January, and the later brood may
be found coming up towards the end of winter-
and at the end of March another kind of moth, witli
wingless females, namely, the Anisoptenjx cescularia,

740

THE

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

or March moth, which lays its eggs in bands embedded
in down on the twigs, is (or very likely is) also
present.

These various moths, including besides what may
be called those of common habits, such, that is, as
moths which come on the wing to the tree, and of
which the eateipiUars, after feeding, spin up on the
bark, or in any convenient shelter, may be counteracted
in some degree by measures based on knowledge of
their habits. The Webs of those that make nests may
be cut oil and destroyed with the caterpillars, or (in
the case of tho small ermine moth) the chrysalids,
within them. Cocoons covered with eggs, as in the
case of the common vapoiirer moth, may be searched
for and destroyed; and, similarly, the rings of eggs
of the March moth aud of the lackey moth, which
resemble them in being laid in a band on twigs,
may be got rid of in some degree by careful search,
and pruning off the infested twigs where they can
be reached. But for tho most part these and various
other means of prevention or remedy have to be applied,
not as broad measures of treatment, but as special
measures for each special attack, involving necessarily
special outlay. For these reasons, that is, the pressing
need which has long been felt of having some kind
of application at hand which is cheap and sure in
its action, and which can I e brought to bear at once,
when required, on any or all sorts of moth-caterpillars
together (whate' or their various natures or previous
histories may have been), and will kill the whole
collection of ravaging hordes at once, without dam-
aging the leafage, the experiments have been made,
which have resulted, in some of our fruit-growing
districts, in the successful introduction of the method
of spraying caterpillar-infested leafage with Paris-
green, which has long been found serviceabe in the
United States and Canada.

Another very important division (taken agricul-
turally) is that of the surface caterpillars, so-called
from their injurious operations being for the most
part carried on near the surface of the ground.

The family of moths to which these belong is
termed Noctuidee, from the circumstance of many of
them flying chiefly at night or in the dusk. The
heart and dark moth, the caterpillar of which is
almost as often found at turnip bulbs as that of the
turnip m jth ; cabbage moth, the great yellow under-
wing, and some other kinds, the caterpillars of which
more or less frequent the surface of the ground, do
infinite harm, both in field and garden. In some
oases, like the turnip moth caterpill.irs, they feed at,
or bellow, the ground-level on almost every common
root crop, or corn crop, they can reach ; aud when
the weather is too severe in winter for them to
continue feeding in the turnip bulbs, they simply go
down deeper for a time, and, after coming up again
to feed, turn to chi-ysalids in the ground in the
following spring or early summer. Others, like the
caterpillars of the cabbage moth, feed in the hearted
cabbage, aud turn to chrysalids in, or on, the surface
of the ground before winter. But, whatever slight
difference there may be in the habits of these various
kinds of thick fleshy caterpillars, about an inch and
a half long, which we only too often find either at
the roots or on the leaves of the cabbage and turnip,
this special point of their usually passing the winter
under ground puts them very much in our power.

Before the caterpillar turns to the chrysalis, it makes
a cell in the earth, in which it is protected from
wet aud sudden changes of temperature, or it seeks
or prepares a safe resting-place for its change, or
for a time; and so long as tho caterpillars are thus
protected no amount of cold to which they are here
exposed will, as far as we know, do them the least
harm. But if they are thrown nut of the.se shelters
to the influence of drying winds or hot sunshine, or
to lie soddening helplessly on tho surface in moist or
muddy ground, or to being frozen in these states,
then their constitution wilt not bear it.

If tho caterpillars are turned uj) too soon, that
is either before they are torpid, or before they have
changed to tho chrysalis, they will simply go down

again. If the soil is turned up when they are gone
down very deep, they will not be the worse for what
has been done above them. Each worker must look
a little for himself, for dates and habits differ with
climate and other things ; but a little careful observation
made by turning over the earth, so as to see where
the creatures are, will be well repaid. They are quite
large enough to be easily seen, if they are in numbers
to need attention. This principle may be worked
both in winter and summer — with caterpillars that
turn to chrysalids under ground or in cocoons above
ground, and with those that frequent leafage of trees
or roots of grass, as well as those we have spoken
of.

The common cabbage and turnip surface cater-
pillars will be found thus (or when time has elapsed
for their change to take place), in chrysalis state,
on or in the ground near where they fed.

The beet and mangold moth (silver Y moth) caterpillar
spins a cocoon on, or not very far from, the plants
it infested ; and in all these cases, and scores of
others, much good may be done by turning up the
chrysalids, destroying tlie weeds they harbour in, and
using all other methods of treatment, which a
moment’s thought will suggest, to destroy the pests.

Clearing all weeds that attract the moths is one
method of preventing increase. The constantly in-
creasing amount of insect attack is in part because
of the constantly wider spread of cultivated land.
There is a much greater amount of special crops,
such as special insects feed on ; and instead of there
being, as in wild districts, perhaps, one plant in a
hundred that may suit the caterpillar, there are
districts all through the country where nine-tenths
of the growth are its chosen food. If, therefore, in
addition to the crop food, we let weed food collect
in our borders, we add moat needlessly to our troubles ;
and by clearing and burning these patches round
garden and fields we may do a deal of good.

When attack is bad, the chief thing to trust to
is fertilising dressing ; but sometimes dressings of
gas-lime on the land, and on the plants, will check
attack to a serviceable extent. This has been found
useful in the attack of caterpillar to hearted cabbage
in the autumn. The gas-lime falls down among the
leaves, and thus fills the parts where the caterpillars
shelter by day, with what, to a certain extent, keeps
them out, aud is not pleasing to them.

It was formerly difficult to apply this knowledge
practically ; but now, looking at the variety of im-
plements which have been recently introduced into
this country, suitable for spraying or washing either
orchard tree leafage or that of field crops, there would
be no difficulty in experimenting, at least on orchard
foliage, as to the effects of cold water in clearing off
caterpillar presence.

The treatment for prevention of surface caterpillars
may be shortly described thus : — Turn them up by
cultivation where land is known to have been infested;
and where catch-cropping is practised let the field
be cleared of all food at least a fortnight before a
new crop is put in ; keep up the strength of the crop,
but use remedies if you can — if they will be sure to
destroy the grubs.

In a very large number of attacks, it is the worst
possible practice to try to work directly on the grubs ;
you must counteract their mischief, rather than try
to get (literally) hold of them ; but with the large
moth grubs, which are often one, instead of a score
of hundreds, to a plant, the case is different.

For the same reason, birds help us much with
some kinds of moth caterpillars. They can bore down,
and draw out tliese large grubs, without the broadcast
destruction which often follows on their services in
searching for -wireworm.

The crow, raven, jackdaw, rook, and partridge, are
all said to be of use in clearing away the cater-
pillars of the turnip moth ; and in the case of some
of the swarms of small caterpillars which attack forest
trees, especially the small green oak-leaf roller (Tortrix
viridnnn), the flocks of birds which collect when great
attack is going forward are our only helpers.

741

May 1, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

MR. J. B. FERGUSON ON COFFEE IN
BRITISH CEM'KAL AFRICA.

Mr. Ferguson, the coffee expert in the service of
the African Lakes Corporation has paid a visit to
Zomba and the neighbouring plantations, and has
been kind enough to give us some nctes on the siib-
ject of the impressiors he has gained in British
Central Africa.

Mr. Ferguson was unwilling to give a final opinion
as to the future prospects of this Protectorate in the
matter of coffee growing, on the ground that he had
not yet completed his tour of the plantations, and
also considers a longer residence in the country
necessary. He has, however, visited most of those
belonging to tbe African Lakes Corporation, both
in the Shire Hi^lands and in Angoniland; the
estates of Messrs. Buchanan Brothers, and also those
of the principal traders and missionaries, and so
far as he has gone his opinion is a favourable one,
if shade and manure be supplied to the coffee.

He states that there is not a trace of coffee leaf
disease in the country, and he does not attach much
importance to the minor ills to which coffee is sub-
ject here. He mentioned three things however as
worthy of attention, tu'a., the Borer Grub, want of
Manuring, and Drought.

Mr. Ferguson informs us that, the British Central
African borer is different from the Indian, inasmuch
as the former ultimately becomes a beetle, the latter
a fly. The presence of borer may be detected in
several ways ; dust from the holes is scattered on
the ground round the base of the tree, and at the
time of blossoming, after a shower of rain, the
flowers open up immediately in the case of healthy
trees, whereas in the case of trees affected with
borer the blossoming “hangs fire.”

Planters in this country simply employ boys to
pull out the grubs with a piece of wire. Mr. Ferguson
does not think this plan effective. He tried it on
some trees at Mandala, but after having extracted
the grub, he cut down the treee, divided it into
sections, and found several other borers still in it
in different stages of maturity. A tree that is bored
is not in a healthy state, and probably some of
the light berries may be produced from this cause.
Mr. Ferguson, therefore, recommends that a tree
with borers should be dug out at once and burnt,
so that all the borers may be destroyed, otherwise
the tree becomes a nursery of borei’s. The matured
insect, id the form of a beetle, is said to appear
generally at the beginning of the rains, therefore,
the proper time to get rid of borers is during the
dry season before the beetle appears, otherwise a
fresh series of eggs will be deposited under tbe bark
of the coffee tree and a new progeny established.

Drought, Mr. Ferguson thinks, might be success-
fully counteracted by efficient shade. He states
that "there is not so long a drought in Ceylon and
India as in B. C. A., as between wet season and
wet season there are what are called “ blossom
showers,” often amounting to several inches of rain ;
whereas, in most parts of British Central Africa there
is very 'little rain between the wet seasons. Mr.
Ferguson tells us that the principal shade trees
grown in Cevlou and India are different varieties
of the ficus, 'the best of which are of the Banyan
species. There are about eleven different varieties of
Ficus some of them natives of British Central Africa,
but all of them different from the Indian species.
Good specimen may be seen in the Residency garden,
Zomba. The banyan tree is of this species, and Mr.
Ferguson was very emphatic in recommending it
for shade purposes. He says it is very generally
used in India, and the most valuable estates in
Coorg are those shaded with it. The reason why this
tree is a favourite is that the wood it is composed
of contains a great amount of moisture, and has
thus a cooling effect on its surroundings : again, the
leaves fall off during the cool season, when shade
is not required, and it is thus a source of manure,
while on the other hand, during the hot season it
is always in full foliage and affords perfect shade.

and the peculiar formation of the branches prevent
“ drip,” and tends to carry the rain falling on the
tree down the main stem to the ground.

As to manuring, the manure generally applied in
India and Ceylon is that obtained from cattle sheds
and stables, also bone meal and poonac (oil cake).

A small pit is dug near the tree, the manure placed
in it, and then severed up again.

In a few cases recently where young planters have
opened up estates in B. C. A., they have collected
a great deal of the brushwoed and branches together
and burned them. The ashes have then been scattered
on the plantations in small patches round each
coffee tree, thrown on the surface. Mr. Ferguson
condemns this practice. Ashes he considers a good
manure when mixed with other manures into a com-
post, or when applied alone, but it should not be
scattered on the surfuce of the ground, but in a pit
near the tree, and then covered up or dug into the
soil. If thrown about loosely the wind carries it
away altogether, or it may be carried entirely off
the plantation by a heavy shower, especially if the
land is on slope,

Mr. Ferguson attache great importance to shade.
He says that not only does shade counteract long
spells of drought, but, as in Coorg, it is a certain
preventive of coffee leaf disease. He considers that
there are trees indigenous to British Central Africa
which might do for shade, but thinks it would be
well to introduce seed of trees which have been found
by experience to give admirable shade, such as the
banyan tree from India.

Note : — As there appears to be some doubt as to
the generally understood meaning of the word
“ Banyan ” Tree, we have asked Mr. Alexander Whyte
for information on this point, and he has been good
enough to give us the following note; — “It is quite
customary, noth in India and Ceylon, to apply the
term Banyan to other members of the genus of Ficus
as well as to Ficus Indica, the true “ banyan ” tree.
It is perhaps a loose way of speaking, yet I have
seen it frequently in print and it has been used by
distinguished authorities, e. g. Sir Emmerson Tennant,
if I mistake not, while referring to Ficus Religiosa,
speaks of it as the ‘ Sacred Banyan Tree,’ though
it has two other names well-known in India and
Ceylon — ‘Pippul’ Tree, or ‘Booh’ Tree. There is
one word of caution I should like to give with regard
to the opinions of coffee experts who come from
other coffee growing countries to the Shire High-
lands. It is impossible to suppose or expert that
one who is new to this country, although with very
large experience in coffee, can definitely say at once
that what is good in India or Ceylon for coffee
may be equally good in this country. Innumerable
valuable hints and suggestions can be had from an
experienced coffee groover from an outside country,
but, at the same time, as the conditions may be
so different, it is well not to adopt in too great a
hurry the course which is taken in such other
countries, as possibly further experience here might
show that they require modification.”

♦

DISTRICT OF THE ARUWIMI,
CENTRAL AFRICA.

This district is really an annex of that of the
Stanley Falls. All that I have said of the one
might be applied to the other. The portion between
Bena-Kamba and Batoko, along the Louiami consists
of sandy plains unsuitable for planting, so also with
the banks of the lower Aruwimi, and hero there

are rapids also It would not do to cultivate

coffee for export beyond (he rapids or in the Nelle
district. According to what is told us of thi.s country,
it is to the north of the grand forest what the
Mauyema (grass region) is in the South Savannahs,
very populous, well-cultivated by the natives, who
belong to strong races and are snsceptible of great
improvement.

Here and there along the river between the
Lomami tributary and the eastern frontier of the

742

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

district cultivation might be attempted in well-chosen
spots. The numerous ant-hills point to the existence
of clay at least in the subsoil

At Basoko there are also some plantations, the
importance of which rivals that of Stanley Falls.
They are on the borders of a stream in clayey and
alluvial soil. In spots, however, which the natives
had cleared to grow manioc, and h id abandoned,
the coSee plants looked stunted, proving that the soil
was not originally very fertile. At Basoko 1 saw 800
coffee bushes, 4 to 6 years old, 3 to Sk metres high
and nearly 2 metros wide; 270 cacao trees 4 to .5
years old and 3 to 3J yards high, 3J yards apart,
and bearing abundantly. There were many more
plants recently put out and also in nursery. From
one of the coffee bushes planted in 1890 I saw the
blacks who accompanied me, gather 23 Kilo (69^ Ib.s)
of ripe berries and 5 of unripe ones. That was on
the 28th January, and in December M. Henan, the
planter at the station had gathered 7 kilos

Some figures as to the cost of planting and cul-
tivating may be interesting: it is difficult to estimate
the cost of clearing as much of that was done by
members of the staff (soldiers) in spare hours. At
Basuko and at Coquilhatwille, the clearing and pre-
paring of the soil took 1,000 days, which I value at
i franc each, i.e., frs. 250. For the maintenance of
100 hectares (250 acres) 250 men or wo nen will be
necessary, say 300 1-1 25=-750 days per hectare, acres)
that is an annual outlay of 200 francs per hectare.

Including all these expenses, then, each kilo-
gi-amme (2j lb.) of coffee harvested in Upper Congo
will have cost at most 20 centimes (about 2d.) for
labour. I reckon it will have cost for expenses of
administration, and direction, over-sight and other
contingencies 2J more. As for the cost of trans-
port from Stanley Falls to Antwerp, when the
railway is finished, they wilt not be quite 44, say
4d. The kilo of coffee arrived Antwerp will have
cost nearly 1 frs. and can be sold for 2 to 2'20 francs,
and we know that a plantation of 100 hectares would
produce from the 6th year at least 150’000 kilos,
of coffee. This is an ideal that it is possible to
attain in many parts in the Congo.

1 have also collected some figures upon Cacao.
On one tree five years old, cultivated at Basuko,

I counted 34 fruits, some fully, some half grown.
Ten of these ripe ones contained 427 seeds in a dry
state. The 34 fruits would have given about 1,200
grammes (2i lb.) of dry seed. The kilo of Congo
cacao is valued at fr. 120; at that price & hectare
(2J acres) of cacao trees planted 9 ft. apart, would
bring in 1 kg. 200 x 800=960 kilo, worth 1,152 frs.
from the 5th year. It is decidedly less profitable
than an equal area of coffee. As for the expenses
of cultivation they are the same. If one takes into
consideration the inherent difficulties in the cultiva-
tion of cacao (rich soil and sheltered situation needed,
delicate seeds, difficulty of transplanting) it will be
agreed that cacao is not so suitable for the Congo
as the Liberian Coffee.

There is one other tree frequent in the sandy
forests of the Aruwimi, that is the tree that gives
the copal gum, the Trachylobiuni. It belongs to the
Leguminosso, has bifoliate leaves, irregular pteals and
is of coriaceous texture. The tree is freely found on
the borders of streams and attains a height of about
30 ft. The station of Asoko buys on an averse 600
kilos, of copal gum per month. Its value in Europe
is very variable. The district could probably produce
20 tons a year, probably more.

During 1895, the district sent about 100 tons of
Rubber, and the quantity might be doubled or tre-
bled. Oil Palms are very frequent on the left bank
of the river. “ Raphia ” and "panza” are also very
abundant. Basuko station has also been well planted
with fruit trees— citron, mango, papua &c..

district of the bangalas.

This distinct also presents vast sandy surfaces
alternating with slimy and more fertile soils, but the
clearing of the forest has disastrous effects, so that
in 3 or 4 years, the good soil has often disappeared
and white sand only roinains But at Urn-

aughi an agricultural station has rightly been planted,
for there we find a clayey soil and many ant-hills.
5,000 coffee plants and 2,000 cacao are planted, and
as the forest had been thoroughly cleared, plantains
are planted for shade ; the vigour of those bears
witness to the fertility of the soil

The best shade for coffee is certainly secured by
the partial clearing of the forest. ..Hence they have
started a small plantation 2i miles from Makolo
quite in the forest. .. .But hitherto the labourers
have had to walk there and back from Makolo, this,
is a waste of time. . . .To keep the field clean, 3 women
were set apart for every 2^ acres and had no other
work; they even sweep up the dead leaves — an un-
necessary work; I rather think it would be better
to fork up the weeds and not to destroy , them; on
sloping land the washaway would be prevented....

The plantations altogether in this station comprised
230 acres of cleared land, 28 of which were at
Makolo : 123 were planted with coffee and 25 with
cacao. But many plants had been put out with only
2 leaves and should have remained longer in the
nursery. An apparatus for cleaning the coffee by
John Gordon & Co. has been sent here, but is not
yet working.

Among the products cultivated by natives I notice
the ground mrt, sugar-cane, rice, manioc and beans.

The district produces 400 tons of Rubber annually.
The forests are rich in oil-palms (blais) panza and

raphia, and there are also copal-produoing trees

— British Central Africa Gazette.

CRETE AND ITS PRODUCTS.

It has been placed to the credit of the late
Emperor of Brazil that on being shown the fly-wheel
of a certain steam-engine, and informed that it
made over 300 revolutions per minute, he remarked
that it was far ahead of his country, for they could
only muster that number of Revolutions in a year ;
and so of Greece it may be remarked that many
have been the Revolutions during the past hundred
years, especially in Crete — one of those —

“ Isles of Greece,

Where burning Sappho loved and sung’’
and to-day the whole of Europe and Great Britain
is exceedingly perplexed as to what is to be the
order of things in Crete, and in Greece itself, in
the days to come. We can only express the hope
that freedom and i^rosperity may be the outgrowth
of the present imbroglio, for then horticulture and
^rioulture will flourish on this borderland of the
East. As to the resources which these two are
capable of yielding in freedom and peace it were
difficult to say. The island lacks proper cultivation,
is thinly populated, its exports are limited in value
and number — olive oil, wine, raisins, soap. Locust-
beans. Valonia, Almonds (shelled), and some Oranges.
Of the products now shipped from the various Cretan
ports, a fair proportion finds its way to this country
— in the shape of olive-oil, raisins. Locust-beans,
Valonia. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Another Bio Brazil Coffee Synuicate.—
In a Ijondon paper dated April lOtli, by the
French mail, we find the following important
paragra))!). It would look as if “ coffee^’ were
going to be overdone as much as “tea”; —

A large and extensive group of coffee plant >tions,
situated in the San Manuel district of the State of
San Paulo, have been sold to a Dutch syndicate for
the purpose, it it believed, of flotation as a company
on the European markets. The purchase price is
stated to be .£500,000. It is understood that negotia-
tions are in progress for the purchase of other coffee
estates in the same province by various syndicates,
both English and Continental. The flotation of the
Dumont Coffee Estates on the London market in
the early autumn of last year has encouraged the
undertaking of similar business in other quarters,
and more than one flotation is expected at an
early date.

May r, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

743

THE REPORT ON THE CAWNPORE
EXPERIMENTAL FARM

for 1893-96 has readied us. The Farm is under
the immediate charge of the Principal of the
Agricultural School at Cawnpore, ■who must be
highly gratified with the praise bestowed on the
farm by no less an authority than Or. Voelcker ;
for the latter, in his report on the “ Improve-
ments in Indian Agriculture,” records the follow-
ing opinion : — “ In fact, I was much pleased with
the Cawnpore Farm, and was not prepared to find
in India anything which so nearly came up to my
idea of what an experimental station should be.”

Among other matters which occupy the atten-
tion of the farm authorities is the distribution of
implements, of which we read that there was a
remarkable increase in the number distributed
during the year. This is said to be due chiefly to
the etlbi ts of the representatives of the department
, in bringing the improved implements into promi-
nence at the Agricultural Shows. We note that
the implements were either sold or given out on
hire, or for trial. Under the head of “Distribu-
tion of Seed,” we find that between 20,000 and
30,000 lb. of seed were distributed during the year
under report from the seed-store attached to the
Farm ; while under the head of Cattle," we have
a note on the Veterinary Hospital, where the
number of patients treated was 72, and the cases
cuied 70. The results in the latter case are natur-
ally consideieil to have been encouraging. Among
other interesting experiments are those with refer-
ence to Cotton Cultivation, and the various systems
of conserving Cattle Manures, which are said to be
likely in time to lead to some results of economic
value.

We have only been able to refer to a few of the
striking features in this Report, but our perusal of
the document leaves us no room for surprise that
so eminent an authority as Dr. Voelcker should
have spoken in high terms of the Cawnpore Farm.
When may we expect to see a like institution in
Ceylon? Not while the Government do not pro-
vide a vote for such important work as the distri-
bution of. seeds and implements, and for the carry-
ing out of useful experiments in connection with
their Agricultural School. In this connection we
would emphasise the importance of a Veterinary
Hospital such as that referred to in the Report
(worked, if possible, in connection with the Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as in
Bombay) seeing that the Government have a
highly-paid Veterinary Surgeon, who is apparently
not over-burdened with work or responsibilities.
A veterinary hospital would not only be the
means of popularizing European veterinary treat-
ment, but would also afford a training ground for
students of the Veterinary School whose opportuni-
ties for acquiring a practical training in the
veterinary art must be very small. It is a
matter for regret that the Government of Ceylon
did not think of inviting an expert, such as Dr.
Voelcker, to draw up a scheme of work for the
Ceylon Agricultural School at the same time
that he was reporting on the “ Improvements in
Indian Agriculture.”

THE ESTATES COMPANY OF UVA,
LIMITED.

The annual ordinary general meeting of the
above Company was held at the Company’s
Offices, No. 7 Queen Street, Fort, Colombo, at
12-30 p.m., on Saturday, 27th March, 1897.

95

The directors’ report was as follows : — ■

ACREAGE.

c6

Dammeria Group . . 436

Battawatte and Forest "

Hill . . . . 209

Gampaha . . . . 3.32

977

Dammeria Group
Battawatte and Forest
Hill

Gampaha

U o

O

43

81

u bo
ea a

167

20

216

<D

<D

eh 2

23

14

82

bo

a

(D — '

H

110

<u

fH

o

H

575

211 .587

119 471

410

1,633

!st and
asta land'

o

o

H

502

1,143

141

232

747

866

129 119 875 2,756

(Some coffee also remains amongst tea and timber
trees on Gampaha ann Battawatte Estates.)

The Directors have now the pleasure of submitting
to the Shareholders the accounts for the past year.

The tea cropi, which was estimated at 350,000, lb.
amounted to 350,102 lb in addition to which 32,025 lb.
were made from purchased leaf. Of the total quan-
tity, viz: 382,127 1b. 372,8181b. have been sold at a
net average of about 48g cents per lb. A reason-
able valuation has been placed on the unsold portion
of the crop, viz : 9,309 lb. The receipts for manufac-
turing tea for other estates amounted to 115,679'32.

The Coffee crop was slightly under the estimate
of 970 bushels, having amounted only to 918 bushels,
as against 3,070 bushels in 1895. As will be seen
from the Working Account, the Cocoa and Carda-
mom crops slightly execeeded the estimates of 50
cwts and 500 lb respectively.

The expenditure on Working Account amounted to
Ri48,451'80, which included the whole of the Salaries
and Establishment charges on each of the Estates.

During the past year the Tea acreage was in-
creased from 1,574 to 1,633 acres, partly by the
planting up of land under other products and
partly by opening up new land. A small addition of
Acres. 12’3T8 has been made to the Dammeria
Group by purchase of that extent of Crown land.
The cost of these extensions, as also upkeep of the
Tea fields not in bearing, amounting to E26,854T7,
is added to the coat of the Estates. The cost of
additions to Buildings and Machinery during
the year amounted respectively to R10,307'60 and
R10,530-80.

An issue of 99 shares of R500 each was made in
terms of the Directors" Circular letter of 26th March
last, these shares being taken up by the holders of
the then existing shares at a premium of RlOO per
share. The paid up Capital of the Company is thus
increased to R700,000 and a sum of R9,900, the
premium on the new issue, is placed to credit of
Profit and Loss account. The Diretors recommend
that this premium be transferred to Depreciation
Account.

After making provision for ordinary depreciation
of Buildings and Machinery a sum of R58,867"38 is
available for distribution, which will be reduced to
R48,967"38 by the transfer of the share premium as
above referred to. The Directors recommend that
a dividend of 7 per cent for the year be declared
on the Capital as at 1st January, 1896, viz., R650,500.
and that, in terms of the issue, a dividend of 3J per
cent be declared on the Capital last issued, v z.,
R49,500. The payment of these dividends will absorb
R47,267"50 and leave Rl,699"88 to be carried forward
to the current year’s accounts.

744

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

The question of improved outlets for both Batta-
watte and Gampaha has been engaging much of
the attention of the Directors. Au extension of the
Madul^ma road through Battawatte and Forest Hill,
fts a Grant-in-Aid road, is likely to be undertaken
at an early date, while the Directors hope in a short
time to have matters ripe for an application being
sent m to Government for the very necessary ex-
tension of the Uda-Pnssellawa road.

The crops estimated for the current year are
415,0(W lb. Tea, 590 bushels Coffee, 60 ewts. Cocoa,
and 600 lb. Cardamoms, while the estimated ex-
penditure on Working Account, viz., Rs. 150,554,
provides for the manufacture of 40,000 lb. Tea for
another estate.

The outlay on Capital account, which is esti-
mated at Rs. 13,922, will be for upkeep of the Tea
fields giving no return and extension of the area under
Tea, as also for additional coolie lines &c.

An extension of the Gampaha Factory is also in
contemplation but for this no estimate is yet framed,
while the cost of providing improved outlets for both
Gampaha and Battewatte will probably have to
be met

Messrs. Carlyon, Figg and Chas. Young having
resigned their seats on the Board on leaving the
Island, Messrs. A. Thomson, G. H. Alston and ^y.D.
Gibbon were duly appointed to fill the respective
vacancies. Mr. C. A. 1 eechman having also retired
from the Board, Mr. E. J. Young was appointed in
his stead, and that gentleman now retires by rotation.

The appointment of an Auditor rests with the
meeting. — By order of the Directors,

WniTTALL & Co., Agents & Secretaries.
Colombo, 17th March, 1S97.

CINNAMON SALES IN LONDON.

The particulars of the last quarterly sales of
cinnamon, held in London on the 22ud ultimo,
which we pnblislied in our last issue, atl'ord
gratifying evidence of the correctness of
the anticipations in which we had indulged,
of a permanent iini)ii)vement in the value
of, i)erhaps, the oldest of our staple exports.
After a period of long, and almost ruinous, de-
pression, our historic^ spice began looking up a
year or two ago; and although it was feared,
from the suddenne.ss and extravagance of the first
considerable rise, that the upward tendency was
artificial— as indeed it was on that particular oc-
casion— and would be only temporary, the prices
which then ruled have been fairly well maintained.
The speculative prices which certain medium
marks secured, have of course not been realized
since ; but there has been no general drop. On
the contrary, almost every sale since then has
proved satisfactory to the producer ; and the
confidence we expresssed, that it is a better de-
mand, and not .speculative operations, u'liich first
provoked keener competition, seems fully jus-
tified. The main reasons which point to this
conclusion are that almost all the cinnamon
brought to the hammer, is knocked down in
the auction rooms, the balance finding ready
buyers immediately after, at current or improved
rates ; and secondly, that the demand is
pretty evenly distributed, and all sorts find buy-
ers. Not only .so, and not only tliat u.isold lots
scarcely ever have to be reserveil for the next
quarterly sales, as happened pretty frequently
a few years ago, but the difierence in price
between fine and medium bark is not as pro-
nounced as it used to be. For many years, and
until about two years a^'o, line jiale cinnamon
of the best known brands fetched quite double
the prices of medium marks ; and often even

more. Thus, we have known C. H. De S. (the
De Soysa brand) realising for its firsts only
7d. to 8d., while Golua Pokuna would fetch
Is. 6d. to Is. 7d. at the same sale. All this
is now changed, and the relation of prices for
barks which are pure and unadulterated, though
they may differ greatly in thickne.ss of quill
and but little in quality of the spice, is
more reasonable. Fancy prices for fancy
makes are getting out of date ; and the spice
fetches about what it is really worth,
with a reasonable allowance for more attractive
appearance and the higher w.ages which have
to be i)aid for the manufacture of fine quills.
Thus, at the February sales the iliiTerence in
price for Firsts ranged from Is to Is Od ; for
Seconds from ll^d to Is 5d ; Thirds from lO^d
to Is 4d ; and Fourths from lOd to Is Id. Fine
bark may be saitl roughly to have fetched about
lialf as much again as ordinary quills, instead
of double or more. Then, the grading of ordinary
bark showing a verj’ inappreciable difference |
the difference in price, too, was correspondingly
small — from lOd for Fourths to Is for Firsts ;
wdiile in finely quilled cinnamon, the difference
being more appreciable, the prices ranged from
Is Id to Is 61I. Again, the “unworked” cin,
namon, which is sold as it is landed, without
any manipulation in the Docks or Warehouses,
and which the trade would not look at some
year.i ago, was all competed for and sohl at
prices wliich approximated to those of ordinary
bark, after they had undergone expensive unbaling,
brushing-up and re-baling. From this last men-
tioned circumstance alone, we are justified in
deducing a real demand, as the London mono*
polists were very strong some years ago in
resisting the claim of exporters to have more
frequent sales, and sales on samples diawn from
one bale of each quality, instead of having
every bale undone. So long as the demand was
slack, producers were unable to enforce the last
demand ; but now unworked cinnamon seems to
provoke as keen competition as worked spice ; and
what is more, prices have risen in face of in-
frequent sales. Our great staple tea has re-
ceded in price despite weekly auctions, while
cinnamon, which had to abandon even monthly
sales in deference to a ring in London, has
risen. The fact is of importance in connection
with the discussion on the fall of prices which
tea has experienced, as it p(>ints to the supreme
importance of the relation between supply and
demand in regulating the market.

Turning to the catalogue we find that the old
marks maintained their old pre-eminence, Golua
Pokuna leading as usual, closely followed by Wester
Seaton, Kimbulapitiya, and Mudaliyar Raje-
pakse’s Kadirane properties. A. & Co. (MessR.s
De Mel’s Ekelle property), G. De C. (the late
Mr. Gabriel De Croos’ brand) come next,
ami then the great “unworked,” led by the
C. H. De S. marks. Of 1,248 bales offered,
nearly 1,200 bales found buyers in the room ;
and it w'ould be a mistake to suppose that the
offerings w'ere small. Although the quantity was
short of that which was brought to the hammer
in February last year, the catalogue of F'ebruary
1896, it must be remarked, was exceptionally large.
The February sales are generally light; and in
1895 they received only 766 bales or nearly 500
bales less than was sold last month. Since
the sales, a firmer tone seems to prevail, so
that the outlook is decidedly cheering, and pro-
prietors have to be congratulated on the returning
j)iosperity for which they had long to wait.

May I, 1897.1

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

745

The following is the report on the last sales
from one of the leading (inns in the trade in
London ; —

London, 25th Feb. ’97.

Cinnamon. — The first auctions of the year were held
on Monday last the 22nd instant when 1,248 bales
Ceylon offered against 1,792 bales at the February
1896 sales. There was a good demand and about
1,200 bales were cleared in the room with capital
competition. Ordinary to medium qualities of quill
sold steadily at par to 1/2 per lb. advance and the
finer brands maintained the good advance established
in November except a few bales of first and fourth
sorts which sold at 1/2 to Id. per lb. cheaper. Fine
“worked ’’ Ceylon sold : Firsts good to fine 1/ at 1/6 ;

seconds lljd. at 1/5; Thirds 10|d. at 1/4, and Fourths
lOd. at 1/1.

The “ uirworked ’’ spice sold (as landed) about
1,000 bales. Firsts ordinary to good lO^d. at 1/;
Seconds lid. at lljd; Thirds lOd. at lljd., and
Fourths inferior to good 7^d. at lOd. per lb.

Chips &c. — 48 bags sold at 3Jd. and about 50 bags
quillings &c., at 8d. at lOd. per lb.

1896. 1895. 1894.

Stock of Ceylon 2,453 bales against 4,583 3,885. 3,516

The next sales are fixed for the 31st May.

LIVING ON COCONUTS.

The value of the coconut as food is shown
ni a story from Pemba, Africa. One coconut,
night and morning, kept a man alive for seven
months under most cruel and trying circumstances.
The man was a slave named Muftah, who ran
away from his master an Arab, named Ali
Bin Abdullah. His matter recaptured him, then
treated him with horrible cruelty. He was put
in irons, which were welded on his flesh near
the ankles, and the irons were attached by a
bar to a cleft tree. For seven months was
Muftah kept in this position, exposed to all
changes of weather, enduring noon-day heat
and evening chill the- torments of insects and
semi starvation. A coconut, night and morning,
was his only food and drink. He was eventually
rescued by H.M.’s Consul at Pemba, Dr. O’
{Sullivan, who had him sent to Zanzibar. That
he lived so long under such conditions is a
matter of surprise, and speaks well for the
food value of the coconut.— Pjoc/kcc World.

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

Tea Blending. — The development of tea planting
has led to a similar groivth m the business of tea
dealing, especially in that department of it in which
blending is made a conspicuous feature. While
many of the old firms of tea dealers still maintain
■ their trade and position, several comparatively new
firms have entered into competition, making a great
point of the art of judicious blending which they
cultivate. The Grocer, recently desciibirig the new
premises of one of these firms w'hich it states by the
way, were only established quite recently, says; —
“ The floors are fireproof, and the different depart-
ments are admirably suited to the purposes for which
they are intended. Goods delivered from the bonded
warehouses are at once lifted by means of a crane
fitted with the ‘friction jigger’ to the top or third floor,
designated the receiving room. Here the teas are fed
into cutters, which reduce the leaves to a uniform
length and free them from extraneous matter. From
these machines they pass through to the ‘hopper’ on
the second floor. The capacity of the drum is about
twelve chests, or some 1,20001b, and this is directly
coirnected with the mixing machine (of equal capa-
city) on the first floor by means of a capacious funnel.
Thus it will be seen that as soon as the ‘ mixer ’ is
< cleared another parcel cao be introduced in a few

moments, and a very large quantity of tea can
he dealt with in a brief iieriod. The ground
floor forms the delivery department, and it is to this
room that teas packed on the different floors and ready
for delivery are conveyed in the powerful hydraulic
lift. At the time of our visit the building was not out
of the conti actors’ hands, but large numbers of em-
p’oyes weie engaged on the various floors in the vari-
ous processes involved in preparing the firm’s packet
and loose teas for the market. In the basement a six-
horse-power nominal Crossley gas engine has been
erected, and here also a circular saw is to be laid down
in order to facilitate the work of chest making. Spe-
cial arrangements have been made for keeping the
rooms free from dust, and for drying labels rapidly by
the provision of powerful fans, and the ventilation has
been carried out on scientific principles.’’ The firm
referred to, it appears, “ offer every facility to re-
tailers to adopt the ‘ own name and label ’ system of
trading, and they supply photographs of tea planta-
tions for window display. The care they devote to
blending is indicated by the fact that samples of the
drinking-water used in almost all parts of the country
are kept on the premises.’’

Just Romantic Enough. — It is not surprising that
the British youth yearns after a tea planter’s life
as he reads the glowing accounts given of it in some
of the light literature of the day. Even the globe
trotters are impressed with the glimpses they get.
In a book called “Romantic India,” just published
by Mr. Heinemann, we find the author, a French-
man, M. Andre Chevrillon, indulging in a glowing
sketch of a Ceylon tea garden proprietor. We knew
that all tea garden proprietors in Ceylon are not
“fat, gentle, pale,” and that sitting in chaises longtiea
with cigarette and book is not the lot of the
“ creeper,” but tbe following description reads well : —
“Yesterday,” says M. Chevrillon, on the railway,
returning from the interior of the island, I met a
Hollander ; fat gentle, pale, peaceful of gesture,
scanty of speech. Of the Dutch temperament there
is left only the phlegm and softness ; the sanguine
flesh tint has disappeared under the heat. After
five minutes he asKed me my address that he
might send me some flowers ; for my pockets
oveiflowing with roses, jasmines, mimosas, my ad-
miration for the very great size of the floral display
on every side had surprised him. After a time I
learned that my man is a native of Ceylon, that
he has tea plantations in the mountain, and lives
with his family at Colombo. To-day I dine with
him. His bungalow, situated in the cinnamon gar-
dens, is like a villa of some rich old Roman, deli-
ciously bright and cool, immense halls separated by
partitions of fragrant woods, carved and cut in
fretwork, great wicker chaises longues, where one may
recline all day with cigarette or book. The children
pretty, but singularly pallid, a translucid, waxen tint,
fined down and enfeebled by the climate ; a 1 oucc-
hold of servants, w’ho seem very much beloved,
Paients and children speak Cingalese to them.”

The Board of Trade Returns and Produce.—
The striking feature of the Board of Trade returns
of our foreign and colonial trade during February is
that the declared value of the imports into the
PTnited Kingdom again shows an increase (^1, 768,428),
and the declared value of our exports of British and
Irish produce and manufactures a decrease (£1,839,413)
for the month. Striking increases are found under
the head of duty-free and dutiable articles of food
and drink, and represent inter alia increased im-

orts of wheat from the United States and Tuikey,

our from France, maize from Argentina, coffee from
all sources of supply except Ceylon and Brazil, and
tea from Ceylon and India.

Coolie Labour in the West Indies.— The official
report referring to Jamaica is interesting alike for
its statistics and its reference to the East Indian
coolies there. There is a decline in the value of the
xports from the figures of former years, the difference
9 compared with 189-i 9a auiounting to £48 ,317

746

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[May I, 1897.

Coffee, bananas, sngar, rum, and cocoa are the chief
items that have declined, whilst the exports of
oranges, gi-upe fniit, ginger, lime juice, and pimento
have expanded. It may be ioteiesiiug to state as
regards oiangea that the total export in 1895-96
was 97, 025, 898, of the estimated value of £169,79-1
these figures exceeding the sum of the exports in the
four preceding years by 12,062,754 in number and
£44,319 in value. The island is thus continuing to
reaj) the result of the misfortune which befell Florida in

1894. It appears that the East Indian population
thrive in spite of the depression in the sugar indus-
try', which I'.as little if any effect on their average
wages, the greater number being now employed on
fruit-growir;g properties. One high-caste East
Indian, formerly an immigrant, is now the possessor
of over 2,800 acres of land, and has been elected a
member of the parochial board of Trelawny. Over
three hundred coolie adulls with their families left
for Calcutta in the Government vessel on May 18,

1895. Ninety-nine adults who had claimed and were
entitled to free passages did not present themselves,
and the ships had to be despatched short of the
full complement. The amount of £3,139 was taken
away in Treasury bills by eighty-nine families. A
further instance of the prosperity and thrilt of the
East Indian popirlation is shown in the increase of
savings’ bank depositors compared with 1894 of
from 793 to 1,029, and of deposits from £13,958 to
£22,680, notwithstanding the closing of several
accounts by coolies.

A Nkw Constituent of Indian Hemp.— The hemp
plant. Cannabis saliva, grown in temperate countries,
inoduces a valuable fibre ; but in India the fibre
produced is of little use in the arts, and the plant
appears to devote its energies mainly to the pro-
duction of a resinous secretion, which, owing to its
soporific properties, is a very valuable medicinal
agent. The resin exudes from the plants, and is
collected by men walking through the fields with
long leathern gaiters, to which it sticks; it is known
as “charas,” while the tops of the plants collected
with the resin on them, and matted together by

Eressure, foim “hashish.” Very many attempts have
een made, says the Imperial Institute Journal, by
chemists to isolate, from the various Indian hemp
products, the principle to which their medicinal
activity is due, with the result that many and very
different substances have been from time to time
regarded as the active principle. The most recent
investigation of Indian hemp is that of Messrs. "Wood,
Bpivey, and Easterfield {Journal Chem. iSocieti/, May,
1896 ) , w ho obtained by fractional distillation of “charas”
under a very low pressure a resinous substance to
which they gave the name “ Cannabinol.” At
ordinary temperatures '‘Cannabinol” is a viscous
resin, melting to a thick oily liquid when the contain-
ing vessel is p aced in warm water. The therapeutic
action of this substance has been examined by Mr.
Marshall, M.B., assistant to the Downing Professor
of Medicine at Cambridge University {Lanect, Jan.
23, 1897). Mr. Marshall made tw'o experiments with
the drug upon himself, taking on ihe first occasion
from 1 to 15 gram., and on the second a smaller
quantity. The first dose did not cause sleep, but
induced a peculiar state of delirium, accompanied by
complete loss of memory and all sense of the passage of
time. This state of delirium alternated with perfectly
lucid intervals. On the second occasion the small dose
taken produced similar effects in a milder form and for a
shorter time, being followed by sleep, during which
a series of visions were seen, usually of a grotesque
character. The use of the drug seems quite un-
attended by any unpleasant after effects such as are
experienced with some other narcotics. It W'as tried
on one patient suffering from insomnia with very
good results. 'The teijienes obtained ns a first frac-
tion in the preparation of “ Cannabinol ” were also
purified by Messrs. Wood, Spivey and Easterfield,
and sent to Mr. Marshall for therapeutical experi-
ment. 'They were found to act exactly like ordinary
terpe-nes, so that they are not connected with the
characteristic action of the hemp products.

PnODUCE FROM THE GOLD CoAST COLONY. — The Go
Coast Colony is m a flourishing condition Notwit
standing the general unrest in the colony during tir
year 1895, owing to the Ashantee expedition) th
total value of trade increased by £146,166, or roughly
at the rate of 9 per cent., the total of exports ahd
imports for the year being £1,809,340, contrasted
with .£1,663,173 in 1894, In 1895 the quantity of
rubber exported from the Gold Coast increased by
1,000,000 lb, a total of 4,022,385 lb comparing with
3,027,627 lb, ihe values being £322,070 and £232,550
respectively. The year’s output was the highest on
recoid. Cacao, coffee, and kola nuts were imported
. n larger quantities. — II. and C. Mail, March 12.
♦

TAMIL COOLIES AND LABOUR
SUPPLY.

To the Editor, British North Borneo Herald.

Sir, — In the issue of .January 1st there is an article
about the Indian laboui-er i.e, the Tamil cooly. You
scarcely give him fair play when you say he is
physically unable to perform heavy work, while to-
wards the end of your article you say he is by no
means a bad road maker and can cut drains ; also
you recommend him for earth works. These works
are usualy considered the heaviest you can put a
cooly to perform. Evidently the writer of the
article know's nothing whatever about the Tamil
cooly. I have had several years experience with
Tamil labour and have always found them capable
of doing the heaviest work with ease and neatness
which the Malay lacks.

Secondly, you talk of obtaining Tamil coolies
through Agents. QTiis would be a most unsatisfactory
way. as planters in Ceylon always send their Kanganies
to get the coolies who know' which men are suitable
to work on estates and not an agent who will nick up
any coolies for the sake of his commission. 1 should
suggest sending some one to Ceylon and from there
taking a Kangany with him to the Indian Coast to
pick the coolies. After the Tamils have once got a
footing and find they are well treated others will
follow, by sending a trustworthy Kangany back to
fetch more each year as required.

The Dusun cannot be put on the same footing as
the Cingbalese for felling and clearing ; the latter
is much quicker, lops better, and works steadier. —
Yours, etc. E. Walker.

Manpakad Estate, 27th .January, 1897.

[The writer of the article had had long experi-
ence of each form of labour, Tamil. Chinese and
Malay, and still maintains that individually the
Tamil cannot or will not do as much earth cutting
as a Malay. In oilier words it takes three Tamils
to do the work performed by two Chinese or Malays,
Coffee, hemp and rhea were specially excepted. Our
correspondent overlooks the fact that as regards most
of the estates and clearings there are no kanganies
to send to India and neither tobacco planters nor
woodcutters have as yet cared to employ Tamil
labour. The “ Agency” question is easily solved by
the rejection of unfit coolies at the Agent’s expense.
Dusuns may be worse than Cingbalese as woodcutters
but the men mostly employed on the East Coast
are Sooloos, Javanese, Banjerese, Arc. We should be
glad if Mr. Walker would state whether he considers
Tamils equal man for man to the Chinese. They are
doubtless cheaper per head and bring wives and
children who can also work. But experience in the
Malay Peninsula shows that owing to their much
greater laziness, liability to sickness, and less strong
physique there is no appreciable saving by employ-
ing them. We are neverthelessglad that Mr. Walker
has written as the Labour question in North Borneo
annot be too thoroughly discussed.— Ed.]

Progress in North Borneo.— A correspond •
ent writes: — “'The mail brought out word that
one of our principal Tobacco Companies was
sending a manager out to oiien a coll'ee estate
on one of tlieir blocks of land. A Syndicate
arc about to bore for mineral oil on Province Dent/

May I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

747

UPPER DIMJ3ULA: ITS VEGETATION
AND SCENIC BEAUTY :
VARIETIES OF TlMBER-TKEiiS ; INCREASE
OF BIRDS.

In the early days of coffee i)lantiii<(, Diiiibula
was divided 'into “Upper” and “Lower.” In
reality there was not much difference between
the elevation above seadevel of the plantations
in each division — Union and Bogahawatte ran as
high as Louisa and Radella ; but the approach
to the one was from Kotmale, while the otliers
bad their outlet vifi Nuwara Eliya. There is
no question now, however, as to the estates
which run over 4,500 to 5,500 feet meriting for
their district, the distinction of Upper Dimbula.
We refer especially to those between Great
Western and Nanuoya, above or on each
side of the railway line ; and the plantations
along the headwaters or crowning the slopes
between the Nanuoya and the Agraoya until we
come under the shadow of Kirigalpotta or touch
the far-extending Bopatalawa patanas.

It, on the one hand, the railway has done inestim-
able service in enabling lowcountry residents and
visitors to enjoy some of our finest mountain
scenery, how much is lost froni the inclination
to hurry through each district f^nd to be con-
tented with a glance at the general outline?
The old Gampola and Ramboda and still more
the Ramboda and Nuwara Eliya coaches were
tedious and trying in many ways; but what en-
joyment they afforded in the details of
mountain, stream and valley scenery, now
seldom or never seen by the ordinaiy
'’isitor or travellei'. In the same way ive
may say, after a brief sojourn within its limits,
how little is known of the attractions and scenic
beauty of Upper Dimbula from a mere trip by
the railway along the one side of it. 'fo see
and appreciate Dimbula (as well as the adjacent
dist icts) nothing but a driving or riding (or to
a less extent a bicycle) trip covering every mile
of its “pucka” roads can suffice. In any case,
let no one say tliey know anything of tiie dis-
trict, until they have travelled by the Agraoya,
up as far as the Agras road wdll take them ;
and from Lindula alongside the Lambagastalawa-
oya past Kowlaliena and Henfold, Maria and Lip-
pakelle, Macdulf and Cyinru right into what
Will. Smith u.sed to call “ Molesworth’s Railway
Gorge ” at the foot of Elgin estate ; and yet
again until they have traver.sed the road
between Matakolle and Lamiliere and along a series
of plantations the Dimbuldanda-oya till they
enter the line avenue shaded by grevilleas or
eucalyjits on Lome and xVbbotsford and pass on
to the Longdeu Road ca route for Nuwara
Eliya. This is becoming a favorite route for
bicyclists who think nothing of running from
the Sanatarium to Talawakele or as far as
Hatton (a Colombo visitor and Rangoon friend
did the 32 miles 2,000 feet down, in 4 hours
the other day) ; but who, though they enjoy
a shady avenue for several miles, are far too
much occupied in engineering sharp turns — of
which unfortunately tliere are too many — or in
giving “ample room and verge enough” to
bullock bandies— to lind proper opportunity of
looking at the scenery, much less studying
the vegetation. And yet there is a great deal in
both worthy of note. We think it a pity that
in his recent visit to Dikoya and Maskeliya,
His Excellency the Governor did not drive
down the Longden Road through Dimbula to
llatton, rather than travel by rqiil. Very likely,

the drive is only reserved until the Dimbula dis-
trict is properly honoured with a viceregal visit, on
which occasion, we trust, all the main roads we
have named will be traversed, and the district
thereby properly appreciated. In some respects,
there is no more delightful upcountry drive in
the island tlian the one from Talawakele to
Nuwara Eliya, or vice versa. There is moun-
tain and river scenery— big falls, tumbling
cataracts, smooth pools, and long reaches of
shady stream — with diversified vegetation from the
clumps of shrubby, yellow or giant bamboos,
to the shady grevilleas, graceful aeacias, and
the towering gum trees — all breaking the monotony
of tea fields dotted over, however, with cin-
chonas, and by the wayside with not a few
coffee bushes,' singly or in limited groves.
Cultivated native fashion, but with the trees
neatly trimmed, it has been quite a treat to see
an appreciable number of coffee trees— nob acres—
on some of the plantations in blossom, bring-
ing back recollections of the beautiful fields
of snowy jessamine-like flower, to be succeeded by
the plentiful ruddy cherries of “ auld lang syne.”
Our higher districts, as a whole, are becoming
wonderfully well-wooded— (an advantage which
many estates short of lirewood sadly need)—
and this is especially the case in Upper Dimbula.

We suppose the experienced Manager of
Mount Vernon is as favouiable as ever he
was to the grevilleas (the Queensland silky oak)
dotted over his tea fields on account of the
great benefit which their litter of leaves confers
on the tea bushes, while the big trees in no
other way do harm. The fertilizing material
is indeed' abundant, if we may judge by the
roadside gatherings on Lome and adjacent
estates, where we were repeatedly reminded of
Milton’s line : —

“Thick as autmnaal leaves that strew the brooks

In Vallambrosa.”

The bamboos have no such beneficial effect ;
but they are confined chiefly to clumps on the
riverside, though some fine collections are found
higher up in the ravines. The timber offers
compensation for the sometimes troublesome
litter : — the smaller bamboos split up making
useful ])alings or garden fences ; the larger ones
a capital substitute for spouting, with many
other means of turning the different sizes to
use. Nothing, however, can be more pictur-
esque in early morning or afternoon sun,
than the glancing yellow Ceylon, Nilgiiis or
Himalayas, or the dark dark green Java,
bamboos by the riverside in contrast with
the prevailing plantation cultivation. All four
kinds of bamboo are found on Abbots-
ford, and we suppose, we may say with-
out any exaggeration tliat Abbotsford —
thanks to the enterprise and enthusiasm of
our relative and chief, the late A. M. F'erguson — •
is the best “ timbered” or “wooded” tea planta-
tion in the island ? There are, as we said,
some coffee bushes left and a very appreciable
quantity dotted over the tea fields, of cinchona
trees— alas, of no value unless the de-
mand and juices increase and justify con-
tinued cultivation and bark-harvesting ; — but
these are nothing to the number and
variety of timber trees. No census has ever
been taken ; but the experienced Manager, Mr.
Fraser — himself an arboreal enthusiast — thinks
there cannot be fewer than a score of varieties
of Eucalypts, from the gigantic Faucijlora^
running to 100 feet high and 8 to 9 feet in
circumference, to the jarrah and red gum or ths

748

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

handsome swamp mahogany. Then among many
other introductions, especially on Lower Ab-
botsford— there is a dill'erence of about 1,500
feet altitude between tlie toj) and lowest part of
the estate— there are notable, magniticent speci-
mens of Albizzia molnccana, umbrageous, lofty,
massive, like so many grand beech or elm trees,
and although not more tlian 15 years old, yet
measuring up to 9 or 10 feet in circumference. The
contrast between the cockscomb-like yellow
grevillea flowers and the feathery white
flower of the albizzia is very delightful. Of
other trees we may mention several varieties of
casuarina, pinus, cryptomeiia, loons and allies,
and acacia, the Melanoxylon especially, of which
there are also fine belts on Dessford estate.
Of individual ornamental trees there is

enough for a botanic garden. Then,

again, in garden cultivation, we believe

tlie esteemed Superintendent of Hakgala Gardens
sometime ago would not credit what he was
told was to be seen on Abbotsford in the shape
of Palm trees. And it is certainly very interest-
ing to see, at 5,000 feet altitude, palm
trees (albeit Australian in habitat) wdiich
might be taken at first sight for pal-

myras, 50 to 60 or 70 feet high, flourishing so
freely that their reproductiveness in young palms
from the dropping seed is likely to become a
nuisance to the gardener or planter !

Nor have we nientioneil all the advantages
which have been secured in Dimbula and aiija-
cent districts from the planting of timber, fuel
or ornamental trees amidst the tea, in the
gardens or in separate groves. “The songsters
of the grove'” have, as might be expected, very
freely availed themselves of the cover and homes
provided for them. “ The singing of birds is
again heard in the land ” — heard over the 50,000
acres of primeval forest originally cleared to
the last tree foi coflee, cinchona or tea in this
ipimense district. Not only so ; but more bird
visitors are finding their way up from the low
country — attracted, no doubt, by the genial
climate, garden-like culture, comfortable groves,
and abundance of food. Aiiu here conies in
the economic use of birds in destroying insect
among other enemies ot the jilanter and his
staples. It has been an unusual and delightful
treat to us at 5,000 feet to be wakened at
sunrise by the multitudinous singing ot birds
outside our windows and away on the tree-tops,
recalling the home ciy in “ Cymbeline”: —

“ Hark, hark ! the lark at Heaven’s gate sings.

And Pheebus ’gins arise."

For lark, read blackbird, as the chief favourite
in Upiier Dimbula and indeed in all our higher
regions up to and within Nuwara Eliya itself. In-
deed, the tree and garden cultivation in tlie higher
districts have brought the birds — for who ever
saw or heard them in the Dimbula jungle ? — or even
in the higher jungles now. The lowcountry
sparrow is even now found in Dimbula. We
trust the process of establishing groves of tim-
ber or fuel trees, or of dotting these over the
landscape and of introducing ornamental tree.s
into the gardens and around the bungalow's, in
onr planting districts — both high and medium
and in its own way even in low districts, — may
continue and extend more and more ; and then
we may be sure that the risk of any serious
enemy to our tea or other products, spring-
ing iiji, will be greatly lessened.

Meantime, we commend to all visitors and
travellers— nob to speak of rcshlents who move
eibout from time to time— the advantage of be-

[May I, 1897.

coming ac(iiiainted with the scenic and other
beauties of our higher planting di.stricts— Dimbula,
Dikoya, and Maskeliya, not to speak of Udapus.
sellawa — even as seen from the first-class roads
which traverse so many of them in different
directions.

ENEMIES OF CACAO.

We call attention to an interesting letter from
Mr. Vander Poorten, who has had prolonged ex-
perience now as a cultivator of cacao. He

refers to the letter in wliich Mr. Christie an-
nounced that the Governor had considerately
agreed to call in a Specialist to report on the
pest affecting the red species of cacao. No

intimation is given as to where this Specialist
is to be sought, and whether he is to be an
Entomologist or Fungolomst ? W" e do not know,
indeed, whether there has been a preliminary
local enquiry, and whether such special talent
and training as we may have in our midst
has been consulted— or whether the Governor
is acting, or has acted, simply on the request
of the Planters’ Association Committee, or of
Mr. Christie as spokesman for a number of
cacao planters ? We ask these questions, be-
cause apart from the letter we publish today —
the writer of which shows practical and scientific
knowledge— we cannot find that Mr. E. E.
Green of Pundaluoya has been consulted as to
the “ Specialist ’’ required for “ the cacao
pest.” Now, we know, a prophet is not with-
out honour save in his own country ; but
seeing that Mr. Green has made for himself no
undistinguished position among scientists at
home, and remembering further that we have
had in the comse of the past thirty years,
“specialists” come out to this colony, who
))roved decidedly bad bargains, — we should cer-
tainly have liked to see Mr. Green, as well as
the Director of the Hotanic Gaidens, consulted
as to the wdse and proper course to be taken in the
matter. Mr. Green himself, being the most modest
of scientists, will deprecate w hat w e have written ,-
for, in answer to our empiiry, as to his know-
lege of cacao enemies, he -writes as follows .-

“From Mr. T. N. Christie’s letter it nppcajs (hat
the specialist is required to investigate come one
particular pest aiTectiiig the red vaiiety of the cocoa
1 am not quite sure to what disease he is refening.
Hut if, as i suspect, it is of a fungoid nature, the
services of a specialist (a cryptoganist) would cer-
tainly be necessary. I am certainly not qualified to
advise in such a case. My particular studies have
been entirely in the entoinolcgical line. ISomo few
w'eeks ago Mr. Cluis. Gibbon sent me some sections
of diseased cocoa steens, together with some small
boring beetles which he supposed to be the cause of
the trouble. But an examination of the material
showed me that the beetles were not accountable
for tne disease, but had been attracted by the dej
caying wood. The whole sap of the tree, was
diseased. I was unable to say whether the inquiry
was due to unsuitable soil or to some fungoid
disease ; but it was certainly not caused by any insect
enemy.

“ Many thanks for your kind expressions of opinion
upon my qualifications as an economic entomologist.
It is a subject that has always interested me, and
I have endeavoured to keep myself abreast of the
progress and work done in this direction in other
countries. But it is difficult for a private indi-
vidual, unsupported by either funds or authority,
to conduct the necessary experiments. Many of
these— though expensive— must bo unrtmuuorative.
We have very much to learn about the action of
various insecticides and there can be no progress
without many failures, for which a laiga inarcin
should be allowed.’’ ® ^ ^

May I, 1897.] the TROPICAL

We most heartily agree in the need ot economic
experiments in reference to the enemies of more
than one of onr staydes, and we cannot at all
understand why, before importing a Specialist
(even though a Cryptogamist or hhingologist)
advantage should not be taken by Government
of Mr. Green’s special qualifications to get
him to visit the difterenc cacao districts or
estates afilicted with enemies and to report on the
same. Mr. (ireen can he dejiended on to give
an honest, as well a-< useful Reyiort, and in the
case of “ Tomici perforans” as described
by Mr. Vander Poorten, it is yiossible an
enemy has to be dealt with that is

peculiarly within the seope of Mr. Green’s
department, and yet wliicli apparently produces
results as serious as any arising from a fungoid
enemy ? It must be uiiderstood that we are not
in tlie least oyiyiosod to a “Specialist” being got to
deal with any disease outside the scoyie of Mr.
Green’s training after the necessity for the same
is clearly sliown ; but we cannot help thinking
an insyiection and Report from the latter to
Government ought to yirecede the importation-
such Report probably indicating with scientific
exactness what was really expected of the new-
comer.

Still more, we have to yioint out for the in-
formation of Government that if a fungoid enemy
is the trouble of tlie planters of red cac.ao, the
proper course is, first, to send specimens of tlie
Ringus to the leading European authorities to
identify, describe and po.ssibly to tell ns all that
is known of its work elsewhere. VVe are able to
assure the Government that this is what was
done by the late Dr. Thwaites in reference to
the coffee fungus : at the very outset he sent
specimens to Messrs. Berkley and Cooke, the
greatest living fungologists, who pronounced our
great coffee enemy to be new to science, named
it Hemileia vastfitrix and recommended that its
life history should be worked out. It was only
then, that Professor Marshall Ward was got out
as a Specialist, to study the fungus in its
habitat and frame its life history, as he so
successfully accomplished. Surely the same
course is the wise one to follow now ? It is,
moreover, very unlikely that the cacao fungus
should prove “ new to science ” and more
probable that we should be told a great
deal about it if specimens were sent to, the pro-
per quarter ; for this reason, among others,
that Dutch and German scientists have been
investigating the “ Enemies of Cacao ” for many
years with reference both to Java and Dutch
Guiana.

LIBERIAN COFFEE IN SUMATRA.

We are glad to learn that Mr. Turing Mac-
kenzie has returned to Sumatra with sufficient
support from Ceylon to enable him to deve-
lope his valuable land concession for Liberian
coffee, etc.

INDIARUBBER Fs. GUTTAPERCHA.

As is well-known, both India rubber (in small
quantities) and Gutta percha (largely, are produced in
B. N. Borneo, and those products are amongst the
most important of the districts which the new railway is
designed to tap. Apropos of this the following defini-
tions of the difference between the two gums may
be of interest: — “India rubber is of a soft, gummy
nature, not very tenacious, astonishingly elastic.
Gutta percha is fibrous, extremely tenacious, and
without much elasticity op flexibility. India rubber

AGRICULTURIST. 749

once reduced to a liquid state by heat, appears like
tar, and is unfit for further use. Gutta-percha may
be melted and cooled any number of times without
injury for future manufacture. India-rubber coming
in contact with oily or fatty substances is soon
decomposed and ruined. Gutta-percha is not decom-
posed by coming in contact with oily or fatty
substances. India-rubber is ruined by coming in
contact with sulphuric, muriatic, and other acids.
Gutta percha resists the action of these and nearly
all acids. India-rubber is a conductor of heat, cold
and electricity. Gutta-percha is a nonconductor of
heat, cold, and electricity." — N. B. Ilerald.

PLANTING IN THE WYNAAD.

We call attention to .a rather important adver-
tisement (p. 409) .sent us by a well-known exjieri-
enced M^ynaad i)lanter, . who.se testimonials, as
to practical ability and rei)utation, are of the
most satisfactory descrii)tion. Mr. Ryan not
only reports first-class land to be freely and very
cheaply available on leases of 12, 24, 48, or 99
years, and low Government assessments (not
exceeding two rupees per annum on the cultivated
acre) ; but he adds that “ labour is cheap and
plentiful and also an abundant supply of
manure. All this should induce a rush of com-
missions to Mr. Ryan, and it indicates the pro-
spect of Wynaad becoming an imj^ortant com-
petitor in respect of medium and common teas.
But it will take some years yet, before it can come
to the front to a serious extent.

AGRICULTURE IN CEYLON AND THE
NUWARA ELIYA AGRI-HORTICUL-
TURAL SHO^Y.

We direct attention to a discriminating
notice of the recent Show, from a com-
petent hand on another page. To say

that such Exhibitions are of no use to
natives as well as colonists — as a contemporary
seeins to have done— is to our mind, the very
acme of blind prejudice or obstinate unbelief
in the progress which every year witnesses
around us. This action is on a par with quoting
Mr. Coomaraswamy of all men as an authority on
native agriculture ! We suppose the same writer,
if he lived in the “ twenties ” or “ thirties,”
would have said it was of no use introducing
potatoes into our hill-country, since the natives
would never grow them. Or, no use for Mr.
Nock to show his new vegetables at successive
Shows, dining the past twelve years, as nobody
cared about them — ^while the fact is that native.s
by hundreds, if not thousand.s, have profited by
his recent introductions from the West Indies,
brought before many of them first as exhibits
at Shows ; while as regards “ potatoes,” “ cab-
bages,” and other ordinary English vegetables,
wlio can say how much benefit has been con-
ferred on the natives of Uva, Udapus.sellawa,
Maturata, Ramboda, and other districts and
the Tamil coolies throughout the planting re-
gion—by their gradual introduction from'’ the
“twenties” downwards. No better way again
can be devised of bringing any new, or speci-
ally improved vegetable, fruit or other agri-
cultural introduction before the general public-
natives especially— than in Agri- Horticultural
Shows. Not .simply “ society,” or the well-
dressed crowd of all classes, who pay for ad-
mission, take note of the exhibits. :^rThey are
the talk of the bazaar, of the hoi 2tooUoi, who

750

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

crowd around the enclosure to get in at the
end, of the many coolies who take an interest in
master’s “ exliibits,” pi izes or misfortune, and
altogether it is ditticult to tell even in this
somnolent land, how far the benefit of such
Shows may expend among the people around us.
Of course, we plead, in regard to more strictly
native rural districts, for Exhibitions on a
less imposing scale and more suited to the con-
dition of the people.

In this cotinection we may refer again to the
practical address of Ills Excellency the Governor
at the Nuwara Eliya Show. We have
generally been accused of giving too much
attention to planting and agriculture in one form
or other, and the series of volnines of our Tro-
pical Agriculturist are evidence that we hav'e not
failed to do our duty by tlie land we live in
or indeed by tropical lands generally. The
Agricultural School Magazine, issued independ
ently, as well as bound up with our monthly,
deals more particularly rvith practical subjects
w'ithin the scope of native readers, and let it
never be forgotten that the Ceylonese are
far and away in advance of Indian Agricul-
turists in their knowledge of English. We
have again and again found native gentlemen
making experiments with new products, or in
improving old, through the guidance aflbrded
them by their English reading in local or other
publications. It is rather extraordinary to us
that the Governor should be puzzled about the
usefulness of an Agricultural School or College
in Ceylon, seeing that His Excellency must
know how highly favoured such institutions
are by the Governments and experienced officials
in India, where, there cannot be more
scope or intelligence among the ])eople that is
freely available in Ceylon. Surely this island
can afford and ought to have an Agricultural
College as much as Madras ? Here then is wdiat
is doing over the way according to the latest
Madras papers ; —

The Agbicultueal College. — The practical ex-
amination in Veterinary Science, Botany, Agriculture,
Surveying and Levelling commenced on Friday, and
was continued till Saturday. The examinations will
be resumed on the 15th and be continued np to
the 20th proximo, and will be followed up with the
Theoretical examinations in the same subjects up
to the end of April next, when the College will close
for the summer recess.

If Sir West Ridgeway is therefore in any doubt
as to how the local School or College should be
conducted, can His Excellency do better than
compare what has been done here with the
course pursued in Madras? We earnestly desire
that Conferences could he arranged between
Indian and Ceylon otlicers in many departments
of the public service — in the Police, Railway,
the Postal -Telegraph, the Survey, P. W. D.,
Botanic Gardens, Technical and Agricultural
Schools, to name only a few, and even without
troubling the Revenue and Judicial branches.
Only good could result from meeting for a fort-
night or mouth once in two or three years to
compare modes of working and results. That
would certainly be a most practical way of im-

firoving local administration. In the meantime
et us see what the Governor’s Commission
on the Agricultural School, is to bring
forth. Who are its members and whom
are they to examine ? Should not one of the
Commissioners be sent over to watch the i)re-
sent examinations, and generally to study the
Mft^ras Agricultural establishment and procedure ?

[May I, 1897.

COOLIES-COOLIES-COOLIES !

Is likely to be a cry often heard in the present
and coming two months. Mr. lugramcotton, it
will be observed, gives the Planters’ Association
exactly the information and advice we tendered
sometime ago, namely that Bellary, Cuddapah
and North Arcot (among Tamils and Telugus)
are the only promising districts for an extra
supply of coolies. The Immigration Agent should,
at once, be deputed by Government to visit and
report on these districts.

In our own planting districts, matters are rapidly
coming to a head. A careful planter, not 100
miles from Kotagala, xvrites : —

“Crimping is of daily occurrence: kanganis go
about and find out where they can get the highest
advances and then give notice.”

A merchant again sends us evidence of the
extraordinary rates per head, leading proprietary
planters, are prepared to pay for coolies ; not far
off RlOO a head apparentljL We are aware that
planters who have never before been troubled
about tundus, are 'vorried this season. But how
is it, on the other hand, that there are estates
(iutheolderdistricts especially) on which advances
have never been given or asked for ? Is it on
account of garden and other sj)ecial privileges ?
If so should not something be done in
this direction in other districts to keep Ram-
asami more “at home” and contented: how
would it do to multiply bouti(iues— so that
kanganis and coolies need not wander to the
big central bazaars to hear all “ the scandal ”
and to get tempted ?

♦

DOGS AND JACKALS.

On a coconut plantation near Hanwella are
two ordinary village watch dogs. They are fond
of hunting on their own account and have been
known more than once to bring down and kill
a jackal, probably when it was prowling about
their master’s fowlyard. Is this unusual ?

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

Ceylox Tea Exports.— We learn on the
usual authority that the total shipments for
March from Colombo equalled 9, 125,000 lb; while
the estimate for April is to 10 millions lb.

CINCIIOXA FRO.SPECTS. — We referred to these
the other day as so poor that few planters in
Ceylon cared even to allow their old trees to
continue in existence. But here is a rather more
reassuring report from the latest London Chemist
and Druggist ; —

Cinchona. — Since the last Amsterdam auctions
several parcels have been sold privately at full prices.
There has also been more demand for Druggist quill.
In the Amsterdam market the opinions about cinchona
bark are very conflicting, but the majority believe
in a lasting improvement on account of the decreased
receipts from Java, which, they maintain, will con-
tinue to (iwi.idle. On the other baud there is also
a p uty w 10 siy th it the shipments are only kept
dow 1 fw I 111), an 1 -that we shall be swamped
.igai 1 shortly ; this, however is the minority, and
the £ loling generall v has improved of late. The April
auction will be a la ge one, about 6,000 bales, but
still, if the ,\I irch shipments are small (and this will
be m ide known before the sale), a good result is ex-
pected. It is Slid that the Germ.iu factories are
working day and night to keep pace with the orders
in hand, which clashes with the supposed existence
of enormous stocks in their hands, about which they
are always talking. At all events the consumption
of quinine seems to have been enormous,

May t, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

75*

COCONUT PLANTING AT VETTUKKADU,
JAFFNA.

Vettakkadu is a village of the Division of Punaryn,
1 which is one of the Maniagarships into which the
District of Jaffna is divided. It is about 12 niiles^ by
sea from Jaffna. About fifteen years ago, Dr. Can-
diah of the Civil Medical Department, now a pensioner,
bought a piece of Crown land and planted it with
coconuts with the result that he now gets a fair
return for the money and labour expended. The
example thus set has induced other Jafluese to take
to coconut planting in and about Vettukkadu. Some
years ago, Mr. Casipillai of the local Bar, purchased
an extent of Crown land, larger, I believe, than Dr.
Caiidiah's and commenced planting. The estate
formed is now under careful and systematic cultiva-
tion. It will come into full bearing a few years
hence and there is every prospect of its proving to be
a profitable investment. More recently, about 600
acres were purchased by a number of Jaffuese, who
have already cleared about two- thirds of the extent.
The planting of a portion of this extent, undertaken
only last year, promises well, judging from the ap-
pearance of the plants. Reference was made in your
columns some time last year to the land bought by
Mr. Bastiampillai of the Fiscal’s office, Batticaloa,
who had the pluck and sagacity to send a gang of
Moormen under Mohammadu Ibrahim Kandu of
Eravur. The Moorman, who took the work on con-
tract, fulfilled it to the satisfaction of Mr, Bastiam-
pillai, who now finds that he has had to spend less
for clearing than the owners of adjoining lands.

It may be of interest to state what I have observed
on a recent visit to Vettukkadu, that there is a con-
siderable acreage of crown land to the south, east
and west of the new clearings, quite as good, if
not better, for purposes of coconut planting. The
water is good, being found within a depth of 7 feet
from the surface, even in the driest season — a point
of great importance to the cultivator of the coconut
which requires regular watering for a number of
years.

The soil of Vettukkadu is regarded as specially
adapted for coconut cultivation. The proximity of
the village to Jaffna and the facility of communica-
tion by sea between the two places are recommenda-
tions which cannot be overlooked. The carriage of
produce by carts from the estates along the central
road as far as Elephant Pass is expensive. Vetuk-
kadu is easily reached by boats and the transmis-
sion of produce from there must be comparatively
cheap. Just as I am writing, a friend furnishes
me with the infoimation, which he avers to be true,
that applications have been made by natives of
Jaffna for about 2C0 acres of land to the south of
the new clearings. I, for one, will not be surprised,
if before long, the whole of that neck-shaped stretch
of land known as Vettukkadu becomes one vast ex-
panse of coconut groves. — Cor., “ Jaffna Catholic
Guardian,” March 27.

^

COCONUT OIL IN AMERICA : DUTY
DEMANDED.

The Eldorado Linseed Oil Works of San Fran-
cisco have filed a protest with the Committee,
urging that a tariff of 2 cents per pound be im-
posed on coconut oil as follows:— “As we are
conducting a prominent industry, which is of
great importance to the Pacific coast, and for
which we seek protection under the proposed
tariff bill, we write you. We are engaged largely
in the manufacture of coconut oil, and our fac-
tory is situated in West Berkeley, on the sliores
of the bay, where we give employment to a
number of hands. This oil, under the present
tariff, is free of duty, and is largely imported
from India and the East Indies into the ports
of the Atlantic seaboard. The raw material from
which this oil is expressed is the coconut grown
96

in the South Sea Islands and brought here in a
dried state, commonly known as copra. This
bu.siness in which we are engaged is capable of
great expansion were it not for the .severe com-
petition which we were obliged to meet from the
imported oil, made by Indian labor. Under the
early tariffs a duty of 10 per cent was impo,sed
on the imported oil, but subsequently this duty
was removed, the oil being classified as a nut
oil, and entered free of duty. The oil is jargely
used in the manufacture of soap througho ut the
United States, and were sufficient protection
afforded the industry we could make enough to
supply the United States, and this protection
would simply counteract the additional freight
which we are obliged to pay for transportation
to the Eastern markets. In fostering this indus-
try you would be building up the commerce of
the Pacific coast, inasmuch as the South Sea
Island would furnish us with copra, taking, to a
great extene our products in exchange, a trade
which is now going to Germany, and which could
thus be diverted to our shores. We address you
this merely as preliminary, and would like your
suggestions as to what steps should be taken,
or, if you are willing to interest your.self in the
matter, we will furnish you with sufficient data
to fortify the position and make your demands
appear reasonable. We believe that a duty of
at least 2 cents per pound should be imposed on
this article.” — Nexu York Oil Reporter, March 1,

BRAZIL COFFEE NOTES.

We are glad to hear that the coffee plant-
ations in Jujuy are giving splendid results, and
so next year the fruit will be cultivated on a
large scale in the northern provinces. — Sport and
Pastime, Buenos Aires.

Some of the prominent planters in the
northern districts of Sao Paulo, those served by
the Paulista and Mogyana railways, will be
much diminished. The reports from the new
districts in the southern part of the state, those
served by the Sorocabana railway, are stil
highly favorable. — Bio Neioa.

♦

ARNTULLY ESTATE, JAMAICA.

This was the property of the late Mr. Wni.
Sabonadiere. We now read in the Colonics and
India : —

The future resident of Arntully Estate, Jamaica
will be Mr. Hubert B. Eves, a son of Mr. C.
Washington Eves, c.m.g., who recently left Englao'’,
accompanied by his wife and family, for their new
home. This is a further instance of the interest
which Mr. Washington Eves takes in the island,
and it is hoped that the property which Mr. Hubert
Eves is now taking over may prove in every way
successful, and become one of the best coffee estates
in the island.

RUBBER PLANTATIONS,

The cycling world will soon look with interest to “the
Major’s" advent at Lagos as a stimulus to increase rub-
ber production. Surely the Straits might make a big
move in this direction. A home paper says : —

The marvellously quick development of the in lia-
rubber industry at Lagos will, no doubt, incite other
tropical portions of the Empire to emulation. In the
course of a single year the exports of this commodity
from Lagos increased from 5,867 lb. to 6,069,5761b., a
growth of trade probably without parallel. But tho
natives who obtain the rubber in the forests employ
such wasteful and destructive methods of “ tapping ”
that the supply is sure to dwindle away, as has hap-

752

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Mav I, 1897.

pened through the same cause ou the upper waters of
the Amazon. If, then, this young and most profitable
industry is to become a permanent source for wealth,
whether at Lagos or elsewhere, some methods of insur-
ing constmcy of supply must be adopted. There are
no ways by which that might be accomplished. The
rubber-producing forests could be leased on such con-
ditions as would give the lessees personal interest in
ipreventing destructive “tapping.” Or, better still, as
not confiscating native rights of free search, planta-
tions might be established at suitable places. Once the
trees reached maturity, they would continue to yield
the precious juice for many years, if properly treated.
Before science turned its attention to the matter, the
invariable practice was to bleed a tree to death, and it
is that barbarous method which still obtains at Lagos.
But by a new and improved process, sufficient vitality
is left in a “tapped” tree for complete recovery and
future fruitfulness. There seems to be no reason, then,
why rubber plantations should not make as profitable
investments as tea or cinchona gardens. — S. F. Press,
March 22.

EXTENSIVE rUllCHASE OF GALLNUTS.

The Government Agent of the Province of Uva,
Baclulla, notified that lie w'ould receive otters for th*
purcnase of 20,000 bushels, more or less first class
aralu nuts on or before April 15th. We quote
as follow's from a paper by Mr. J. W. Modder,
in the latest Ceylon Forester : —

The tree is most familiarly known all over the
Island by its Sinhalese name of “ Aralu-gaha.”
In Tamil it is called the “ Kadaki-maram.”

In commerce they are known as Ohebulic myro-
balans and are largely exported to Europe from
India anil even Ceylon. In the Southern Circle of
Bombay the Forest Department is said to clear
annually a nett profit of a lakh of Rupees by the
sale of these fruits alone. The average annual ex-
port from Ceylon is valued at about R22,700 and
very nearly the whole of this quantity is gathered
in the Province of Uva. It is said that the Ceylon
nuts are equal to the best Indian Myrobalans.

Uses of the fruits : The fruits are used for dye-

ing, tanning and medicine. Mixed with alum they
give a yellow' dye, and with iron clay a superior
kind of ink. An oil is extracted from the kernel.
Fruits which are over burnt or badly eaten by
white ants and unfit for any other purpose when
pounded and mixed with mortar strengthens the latter
immensely. This addition is generally made to the
mortar used for the foundations of large and valuable
buildings.

Gall nuts bring the largest revenue under the
head of “ minor Forest produce ” to the Depart-
ment and there is no reason why the receipts under
this head should not be still further increased by
judicious treatment of these Forests departmentally
with a view to improving the condittion of the ex-
isting trees and assisting reproduction. The renters
pay R3,500 on an average a year for the right to
gather the nuts and make a large profit over the
transaction, and there is no reason why the Depart-
ment should not work the Gall Nut Forest pro-
fitabl}’. Areas which yield gall nuts in the Uva,
Eastern and Sabaragamuw'a Provinces can be re-
served and worked by a special staff.

rUODUCE AND PLANTING.

In Pk.vish of Assam. — In the last Ln Jievuc de Paris
Prince Henri of Orleans describes the final stage of
his Mekong exploration, and in doing so he record
Boino interesting facts concerning Assam tea-growing,
lie points out to his countrymen that there were
three yijars ago close on 300,000 acres covered with
tea-planti;. This enormous tract of land was divided
into 823 estates, employing regularly 300,000 labourers,
as well as a floating j)opulation of 100,0(X) who are
called in when necessary. The French Prince was

exceedingly struck by the prosperity of Assam. He
visited a number of tea plantations, and pays a
tribute to the sense and good management

with which they' were conducted. He points
out, and we hope that he _ is correct,

that each superintendent is paid somewhat
over a thousand a year, and two coolies are
supposed to be able to look after one acre while
the plant is actually growing. He goes on to say
that the gathering of the leaves takes place during
six months of the year — from March to September
— and in good j'ears an acre can yield as much as
nine hundred pounds of tea in twelve months. He
warns those who are thinking of turning their at-
tention to Assam tea planting that a considerable
capital is required, for a tea plantation can only be
said really to pay after three or four years of in-
cessant labour. With reference to the labour questions
which seems to have puzzled Prince Henry a little,
he points out that the existing state of things in
Assam seems to suit the people, and he dwells on,
the advantages of the hospitals and schools.

Useful KNowLEnoE— Mr. Christison is doing very
useful work in the interests of tea by continuing his
lectures on Indian tea and its manufacturer in various
parts of the country. Lecturing at Watford last week
Mr. Christison gave his audience some interesting
facts about Indian tea cultivation. lie said in India
there were in 1894 423,000 acres under tea cultivation,
ns against 305,000 in 1895 in Ceylon ; and there
were in other parts of the British Empire small
pieces, bringing up the total area under cultivation
m the Empire at the present time to probably
770,000 acres.

Making the Most of it. — In a handbill issued by
a Glasgow firm of tea dealers the advertisers en-
deavour to score off the tea duty question. They
say : — “ It should be kept in mind that every pound
weight of tea is charged with an Imperial tax (or
duty) of 4d. Therefore, if you buy a pound of tea
for Is, you are paying 8d for tea, whilst the remain-
ing 4d goes to the Imperial Government. If you pay
2s for your pound of tea, your contribution in the
form of taxation is still only 4d, and you will get, if
you deal with an honest firm, the full value of the
remaining Is 8d in tea of fine quality. We sell pure
common tea at Is per lb. (vvonderful value for the
money), because some people will have it, but we advise
our customers to go in for quality, which is, after all,
the true test of cheapness.”

Coffee Cultivation. — An effort is being made in
India to stir up increasing interest in coffee culti-
vation, and the coffee planters of Southern India
are urged to form an association at home for push-
ing the sale of coffee, and, in fact, to follow the
example of those who represent the Indian and
Ceylon tea industry. We have in previous issues

Eointed out the course which, in our opinion, would
e likely to prove useful if a special move is to be
made in Indian coffee, and we have also endeavored
to show some of the main difficulties in the way.
Meantime, coffee cultivation generally is on the
increase, and in British Central Africa alone rapid
strides are being made. In 1891 the first few sacks
were sent to the London market, and favourably
reported on. In 1895 nearly 170 tons were exported,
last year the total rose to 300 tons, and this year
it is expected that there will be at least 600 tons.
It is estimated that at the end of the century the
export of coffee from the Shire highlands will amount
t* 2,000 tons, and the planters are agitating for the con-
struction of a railway from Chiromo to Blantyre, in
order to obviate the present difficulties of transport.

The Position of Cocoa. — The advance in the price
of cocoa from the lowest point in November last to
the present date in Mincing Lane quotations has been
about 6s to lOs perewt., chiefly on the common and
middling qualities of Jamaica, Grenada, Trinidad,
other British West India, African, and San Domingo,

753

May I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Excepting those of Ceylon and Caracas, few or none
of the finest growths now show any improvement in
value, and cocoa between 54s and 64s remains at
nearly the old level of depression. Before the recent
rise took place, says the Grocer, cocoa was cheaper than
it had been for five-and-twenty years previously, and
though it may not become still dearer in a hurry,
it is the generally received opinion that it can
hardly undergo the severe depreciation it did in
the past year. Descriptions which were next to
unsaleable at from .S5s to 45s per cwt are now worth
41s to 52s, and low defective grades that were dis-
posable only at 25s to 32s have recently fetched
36s to 42s. The advancing market which has been
witnessed this year so far is mainly accounted for
by the constantly active demand for exportation to
Germany, where the consumption has increased by
.50 per cent, within the last year or two. The
Germans prefer cocoa to ccffee, esteeming the former
to be the more nutritious article for their use, and
as the commoner qualities have been best suited to
their requirements, anything below a certain figure
has been sure of finding a ready sale. Our export
trade in cocov with Germany has therefore been
materially enlarged, and though no detailed official
statistics are published, it may be calculated that
the amount of cocoa shipped from the United
Kingdom to that country is now twice what it was
in 1896. Another favourable feature for holders is
that the landings of cocoa in London since the opening of
1897 have been lighter than in 1896, comprising no
more than 48,300 bags, in lieu of 50,600 bags ; while
the stock in the bonded wa.'ehouses, instead of
being excessive, as hitherto, is 14,800 bags less than
that inthe former year.

The Rubber Forests of Upper Burma. — The
Assistant Conservator of Forests in Burma, Mr.. H.
N. Thompson, devotes a section of his last report
to the rubber production of Upper Burma. It ap-
pears that in the Hukong valley the rubber tree is
not a gregarious one ; sometimes a family group of
four or five trees may be seen, but as a rule a
mature tree is found every 200 or 300 yards in the
richer forests. When the tree is surrounded by dense
shade it g^rows to enormous heights in order to get
at the light, and some of those examined by Mr.
Thompson were the largest trees of any species he
had ever seen. In the thick forest he found no
seedling in the ground ; they were invariably
growing at a great height on other trees and
sending their roots down towards the ground,
so that the roots finally formed great sup-
ports on which the main trunk rested, while the
original tree on which the seedling was a parasite was
destroyed. The difficulties of transport from the
Hukong valley is increasing as the more accessible
trees are being worked out. A Chinese has a prac-
tical monopoly of the trade here. The rubber is
taken to Moganug, a route across the mountains to
Myitkina having been abandoned owing to the exac-
tions of the Sana Kachins. The forests at the head
of the Namkong are rich in rubber, and the tree
attains a height of 200 ft., with an enormous girth.
The Kachins go from far and near to collect the
rubber in the dry season, and the chiefs levy toll on
the produce as it passes down the rivers. The
Chinese control the trade, selling provisions

and cloth to the Kachins, who pay in rubber.
The produce of the forests within the drainage
reaa of the Tarou River goes to Assam, across
the passes of the Patkoi mountains. The

Nagts, having got in their crops in December, set off
for the rubber forests, where they know every tree,
the knowledge being in many cases passed on from
father to son. Rubber in this district is said to
be growing scarcer, and it often takes a man
forty days to collect a coolie load, although the
Singpho villages levy a tax on each collector. When
first collected the rubber is very pure, but the Nagas
have acquired the trick of adulterating it with earth
and stones, so that Assam rubber is not regarded
with favour in the Calcutta market. The rubber that
goes to Kangnoon is also adulterated, the Cbiuese

being adepts in the art of concealing stones in it.
Mr. Thompson thinks it useless to apply legislative
protection and regulation to these rubber forests,
unless the districts were taken over and administered
directly, for the Singphos are extremely independent
and own no masters while some of the chiefs told him
they could not enforce rules or interfere with the
collectors. But the protection of the trees growing
within our own administrative sphere would be pos-
sible, though Kachin opposition would have to be
dealt with. — II. and C. Mail, March 14.

B. CENTRAL AFRICA lN CURRENT CHAT,

A good waggon road is in course of construction
from Zomba to the Upper River. To be a good
level road it is necessary to keep lower down than
the old Domasi road. It will probably pass close to
Songani plantation which will give this district a road
all the way to Blantyre, that is allowing it is kept
clean. It is little good making a road in this country,
if it is allowed to take care of itself for the future.

A curious coincidence happened on Deer. 30th at
Mr. Lloyds plantation. In 40 minutes it rained 41
of an inch when there was a pause. The rain then
came on again for another 40 minutes tne gauge
registerieg exactly 41.

The question of growing coffee profitably in Natal
is again being revived. A correspondent of the Natal
Farmers Magazine remarks that trees whicli were
diseased are now by proper ti'eatment, healthy and
full of fruit. Shelter seems to be the main point
to consider.

We hear of some record planting at Gala estate,
Namadsi, 130 acres has already been planted, and
other 70 which was cleared last year is now being
pitted. Graviliia Robusta will iDrobably be planted
as a shade tree.

We deeply regret to hear of the death of Mr. .John
L.Nicoll from dysentery.

It will interest our readers to hear that the Rev.
Mr. Murray who was so severely wounded by a
leopard at the station in Agoniland in the beginning
of last year is at present in South Africa lecturing on
Nyasaland Missions. He had to go to England to
get his eye properly attended to and is not even yet
in the most robust health. He and his wife may be
expected back in April.

A syndicate has been formed in Southern Hungary
for tire purpose of laying down lai'ge castor-oil
plantations.

Lemon and Lime trees make excellent hedges and
are recommended by the Queensland Department
of Agriculture.

Belgium sends 600,000 cwts. of chicory to France
yearly. — Central African Planter, Feb. 1.

■ ♦

NYASA NEWS.

Mr. C. C. Bowring has given us the following notes
of a recent journey irp LakeNyasa

“ Going through Lake Malombe in the beginning
of November, there was not a hippo to be seen.
Returning in the end of December, however, there
were literally dozens at the south end, near Mvera.
They appeared to be mostly young animals, and
showed no fear of our barge. Two or three repeatedly
rose within thirty or forty yards of us.

On Christmas, Capt. Rhodes and the staff of the
naval department gave a dinner at the naval depot. Port
Johnston. The “Adventure,” “ Ilala,” “ Domira,”
and “Monteith” had left only a day or two before,
or we should have been over thirty in number. Capt.
Beddoes, who sailed dow'n in the dhow from Fort
Maguire, took only 22 hours on the passage. The
dinner was followed by fireworks and a native dance,
which was continued late in the following day.

At Kotakota a football match was played betw'een
the Universities’ Mission and the gunboat “ Pioneer.”
The Mission team gained an easy victory. Several
Europeans played on each side, but the best player
was undoubtedly one of the Mission teachers, who
h{id beep a prominent member of the native team at

754

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

Zanzibar, where he had frequently played against
•rews of the various meu-of-war.

On the north-east shore of Lake Nyasa the high
mountains come down sheer into the lake, which is
here very deep, no bottom being found at 300
fathoms.

The German station at Langenburg is a very
smart looking fort. Ii is built of brick, and is painted
white. When we were there the garrison had just
returned from an expedition against the Wahehe
which had been very successfully carried out. The
arrisons of the various stations had, at a given
ate, advanced on the Wahehe from different
directions. They captured large quantities of cattle,
sheep, and goats.

Fort Hill, the recently foraied Administration
station, is situated about seveu miles from Mwiniwan-
da’s stockaded village on the road. It has a good
boma, and is pleasantly situated at a height of about
4,300 feet above the sea-level. Coffee has been
planted, but it is too early yet to say how it will
succeed. Coffee which was planted, however, some
ten years ago at Chirenje Mission station, the site
of which is within a few miles of Fort Hill, promised
well, I am told, up to the time it was abandoned.

Kanyara, the B.S.A.Co.’s station is just over the
boundary. While I was there we sat down six to
dinner on St. Andrew’s Night. Mr. Forbes had just
returned from a trip round the Chambezi, where
he had secured some fine heads of puku and roan
antelope. Mr. Young had also arrived at the station,
having been to Senga, where he was hospitably
treated by the Arabs.”. — Central Africa Gazette,
February, 1, 1897.

^

CATERPILLARS AND TEA.

A Darjeeling correspondent writes us : — The
caterpillar plague is fast spreading. On one gar-
den here in about a week tliey caught and des-
troyed nearly 100,000. On one garden in Assam
about 1,000 coolies are daily employed in destroy-
ing these pests. The weather here is now per-
fect, Tlie March winds have died down, and
we are having beautiful cloudless skies. — Indian
Planters' Gazette, March 20.

»

NUWARA ELIYA AGRI-IIORTICULTURAL
SHOW.

(By one present, and competent to criticise. )

March 31, 1897.

Few people who have visited the Show at
Nuwara Eliya can conscientiously deny that it
was in almost every re.spect a great success, and
that in some points it would have put many a
European Show of the kind well to the shade.
All tne more redounds to the credit of its pro-
moters, when it is considered the paucity of
such undertakings in the island, and hence the
difficulty in getting e.xhibitors generally to take
as keen an interest in it as they otherwise
would, everything as it were, being out of gear
in the long lapse of time betw’cen these Sliow’s.
Still the number of entries w'as large, many having
to be put down as “extra” when these could not
conveniently come under the classes in the schedule.
Yet it is somewhat surprising to hear, in a land-
like ours, where agncultiire is the mainstay of the
population, some amongst us — Europcaius they are
also — express a feeling of general dissatisfaction
if not disapjKjintment at the whole concern ; even
one of our leading new'snapers is pessimistic
enough to contend that such Shows cannot have
any beneficent effect on the agricultural instincts
of the natives. But that is an argument which
will not receive the favour of many of us. There
are some i)CopIe, it must be admitted, in Ceylon
as everywhere else, who would find their tastes

more gratified at a tableau vivant or a boxing
saloon than at a charming Exhibition of the most
valuable and beautiful members of the vegetable
kingdom, collected and brought together from
difi'erent parts of the country :

“ To me the meanest flower that blows can give

Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears.”

Such Exhibitions are, as a rule, the on y
opportunity many of us have of gaining any
idea of what has been done, is being

done, and yet rem.ains to be done, by the
ageney of man in the way of impromng
fruits, flowers, and vegetables, as well as the
livestock of the farm. It is impossible to realise
the wonderful variety, the interest, the potenti-
alities of new developments which still lie
hidden in our soils, and nothing is better cal-
culated to bring these out than the honest, open
competition afforded by Shows to agriculturists
and horticulturists alike, be they professional or
amateur.

We have heard it remarked that the best
feature of the Show at Nuwara Eliya was the
unusually large number of exhibits in the (Euro-
pean) vegetable class ; although vegetables, as
well as fruits and flowers, indigenous to our owm
clime, were rather poorly represented. In the
way of tropical fruits, a very interesting collection
was that exhibited by the Royal Botanic Gardens,
to which also the Show was indebted for a
magnificent group of jdants, covering an area
of about 100 feet square, artistically arranged by
Mes.srs. Nock and Macmillan, the gorgeous flower-
ing plants therein being from Hakgalla Gardens,
and the palms and foliage plants mainly from
Peradeniya Gardens; but these, of course, were not
for competition. The former Garden also sent for
exhibition a choice selection of cut-flowers, as
well as a selection of potato tubers, grown from
seed imported from Sutton & Co., which were in
themselves a worthy illustration of wdiat can be
done with good sorts by proper cultivation, even
in a climate w'here spring eternal reigns.

In view'ing the schedule and the exhibits gener-
ally, we were inclined to think that a few improve-
ments in the arrangement of things were desired,
and this, no doubt, will be considered on a future
occasion. For instance, some of the judges, who
really ought not to have seen the inside of the
Show before the judging commenced, had actually
to arrange the exhibits. All the judges had their
w'ork well cut out for them ; but those in classes
I to VIII., viz., Messrs. Willi.®, Nock, and Mac-
millan, had more than their share, being hard at
it almost without a halt from 9 a.m. to 5 30 p.m.

♦

RAMIE: HOW TO START A PLANTATION.

Those desirous of starting plantations of this
valuable fibre-plant, so often alluded to in our
columns, will find the following of interest. The
Boyle Fibre Syndicate of London has obtained
a concession of 5,000 acres from the Sultan of
Johore. The .soil is a loamy alluvial, clay .sub-
soil, the annual rainfall is 97 inches spread over
the whole year. A sketch of the system adopted
will be of value: —

The method of cultivation is also a point upon
which something requires to be said. The Govern-
ment of France has expended much money upon
the cultivation of ramie in Algeria, but while the
production has been fairly satisfactory, it has been
found necessary to reap the plants eitnultaneonsly
over the whole area cultivated. In other words, the
plants are treated as a crop. The prolific charac-
ter of the plant, how'ever, lends itself to a differ-
ent treatment. By obtaining an estate of a suitable

May I, 1897.]

THE • TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

755

siiSe and laying it out on a definite plan, Much
better results can be obtained. If it be assumed that
ail estate of lj200 acres be cleared— preferably near a
navigable river for obvious reasons — at least
900 can be put under cultivation, the remainder
being needed for roads and access paths. Dividing
this into suitably sized blocks, they can be filled
with young plants. These blocks are arranged and
the plants propagated in continuous succession, so
that by the time the last block is ready, the plants
in the first are ready for cutting. When they are
18 in. high .no further cultivation is needed, and the
plants will continue to grow for an indefinite period
if occasionally thinned out. The advantage of this
course over the crop system is that, by the latter,
ripe, overripe, and immature stalks are cut indis-
criniinatel}', thus preventing any possibility of uni-
formity in the stalks or fibre. By the block system,
on the contrarj', only the plants which have attained
a given maturity are cut, so that it is reasonable to
expect a more uniform quality of fibre, in addition
to which the machinery required is less, as it is
constantly working on a regular supply, instead of
at periods, owing to the intermittance of the supply.

The fibre which it is desired to obtain is embedded
in the green stalk in a mass of gum or viscous sap,
which is surrounded by the bark. Hitherto it has
been the custom to strip the dried stalks by hand and
ship the material to this and other countries in the
form of ribbons. When so dried there is surrounding
the fibre a brittle bark and a quantity of dried gum
or resinous matter, which is insoluble in water. Both
these substances require removal, and it is this which
has hitherto been the fatal stumbling block. The
ramie which comes from China, and bears the name of
“ China grass,” is partially prepared by hand, the bark
having been removed and the gum to some extent.
Although the amount of cleansing needed is reduced,
there is still some wanted, as the adherent gum must
be all removed before the material can be successfully
worked.

Prom what has been said, it is clear that there are
two substances requiring removal, the bark and gum.
Although attempts have been made to efiect the cleans-
ing in one operation, the experience of the past, and
with other fibres, shows that a division of the process
gives the best result. Just as in the case of fiax the
operations of retting and scutching are necessary to its
perfect cleansing, so with ramie the double operation is
the most effective. The difficulty has been to determine
two points, namely, how to deal with the stems, and the
character of the machine which can effect the operation.
It has been shown that in drying the loss of weight
ig very great, and in addition to that the hardening
pf the gum renders it more difficult to remove. By
i he time the fibre is extracted not more than 5 per
“cent, of the green weight is obtained. It is not,
therefore, surprising that attempts have been made
to deal with the stalks in a green state, which is at
once the most rational and economical plan. Many
decorticators have tried, and we have, from time to
time, described them ; but the matter is one which
requires more than the invention of a machine — it
needs an organisation to use the machine to the best
advantage. Such a machine has, it is claimed, been
invented by Mr. J. M. Macdonald, and an inspection
of it proves it to be simple, easily handled, and
capable of ready repair — tnree points which are of
supreme importance when it is desired to deal with
the material at its place of growth.

The system, it is proposed to adopt, is to lay the
land out on the block system, as described, and to
place in the centre of each large block a set of
decorticators of the Macdonald type, one of which is
sufficient to treat the produce of five acres. Tramways
are arranged to take the product to the decorticators,
and not more than 2.50 yards will have to be traversed
by the coolie afcer cutting the stems before reaching
the tramway. From 50 to 60 tons per acre of stems
can be grown in a year, and each coolie can easily cut
6 cwc. of stems per day. It is intended that daily
cuttings shall be made, so that only matured stems
will be treated, thus ensuring a uniformity of mate-
rial, which is at present absent. As the block at-

tended to by each coolie is two acres in ektentj the
amount cut from it can be easily Checked which
will ensure each decorticator having sufficient work.

It is intended to treat the stems in their green
state, first by decortication and then by immediately
degumming. The advantage of this is two-fold. First
all the bark and stalks can be returned to the
field in the form of ashes, as when dried they
will be used for fuel. In this way the mineral
nutrients are returned to the land, which
as we have seen, so freely gives them up.
Second, the degumming takes place at a
time when the gum is soft and fluid, thus enabling
it to be removed by solvents of a weaker kind
than are necessary when the stalks have dried.
This is so obviously the right thing that it only
requires saying that the risk of damage to the fibre
will be much reduced. In the third place, the fibre
will be shipped as cleaned filasse ready for use by
the spinner at this side. Freight will thus be saved,
the spinner will save the cost of preparation, and
the laud be enriched by those materials which are
so beneficial to it and so useless to the manufac-
ture!. It is estimated that the material in the
form of degummed filasse will be placed in this
country at a cost not exceeding £45 per ton, which
leave a good profit to the grower.

The ideas on manuring are a little crude, i.e.
burning the waste products so as to return the minerals!
In the same circular from which we have quoted, it is
stated that an annual crop of 4 cwts. removes the
following huge amounts of plant food :

Nitrogen 3701b. of which Bark
X Fibre

per cent per cent percent
15 29 S5

10 60 25

Potash 2521b.

Ph. Acid 1561b.

Lime 7581b. 3 16 87

There is no doubt that the methods to be employed
save a great deal of loss in mineral, but the burning
will cause a total loss of the far more valuable and
expensive nitrogen.

An analysis givew of the ash of green plants re-
vealed that Lime was present to the extent of 30 82
parts in every hundred. Potash 11-8 and Phosphoric
Acid 7‘29.

We may add that Mr. J. M. Macdonald, the Man-
aging Director of the Syndicate, with whom we are
in communication, intends to remain in the Straits
until the first hundred tons of filasse (fibre ready for
spinning) are dispatched to England. Mr. Macdon-
ald has further very kindly stated that he is ready to
send us information of the progress of the estate in due
course for the benefit of our readers. His present ad.
dress is “ Poste Restante,” Singapore.— RnttsA AbrtA
Romeo //crafd, March 1.

HIGH-GROWN TEA IN CEYLON IN

1887-1896.

The following report by Mr. John Hughes
Agricultural Analyst, on a packet of Ceylon
tea from a high-elevation garden, the tea of
which he had analyzed ten years previously
ought to be interesting to jdanters : — ’

“ I have been examining the tea you were so
kind as to bring me the last time you called and
have compared the results with the Pekoe Souchong
sent in 1887 : — °

1887. 1896.

Water lost at 212' F .. .. 7,30 3 gQ

Soluble extract . . . . . . 37.90 37 40

Mineral matters or ash.. .. 5..13

Nitrogen 4.40 454

The water is much less in 1896, the tea prohably
having been much more perfectly dried The
amount of extract as the result of infusion with
boiling water, which was allowed to stand 10 minutes
13 remarkably similar to that of 1887 tea as also is
the percentage of nitrogen. The quantity of ash.
however, is notably less about -75 in round numbers
and it is of a white appearance, rather th.ui of the’
more usual darher color. I imagine, but I have not

756

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

tested it analytically, that the percentage of potash
and phosphates in this white ash is rather less
and, if so, it would suggest exhaustion of the soil in
these ingredients. Auyhow it would be of advant-
age to institute some comparative determinations
of the proportions of potash and phosphates in tea
made at different times of the year with a view
of ascertaining the variation caused by atmospheric
influences and soil exhaustion.

“ From the specimens of leaves opened by hot
water, it would appear that the plucking of 1896 is
decidedly coarser, and the flavour of the tea is, in
my opinion, as a consequence, not equal to that
of 1887.”

This report indicates a direction in which the
Analytical Chemist should be able to help the
planter as to the constituents wanting in his
soil which would ensure a tea approved in the
market.

^

CEYLON TEA, COFFEE AND COCONUT OIL
IN AMERICA.

American papers by this mail have a good
deal that is of interest to Ceylon producer.®. In the
first i)lace, the New York Grocer of the 3rd March
extends the following cordial welcome to our
Commissioner and hearty congratulations on
the increased business in Ceylon teas : -

Mr. William Mackenzie, the Ceylon Tea Com-
missioner, arrived from Loudon by the steamer
“ Lucania ” a week ago, and is exceedingly gratified
at the great — in fact, wonderful — increase in the
sale of Ceylon and Indian teas in this country.
Direct shipments from the island of Ceylon for 1897
are three times as great as in 1896. The work of
Messrs. Mackenzie and Blechyden in bringing
machine-made teas to the notice of the American
Tjublic has been so wisely directed and persistently
pushed that we do not wonder that these teas are
bftcoming popular all over the United States, es-
pecially in the Eastern and Middle States.

Next we may give the weekly report on tea
as follows : —

Invoice business continues to be very slow, and
the general tone of the market is rather easy than
otherwise. There has been a marked increase in
the direct shipments of tea from India and Ceylon
to the United States. The exports from Ceylon to
America from January 1st to January 26th were
^,866 pounds, against 10,415 pounds for same time

^*^The^ imports of tea for the calendar year 1896
wore 83 9<^.317 pounds, valued at ^10,749,889, against
in 1895 ' 97 083,061 pounds, valued at $13,319,334. It
came horn the following countries;

United Kingdom
British North America
China • • • •

East Indies • •

Japan •• .

Other Asia and Oceanica
Other countries

1895— lb.
3,696,192
574,427
51,458,868
1,007,675
39,914,508
1,206,712
24,669

1896— lb.
3,784,299
664,354
46,176,355
1,448,808
29,793,133
2,143,874
54,494

Total.. 97,883,051 83,965,317

Todav at noon the Montgomery Auction and Gom-
Ttiission Company will sell 6,023 packages, including
263 packages India and Ceylon Pekoe— an unusually
attractive assortment.

Then in the same paper we find a curious out-
burst aflecting coflee

“ Wicked Jouunalism.” — In the last issue of the
American Grocer attention was called to the extreme
sensationalism of certain newspapers. Since then
we have had a glaring example of false— yes, deli-
heratelv wicked — statements calculated to foster
nreiudice, excite hatred, disrupt society, and destroy
the integrity and powir of its units. The New

York Journal of Saturday last makes the following
statement : —

Cojfee.

Total output of coffee (lb.) 650,000,000

Amount controlled by Coffee Trust (com-
prising the Arbuckle Company, of this
city ; the McLaughlin Mills, of Chicago,
and the Woolson Spice Company, before
the latter company was “ acquired ” by

the Havemeyers) (lb.) 495,000,000

Profit of the Trust every year (at Mr.

Arbuckle’s figures of 1 cent a pound)..., $4,950,000
Profit of the Trust every year (at Mr. Have-
nieyer’s figures of 3 cents a pound). , . , $14,850,000
The above is evidently the w'ork of one, whose
estimates have for a purpose been made deliber-
ately false.

Coffee. — There never have been a Coffee Trust.
The Arbuckles have been protected by United States
patents and trade marks. Their distribution has not
exceeded, if it has reached, 2,000 bags per day, or

95.000. 000 pounds a year. Their importations at
New York in 1896 were 757,091 bags. The total
imports in 1896 were 630,(100,000 pounds, and

642.000, (XX) pounds in 1895. This coffee is imported in
a raw condition and loses about 16 per cent, in
roasting, bringing the average yearly distribution
for two years down to 534,000,(X)0 pounds, distributed
by 2,500 wholesale grocers and 220,000 retail store-
keepers. A profit of 1 or 3 cents per pound is not
extravagant, especially when it is a fact that coffee
has been declining in price for two years, and has
fallen 4 cents per pound within one year.

If the Journal believes that trusts are against
public policy it v.ill do better service for their over-
throw by telling the truth, and thereby commanding
respect for its statements.

And finally in an Oil Trade Journal there is a
l)ara»raph in connection with “ Tariff Revision ”
which indicates a possible change that may affect
our great native staple : —

Coconut Oil. — B. Percy Keese, Brooklyn ; “I do
not know if your attention has been called to the
article of coconut oil as one upon which a moderate
duty could be well placed. At present it is free.
There are about 10,(XX) tons per annum imported. It
is used in the manufacture of white soap, taking
the place of cur domestic oils and greases, for the
reason that it has the capacity for holding more
water in the manufacture. It is a low-priced artictle,
being only about 5 cents per pound, and a duty of
4 cent per pound would practically yield $100,(X)0
per year. It w'Ould not curtail the importation be
particle, and therefore, the amount would nets a
again to the revenue, and it would work no domestic
upon any one, but would protect our hardship
greases to some extent. I assume, of course, there
will be a duty imposed on tallow.”

ECHOES OF SCIENCE.

Chestnuts are an important article of food in
France, more especially in the departments of
Archdeche, Corsica, and Sardinia. The largest
come from the Pyrenees. Roast chestnuts still
hold 40 per cent of water, and boiled chestnuts 70
per cent, but dried chesnuts only 12 to 15 per cent.
These contain as much nitrogen as w'heat, and M.
Ballaud, in a communication to the Acacl6mie des
Sciences, Paris, think they might be used as a food
for the Army,

A horticulturist of Southern France states that
he can grow black and white grapes from the same
vine. His method is to take two “ sarments,” or
branches, one giving white, the other black, OTapes,
and rub the two ends together, then bind them
lightly, before planting them in the ground. If
this is carefully done, the vine will ocar white
and black, and even piebald grapes (lialf white,
half-black) at the same time.—

757

May I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

JAVA COFFEE, TEA, KICE AMD
SPICES.

A general statement has been issued by the
Eotterdam brokers concerning coffee tea, rice and
spices during 1887 to 1896. This stateme affords
many interesting particulars. The world’s pro-
duction of coffee fluctuated in the last ten years
between 7 and 12i million bags of 60 kilos. Of
this quantity Java (overnment and private cultiva-
tion together) delivered from 0'4 to 1.1 million,
to which about 1110,000 bags are to be added from
Padang and Celebes. The Palembang coffee, which
is usually shipped to Singapore, is crtainly taken
np under the head of British East India coffee
It may thus be stated that the Dutch East Indies,
provide for about ten per cent of the wants of the
world’s consumption. It is striking that the Java
production does not increase. The decrease of the
Government’s cultivation is a known fact, but it is
another case as it concerns the private cultivation.
In view of the numerous concessions granted a
doubling of the production might have been ex-
pected. This has, however, not occurred, as the
production of 1895-96 was nearly equal to that
of 1886-87. The disease of the leaves must be
regarded as a great factor in the small outturn.
The imports of rice in Holland varied from 1887
to 1897 betw'een 100,000 to 130,000 bags, of which
Java had about the tenth part. The import of tea
in Holland increased considerably, being in 1887-91
140,000 chests of 40 kilos., against 170,000 chests in
1892-96. In the former period Java tea represented
the smallest portion, but in the latter this kind
predominated. In 1896 there were against 68,300
chests China tea 102,000 chests Java tea. A con-
siderable portion was again exported ; but the con-
sumption in 1896 amounted to respectively 41,500
and 30,200 chests. The consumption of China tea
decreased gradually in this country, and Java tea in
creased. Five years ago the consumption was 60.300
and 15,600 chests respectively. This proves that
the Java tea is more and more liked on the Dutch
market and has. in fuct, a good future. — L. and C.
Erprtss, March 12.

FLANTING IN MYSORE.

From the Proceedings (just received) of tlie
Annual General Meeting of tlie South Mysore
Planters’ Association we quote the following:—

Famine. — In this province I rejoice to say that
grain crops have on the whole been better than
could at one time have been reasonably hoped for,
an exceptionally heavy fall of rain in late Novem-
ber having saved a considerable portion of the dry
cr^s.

The Plague.— If this terrible pestilence should
make its way into this province and into Man-
galore and its neighbourhood, our labour sup-
ply will be very seriously affected. I trust the
authorities in the latter place, bearing in mind the
large quantities of coolies that come np to Mysore
from S. Carrara, will take such measures as are
possible to prevent the spread of the disease.

Laboue. — The supply has been more plentiful than
for some years past, and I agree with the gentle-
merr who wrote from North Mysore that an oppor-
tuniW is occurring to check the upward tendency
of advances. Ghauts especially have come up in
increasing numbers, but Tamil labour having proved
generally unsatisfactory and untrustworth, has been
less employed.

Railways.— It is gratifying to observe the forward
policy of the Dewan with regard to Railways. He
18 fully aware of the immense advantages acciuing
from opening up the country, and is encouraged in
his views by the increasing returns on the lines
already existing in the province. The branch line
from Shimoga to Birur is being made, and the
Durbar have expressed a wish to constiuct a line
between Arsikiri and Hassan at their own expense

and have submitted proposals to the Government
of India regarding it.

Caedamoms.— Crops this season were very short
and high prices have ruled. The Revenue Supt. has
not as yet issued his report regarding the re-assess-
ment. though it is now more than a year since he
was deputed to make the enquiry.

“Coffee-stealing” is still a great grievance Yvith
our Mysore neiglibours.

THE TEA TRADE OF CHINA.

One of our Chinese tea buyers made the some-
w’hat astonishing statement (in Ceylon) that the use
of machinery made no alteiation whatever in the
flavour of China tea. Experiments in this direction
have so far been too limited to justify such a dictum,
and the interviewed one was probably unaware that
only a few years ago, with some simple machinery,
a China tea was — by Mr Pinches, an Indian planter
on a visit to China — prepared in the Indian way,
sent to Calcutta to be reported upon, and there valued
by the brokers, who knew not whence it came, as a very
high grade Indian tea. In more recent days the Foo-
chow Tea Improvement Company (a small company
with a high-sounding title, but with earnest men con-
nected with it) have shown that, if desirable, the China
flavour, once so dear to English palates, can be
eliminated, and this before they have erected machi-
nery of any kind, and merely by making some tri-
fling alteration in the manipulation of the leaf in its
earliest stages of fermentation— in tact, without any
amended cultivation and without any patent rolling
and firing machines. Until far moie extended ex-
periments have been made in China as to what can
and what cannot be done with altered methods of
cultivation and the introduction of machinery the
“ Times of Ceylon ” is a little adrift in stating that
under no circumstances can Ceylon-flavoured tea be
produced in China. It is true that some of the exist-
ing tea districts in China are W’orn out and incap-
able of producing either a good or profitable tea
under any circumstances, but at the same time it
must be borne in mind that China is a large coun-
try, and that she probably contains as many square
miles of suitable virgin tea lands as there are square
acres of such in Ceylon. That, in the present benighted
state of affairs, China can continue her tea trade
at all is an open question. With likin and duty
on their present scale it is more than doubtful
that she can do so. With these two factors elimi-
nated, in ten years she would probably be the sole
tea-producing country in the world, as she once
was even in the memory of man, and our good
friends in Ceyion would do well to bear this in
mind. There are many changes being wrought in
China : those who guide her destinies may, even sooner
than is generally anticipated, assist rather than
athwart what ought to be her really most import-
ant industry, and then let other tea-producing coun-
tries look to themselves. If the Chinese Govern-
n ent saw fit to treat the tea industry of China as
the British Government treati the tea industry of India
and Ceylon she would actually collect moie revenue;
and by bringing money and imports into what
are now semi-starved or half-depopulated districts,
check the seeds of a rebellion that will result in her
elimination as an Empire. China’s statesmen are
alive to the fact at last, and they may possibly take
such prompt measure to save her tea trade as will
give the “ Times of Ceylon” something more to think
of than the detail fact as to whether the precise fla-
vour that they obtain on their teas in Ceylon can bo
imitated in China. Experts would probably advise
China not to alter the flavour of her teas in imitation
of Ceylon— the product of that island is doing for
England what absinthe has done for France, so far as
the health and physique of the population is concerned;
pure China tea always was and always will be a whole-
some beverage. No one can advance the same in re-
ference to Ceylons. The point that China has to look
to is that Ceylon tea is a cheap beverage, and China
tea a comparatively dear one. Take off duty, likin,

758

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

abolish steamer conferences, allow free use of machin-
cry, fix a modest price for Government lauds, and
^ina will put a better and cheaper tea in London
* ^ done, and also her population
will be the richer and increase their import buying
rower by very many millions of taels.— C7u'«a Mail.
March 25.

MINOR PRODUCTS.

It may at first sight seem inopportune to dis-
cuss minor agricultural products or at any rate
to press them on the attention of capitalists
and investors, at a time when tea is doing so
much for the Colony, and when our own columns
testify to eflorts to furtlier develop the great
industry with which tlie prosperity of the island
is closely interwoven. It has, however, been our
endeavour always to discourage the setting of
all our eggs in one basket ; and this for
reasons not wholly confined to the paramount
copsideration of supply and demand. The cry
of over-production almost always follows large
profits derived from any great enterprise, and
not least from any great agricultural enterprise ;
but it is not the sensitiveness of the market
a'one which should influence producers. The
greater liability to disease of large e.vpanses of
one cultivation— and. if not the greater sus-
ceptiblity to attack, the greater facility Avitli
which any pest, whether insect or fungoid, must
spread . without intervening cultivation to ar-
rest tlie devastation— is a consideration which
should always be kept in view. And among
the noteworthy services rendered by the
lamented Dr. Trimen to the island, must be
reckoned the annual warnings he uttered

against the increasing rush into tea, and the
counsel that other products should receive en-
couragement even in pncha tea districts. We
cannot recall a single Administration Report
of our late Director of the Royal Rotanic
Gardens, which did not insist on tlie absolnle
necessity of avoitling sole dependence on one
product, if the welfare of the individual
proprietor, as well as the progress in pro-
sperity of tlie island generally, be considered.
It is not on these grounds alone that we press
attention at this particular time to new pro-
ducts. We have in view other than the tea
proprietary — though w e, by no means, desire to
exclude it ; and we do not lose sight of the
fact that, in coconuts and cinnamon in the low-
country, and in cacao, cardamoms (even cinchona
and coll'ee, sucli as they are) upcountry, Ave have
products Avhich represent an immense capital and
whose combined influence on the trade and com-
merce of the islaml cannot be mistaken or gain-
said. What Ave contend is that our resources
are by no means exhausted in connection Avith
the staples Ave have named. The soil and
climate of the island are suited for other pro-
ducts ; and capitalists — Avhethcr those engaged in
the enterprises Ave have already enumerated, Avbo
may be anxious about a second string to their
boAv, or others Avhoni local considerations and
financial trainin£r may have deterred from the
old products — may find remunerative employment
for themselves and their money in the minor
products Ave suggest.

The one which specially occurred fo us, in con-
nection with the ratlicr sombre report of the
Spinning aiul ^^^ea^ ing Company, is cotton. Why
should not the islaml jiroiluce all the cotton it
needs, Avithin its OAvn bonlersV At any rate, Avhy
eliould it not be independent of imports for the

laAv material w'hicli is necessary to keep our
solitary mill at Avork? The matter has been
urged Avith great persistency by “Rambler” in
our columns ; and the following, from a planter
Avho does not confine hi.s energies to one pro-
duct, and Avho has some knoAvledge of the Northern
districts, is the text on Avhich Ave should Avish
to say a feAV Avords today : —

“ I'here are tliousands of acres in the arid dis-
tricts Avhich are beyond the reach of the great
irrigation works, but Avlnch, reasoning from
analogy, should groAV cotton splendidly. It Avould
be a grand public service to bring these tracts
into remunerative cultivation ; and, as a first
step, Avhy should not the best of the dismissed
Agricultural Instructors be encouraged, by free
grants of land (and even of money under strict
business conditions), to pioneer cotton, and set
the’example to the peasantry of making its culti-
vation pay ? ”

The suggestion is one Avhich deserves the at-
tention of the Governor Avho, Ave are glad to
think, is fully convinced of the importance of
official encouragement to agriculture, and Avhose
little speech at the Agri- Horticultural SIioav at
NuAvara Eliya indicated the practical bent of
his mind. We have not lost sight of the failures
and the successes connected Avith cotton culti-
vation in the year that the Sinnning and Weaving
Company started operations. The Directors im-
ported seed from India, Egypt, and even America,
Ave believe, and distributed small quantities for
e.Aperimental purpo.se.s. We can recall very en-
couraging reports of yield and staple from the late
Mr. Blackett, as the result of experiments in Dolos-
bage, from Dr. Stork at Heneratgoda. from more
than one planter in Dumbara, as also from
Ceylone.se landoAvners in other parts of the
country. But, so far as Ave knoAv, no one ex-
perimented Avith the seed on fresh land or on
an extensive scale, and, as a result, fcAv, if any,
repeated the experiment. The secil Avas put doAvn
for a catch crop, Avith tea or coconuts, or in
some unoccupied corner of a large plantation.
The experiment brought to light the destructive-
ness of the insect enemies Avith Avhich cotton
has to contend, the sns.ceptibility of the plant,
and especially the boll, to moisture, and the
care that is necessary in harvesting and pre-
paring the crop for transport. It is not surpris-
ing that the remunerativeness of the principal
jiroducts overshadoAved the subsidiary stranger.
The profits Avere not dazzling ; and men did not
care to burden themselves Avitli the petty details
and worries of a product Avhich did not yield
better returns than the industries in Avhich they
Avere engaged. They diil not care to be diverted
from their large investments. The game Avas
not Avorth the candle.

The case Avould, hoAvever, be different, if fresh
ground Avere to be broken for the product ; and if
the Northern Raihvay is to be undertaken, it
Avould be to the direct and immediate interest of
the Government to jirovide against the running
of empty trucks. The idea of utilizing the
service of the youths Avho have been trainesd
to agriculture in the Agricultural School, strikes
us as a good one ; but Avhy should concession
lie confined to them ? Let tenders be invited
for the purchase of suitable blocks of land on
easy terms of payment, on condition that a defined
proportion of the land should be devoted to cot-
ton cidtivation. If the conditions be faithfully ful-
filled, the last instalment might be remitted ;
or if an acreage in excess of the stipulated
c.xtent be devoted to cotton, a free grant of sucli

May I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

759

excess mi«ht be olt'ered. Let an impulse be
given to the cultivation by such means and by
accepting delivery of the cotton, on behalf of the
Spinning and Weaving Company at the nearest
Kaclicheri, till there is a railway to Anuradha-
pura ; and we are sure the Government will not
be a loser by a liberal far-seeing policy. Both
directly in the recovery of taxes, .ind indirectly
in a larger revenue from importeil food stuffs
and in smaller expenditure on Hospitals and
Dispensaries, it will reap a certain reward. And
may the credit for its initiation be Governor
Ridgeway’s !

♦

PRODUCE IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA.

The Germans appear to be endeavouring to make
the most of their possessions in East and West
Africa, and appeals are consequently being made
from time to time in Berlin for capital for new
companies intended to carry on the work of afforest-
ation and coSee and tobacco planting. The most
of the money raised hitherto appears to have been
allocated to the coffee industry, and to have been
raised fairly easily. For example, a company to
work the plantations in Victoria (Cimeroons) was
recently floated in Germany, and the capital of
2,500,000 marks was over-subscribed by 700,000 marks.
Other companies of a similar sort floated during
the last three years have also been generally over-
s ibscribed, capital only now being required for the
plantations of Sakarra.

In German East Africa the Government has in-
augurated a number of nurseries and experimental
plantations of various descriptions. Coffee culture is
considered to have prospered beyond the experi-
mental stage, the last crop at Usamberre, for
instance, having sold for an extraordinarily high
price. The coffee bean is, therefore, excluded from
the scheme of the experimental plantations, four
of which have been established in the neigh-
bourhood of Dar-es-Salaam, a coast town a
little to the south of the Island of Zanzibar.
Professor Woltmann, of Bonn, some time ago
analysed specimens of soil taken from near

Dar-es-Salaam, and found the ground unsuitable for
the cultivation of many tropical plants ; but, on the
other hand, in the experimental plantation, located
in the immediate neighbourhood of this place, vege-
tables are grown which find a ready sale, and young
eucalytus and palms are reared, which are sub-
sequently removed and planted in the public thorough-
fares of Dar-es-Salaam, or distributed among the other
coast and interior stations, whither have also been
sent consignments of seeds and young trees which,
it is hoped, the local authorities will endeavour to
carefully cultivate. The Karazini nurseries comprise
45 hectares of ground, mostly given over to the
entivation of cotton. At Msimbari Schamba coco-
nut palms have been planted, one to the hectare,
although this seems giving a great deal more ground
to the tree than it really requires. These should
begin to produce in their seventh year, and will
continue to do so for from thirty to fifty years.
During that period a net annual profit should result
of three-quarters of a rupee per tree. A coconut
palm plantation has also been established in close

Eroxiraity to the powder magazine at Dar-es-Salaam ;
ut the primary function of this appears to be the

Erotection of the magazine from bush fires, which
ave hitherto been somewhat frequent in the locality.
Mulberry planting, which had been tried in different
parts of the colony, has now been' discontinued in
view of the unsatisfactory experience of planters in
India.

More important than any of the above enterprises,
however, are the Government plantations at Mohorrq,
situated south of the delta formed by the Rufidji
River, and chiefly devoted to tobacco. The soil
appears to be of a highly favourable character, and
two Sumatra planters whose opinion is prominently
quoted in the official return consider the tobacco

97

plants of Mohorroofa vary high quality. The small
quantity of plants, however — there ware 27,000 in
1S95— has not allowed of fermentation, and it has,
the-efore, not been possible to estimate the value of
the crop. Indeed, ic doos urt quite seem as though
the tobacco would ferment sucoe tsfully at all ; for it is
spoken of by Dr. Paul Neubauv, of Berlin, as a“ non-
fermeutative.” The same authority, however, states
that many German tobacco merchants of consequence,
whose names he mentions, are unanimous in the
belief that the Mohorro tobacco has a very good
future before it from a trade point of view. The soil
in which it grows is good, plain, heavy, and eminently
suitable. There is plenty of cheap timber eisily
accessible, and the plantation is at no great distance
from the sea. These conditions, co-operating, with the
fairly healthy climate, should make the working of the
plantation a task of some promise. Last year’s plants
showed a fine and thin leaf of light colour, which, if
it could only be brought to properly ferment, would,
in the opinion of the Sumatra planters already re-
ferred to, be equal to a good Sumatra leaf. It must
be admitted, however, that the most unsatisfactory
experience gained in connection with the plantations
at Levvahas considerably shaken confidence in to-
bacco culture in German Bast Africa. To re-establish
this confidence is probably the reason why the Go-
vernment is devoting itself with unusual ardour to the
cultivation of the plant at Mohorro.

The skilled work appears to be in the hands of Chi-
nese, 3.3 of whom were recently imported from Singa-
pore, the more mechanical labour being performed by
negroes, whose daily wages average about 16 pesa. The
needs of the Chinese are being studied with a genero-
sity which verges upon the lavish. A large house has
been erected for their accommodation, and Mozambique
pigs, Bombay ducks, and European chickens have been
introduced into the settlement, apparently for their
special benefit. Other structures which have recently
made their appearance at Mohorro embrace stables,
stores, and a large building intended to be devoted to
the process of fermentation. Medical men consider the
climate relatively good : but it is stated that one
Chinaman has already died of fever, and that most of
his fellow immigrants since their arrival have suffered
from maladies of various sorts. The German officials,
however, contrive to keep in fairly good health, and are
now occupying themselves with planting experiments
of divers description. Vanilla, gutta-percha, and coffee
and among the products which it is being sought to
place under cultivation ; and for all of these the Go-
vernment believes there is a profitable future. Mean-
while, it does not appear that individual enterprise is
being encouraged to any extent, and with the exception
of one or two sanguine persons, mostly of British na-
tionality, traders continue to leave German East
Africa severely alone. — 11. rO C. Mail., March 19.

va

New Method of treating the Vanilla Pod. — A
communication, dated 22nd May last, has been rj-
ceived at the Foreign Office from Mr. Courtenay
Bennett, Her Majesty’s Couusul at Reunicn, in-
closing extracts from the Independent Creole of
Reunion, containing a paper read by M. Dolabart2,
Manager in Reunion of the Credit Foucier Colonial,
at a recent meeting of the Rsunion Syndicate Agri-
cole upon a new process of treating the vanilla
pod ; — According to M. Dolabartz the operation con-
sists of drying tin' vanida in an hermetically closed
vessel by means of chloride of calcium in the pro-
portion of about one kilog, for every kilog, of dried
vanilla obtained. The diloride of calcium is not
lost, as it can be easily regenerated by heating it
in an iron or copper receptacle ; one lot of chloride
of calcium is thus sufficient for several processes if
kept, after rcgriiieration, in an hermetically closed
vessel. According to information received, 2'981
kilogs. of I'aw vanilla will produce about a kilog. of
j)re]pared vanilla. It cui be easily understood that
vanilla dried in an air-tight vessel must lose much
less vanillins than when dried by the ordinary pro-
cess, by which it is exposed in the open air for
several weeks. {Hoard of Trade Journal, August
— Kiw Bulletin, 1890.)

760

THb: TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

INDIAliUliBER IN GERMAN AFRICA.

In an ollicial report on “ The Products of the
German Uolouies and their Industrial Value,” Dr.
O. IVarburg writes ; lu the export of caoutchouc
only three of the German colonies of tropical Africa
are of importance. Caoutchouc is the cliief article
of export from Cameroon and German East Africa.
Although in tropical Africa a few other plants
(I'icus and lately Kickxia) have furnished service-
able caoutchouc, in our colonies, rubber has been
gained almost exclusively from the Landolpldas, es-
pecially />. Kirkii and 7.. Petersiana, in East Africa,
and L. Comorenaiis var, jlorida, in the Coast colonies.
In the northern part of the Cameroon district only
the milky juice of an unidentified tree is turned
to account, The exports were ;

TOOOL.\XD.

Pounds. Value.
In 1892 .. 81,400 ^33,500

In 1893 .. .. 63,800 24,750

In 1891 .. .. 68,200 29,000

In 1895 (excluding first quarter) .. 41,000

[)It must be taken into consideration that only a
portion of the caoutchouc obtained in Togo is ex-
ported to German porte and that therefore the figures
as given here are too low by half.]

CAMEROON.

In 1892

710,600

$256,000

In 1893

910,800

356,750

In 1894

880,000

326,000

GERMAN EAST AIRICA.

In 1891

521,000

$2-10,000

In 1892

686,000

282,000

In 1893

500,000

233,000

In 1891

415,000

247,000

That this enormousquantity of 1,363,200

pounds to the

yaliie oi fiiG02,000 can only be

obtained by the des-

Iructiou of countless caoutchouc trees, is plain, as no
method excepting the cutting off ot the trunks has as
yet been discovered, and this indicates that befoie
long the export must decrease unless heroic measures
are adopted to check this wholesale destruction.

To obtain caoutchouc advantageously from planta-
tions has so far proved a failure. The many ex-
periments in other countries have found their
followers hero. In Togo the d'Almeida Brothers, la-t
year, planted i,5t)U Oeara rubber-trees, for shading
their colloe-plants. The Kpeme Plantation Go. con-
template making a caoutchouc plantation in the
vicinity of Togo. Exporinients with these plants as
shade trees in Gamei'oon (Victoria) had to be
abandoned as they were damaging the coffee trees,
The Para caoutchouc tree is now being experi-
mented with. In German East Africa Perrot
planted, on the Mkulumuzi plantation, owned
by the West Gorman Trading and Plantation
Co. 10,000 Ceara caoutchouc-trees, and the v. St,
Paul plantation have put out 30,000 caoutchouc-
plants.

* * »

From other sources the exports of India-rubber
from German East Africa are found to have been
for 1891, as follows:

To-

Pounds.

Rupees.

Germany

156,115

181,905

Great Britain

17,600

25,766

Zanzibar

339,665

475,589

Total. .

513,380

6 80,260

Converting the rupee at par this valuation would
be equal to $341,630, or at the present value in the
United States curi'ency, only $157,833. — India Rubber
]Vorld, March 10.

RUBBER RESOURCES OF SIERRA LEONE.

The India-rubber resources of the British protec-
torate of Sierra Leone, West Africa, received special
attention from the colonial governor. Colonel
P’rcderic Cardew, c.m.o., during his recent prolonged
tour in the interior, an account of which has been
presented to the legislative council and printed in
the Sierra 1j mue Weekbj \cn;n. It was the third
Jour undertaken by the governor within three years.

[May I, 1897.

each over a different route, and involving in all
same 1875 miles of travel. As a result, the extent
and direction of the water-courses are now much
better understood, and the extent of the forests more
accurately known, especially in the valley of the
Mano river, forming the boundary between Sierra
Leone and Liberia. Much of the governor’s latest
route was through territory never before visited by
white men.

“ Though the indigenous products of the protectorate
may not be superabundant,” writes the governor, “still,

I believe, partly from want of cheap means of trans-
port, a lack of enterprise on the part of the traders,
the ignorance of the natives in the methods of
gathering and preparing their products, such as
India-rubber, and palm-oil, and their paucity of wants,
not nearly half the products of the country are ever
bi’ought to the markets. There are large tracts of
forests with abundance of rubber and valuable timber
awaiting exportation. They have been in no sense
explored, and they only require intelligent and
systematic methods for gathering the rubber to yield
their wealth to the first comer who has the neces-
sary enterprise.”

Referring to a certain district traversed during his
late tour, he says that the extent of forest land
within it may be computed at not less than 600
square miles. Along the greater portion of his route
cbe forest is of some eight to ten years’ growth, the
former cultivators of the soil having disappeared
on account of the activity of slave-raiders at one
time. But in many parts of the district virgin
forests still exist. It is of particular interest, how-
ever, to learn that “ even in the forests of re-
cent growth there is an abundance of rubber. This
is contrary to the accepted view that the perma-
nent disappearance of the African rubber creepers
is the inevitable result of the felling of the virgin
forests. This was the opinion expressed by G. F.
Scott Elliot, whose official report on the botany of
Sierra Leone was reviewed in the India Rubber
World of November 10, 1894.

Unfortunately Governor Cardew’s enumeration of
rubber-bearing species does not render their iden-
tification possible. He does not even quote the
same local names as those given by Mr. Elliott,
whose observations were made in a different district.
The report continues ;

“ Three kinds of such [rubber] plants were
Xsoiiited out to me. Two were vines called, res-
pectively, in the Timui language “ lilibue ” and
‘ nofe,’ and the third a tree called in the
same language ‘ kewatia.’ The ‘ lilibue ’ yields the
choicest rubber in the pi'otectorate. In gathering
it, incisions are made in the bark of the vine, which
is not, however, always cut down. In the case of
the ‘ nofe ’ vine, it is invariably cut up into small
pieces of about six inches in length, and thus com-
pletely destroyed. The ‘ kewatia,’ i. e., the rubber
tree, appears to grow rapidly, and in eight or ten
years to attain a girth of from two to three feet,
but the tree, however, like the ‘ nofe,’ is also de-
stroyed in the process of gathering its rubber ; it
is felled and the bark ringed at intervals of about
six inches along the trunk. The rubber appears to
be treated in a different way to that of the vines;
the latter is coagulated with lime juice, but the rub-
ber which exudes from the rings cut in the tree
is placed in hot water, on the surface of which it
coagulates, and is then cut into strips, which are
formed into balls for the market.”

The governor considers it absurd that large trees
should be destroyed for a paltry few ounces, or even
pounds, of rubber, and urges that steps be taken
to instruct the natives in better methods of rubber
gathering, before greater damage has been done to
the forests. An account of the methods of prepar-
ing Para rubber for market was published at
the recent agricultural exhibition at Sierra Leone,
and the authorities have since drawn up “ an
account of other processes which may be suit-
able to the rubber industry of this colony.” The
natives of some of the districts appear to be ignorant
not not only of methods of rubber gathering, but als9

May 1, 1897.] THE fROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

761

of the value of rubber. “ If the traders, ” says the
governor, “ who purchase the rubber and other in-
digenous products would inform the government in
what direction they consider reforms should be in-
troduced in the prevailing systems of gathering such
produce, the government would, I feel sure, lend an
attentive ear to their sugestious.”

Sierra Leone rubber has long figured in the English
market, and is regularly quoted in New York,
although Sierra Leone grades have entered less into
consumption in the United States, proportionately,
than Accra and some other African sorts. Kramrisch
& Co. (Liverpool) have supplied The India Rubber
World with the following statement of the imports
into Great Britain of Siema Leone rubber tor six
years past, though it may be said that not all the
rubber thus classified is the product of the Sierra
Leone protectorate. The figures given are somewhat
greater than the amounts credited to Sierria Leone
in the British official trade reports ;

Pounds. Pounds.

In 1891.... 2,275,840 ....In 1894.... 1,944,320

In 1892.... 2,076,480 In 1895.... 2,222,080

In 1893.... 2,352,000 ....In 1896.... 1,944,320

Kramrisch & Co. further report : “ Rubber from
Sierra Leone played an important role during the
past year. The rubber coming from that district
found increasing favor among manufacturers, but
contrary to expectations the receipts from Sierra
Leons decreased, causing a considerable advance in
price. The arrivals of Sierra Leone rubber [in Eug-
fandl during the first six month of 1896 averaged
about 110 tons per month, of which quantity a goodly
proportion was ot the “ red” unsoaked kind. The
average arrivals during the latter six months wei’e
only about 35 tons per month, of which only a trilling
quantity consisted of that red quality most in demand.
Prices for the latter have therefore steadily advanced,
2s 44d. being the highest price paid.”

In comparison with the figures given in the last
paragraph, it may be added that for severai years
past the average monthly arrivals in England of
Sierra Leone sorts have been 106 tons during the
first half of the year, and 44 1/3 tons during the
latter half. — India Rubber World, March 10.

NEW PRODUCTS FOR JAFFNA.

The raising of Tomatoes for sale by two farmers
living in the Pt. Pedro district has suggested the
question whether it would not be desirable to en-
courage the introduction of new products into our
peninsula. It seems that for a year or two past the
missionary living at Pt. Pedro has started a quantity
of young tomato plants and distributed them to
different men in the district, to experiment with. As
R result this fruit has been plenty in the vicinity
of Pt. Pedro for two years. The plants were set out
in good soil and duly cared for, and with January
fruit was gathered and sold, especially to Europeans,
at ten cents a pound.- Whac the yield has been this
year we do not know, but during the past month
about one hundred pounds have been bought at
Udupiddi. A still larger amount must have been sold
during January and February when the fruit was at
its prime. With the hot weather the vines die off,
or, if they survive, pro luce very small fruit.

This is only one new product. Others will suggest
themselves to our readers. New fruits and vege-
tables might well be introduced into our peninsula,
and with profit. There is no question but that

better varieties of many of our vegetables might
be cultivated to the advantage of all concerned.
There are new kinds of Brinjals, Squashes
and Beans that might well be . tried, and that
would be an improvement on the present varieties.
Certain kinds of vegetables that grow in the tempe-
rate zone, might, in favourable localities, do fairly
welt ; such as are now raised at the Kachcheri and
in one or two other places.

Then as to fruit, we see no reason why the
Florida or Sicily oranges should not be grown in
Jaffna. Why should not the Mangosteen be rai^d
here ? Why should wq not have a better

variety of the Pine apple and the Guava ? And surely
more can be done with the Grape than is being done
at present. We believe there are several varieties of
grape that might well be introduced into our peninsula.

It needs a little enterprise of course. Nothing
can be done without some labor and cost, and un-
doubtedly the gains would be small at first. But
in time it would be seen that Jaffna had been
greatly benefitted by the introduction of these new
kinds.

Again, the Government should encourage the
farmers to experiment with new things, as is done
in civilized countries. Seeds and plants should be
distributed free for a year or two, or until it was
seen that the farmers were really taking an interest
in the growing of the new varieties. Prizes might
well be offered for the best display of ihe new vege-
tables and fruits, at some public gathering. It would
be a good idea to have an annual fair, or at least
have one once in two or three ye irs. It would, in
our opinion, act as a stimulant and encourage the
people to go out of the beaten track of the dead
centuries. Prog-ess would be the watchword instead
of custom.'" Jaffna Morning Star,” April 1.

LIBELS ON B. C. AFRICA.

PL\NTIXG EXPERIENCE.

Our attention hai been drawn to another of those
malicious libels on B. 0. A which we regret to say
have been so frequent of late. Tnis one which dis-
graco.s two pages of the 7th November issueof “The
Field” and is written by some worthy under the non-
de-plume of “ Falcon ”is one of the worst it h is been our
misfortune to peruse as “F.ilcon” as might be expected
is one of those would-be Nimrods who come rushing up
the river determined on slaughter, and after st.iying
a month or so principally at Chiromo anl Mlanje,
get a slight touch of fever and then clear for dear
life. After getting over their fright, (if this is ever
possible) they consider themselves in the light o,f
renowned traveller.s and quite in a position to criticise
anything and everything per-.aining to British Cen-
tral Africa, although it is 100 to 1 that they have
never been outside a radius of 30 miles.

"Falcon” after attracting the readers attention by
explaining that ho wishes to tell them tlie " plain
unvarnished truth,” (which by the way would be quite
impossible for him to do considering his length of
residence in the country) goes on to give his opinion
onB. 0. A. Coffee. “As a matter of fact,” says the
all-wise “ Falcon,” the slopes of the Mlanje range
ot mountains, once covered with heavy evergreen
forests, have long since been denuded of them
by the Manganja tribe, who have for ages carried
on the very wasteful system of cultivation known in
India as koomree. The forest has heen felled
and burnt, as fast as it renewed itself, ant a crop
of Indian corn, or sorghum obtained from the soil
at intervals of from six to ten years. The humus
and more valuable soil has in this manner been re-
moved, and washed away ,by the annual rains, leaving
behind nothing but a verij indifferent subsoil. It is
in such soil as this that many of the planters have
planted coffee, and the wretched appearance of the
plants is sufficient proof of the worthlessness of the
land. But even elsewhere the appearance of the
coffee, under the most favourable conditions, and in good
soil, is such as to convince anyone who has had prac-
tical experience of coffee in other lands, that iu Bri-
tish Central Africa it has not found a congenial home. In
some plantations borers are excessively bad, more
than 50 per cent of the trees having been destroyed
by them ; in others ths primaries die back from
the cold winds that blow in winter. — With the
development of mining enterprise wages must rise,
and sooner or later leaf disease, which is rampant
iu the coffee estates in Usambara, will make its
appearance.”

Such is a sainple of the kind of twaddle indulg-
ed in by this wiseacre, and from it our readers will
be best able to judge how much the writer knows
about coffee iu B. C. A. Then comes the usual tirade
on Blackwater fever and the cruel slaughter of game

762

THE TROPICAL AGRICaLTURIST.

[May I, 1897,

in B. C. A, but as usual a hundred times exaggerat-
ed. As his remarks mainly apply to Mlanje (probab-
ly be never visited any other district) we would
draw his attention to one Mlanje plantation which
last year yielded a crop of 30 tons, and other planta-
tions gave good crops according to acreage, which
does not look like “ very indifferent sub-soil.”
Among our Planting community we have now a
good few men who have had that “ practical ex-
perience of coffee in other lands” which the writer
talks about, and have come to the conclusion that
coffee hai found a “ congenial home” in B. C. A.
These men are not fools and would not have em-
barked on planting in this country unless they were
firmly convinced of its great future.

But the proof of the pudding is in the eating of it,
and the high prices re ilised for Nyasxland Coffee
which we publish today gives the lie direct to
“Falcon” and all his kind. “It is singular,” say
the London Brokers of the Zambesi Industrial Mis-
sion, “that although every effort is being mxde all
over the world in coffee growing districts to produce
fine quality, it is quite the exception that such a result
as yours is obtained.” The foregoin g does not en-
tirely correspond with “Falcon’s” remuk that in
B. C. A. coffee has not found a congenial home.

The supremely ridiculous statement th it in some plan-
tations borers have destroyed 59 per cent of the trees,
we can only put down to the f ict that some naughty
Planter must have been having his little joke at the
expense of this innocent abroad. As for the cold
winds we only wish there was a chance of them
coming our way.

Wo cannot do bettor however than again quote
our remarks which appeared in our August number
in answer to Mr. Morgan’s criticisms on B.G.A. —
The only point which is really serious is the menace
to our labour supply should gold be discovered. It
is not however likely to bo fouiil in B.G.A. and
should it be discovered in payable qiantittes in the
B.S.A. Co.’s territory, a wise Administration could
easily (rime such regulations as would prevent the
disorganization of our labour supply. The B S.A.
Territory, unlike the Kind, has a native population
of millions to draw from so that it would not be
necessary to recruit labourers in B.G.A. Such criti-
cisms as Mr. Morgan’s may do some good in keep-
ing the wrong sort ot man out of the country for
B.G.A. is no place for “ armchair” planters. Un-
der a wise and beneficent government tliere can
be no doubt that B.G.A. will become one of the
foremost states in Africa. We have a unique
geographical position, the country is at such an
elevation as to mike it fairly healthy and develop-
ment will make it healthier still: we hive high
plauteaus suitable for sanatoriums within easy
reach of nearly every part of the protectorate ;
we have already got telegraphic communication
and a rajlway is certain within the next three years.
All that is required is capital and energy, the one
without the other will not suffice, but the prospects
for the two combined are of the best. In saying
“ all that is required” we are assuming tlyat wa
have a government suited to the country. This how-
ever is at present b}* no means the case and the
sooner the present provisional form of government
is changed for a more permanent one with a properly
organised civil service the better for the country. ■
Central Afriein Planter Feb. 1.

STEAM PLOUGHING IN INDIA !

We observe from an ollicial list of agricultural
implements tried during the year I'lTj that a
steam cultivator costing lU.OOO was in u.sein Sarun
District. A local indigo-planter reports that be
saw it tried in very dirty lands which had not
been cultivated for two years, and it brought out
nil tlie weeds and grass by tlie rootsand thoroughly
broke up tlie land. He also reports that he saw
it tried on land in wldc.li tliere was no apparent
moisture, and within 10 .lays oMts use the mois-
ture was at the surface.— A/. Mad, April 0.

HILL TBAMWAAS COMMISSION.

We call attention to the letters from Govern-
ment anil the Report appended tliereto of the
above Commission. We have read the latter,
and have only space and time to ask what
practical good is to be served by such hastily
got-up, imperfect and in some respects mislead-
ing documents. We have never in the wliole
history of Railway Commissions in Ceylon seen
a State paper of a more uncertain if not per-
plexing character than the Report Itefore us.
This is, of course, owing to the wide scope
of its Commission and the limite.l space of time
aftbrded for in([iiiry and examination. That
time would not be enough in our ojiinion, to
do justice to any one of some half-dozen lines of
tramway discus.sed and more or less reported on.
The only line in fact, on which a useful Report
might have been drawn up is that from Nanuoyato
Nuwara Eliya and Kandapola, and here any
practical result, it seems to ns, is rendered ini-
pos.sible thivMigh the absence of an Engineer
with experience in Electric Railw.ays. The in
denting for such an Engineer ought surely to
have preceded the Com mission. Both Mr.
Mackintosh and Mr. Christie discuss questions
connected with electric lines ; but neither gentle-
man, we supjiose, has had actual experience,
and every year is witne.ssing great improvements
o 1 Electric lines. 'I’lien again the Hewaheta-
Maturata line is thrown out of court as un-
worthy of consideration ; while we should have
considered a line from Peradeniya on the Deltota
r >ad towards Hewaheta a scheme which ought
to be both possible and promising. But
then the fact is that not one of the schemes
named in this Report can be sai 1 to be fully
or exhaustively treated. The Couimi.ssion have
apiiarently gallo])ped over the country on paper
and iire.sented .a Report which must be considered
both cursory and imperfect, or very ])reliniinary
indeed. — Mr. Saunders signs -the Report: how
many meetings did he attend, and did he visit
any of the districts concerned ?

“RAMASAMl”: OUR LABOUR SUPPLY.

, (Cmnmvnieated.)

We have so often been accustomed to the cry
of wolf in the labour market that we ha,ye
liitherto hesitated to credit the very serious re-
ports which reach us from the various districts
of the islanil as to the actual .scarcity of coolies.
Very many estates, it seems, could now profitably
employ double the number they can muster,
while not a few are striving to keep the estate
in cultivation and overtake plucking with one-
third the necessary force.

We have long juided ourselves on our usually
ample supply of chea)) labour and could afford to
smile at the attenijits of less favoured tropical
colonies to comiiete with us in our sjiecial pro-
ducts ; but a sad change has come over our
prosj ects in this respect during the past two
years.

“Ramasami,” from being one of the most
docile and industrious of men— the Scot of the
East — has. in too many cases, degenerated into a
thriftless, unstable vagrant, wandering from district
to district in order to dodge his creditors and ob-
tain fresh loans. The actual number of coolies
in Ceylon is not so much short of requirements
as that the muster of honest workers is out of
all proportion to the number of idle loafers in
the lines and bazaars.

May 1, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

763

Now the ciuefor this seems simple enough, viz. —
Make it illegal to lend or rather to recover from an
estate coolie more than, say, RIO or R20 and the
thing is done. Rnb we are not sanguine that
the (Government will he very readj to move in
the matter, though certain enough that legislation
in this direction would prove a boon to the
planting interests and a much-needed protection
to ])Oor misguided Ramas.anii himself.

There are, however, other interests at stake
which [lull in a dilferent direction, but we would
fain ho])e tliat these— as described to us by an
up-country correspondent — are somewhat exag-
gerated. “ These vagrant kanganies,” he says, “are
a fruitful source ot prolit to proctors, around
whose doors crowds may daily be seen— seeking
and obtaining advice how to act.”

Certain it seems that the good understanding
which was wont to exist between the coolies
and their doray now, as a rule, no longer exists,
and until we can manage to deal with, and jnc-
tect the labour force already in the country, it
seems needless to talk of tapping new sources
ol supply.

It is against this growing demoralization that we
wouhl earnestly raise our voice. The cause is ])al-
pable enough. IIom best to counteract it is the
question. Money, as irsnal, is at tlie root of the
evil, facilities fur horrowmg, recJdess spending,
ruinous and nncsrupidous usury.

Wliat are called estate advances seem to have
risen from an average of K20 a head two years
ago to RdO at the present moment, and there
seems eveiy likelihood of this sum being doubled
in a few months.

In former times, these advances were ariven by
Superintendents for the express p irpose of pro-
curing labour from the Coast, and any breach of
this utjderstanding would have been treated as a
case of obtaining money umler false pretences.
Now, alas! I he Coast is seldom thought of, it is
simiiiy a case of “ Sliow me yrur tundu.”

The Toolakan Jew is mastei of the situation,
and it is at his instance that the evei-recurring
move is made. The estate manager is helpless.
At his wit’s end to save the flush, he pays the
exorbitant demands and staves of! the evil day
for a few months, till the Toolakan’s interest
again accumulates — when pastures new must, at
all hazards, be sought. It is not the debt to the
estate only, but the native money-lender that has
to be reckoneil with. The amounton the “ tundu"
may be only K1,000, but, as a rule, 11500 “ adium ’
is ^emantled.

PERAK NOTES.

{Perak Pioneer.)

In February a Malay was killed by a tiger while
working in his garden at Kota Stia.

Mr. Curtis, the tea planter from India, is anxious
to acquire .5,000 acres of land for planting purposes
in Perak

Mr. J. J. Tait has planted 75 acres of coffee since
October last at Tanjore Malim. He intends to put
in a few acres of tobacco as an experiment.

Mr. A. T, D. Herrington, the Senior Magistrate,
leaves for home via America tomorrow on long leave.
Mr. C. Wray will probably act for him on the re*
turn of Mr. R. D. Hewett from leave until our new
S.G. has been appointed when Mr. Watson will take
up the acting appointment.

We regret to hear that owing to the Medical
Adviser to the Colonial Office having declared
Dr. Wheeler to be unfit for further service in the
Equatorial region, he has been compelled to retire
on pensioDt

MINOR PRODUCTS.

CiNCHON.a. — The monthly Eondon cinchona-auctions
held on Tue.sday were of sm.all extent. Five brokers
offered bark, their cat-dogues containing the follow-
ing quantities : —

Packages Packages

Ceylon cinchona . . 46 of which 46 were sold

East Indian cinchona. . 259 ,, 259

W est African cinchona 198
Java cinchona .. 200

198

200

703 703

It will be seen that every package was disposed of*
indeed, a much large quantity would proba'bly have
found buyers, for tlie tone was one of unusual animation,
and an average advance of 10 per cent, on the last public-
sale rates was readily paid. The best lots realised a
unit of id per lb., but the general run of the parcels
scarcely reached that figure. The following are the

quantities of baik purchased by the pricipal buyers*

lb.

American factories . . . . . . 44,407

Messr.s. Howards & Sons
Auerbach factor}*

Imperial C^ninine-works
Brunswick factory ..

Frankfort-on-M. and Stuttgart works o’efil
Various druggists and others . . 4 331

42,966

18,955

11,720

6,536

^ , „ Total .. 132,576

Ceoton-seed.— A small parcel has been sold to ar-
rive at 85s per cwt., the same figure as that paid at
the last auctions. At auction 9 bags rather dark
mixed seed were bought in 30s per cwt being the
highest bid fortlicoining but the lot has since been
sold privately at 75s per cwt.

Kola.— The arrivals have been considerable lately
especially from the West coast of Africa and a
paicel of no fewer than 211 bags has been’ entered
from Hamburg by the “Lapland.” There Tag a
large supply at today’s sales, but no business' was
done except in 3 packages common water-damaged
rubbish, which sold without reserve at J-d per lb
For good irest rwHan 8d per lb. is asked—CTtemwt &
Dniggisty March 20.

A NEW CEYLON PLANTATION COMPANY.

The latest venture is the Oodoowerre Estates
Company of (Jeylon, Limited., the memorandum
as well as articles of Association of which an
pears in the Gazette. The objects for which th^
Company is established are, among otheis to
purchase or otherwise acquire the Oodoowerre es-
tate in the district of Badulla, or any part or
parts thereof. To establish and maintain in the
United Kingdom, in Ceylon, or elsewhere, stores
shops places for the sale of tea, coffee, cocoa!
a id other articles of food, drink, or refreshment
wholesale or retail, and to establish in any part or
parts of the world agencies for carrying on or de
yeloping ^e business of the Company or any branch
^ereof. The nominal capital of the Companv is
R500,000, divided into 1,000 shares of R5(^ each
with power to increase or reduce the capital The
signatories are Herbert Tarrant, Katharine Tarrant
Jas. A. Henderson, A. O’Dell Figo- j? HuvnEo tai* t
Annie Buckland Eliot and John'^C. Popham

Goyeri,merit-.say.s the London
under consideration the advisability
ing Dr. J. M. Janse, of the Java Sotani
dens, to Menado and the Banda
inquire into the disease that R affe^in
nutmeg-trees, and into one which apnppJt f
thi^atenirig the “ epcoa ’’ plantatimii^w^^^
not clear wliether “ coconut ” or “ cacan ’’
tations are here meant : -we know
have been

cftcao tree, " in the

764

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. FMay i, 1897

MICA.

The Mica Manufacturinj: Company, Limited,
has been formed with a capital of £80,000 in
shares of £1 each, to eqnire all the mineral riglits
of the Lake Girard Group of Mica properties,
comprising about 1,700 acres, situated in the
provinces of Ontario and Quebec, Canada. There
has been spent about £70,000 in selecting, acquir-
ing, opening up the properties, and esbal)lislnng
the business, and there has been sold, either in
rough or prepared form, mica to the value of
£40,000. The purchase price has been fixed at
£63,000, of which £3,000 is payable iu cash, and
the balance in shares, or partly in shares and
partly in cash, leaving 17,000 shares available for
issue for the provision of working ca[iital. — Indian
Planters' Gazette, March 27.

THE KESULT OF THE DlSAPPEAKAIsCE
OF FORESTS IN TRINIDAD.

It is pointed out in the Bulletin of Miscellaneous
Information of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad,
that the rainfall for that island is slowly but surely
decreasing. The average rainfall for the decade
1862 71 was C6'71.‘i inches ; for the next decade (1872-
81) it was 65'9'J3, and for the third decade (1882-
91) it was 65 037. The decrease indicated by the
first and third values is 1-678 inches or 2 51 per
cent during the thirty years from 1862 to 1891.
Presuming that the same rate of decrease runs on
for the next sixty years, Trinidad will then suffer
from a rainfall diminished by about 8 inches. Mr.
Hart points out that a rainfall decreasing at such
a rate is alarming; and if the inference is carried
on, it follows within that, a measurable distance of
time Trinidad must become an arid desert as barren
as the Great Sahara. The cause of the decrease in
said to be the disappearance of the forests. —
Nature.

[We doubt the inference altogether; perhaps the
next 30 years may prove the “ wet ” cycle for
Trinidad. Forests in Ceylon have been far more
cleared than in Trinidad vvith no faliing-off in total
rain. — Ed. 2’.A.\

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

Progress in Tea.— Apart from the large
cleariu‘'S in the Balangoda district of Messrs.
Finlay," Muir & Co. (1,000 acres), Mr. Leaf (.300
acres) and others, it is said that tliere are 2,000
acres ready to plant in the Kelani Valley this

Castili.oa Elastica in Trinidad.— Mr. J. H.
Hart, F.L.S. Superintendent of the Botanic
Gardens at Triniclad, writes;— “We have raised
and sold some 10,000 Castilloa this year, and we
have a plantation in Tobago, and one here
ready for nleeding.”— ivew Bulletin.

A Southern planter from Wynaad, writing
about Mr. James Ochterlony, and bis command
of capital, says;— “ The .standing monument of
enterprise is the grand old Ochterlony V alley
with its thousands of acres of coffee, tea and
cinchona.” The well known standing monument
of another Ochterlony in Calcutta is a high
tower — consi-lerably less useful ! — Madras limes,

April 9. ™ »i

A Well-known Foochow Tea Planter, Mr.
Sing Put, has lately been travelling through
Ceylon, garnering up-to-date information about
tea growing, picking, and curing. The tea
industry in the Foochow country has been seriously
affected during the past few years by the en-
terprise of the Ceylon and Assam jilanters, and
the Chinese are now ajiparently trying to pull
themselves together to make headway again, —
London Echo, March IS.

The Tea Chop. — There .seems an unusual area
of tea pruned (lightly) this season upcountry ;
but the recent alternate showers and great heat
will bring on all such very quickly, and. indeed,
jilanters generally will be very busy with “flush”
during A))iil. We hear the old estates of the
Gallaha Company in Nilambe and Hantane very
highly spoken of, by impartial authorities, for their
line cover and jat of tea as well as the good crops
promised. Gallaha Factory is one of the largest
and most complete in the island.

The Rice Crop Pfo.spect.s in the 14 chief rice-
producing districts of Lower Burma is as fol-
lows ; — The area under crop has decreased by
10,408 acres from the area reported last month.
The area reported from Akyab is less by 31,154
acres tlian that of last month, while the area in
Thaton has increased by 38,078 acres, and there
are small changes in several districts. The anna
estimate in Prome has been raised to 14i annas ;
in other districts the estimates are unchanged.
The estimate of the exportable surplus is the
ame as that of last month. — M. Mail, April 7.

Kapok has uot been received in this country on a
very large scale. It is not, however, quite unknown
here. The following particulars have been received
from a well-known firm in the City : — Messrs. Ide
and Christie to Royal G.irdens, Kew, 72, Mark Lane,
Loudon, E. C., September 28, t896. Sir, In reply
to your letter of the 24th instant. Kapok is coming
here regularly to the extent of 100 bales a month
from India and Ceylon. Today’s value is 2id. to
4d. per lb. The trade is not large, but may grow.
Yours, &c. (Signed) Ide and Christie. Dr. Moiris,
c E.G., Assistant Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. — Keiu
Bulletin

“ Coppee Growing ” — is the subject of a brief
paper in tbe Agricultural Gazette of New South
Wales by an old Ceylon planter, Mr. C. Skelton.
Mr. Stelton was pleased with a sample of coffee
grown on tbe Clarence river ; but said it would
not pay unless 6 cwt. an acre could be got and
even then be dreaded frosts. He gives practical
advice to intending iilanters, and names “ John
^\'alker r'e Co.” as the iirm to supjily all neces-
sary machinery. — In Northern Queensland, rather
than in New South Wale.s, we should expect to
find a suitable region for coffee.

African Coffee. — Of late years the produc-
tion of coffee in British Central Africa has con-
siderably increased. In 1891, the fir.-t few sacks
were sent to the London market, and favourably
reported on. In 1895, nearly 170 tons were ex-
ported, last year tlie total rose to 300 tons,
and this year it is expected that there will be
at least 600 tons. It is estimated that at the
end of the century the export of coffee from the
Shire highlands will amount to 2,000 tons, and
the planters are agitating for the construction
of a railway from Chiromo to BlanWre, in order
to obviate the present difficulties oi transport. —
Daily Chronicle, March 16.

C.4CAO Dlsease. — We are pleased to learn from
Mr. R. S. Fraser of Warriapolla that the precaution
of sending diseased jiarts of the attacked
cacao trees in advance to high fungoid autho-
rities is not to be lost sight of The Director
-of Botanic Gardens will see to this if he has
not already done so, and doubtless on the re-
sulting re])ort, wiil depend the decision as to a
CryptDgamist or other specialist coming out to
Ceylon. It is very mysterious at present how
the ‘ red” cacao suffers — decaying ns individuals
or in clumps; while the extraordinarj' thing is
that a diseased tree if cut at the neck, very quickly
throws up perfectly healthy shoots, '

May I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 765

OUE Labour Supply. — The Planters’ Associ-
ation has sent round a Circular calling for in-
formation as to llie wants of planters in respect
of coolies— how many additional men, women
and children would be taken on if made avail-
able. Meanwhile Colombo Agents and others
have been getting a Circular from a tirm at
Patna offering to supply “good coolie labour”
to Ceylon — no doubt on the same terms plus
carriage as to Sylhet, Cachar, &c. !

GaMBIKR, C0CONUT.S, &C., IN THE STRAITS.—
From the Report on the Coast Distriet for the year
1896 by Mr. C. D. Bowen, we quote : —

The increase in the number of small settlers iii the
vicinity of Port Dickson has been very marked, espe-
cially along the Lukut road ; a great many of these
people are Japanese, who are about the best class of
agricultural settlers. There was a very fair increase in
the export of gambier, but a slight decrease in the ex-
port of pepper and tapioca. A block of 300 acres was
alioaated for the cultivation of coconuts and more land
for this kind of cultivation is likely to be applied for
during 1897. So much of the land aloug the coast has
been taken up in former days for gambier that very
little land for the cultivation of coconuts remains.

“ Albizzia Moluccana.”— We are reminded
that the first seed of this valuable tree intro-
duced into Ceylon came from Mr. Mumlt, Direc-
tor of Botanic Gardens, Java, to Mr. Neate of
Pussellawa — then of Nawalapitiya. Mr. Win.
Money of the Indian Civil Service — brother of
Col. Money — and the clever author of “ How
to Govern a Colony,” first recommended IMr.
Neate to get this seed and assured him if he
planted up one or two hundred acres, there was
“ a fortune in it.” Unfortunately for himself, Mr.
Neate merely grew a few trees at Nawalapitiya
and distributed the rest of the seed. The timber
of his oldest trees — some of them giants — was
tested for tea boxes and found to be very suit-
able. The tree is one that grows readily at a
variety of elevations.

The Oodoowere Company,— So the old and
almost classical property of Oodoowere is at
length to give its name to a Limited Company.
It was one of tlie earliest of Badnlla Coflee es-
tates opened. In 1858 Sir Henry Ward

reported “ the finest piece of young coffee I have
seen in the whole island is on Mr. Bertlin’s Oodoo-
were estate.” In 1865 after reporting Sir
Hercules Robinson’s first, and Major Skinner’s
farewell, visit to Haputale, we rode up the
Pass from Haldunimulla, through the fir.st

clearing of Gonamatava and on past Baiidara-
wela down to Oodoow'ere where we passed

the night in Mr. James Irvine’s hospitable

bungalow. Everything was flourishing then ; but
Oodoowere had a big rest before it was put
into tea and there are promising reserves.

A Fine SpecIxMEN of Coffee grown from
Guatemala seed, was received at this office,
says the Hilo “Tribune,” from Mr. J. M. Horner’s
plantation at Kukaiau, from a four year old
tree, which had upon the one primary received
nearly 900 well developed coffee cherries, and
there were forty such primaries on the same tree,
fully three-quarters of a pound to the primary.
Some of these primaries Mr. Horner informs us
had 1,000 cherries, and says he will have twenty-
live tons of coffee this year, and where all his
trees from Guatemala seed lie would have sixty
tons from his plantation'instead of about thirty
tons. That is the way he replies to the difference
and selection of seed. Side by side the Guatemala
and wild coffee trees are growing, and the former
produces eight times the amount of the latter.
The growth of wood is in favour of Guatemala
by long odds.— “Planters’ Monthly.”

A Famous Cacao Plantation.— Yattawatte
has long been known as a leading “ cacao
walk ” as they say in the West Indies, and
Mr. Jas. Martin has been identified with it
for the past seventeen years or so. AVe recall it
when the property of Messers. R. B. Downall
and Col. Young in 1896. Mr. Motague Kirk-
ward (of Japan) Avrites : — “ My visit to the Yatta-
watte cocoa estate was very instructive, interest-
ing, and delightful with such a good host as Mr.
James Martin.”

Cotton Growing in the North.— With
reference to our editorial deliverance on minor
products and the prospects of cotton succeeding
in the Northern districts, we learn that there
is a large expanse of fine forestland from
opposite Dutch Bay northwards. The “black
cotton soil ” of Mannar (identical with that in
Tinnevelly) has always been famous. In fact
the conditions here, as elsewhere, point to culti-
vation and civilisation advancing inland from
the coast and there is far greater encourage-
ment for settlement from Chilaw right on to
Mannar and onwards from Puttalam to Anu-
radhapura, than there is in the miserably for-
bidding country Nortli of Kurunegala.

Our London Tea Report.— We ought to
have drawn special attention to the exception-
ally interesting Report dated March 19th
from Messrs. Gow, 'Wilson & Stanton.
They give a most encouraging account of
the re-exports of Ceylon tea from the
United Kingdom, more especially to Holland,
Denmark, South America, and South Africa.
Their t.able shows that the total of the re-
exports compare as follows : —

CEYLON.

lb.

Total

1896 . .

8,496,663

>1

1895 . .

7,147,071

))

1894 . .

5,166,029

>>

1893 . .

4,112,2.32

J)

1892 . .

3,448,058

— Avhile the total of Indian tea re-exported in
1896 was only 4,339,640 lb. We must refer to
the “ Idue sheet” for details. The increase in
1896 over 1895 in the case of North America is
not quite 400,000 lb. In the case of “Russia
and Germany,” taken together, we get an in-
crease ot over 600,000 lb. in the same period.

Russia and Indian Tea :— Commenting upon
the prohibition of the importation of Indian tea at
Batoum, by the Russian authorities, the Cal-
cutta Englishnum of *'he 24th inst, says : — If we
may go by precedent this pernicious example will
not improbably be followed by many other coun-
tries. Of course we have the assurance that
Great Britain, the largest market for Indian tea,
Avill rem.ain open, but nevertheless should
the Indian product be interdicted by other
European Governments the effect would in-
fallibly be to seriously retard its expansion in
other parts of the world. This is a matter which
the Government of India cannot afford to ignore.
Representations should be made by the British
Foreign Office to the Tsar’s Government against
what looks not so much like a sanitary pre-
caution as an attempt to inflict a serious com-
mercial injury upon India. If we submit tamely
to treatment of this kind there is no saying
where Russia may stop. We call upon Govern-
ment to take steps to combat this mischievous
regulation, not even pausing at hinting its wil-
lingness to retaliate if it is persisted in. Russia
is certainly vulnerable in regard to her enermoua
petroleum trade with India.

766

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May i, 1897.

The Duty on Tea. — We have now arrived at that
period of the year when Budget anticipations are the
order of the day. Sanguine experts conjecture that the
surplus will reach the highly satisfactory figure of two
millions. If this calculation should prove to be accu-
rate, those interested in the tea industry may
fairly claim a remission of the impost whichnow press-
es so heavily on their produce. Tea yields a revenue
of nearly four millions a year. It is generally looked
upon as being one of the prime necessaries of life. The
bulk of the tea consumed is a British product. As we
have reiteratedly pointed out, the duty is regarded by
“ the man in the street” as a tax on food, and nothing
would be more popular at home than for the Ministry
to take the line we have advocated of reducing or abo-
lishing the impost. Anything that would benefit India
at the present juncture now that she is the victim of
plague and famine and consequent depression in busi-
ness would be ungrudingly allow'ed even by the many
financial interests that always scramble for the crumbs
which fall from the table of the Chancellor of the
Exchequer in surplus years.

Cement Floors. — A novel kind of flooring has
been provided in the power station of the Edison
Electric Illuminating Company of Paterson, N.J.,
U.S.A. This floor consists of a huge c.asting of
cement forming the undivided door of the entire
station. The floor proper is 4 inches in thickness,
but at intervals of 15 feet there is cast on the
back or underside of this 4 inch web a beam 13
inches in depth and *) inches in width, running
crosswise of the station and resting upon the sup-
porting piers of brick. The floor is further stiffen-
ed by longitudinal ribs 14 inches in depth, and
tapering from 4 inches to 0 inches in widdi, placed
3 feet t) inches apart, running between the heavier
crosswise beams lengthwise of the station. These
stiffening projections are a part of the main cast-
ing, so that the floor is virtually one immense cast-
ing of cement, with stiffening ribs on its under side,
supported upon brick piers. Tne flor is completely
fireproof, and is said to cost less by oue-third than
a floor involving the use of iron be.ams, while it
affords a firm foothold, and presents a surface suffi-
ciently smooth to be easily kept clean. It will be
interesting to learn what effect oil will have upon
it. — Enfjineer.

A Standard of Tka.s.— We read in tlie
American Grocer, of Marcli lOlli that the recent
Act of Congre.ss, regulating the importation of
tea, provides for a Board of Kxpert.s, who.se
duty will be to e.stablisli standards of grade.s:

We (Grocer) trust tha tthis inry prove a success,
but our experience in having tea experts fix a stan-
ard has not been encour.agiug. A sample of
fancy Formosa Oolong, examined by four of the
best experts in the trade, was differently valued
by each, there being a difference of twenty and in
one instance, forty cents per pound. Tastes vary,
one estimating a certain flavour of great value,
that another expert does not regard desirable. It
is practicably out of the question to fix standards by
chemical analyses. Gcisler, whose analyses of tea
are reliable and extensive, says: “ A strict relation

between the chemical composition of the tea and the
commercial value of the s.rme, is therefore scarcely
to be looked for, altough tha former would disclose
at once that tea which is physiologically the best."
There is very great variation in the amount of
ash, particularly ash insoluble in acid, ho solu-
ble ash in one lot of green teas v.aried from
2 02 to S'Oll) ; Cougou from 2'83 to ;V52 ; while
the ash insoluble in acid varied from '32 to 1'31.
It is the character of the infusion which concerns
the consumer, and not the composition or style
of the leaf, and yet these go a great way
toward fixing price. Expert tea tasters are gov-
erned by strength, body, flavour, aroma and quality
of the infusion in fixing value. To adjust stan-
dards will require the highest qualifications on the
part of members of the Boards of Exports. Un-
fortunately the tea trade is not over-supplied with
high class experts, therefore the Secretary of the
Treasury needs to exercise great care in the selection
pf the seven meu Tvhe will constitute the Board.

Planting in Ugand.v. — It is only seven years since
Dr. Peters, the German explorer and agent, found
Uganda destroyed by rival factions, and he sought to
bring it within the German sphere. It became British,
however, and is making astonishing progress. Even
since 1894 the imports into the chief town have been
more than quadrupled ; and the exports have been
advancing at a corresponding rate. As the natives of
the Uganda kingdom are an advanced race they are
offering an ever-widening market for manufactured
articles in textiles and metals, including Agricul-
tural implements and industrial tools. Uganda is
going to be a cotton, tea. tobacco, and coffee growing
country. — //. and C. Mail., March 26.

D.ates. — In reference to the notes on Date Culti-
vation in Australia (Keio Bulletin, 1895, pp. 161-2)
and Antigua (1896, pp. 26-28) the following brief
account of what may be considered the normal
growth of the tree will be useful for comparison : —
Extract from the Report for the vear 1894-95 on
the Trade of the Kerman Consular District, Persian
Beluchistan (F.O. 1896, Annual Series, No. 1671, p.
7). Dates grow to great p=-rfection in many parts
of the country, notably at Pahraj and Fanoch. The
output could be easily doubled by planting fresh
palm groves. Date palms begin to yield at three
years, and reach their prime at 30. A good crop
for a single tree would be from 80 to 100 lb.
The\' are fertilised by hand, one male tree supply-
ing pollen for perhaps 40 female plants. The dates
used for export are those that grow at the summt.
of the tree. From the action of the sun they
become hard and dry, thus being easily packed.
The lower branches remain soft, and are kept for
local consumption. — Kew Bulletin.

The Gold Coast. — The geuer.il li.sc il condition
of the Gold Coast Colony, .as described in a re-
port just published by the Colonial Office, “ w'as
not only satisfactory but nourishing ” during t he
last financial year. Revenue and trade increased,
although there is no other colony in the Empire
so lightly taxed. In the last .six years about a
million monkeys have been slanghteretl on the
Gobi Coast for the sake of their skins ; hut the
tra le is decreasing, because tlie traders have to
go farther into the interior to li-ul the monkeys
tliey require. Bast year over 00,000 skins, worth
over .£14,009, were exported. The land in the
colony is not generally cultivated, tliougli the
.soil is natniMlIy ricli and will produce almost
any commodity. It abounds in tlie oil palm,
mahogany, rubber, and kola trees, and many
other valuable woods ; bub, chiefly on account of
tlie absence of proper roads and the general
ignorance of the natives, iirodncts which require
a careful preparation of the soil and supervision
have not been cultivated systematically. On the
subject of coninmriications, a passage from an
address of the Governer to the Legislative Coun-
cil is quoted : — “ Tlie conditions under which
bulky prjduce is transported from tlie interior
to the coast are such that, beyond a certain dis-
tance inlanri, products liave no commercial value;
a new producing spliere could he tapped if a
railway of 50 or 60 miles in lengtli were con-
structed, and trade could be further developed by
the gradual extension of the line ; it is therefore
de arable to carry a railway inlaml from the place
best adapted for development as a harbour.
Wliab tliat place sliall be is the mutter now under
consideration.” Trade roads also are being con-
structed and extended. The report concludes as
follows “ The colony has within it all the
essentials for prosperity. Rich in gold, in valua-
able timber, in soil whicli will produce almost any
commodity of trade value, it is already attracting
the attention of capitalists, and witli iinances and
trade in a satisfactoiy .state there is no reason
why it should nob advance in material [u-osperity
and bring wealth to English merchants ami
native producevs ami worker^i"— Londoa limes,

May I, 1897.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

767

PLUCKING, PRUNING AND
PREPARATION OF TEA.

{Gontinuul from pacjc 712.)

No. XXX vir.

Dikoya, Feb. 18.

I think all teas after a certain age lose tiavoiir,
and, unless there are young clearings coining
on, the old flavour wliich younger estates have,
cannot be maintained, except in very “ stand-
out ” estates.

1. In this district labour is plentiful as a
rule. I don’t think jiluckingis coarse, but medium.

2. I do not think mamirincj injures flavour —
the fact that tiie bushes are vigorous ought to
give the reverse result.

.3. This is rarely resorted to ; one case I know,
■when this was done, gave very benelicial results,
botli as regards yield, and at the same time
quality was maintained.

4. I do not consider attention to manufacture
has been less careful — but the reverse.

Plucking is very important, and coarse and
hard leaf should be carefully kept out of factory ;
but plenty of withering room is one of the
great points oh good manufacture.

.■). VVe hav'e been very well off for labour
all the year.

6. I consider the last line of your ([uery,
underlined, is the chief cause of bad prices ; they
know we can’t keep teas, and must sell, and won’t
bid more than they can help. L.

No. XXX VI 1 1.

Baiidarawela, Feb. 19.

1. There is, I think, no doubt but coarser
plucking has had a good deal to do witli fall
in prices, the craze in some instances being for
a large yield per acre; this combined with sirp-
ply exceeding ilemand, is to my mind greatly res-
ponsible for the fall in price.

2. I do not think manuring has anything
to do with it. A number of estates that never
saw manure in any shape or form shows no stand-
out prices against those we know that ai'e manured.

3. All teas foi some months after pruning are
thin poor liquor, whether the pruning has ,been
severe or otherwise. I have not noticed any
worse results from heavy pruning in this direc-
tion, than when medium pruning was resorted to.
Where pruning is very light my experience is
the bush throws out an abnormal quantity of
bangy leaf, from which good tea cannot be made.

4. My experience is that preparation in the fac-
tory receives as much attention as it ever did. No
doubt, careless or inadequate factory work would
spoil the most carefully plucked leaf; this I con-
sider seldom happens where withering jiccommo-
dation and machinery is sufficient for require-
ments.

5. Shortness of labour has not, as far as I
know, affected factory work in any way, as all
the factories I know of are well equipped with
machinery of the latest and most apjiroved type,
1 have no hesitation in saying Laboui dilficul-
ties have to a great extent affected quality of leaf.
Sunday plucking in the busy months has to be
resorted to the quality of Sunday work, no mat-
ter how close the supervision may be, is not, as a
rule, of a very high order.

6. Over-production and an absence of fresh

markets for the increased supply is largely respon-
sible for fall in prices ; in a rising market we never
hear of inferior quality. B.

98

No. XXXIX.

Mattie, Feb. 18.

f am of opinion that the fall in price of
Ceylon teas may be attributed to the supply
beiim in excess Of demand, and tliat growers
have" found it pays tliem better to meet the
demanil for ordiria’\\ teas tlian to pioduce the
finest teas for whicli so little has been paid in
the London and the Colombo markets.

1. Planters iiave tried to meet the require-
ments of tlie buyers, judging th-ese requirements
by the prices they offered for the teas._

2. I am of opinion tliat manuring improves
the quality as well as the yield of tiie tea,
judging by the appearance of the leaf, both
before Ond' after it is maiiufactureil, and there-
fore do not think that manure has anything to
do with the fall in price. Though not an ex-
pert in tea tasting, I believe our ordinary teas
are of as good value now as they were in 1892,
only that "he buyers won’t give the price, as
the’ stocks are larger, and they have no fear of
the supply not being equal to the demand.

3. Notliing whatever to do with the fall in
price. S.o’ere pruning lias frequently been found
very beneficial to the Iim lurslies.

4. Sometimes, want of sufficient withering
accommodation has been the cause of our teas
not being ([uite so good as they would h.ave
been, liad more wit’.iering sjiace been available,
but on the whole, I do not think less care is
bestowed on the manufacture of our teas.

Enlarged and better equipped factories enable
the Superintendents to exercise greater care, and
produce with less trouble and certainly greater
cleanliness, the teas of the present day, when
compared with that of the [last.

To your withiii-braekets query, I reply that
the most careful attention in the factory, with
the (inest machinery av.ailable, be the individual
in charge teimaker or European Manager, good
tea cannot be made from poor or coarse leaf;
therefore the lirst step in the manufacture is
careful plucking, and if the leaf be g ;od, the
climate and elevation suitable, the manufacture of
gooii tea in most factories is assured.

5. Frequently short labor supply has prevented
my getting round the estate with my pluckers
in time to pluck the flush at the stage I should
have likeil to have it; the consequence is, the
leaf was larger and did not give the same per-
centage of the liner teas. 1 have no doubt had
I had more coolies, I would have gone more
lar'i’ely into the manuring question with the
pro'iji'ietors, and almost doubled the yield, but
what is the use of producing leaf if you have
to abandon the plucking of fields as have been
done in this district for want of labor, on more
occasions than one? For the present, I think,
you have enough of the

TRUTH.

No. XL

Teldeniya, Feb. 19.

I should liave answered your first letter on
vi'inurin.q dated 26th December, and now I have
yours of l'2th inst. My views are—

1st. Manuring : I would not advocate it.

2nd. My experience in manuring tea is only
conlined to the last 0 months of 1896.

3ril. The liehl I manured never gave more
than 260 lb. per acre before manuring. Although
wood woik is being done in America and
Russia, the supply is increasing much faster than
the demand.

768

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May i, 1897.

Your letter of 12th inst. : —

In niy opinion the teas turned out now are
much better than formerly. People have more
experience and all the coolie.-? and tea-makers are
thoroughly trained. My opinion is that most of
the people pluck finer than they did a few years ago.

Severe pruning — cutting low down — aiids to the
yield but not to the quality of tea ; the tea made
from low pruned bushes is not in my opinion so
good for a considerable time as tea made from
bushes with a good tap on them.

I manured oO acres ; it was pruned in January
and February and I commenced to apply the
manure on 1st July and finished by 15th August :
for the year from 1st January to Jlst December,
it gave 467 lb. per acre for the year, and from
1st July to 31st December, the date on which I
cowmeMceef to apply the manure to the end of the
year, the yield was 27S) lb. per acre for tlieGmonths:
10 year old tea on old coffee land. This was the
first trial of manuring tea on the estate : this is
the result of a carefully kept record.

Now if you advocate manuring of tea uitli
markets as these are at present 1 should sa^' it
would be a ca.se of looking for a millstone to
put round one’s neck. I would say take what
can be got without manuring until the demand
exceeds the supply and any fields of old tea are
falling off in yield. If people all go in for
manuring— in place of 119,000,000 the output
will soon reach 140 or 150 million- then the
•luestion will be the outlet for the extra quantity ;
there will be more demands for coolies, advances
will reach IllOO per head and prices will fall still
lower.

There is no fault in the factory, the appliances
are much better than they were some years
ago, and the people in the Factory have more
experience. If the leaf is fairly good and v:ell
withered there is little chance of its being spoiled
in after work : the fault is not in the factory.

My shortne.s3 of labour supply, as far as my
experience goes, has not affected the work either
in field or factory. The last, and, I believe, the
main cause of falling prices is neither more nor less
than over-produetion. 1878.

No. XLI.

Maskeliya.

The market is glutted with tea. Overproduc-
tion is the cause of the fall in prices, ^yere the
output to drop fifty per cent, up would go the
prices again !

1. Plucking receives as much attention as ever
it did. The leaf is no coarser than 8 or 10

J'ears ago. 1 am sure this cannot be blamed for
ow prices.

2. Manuring has little if anything to do with
it, if the leaf is plucked in time.

3. Severe pruning — that is cutting ihe buslies
down to a foot or so — is only done once in 8
or 9 years. The quality of tea made from re-
cently pruned tea is always inferior for 6 months
after the pruning, but I can’t say that leaf from
cut-down fields is worse in this respect than from
the ordinary pruning.

4. Manufacture is as carefully <1one as ever
it was. Coolies get expert at uus work and
take an interest in it. Most factories are now
very well equipped with machinery, and the
withering accommodation, as a rule, is amide.

5. Shortness of labour does not affect the
work in the factory, although it does so |iretty
often in the field during the heavy flushing
months; for few estates are so well supplied with
labour that an additional force of 30 to .50

coolie.s would not be welcome in April-May and
November- December.

Tll.AMWAY,

No. XLII.

North of Kandy.

1. Coar.se plucking is too palpable a cau.se in
many cases to be disputed ; and as this obtains
largely in the lowcountry, the proportion of tea
from which districts is increasing, the average
for the whole island is naturally affected ; where
hard practical men find it pays, it is ridiculous
for Clitics to condemn !

2. Not enough manuring has been done to
affect injuriously the island’s average.

3. Severe pruning in the majority of cases is
only adopted where thought absolutely necessary
— and it affects ijuality for a year or so after--
so that it may partially account for fall in prices.

4. A good (leal may be debited to half-trained,
and badly trained tea-makers, wlio are far too
common. “ Kamasamy” well trained often
proves more trustworthy ; because he’ll carry out
master’s orders a,ud not think !

With regard to your parenthetical query here,
good tea begins farther back than the field— for
jat ot seed is important too. But it’s like to-
bacco, care must be exercised right through from
seed nur.serie.s to packing and shipment (ex apples!)

5. Not affected here by short 'abor.

9. a. Insufficient withering space when rushes
of leaf come in.

h. Too rapid firing.

c. Night work and over-heated factories.

d. \arieties of jilt and consequent uneven

withering through different textures in
leaf.

e. The packet trade at home ; no one so far

has remarked on this cutting down
business.

^ H. Much of the Broken Fekoe of today is
Broken Pek. .Sou. Ask the brokers about this ’

nc. w ROKD.

z .0. VV e have yet to discover w-hat special
element in the .soil gives flavor and point. Many
have notice 1 in tasting at their factories that
leaf from young tea in new land ha.s more
flavor than that from old ( ? or young) tea ii,
old land.

ff estates, with new clearings in fore.st or old
chena, would manufacture a separate break from
this young tea fields, I feel sure above would be
found correct almost universally. Then let the
chemist find out what manure will re.store the
best element to old lands, and let the machinery
inventors perfect a cool fermenting chamber, and
quality will improve. Saith the cynic : “ And the
quomtity of good teas will incre.-ise . . . and prices
will woi increase proportionately ! Soil’s supply
and demand after all !! ”—T.K.

XLIII.

1. Coarser plucking on the part of many at
medium and lower elevations particularly, 1 think-
have probably reduced pi ices and on these estates it
IS said to 2>ay best.

2. I think it is generally admitted that manur-

ing increases the yield without adding flavor
t) the teas and perhaps in some cases is Ihou'dit
to reduce t e flavor. ^

3. If trees are cut dowm low- they are forced
into heavy flush at the exjiense ot flavor.

4. Fvery care should be taken with the manu-
facture of tea in the factory, but coarse or
indifferent leaf cannot be made into fine teas,

May I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

769

but works, field and factory require constant
attention to secure good results.

5. Perhaps in some cases shortness of labor
no doubt has affected woi k in field and factory,
But this could be made to affect quality or
quantity, whichever was deemed desirable by
those concerned.

6 & 7. I think perhaps coarse plucking and over-
production has affected the market.

TEA BUSH.

No. XLIV.

Nebada.

The three things named, coarse 'plucking, style
of pruning and vmnuring, tending as they may
all do to the production of large yields, must
certainly open a wide door for the bringing in
of low quality of tea. There can be no doubt
that the object aimed at has been large yields.
And there is also no doubt that it is only in
favoured estates that such yields are consistent
with high quality. The temptation of large
production is, therefore, at the root of low
average prices, because although large ciops of
poor teas wm?/ cause overproduction and bring
prices to a ruinous level, the fact is that hitherto
such crops have been profitable. All other con-
siderations refer to minor points well within
the control, and most efficiently controlled, by
the generally good management existing in es-
tates, aided by the supervision of competent
visiting agents. There is always a high average
for high class tea, and the average price in
London is but the outcome of the planter’s
efforts to combine quantity with quality to the
best advantage possible in the land he happens
to be cultivating. That is what he will always
do still, and we must stand or fall by the
consequences. M.

No. XLV.

Eeb. 20.

1. Coarse plucking is not more general than
formerly — rather the reverse, since more estates
manufacture their own leaf in place of selling it.

2. Overstimulating manures have detracted
greatly frofii quality of some 5 per cent of Cey-
lon estates.

3. Severe low pruning (necessitated by too
close plucking and injudicious modes of prun-
ing) has much to do with a falling off of
quality.

4. There is, if anything, more intelligent at-
tention to factory work than formerly.

5. Shortness of labour has caused inferior leaf
to be brought in during the busy seasons on
half the estates in Ceylon.

6. The market being better supplied is

more critical of quality. The numbers of
factories are not equal to their in-
creased output. Demand is running on the
stronger liquoring teas of India. The estates
with worn-out soil do not produce as good a
quality as when the tea was younger. This ap-
plies to a large area of the oldest coffee dis-
tricts and the parts that have the heaviest
rainfall. M.

No. XLVI.

1. I think, as many, of the large tracts of tea
in the lowcountry have gradually and year by
year come into full bearing, the yield has been
increased, throwing into the markets a large
proportion of lowcountry leafed teas than were
shipped when only a few estates commenced
niftDufactqring. At times, too, say April-May

heavy flushes come on, and then the labour supply
is inadequate, and nolens volens course plucking
has to be adopted.

2. I don’t like manuring and I don’t think it
tends to improved quality; rather the reverse;
in an indirect manner, for, if you have not suffi-
cient labour to compete with the increased yield,
you had much better leave manure alone.

.3. Very possible ; severe pruning is very much
in vogue, and at the same time the roots are
attacked with tlie mamoty, to say the least,
heroic treatment.

4. Without doubt, not enough time is given
to factory. Of course, good teas can be, .so to
speak, made in the field, but these, on the other
hand, can be spoilt by want of attention in the
factory : more attention wanted, too, to sorting
and grading.

5. Personally I have always been well-off for

labour, but this is going to be a greater trouble
yet. DIKOYA.

No. XLVII.

Feb. 20.

1, 2, and 3. All these mean a certain loss
of strength and flavour, especially when combined-

1. Coarser plucking undoubtedly lowers the
price by giving a large percentage of lower
grade teas and lowering the price of higher
grades through mixing in rolling.

2. Manuring tends to weaken the flavour
and lessen the strength.

3. This affects prices similarly to No. 2, for
say, 6 to 9 months from date ot pruning.

4. This, in my opinion, has perhaps most to
do with lower average prices.

Yes; careless or inadequate factory work will
spoil the most carefully plucked leaf.

5. I do not think it has affected the price!
of my teas or factory work, but it has thrown
field works back very prejudicially — such works
as pruning, weeding, roading, draining etc.

6. Of course, overproduction and increased

supply has also largely to do with falling-off in
price. D.

No. XLVI II.

Kandapola, Feb. 22, 1897.

I think the deeper the tap roots get into the
sub soil, thereby deriving inferior nourishment,
the poorer the quality of leaf may become.
This is only a surmise.

1. There is no doubt that plucking an estate
once in 7 or 10 days is productive of a better
quality of tea, than if rounds were allowed to
run to 12 or 15 days. Coarser plucking may
have something to say to the fall in price of
Ceylon teas of late years.

2. I do not think manure, if applied once
every three years, should affect the quality
of tea.

3. I believe that a high bush gives a better
quality of tea than a bush pruned down low.

4. Tea is practically made in the field in my
opinion, but inadequate withering space or care-
less work may spoil the best leaf. I do not
consider less attention to careful preparation in
the factory has anything to do with the lower
prices of Ceylon teas.

5. Shortness of labour, on the other hand, I do
think may have, and probably has accounted for
inferior quality of teas produced, tlierefore for
lower prices.

6. Increased supply in competition at the sales

Very probably also accounts for the fall in price
of Ceylon Teas, G,

770

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

PRIjNING. plucking and PPvE-
IPAHATION UP TEA :

REVIEW Oi'’ LETTERS XNIX TO XXXVI.

riio muiiLsr of letters which have readied us
on the a’lovc siihject, and tlie necessity of pul)-
I'.shing tliem as fast as the exigencies of space
l)ennii, impose on ns tlie obligation of [lassing
them iii review befo'c th ;y become state, and
emphasizing the points in them which merit
attention. We now come to tlie letters
commencing from No. 29. Of (lie letters
which appeared on the former date, three deny
coarser plucking and its responsibility for the fall
in jirice — “Planter” from Maskeliya, “J.” and
“Jd” ; but they admit that shortness of labour
tells on the ([uality of the leaf ji'iicked, and
thereby on the tea manufactured with the result
that prices are all'ected. Rut does not coarse
))1 licking become a necessity when an estate can
be comji.assed only once in 12 to lb days instead
of 7 to 8 ? There seems to be a consensus of
opinion in favour of letting ji.art of an estate
go nujilncked when labour is scarce, rather than
ilelay pluckingand damage the outturn of tea ; but
jiractice seems to diller from iirecept, if nob
invariably, in the majority of cases ; for wher-
ever shortness of labour is felt, it snpjdics an
explanation of delayed plucking and inferior out-
turn. The fourth correspoident — “ E.H. R. ” from
Dikoya— exjiressly admits coarser plucking, and
iinds the explantatiou for it in the tendency otmost
estates to study the yield per acre, rather than
the price per lb. Rut what is meant by yield ?
Is it gross yield in lb. of tea manufactured ?
Or net yield in jirolits ? If the latter, our cor-
respondence columns show that doubt is felt by
experienced iilantcrs if the larger gross yield
yieaus a larger income. If it docs not, and if
* means even only the same income — the a<l-
vantage of more restricted ]ducking is obvious
on the ground of a lessened demand for labour,
and smaller exports which might induce keneer
competition and belter prices.

On the question of manuring there is no ap-
])reciab!e difl'erence of opinion between the abeve-
named for corresimndeuts. “ Planter,” while
holding that manuring docs affect the tea to a
certain extent, believes that the leaf of bad
jat is improved in soltucss ; and the evil
effects of manure arc neutralized by the produc-
tion of a better leaf for manipulation. “E.H. R.”
believes that ma Hiring can do harm only if
there is not labour enough to an estate to cojie
with the 'leavier Mush "it induces. Given (he
labour, inquoYcd luiecs .should follow increased
Drops, “d. ” has little experience of manuring ;
and “ D,” denies that manuring does harm ;
but fre({uent jiruning, the last-mentioned con-
dreiss, the chief factor in deterioration. “J.”
shares that view to a certain extent, as it is
months before the effects of heavy luuning wear
away; and so does “Planter;” but “ Pblf.R.”
does not quite concede the evil. It is an opera-
tion which becomes necessary sooner or later,
and matters can be so arranged that only a
small part of the estate need be^ subjected to
drastic pruning in one ycr. The bulk of
the leaf wouhl thus be uuaH'ected ; V'ut if the
weak and insipid leaf of the heavily pruned
bushes .arc not manufactured apart, they must*
even to a small extent, affect the bulk. All
four correspondents are .agreed on the defici-
encies of the I'actory, whefher as rei'ards accom-
modation for w'itheiing, or attention to details, “.f.”
feels certain that better teas could be turned out
more attention, as some planters “ scarcely

look .at the leaf in the baskets, and certainly
do not overburden the factory with their
pre.sence.” The duties and responsibilities of a
tea planter who really seeks to do his best are
far from light ; but the temptation to leave too
much to subordinates, and afterwards to believe
that it can do no harm, should be resisted,
“E. H.R.” while a.sserting the scanty withering
.accommodation in most factories puts aside in-
sufiicient supervision, as the man who neglects
indoor work will neglect outdoor work as well,
and will not keep his place long. But is Nemesis
always unerring? And until the evil is reme-
died, is not the mischief widesjireading? “Planter”
.asserts ihat in 75 per cent of bactories, wither-
ing space is insuflicient, and althoiu'h bad jat,
climate and soil cannot compete wdth good, jus-
tice cannot be done to the best leaf without
the needful accommodation. The feeling seems
very strong and very general that it is a false
economy^ which denies withering space to factorie-s.

The subsequent letters show similar diver-
gence of statement on plucking ; for, where-
as “R. R.” from Teldeniya and “ V.A.” deny
that there is much, if any, change in

])hmking, or that it explains lower prices,
“J.J.” from Dimbula has no doubt that coarser
plucking has much to do with lower prices,
and “ \V. N.” generally agrees with him. The
leaning is towards record yields per acre ;
and w'hen the Visiting Agent says a certain
field must give so many lb. per acre, the
fSuperintendent ceases to be a free agent. The
last-mentioned correspondent regards proprietary
jilanters the chief on'emlers, as tliey fancy coarse
plucking, while superintendents generally pay
greater attention to plucking than before.
Having had no experience of manuring, he
cannot speak of its effects ; but the three other
writers acquit it of all blame. “ J. J.” justi-
fies his verdict by the dictum that the healthier
a bush is, the better should be its leaf ;
“ R. B.” .asks pertinently whether judicious
manuring can do harm to any cultivation or
crop, and whether an answer in the affirmative
would not be tantamount to upholding the
superiority of exhausted soils ; while “V. A.,”
conceding that manuring m.ay at first give lighter
leaf, holds that with tlie improvement in
wood, the leaf must improve in three or four
moutlis. Severe iiruning is unequivocally condem-
ned by three of the writers, and the fourth saj\s
that it is resorted to only after three primings
or so. d’here is, of course, a difference in practice
between up and low country estates — the intervals
on the former being three yetirs, while the
latter prune every year or eighteen months. On
the question of preparation, too, the difl'erence is
as tliree to one. Three of the correspondents
deny less attention in the factory, and jdead
the helplessness of the factory to produce good
tea from weak sapless leaf, but the fourth ques-
tions due care and attention on the part cf
superintendents, who leave too much to tea-
makers who get shack in the absence of frequent
visits. The evil influence of shortness of labonr
in inducing irregular plucking, is; .admitteil eaen
by those whose labour force is sufficient Jfor all
wants ; but overproduction is regarded as the
]>rincipal factor by men who may differ on
other points. Some hold that teas vary with the
seasons and a uniform quality is innHissiblc
throughout the year; others believe that age anil
.absence of rest account for much of the deteri-
oration which is inevitable, (fwicre.— Can science
do nothing to check this deterioration I

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

771

May 1, 1897.]

(Letters continued.)

XLIX.

Agrapatana, Feb. 22.

Dear Sir, — It would need an essay to deal
fully with your question.s regarding tea prices,
the fall in wliicli is probably due to many causes
in combination and seldom to one alone.

In the first place, tlie fall of the Ceylon aver-
age is probably due largely to the increasing
quantity of low grade teas produced in propor-
tion to the higli grade ones.

The estates celebrated for producing liigh-priced
teas Iiave not, I think, lost much in their aver-
ages in the London market during the last two
years. A slight fall there is certainly, but not
a great one, and that fall, I consider, due to
general over-production, the supply during the
last 12 months being all along rather ahead of
the demand.

There is a tendency towards coarse plucking
stimulated by the proprietors and their Visiting
Agents who are an.xious to see increasing yields
and by Managers who wish to brag of their
great returns per acre ; but after all the chief
consideration is which method gives the greatest
profit and that is frequently a matter of very
nice calculation. I am myself convinced that the
high-lying estates \vhich have got flavour Mill
pay best by giving most attention to the de-
velopment f)f that characteristic and leaving the
quantity to take care of itself.

I do not think manuring has affected prices
one way or the other. Severe pruning has un-
doubtedly the greatest possible effect upon quality
and I have known several estates at one time
celebrated for their high prices lose all the (piality
which gained them those prices at one blow
by pruning down the whole of the tea at once,
and the market once lost is not easily regained.

The dominant factors in the production of tea of
the best quality that each estate can procure are : —

1. Attention to the constitution of the bush
by careful cultivation and plucking.

2. The care given to the kind of leaf i>lucked.

3. The withering of that leaf evenly and
quickly.

If these points are attended to, all the rest of
the factory work cotnes easy and falls into
its natural place, and as far as I have seen
there is no want of attention in Ceylon factories.

Shortness of labour has probably prevented
many estates from carrying out the conditions
necessary to secure the best results and few
superintendents, I expect, have the nerve to
abandon for a time .so much of their acreage as
they are unable to deal with properly for the
sake of maintaining their quality. — Yours faith-
fully, B.

No. L.

Central Province, Feb. 22.

Dear Sir, — In reply to your circular dated the
12th instant I should .say : —

(1) The fall in the price of tea during the past
2 years is not due to coarser plucking. The
fall previous to this may have been and was,
in my opinion, largely due to a change in this
direction in several districts- where selective
plucking did not give the equivalent in price
that was lost in yield.

(2) Manuring unless when applied to add
quantity to an already over-succulent growth,
has not adversely affected quality. When the
needs of the bush have been duly considered
and allowed for in the manure, there has been
a distinct improvement.

(3) I should think there are not two opinions
in regard to this. Severe pruning seriously
atiects the quality of the tea. I cannot say,
however, that this is more prevalent now than
in previous years. I'lebls of hide-bound bushes here
and there are yeaily being treated in this fashion ;
old coffee-land tea gets more frequent touches
of this treatment as the growth generally is more
mangy of this cla.ss of tea, and more subject to
the growth of lichens and other pest-'.

(4) There is certainly not less attention paid
to careful preparation in the factory if any-
thing it is more methodical. There is consider-
able doubt yet, I believe, as to the best methods
of manufacture for any particular estate, and
leaf, the many varying conditions of climate,
factory jiosition, tJcc., necessitating variety in
the factory methods, apart altogether from the
constantly varying claims u])on us to meet tlie
needs of consumers. There is a good deal of
insufficient factory accommodation especially as
regards withering space, and this to the extent
prevalent does affect the (juality of the tea.
Without good leaf fine quality tea cannot be
maile ; on the other hand there is much line leaf
that by no known jn-ocess of manufacture can be
turned into line quality tea, climate and soil being
largely respoiisibie.

(5) Shortness of labour, I should think, docs
affect the quality of the tea during the rush
in April and JNJay ; but beyond that taken as
a wliule there has l;een no very serious harm
from this cause.

(0) In the older coffee districts, the absence
of the ncce.^tsary fertility is a main cause of
the inferiority in the tea, and I should imagine
it is having its effect in the lowcountry where
a forcing climate would naturally tend to draw
on the available supply too closely of a soil that
is only ordinary in many instances, and pro-
duce tlu.shes wanting in some of the e.ssential
elements, a most intei-esting question for the
agricultural chemists. Long spells of very wet
weather adversely affects "tea, being probably
destructive ot nitrate-forming microbes so useful
to all plants whose dominant element is nitrogen.

No. LI.

Lowcountry, Feb. 19.

I think shortness of labour has a good deal to
do with fall in price, and incompetent and unrcli-
able teamakers ; also the desire of big out-
turns.

Upcountry estates at tairly high elevations 4,000
to 6,000 ft., I don t think snow much decrease in
price, provided they have a good supply of labour,
and can gather the Hush regularly and system-
atically. Severe pruning gives u'eak tea for a
time,

No. LI I.

Dikqya Lower, Feb. 19,

]. I (1011 1 think that plucking is ([uite so coarse
as formerly, on the whole.

2. Careful experiments lead me to believe that
judicious manuring does not injure quality of
liquor.

3. I know numerous cases whore prices have
gone down Avithout any low cutting or hard
pruning.

4. Men nevei weie more anxiousthannow to pro-
duce good teas in their factories ; and, on the whole,
tliciG ncvGi as iiioie [)ains taken. ()t course
the best leaf may be spoiled in factory ; but no
manufacture can give flavour.

772

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

5. Shortness of labour has affected work con-
siderably on some estates.

_ 6 and 7. I believe that the chief reason of fall
in average prices is greater comiietition, caused by
increased supply. This has been demonstrated in
some markets, where the price of line broken pe-
koes has gone down to that of pekoe. D. K.

— ♦

PRUNING, PLUCKING AND PRE-
PARATION OF TEA :

REVIEW OF LETTERS XXXVII TO
XLIV,

In the batch of letters on the above subject
commencing from No. 37, “L" from Dikoya,
while claiming that the i)liicking in his district is
medium, not coarse, labour being plentiful,
ventures on the statement that all teas after
a certain age lose flavour, and that unless young
clearings maintain the reputation of the island,
the old prestige cannot be sustained except in
very “stand-out estates.” If tliiscontention, which
move than one writer lias put forth, be well
founded— and it is explained by the absence of
any wintering, without which the bush can
obtain no rest from the unnatural treatment
involved in continual plucking, varied by more
or less severe pruning — the outlook for the tea
enterprise would be very serious. But the ap-
prehension of steady deterioration of our tea,
year by year, is not justified by facts. There
are teas, not of one or two estates, but of
numbers, which have maintained their position
for many years, whose prices have cither fallen
off but slightly in correspondence with over-pro-
duction, or been maintained and advanceu in
the face of diminished competition. It, how-
ever, the fear be well-founded, that there must
be general deterioration, as the age of the bushes
increases, then the question of manuring
assumes double importance. Primarily, the ob-
ject of applying manurial substances to the soil,
is to maintain or increase the yield ; but if tea
are we not right in saying, unlike other vege-
table products? — loses its flavour, too, in the
course of time, surely the Agricultural Chemist
should at once be applied to, to see if the
decadence cannot be arrested and the flavour
maintained or renewed. “ B” from Bandarawela,
on the contrary, feels no doubt that coarse
plucking, in pursuance of the craze for a large
yield per acre, has contributed to the fall in
prices ; and “ Truth” from Matale leans to the
same view, wlien he says that growers have
found it pays them better to make ordinary
teas than to produce the finest teas for which
the prices are not attractive, while “ 1878” from
Teldeniya insists not only that there is much
finer plucking than ever before, but that the teas
turned out are also much better, as a result
of the larger experience in all branches
of the industry which every one has from
the cooly upwards. The main cause of
the falling-off in price, in the opinion of this
correspondent, one neerl not be str prised to learn,
is over-production. He admits, however, that
severe pruning spoils the quality, while adding
to the yiehl, but the factory appliances he con-
siders much better than before, and the experi-
ence of them thegreatci. He would assign no blame
there, but he strongly condemns manuring, as
tending to lower prices by increasing the sup-

[May I, 1897.

ply and the need for more labour. But, surely,
the advantage of manuring is not merely to in-
crease the yield. The health, and even the very
life, of the bush, must depend in many j)laces
on the renewal of the soil ; and as for labour,
would it not require more to open up and main-
tain new places if the old fail to maintain the
upply and to respond to the demand ? But be-
yond that, “Truth” is not singular in his be-
lief that as manuring improves the leaf, it im-
proves the quality of the tea as well ; and “ L”
shares that view ; while “ B” cannot see that it
damages the quality.

“ L” holds that very severe pruning is seldom
resorted to, and when it becomes necessary' the
result is wholesome ; “ B” shares this view to a
great extent ; and, while admitting that thin
liquor follows pruning, whether medium or
severe, for some months, has observed that the
effect of light pruning is an abnormal quantity
of bangy leaf. “ Truth ” acquits severe pruning
of responsibility for bad prices, and “ 1878,”
like most planters, admits that the poor quality
is only a temporary result. We have seen that
the last-mentioned has no fault to find with
tlie factory ; “ L ” denies less care in the

factory, and claims that it is greater ; “ B ” is

of much the same opinion, provided the accom-
modation and machinery are adequate to the
wants of the estate ; and “ Truth “ follows to
the same effect, while insisting that the best
machinery and the closest attention cannot pro-
duce good tea from indifferent leaf. Bad leaf
may be due to weak bushes, but it is often
explained by shortness of labour, which prevents
“ Truth” from asking for manure ; for, as it is,
he cannot get round the estate even with the
flush.

“Tramway” from Maskeliya denies coarser
plucking, or carelessness either in the field or the
factory : he acquits manuring of responsibility for
the fall in prices, where there is labour enough to
meet the rush of leaf ; severe pruning, down to a
foot or so, he considers necessary only once in 8 or
9 years, and its evil effects on quality are
transient ; but he lays all the blame on over*
production. Reduce the output, he says, to 50
per cent, and the prices will go up. It would
seem to follow that, in his view, exten.sion alone
explains the excessive supplies he deplores. This
view is not shared by “ T. Koko,” from the
North of Kandy, who declares that coarse pluck-
ing, especially in the lowcountry, is too pal-
pable a cause of low prices to be disputed ; and
if it pays it is not likely to be abandoned. Its
remuneration is precisely the point about which
practical men differ — the non placets asserting
that the extra cost of labour, the withdrawal of
labour from cultivation, wear and tear of machi*
nery, cost of packing and transport, and the
prospect of higher prices foi better tea and
smaller supplies, do not enter fully into the
calculation. Manuring and severe pruning (ex-
cept temporarily) are held free from blame; but
half-trained and badly-trained tea-makers are
held accountable for bad tea ; while bad jfit,
insufficient withering space, too rapid firing, un-
even withering from mixture of jAts and heated
factories contribute to the fall. The responsi-
bility of the packet trade for the fall is not
ea.sy to understand. Is its immediate effect not
to promote consumption ? And an enhanced de-
mand should aid prices ; but that the Chemist
should find out what gives pungency and flavour
to the tea, is n suggestion which has our ap-

773

May I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

proval ; for, vre cannot believe that science cannot
restore to a plant, through its food, the quali-
ties it loses through exhaustion of the soil. “ M”
from Neboda and “ Tea Bush ” regard coarse
plucking at medium and low elevations, and the
ambition for largo yields of tea per acre, res-
ponsible for low prices ; but the practice is

claimed to be profitable. If it is found to

be so, it is unreasonable to expect its

abandonment ; for, it is on the real re-
munerativeness of the industry, and not on
the reputation alone of the teas, that its con-
tinuance and development depend. If “ Tea
Bush ” is correct in his opinion that manuring
increases the yield, without adding to the

flavour of the teas, and indeed while affecting
it prejudicially, the necessity is all the more
urgent of ascertaining whether tlie drawback
cannot be remedied. If it cannot, the deterio-
ration must continue, and tlie factory can do
but little to improve teas if substance is lacking
in the leaf. On the need of the utmost care
in the supervision of the factory, there is as
little divergence of opinion, as on the need of
ample withering space and cool surroundings.
Even those who assert that coarse ]>lucking and
large yields find favour hecause they )iay, ad-
mit the probability that tliey may cease to be
remunerative; anct if quality becomes an object,
the reform must begin vvith the soil, and it is
not too early to start the investigation of the
influence of soils and manures on the .strength
and flavour of the liquor.

^

(Letters continued.) ^

No. LIII.

Deak Sik, — With reference to your queries as
to the causes which have brought down the
average prices of Ceylon teas : —

(1) . That coarse plucking is one of the causes
caiinot be gainsaid. We see by the Colombo
tea sales lists, lots of stuff sold at 8 cents
and 9 cents — that proves coarse, if not carele.ss,
plucking. A greater cause of the low' average,
however, is, in my 0])inion, the much greater pio-
portion of lowcountry, and, of course, inferior
quality coming into the market.

(2) . Manuring, if W'e know what to apply,
ought to improve quality and thus raise the
average. It is a well-knowm fact that the flavour
of fruits is much improved by scientific culture,
(for instance, the grape or pine apple), and if fruits,
why not leaf?

(3) . Excessive cutting dow'n (a pernicious sys-
tem fortunately fast, dying out) though it reduces
the quantity, also reduces the quality for many
months, and must contribute to lower the
average.

(4) . There is not, as a rule, the same w'atchful
care over manufacture that was years ago.
There are too many meets now to prepare for and
attend. Large rollers do not make such good
teas, nor so fine in appearance, as the smaller
ones ; but as this bears on line and coarse alike,
•I do not see that tlie average should be
much affected. There is much tiuth in the
saying, that good tea is made in the field, but
unequal withering or over-fermenting will turn
out low grade teas, however line the leaf.

(5) . I have no personal experience of shortness
of labour.

(()) and (7). That rubbishy stuff th.at goes in
Colombo sales at 8 cents and 9 cents (largely
the result of careless plucking though sometimes
of .shortness of labour) should be consigned to

the manure heap, or the boiler furnace, instead
of going to depress our already very low average.
— Yours &c., M, JB.

Extract from a letter written a good many years
ago : — On many estates pruning seems to have deve-
loped into a ruthless hacking down of the bushes
which only their natural hardiness, their still being
young, their strong deep feeding roots together with
the finest of climates, enable most of them to sur-
vive and rally in spite of this execrable treatment
erioneously called pruning. In the lowcountry I
have seen beautiful fields of tea made very patchy
in one year by this fashionable cutting down. Many
bushes were killed outright. The half-dried stumps
of many more, never regained their former luxuriance.
This sort of hacking down is even more common
in the hill country, though, attended with fewer
fatal results.

At this present time you would not have far to go
in some of the finest districts without seeing beauti-
ful fields of four feet across tea bushes, being ruth-
lessly cut down with knife and saw to a few thick
sticks, representing nine or twelve inches breadth
instead of four feet. When you take into considera-
tion the enormous quantity of material in excess of
what is necessary thus cut down and thrown to
waste, the shock to the bushes, likelj' to kill a
number and render many others stunted and feeble,
the time that must elapse be'ore these thick leaf-
less sticks can grow to a fair-sized plucking bush
again, and the draft on the soil to make up the
waste,— tell me if you can, good Messrs. Editors, C. 0.
and T. A., a single good and justifiable reason for
such cutting down as that alluded to ? Also tell me
how many hardwooded bushes you know in the
vegetable kingdom that would live and thrive under it?

As tea gets older this wholesale, wasteful and des-
tructive system will become more transparent and
those who practice it now will discover their error
with regret some day, or I am no. — Abboeicultueist.

[In pruning, as in most other matters there is, we
suppose, a via media. We know that years ago Indian
visitors s'rongly denounced the Ceylon system of prun-
ing, on the grounds now stated. But somehow the
system has been successful. In the case of jat
approaching China, wonderful results have been ob-
tained from low pruning and where high jat bushes
have been plucked for a long period, or have run
into seed and become scrubby, careful and experienced
planters will act on the principle that to enable
such trees to recover they must cut low, — down to
a foot, say, instead of the orthodox eighteen inches.
Will some of those who believe in and practise low
pruning favour irs with the philosophy of their
system ? — Ed. T.A.\

From an Indian paper we quote : —

There are many who still use a murderons looking
weapon, more like a billhook than a pruning knife,
both for light and heavy pruning, but I think there
is little doubt that the yield of their gardens would
be increased by the introduction of small knives and
careful pruning.

To begin, taking my own experience in three
districts with new and old cultivation, and in a fourth
with old cultivation only.

I have left the plants to grow till three feet high,
and then plucked all above that height, and then
the season after that pruned them down below
every branch, in no case leaving more than 10 inches
above the ground. The plucking over the 3 feet
tends to thicken out the stem and strengthen the
roots ; while the cutting down so low forces the plant
to throw up a number of stems from its roots
while these are young ; later on they will not sprout
so readily.

The next year it will be found that there is
already some breadth on the bush, and cutting
6 or 9 inches above the first year’s cut and leaving
3 inches of new growth in succeeding years the
bushes will both grow and yield w'ell. 1 have always
found those cut down lowest in tlie first year make

774

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

the dest bushes in the end. Being by habit a
tree, the most of the strength goes to the original
stem if left long.

This style of pruning must be supplemented by
very careful plucking at the beginning of the season,
so that in the 3 inch now wood left there will not be a
“plucking knot,’’ ibis being the fatal thing to leave in
a bush.

Now all this looks very simple, and the men using
big knives and slashing across the bushes at a
particular height for all of them, will argue that
they cannot go wrong if they use a measuring
stick, and cut to that every year, but not being
great little tin gods, wo cannot insist on each bush
growing to order, nor can we be absolutely certain
that every one ha.s been correctly plucked, neither
can we be sure that in tlic slashing a little too much
or a good deal two little wood may be cut.

Year by year the bushes al'.er their character,
though apparently havin;;; the same treatment. Now
comes in the necessity for small knives and dis-
criminating pruning.

This pruning can best be done by the women, and
indeed they have the most interest in it as soon as
they are got to understand that on their good work
depends tlie amount of leaf got in the season. On
my garden I have certain lines called by certain
women’s names, that have been pruned badly by
tho o women. These lines are kept as “buksis ” for
them in the plucking season, and they don’t like
it at all.

The aim of the light pruning is to leave only
straight wood, and not too much of that, taking out
all plu king knot.s and crow’s feet. Tire small haiiji.i
inside may be left alone ; if they are taken out, the
bushes will be just as full of them the next season,
showing that some of tho strength of the bush has
been wasted in reforming tlieui, and besides they
form a protection to the bark from the sim. Neither
should t le loaves be taken off as they (with the
small batijis) are the lungs of tho plant, and strip-
ping the bush o:ily reailers it more liable to disease.
Pruning and plucking give shocks enough, without
any necessity for emphasizing them.

LIV.

Diiiibula, I'eh. 21.

(1) Would you .say how far you think Coarser
Plucking of Leaf may have had to do with it? —
More care is taken to secure good leal now
than was formerly tho case, so thi.s is not one
of the leasons.

(2) Or the more prevalent attention to manur-
ing tea ?

In iny opinion artificial manure does destroy
“ quality ” in tea, wliile increasing quantity ; hnt
it has not been universally n.sed. .Many estates
which have had none, arid on which the management
and style of mannfaclnre remain unchanged, have
nevertiieless had their prices drop of iate ; so
in addition to manuring there is some other
agency at work.

(.3) Or severe pruning — cutting the bu.shes too
far down ?

Severe or constant pruning is, in my humble
opinion, a fatal error, and has ]iossibly done as
nmcli to bring down prices as anything out-
side the factory.

(4) Or le.ss attention to careful preparation in
the factory ?

No. Tlie tendoncy seems to he to give niann-
facenre a good deni more attention tiian it for-
ineriy got, hut yet a large amouiit of poorly
marie teas is constantly put on the market tuid
the reason for this will be fontid among the fol-
lowing

I — VV’ant of snilicient factory room on machin-
ery or both.

[May I, 1897.

II. — Stinginess of Proprietor or Agent in not
allowing .snilicient funds to .secure a suit.alile tea-
maker.

III. — Cheap and tlierefore inelticient manage-
ment, and cheap .and nasty work to suit estimates
framed by, say, Messrs. Jabez Barabas & Co., wlio
want to show tlieir “friends” how economically
everything is done on Pitclii Kadu Tottnm.

IV- — Inability on the part of the V. A. or
Bo.ss to give tlie young Superintendent a practical
lesson in teamaking or show him his errors and
how to make tlie most of his tea.

V. — Want of encouragement to Superintendents.

It seems strange at first siglit that proprietors
slionld be willing to let their tea suli'er from any
of the above-mentioned and easily iireventible
causes, hnt still many do so and the result is as
migiit he expected. One can only suppose that
absence from Ceylon or ignorance of the condi-
tions necessary for producing a liigh-class tea pre-
vent their grasping the true situation.

Tlie day cannot he far distant now when it
will he recognized as it should be, that the
manufactnre of high-class tea is, like brewing,
work for .an expert and that an estate Inspector
is ivorse than useless unless he be a practical
planter of wide and real exprieiice — a trained
taster and tea expert, and posse.ssing a thorough
knowledge of all iiiachinery.

5. I should say a sliortne s of labor would
ali'eet prices to some extent, but not so much
as shortness of factory room for instance.

6. A favoiite complaint of some Agents is
that tea “ thongli well made, is not suited for
the market,” and if this is the ca.se, agents
slionld keep their Superintendents well posted
np in what is wanted and so .secure teas suited
for the market and inaxiinum prices for pro-
prietors.

To sum up: — I think tlie deterioration of our
teas iiri.ses from various causes, viz : —

Aqe. — We cannot make such a good article from
hushes over 12 years as under. Manure as I
have stated. Severe pruning. Bad manufacture
from file causes mentioned.

B. r.

No. LV.

Balangoda, Feb., 25, 1897-

I do not think that either common plucking,
manuring or pinning has much to do with lower
averages. I think the chief re.ason is tlie larger
area of low-grown tea now coming in, as com-
pared witli ]irevious years, also tlie much larger
quantities that have to be pa.ssed throngli small
factories without snilicient power or machinery,
and in con.seqiience less caiefully made. Rush
of leaf and insullicient labor also all tend to
lower averages.

Good leaf can most certainly he spoilt in
factory.

No. LVI.

Central Province, Feb. 25.

DitAK Snt,— In my opinion tlie recent falling ofl
in quality and conseiinenlly price of Ceylon tea
is greatly due to insnllieieiitlv equipped factories,
so far as both ni.achinery and withering accom-
modaiion are concerned, especially the latter.

Very many estates in Ceylon have of late years
been manured and in many cases the yield has
increased from 350 lb. per acre to 500-GU0 lb.

May r, i<S97.]

THE TROPICAL AGKICULTURIST.

775

Tins larye increase luis been niaimfactured in
the existing factories, which, although when built
were ample for the l■e<luiraments of the estate
are no>v' quite unequal to dealing with the greater
quantity of letaf.

Although I am convinced that superin-
tendence in the field is very necessary, I am
equally sure that were more time spent in the
factory, and the responsibility of manufacture
not left so entirely in the hands of underpaid
native tea-makers, the Ceylon average Avould not
long remain at its present low level.— Yours,
etc ! G.13.K.

PLUCKING, PRUNING AND PRE-
PARATION OF TEA.

REVIEW OF LETTERS XLV TO LII.

The letters, commencing from No. 4.5 disclose
similar differences of statement on the question of
coarse plucking to those alreadj' noted. “ M ”
denies that coarse plucking is more general now
than formerly — thereby implying that it has always
been prevalent to a considerable extent ; and
he inclines to the view that plucking is finer
now, and grounds his belief on the circumstance
that more estates manufacture their own leaf,
in place of selling it. But he admits that short-
ness of labour results in the plucking of in-
ferior leaf, especially in busy seasons, on
quite half the estates. “ Dickoya ” believes that
lowcountry extensions, which are coming into
full bearing year after year, have thrown into
the market larger quantities than ever of coarse
teas ; and when heavy flushes come on, about
April and May, an inadequate labour force
compels coarser plucking. “ D ” asserts the
combination of coarse plucking, manuring
and heavy pruning, as tending to deteriora-
tion ; while coarse plucking by itself accounts
for a larger percentage ot low-grade teas, and
the lowering of the price of tlie higher grade’,
tlirough mixing in rolling ? “ G.” from Kanda-

pola, while admitting coarser plucking, and the
evil influence of longer intervals than 7 to 10 days
between 'pluckings, advances the theory that the
deeper the tap root gets into the sub.soil, the
poorer the nourishment it provides the bush with ;
and that tells on the quality of the leaf. But
do not the principal feeding roots radiate from
the stem, and should not manuring, judiciously
applied, counteract the evil effects of an aging
bush and inferior subsoil ? By judicious appli-
cation, we do not mean only the provision of
such constituents as the bush needs, with refer-
ence both to the treatment it undergoes and the
character of the soil, but also the manner of
applying the manure without needless injury to
the roots which would aggravate the shock caused
by continuous plucking. “G. ’ disbelieves in any
injurious effect on flavour, caused by man-
ures, if applied once in three years. “D.” on
the contrary holds, that “manuring tends to
weaken the flavour, and lessen the strength of
teas ; but no reasons are alleged for this opinion,
and we fail to see how treatment which is
calculated to give tone and strength to the
bush, can weaken the liquor drawn from the
leaf. Injury to the flavour, by making it coarse
and unpalatable, is intelligible, though it re-
mains to be established that tliis result follows
necessarily from the application of manures,
whatever their constituents, and if it does follow
that it is not transient. “M.” and “Dickoya”
■’ 99

believe in such deterioration, but we should prefer
to suspend our judgment until chemical tests
have supplied data on which one could safely
proceed ; but manuring, as tending to produce
leaf beyond the competency of pluckers, is quite
another matter, and the experience on all estates
cannot be the same. Severe pruning is con-
demned by all four writers, as telling injuriously
on quality, while two e-xju’essly state that a
high bush gives better tea tlian a low pruned
one. “M.” asserts more intelligent atten-
tion to factory work than before ; “ Dickoya ”
liolds quite the opposite view— that not
enough time is given to factory work — and
he is supported by “M.” who thinks less atten.
tion to preparation has perhajrs most to do
with disappointing prices ; but “G." denies tliis,
while holding inadequate withering space res-
ponsible for much harm. And there follow some
suggestive letters — -notably those by “B.”from
Agrapatan.a, and “D.’' from the Central Pi’ovince,
The former recognises the increasing proportion
of low-grade teas, as one of the many causes
that have contributed to the decline in prices,
which, he affirms, is very slight in the iiigber
priced teas. His contention supports our refusal
in our last article to accept the theory of a
natural deterioration of our teas from the age
of the bushes ; for, not only does he appeal to
figures in proof that the fall in good teas is but
slight, but he ])oints out that that fall is easily
explicable on the ground of over-production.
While saying thus much, he has observed a
tendency to over-plucking, stimulated by pro-
prietors and Visiting Agents, anxious to see in-
creasing yields, and by Managers who boast
of returns per acre, “D," on the other hand,
denies coarser plucking, though it operated
at one time in places ivhere selective pluck-
ing did not make up in profits for loss
in yield. As “B.” says, it is often a matter of
nice calculation, whether coarse or line plucking
pays better ; and we agree with him that high-
lying estates should not sacrifice flavour to
yield. “C.” ranges himself with “B.” in the view
that the fall in price in teas from high elevations
is slight, when labour is not scarce. Scarcity of
labour, he thinks, has a good deal to answer
for, and so with “ incompetent and unreliable
tea-makers,” and the desire for big outturns ;
while severe pruning gives weak tea only for a
time. “ D. K. agrees with the pi'evious
writer on the evil influence of short labour, and so
do “ D.” and “B.” — the last-mentioned advertim'-
to the courage necessary in a superintendeiU.
to abandon plucking on a certain acreage, in
order to maintain quality. Clearly, that is a
matter in which the luspoasibility should rest
on the Visiting Agent or the proprietor himself;
but, then, the sujrcrintendent would be relieved
of the responsibility of maintaining an adequate
labour force. MYtii the alternatives before him
of a deficiency in the estimated yield and
a fallinsr off in quality, the superintendent wil
more fully recognise the need of exercisino- the
greatest tact and judgment in keeping to-mther
his labour force without encoura-dn" rock-h>««
advances.

On the question of manuring, “ B.” denies that
it has told on prices ; while severe luunin.- to
lus knowledge, when canied out too fTeelv
over an estate, has so affected quality as to
render recovery of the old reputation difiicult-
“D. holds the same view on manuriim except
when over-succulent growth has been further
sought tg be stiumlatea. When the needs of %

776

THE TROPICAL AGRiCULTURIST.

[May 1, 1897.

bash have been duly considered, there has been
a distinct improvement in quality ; and careful ex-
periments by “D.K.” have led him to the conclu-
sion that manuring does not spoil quality. “ B.”
summarises eli'ectively the requirements of the day,
in (1) attention to the constitution of the bush by
careful cultivation and plucking ;(2) care as 1 o what
leaf is plucked ; and (3) even and (^uick withering.
If these are attended to, factory work is ren-
dered c:isy ; and he has ohserved no want of
attention in factories, “ D.” agrees in this ; biit
thinks the rc([uircments suited to varying condi-
tions of climate, position of factory ainl tlie needs
of consumers, are little understooil ; while in-
sullicient accommodation is a considerable griev-
ance. “D.K.” too, testilies to the attention be-
stowed in factories. The views e.xprcssed by “D.”
on the absence of fertility in old worn-out
soils, and the forciui.' climate of the low country,
render authoritath’e advice on manuring, such
as Mr. John Hughes tenders on the next page
all the more urgent.

{Letters Continued.)

No. LVH.

Maskeliya Feb. 13.

(1) Coarser plucking does affect the drop in
\n'\ceH‘,for all rjrodcs, coarse and fine, have gone
down equally— indeed, if anything, the liner
grades most.

(2) Neither does manuring affect prices so far
as can judge and I’ve ilone a good deal.

(3) This, in my opinion, does so. Low severe
cutting down especially so, and ton frequent prm*-
ings. This is an easy and simple method of in-
creasing your gicld ; but it is long ere the loood
matures sufficient to give a good class of tea.

(4) Far better and more elaborate machinery
is now used in factories and much more (msy I
call it) scientific tea making brought to bear on
the manufacturer now than of old: so I can’t see
well, how it could be from less care, speaking

a vjholc, that prices are affected. Of course,
well-plucked leaf mag be spoiled in factory,
but tnis would apply to isolated ca.ses only. Given
a reduced output all over the ^^orld, ])rices would
jump at once

6 This last remarks under No. 4 applies twice.

6. Overproduction and the usual law of sup-
ply and demand are the factors.

See Kandapola tea and prices ; as a rule, they
allow the bushes to run as long as 3 gears un-
priined. Tlie wood is old and well matured, and
produces good liquor. I don’t say this is possible
everywhere — unfortunately, it is not so. ^

No. LVIIT.

Agrapatana, Feb. 27.

1. On some estates at lower elevations there is
no doubt that coarser plucking has influenced
the price.s of tea, but I do not consiiler that at
liisdier elevations the tendency has been to pluck
coarser, but in many cases, the reverse.

2. f have never found manuring affect tlie
nuality of tea at this elevation, but that it rather
imiiro'ves it, if properly and judiciously done,
thomdi, of cour.se, in certain soils and climates
indiscriminate maiiuiing may giveyicld only and

reduce (luality. . 1 1 1 ,

3 I iielieve severe priiiiing to be less iHovalent

than formerly and that, on the whole, more care

is taken in this work.

4. I consider there is room for improvement
in manufacture and, in .some cases, want of more
machinery to prevent night-work or more room
for withering. With the rapid increase in acreage
opened for tea, there has been corresponding in-
crease in number of factories, and the necessary
experience has been often missing to keep up with
all this. Good tea is made both in field and
factory and 10 show good results, and give good
profits there should alwa5's be experienced
management in the field and supervision by those
who know how to make the most of this in the
factory and direct those there.

5. At certain times of tlie year when the “ rushes”
come on, shortness of labor would, of course, affect
the work in field and factory. It has not been
so in my case, as I have always had sufficient
supplj' of labor. But I know, that in somecascs
with all this increased tea coming on of late
years, this has seriously affected the quality of
the tea, but to what extent generally, I cannot
say. As a matter of fact, I do not believe that
the tea, made of recent years, has been worse
than previously, in any well-ordered factory. I
believe that I make better teas than ever I did
and yet get lower prices. This is corroborated both
by local and home reports on the teas, and I have
no doubt very many others have found this to
be the case. Is it not a fact that actual profits
on estates per acre have been larger on most
estates with increased yields, &c., than when
highest prices ruled, and w’ould it not be so now
if exchange had not risen, and allowing for in-
creased prices paiil for estates, and it is for each
one to find out wliat gives best profits per acre,
allowing liberally in factory for all machinery
and manufacture to secure best prices for leaf
received there, and in fiehl, for proper cultivation
to keep up quality of leaf on trees. W. B. J.

No. LIX.

Nortli Matale, Feb. 27.

(1) Overiiroduction more than anything.

(2) Have no experience in manuring tea — so
did not answer first letter.

(3) Would not think .so.

(4) Do (agreed).

(5) In a rush of leaf, the tea cannot be so
good as generally we are then short-handed.

(6) No. M.

No. LX.

Rangala Feb. 16.

Manuring in this (medium) district very little;
and only this year is one estate doing a good
deal with artificial.

jBc yours of 12th instant. — (1) I think bad
and coarse plucking is one of the primary
causes of Ceylon teas being so low in price.
(2) and (3). With careful work, this has little to do
with it. (Manuring may take off flavour, this
I’ll be better able to judge 12 months hence.)
(4) Mamifaeture. — Want of care and attention
has a great deal to do with poor teas.

Many factories are left to tlie charge of some
cooly or teamaker, who is equally ignorant of
the first jirinciples of manufacture of tea. Green
leaf comes to f.actory from fields and in a few
days it is manufactured by rule of thumb into so-
c.allcd tea and soon despatched. How some I
have seen, finds a s.ale, I can’t think. Such is
the history of tea manufacture in a few factories
1 know !! S.

Mav I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

777

THE MANURING OF TEA ESTATES.

We h.ave much pleasure in laying before our
readers the following valuable review by
Mr. John Hughes of the series of letters
on Manuring of Tea which recently appeared in
cur columns. Mr. Hughes coui])lains in a private
note tliat many of the replies we received to
our questions are rather vague and general, no
details being given of actual results and cost as
compared with increased yield. Such figures are
absolutely necessary to the formation of a prac-
tical opinion for future guidance. However, Mr.
Hughes enters very carefully into the whole ques-
tion and his facts and figures, as well as practical
counsel, cannot fail to be of much service to
all careful and thoughtful tea planters in Ceylon
and elsewhere. The Report is as follows: —

By the last mail the writer received a request
from the Editor of the Tropical Agriculturist to
review the 61 interesting communications that had
been forwarded in reply to the Circular issued, ask-
ing for detailed information respecting the extent
to which .VTannre had been applie<l to tea.

The general character of these replies appears
to indicate that manuringe is becoming much
more general upon old estates, where tea has
been substituted for colf'ee, but that upon really
good soil and upon new estates, it has not yet
been resorted to. This is quite what should be
e.xpected, and also shows the importance of con-
sidering the quality or chemical composition of
the soil before incurring unnecessary expense.

In this country as recently as last summer in
the potato experiments at Reading on Messrs.
Sutton’s trial plots, we had an illustration of
the folly of applying certain manures to soils
already fully supplied with phosphoric acid and
potash. The increase in yield did not pay for
the increase in the cost of production, and
consequently was unremunerative. Therefore,
beore commencing any expensive system of
manuring tea estates, it is essential to ascertain
in what respect the suit needs assistance whether
in regard to nitrogen, potash or phosphoric acid ;
for, in regard to Lime, we need not trouble to
make inquiry as it is not specially required for tea.

Many of -the writers of the replies state in a
very positive manner that they would not
think of manuring tea on good .soil, and they
are quite right both practically &nA scientifically.

It is rather curious to notice that some plan-
ters .state that they object to manuring on the
ground of fearing over production. One can
understand the objection being raised upon the
ground of want of labour, but it seems a novel
idea to fear overproduction in a country where
new estates are constantly being opened up.
Whether manuring should be resorted to or not
resolves itself into a matter of cost. In estimating
the value of the increased yield of tea, it is
however important to remeniber that it is not
the gross, but the net extra value of the tea
made that should be put against the cost of
manuring. This was pointed out by the writer
when reviewing the results of the manure ex-
periments recorded in Mr. Bamber’s book. Thus,
if the ordinary yield of 400 lb. made tea per
acre be increased to 600 lb., we must deduct
the cost of picking, making, packing and carri-
age to the seaport, and not simply calculate
that 200 lb., if sold in Colombo at 40 cents
per lb., would realise R80.

At present it appears that manuring consists
of two kinds, bulky and concentrated ; the former
being represented by cattle-dung and line refuse,
a,n»t the latter by bones, fish and castorcake.

The last mentioned are described somewhat
erroneously by certain planters as artificials,
though nothing can be more natural than the
remains of animal or vegetable productions as
natural fertilisers. These three fertilisers are
valuable according to their richness in phosphates
of Lime and Nitrogen per 100 parts as follows

Phosphates. Nitrogen.

Bone Meal 50 to 53 3i to 4

Fish Meal 14 to 18 6 to 74

White Castor 4 to 5 7 to 74

Brown Castor 3 to 4 4 to 44

It will be noticed that bones are highly phos-
phalic with comparatively little nitrogen, and
that castor, especially the superior white quality,
is highly nitimmiious and only very slightly phos-
phatic, while fish, which is often of very vari-
able quality by reason of adulteration with sand,
occupies a meilium position.

With the aid of the local Analyst in Colombo,
planters can always protect themselves at a slight
cost against being imposed u|)On by the delivery
of inferior materials, yellerssoon find out whether
manures are subject to a careful an I systematic
examination by analysis, and will not run any
risk with i ru'lent buyers, for it is the carele.ss
and thoughtless buyer that is usually im|)osed upon.

Manuring will have to be done judiciously (if
it is to be prolitable), regularly ami in small
quantity, adapting the kind of manure to the re-
quirements of the soil. If nitrogen only is required,
castorcake, well crushed, will be one of the
cheapest and most suitable. It phosphoric acid,
so essential to the production of a quick growth of
leaf, be required, a mixture of bonemeal and super-
phosphate may be advantageously applied. If
potash, the dominant mineral element in the ash
of the leaf, be required, potash salts in the form of
sulphate of potash should be supplied.

The use of nitrates, whether as nitrate of
potash or as nifiate of soJa, which apparently
have been applied to a limited extent, should
be discouraged, because of their great solubility
and the known heavy rainfall of Ceylon. These
salts readily dissolve in their own weight of
water, so that their application must be attended
with great risk in a country in which the rain-
fall is sometimes as much as 23 inches in 24 hours.

In this coutitry, nitrate of soda is perhaps the
most economical, concentrated, nitrogenous manure
that can be employeil upon spring sown crops,
which have only a few months to complete their
growth, and under a rainfall of only a few inches
per mouth. The same remark may apply to the
use of sulphate of ammonia and also to Peruvian
guano, both of which are too soluble to be u.sed
in any quantity in tea fertilizers. Those ac-
quainted with the hilly districts upon which tea
is grown in Ceylon are aware of the terrible
destruction caused by wind and wash and that the
preservation of the original surface soil should be
the first consideration of the careful superin-
tendent. The richness of a soil in humus or
vegetable mould is indicated in ordinary soils
by the richness in nitrogen : the best Ceylon
soils contain as much as '50 in 100 parts of dry
soil, while the poor soils contain only -10 of
nitrogen per 100 parts of dry soil. And as
every 10 per cent repre.sents in round numbers
2 toils per acre to the depth of one foot, it will
be understood that the dili'erence between the
accumulated fertility of one soil in respect of only
one constituent, namely nitrogen, as compared with
another soil, may vary as much as from 2 tons
to 10 tons.

778

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS P. [May i, 1897.

In the reply, marked 60, Jigures are given
showing tlie eliect of manure upon dill'erent
plots of old cotJee land 65 years old now in tea.

lb.

lb.

lb.

lb.

per aero
lb.

Before Manuring

201

304

143

188

305

After Manuring

-125

720

310

317

037

The writer states that “ tlie experimental liand-
ling of artilicial manures has given castorcake and
crushed bone the laurels and realized nearly lUU
per cent increase.” Tliis, liowever, is only the
gross increase and we should like to have the
nett value of the increased yield of tea, also the
cost of the application of the manure before de-
ciding whether to repeat the dressing the next
season. These experiments are very useful, so far
as they go ; but for general guidance and to
afford practical information, it will be necessary
to furnish further details. The composition of
made tea naturally varies considerably: in the
iirst Hush and young leaf there is more potash
and phrosphoric acid with but little lime : but
as the leaf becomes older and larger as well as
coarser, the ligures for potash and phosphoric
acid decline, while those fi>r lime increase. Ac-
cording to the writer’s analyses 500 lb. Ceylon
pekoe souchong removes : —

Organic Matters . . 441 lb.

Mineral Matters . . 29 ,,

The organic matter includes 19i lb. of nitrogen,
while the mineral matters include 1 1 lb. potash,
4 lb. i)hosphoric acid and 3 11). lime.

These ligures indicate the importance of bulky
organic matter containing about 4 per cent of
nitrogen and 5 per cent mineral matter. Hence
the various kinds of crushed cakes naturally
suiiply a manure specially adapted to the require-
ments of tea. If the freight would permit, it
would be possible to send an excellent specially
com])ounded manure direct from this country,
and thus do away with the chance of local adul-
teration. To some extent this has already been
clone by planters who reside at home, and as
several subsequent .shipments have been made, the
crop results extending over three years may fairly
be assume<l to be satisfac ory, 15ut in pieparing
any such special manures, it is essential, lirst of all
to ascertain what the soil already can supply itself,
and in what respect it requires assistance; other-
wise the manures cannot be expected to be econo-
mical.

If the Hail way authorities would enlarge the
statement of their trallic returns and arrange that
the quantities of bone meal, crushed cake, dried
fish guano, superphosphate, chemical manures and
nitrates were separately tabulated, very valuable
information would be afforded to owners and
managers of estates, as well as to those interested
in the sale oi such materials. — John Hughes, &c..
District Agricultural Analyst for Herefordshire An-
alytical Laboratory, 79, Mark Lane, London. E. C.

The Indian Tea Industry : Proposed Cen-
tral Heoruitino Agency.— A meeting of re-
presentatives of the Tea Agency Houses was
lield at the Hengal Chamber ot Commerce
Hooms, Iloyal Exchange, to consider a scheme
for the formation of a Central Hocruiting
Agency. There was a good atlcmlance, and
the Hon’ble Mr. Playfair ocri;,.iod the chair.
The Chairman stated, among other things, that
the “annual outlay for importing labour the
Cliamber of Commerce estimate at H45 lakhs.”
— Prodigious 114,500,000 !- and this amount, we
take it, not in “ advance.s” to be recovered,
but all irrecoverable.

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

The Proceedings oe the Agri- Horticul-
tural Society oe M.vdras for the last quarter
1890. This isno temporary body, but an established
institution of 02 year-s’ standing. We note that
H.E. Sir Arthur Havelock is its present Pre-
sident. As might be expected, the.se proceedings
show that a good deal ofimjior taut work of a special
character is lieing done and we can only regret
that we have no similar institution in Ceylon
to look after the interests of Agri- Horticulture
in the Colony in a thoroughly busine.s.s-like way.

Tea Culture in MAurm'iu.s.— We are pleased
to receive a letter from an old Ceylon planter
with varied travelling experience like Mr. h H.
Edwards. A rumour, indeed, had reached Cey-
lon of his death and talking of coincidences,
only yesterday did a Colombo merchant remark
to us on his final disappearance, and liehold,
this morning’s post shows that he (Mr. Edwards)
is still in the land of the living, while he reports
anotlier ex-Ceylon planter, Mr. Cor on, as very
sanguine of the siicce.ss of tea culture in the sugar
island. We should have suppo.sed that “ sugar ”
would ))ay too well in a silver-using Colony to make
it worth while to go after tea ; but tlie growth
of a certain (luaniity ot leaf [for local sale and
consumption ought to be prolitable. — As for Mau-
ritius rivalling Ceylon, — pooh !

The U.alukoi.a Tea Co.vipany, Li.mited, may
be congratulated upon their happy idea repre-
sented by the very l.andsome anil taking Tin
which they are issuing in commemoration of Her
Majesty the (Queen’s record reign. It represents
a golden .sovereign, is about ten inches across
and U inches deep. The die is most excellently
well cut, and faithfully reproduce, s the co in. The
metal is the very finest steel plate ; this wa.s
found necessary to stand the tremendous jires-
sure of 20 tons in the hydraulic pre.ss in which
the ligure of the (Queen’s head is embossed. The
work is executed by the foremost English firm
in this class of work, and the result does them
the greatest credit. The tin, (illetl wdth tea,
retails at 2s, and will make an attractive win.
dow show. Over 30,000 of these tins have already
been sold. — Grocers' Journal, .March 20.

Mkthyl.u’Ei) Spirit in India.— The quantity of
spirit methylated in Bengal last year shows a con-
siderable increase In J 894-5 it was 51,282 gallons •
in 1895-C 59,854 gallons. Methylated spirits are, of
course professedly imported or prepared for use in
arts and manufactures and in chemistry, and in this
idea the duty thereon is fixed at a low rate of 5

ger cent., ad valorem. It has lately been shown,
owever, that spirit metliylated with wood-naphtha
can be manipulated into .a diinkable spirit, and the
Bengal administration have therefore taken under
consideration a scheme for denaturing the spirit in
a more effective way. The medium with which the
spirit is to be rendered “ completely and permanently
unfit for human consumption ” is “ caoulchoucine ”
with which it is to be mixed. A horrible sort of
eau-de-Cologne used once upon a time to be made in
Calcutta. It was done npia bottles imitative of the
well-known bottles of the celebrated *• Farina,’’ and
the l.idy new-comer to India', inexperienced in the
boxwallah’s wares, was liable to think that she had
picked up a bargain indeed— until she tried the “ per-
fume " upon her pocket-handkerchief. This conntrv-
made eau-de-Cologne, the luanufacturo of which was
formerly carried on to a large extent in Backorgunge,
was prepared w’ith spirit made from wood-naphtha ;
but, luckily, the manufacture of the indigenous eau*
tle-Cologne has almost ceased, and it is not thought
worth while to make it a special malter.— CAe/aLl a/i.f
Dmggist, March 20.

May I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

779

TEA KErORTS— AND TEA PROSPECTS.

A leadiii" Colonilio tnercliant said to us tlie
other day that one consolation avisin<' out of the
present iow prices for Ceylon teas must be tlie
absolute <liscourageincnt they offer to the gentle-
men or Syndicate u ho are so anxious to exploit
machine-made China teas. With our low
country tens selling so cheaply as thej^ do at
present, there cani.ot be much scope for bringing
forward Chitia, Jap. in or even Java te.as in com-
petition, and one result ought, therefoi'e, to be to
drive out still more t’himi teas from the United
Kingdom .ind Austiahisia, and to give Ceylon
and Indian teas a little better chance of com-
peting with China and Japan in Noith America.

This m-dl brings us ; he Annual KepoiJs on the
Tea Market (for ls!)ii) of Messrs. Ceo. M’hiroOfe
Co., and Messrs. M'ilson, Smithett iS: Co. Prom
the former we fpiote the list of averages lor Ceylon
districts for e.ach month, with Nuwara Eliya,
Udapussellawa, Dimbula Ac. 9i|d avt rage at the
one end and Kurumgnla, Polgahawela, Kcgalla,
&c, with (3d at the other. Wliat is said in res-
pect of “ prospects” we quote in full as follows : — •

PKOSPECTS.

With every indication of a larger demand for
British-grown tea from nearly all quarters of the
globe, and a gradual extension of the Home con-
anmptiou, the outlook is fairly favourable, especially
as the present scale of values is moderate for all
descriptions, and judging frimi the estimates, supplies
from India and (Jeylou for the current year, although
heavier, are not likely to prove excessive.

It will be interesting however to observe the re-
sults of the introduction of machinery and modern
systems of manufacture in the produce of China, al-
though it is uot considered probable that the amount
shipped from that country to Great Britain will be
augmented thereby, at all events for some time to
come.

The vital point to those interested in the tea in-
dustries of India and Ceylon is the price which their
productions will realiiie. The tendency is no doubt
to a lower rather tlian a higher range. Writing on
the 18th of March, 1887, we said, “ Tlie public has
been accustomed to cheap (i e., low priced) tea, and
the Is 8d and 2s canisters have been reduced to Is
4d and Is 6d.” Even allowing for 2d per lb. reduc-
tion in the Duty since then from (id to 4d per lb.,
there has been a further niarkcd decline in the re-
tail price, a large proportion going into consumption
at from Is to Is 4d per lb., while Is 6d to Is 8d
per lb. is considered a liberal figure for the better
kinds.

This tendency to a shrinkage in value, together
with a possible higher rate of exchange, makes it
more than ever a matter of necessity that the sale
ot British-grown tea should continue to be pushed
in countries other than Great Britain with all possi-
ble vigour. Considerable progress has undoubtedly
been made as regards Russia and the Continent
genernlly, as well as in Canada and the United States.

To a gi'eat extent this result has been brought
about by the good work done by both the India
and Ceylon Tea Associations and those working in
conjunction with them, but it is of paramount
necessity that their efforts should be persisted in
with even greater stress than heretofore.

From tlie Report of Messrs. Wilson Smitliett &
Co., we make the following quotations in the mean-
time : —

The weight of Ceylon Tea offered in auction between
January lat and December 31st, 1896, amounted to
92,000,000 lb., against about 80,000,000 lb. in 1895
and 74,(00,000 lb. in 1891. The Average Price realised
for that on Garden account being 8Jd per lb., against
8id in 1895, and 8Jd in 1894.

Exports. — It is very gratifying to be able to notice
the steady increase in the demand for Ceylon tea

from the various extraneous markets. During 1896
the exports of Ceylon were nearly double those of
India. The direct shipment from Colombo to Australia
and New Zealaud alone shew an increase of 2,500,000
11). compared with 1895 and, in addition to the re-
exports from this country, which mark an increase
of 1,100,000 ib. or more than 16 per cent, during 1896,
compared with the previous year, a considerable
quantity has been transhipped without being landed
in London, principally for the American and Canadian
markets. The Russian demand remains the principal
factor in the development of the export trade, im-
portant orders from that quarter being now received
almost every week in time to materially assist com-
petition at the public auctions.

(Quality during 1896 was, we consider, fully up to
the average. Daring the early summer months there
was, as usual, a large proportion of dull and pointless
tea, hut later on a very satisfactory standard was
attained, and the October and November arrivals were
inostly of excellent quality, combining fine flavour
and good strength. Two defects in quality demanding
the at ention of planters have become much more
pronounced of late: we refer to the increasing number
of “ tarry ” and “minty” teas; the former character-
istic seems to be attributable to the leaf getting
smoked during manufacture ; it is easily detected in
the aroma of the dry leaf, and often spoils a tea of
otherwise good flavour and quality. “ Mintiness ” is a
defect which it is more difficult to locate ; high-
country teas are chiefly affected by it, and it is most
noticeable during the arrivals of the early months of
the year ; the flavour, which is very pungent and
pronounced, closely resembles that on the wTd currant
or “ Ribes ” of onr own wardens, and has been attri-
buted to Euc ilyptus as wall as to some small aromatic
herb, which it is said the coolies casually pluck. It
has rhi.s peculiarity, that it does not, as a rule, taint
the tea throughout ; frequeuJy after one “minty’’
infusion, which must contain a foreign leaf, the flavour
will only reappear occasionally in subsequent infusions.

Our list of estates (his year comprises 656 which have
sold 20,0001b. and over on the London market under
their own marks during 1895. An asterisk has been
placed against those marks, wliich were either wholly
or partially sold in Colombo, as the returns in those
instances are, in all probability, incomplete on account
of the re-niaiking of a large proportion of Colombo-
bought tea.

Tue general average realised during 1896 for teas on
garden account suffered a decline of |d per lb. com-
jjared with the previous year, and a glance at the
results we have compiled will show this to be due to
the lower range of prices current for common to
ordinary kinds, the most important reductions being
confined to low country estates, and to those where
quantity rather than quality is aimed at ; this feature
of the market is more clearly noticeable in the results
obtained in the various districts. Up-country gardens
have, on the whole, well maintained their position,
and many estates show a gratifying increase in the
value of their produce.

The long list of Estate averages will be given
in an early issue ; but meantime we may quote
a few of the more iiromiuent as follows: —

200,000 to 500,000 lb.

(The three highest averages.)

Av. price per lb.

About lb.

1896.

1895.

St. Leonard's

H H.

.. 331,500

Is

2d

Is

Id

Campion

H.

.. 280,500

Is

Oid

Is

Oid

Henfold

H. .. 234, -500
100,000 to 200,000

Is

lb.

0

Is

Oid

Silver Kandy

H.H.

.. 101,000

Is

2d

Is

Id

Goatfell

H.

. . 173, .500

Is

Oid

Is

Oid

Holmwood

H. .. 140,500 Is

50,000 to 100,0001b.

Oid

Is

Id

Bramley

H.

. . 73, .500

Is

0

lO^d

Carlabeck
Tillicoiil ry
Pita Ratmalie

H.

H.

H.

. . 87,000
.. 95,500

. . 96, .500

ll|d

Hid

Hid

Is

Oid

lO^d

lOid

780

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|Mav I, 1897.

Park
Excelsior
St. John’s
Ormidale

About lb.

20,000 to 50,000
H. H. . . 37,000

H. II. . . 23,500
U. . . 31,000
H. . . 33,500

Av. price per lb.
1890. 1895.

lb.

Is 2id
Is Id

Is H'l spi
Is Oid Is Ud

Altogether the tone adojjted in tiie London
Tea reports is encouraging, at any rate for tlie
immediate future, and it is quite clear that we
cannot do better than to go on trying to con-
quer America and Russia for our teas.

COOLIES FROM NORTHERN INDIA.

Let not “Truth” (whose letter appears else-
where) begin to crow until he lias got his Bengali
coolies and found them suitable for his work.
“The proof of the pudding is in the eating
thereof.” Now, we know for a fact that every
cooly entering Assam costs the planter RlOO a
head (irrecoverable) before a stroke of work is
done. It will be strange if Ceylon can get
coolies from the same region more cheaply.

But we have had an experience juit before us
gained by a Ceylon iplanter nearer home in India,
which must be commended to the notice of “Truth.”
A Matale planter applied to a Madras Cooly
and Planters’ Agency whose advertisement de-
clared their ability to sujiply coolies at a fixed
rate per head, (in 21st December last he got
an answer tliat “ advances and travelling expenses
would amount to R1 1 jier heail, which must
be remitted with order” besides the linn’s com-
mission of RIO per head. On 7th .January R420
was remitted for 20 coolies. We have seen
correspondence iq) to 3rd (March in which
various excuses arc given ; but we have not
heard that the Matale planter up to this date
has got either his coolies, or his money back.
Verb. sap.

^

MATURATA :

.SIR HENRY WARD AS A “V. A.”

Recurring once again to the subject of the dis-
trict that the Governor is about to honour with
a visit, we may say that amongst _ the older
planting divisi.rns of the island Matnrat'a has never
seemed to us to quite take the position to which
it is justly entitled. Looking .at tlie richness of
its soil and almost unequalled healtlifulne.ss of
its breezy climate, one would have supjiosed th.at
loin' ere now it would have been in the fore-
front of poimlarity. We have known Maturata
intimately ever since the reign of the “ Roses”
on the one side and “ Tip Tliompson ” on the
other. Since the days of Robertson on Allecolle-
weve to the time udien the old store echoed
the melodious notes of “G.M. B.” k^llamull.a,
with its rich dark loam of unknown de])th, is
by no means e.asy of access but once the hos-
pitable bungalow is re.ached, who could desire a
more delis-'htful highland home ? On Mandara
Nuwara poor .Middleton found life was not worth
living ; yet “ W. W.W.” could checrfullY hunt the
elk liy'day .and dine luxuriously in full dress togs
at ni"ht. A breezy but rather rough and rugged
plantin'’’ school is' Mandara Nuw.ara, hugging
close bo the foot of I’edro for shelter ; yet we
know that Boreas blows there in fitful and
unexiipcted gusts. Albeit, that land of moun-
tain and cloud li.as turned out some notable men
in its day. Here, Dial favourite son of fortune,
“jj j.Y’/’’ began Ids planting career ; here also.

the astute Arnold White, fresh from Le.aden-
hall Street, first learned which end of a coffee
stump had to be inserted in the soil.

In 18.37 that Prince of V. A.’s, Sir Henry Ward,
visited the district and wrote his model report : —

“ The Ford, below the Fort, inco nvenient at all
times, is dangerous, if not impas sable, during many
months of the year ; while the District is rising,
every day, in importance from the number of
I'lstates already opened, and the excellence of a large
belt of unsold Land, running parallel with Mr.
Robertson’s Coffee Plantation, the superior quality
of which is admitted by the best judges. I know
no part of the Island, in which the two great
branches of Ceylon agriculture may be seen in such
close juxtaposition, as at Maturatta. The Valley,
extended by artificial Terraces up every Ravine,
down which water can be made to pass, on its way
to the River below, presents a vast expanse of green,
reaching to the very crest of the surrounding hills ;
while, wherever Paddy Cultivation ceases. Coffee
cultivation begins. lu the immediate vicinity of
the villages, there are gardens, in which Onions,
and Potatoes, grow iuxurianity : and I had the satis-
faction of hearing the Planters bear uniform testi-
mony to the conduct of their Kandian neighbours,
who appear to be a peaceable, thriving, and indus-
trious Race, where not contaminated by Low
Country Singhalese — the outcasts, generally, of their
native Districts, — or forced into brawls by Coolies
belonging to the Estates. I was much struck,
myself, by their manner, and appearance ; — the
wonderful ingenuity, with which they have turned
the smallest, supply of water to account ; — their
ready appreciation of the advantages, which the
District will derive from the opening out of the
Country; — and with the justice, and simplicity, of
their views, under the novel circumstances in which
they are placed.

“ For lUaturatta, instead of being one of the
most secluded spots in the Island, is rapidly becom
ing the centre of an important District. The trans-
fer of the Court from Newera Ellia to the Fort,
where I have authorised the erection of a Small
Court house, and Bungalow, — the prospect of a
Bandy Road to Kandy, which must be steadily kept
in view, — the establishment of a Post Office, and a
Police Station, — the Bazaar, which is growing up,
on the site of the old fortifications ; — the opening,
consecutively, of twelve new Estates, with every
appearance of adding largely to that number, so
soon as the Surveyor General is enabled to bring
fresh Land into the Market : — and the progress
already made in tracing the Road into Ouvah, by
the Elephant Plains, which will make this the
shortest Route to Kandy for the Coffee from the
Badulla, and Oode-Pusilawa, Estates, — all these are
circumstances, that must materially influence the
prospects of Maturatta, and ensure its rapid pro-
gress in cultivation, and wealth.

“ No greater mistake can be committed, than to
suppose that, in facilitating this progress, the Gov-
ernment is consulting private, not public, interests.
Public prosperity is but the result of the aggregate
prosperity of all the great interests, that compose
Society. “ The Planter does his part, by turning
the jungle into cultivated land, and connecting his
clearing with the Main Road of the District, to
which it belongs. But that Main Road is a Public
Road ; — at least, it becomes so, from the moment
that the District contributes its quota to the Com-
mercial movement, from which so large a portion of
the Revenue is derived. It may be difficult to de-
fine the precise limits of public and private, res-
ponsibility. Men, who want help from the Govern-
ment must be ready to do their part in the work
proposed. But the Government should also be
liberal in its aid ; for nothing can bo clearer than
the fact, that, in Districts like Maturatta, there are
large Government Interest.", as well as Native, and
Planting, interests at stake.

‘‘ The Crown has still a considerable amount of
Land to sell. Thfit Laud will not bo bought unless

NiAY I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

78 [

a fair supply of labour can be secured ; — and it is
well ascertained that Coolies will not engage them-
selves upon Estates, where they are obliged to
carry Coffee, from any distance to Kandy, and to
bring back the Rice for their own consumption.

“ To sell therefore, we must improve. Roads and
Bridges, are as necessary as Surveys, to the profit-
able, disposal of Land. And my conviction is, that
for many years to come, in the present position of
Cejlon, the most certain mode of increasing t' e
Revenue of the Island, i.s a judicious liberality in
the use of the means, which it has. The Customs
are the gauge of what is practicable, and what is
right. So long as their increase corresponds with
increasing expenditure, the Government is paid, in-
directly for every shilling it lays out.

With these views, I have urged upon the Sur-
veyor General the immediate extension of his opera-
tions in the Maturatta District, with a view of
dividing the Land in the vicinity of the Fort, into
small building lots, and of bringing into the market,
as soon as possible, some of the more valuable por-
tion of the Cofiee Land absve it, I have also made
a small grant of .£80. for improving the communi-
cations with Newera Ellia, from whence the Estates
draw many of their supplies ; and, so soon as the
Road from the Maha Oya is brought down to the
Bridge over the Bilhool Oya, I shall propose to
substitute an Iron Lattice Bridge, should those now
on their way out to the Colony, be found to answer,
for the small, and inconvenient structure, which
though repaired by the Provincial Committee, was
originally due to the liberality of the Father of the
present Koralle of Wellegiriya, aided by a Kandian
Priest.”

Conscientious yet considerate, grand old Sir Harry
never passed through a district without indicating
the exact truth regarding its condition, pos.sibilities
and requirements. Mark how delicately he could
touch upon the weak spots, as in the case of Kak-
wana where, he said, thecolfee was “somewhat poor
and thin.” Here he liad nothing but well-chosen
words «)f praise, encouragement and practical
sympathy. Well might the gentlemen, who in
the present day inspect estates and quar
terly repeat what must often be prosy ]rlatitudes,
take a leaf out of Sir Harry’s book, when their
reports would at least, be more lively and prove
more interesting reading.

The needs of the district are still the same
and even more urgent than they were forty years
.ago; but with the development ot tea, the claims
of such a locality cannot much longer be over-
looked. A light railway from Peradeniya through
Nilambe, Deltota to Hewaheta seems feasible
enough, rtuiUjre the Tramways Commission ; and
we trust the matter will not be allowed to sleep
till this otherwise favoured district gets due
facilities for sending its rich returns to market.
♦

Dr. Robert Hogg, who died on the 14tli ult.
at the age of seventy-nine, was one of the foremost
men in horticultural circles. Originally a partner
in a barge nursery, now forming the site upon
which the Imperial Institute, the JSouth Kensing-
ton Museum, and other buildings are placed,
Hogg for many years conducted, either alone or
in connexion with the late Mr. G. W. Johnson, a
journal known as the Cottage Gardener, which
gradually evolved into the Journal of Horficidtnre.
But probably his greatest claim to the appreciation
of his colleagues and of those who are to come
after him was the production of the “b’ruit
Manual,” a standard work of original research in
the shape of a descriptive enuTiieration of fruits
cultivated in this country, which has gone tlirough
several editions, and is as well known to fruit
growers on the continent as it is here. — London

CROPS IN JAMAICA.

The annual report on Jamaica, which the Colonial
Office has just published, shows that the colony is,
upon the a hole, prosperous. The revenue during the
financial year was £04(3,103 and the expenditure
£026,934. There was an increase of £22,078 in re-
venue, mainly from increased imports. The public
debt is £1,000,177, chiefly incurred in public works
especially railways, canals, and r-oads. It is stated
that there is a growung desire to improve the quality
as well as increase the quantity of the crops. The
rate of increase in other products is greater that
the decrease on sugar, and for this fruit is mainly
accountable. The decline in the cultivation of sugar
cane is persistent; the increase in coffee, ginger
cocoa, and tobacco has been great ; and in bananas
very much greater. Sugar last year was only 11
per cent of the total exports. The value of the im-
ports last year was £2,288,940, against £2,191,745
the previous year, while the exports amounted to
£1,873,105. About half the imports go from the
United Kingdom, the United States coming closely
behind. The trade with the latter is increasing
rapidly, and American goods of many kinds are sail
to be supplanting English ones, partly due to greater
enterprise of American manufacturers, but mainly
to the greater facilities for trade with the United
States. The population of the island is estimated at
090,007 — London Times.

MACHINE-MADE TEA.

GOOD NEWS FROM AMERICA FOR CEYEON.

During a recent trip to Cincinnati, 0., covering
ten days, the writer was surprised to find that
wherever tea was served it proved to be Ceylon or
India tea, a fact indicative of the phenomenal
progress made in their introduction. When con
sideration is given to the fact that China monono
hzed the tea markets of the United States for over
100 years and that Japan contributed over 4n for
cent of the supply since 1875, then we realize
the tremendous prejudice which the advocates of
machine-made tea have to overcome, and are the
better prepared to estimate and appreciate the
rapid hold gained for machine-made tea in this
country within two years. In 1894 the imports were
4,700,000 pounds, in 1896, 9,500,000 pounds— a gain of
over 100 per cent. ®

No one can successfully deny that the bulk of
the importations of China and Japan tea have been
of medium and low grade, with a large volume of
trash. The law just passed regulating importations
of tea will cheek the imports of poor and trashy
tea, and bring the attention of consumers mor° and
more to a consideration of the merits of Cevloii and
India tea. ^

It has been difficult to impress upon consumers
that a much less quantity of machine-made tea is
required to make a satisfactory infusion than of
China and Japan sorts, but this lesson they are
acquiring rapidly, and thus discovering the econo
mical advantages arising from the use of Cevloii
and India growths, besides becoming wedded to their
flavour. None are more enthusiatic advocates of
British-grown tea than many who a few years ago
discredited them in many ways. °

A few days ago an importer, in commenting
upon the remarkable increase ,n direct shipment!
of tea from Ceylon to America— viz (i4 qrk j
from January 1st to 26th of this’ ye^!-
10,415 pounds for the same time in 180';^
“That is nothing to what it will be a^fL yelrs
hence, when they will have this market ” jeais

We do not, however, entertain the idea tbai n,.,
teas of China and Japan will be entir^Iv diov.i'*
but we do believe that the enterprise push^nffiol^
and perseverance of the Ceylon ^^d tea

growers in seeking a market hero wall result in
such an increase in the use of tea as a beverai!
that machine-made teas will dispute for first

782

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTU KlSP.

[May I, 1897.

with China. This is however, a very much more con-
servative view than many American dealers enter-
tain.— American Grocer, March 10.

SUNNYGAMA (CEYLON) TEA ESTATES
CO., LD.

The following is from the report to be submitted to
the shareholders at the fourth ordinary general meet-
ing, to be held at the company’s offices, No. 138,
Leadenhall Street, E.C., on Monday next : —

The directors beg to submit the annual statement of
accounts for the year ending December 31st last.

Crop. — This again shows a substantial increase over
that of last year, while the price obtained also shows
some improvement. Advices from the estates are of a
very satisfactory nature, showing that every care is
being paid to the culture of the existing gardens, while
the extensions of the past three years are reported as
most successful. The cost of these latter is being de-
frayed from the capital raised by the late issue of
£5 000 in Preference shares, but as this amount is
being rapidly expended it is proposed to issue a further-
portion of the £‘20,000 of these shares authorised to be
issued, to develop the largo -area of freehold land still
cultivated belonging to the company ; of this due
notice will be given to the shareliolders. Tlie higher-
rate for exchange ruling during the year has, it may be
mentioned, added about jd per lb. of tea to the cost of
production, and to this extent contracted the prolit.s.
Mr, R. B. Magor, one of your directors, retires by
rotation, and, being eligible, offers himself for re-
election.— if . and C. Mail, March, 26.

THE COMING IfUBBEll BOOM.

Nothing seems more certain than that the great
rubber industry will be partially paralysed through
exhaustion of present sources of supplies, and that
the fortunate owners of rubber plantations, be they
few or many, will reap huge fortunes. It is this
certainty, proved by the rubber statistics, which is
at the bottom of the great afforls now being made
to obtain plantations in Mexico and elsewhere, but
chiefly in the former country. Mexico is the homo
of the Castilloa elastica, acknowledged to be the
best of the rubber-yielding trees from the planter's
Doint of view. Ilevea hraailiensis gives the most
valuable rubber- Para-now worth 3s. Id. per lb.,
while that from the Va.itiUoa only realises 2s. Ad.
But the difference in value is greatly owing to the
better methods of preparation which obtain in Brazil.
When the Castilloa milk has been taken in hand
bv a skilful British chemist, as it shortly will be,
we shall without doubt, see a marked improve-
ment, and the price will be levelled up to within
measurable distance of Uiat of - fine Para. The
m-osoects of the rubber planter in Mexico, even at
nrese^nt values, are more rosy than those of any
ItLr arboricultural industry. And this applies,
more or less, to every country in which the 6'ai.hC
l^a elastica will thrive. A profit of 300 per cent, m
the eighth year is what the experts are promising,
and the figures are based in one instance on a
o^Tiiina T.rice of Is. per pound for the rubber, and
i^anotLr on 2s., tL first being less than half the
market value of Castilloa rubber in London to-day,
and the second Ad. below it That rubber can be
crown cheaper than it can be purchased from the
native collectors is an absolute fact, and it ic obvi-
ihnt the Q-aality must be far superior to any
wild product, except, perhaps, Para the method of
preparing which does not seem capable of improve-
ment Por joint-stock enterprise the cu tivation of
Tuhhet trees in Mexico offers a fane field as there
no substitute for rubber worthy of the name,
mobability of there ever being one. At

Sient of the trade. Wo hear of powdered flin and
being used to eke out the supply, and the
d^ma^d for old worn-out rubber goods is very great.
The only apparent remedy far this disastrous state
f Brines is cultivation on an enormous scale.—

V^AKIUU.S PLANTING NOTES.

Cooi.Y Di.stricts of NoHTHEK>r Madras.-U
i.s rumoured— ami we are very pleased to tliink
correctly— that His Excellency the Governor has
decided to send Mr. Ingraiucotton on a visit
to Bollary, Cudappah and the other cooly dis-
tricts in North-Eastern Madras where distress
if not famine is said to prevail, in order to
em^uire and rejiort on the feasibleness of draw-
ing a supply of cooly labourers therefrom for
Ceylon estates.

Plucking, Pruning, and Preparation of
Tea. — The Indian Tea riautcrs Gazette devotes
the editorial in its issue of lUth April to this
subject beginning as follows : — “ The Editor of the
Ceylon Observer has, we consider, conferred an
undoubted beneiit on the tea industry, not only
in Ceylon, but throughout India generally, in
issuing the sets of ijiiestions contained in the
two circulars wlii-di he distributed to the planters
throughout the island. The answers which have
been received to the second set of iiuestions are
so instructive to all interested in tea, that we
decided to reproduce them in our columns, and
we feel sure our tea-planter friends will appreci-
ate the results td’ the ed'orts of our contemporary.
The object of the eminiries was to elicit informa-
cion, which would be helpful to planters in their
endeavours, while securing from their estates the
highest possible yield without injury to the bush,
to maintain a high level of excellence for the tea
they [iroduce — in other words, to obtain the best
jjossible prices.” Our letteis in answer to the
circular are by no means all laiblished, though
pressure througb. ,an usual number of meetings
and the holidays have recently delayed publica-
tion.

The Destruction of Gedaiis. — The news that comes
to us from various parts of the destruction of flue
cedars like those at Goodwood should more than
ever teach the need of ye.arly planting in parks.
At one certain lime some tree lover on a large
estate plants a noble lot of cedars, but, as those
who follow fail to keep up the stock, a great storm
may some day destroy what all are so proud of.
This could not happen to auyeuiug like the same
extent if people went on planting young trees, not
necessarily many kinds, but some like the cedar
of Lebanon, that happen to do well in our climate,
and have all the beauty and dignity that trees can
have. The many catalogues issued help towards the
neglect of the really precious trees by ‘‘ bringing
out” novelties from all parts of ihe world — absolutely
unproved trees ; whilst the planting of such grand
trees as the cedar of Lebanon and ihe ilex of Europe
are often forgotten. A mistake in cedar planting is
the fashion of planting isolated trees with great
branches growing out on all sides. Just think of
the enormous surface exposed to strong wind that
these great trees and branches offer 1 In their own
country, where cedars are naturally massed together,
although the gales are severe, the trees are not de-
stroyed by wind in anything like the same degree.
The cedar of Lebanon is certainly very beautiful
by itself in this “ specimen ” way, but we think it
at least equally beautiful massed in groups or even
in w'oods. We have seen excellent results from plant-
ing cedars in mixed w'oods, where they make straighter
boles. In their ow-n countries, in addition to being
massed and grouped together, the soil is very often
stony and rocky, the grow'th is slow-er, and the trees
take a firmer hold, whereas in our rich river valleys,
where the Lebanon cedar is often planted in an
isolated w-ay, the grew-tfi is softer, and the resistance
to wind leas. Wc feel sure that a more artistic
and natural way of planting would lessen the ac-
cidents to which this noble tree is exposed.—
Jt'iclH,

May r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL

THE HARBOUR OP COLOMBO, CEY-
LON; AND A PROPOSED RAIL
WAY TO CONNECT SOUTHERN
INDIA WITH COLOMBO.

( SiKCicd Eepoft for the “ Ceylon Obaerver." )

On Tue.sday, Maicli 23, in Llie hall of the
London Chaniher of Coniineree, Lotolph House,
Ea.stcheap, London, Mr. Donald Ferguson read a
paper by \Jr. John Fkrgu.son on “The H.ak-
BOUR OE COEOMBO, CeYLON, .VND A PllOPOSED
Kailway to CoNxVect Southern' India with
Colombo."

SIR albert K. ROLLITT, M.P.*

had to leave the ch.air soon after the opening of the
meeting to attend to his Parliamentary duties,
anil his place in the chair was taken by Mr.
Thomas Christy. t There were also present : — Sir
Charles Lawson, Mr. Heniy Kimber, M p. , Mr.

S. 1>. Boulton (vice-president of the Chamber of
Commeice), Ahln. IJaddon, J. P., Capt. G. Green,
Dr. George Colborne, Me.ssrs. W. K. White, W.
Martin Smith, K. Paulu^z, E.C..S., H. W. Cave,
W. Martin Leake, S. J. Wilson, J. Hamilton,
John Haddon, J. Davis Allen, J. B. Meredith,
J. Fernando, F. J. Waring, C.M.o., J. Macarthur,
J. L. Shand, A. B. Struthers, George W. Jolin-
son (Colonial OtKce), Kenric B. Murray (Secie-
tary of the Chamber of Commeice), F. H. M.
Corbet, John Kyle, J. Macintosh Smith, Zim-
mer, F. E. Mackwood, Peck, the Secretary of the
Ceylon Tea and Timber Syndicate, Ld., McEwan,
Donald Andrew, E. Hewell, H. Flindt, Kobert
White, L. Clerc, Montrose, C. Ralston- White, G.
L. Stenning, H. L. Forb s, G. W, Chiistismi, H.

T. Gardiner, A. M. Ferguson, T. E. B. Skinner
(late Postmaster-General, Ceylon), R. 11. Ferguson,
Bagsliaw, C. Tliynne, Y. B. Howard, George D.
Jennings, Alfred Beeston, Alex. Ros.«, A. L.
Hutchison, J. C. Roberts, &c., &c.

• itollit, Sir Albert Kaye, (Islinf/ton, South div.) a. o
Mr. John Rollit, of Hull, solicitor, by Eliza, d. o
Mr. .Joseph Kave, of Huddersfield, architect. B. a
Hull, 1842 ; educated at King’s College, and the Uni
versity of London, of which he is a Fellow and Mem
her of the Senate (b.a. 1st class honour 1863, ll.b
1st c'ass honours Principles of Legislation, &c., 18G1
LL.D. first and University gold medallist 18G6): d.c.l.
Durham 18t)l ; m. 1872, Eleanor Anne, 2nd d. of the
late William Bailey, j.p., of Winestead Hall, Holder-
ness, steamship owner at Hull, London, &c. (she died
1885). A solicitor in Mark Lane and at Hull, a prize-
man of the Incorporated Law Society 1863. Is a'so
a ship-owner at Hu'l, Nesvcastle, and London. Was
sheriff of Hull 1875-6, and mayor 1883-4-5 ; Hon. Free-
man of Hull; Elder Brother Trinity House, Hull;
President of the Associated Chambers of Commerce,

U.K.; chairman of the London Chamber of Commerce;
president Hall Chamber of Commerce ; president Mu-
nicipal Corporation Association; r.R.A.s.; f.z.s., mem-
ber of the Committee of the British Association ;
Lieut. -Col. Engineer Militia (Humber div. Sub-marine
Miners). Is J. P. co. of London, and D. L. London
and Yorks. He was knighted in 1885.' A “ progres-
sive and independent Conservative,’’ and “ through
unionist,’’ in favour of wide local government for
Ireland. — 30, Lowndes-square, S. If'.; Bunster House,
Marh-lane E.C.; Carlton, Constitutional, Savaye, Bane-
lagh, and City Carlton Clubs; Coyan House, Hull;
Cottinyham, E. Yorkshire. — “Don.’’
t Mr. Christy is a fellow of the Linumau Society,
and very specially interested in the development of
new tropical products and lands,

100

AGRICULTURIST. 783

The Paper (read by Mr. D. Ferguson) was to
the following o/l'ect : —

“ THE HARBOUR OP COLO.MBO, CEYLON; AND A
PROl’OSED RAILWAY TO CONNECT .SOUTHERN
INDIA Wmi COLO.MBO.””

Payer hy J. Fkikiuson, Editor of the “ Ceylon
Observer” and ‘‘ Tropical Ayricullurist.”

INTRODUCTION.

Thu island of Ceylon is usually described as the
first and most importaut of British Crown Colo-
nies. It has an ai-tsa of close on 25,000 sqnaro
miles, and a population of over 3 millions.
two-tliirds of tlie population are found in the South-
west portion of the island ; while extensive dis-
tricts in the Nortli-Canti'al and Northern divisions
have scarcely more than a few units to the square
mile, althoug’n in ancient historical times iheso
were the most populous and prosperous parts of
t’no island. The ruins of the ancient capitals
Anui'afiliapura and Polomiaruwa, show to what a pitch
of prosperity the Sinhalese Buddhist kingdom be-
fore and after the Christian era had attained.
This position the Sinhalese lost through the constant
incursions of T.imils — -alien in race and religion —
from Southern India until— the bunds of their irri
gition tanks cut, their towns devastated and do
stioyeJ, — tho Sinhalese were forced back into the
South and West of tlie island, and what were
cultivated rice fields liave, for many hundrehs of
year.^, been covered with heavy jungle.

The great Planting industry of Ceylon in tea,
cacao, coffee, rubber, &c„ is chiefly confined to the
4,000 square miles of mountain zone in the Central
South and adjacent lowcountry districts to the South
and West. The natives cultivate cinnamon on the
West coast, and coconut and other palms all round
the coast, save for intervals on the North-West and
North-East.

Apart from the ancient ruined cities, an 1 tho
better-known central capital of K-mdy, the island
has long had three well-known towns or ports. The
grand u.atural harbour of Trincomalee on the North-
East cca;t may be counted among the half-dozen
finest harbours in the world, and its possession for
t'le Naval Headquarters in the East Indies, was a
chief reason why, on the General Peace in J815,
England decided to give Holland the much richer
and larger island of Java in exchange for Ceylon,
which was then regarded, with Trincomalee, as
very mu5h the key to India. Then Poiut-de-Gallc
sprang rapidly into notice on the South of the island,
as the Mail-steamer Port ; while the Political and
Commercial Capital was found in Colombo surrounded
by country highly cultivated and a dense popula-
tion, while Trincomalee had neither population nor
cultivators to speak of in its neighbourhood.

Ceylon has always been cloieiy associated with
India, one of its ancient names describing it as
“ a pearl-drop on the brow of India ’’; while its
people, the Sinhalese, originally came from the North
of India ; and the Tamils now settled in the
North and East of the island are the same people
as occupy all the Southern divisions of the Madras
Presidency.

I will only say further, b .1 way of introduction,
that the construction cf a_ first-class railway from
Colombo to Kandy and i.s extension afterwards
through the chief planting districts as well as another
line South to Galle and Matara, consolidated the
overshadowing importance to tlie island of Co-
lombo as almost its sole export and import ship-
ping port.

Adam’s reef .and islands.

As regards its geographical coiinoctiou with India,
I would point out that while the populous pjnin-
sula of Jaffna 011 the extre ne North of the island

* This paper is printed from the writer’s first dralt,
and may, in some respects, d-ffer a little from the
finished copy re id before, and to be published by,
the Loudon Chamber of Commerce, — Ed, T.A,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

784

is separated from India by the generally shallow
Pallets Scrait or Bay, — on the Noitli west, the con-
nection by means of detached islands and coral reefs
is a much closer one with Indian territory. It be-
gins at Mannar, an island separated by a narrow
channel from the mainland — and South of w'hich,

I may mention, the famous Pearl Oyster Fisheries
of Ceylon have tak.n place from time imme-
morial, and as we all hope, will one day soon be
resumed. The island of Mannar is miles long,
and after it we come on the series of coral reefs, sand-
banks and tiny islands (numbering some 20 in all)
known as “ Adam's Bridge ” — from the superstition
(following a much older Hindu one in favour of a
king of the monkeys) that here our first parents
crossed when sent from the Garden of Eden to re-
side in Ceylon, Adam’s Peak mountain being deemed
further evidence — an old Muhammadan tiadition
which led to Atabi and his fellow Egyptian
exiles being at first very much gratified when they
learned that Ceylon was to be their place of banish-
ment.

This Adam’s Bridge extends a distance of 22
miles between the Ceylon island of Mannar and
the island of llameswaram, which appertains to
India, and of this distance, half may be said to be
spanned by tiny islands, while half is under
water.

The island of Kameswaram itself is like that of
Mannar about 17 miles long, and is chiefly notable for
a famous Hindu temple, one of the lour or five most
noted shrines in all India for pilgrimages ; although
the pilgrims having to cross water and other uiscomforts
in travelling at present, no doubt prevents liaineswaram
being visited by more than a tithe of the devotees who
crowd to more accessible shrines.

North of liamesvveram tliere is only the narrow
Pambaii Cnanuel, with a navigable width of SO to
130 feet, separating the island from the mainland
of India. Altogether the distance between the two
mainlands is about 57 miles, 35 of these being occu-
pied by the two islands and adjacent cliaiineis, and
22 by Adam’s lleef or Bridge.

THE CENTUAL I’OSITXON OF CEYLON, AND OF THE
POUT OF C0L0.MI50.

I would now' refer briefly to the very central posi-
tion of Ceylon as to Southern Asia and Australasia
and as between Africa, the Eastern Archipelago and
the Par East. The of Colombo, it will

be observed from the map of Asia, is perhaps
the most central and convenient in the Indian
Ocean and the opening of the Suez Canal at
once gave it a special importance in reference to
Madras, Calcutta, Rangoon, the Straits and China
as well as to Australian Ports.

I should lik" to mention one or two striking
facts as to its immunity from storms and tho
favoured position of the island altogether (almost in-
clining one to think favourably of its claim to be
allied with Edenl). They are as follows (quoted from
Pergubon’s “ Ceylon in 1893 ”); —

“ The situation of Ceylon in the Eastern “SVo.ld is
peculiarly favoured in certain respects. The atmo.s-
pheric disturbances which periodically agitate the
Bay of Bengal, and carry, in Inuricanes and cyclones,
destruction to the shipping in the exposed Madras
roadstead and the devoted Hooghly, seldom or never
approach the north-eastern shores of this island. If
Java and tlie rest of the E.astern Archipelago boast
of a far richer soil than is to 'oe found in Ceylon, it is
owing to the volcanic agency which makes itself known
at frequent intervals by eruptions and earti quakes,
the utmost verge of whose waves just touches the
eastern coast of the island at Battical >a and Trin-
comalee in scarcely perceptible undulations. On the
west, again, Ceylon is equally beyond tho region of the
' hurricanes which, extending from tho Mozambique
Channel, visit so often and so disastrously the coasts
of Madagascar, Mauritius, and /.uizibar. Tho wind
and rain-storms which usher in periodically the
south-west and north-east monsoons, sometime.s in-
flict slight damage on the cofl’eo and rice crops, hut

[May I, 1897. ■

there is no comparison between the risks attaching |’l
to cultivation in Ceylon and those experienced by )
planters in Java and Mauritius.”

The wind and rain storms which usher in the ’
annual South-W'est and North-east monsoons have
scarcely ever attained a dangerous force ; and although
they make it difficult sometimes to reach the har-
bours of G.ille and Trincomalee, no such difficulty
is experienced in reference to Colombo. It is no
wonder, therefore, that after piolonged enquiry, surveys
and reports as to the respective merits of Colombo
slid Galle, Sir Hercules Robinson (now Lord Ros-
mead; when Governor of Ceylon, on the final recom- s
meiidation by the late Sir John Coode, decided that
public money should bo spent in giving Colombo
(rather than Galle,) adequate protection and harbour
•accommodation f.rMail as w>. 11 as Commercial steam-
ers and eventually as was hoped for the Navy
as well.

The convenience of Colombo to the Imperial Gov-
ernment has been often proved for military purposes:
troops thence have been readily transported to China and
Labuan ; during the Mutiny, Governor Sir Henry
Ward sent nearly every British soldier in the island to
aid Lord Canning ; in 1863, the troop-ship “ Hnnalaya”
took the 50th Regiment on board at Colombo •
to suppress the Maori War in New Zealand ;
in 1879, the 57th Regiment was despa died at ,
short notice to South Africa, fol owed by the
102ud transferred in the same way ; in' 1881
and later on the regiment stationed in Ceylon
was utilized for Egypt. Per wellnigh 50 years I’hcic
has been no disturbance in the island calling for
military attention : the Sinhalese are the most pea-
cable and loy al of British subjects.

Next let me mention that the port of Colombo is
9U0 miles from Bombay, 600 from Madras, 1,400
from Calcutta, 1,200 from Rangoon, 1,600 from
Singapore, 2,5UU from Mauritius, 4,000 from Natal,
2,200 from Aden anj 3,000 from Preemaiitle, Western
Au-traliu. On the ftfalabar Coast of India, there is
not a single barhour or port worthy of the name
be. ween Colombo and Bombay and the same is almost
true Oil the Coromandel Coast up to the Hooghly,
Madras being scarcely an exception.

COLOWnO HAltBOUll WOltKS.

On the 8Lh December 1875, the foundation stone
of the first a ul principal Breakwater for the pro-
tection of Colombo Harbour was auspiciously laid by
II. R. H. the Piince of Wale.s— their on his visit to
India and Ceylon— Sir W. H. Gregory being Gover-
nor of the island. Sir John Coode planned and
directed the work ; Mr. John Kyle, m.i.c.e., (now of
the new Dover Harbour Works) being Executive
Engineer. Iti October 1876 when tire Breakwater had
been extended 350 ft. Colombo was visited by the
late Duke of Buckingham, then Governor of Madras,
and His Graco took a special interest in Sir John
Coode’s thoroughly solid, satisfactory work as con-
trasted witli the cheap and unsubstantial harbour
woiks constructed at Madi-as which had shortly before
succumbed in a cyclonic storm, falling to pieces like
a pack of cards. Looking at the spacious first-
class harbour designed for Colombo, its central and
commanding position and tlie absence of any good
liaibour in the Madias Piesidency, the Duke of Buck-
ingham declared that as the natural compl. mont for its
Harbour Works, Colombo ought to be coiuiected with
Southern India by a railway across Adam’s Biidge.
Governor Gregory favoured the scheme ; but wiili
the rosponsibility of the Harbour Woiks, and Railway
Extensions in ihe Centre and South of the island, he
could do nothing with the suggestion, nor could’ his
Hirooessors for some 17 years. By the end of 188-1,
the South-west Breakwater, 4,150 feet long with a
lighthouse at its terminus, was completed at a tot 1
cost— including foreshore i-eclamatioii and other ailiea
work — of .t’706,000. This at once allorded full protection
to Colombo Harbour for nine months out of twelve
ill the year, at any rate so far as allowing 21 buoys for
first-class ocean-going steamers to bo fixed under leo of
the breakwater. Sir John Coode felt all along that

agriculturist.

785

May I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL

Iiis work would not be complete without another
protecting arm for the harbour ; and after his lamented
death the design for this addition being entrusted
to his firm (Messrs. Goode, Son & Matthews),
i^Ir. Matthews visited Colombo, and as the result of
his inquiry and inspection, the designs and estimates
for two additional protecting arms — a Northern and
North-Western breakwater— were sanctioned and these
and a lied works (as shown in the plan on the wall)
are now under construction, Mr. J. H. Bostock being
the Eesident Engineer. These arms are to be 1,000
feet and 2,670 feet in length respectively, are to cost
£527,000 and to be finished by 1‘JOl A.n.

The foreshore all round the harbour is to be
rec, aimed and suitable coal depots are to be esta-
blished for the mail as well as commercial and naval
vessels, leaving plenty of room (much required at
present) for the import and export trade of the port,
for passengers’ jetties and other requirements of a
first-class liarbour. When these arms are completed,
the Colombo Harbour will have two openings each
SIX) feet wide ; and the area enclosed will be 660 acres,
affording a-iicommodalion for quite a fleec of vessels cf
all sizes and grades, it being noted t hat the tendency
of these days is for steamers to emain in port as
short a time unloading, coaling and loading, as
possible, — ^quick despatch being the test of a port’s
convenience and good mauagemeut.

The total cost of these Harbour Works £1,250,000
has been guaranteed by the Colony, the steadily
increasing income from port dues, pilotage, rewt, etc.,
fully justfying the outlay. There are now few busier
ports, than that of I’olombo, and not being properly a
terminal port, it is fittingly called the Claphani junc-
tion of mail steamers and passengers for the East
and far South. It is the great meeting-place for
the steamers of the Peninsular and Oriental Com-
pany, of the Orient S.N. Company, of the

Messageries Maritimes, of the Norddeutscher L'oyds —
all running to Australia and China as well as
India; also of the British India S.N. Compinv with
its complete Indian Coastii g as well as Queens-
land Service ; of Bibby’s Liverpool, Marseilles and
Kangconline ; of the Clan, City, Ducal, Ocean, and a
great variety besides of British as well as foreign
Steamer Conipanies. Every national flag is from
time to time, displayed in the harbour, as m luy as
15 to 20 large ocean-going stcanisrs occasionally
arriving in one day. The' aggregate inwards and
outwards tonnage for Colombo now approximates
to 6 million tons per annum.

One great* advantage of Colombo harbour is the
ease and safety of approach at nearly all seasons
during night or day. The Colombo lighthouse stands
120 feet above sea level and the light is visible 18
miles off at sea. Harbour lights will mark the ends
of the Breakwater arms and openings nearly 13
miles off. The average rise and fall of the tide is
only about 18 inches.

GUAVIXa DOCK.

It was felt all along that without a Grav-
ing Dock, Colombo Harbour Works could never
be considered complete, and after full consi-

deration and negotiations between the Admi-
ralty, the Colonial Office, the Treasury and the
Government of Ceylon, it has just been decided
(a few weeks ago) that a first-class Dock of the largest
size be constructed at Colombo on a design by
Messrs. Coode, Son and Matthews, 600 feet long by
62 to 85 ft. broad, 23 feet dee[) equal to taking in
the largest ironclad afloat, at a cost of £318,000
— half of which is to bo provided by the Colony and
half by the Imperial Treasury. The work is to bo done
by 1901 A.D. Colombo will then possess both the largest
Artificial Harbour and Graving Dock hi the world.

IMPKRIAI, IMPORTANCE OF COLOMBO.

After this, it is needless to dwell on the Imperial im-
portance of this central port with its safe harbour and
stores of coal — nearly 3.50,000 tons imported annually, at
the most commanding point in the Indian Ocean.
Modern batteries and guns for its defence have
been already provided and it is anticipated, that,

when the Dock is constructed, the East Indian Naval

Headquarters will be transferred from Trincomalea
to Colombo. Thirty thousand passengers to or from
all parts of the Eastern and Austral world pass through
Colombo each year, and as to the local trade, the Ceylon
Exports and Imports are now valued at £10 million
sterling per annum, the former including 100 to
120 million lb. of toa, mainly shipped to London for
consumption in the United Kingdom. Colombo
bas a population of 130,000 altogether spread over 11
square miles; it is one of the most beautiful and
healthy of tropical towns, a good water supply being
brought from a hilly district, 30 miles distant, into the
City ; while Mr. Mansergh, C.E., is engaged in de-
signing improved Drainage and other Sanitary
requirements. As to Railways, Ceylon has now 300
miles of first-class 5^-feet broad gauge line, the
Northern terminus being Kurunegala, from whence
a section of 71 miles is projected to the ancient
capital, Anur.idhapura ; while between it and Jaffna
a feeder line on 2J-feet gauge is recommended,

CONNECTION BETWEEN SOUTHERN INDIA AND CEYLON.

Turning now to Southern India, I may point
out that there is a very close connection in trade
and community of intcrest-s between the island and
the mainland. Indeed, the great planting enterprise
of Ceylon depends to a very large extent for its
very existence on the free immigration of Tamil
coolies from Southern India. These come over to
the number of 120,000 every year, about 80,000 to

90.000 returning, and as many as from 300,fX)0 to
-100,' 00 of them altogether are employed in the
island. This is besides a large number of traders,
artificer.s, domestic servants, etc., coming to Colombo.
These Indian coolies are all constantly coming and
going — returning home to see relatives and
invest their little savings. They often arrive
a weak sickly people and with the good
food and fine climate on the plantations often become
a sturdy, sleek, h.appy class. Their favouiite route
u.sed to be crossing at Bamban and by boats to
Mannar and then walking down the long road to
Matale ; but of late years a daily steamer service
between Tuticorin — by no means a convenient
port — and Colombo, has tempted the larger number
by that route, although they heartily dislike the
sea.

Next a great quantity of rive is imported from
Southern India— Ceylon not growing half enough to
feed its town and immigrant population. There
is also a large supply of other food products, live*
stock, poultry, &c., from Southern India to Ceylon •
and a certain quantity of raw material such as
cotton. Prom Ceylon there is a large export to
India, of areka (betel) nuts, copperab, coconut oil, &c.

COLOMBO AND AN INDO-CEYLON RAILWAY.

Travancore, a flouiishing planting division in South-
ern India, may bo considered an offshoot from Ceylon,
its first planters having been trained in the ifslan*,
and the natural market for its tea, &c., isC;loml)o
— where there is now regularly established weekly
public sales of tea. To all Anglo-Indi ins in the
Madras Presidency — whether public officers, planters,
missionaries or others — Colombo must become the
favourite port; because there, they can get a steamer
direct to almost any part of the world, which is
not the case at Calcutta or even Bombay, while few
steamers now call at Madras. With railway com-
munication established between the Madras Presi-
dency and Colombo, there cannot be a question
that the latter would become the port for all the
passenger traffic beyond seas ; while such a line would

carry all the coo'ies migrating to and fro, whose num-
bers to Ceylon especially, could not fail to increase very
largely. At present, Ceylon planters would be glad of

50.000 to 100,090 more immigrants than they
have and the requirements of the island are yearly
increasing. Passengers iu tlie shape of pilgrims for
Rameswaram Temple, would certsinly prove agrowing
item in the traffic of .an Indo-Cey'loii line. Colombo
nas already been made the Mail-port to a large ex-
tent for Madras and Rangoon and with aEailway all the
foreign mails and passengers and a certain amount of
goods for Southern India would pass through Colombo
—a, great advantage at such a time as this when

7&5

THK Tropical agriculturist.

[May I, 1897.

the Bombay route is almost barred oa account of
the Piiigue.

'ihen Irom a Military and Imperial point of view,
an Indo-Ceylon Junction Kailvvay could not fail to
be of much importance to British troops kept in the
comparatively cool healthy barracks at Bangalore,
or higher up on the Nilgiris, who could, if required, be
carried by rail for shipment at Colombo to any
part of the African, Austral, Asiatic, European
or Americau world. The British Infantry Regiment
now kept in detachments at different stations (mostly
very hot) in Ceylon, might well be dispensed with
or kept ready at Bangalore more especially in view
of a full local Infantry Volunteer Corps, Volunteer
Artillery and Mounted Foot Companies to back the
Royal Artillery in charge of the Batteries. For
local disturbance of any kind, there is absolutely no
need of the British regiment.

Having thus shown the intimate trade and cooly re-
lations between — and the great encouragement to con-
nect Ceylon and Southern India by railway, I come to
the question of the practical work required and
the probable cost of the same.

THE INDO CEYLON RAILW.VY : — GAUGES.

The Standard Railway Gauge of India adopted by
Lord Dalhousie is 5.V feet and Ceylon followed suit
for its own Railways. But there are 700 miles of
Railway on the metre-gauge in Southern India and
thei'e is only an extension of 100 miles from the town
of Madura (60,000 people) through a populous district
to Pamban required to complete the South Indian
system. From Pamban there would then be un-
broken communicrtion by metre-gauge lines to the
town of Madras serving all the Presidency territory
between these points and across the Southern
districts. In Ceylon there is no metre-gauge ; but
if the direct route from Mannar along the hedthy
open West Coast to Colombo* were adopted, there
would be no iiiteiference with any existing i-ailway
in the island and the metre-g luge (served it might be
from workshops in Southeru-India) would find its own
terminus in Colombo and its grand harbour. Such
a line after the 100 miles to Pamban, would bo
68 miles across the islands and reef to the mainland
of Ceylon and about 140 from Manaar via Put-
lalam, Chilaw and Negombo into Colombo.* One
great advantage on the Ceylon side of this route is
that a profitable local traffic— in passengers especially

would be comiuAiided all the way from Colombo to

Chilaw. At present a canal serves a good deal for goods
but it is crossed at int-crvals by rivers and;
cost the Government a good deal every year to
keeps open ; while there are complaints about the
lons^ delay in the transport of produce, fruit, &c.,
by '’canal. Puttalam is the chief seat of the manu-
facture of salt, used in the island— a Government
monopoly. The objections to this route is the
number of rivers that require to be crossed, es-
pecially between Manaar and Puttalam, so that a
diversiou inland has been proposed here.* At any
rate some such route is the only one available for
the metre-gauge and as affording the most direct
and healthiest railway route between Southern
India and Colombo.

There is another plan, however, for connecting
India and Ceylon on the SJ-feet gauge, which has
been coiiati'ucted in Ceylon up to Kurimegala, wdiile
the Government favour an extension (through a
country bare of people and traffic) to Anuradha-
pura.t There would then only remain about 60
miles to reach Manaar (via Madawachchi perhaps)
or 131 miles to make from Kunmegala on tlie^ 5^
feet line against 118 for the metre by the West

* It has been proposed as an improvement that
the line should urn from Colombo to Puttalam or
Dutch Bav, thence to Auuradhapura and t//en to
M-iiiaar. Several loding Civil Servants with ex-
perience of the districts favour this route and there

f: ,.o specioi cbjectioii to it.— En. y.-I. .

•fMortovev a very aiiJ, poor country in which
planterssoe little prospect of successful cultivation,—

iin, T..L

Coast. One drawback to the inland route, apart
from its circuitous nature (making Colombo 119 in
place of 1-18 miles from Manaar) and the iinhealthi-
ness (fever and malarial country) of a long expanEKi
of jungle, is found in the fact that the section of
the Colombo and Kandy line required to be used
from Polgahawela to Colombo (46 miles) is already
wellnigh fully occupied with traffic ; while an
Indian through train service should be direct, free
fro.n interruptions, well-equipped and comfortable.

The still greater objection to a broad gauge con-
nection is the long distance on which a broad
gauge would have to be laid in India — some 200
miles — before the broad-gauge system was reached
at Erode. It has been said that adopting the
broad-gauge w'ould connect Ceylon with all India ;
but this argument is of little value ; because it is
to serve Southern India up to Madras that Co-
lombo Harbour is adapted ; and there can be no
inconvenience if uninterrupted railway travelling can
be commanded on the metre-gauge between the
cities of Colombo and Madras.

Of course, there is the third course of breaking
gauge either on the Ceylon or Indian side, the
bro.rd being now in Ceylon and the metre in
Southern India. Imperial authorities should, in that
case, decide on the gauge for the actual crissing
between Manaar and Pamban.

SURVEYS, REPORTS AND ESTIMATES

I have now to refer to the Surveys and Reports
which have been made by Engineers with reference
to an Indo-Ceylon Railway. On behalf of the
Ceylon Government, Mr. F. L Waring c.M.o., Chief
Resident Engineer for Railway Extensions, in April
1894, made a ‘‘ Report upon an inspection of the
loute for the proposed Indo-Ceylon Railway from
raiuban to Taladi near Manaar, and of the alter-
native routes by which a railway, if made, might
be connected ivith the Ceylon Railway system.”
Mr. Waring’s Report is a full and valuable one.
Beginning at the Southernmost point of India, the
results he arrived at may be summarized as follows
Pamban Channel crossing (includiug

swing bridge 100 ft. wide) to cost . . R450,000

Ranieswaram island (50,000 devo'ees

often at temples) 17i miles at R5.o,000. . 950,000

Adam’s Biidge, 22 miles, 19 being is-
lands, bridging between, 18,100 lineal
yards of bridging, total coat .. 25,500,000
Manaar island, 17J miles at 1155,000 .. 960,000

Manaar Channel . . . . . . 520,000

Total for crossing from India

to Ceylon about 58 miles R28,, 380,000

or at Is 3d the rupee =* £1,773,750. All on the 5g feet
gauge.

Before going further I may compare this estimate
with that of Mr. E. C. Shadbolt, Engineer-in-Chief,
Madura-Paniban and other Railway Surveys, who ex-
amined and reported about the same time in April 1895
proceeding on the principle that the through line from
Madura to Colombo would be on the metre-gauge ; but
allowing for a double line in the “crossing’ from
India to Ceylon. Mr. Shadbolt also allowed for
a swing bridge 100 feet wide at Pamban, but he
made heavy allowance for one mile of line on reef
to reach the bridge. As regards this “ crossiug ” we
sum up as fo'lows ; —

Pambun reef 1 mile 111,050,000

,, swing bridge 100 feet . . . . R 300,000
Rameswaram island 20 miles . . . . 111,000,000
Adam’s Bridge 21 miles — building a solid
line on the breakwater principle 12
feet high, 30 feet wide — in water, aver-
agedepth l ft; — 12miles at 111,500,000;
on low islands 6 miles at 111,100,000;
on high islands 3 miles at 11100,000. .1124,900,000
Manaar island 17 miles at 1150,000 ..R 850,000

TotU for crossing bridge to Ceylon

' fl, 7,36,000.] or 1128,100,000

A sum singularly near to Mr. Waring's — considering
that the two Engineers adopted dilferiiig modes of
ciobsiug the reef (tud estimated for different gauges,

May I, >897.] THE TROPICAL

Mr. Waring examined the country form Manaar
or rather Taladi via Madawachchi and Anuradhapura
to Kurunegala, a total of 132 miles which he would
probably estimate to cost on light broad-gauge about
li7,260,000 — making a total of 113.5,640,000 for the
Ceylon portion and the crossingon the broad-gauge; but
to this would have to be added if the broad-gauge
were adopted on the Indian side 100 miles of new
line to Madura and alterations of lines for 38 miles
to Dindigul and (in Mr. Shadbolt’s opinion*) next 100
miles new broad line to Palghaut — in all an outlay of
about R17,000,000 — making a total outlay of 1152,610,000
(£3,290,000) for 487 miles and making the railway
distance between the cities of Madras and Colombo
by broad gauge 821 miles.

On the other hand, taking thj metre-gauge as run-
ning from Madras to Madura, Mr. Shadbolt esti-
mates for 100 miles to Pamban at 114,177,460 ; the
“ crossing ” us above 58 miles at 1128,100,000 and then
for 145 miles from Mannar to Colombo, Mr. Shadbolt
allowed 11100,000 a mile— he not having been over the
country, while Mr. Waring (following his assistant Mr.
Oliver who surveyed part of the route) put it under
1185,000 for a broad gauge. For a metre-gauge there-
fore, Mr. Shadbolt should find R65,000 per mile suffi-
cient and we get for 149 miles (more accurate than
145) a total of 119,685,000 — giving a grand total for 307
miles of R41, 962,460 (£2,926,655) and the distance
between the cities of Madras and Colombo by metre-
gauge 650 miles.

Mr. Waring suggests a shorter route by a new
broad gauge line being made between Dindigul and
Kudimudi and a mixed rail utilised on each side.
The distance from Madras to Colombo would then
be about 714 miles. But we do not know how the
Madras authorities would favour this proposal; where-
as a line to Palghaut has actually been projected.

SUM.MAEY or Arguments in he Route, &c.

I w uld now briefly sum up what may be said about
the route for an iudo-Coloinbo line : —

(1) . That the Coast line from Manaar (possibly via
Anuradhapura-Puttalam) to Colombo is by far the most
direct and healthiest for through travellers.

(2) . That it can be on metre-gauge without interfer-
ing with the established the Ceylon Railway system.

(3) . That it can be constructed by a private Syndi-
cate without adding to the financial responsibility of
the Colony.

(4) . That it will serve a very important coconut-
growing country — part of it extremely populous — and
and also open up very desirable new land for palms,
between Chilaw and Puttalam (and inland therefrom)
which the natives are eager to buy.

(5) . It will give ready access to the Pearl Fishery
grounds (and also to Dutch Bay).

(6) . Bring the coolies by a safe route and drop
them at a depot North of the Kelani whence they can

• Mr. Shadbolt’s opinion is as follows -

(1) . The line must be on the metre gauge. The
whole of Southern India is occupied by this gauge.

(2) . The line must run direct to Colombo and not
be hampered and depreciated by trying to work it
in with existing lines.

(3) . With regard to Adam’s Bridge the shoals have
a tendency to increase and become more stable and
a form of construction should be adopted which would
encourage this.— See “ Report ” for views on the water
currents.

These are three points in which I fancy I (Mr.
Shadbolt) differ essentially from Mr. Waiing.

The following are matters of speculation rather than
observation : —

(4) . I believe the natural position of Colombo en-
sures it a future of immense importance. Its situa-
tion will make it for Asia what L ondon is to Ein-ope.

(5) . 'The political value of the raihvay would be
enormous with regard to the Far East in allowing
the military resources of India to be concentrated at
such a commanding point.

(6) . The fear of Ceylon being administratively
merged in India is absolutely puerile and rests on
nothing. The idea of Madras annexing anything is
almost unthinkable.

AGRICULTURIST. ^8^

easily move to the upcountry line or afterwards be
carried to Kalutara, etc.

(7) . Such a line worked by a private Company
under certain regulations as to charges, would give
the Ceylon and Home Governments as w'ell as the
public a much-needed check (by way of comparison)
on some of the existing Ceylon Government lines, as
to outlay in upkeep, re[.air8, working expenses, etc.

(8) . This Coast line would also enable us in Ceylon
to c:impare the merits and demerits of the two gauges
with reference to the opening of the North and East
of the island.

(9) . It should be a great advantage to have the
same Syndiciite making and working the line on both
sides of the Adam’s Bridge Viaduct.

(10) . It is impossible for any impartial Anglo-Indian
or Aiiglo-Ceylon resident to approve of the roundabout
interior route from Manaar to Kurunegala, to Polgaha-
welaand thence Colombo, with its unhealthy drawbacks
for many months, as compared with the more direct
sea-coast line for an Indo-Ceylou railway. How would
it do to take Anglo-Indian invalids through the most
feverish part of Ceylon ?

(11) . It is certain that a great part of the direct
coast line will have eventually to be made even for
local irqliic. It will pay belter than the line to Galle;
and we all know how expensive it is to keep up a
Canal crossed by rivers often in flood — and how
slow the traffic is by boats. Steamers and coaches
cannot overtake the passenger traffic between Colombo
and Negombo and Chilaw, and steamers^can run only
to Kelauiya — 3 to 4 miles from the heart of Colombo.

(12) . 'There is, of course, the immense importance
of, a direct line from South India to the heart of
Colombo with its grand, fully protected Harbour and
Dock-to-be.

(13) . And, also, the scope for settling some of the
surplus population of Souih India in the region
easlw.u’d from Manaar, ruttalam and Chilaw.

(14) . As regards extending from Kurunegala North-
wards, nearly every authority, who has thought of
this, is agreed that a tramway (speed, 8 or 10 miles
an hour) on the existing excellent North road would
amply suffice to serve traffic and develop the country,
a.s far as Jaffna.

Tlt.AFFIC estimates.

I next come to Estimates of Traffic for the proposed
line. 'These have never been the subject of a pro-
per enquiry. 'The only published approximation is
by Mr. Shadbolt, the Indian Engineer referred to.
He first calcul'ted that in order to secure a net re-
turn of 4 percent, on his total estimated outlay
from Madura to Colombo of R48,700,000, the gross
receipts must amount to R3, 900,000 per annum. But
in the first place, I have shown that with correct-
ions on the Ceylon side which Mr. Shadbolt never
inspected, his total cost should be reduced to
1141,962,460 ; and in the 2nd place, Mr. Shadbolt’s
estimate of the emigrants and immigrants — based on
figures of some years back — is far below the mark
of the present day ; while, indeed, the number coming
to Ceylon from South India is now likely every year to
increase — the Ceylon planters at this moment wanting
50,000 to 100,000 more labourers. As regards goods
traffic it is very difficult to form even a guess ; but I
should certainly expect Travancore and South India
tea generally to find its way to the Colombo mar-
ket by rail, as also a certain proportion of rice and
other produce. Mr. Shadbolt took no account (as he
points out) in his estimate of first-class passenger
traffic, or of local traffic, both on the Indian and
Ceylon side. Now for the line from Madura to
Pamban by itself, there is an estimate of traffic
showing a net return of 13 55 per cent, on the capi-
tal outlay. No doubt this takes account of pilgrims
to Rameswaram and emigrants to Ceylon. On the
Ceylon side, I am clear that a line from Colombo
to Puttalam ought to yield 5 per cent, on its cost
simply from local traffic. 'That being the case and
looking to the many ways in which the convenience
and utility of the junction line would be realized —
in military movements for instance — I think it would
be safe to say that a net mipimmu retiu'u of 3 yes

4

788

THE TROPICAL

AGRICCL'I'URIS r

[May I, 1897.

cent, might be anticipated on the total cost of a metre-
gauge line from Madura to Colombo.

ANIICIPATEB BENEFITS.

I would now attempt in a few words to summa-
rize the benefits already indicated which would
accrue from an Indo-Ceylon junction R.iilway to India,
to Ceylon and to the Imperial Government. First,
as to India, we have a first-class Harbour made
available for Southern India, which is without a single
port of its own worthy of the name. Steamer
communication with all parts of the world— even
to the Pacific and East as well as South African
Coasts — is maintained from Colombo. There is also
a favourable market for South Indian produce, es-
pecially tea, coffee and rice. Next there is the benefi-
cial outlet or its surplus population. Some of the
Collectorates of the Madras Presidency aie immensely
indebted to Ceylon as it is : in the Madras famine of
1877, Ceylon saved as many lives of the famine-
stricken as were probably rescued by all the other
official and private relief applied. I think it is Sir
Charles Bernard who has said that in Southern India
there are several millions of people who, if they can
get the equivalent ofSo-Gcijner family per week, are
well-off, but who, inasmuch as they often cannot
make more than ars on the verge of scarcity

and sometimes of famine. Now Ceylon not only wants
an increased number of free immigrants ; but it
offers in its North-West and Central parts a great ex-
tent of land for gradual but permanent settlement
to the overcrowded Tamils of Sou'.bern India, — a
matter of immense importan'io to the Indian
Government, since the distress and famine now pre-
vailing in the North, may, any season, be experienced
in the South as it was ten jears ago.

The advantages to Ceylon are largely connected
with a free and ample labour supply for its planta-
tions, roads and other public w’oiks and for the taking
up of waste land. An Indo-Ceylon Railway, in its saving
of lime, health and money to the poor coolies (as
compared with the wearisome road and ferry rou'e,
and the troublesome steamer-crossing) would make
no mean addition to the number of days’ labour even
without ii)crea=!ed numbers. But these would be sure
to come: a Filming Commissionn- (Mr. E. .1

Young) who went over the Madras Presidency some
years ago and snwihe chief anthorit'es, made sure that
unbroken railway communication was the one solu-
tion of a continuous labour difficulty — never more
pressing than in the present year. Then, of course,
unoccupied districts in Ceylon would benefit by
development; while the port and market of Colombo
could not fail to be directly benefitted when they
became the chief outlet for the Madras Presidency.

Then as regards Impekial interests, it might be
enough to remind you how these arc bound up with
the advancement of British Dependencies. London
secures all but an insignificant portion of the trade
from Ceylon : the more that island is developed — and
it has capabilities for supporting at least 8 to 10 in
place of 8 millions of people— the more produce there
will be to export, and the greater the demand for
British goods— already very largely consumed by the
native people of Cevlon. Anything, too, to relieve
the pressure of population in India is a matter of
Imperial importance. Mr. Chamberlain would find
in an Indo-Ceylon railway a potent means of de-
veloping thousands of square miles of fine land now
Iving idle in the “ public estate.” But there are also
the direct Imperial advantages from a Naval and
Imperial point of view. To have a Naval basis in the
Indian Ocean so convenient and secure as Colombo,
facing the French in Madagascar, central Jor either
the Malabar or Coromandel Coasts of India or for
Burma and the Straits and commanding tor Western
Australia, would surely be an Imperial gain. Still
more may be said in reference to military and
strategic ndvantnges'; but on this I need merely
quote Sir Charles Dilko when in a recent standard
work he says : — “ India under a better organization
of Imperial Defence would become the Eastern centre
of defeace from which garrisons iii half the world

would bo aided and upon which, rather than upon
home arsenals, they would depend for their supplies.
* * * The creation ef an Eastern Woolwich is an
Imperial need.”

But any decision that India shall be the source of
succour and supply for our Eastern Possessions raises
at once the other question, at what point on her vast
coast lino are the succour and supply to be made
available? With the map before him no one will
challenge the proposition that, given railway connec-
tion between India and Ceylon.— so that men and
war materiel may be passed into the island promptly
and safely, — Colombo is the point where our vessels
and stations in Southern and Eastern waters might
best obtain repair and supply. Put it this way.
Wherever the Eastern Woolwich, to borrow Sir Charles
Dilke’s apt phrase, may be placed, the Eastern
Portsmouth should stand in the utmost south, an
arm outstretched to succour. And the two should be
made one by railway, — by the Indo-Ceylon Railway.

The other day at the Society of Arts, Sir Charles
Dilke spoke of Ceylon as “ an important strategic
point” and that "the garrisons of many islands and
coaling stations would have to be increased in time
of war which would greatly add to the burden of
the Navy at ail inopportu le moment.” But this is just
what railway communication with India would
obviate, as troops could be poured into Colombo — a
very important coaling station — whenever war
threatened, without ever troubling the Navy.

I have tried to show that, financially and com-
mercially, there isjustification for undertaking an Indo-
Ceylon junction railway ; but it will now be seen to be
something more than a sound business under-
taking, it is a necessary factor in the defence of the
Empire under the conditions imposed by the armed
approximation of France from the south-westward
and the extension of the Russo-French alliance east-
ward.

In a letter published a few months ago in a London
paper, M.de Lanessau (late Goveruor-Generalof French
Indo-China) writes :— The important woiks done at
Colombo give her (i.e. England) not only a port of call
perfectly safe at all periods of the year, but also the
command of the most antral points, ot all the Indian
Ocean.” I\I. de Lane.ssun, I lieai-, is an expert in
matters of tliis sort, and bis opinion on the strategic
iinportance of our port ranks high a;nong the argu-
ments for the equipment of Colombo as a naval
base on a scale commensurate with her geographical
position ; and for the construction (as a part of that
experiment) of the Indo-Ceylon railway.

Finally we have had the expression of o))iniou of the
present Governor of Ceylon — His Excellency Sir J.
West Ridgeway k.c.b., k.c.s i , who, in his Opening
Speech to this Legislative Council on Oct. 26th,
1896, declared : —

‘‘ I believe that railway extension to the North will
soon lead to railway communication with India, and
railway communication with India will, I believe,
remove any labour difficulty that may arise. I
believe that railway communication with India would
be good for trade, and that in time of war Indian
trade would prefer the land route to Colombo to
the risk and dangers of the sea passage across the
Bay of Bengal.”

It might not be easy to fit the work of a Syndicate
or Company— especially if adopting the metre-gauge
— into correspondence with the existing Ceylon
Government lines. Permission to lay a third rail,
and for running powers would be required. But I am
led to believe that to a responsible body under-
taking an independent metre-line all the way
from Madura to Colombo, by the const route, the
Goveiiior of Ceylon and his Councils would offer no
objection especially if the proposal came on at an
early date.

“ Ways and means ” always form an important
part in the consideration of a great undertaking
of this kind. It is a matter of recent history, I
believe, that a Syndicate promoted by a Bombay
mercantile house ami leading men on the South
India Railway innile proposals for an Indo-Ceylon
Railway to the India and Colonial Office autboritiei,

May I, 1897,]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

7S9

and from the former, got a certain time-concession,
now expired. A Syndicate or Company formed in
this City of L mdon with an intelligent appreciation
of the benelits accruing from its work, ought, I
should think, to be readily met by the Indian,
Colonial an i Horae authorities. A joint guarantee
of 3 per cent, the responsibility being divided be-
tween the Indian, Ceylon and Imperial Treasuries,
ought not to be grudged and ought surely to suffice.

It has been suggested that as an Indo-Ceylon
Railway would probably enable the Iraperi il authorities
to station a’. Bangalore the British Infantry regi-
ment now divided between Colombo and Trincomalee,
so some financial aid towards the guarantee for the
line might be got through the saving in the Military
Contribution, v'eylon at present pays into the
Imperial Treasury by way of Military Contribution
about Rl,i500,0,)() (says £100,000) per annum. Part
of this at least mif.»lit be saved under the con-
ditions iilready indicated and utilised to promote so
useful a work for the Imperial, Indian and Ceylon
interests as an Indo-Ceylou Railway.

While Indian and Ceylon Railways, in spite of
miuy troubles, arc — says a recent writer in
the Indian press— paying literally “ hand over-
fist,” it is anomalous that the English capitalist
should continue to send his money for investment
in South American and other such speculations. The
fact probably is that in the City of London the
promoter’s, the broker's, and the gambling specu-
lator's interests lie in far more tempestuous waters
than in the calm harbours of Indian railw.ay enter-
prise. Wnere out of India and Ceylon will be found
many tliomauds of miles of railways woriced under
au unimpeachable system of audit, an] cos ing in
operating expenses only about half of their entire
earnings'? Aud yet capital is shy of coming forward.
Anything that the Governments of India and Ceylon
can do to make it clear to the sensible English
investor that in Indian ruihv.ij-s there is a fair field
for legitimate enterprise, will be a g.iin all round
as well to the English capitalist as to the Indian
taxpayer.

I send with this MSS. a copy of the Report of
Mr. Waring, m.i.c.e.. c.m.g., and also of that of Mr.
Shadbolt, the Indian Engineer, with their diagrams
and pi, ins, as referred to in my paper, to lay on
the table for the use of members. I also forward a
map of Ceylon with the Railway lines constructed,
surveyed aud projected, duly m irked,

J. Feuguson.

Colombo, Ceylon, February 2.3th, 1897.

DISCUSSION.

Tlie Chairm.aN: — I came hei-e to learn, for
it was quite suHicient for me to know that
Mr. F erguson of CuIoiiiIm), had prepared

tlie paper to be sure that there would be
a gre.at deal of information in it. (Hear, hear.)
I think it will save a con.siderahle amount of
time if rve do not follow the paper tlirongliont.
It is well-known to almost everybody in this
room — because tliey are nearly all praclical
people, accustomed to trade with the East — that
Colombo is a magnificent port. In the next
place I think we can clear a good deal of gronnd
if we do not follow the paper into the military
question today. In the railway to unite Colombo
with India, I think we shall find we liave a
sulficieiitly large field to cover tins afternoon.
Anyone looking at tlie map of Ceylon, and
the map of Southern Asia, must see rlnit Ceylon
is the central point. GoieniineiUs are not
always in advance of the people, and the peojile
tliemselves are not always ready to advance —
especially people in new co ntne-* (and Ceylon
is practically a new country). But Ceylu'n is
ready for tiie ne-.v railw.ay. If a railway could
he made it is quite certain that it imist pay.
In America we see how much is hrdng done to
save a few hours, and sometime's even a few

minutes, in travel and transit. By thi.s railway
ibis hoped to save days, ami thus to bring Australia
and Java aud South and Central India into closer
connection. There are so many practical people
in the room, tlioronglily conversant with tliis
subject that I am sure you will be glad to liear
them instead of myself. I may say, however,
that 1 have heard that matters are rather more
advanced tlian some of us had thought.

Mr. H. Ki.miikI!, M.P.,* said: — I have just re-
turned from a journey to India, in the course
of which 1 went over the groimd with which the
lecturer has dealt in liis interesting paper. There
is no doubt that a line such as he describes,
conireetiiig Ceylon with the mainland of India,
and connecting it by a bridge, is rather a more
serious undertaking than he contemplates. But
undoubtedly it will eventually be an accomplished
fact, and it will, I am sure, be for the benefit of
coiniiierce generallj' and of India and Ceylon in
particular. (Hoar, hear.) I have been a
Director of the Southern Indian Railway for years,
and this line would be a branch of our main line.
The concc.ssion which Mr. Ferguson referred to,
granted some three or four years ago, liaving
expired, fresh negotiations are now before the
Government. We have had meetings to confer
on the subject and to get into practical shape
a project for construction by feeder line Com-
panies, with a view — one view — of getting the
.subscription of Indian and Ceylon and English
capital. The propo.sitions to the Government
offered two alternatives — one to tlo it under a
3 per cent guarantee, and one to do it under a
3^ l)er cent qualified guarantee. In the first case
(the 3 [)er cent) tlie terms can be obtained at
the India Office : they were published last week
in a Parliamentary return. The 3 per cent guaran-
tee would be one by the tloverninent, with cer-
tain conditions attached whicli 1 need not go
into now. The 3i per cent is a guarantee by
tlie parent Company out of traffic, the details of
which are in a statement which I have not got
with me ; .and I prefer not to give them from
memory. I think this brings the railway very
near to accomplishment. I saw Sir West Ridge-
way in passing through, and had some conver-
.sation with him as to the railways upon the
Ceylon side. The heads of the Ceylon Govern-
ment are bent upon railway construction, and
there can be no doubt that there Avill be pro-
gress on the Ceylon side trending towards the
Indian Coast. Sir West Ridgeway told me
the question was one of gauge. I pressed
upon him as to Mannar that he should make
tliat witli the metre gauge. As ours is metre-
gauge, and the gauge extends up to Poona, it
will be seen that if they want to run from
Ceylon np to Bombay quickly it should be by
one gaiure, and that one the metre-gauge. The
position on that side we must leave for the
Ceylon Government. Prospects as reg.ards traffic

* Kimber, Henry. [Wamhioorth.) a. of Mr. Joseph
Kimber, of Caiionbury. B. in Loudou July, 1834 ; m.
1860, Mary Adelaide, d. of the late General Charles
Dixon, 11. E., of Rectory Grove, Claphara. Was admitted
a solicitor in 1858, having previously taken the first
prize of the Incorporated Law Society, and a second-
class certificate in law at University College, London.
Is a director of the South Indian Ridlway Co., chair
man of the Natal Land and Colonization Co., and
director of several colonization aud other Companies.
Is also a member of the Royal Colonial Institute
Has sat for Wandsworth since 1885. A ” progressive
Conservative.”— 79, Lombard-st., E. C.; Lansdowne
LodffC, West-hill, Wandsioorth, S. IP.; Carlton, City
Carlton, St. Stephen's and Constitutional Clubs. — ‘‘Dod,’*

790

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May r, 1897.

on our (Indian) side are very good indeed.
I don’t suppose we have had a branch line
whicli otters such good prospects in itself, even
without the aid of a guarantee, (Hear, hear).
I left Illy big ship at Colombo and took a
small ship to Tuticorin to see the approaches
to the Indian coast. The dist.ance from coast
to coast (on the railway route) is, I think,
about equal to the breadth of the English
Channel from Dover to Calais. That is, of
course, a formidable distance to get across. I
saw not only Sir West Kidgeway, but also Sir
Arthur Havelock and the Viceroy in Calcutta,
and they all seem to look upon the Indo-
Ceyloii junction as a thing for future consideration
entirely, not for the jnesent. it would involve
the making of a railway 20-odd miles across the
water, and though it is true that for a great
portion of that dist.ance there are rocks ami
ground seldom more than seven or eight feet
under the surface of the water, yet, even so,
anyone with the slightest knowledge of engineer-
ing would know that it must be a formiilable
work. Then there comes .a i>ortion of very
deep water, and how that is to be spanned is
tor engineers to explain. But the present sug-
gestion is by steamers. A good [lort can be ob-
tained on eacdi side by steamers of considerable
size. It is siiggesteil tiiat the existence of this
ridge under water would alf’ord in one monsoon
protection on the one side, and in the other

half of the ye.ar, during the other monsoon,
the passage would be on tlie other side, by

which the ships would be e([iially protected. So it
is considered tl.at the passage by water would
be a tolerably easy one — considerably easier than
the one of 150 miles tliat I made. It is alto-
gether .an nmlertakitur of a most interesting
character, and I am glad Mr. Ferguson of

(jolombo has brought it before us at this

time, when discussion is taking place with a
view to bringing the matter into practical shape,
(Applause.)

Mr. F. J. Warixg, c.M.f!., said ; — I spent some
considerable time at Adam’s Bridge, during which
I made .a survey of it. Mr. Ferguson was hardly
correct in saying theware s no “column”.* I saw
there was ; it was all sand. As to the depth of
water, I took very careful soundings ami there
is a maximum depth in one place of 34 feet.
About half (he distance is of sand and sand
islands, and the other half water. About the
route for the connecting railw.ay between .Adam’s
Bridge and the rest of Ceylon, 1 have advocated
a line from Mannar to Madawachchi, where it
would connect with the proposed Northern
railway. Travelling from Mannar to Puttalam
the country is quite uninhabited and any line
passing through that country would there cross
rivers at their deltas, where they .are veiy low and
subject to very serious Hoods, I think, f The
rainfall for several months is practically nil. The
lineilown the centre of the island, recommended by
.a Commission sitting in Colombo, would pass
through country with a better rainfall— country
which was at one time in a high state of culti-
vation, as is evidenced by the ruined tanks by
which it is covered. I do not wish to be under-
stood as indicating any doubt as to the practi-
cability of constructing a line between Alannar
and India. I believe it to be perfectly pr.acti-

* Sic in reporter’s notes, but must be some blunder.
—Ed. T.A.

t This is obviated by passing frjm Mannar ia
Auuradhipura to Balta’ani. — Eu. 7’. I.

cable. But there can be no doubt whatever th.at
it would be very costly, and I fear that

the colony of Ceylon would hardly undertake

that at present, though I think— and I have
spoken with many otticials in Ceylon upon the
subject, and I think the general iinpres.sion
among these otticials is that the line will come —
that a line between Ceylon and India will come
in the iuture, though possibly the present time

is hardly riiie for it. There is one little point

on which 1 should like to touch. I have been
a great deal maligned. I have, I fear, the
character of being a determined advocate of the
broad-gauge, irrespective of any conditions whatso-
ever. That, sir, is not the ca.se. I am not .an
advocate for broad or any other gauge. The

gauge of a line should be* a geographical ques-
tion. But there is one thing I am opposed to,
and that is a break of gauge. When once the
guage of a railway h.as been introduced into a
country, after mature deliberation and great study
of the question, I think that should be adhered
to. We have in England the experience of the
(ireat Western Railway. When it was constructed
Mr. Brunei made light of break of gauge. His-
tory has shown us how great its evils are. It
is no use to say there will no difficulty in an
independent line from Mannar down the coast.
It would not be independent, I think. The ma-
jority of the p.issengers would be immigrant
coolies, the bulk of whom go to the different
estates upcountry. Taking them down from
I’uttalani to Colombo would be distinctly sending
them out on their wa3'. They would have to
go back again to reach the upland estates. I
think the cry for a branch-line from Puttalam
to Kurunegala would come at once, in order to
save the coolies’ travelling distance. (Hear, hear.)

Mr. F. H, M. CoKiJKT : — We are once more
greatly indebted to Mr. Ferguson. (Hear, hear). The
line may not be possible just at present, but it must
come, and the sooner the better ; and Mr. Ferguson
has greatly helped to break the ground. (Hear, hear).

If there has to be a break of gauge we have to
make it where it will cause the least incon-
venience. Probably Puttalam would be the easier
point. Even if goods were wanted upcountry their
transhipment from Colombo wouhl not be a very
serious matter. The increase of passenger trattic
between Puttalam and Colombo may be reckoned
upon as a certainty. There is a thriving popula-
tion between the two, and it lends itself to great
increase should facilities for transjiort be given.
Experience in Ceylon, has shown that within an
exceedingly short time a population has clustered
around railway stations, ami has provided the
traffic which the line was intended to serve, and
as a rule, that has far exceeded the estimates
formed at the outset. Everything in Ceylon has
been in favour of railway construction. (Hear,
hear.)

Mr. H. W. C.WE : — I think the railway should
not go from Puttalam to Manaar ; but as far
north as possible. It would be the means of opening
u[) the North-Central Province, which was, two
Imndred years ago, the .supportof millions of people.
The district is now uncultivated ; and, liaving
recently spent con.siderable time in that part of
the island, I expre.ss the opinion that if the
railway were brought directlj' through the Pro-
vince it would be the means of not merely
bringing coolies to Colombo but would open up
the whole of this I’rovince. (Hear, hear.) No
doubt if the railway were made, British enter-
prise would be the means of bringing the Province
under cultivation once moi’C. (Hear, hear.)

Mav I, 1S97.J

THE TROPICAI

AGRICULTURIST.

79X

Tlie Chairman, in moving a vote ot thanks to
tlie author ami the reader of the paper, said : — Mr,
John Ferguson lias done wonderful work for
Ceylon, and India as well. (Ajiplause.) It is no
light matter to get up all this information
and tliese statistics and place them here in
the City of London, and get together the
practical men who are here today, and
who thoroughly understand the evolution of this
railway. It does seem an e.xtraordinary thing;
it is many years since I was in Ceylon - before
there w.as a harbour there at all — and jieople
were quite sure there could be no harbour made
in Colombo with stones, because of the force
of the se.a. This has been got ovei', and here we
have a small break in between two large masses
of country, and with plenty of material — and
we hear this afternoon that it is just a question
of gauge ! Surely, if the foundations can be got
in — and we know in England wonderful founda-
tions have been laid for breakwaters— if that can
be done it won’t matter if there are three lines
of rails doiwi, because if they can get one
embankment down that can stanil the gauges.
As to whether they should eiul in India or Ceylon,
that is quite a separate question hardly wortliy
of discussion. The great question is how we are
to bridge over this small strait between the Con-
tinent and Ceylon, was to give Sontherii India
th.e full advantage of the Harbour of Colombo.
(Hear, hear.)

The vote of thanks was passed by acclamation,
and Mr. Donald F£RGU.S0N briefly responded, tlie
proceedings closing witli the usual acknowledg-
ment of the Chairman's sendees.

We may add here e.\ tracts from some letters
received by the writer of the Faper, by a recent
mail ; —

Sir Thomas Sutherland, Chairman of the P. &0.
S. N. Company, in a kind note of apology for in-
ability to be present, remarks : —

“I ought to have been at the meeting of the
Chamber of Commerce today to hear your paper
read ; but it has been impossible, for 1 have had so
many things to do. As you have an excellent Chair-
man in Sir Albert Rollit — a man of encyclopedic
knowledge — my presence was the less necessary.
Your idea lies undoubtedly in the future, it must
come about.”

Mir. Matthews (Harbour Works Consulting
Engineer) is good enough to write us by the
mail : —

“ I had a most important engagement fixed for today
with a gentleman from South Africa, who has come
home to consult us, and so was unable to get away
in order to attend the meeting of the Chamber of
Commerce at w'hich your paper was read. I gather,
however, from a letter to hand from Mr. Kyle,
that he was present. Mr. Keurick Murray sent u?
some cards, and I am today writing him a letter of
thanks, informing him that it was with great re-
gret that I was unable to attend. Had I had a few
days’ longer notice, I might have made arrange-
ments accordingly, but I was not aware until yester-
day morning that your paper had been fixed to
come off this afternoon. Had time permitted I
might also have got up a cartoon plan for the
lecture room. If you require a small scale plan of
the Harbour Wor-ks to illustrate your paper — as no
doubt it will be published — we shall be very pleased
to supply the same if you will let us hear from
yon.”

A Ceylon proprietary planter, present, writes : —

“The whole thing was, I think, a great success,
and your paper highly approved of, as well it might,
for it was a very able document, and must have
taken a lot of work to compile. I have no doubt that
the railway will follow in due course, but let us
urge quicJdjj, for there is no use waiting till we go
' }7ack from want of labour on our tea estates, and so

let the island lose its name to a certain extent.
Moreover, with this plague and famine, labour ought
to be got on a very cheap scale for the work on
the line.”

Another ex-Ceylon resident writes : —

“ On Tuesday I was in London and heard your
paper read by Mr. D. W. F. It was a capital
gathering, representative both of the City and Cey-
lon. The room was quite full and all listened at-
tentively. Very pleasing references were made to
yourself personally and the work you have done
and there was a general feeling which found expres-
sion in some words that fell from the Chairman
that the reading of the paper before the London
Chamber of Commerce meant a definite step in
helping to the carrying out of the scheme. One
heard with pleasure the speeches of the Chairman,
Mr. Kiraber, m, p., Mr. Waring, Mr. Corbet,
and Mr. Cave, though one regretted that others in
the room, w'ell qualified to speak, did not make
an utterance. Mr. D. W. F. read the paper well, and
Mr. A. M. F. helped ns in following his comments by
pointing to the map. The paper was followed with
evident interest by all present.”

Mr. D. W. Ferguson write.s : —

“ I was glad there was a good attendance, but
sorry more did not speak. You will see what
Mr. Kimber said about the intention of the S. I. R. to
extend the line to Pamban. He also said the money
had been deposited for it. I went to Spottiswoode’s
to try and get the Parlimamentary paper he refer-
red to, but the only one I could get (which I send)
docs not give anything about a new prop'tsal. Mr.
Corbet is anxious that your paper shotild be read before
the Imperial Institute !”

One of the most sensible criticisms on the
Lecture was that offered by a City merchant,
who has never been in the East ; but who
writes to ns by this mail : —

“ 1 listened to yonr paper on the 23rd inst. with
much pleasure. It appears to me tliat you have
made out a fine case for Colombo as the great
Entrepot of the East. But if I might make the
observation, there are two points which might be
more fully dwelt upon, namely : — (1) The importance
already of Colombo by reason of its own trade;
(2) The trade between India and Australia which
greatly needs such a facility as Colombo (with the
propo.sed railw'ay) would provide.”

Mr. H. W.Cave writing to a friend, says: —

“I greatly appreciated Mr. Ferguson’s able paper.
He dealt with the railway question in the clearest and
most forcible manner, so that it was no trouble to
grasp the points urged from considerations so various.
I ventured on a very few remarks in favour of the
Anuradhapura route. The seacoast route would
benefit India most, but the inland route would do
much more for Ceylon, both for the native and
European population.”

[Mr. Cave has not been up the Chilaw road
to see its industry and population and the lore.st
re.scrves towards Pnttalam : a divergence theaec
to .Anuradhapura would, however, meet his views.
— Kn. 7’. A.]

The accomplished London Correspondent of
the JFc-Acni Daily Vtnew wrote of the lecture as
follows : —

“The last lecture delivered at the London Chamber of
Commerce for the season was prepared by Mr John
Ferguson, the propLietor of the Cculon Obneyver, and
was read by his cousin, Mr. Donald Ferguson. He
impressed upon the audience the imp ortance atta .hed
to a railway which would connect India with the
“ pearl island.” With conciseness Mr. Ferguson had
traced the social advantages it would give to resi-
dents in Madras, besides accelerating their mails.
The Empire would benefit its construction, for
Colombo was the best and moat accessible harbonr
to the South of India, which served as a counectii’g
link with England, South Africa, Australia, and the
Chinese ports. It would also be of material import-
ance to the island itself, for at preseirt the tea
planters found a dillicnlty in securing enough coolie
labour, Qa the other hand, the Taiuils in the ISoutb

792

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May 1, 1897.

of India were either starving or also had to tramp
along a dusty road through the centre of the island.
Having explained the necessity of a railway track,
the lecturer traced two alternative courses the first
^ong the western shore, bounding a fertile tract of
^ nd but hampered by the deltas of rivers ; the
second, a longer one, through the centre of the
island. Mr. Cave, however, whose book on the
ruined cities of Ceylon is commanding so good a
Sale, spoke on behalf of the second line on the
ground that it would pass across a district which
two thousand years ago had been one of the most
fertile in the colony, and which he held would come
under cultivation were it more easy of approch to
the native.”

THE INDO-CKYLOX RAILWAY.

From tlie London Conespondont of a Colombo
contemporary, we quote a.s follows

London, March 20.

We had a Field-day at the London Cham-
ber of Commerce on Tuesday last on the
subject of tlie proposed Indo-Ceylon llailway.
The autliorities of that institution evidently did
not anticipate a large audience to hear Mr.
Donahl Ferguson read Mr. John Ferguson’s paper :
for they shut oil' lialf the Council Chamber by
the moveable partition, and the result was that
tlie scant space was inconveniently crowded.
There was a goodly gathering of Ceylon men

S resent, amongst them being Mr. T. E. B. Skinner,
Ir. H. W. Cave, Mr. F. J. Waring, Mr. J. L.
Shand, Mr. W. M. Leake, Mr. F. H. M. Corbet,
Mr, A. L. Hutchinson, Mr. J. Hamilton, Mr. A.
Ross, Mr. J. C. Roberts, Messrs. A. M. and D,
Ferguson, etc,. Sir Albert Rollitt occupied the chair
at the opening of the meeting, but having engage-
ments at the House of Commons he quickly
made way for Mr. T. Christy, who had to admit
that he came to the meeting simply as a learner.
MR. FERGUSON’S PARER.

The paper ably set forth tlie advantages, both
commercial and political, that the construction of
the Railway would oiler to all concerned, and as it
will no doubt be published in extenso in Ceylon
I need not deal fuither w ith it. The interest of
the meeting centered in the speech of Mr. Henry
Kiinber, M.F., who, as a Director of the Great
Southern India Railway, lately went over the
ground, interviewing during his travels both Sir
West Ridgeway and Sir Arthur Havelock.
Speaking with full knowledge of his subject he
announceil that the scheme had now fallen into
stronger hands and that its execution was nearer
than most of us anticipated. He was further
understood to say that his Company was pre-
pared to construct the Indian portion of the
new line as a branch of their system. Mr. Waring
expressed an opinion, founded on personal obser-
vation, that there was no great engineering
obstacle to bridging the straits, but the process
would, he thought be a costly one. He also
touched lightly on the vexed question of gauge,
and playfully disclaimed the role of a thorough
going opponent of narrow' gauge lines : it was
more the break of gauge to which he objected.
But as was subsequently jiointed out by Mr. Corbet,
the Ceylon gauge being 5 feet, and the Southern
India only one metre, if the two are to be made
one line, there must be break of gauge somewhere
for the coolies and for up-country trallic. Through
goods from India sent for shipment for Colombo
might indeed escape any break, if the metre
gauge was continued from Manaar along the
Coast to Colombo. Mr. 11. W. Cave with his
Avell-known predilections for the land of buried
cities, laid stress on the importance of linking

up the Anuradhapura district with its fertile
acres ready to support a teeming population now
starving in Southern India.

From no quarter was there even a whisper of
a doubt in regard to the eventual construction of
the Railway or of its vast utility when constructed.
And Mr. John Ferguson may be congratulated on
having once more lent an effective helping hand
towards the fulfilment of another great scheme
tending to the further development of Ceylon.

^

VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES.

Japan.— As a result of brisk sales of tea during
last year, probably in consequence of the un-
expected small amount of production, there is
now, says the Japa7i Times ot March 27th, very
little leaf left in the Yokohama market, and
this is almost unfit for exportation. A remark-
able appreciation of prices may therefore be ex-
pected when the new tea is ready, in the coining
month.

Packing of Tea at Gardens is attracting
the attention of the Indian Tea Association as
its General Committee has received a communi-
cation, from the Committee of the Calcutta Tea
Traders’ Association, to the effect that a number
of claims have been sent in to thao As.sociation
during the past season for the particular kind
of damage to tea knewn as cheesiness,” appar-
ently resulting from the use of unseasoned wood
for the boxes.

Japanese Enterprise.— Mr. Shibusawa and a
few' other prominent capitalists of Tokiyo have
a project on foot to establish a joint-stock emi-
gration company, with a capital of 1,000,000 yen.
The waste lands, stretching over 10,000 cho, in
the districts of Kato and Kasai in Hokkaido,
are to be put under cultivation by sending emi-
grants from the interior. The application made
to the Government for renting the land has
already been granted, so it now remains to have
the company organized as soon as it is re-
cognized by the authorities. Beans and wheat will
be at first iirincipally raised, but it is intended
to ultimately plant other crops.

Mr. Kelavay Bamber having retired from the
service of the Indian Government in order to join
his lather’s analytical business in London, invites
orders for analyses of .soils, manures. See. &c. and
adds : —

My experiences in Assam tea districts and more
recently in Kumaon will enable me to draw reliable,
conclusions from analysis and submit reports and
recommendations, which would be of utility

to planters. Besides work for individual gardens I
shall be glad to try and elucidate any interesting
questions affecting the tea trade generally, such as
the chemical and other changes which occur in tea
during the voyage home, when exposed to the high
temperature and close atmosphere of the ship’s hold.

India-Rubber— Says The Globe of April .3—
The prospectus is issued of the India-Rubber
(Mexico) (Limited), with a capital of £406,000 in
4b0,000 ordinary and 6,000 deferred shares of £1
each. Subscriptions are now invited for 300,000
ordinary shares, and £200,000 7 per cent, first
mortgage debentures. The company has been
loriiieu to acquire and develop an india-rubber
idantation known as “ La Esmeralda,” in the
distnct of Juquila, Oaxaca, Mexico, and also tlie
india-rubber and chicle gum estates and plantation
of “ Llano de Juarez” in the district of Pochutla,
Oaxaca. These two properties cover together 440
square miles, ami are freehold ; and it is estimated
tliat theie aie up>yards of 350,000 india-rubber trees
available for tapping. The list opens on Monday)

May I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

793

^orirespcmlcDCi?.

To (he Editor.

AGRICULTURE IN ZANZIBAR.

Friends’ Industrial Mission,
Pemba, Zanzibar, Feb. 24.

Dear Sir,— I am in receipt of your Tropical
Agriculturist, and offer my best thanks. I will
endeavour from time to time to let you know
what is going on here and what I am able to
do in the way of agriculture. At present I have
no land and do not expect to have for some
months. Meanwhile I shall use my eyes to
fche best of my ability. Agriculture here is in a
condition next door to hopeless— not the fault
of soil or climate, but of the so-called agriculturists
who are the slaveowners. We await the “Anti-
Slavery Crisis” and its result. — Yours truly,

THEODORE BURTT.

[The abolition of slavery, announced the other
day, will delight Mr. Burtt. — Ed. T.A.}

JAVA AND JAPAN TEAS.

London, March 19.

Dear Sir,— It appears I was wrong in thinking
that the Exchange on Java bills was based on
the market price of silver. I was misled by
the information I got out of Whitaker, when
looking for the weight and value of the various
silver coins. I find that the Exchange for de-
mand bills on Batavia is 11 90 florins for the
pound sterling, or nearly par — the sovereign being
worth both in Holland and Java 1210 florins.

It is very fortunate for Ceylon that this is so,
and it fully accounts for the slow progress Java
Iras made in producing tea, for at a par exchange,
it would not pay at present prices for the or-
dinary run of tea,

01 course, I knew where the Japan tea went
to — but it is Ceylon that is the intruder and
competitor on the Japan in the American market.
— Yours truly, C. S.

CEYLON TEAS IN NEW ZEALAND.

CARELESS PACKING— QUARTZ MIXED WITH TEA-
DISCREDITING OUR TEAS— SHAME ON THE
CULPRITS !

Dunedin, March 22.

Dear Sir, — We enclose herewith a sample of
Ceylon produce which we bought for tea. The
writer has had 25 years’ experience in the tea
trade in Mincing Lane, London, and in the
Colonies, and has never come across this kind of
leaf. Will you kindly inform us what it is? The
consumption of Ceylon tea in New Zealand
is very much greater than Indian tea and it
is a great pity that such careless packing has
taken place, and if continued, it will, no
doubt, be detrimental to the future prospects of
Ceylon teas.

Besides the quartz we forward, there were
small lumps of dried earth and pieces of matting
in the package. We could give you the name
of the estate if required. We are large import-
ers of Ceylon teas of all grades and shall
instruct our Agents in Colombo to fight shy of
this estate. —We are. Dear Sir, yours faithfully,

pro. ARTHUR BRISCOE & CO.,

J. H. BROOMHALL.

[We certainly think the name in such cases
should be communicated to the Planters’ Asso-
ciation and Chamber of Commerce ; and if any-

thing like wilful carelessness were proved, gen-
eral publicity as a puni.shment should follow. It
is a very serious matter to discredit our teas in
countries where we aim at driving out inferior
Chinese teas. The enclosure sent us contains
quite an appreciable quantity of Ceylon a uartz !
—Ed. T,A.-\

ENExMIES OF CACAO.

Greenwood, March 25.

Dear Sir, — With reference to the letter of the
Hon. T. N. Christie, re Cacao Disease, I wish
to point out that in your morning issue of 26th
November 1894, you published a letter from me
with the heading ^‘Enemies of the Cacao Tree”
in which I mention :

TO THE BARK AND ^yOOD.

“‘Tomici perforans,’ a small beetle one-lOth of
an inch long, inserts its eggs in lower part of
stem when the bark weeps and decays, getting,
a claret colour in well-defined patches. The »rub
tunnels the trunk, the beetle the branches. Few
trees survive their attack.

“ I daresay that it would pay cacao planters
to ofler a good premium for the best way to
prevent the destruction made by the little beetle
‘ Tomici perforans ’ alone ; for 'it is yearly the
cause of the destruction of a large number of
trees.”

I now wish to add that I still consider that
only a proi)hylactic remedy can be successful and
that the destruction of the infested trees do
little good as “Tomicus” is to be found in
other dead as well as live wood in Large quantities.

I have two species of mature c.acao trees
which, although having been planted as supplies
amongst the old Criolbs, (of u-hich few .are re-
nnaining), have never been touched by Tomicus
nor by the black grub borer, and aie flourish-
ing in the open.

It is the reason for which I have not aban-
doned all hope for this cultivation in Ceylon •
they will probably prove to be towards
“ Tomicus” what the American vine stock has
proved to be towards “ Phylloxera.” It mi<>ht
be for the same cause that the cultivation of the
Criollo kind has been formerly abandoned in
Trinidad and the West Indies-'-anyhow, for its
great liability to disease.

In your issue of Feb. 15, you mention in an
article “ Visit of a Java estate proprietor” that
Mr. Van Sohn says : “The cacao cultivation
generally is not at all promising in Java any
more than in Ceylon. Its worst enemy in Java
is a Boring Beetle,”

It would be very interesting to know if it is
the same “ Tomici.”— Yours truly,

A. VAN DER POORTEN.

TEA AND OTHER CULTURE IN
MAURITIUS : MR. E. H. EDWARDS
AND MR. CORSON TO THE FRONT.

Cureinpe, Mauritius, April 2.

Dear Sir, — I send you a cutting from “ The
Planters and Commercial Gazette” which may
be of interest. Far be it from me to decry the
island where I spent nearly twenty of the hap-
piest years of my life, and where, after years of
roaming, I would willingly end my days, but
there is no doubt that the advantages for Tea
Culture in Mauritius, are very great. Land is in
most instances cheaper, and the soil is un-
doubtedly better than in Ceylon, while, owiim to
the rapidly declining sugar industry, labor in
becoming abiindant.

794

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

Up to the present time the Experimental
Farm is the only place vhere tea has been
cultivated ; it lias been planted in many places
and grows well, hut, as you know, a tea plant
to )>ay reijuires something more than to he
simply stuck into the ground-

^Iany of your readers will remember the Mr.
Corson, snokeu of in the cutting : he is most
enthusiastic over tea culture in Mauritius and
1 think he has every reason to be so. — Yours
faithfully, E. 11. EDWARDS.

TEA CULTUllK IN MAUKITIUS

At the time that the Government of Mauritius
decided to start experirnentnl farms at Curepipe and
elsewhere to test the suitaliility of soil and climate
for the cultivation of products other than that of
sugar, their action received the unqualified approval
of all intelligent men interested in the agricultural
success of the country.

It, however, now appears that beyond the essay
made in the culture of tea little has been done.
This is to be regretted, for beyond all question,
there are many economic plants that could be grown
to great advantage in Mauritius. It is true that at
the Royal Gardens, Painplcmousses, there are spe-ii-
mens of many tropical and sub-tropical plants, but
for some occult reasons, nothing has bejn, or is
being done to encourage extended culiivation.

Sliortly after the coinmeuccment of the Tea Ex-
periment, the Government in a commendable liberal
spirit, sanctioned the eiig:;gemenl of a competent tea-
grower and preparer in the person of Mr. J. A. Corson.
This engagement extended over a period of five >ears
with an understanding, beyond the shadow of a
doubt on Mr. Corson’s part, that at the expiry of
the time he should have the option of renewing his
engagement for a similar term ; but owing to a
lamentable want of foresight in his own interests,
Mr. Corson neglected to have the precise terms com-
mitted “ to stamped paper.” The first five years
expired in Deccmbei last, when he was told his ser-
vices were to be dispensed with. A short time pre-
vious to this date the Government called for toniiers
for the lease of the farm, but although several offers
were made, none came up to the requirements of
of Government, and matters remai;i in slalu quo for
another year.

The action of the Government in entirely ignor-
ing Mr. Corson’s .alleged right to the option of a
renewal of service may bo wrong, looked at from a
moral point of view ; but we think the time has come
when the cultivation of the farm should pass into
other hands than those of Government, and thus
obviate the necessity of the latter, (by the sale of its
teas, coming into competition with private euterprize.

The object of tbe farm, so far as tea is concerned
has been attained. Mr. Corson has established be-
yond contention that tea can be grown in Mauritius
as well as, if not better, than in the island of Ceylon
and the provinces of India. His books show that
the fields in full bearing a ield bOO lb. per acre, and
this, too, on poor soil — while the value of the pre-
pared leaf is equally satisfactory. Mr. W. .1 Lloyd,
a tea-tester and valuer, of tbe firm, Messrs. Rariy
& Co., Calcutta, when pas.siiig through Mauritius, a
short time since, tested Ihu Farm's teas wit'n the
following result •

s. d. per 11).

Broken Pekoe 15 per cent value 1 3 ,,

Pekoe 55 ,, ,, 10 ,,

Common DO ,, ,, 0 .,

or an average of '.l .buJ. per lb. T'l^ av 'rago for
Ceylon teas for the List year ivas, wo believe, 8d.
per lb.

With such satisfactory results both as to yield and
value, the cost of production only has to be souside.red.
It has been said that tbe expenditure at the Expori-
nieutal Farm has been very heavy cousidoring the re
turns. This is so, but it must be borne in mind that
Mr. Corson has been receiving the same amount of
salary for looking after 20 acres as he would, had there

been 200 ; buildings have had to be erected and
machinery purchased, the cost of which it is scarcely
fair to debit to two or three crops. Labor is nearly,
if not quite, as cheap in Mauritius as it is in Ceylon,
and the cost of transport from almost every part of
the island is much cheaper.

Any further assistance on the part of Government
in the sh.ape of culture which would necessitate its teas
coming into competition with private growers is un-
needed and to be deprecated ; so, without wishing to
appear ungracious, we think it should retire from the
field.

Our readers may think we make a very hazardous
statement in saying that in ten years time the output
of tea in Mauritius will exceed that of Ceylon Every-
thing points to the culture of tea as the salvation of
Mauritius as it has been of the sister island. But
planters must go cautiously to work and above all
thing.s, not rush badly prepared teas into foreign
raxrkets.

A knowledge of the cultivation and preparation
of tea is not acquired in a day and when acquired,
has to be carefully applied. Mr. Clialmsrs, of the
w'ell-known firm, Jlessrs. Chalmers, Guthrie & Co.,
in a small pamphlet which he has written on the
planting, cultivation and manufacture of teas, says ;
— ‘‘It is often said that lea is made in the field,
and this is true, in so far, that good carefully
plucked leaf is the e.ssential b.isis of good tea.
Manufacture is, however, responsible for much, and
many thousands of pounds sterling are lost annu-
ally to the ow'uers of tea property through neglect in
this department.”

For tiie future success of the tea industry in Mauri-
tius it is imperative that there should be some ex-
perienced person on the spot who may be consulted
on the culture itml pieparation of the leaf
not so much for the local market as for that of
England, the. Continent, and America. Some locally
made teas which sell freely here, were valued by
Mr. Lloyd at from Id to 5d per lb. Were these to be
sent to Eugiaud, a bad impression would be created
as to the character of tea the island could produce,
and of the capability of the planter to prepare it.

Many persons who recognise the advantages to be
obtained from tea culture, hesitate to embark in it
for various reasons. The principal ones are, their
ignorance of its culture and curing, and the expense of
the necessary building and machinery.

The culture can witli care be mastered by follo'.ving
the instructions of an experienced man : the pre-
paration and machinery Ac., run haud-in-liand. A
central factory would relieve both large and small
planters of all apprehension on the latter score.
There is already the nucleus of one at the Experi-
mental Farm, which Mr. Corson is prepared to en-
large to meet the requirements of planters within a
radius of (5 miles of Curepipe provided he can make
an angements with the Government to have a personal
interest in the farm beyond merely that of Superinten-
dent. It will be a thousand pities if the industry
hft allowed to flag through the Government and
M-. Cor.son not being able to come to some mutually
satisfactory accord ; to lose Mr. Corson’s services at the
present time is to throw away the money that lias
already been put into the I’arra.

TEA AND INSECTS.

Dartry, Gampola, April !•.

Deau Sir, — f send in a separato tin box .some
poocliies that I found amongst my tea. 'I’hey are
most extraordinary looking things. Can you
givemeany information about tlieni'? — Yours faith-
fully, ■ d. A. ROBEKTS.

[Mr. Stauiforth Green is good encugh to report as
follows on the insects sent to us: — “Belong to the family
Piilgora. The species emit a while waxy secretion
in too immature state, sometimes t.aking a cottony
form. Wo.-itwood mentions in Ids mo lern classifica-
tion of insects, that “ this produciiou is collected by
the Chinese and employed in the niamifaoture of the
line white wax so much esteemed in the East Indies.”

May t, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

795

They suck the pieces of stems and leaves, and in
large numbers must do serious damage. The Frog
Hopper, Frog Spit, or Cuckoo Spit, so well-known in
England, is a member of the family.” — Ed T. .*1.]

THE CACAO DISEASE.

Dkar Sir,— Mr. Vander Poortcn's comiminica-
tion regarding tlie cacao weevil Tomicus and tlie
remarks thereon of Mr, Martin, of Yattewatte, are
of undoubted value to cacao planters, as pre.senting
to them the separate experiences of two difterent
planters. And if you can collect the views
of several Ceylon planters on this important
subject, such information cannot fail to bear upon
the future successfirl cultivation of cacao in our
island.

When at the drafting of our Committee’s An-
nual Report the consi leration of this cacao enemy
cropped up, it was referred to a Sub-Committee
composed ot cacao planters ; and it was then
thought that the subject was worthy of fuller in-
vestigation and discussion than the time at our
disposal then permitted us, for the report had
to be presented to the meeting almost immediately.
But the time is now opportune, I think, for
the exchange at leisure of our different views ;
aiul the publication of the results of individual
observation with regard to cacao and its latest
enemy.

It Ims been .suggested that it would be im-
portant to make a careful study of the insect.
No doubt this is a necessary step. But I con.sider
that there is even a more important study than
the life history of the weevil ; and that is the
life history of the cacao plant itself. For 11101
of experience are too apt to keep to their own views,
and the practice of their own methods till an enemy
suddenly appears and disturbs their self-
confidence and repose. Inquiry then follows
with the result that things taken for granted
previously become open to legitimate discussion,
It may be taken for granted in this connexion
that tiie weevil, whicli has become a new terror
to certain plantations, is by no means a stranger.
But the further acqtiaintance and familiarity with
the iqsect througli a knowledge of its life his-
tory is little likely to benclit the cacao planter,
unless the doomeil plant is studiecl with
as much care and more than even the enemy which
attacks it.

My o.vn view of it, if it is of any value to
niy planting brethren, is that the insect is not
the cause of death to the -plant, bid one of the conse-
fjnences of it. And 1 maintain that without the
opinion of a scientist upon the jilant itself, in
the first instance, no man is warranted in arriving
at the conclusion that the weevil is the cause of
its dealh. I should expect the planter, who
ascribes the death of the plant to the weevil to be
able to exclude all other cases before he lays
the charge at the door of the insect Tornicus.

If we proceed a step further in the investi-
gation we may probably be told ny scientists
who have studied the habits of the insect
that Tommy belongs to a class of insects which
delight in decayed or decayiiu' timber. In which
case the question at i.ssue will be whether Tommy
h.as of a sudden changed his natural instinct in
tlie matter of his diet frs m decaying bark and
wood til fresh, green, sajipy plants, or whether
the plant have from age, exjio.snre to too much
sunlight, poverty of .soil, over-manuring, injury
at the roots or their branches at the hand of
man or other causes changed their condition from
healthy and unpalatable wood to decaying and
palatable matter ; lit food for the worm ! The

first step, therefore, in the investigation is to
ascertain whether the tree attacked is healthy
or decayed —dying — dead. When the planter finst
notices the weevil he also notices the fact that
the tree has changed its condition and saltern
he arrives at the conclusion that “ an enemy
(Toniieiis) hath done this thing.” Now to argue
liy analogy one who meets with a carcase of an
animal filled with maggots may, with equal reason
cry: “Behold the maggot (here insert a sono-
rous aristocratic name to make it look learned) —
behold the maggot hath killed the animal ” ! —
Yours truly, JAS. H. BARBER.

SANITATION ON ESTATES : COOLY

LINES.

Kandy, April 10.

Dkar Sir. — In calling attention to the enclosed
letter from the Colonial Secretary, I would endea-
vour to impre.ssupon everymember of the Plant-
ing Community the imi)ortaiice of carrying out
the injunctions referred to in a thorough manner.
We can hardly estimate what a frightful calamity
it would be if the Plague were to break out in our
midst, and for every reason of interest as well as
humanity, we should do our utmost to ward off the
evil. — ^Yo)irs faithfully, J. N. CAMPBELL,

Chairman, Planters’ vVssociation of Ceylon.

Colonial Socretiry’s Office, Colombo, 1st April.

Sir, — I am desired to inform you, as you are proba-
bly aware, that the attention of the Government and
the energetic action of all local sanitary authorities
have been specially directed at measures for the pre-
vention of the introduction of the Plague and for its
resistance if it should unhappily make its appearance
in Ceylon.

2. The Governor feels that he can with confidence
appeal to the proprietors of estates for their co-opera-
tion in seeing that their cooly lines are cleansed
and whitewashed, inside and outside, and that all
the drains in the neighbourhood of the lines are
cleansed and kept in good sanitary condition. This
duty is indeed imposed on Superintendents of estates
by the section 20 of the Medical Wants Ordinance,
No. 17 of 18S0, and the Governor has no reason tosup-
))ose that it is not ordinarily observed. But at the
present juncture it behoves those in charge of
estates to adopt some extraordinary measures of
sanitation and, with this view, a circular injunction
is in course of issue by the Medical Department.

3. I am therefore to invite your attention to the
subject and to ask the Association to use their in-
fluence and action in securing the adoption of such
extraordinary measures. — I am, &c.,

(Signed;. J. J. Thorburn, for Colonial Secretary.

To the Secretary to the Planters’ Association,
Kandy.

LABOUR SUPPLY FROM NORTH INDIA.

Dkar Sir, — I enclo.se a letter (copy) re-labour
which I have received from India. This is the
only way to break the back of the present Can-
gany system and monopoly, I have no doubt
we sha'I be able eventually to get this kind of
labour down from Calcutta at 10 rupees . a head
which will make it far cheaper than the present.
Then you save all head money and Canganies’
names; the Zemindars at R40 a month, say look-
ing after the lot. —Yours truly, TRUTH.

April 11th.

2'me Copy.

Stephen, Dass& Co. Factors and Commission Agents
Indentois, M.u ket and Produce Suppliers, Benares. '

Benares, 3rd April 1897. Dear Sir, — We are in
receipt of your kind favour of the 23rd ult. We are
willing to supply you the coolies at R20 per head
including our commission, females at 1125. We trust
that these rates will not be considered excessive
now as labor is scarce, owing to the opening of

796

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Mav I, 1897.

new Hailway and canal works. The Railway fare
from Benares to Calcutta is about K7 and we have
not yet heard from the B. I. S. N. Co. what they will
charge to land coolies in Colombo, per head. There
is also the Asiatic line they may take them cheaper.
If you will instruct us, we will make the neces*
sary inquiries for you. You required 150 coolies.
We can give you the full number, duly registered
and indentured for your Island. The coolies eat
rice and they are a hardy race. We will require
an advance of at least R2,500 to send them. Yours
faithfully, (signed) Stephen Dass & Co.

CEYLON TEA IN RLSSIA.

Kandy, Ajjril 12.

Sir, — Mr. Kogivue, writing from Moscow on
February 14/26 gives an account of a two months’
tour undertaken by liis agent, a Mr. Stromberg
in the course of whicli some 28 towns in tlie
Baltic. Provinces, ranging in population from
7,000 to nearly 200,000, were visited. In each
town Mr. Stromberg interviewed the principal
tea dealers and others, and also distributed samples
and brewed and distributed tea in the cup at the
Hotels. He was unable, however, to undertake
public lecturing for various police rea.sons which
might perhaps be overcome witli time and money.
Mr. Stromberg’s conclusions are that though
few of the trade were willing to take up Ceylon
tea they all admitted its good qualities, but
some doubted it (suiting the Russian taste) and
they would be certain to deal in it if either
(1) they were regularly and frequently visited
and promised and given the liberal assistance
in advertising or (2) tliey w’oie otl'ered equal
advantages as to credit with China tea and
could get a bigger profit or (3) they experienced
a demand coming from their customers, the
public. Mr. Rogivue remarks : —

“ Now Mr. Stromberg and I have both concluded,
and I think you will also see from the report on
this journey, that of the three conditions which in
our opinion would ensure the more complete and
full conversion of this country to Ceylon tea, the
third (that of making the dealers feel a demand
springing up among their customers) is the most
hopeful and also the soundest and most enduring when
accomplished, although it is the most didicult and
the slowest to show any result.

“ To do this I think we should increase our efforts
to keep the name of Ceylon tea and its most
conspicuous merits continually before the public by
the newspaper annonuceuients, as done in previous
years, only on a more extensive scale if possible
and by opening, wherever possible, new shops for
special sale of Pure Ceylon Tea in packets (retail)
and continuing my never-relaxing search for agents
to undertake the exclusive sale of Pure Ceylon Tea.”

Mr. Rogivue concludes his letter as follows ; —
“ There is a matter to which I would beg the most
earnest attention of all in Ceylon and that is, that
from many independent sources I have heard com-
plaints, among those who import your produce, that
the quality of the tea is not what it used to be. I
myself have noticed a falling-off in this respect, some
marks which used to suit this market so well owing
to their strength, and the appearance of the dry leaf
being now so poor in both these respects that I have
been obliged to give up importing them and find

rcat difficulty in matching my old standards. As I

aT« kept nearly all my old samples of teas I bought,
I am able to make comparisons for a period ex-
tending over several years. The maintenance of the
fine qualities which we advocate is naturally a vital
question in the permanent conversion of new markets.

“ I shall be very pleased to supply any Ceylon
firm, who may desire it, with the addresses of direct
importers of tea looked up by Mr, 8tromberg,”

Mr. Roguvie enclosed the following translation of
a letter to a Russian newspaper dated 31stJaimary,
1897;—

“ Translation of a letter to the Editor appearing
in the liusshie Slovo No. 30, 31st January, 1897 “ To
the best of my knowledge several newspapers have
been lately advocating the closing of our ports to
English ships in consequence of the Blague epidemic
in India. Such an arbitrary measure is perhaps too
strong, but it would not be at all too much to
forbid, for the time being, the import of any food
stuffs from India, such as for instance Ceylon Tea of
which, according to the “Russian Telegraphic
Agency,” a large shipment has just been landed in
Odessa. This tea is much appreciated and drunk
amongst our people and is also, as I have heard,
used to mix with other sorts of tea, not of Indian
origin. We can very well do without this English
product, for our friends, the Chinese, have always
supplied us with their tea in sufficient quantities.” —
I am, sir, yours faithfully, A. Philip,

Secretary, Thirty Committee.

HILL TRAMWAYS COMMISSION.

Colonial Secretary’s Olfice, Colombo, 12th April
1897.

Sir, — I am directed to forward to you the
enclosed copy of a letter addressed to the Hon
Mr. F. R. Saunders relative to the apiiointinent
of a Commission to report on Hill Tramways
together with a copy of the report submitted by
the Commission. — I am, sir, your obedient servant,
J. J. THORBURN, for Colonial Secietary.

Colonial Secretary’s Office, Colombo, 6th Feb.
1897.

Sir, — With reference to the letter addressed by
me to Messrs. Christie, Mackintosh, and }murself,
bearing date the 3rd instant, I am directed to
transmit to you the accomi)anying Commission
under the hand of His Excellency the Governor
and the Public Seal of the Island, appointing
you to enquire and to report on the construc-
tion ot tramways in the Hill Provinces of Ceylon.

2. His Excellency will be glad if you will
enquire and report: — (1) On the advisability of
constructing tramways whether for steam, bullock
or other traction in the hill districts ; (2) on
their probable cost ; (3) on the probable Hnancial
result of their working ; (4) whether they could
be constructed on the grant-in-aid system, and
whether it would be desirable to encourage
their construction by the means of private enter-
pri.se or of public companies, and if so, the shape
which such encourageniemt (otherwise than by
a guarantee of interest) should take ; (5) the
roads, if any, on or alongside which such tra.u-
ways should be constructed.

3. The Commission is empowered to order
such surveys as may be necessary for the purpose
of their enquiry.

I am, &c., (Sgd.) H. L. Crawford, for Colonial
Secretary.

The Hon Mr. F. R. Saunders, C.M.G.

THE HILL TRAMWAYS COMMISSION.

The Commission has held sittings at ('olombo
Hatton, Badulla, and Nuwara Eliya, and in addition
to obtaining information and arriving at a decision on
certain general points connected with tramways and
hill railways, it has inquired into the following specific
schemes: —

(a) Railway between Nanuoya and Nnwara
Eliya, and an extension to Udapussel-
lawa.

(ft) Scheme for the Dikoya district.

(c) Do Dimbula district.

(</) Do Badulla-Passara district.

(e) Do. Pussellawa-Ramboda district.

(r) Do, Hewaheta-Uaturata district.

May I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

797

Among the more general questions considered by
the Commission the following may be noted: —

1. Tht necessity for Hill Railways. — Some of the
witnesses, notably those in the Badulla and Uda-
pussellawa districts, were inclined to regard increased
railway facilities as being almost necessary, but the
Commission’s opinion, on the facts brought before it,
is that in most districts the cart transport service
is fairly efficient, and that railways, although desirable
and wished for, cannot at present be said to be
necessary.

2. Tramway vs. Railway. — Assuming as the defi-
nition of the former, a line having a grooved rail
laid flush with the roadway, the Commission is of
opinion that tramways are not suitable. The rail
is a heavy and expensive one, and between the
rails and on the outside of each rail paving stones
or concrete would be necessary to maintain the
evenness of the roadway and prevent a dangerous
blocking of the groove. Apart, too, from the ex-
cessive cost involved by the use of a grooved rail,
the Commission is of opinion that such rails are
unsuited to the comparatively heavy, powerful en-
gines required to work on the steep gradients and
sharp curves which would prevail on all the lines.

3. Nature of the Roads in the Rill Districts.^-
Speaking generally, the Commission finds that the
existing cart roads are not of a nature to be really
serviceable as tracks for narrew-gauge railways.
They abound in the sharpest of curves, and the
gradients are so extremely steep, often for several
miles on end, that, without deviations in the form
of zig-zags, locomotives work without racks could
not pull an appreciable load behind them. Work-
ing under the most favourable conditions, a loco-
motive on a gradient of 1 in 20 (and there are many
miles much steeper than that) would, in addi-
tion to itself, pull less than twice its own weight,
and in unfavourable weather much less, so that,
after allowing for the weight of the v chicles
the influence of curves, and a necessary margin
to meet ordinary conditions, the actual net load
moved would be small

The Commission has not sufficient information
before it to express a decided opinion on the sui-
tability of rack railways to surmount the long steep
inclines, but obviously they would be much more
expensive in construction.

The laying of railways on the roads would to a
great extent unsuit them for heavy traffic, and the
witnesses have differed as to the importance to be
attached to this, although upon the whole they in-
clined to view the boon of a railway as being worth
the partial sacrifice of the roads.

The estate factories have all been built in relation
to the existing cart roads, and were entirely fresh
alignments selected for the railways, new approach
roads would be required to enable the traffic to get
to the railwav. This however, does not apply in the
case of the Badulla scheme.

4. Gauge of the Hill Railways. — The Commission’s
conclusion on this point unhesitatingly is that the
gauge to be adopted should be that of 2 ft. 6 in.,
which affords great advantages over tbe narrower
gauge in the matter of locomotive construction. It
IS true that in some cases, at all events, a 2 ft. gauge
would be more economical and more easily suited to
the sharp curves, but as the Kelani Valley line (if
constructed) is to be on a 2 ft. 6 in. gauge (and pro-
bably a large section of the northern line), there can
be no doubt that the general economy and conve-
nience of adhering to one gauge for all the branch
lines would far outweigh the saving which might be
effected in some cases by adopting a narrower gauge.

6. Rates to be charged for Freight and Passengers. —
At the earliest stage of the inquiry it was
quite evident that if the rates for freight now
ruling on the Nanuoya extension were adopted for
any of the schemes under consideration, the estimates
would in all cases show a prohibitive loss on working.
Nor is this to be wondered at ; the velume of traffic to
be dealt with on these feeder lines is naturally very
much smaller and running va much shorter average
distance than that of the trunk line, while the

gradients to be surmounted are extremely adverse. It
is obvious therefore that the cost both per train mile
and per ton mile must be heavy. The Commission
has taken as its basis of calculation the rates of cart
hire ruling in the district from point to point, and all
the witnesses and representative bodies have agreed
that they are willing to pay these rates to the railway
if constructed. The Commission recommends that
such rates should be the ones charged until any line
shows a substantial clear profit more than equal to
the charges for interest and sinking fund. The
Commission recommends that the passenger rates
should be on the same scale as those levied on the
Nanu-oya line, except in the case of the Nanu-oya-
Nuwara Eliya section, where rather higher mileage
rates should be charged.

6. Prospects of obtaining all the existing Traffic. —
Experience in connection with some of the Ceylon
Railways has shown that it is cot always safe to rely
on existing traffic finding its way to the railway.
Once a railway has been constructed and its mani-
fold advantages secured beyond recall, the traffic
which was promised and reckoned upon has some-
times only in part been given to the railway. The
Commission therefore recommends that the Gove’*n-
ment should refuse to enter upon any scheme unless
the owners of the estates interested are prepared to
agree that all their traffic will be placed upon the
railway (at rates agreed upon), and, in order to give
binding effect to the agreement, consent to the im-
position of prohibitive road tolls on estate produce
and supplies. It is gratifying to record that all the
witnesses examined by the Commission readily re-
cognized the fairness and desirability of such a precau-
tion, and approved in their common interests of the
proposal.

SPECIFIC SCHEMES INQUIRED INTO.

(fl) Nanuoya to Nuwara Eliya, and an Exten-
sion to Udapussdlawa. — This line would be approxi-
mately 18 miles in length (5J to Nuwara Eliya and
12i on to Ragalla). Two traces for a 2 ft. gauge
line were made from Nanu-oya to Kandapola, the
one by Mr. Waring and the other by the Public
Works Department. Speaking of the section to
Nuwara Eliya, the former adheres to the existing cart
road, and its gradients consequentlj' are so steep that
a system of rack rails has to be introduced. Thera
does not seem in this case to be any advantage gained
by adhering to the road, and, indeed the Com-
mission understands that Mr. Waring only did so in
terms of his instructions. The other trace, which
runs through Crown forest above the road, is unfor-
tunately, not to be relied upon, and will have to be
discarded. The Commission has asked that a new 2
ft. 6 in. trace be surveyed and staked out at once,
and recommends that it should leave the Nanuoya
station on the goods shed side only. This will
involve passengers crossing by a subway, but will
obviate the inconvenience and danger of having two
lines crossing one another, both on steep inclines.
The trace should follow the direction taken by the
Public Works Department survey, and only utilize
the one portion of the cart-road immediately
below Blackpool bridge for a maximum distance of 40
chains. On entering the Nuwara Eliya basin it
should trend to the right and pass round between
the lake and the racecourse to a point below the
Priory, where the station would be. This route (and
site) is approved of by the witnesses examined, and
it is convenient for the extension to Udapussellawa,
That extension follows, with some deviations, the ex-
isting cart road the whole way to Ragalla, but it is
understood that the first section — to Lover’s Leap
bridge — is not to encroach upon or injure the driving
road. Prom Kandapola to Ragalla the road wifi
have to be greatly given up to the railway. Of the
various district schemes, this is the only one where
the project of using the existing cart roads is feasible
without extensive deviations. The road wilt be of
great use nearly all the way, and between Lover’s
Leap bridge and Kandapola is well suited for a hill
railway. From Kandapola down to Ragalla the road
is steep, but a gradient of 1 in 26 can be got, and

798

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[May I, 1S97.

it is hoped few, if any, curyes will be less than
100 ft. radius.

The Commission favours this project because it is
undoubtedly desirable that the town of Nuwara
Kliya should be connected witl; Nanuoya and as
the roads are fairly suitable the continuation of
the line to Bagalla will give it a traffic and a length
favourable to its successful working. This, too, is the
only one of the schemes in which the appro.ximate
length of the line can at present be determined.

The estates traffic is easily ascertainable, and the
figures for it, up and down, are quite reliable. The
Nuwara Eliya traffic is calculated from tally returns
of the present road traffic, and is less reliable. The
estimated cost of construction will probably be found
to be fairly accurate, and it is unlikely that the
working charges will, on the average, be much
less than 3-30 per train mile to Nuwara Eliya, and
2‘50 beyond.

(fj) Dikoi/a District Scheme. — The roads in this
district are far from suitable, and there is
one section, at Wanarajah bridge, where the gra-
dient is 1 in 16 for 500 ft., with a short bit of 1 in 13.
It is considered certain that the railway would not
get the traffic of the side valleys unless branches
were constructed up all the roads ; this necessitates
a relatively large mileage to serve the district, and
the short branches will add greatly to the cost of
working, which has been placed at the high figure
of 3'25 per train mile. Mr Harcourt Skrine brought
before the Commission a scheme to run narrow
gauge lines from Watawala station up the Maskeliya
and Dikoya valleys. Taking advantage of the
natural outlet of these districts, the suggested lines
would be on easy gradients, and save the traffic
climbing up to Hatton station. There would be
much to recommend the adoption of such a scheme
if the railway had not already been constructed
to Hatton with the object of serving these districts.
At present, when there are districts much more
in need of increased railway facilities than Dikoya
and Maskeliya, the commission would not be justi-
fied in suggesting the construction of an alternative
notlet railway, even although it presented advantages
over the existing outlet.

(c) Diinbula District Scheme. — This was a proposal
to construct a line from Talawakele to Diyagama,
17 miles. The ;'road is less unsuitable than the
Dikoya roads, and the line, being without branches,
could be more cheaply worked ; but the mileage
rates of cart hire are less than in Dikoya, and the
revenue therefore is not so large as might have been
expected. The Uommissiou considers that this
scheme will be found worthy of further investi-
gation.

{d) Badulla-Passara Scheme. — The road between
Bandarawela and Badulla was at once pronounced
to be quite unsuitable (gradients of 1 in 15 abound-
ing, and portions being as steep as 1 in 10 and 1
in 12), and it is evident that railway communica-
tion to these districts, which is much to be de-
sired can only be given by adopting a trace in-
dependent of the roads.

The Commission strongly recommends that a survey
should be made for a 2 ft. 6 in. gauge line, and uut 1
that is done the estimates of cost of construction and
working must be considered as being but little better
than guesses. The country is undoubtedly a very
.difficult one, and it is not possible to say what length
of line might prove to be necessary to overcome the
differences in elevation. The estimates of traffic and
revenue are, particularly as regards the estates’ share,
quite reliable ; but the question of the tonnage which
at present travels between Madulsima and Batti-
caloa all finding its way to the railway would need to
be a matter of definite understanding between the
Government and the planters before the line was
undertaken. The figures for last year show that about
600,000 lb. net of tea were shipped in 1806 froni
Batticaloa, out of an estimated total crop (Passara
district) of 2,400,000 lb., while over 3,000 tons of Indian
nice were imported at that port during the year.

Of all the schemes considered by the Commission,
this Badulla scheme is the only one in which it is
possible that any one might suggest an extension on
the 5 ft. 6 in. gauge, and the Commission therefore
thinks it well to point out that, while quite conscious
of the evils of break of gauge on a continuation of a
trunk line, or even a branch line, with heavy traffic
requiring rapid transport, it is of opinion that for
the types of branch lines coming within the scope
of its inquiry, the inconveniences of break of gauge
would be but little felt, and are far outweighed by
the saving in first cost.

The fact that passengers have to change from one
train to another is of no weight, as they often have
to do so where there is no break of gauge.

The cost of transferring goods from one train to
another is very small where labour is cheap and
when the weight to be transferred does not exceed
20 to 40 tons per day, and that of easily handled
goods. On this point attention is drawn to the evid-
ence of Mr. Cantrell given before the Northern Rail-
way Commission (Sessional Papers VI. of 1897, pp. 23
and 24).

There is no competition either in time or cost to
be feared where consignors are prepared to have their
roads barred for heavy traffic. On the freight rates
per ton per mile, which vary from 30 to 75 cents, the
cost of transferring will form a fractional charge.

In every scheme considered by the Commission it
was clear that a standard gauge branch line would be
so costly as to entirely preclude the possibility of its
being constructed.

(e) Ptisselhuca-liamboda Scheme. — The scheme as
originally presented to the Commission includes three
lines ; 1, Gampola to Ramboda ; 2, Gampola to
Pooprassie ; 3, Ulapane to Lower Ramboda; but a
slight investigation showed that no case could be made
out for Nos. 2 and 3, and the suggested line from
Gampola to Ramboda is the only one worthy of con-
sideration. In the sketch estimate annexed it will
be seen that financially this scheme is one of the best,
if the bulk of the Pundalu-oya traffic finds its way^ to
the railway at Ramboda. It is not, however, clear
to the Commission that those who now use the rail-
way at Gampola would all bind themselves to use it at
Ramboda if the extreme rate of 75 cents per ton per
mile were enforced, and this is the rate quoted by
the District Planters’ Association, on wdiich the
revenue of the scheme is based. The cost of this line
is rendered somewhat more uncertain than the others
owing to the crossing of the Mahaw'eli-ganga at Gam-
pola, which would probably necessitate a new and
expensive bridge. The nature and extent of the
deviations would have to be ascertained before it is
possible to state how much the mileage of the railway
migitt exceed that of the road distance.

(f) lleicaheta and ilaturata Scheme. — This scheme,
requiring a long mileage for a comparatively small
tonnage, would not bear investigation. In the figures
furnished to the Commission the Lower Hewaheta
traffic was entered at a much larger figure than the
Commission could accept, but in the summary of the
scheme that unduly large estimate has been included.

7. The ommissiou concluded its inquiries regard-
ing specific schemes with those just referred to, but
in doing so the mmission does not imply that
there are no other schemes worthy of consideration,
or that its inquiry was exhaustive.

It was necessary that certain schemes should be in-
quired into, and in a rough way, their respective merits
set out, and this has been done.

There can be no doubt that what is now required
and generally wished for is that one line should be
undertaken, and hereafter, when the knowledge gained
by its construction and working is available, that
the other schemes should be more definitely con-
sidered.

For the reasons which have been given in the
sections dealing with the specific schemes, the Com-
mission’s recommendations to Government are —

(1) The construction of a 2 ft. 6 in. gauge line
from Nanu-oya to Nuwara Eliya and Udapussellaw'a,
subject, so far as the latter section is concerned, to

May /, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

799

the conditions mentioned in paragraph (i being ad-
hered to. i. I,

(2) The survey for 2 ft. 6 in. gauge lino from l>an-

darawela to Badulla and Pnssara.

March 24, 1897. F. R. S-vu.vdeks.

Thos. Nohth Chiustie.

P. A. Mackintosh.

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memorandum by mb. p. a. mackintosh.

Since the conclusion of the work of
sion I have received from a well-known firm of Electii
rLTEneineers in England, in reply to inquiries on my
part a^list of electrical tramways or railways whic

“V’tn’Vhu'il^fll.e.o.ppe.^the c.seof.th. ISe.s.
hrLk and Newry Railway, worked by electiucity gene-

Jated by water power through the medium of a turbme.

. 102

3. It has been in operation for Hi years (although
I had never heard of it, doubtless owing to its being
such a short line), and it is claimed that it has
throughout worked satisfactorily. The preponderance
of the traffic is goods or minerals.

4. Some of the details connected with it I sub-

3 miles 2'4 chains.

1 in 50.

28 ft. [very little] .

3,000,000 gallons.

16,0(X) to 17,000 tons.

90,000 to 100,000.

6 to 9 miles an hour.
21,468.

3-94(7.

join:—

Length of line
Steepest gradient
xVvailable fall of water ..

Volume of flow of water
per diem

Average tonnage of goods
carried annually
Average number of passen-
gers carried annually . .

Speed of trains . .

Train mileage (in 1891) . .

of cost haulage per train
mile, of which nearly 40
per cent, was for rental
of water power (in 1891)

5. It is stated that being an example of one of
the earliest lines to be operated by water power, it
is somewhat out of date, although it has operated
successfully throughout; and certainly the cost of
haulage seems to be extremely low.

6. This case at once suggests the possibility of
working the Nanu-oya to Nuwara Eliyaline through
the medium of a turbine situated near Blackpool, utiliz-
ing the Nanu-oya in a similar manner, but with any
improvements that may be possib'e. In the same
way, for the line from Nuwara Eliya to Kandapola
a generating station might be situated on the Kanda-
pola-oya near Lover’s Leap, while the section from
Kandapola to Ragalla might possibly be treated in a
similar manner from the adjoining stream, the capa-
city of which I am not, however, so confident about.

7. I think the matter is worth the serious
consideration of the Government, and if they
desire it, I will, during the progress of ihe survey
now being begun between Nairn oya and R.rgalla,
have systematic gaugings of the three streams re-
ferred to taken before the rains set in, and levels
taken to ascertain the available head of water, with
a view to obtaining estimates, on the completion of
the survey, for the equipment of the line for being
worked by electrical power generated by water power

P. Arthur Mackintosh.

Avisawella, March 30, 1897.

MEMORANDUM BY THE HON. T. N.

CHRISTIE.

Although I do not think that a slow speed train
ascending steep gradients round sharp curves at all
lends itself to electrical propulsion, I concur in think-
iug that the water in the streams should be gauged,
and, if it occasions no undue delay, the question t f
the feasibility and cost of the scheme reported upon.

It must be borne in mind that the system of having
a driver for each vehicle would not suit Ceylon
conditions. No vehicle could be trusted to

descend the gradients of the Nuwara Eliya line
unless it was under the control of a driver of the
same standing as the drivers on our existing line:
and were one such required for each vehicle, the cost
would be great. A .system in which eveiy vehicle,
or almost every vehicle, had its own motor and yet
the whole, train was under the complete control of
one driver, would, I tliiuk, be essential.

March 31st, 1897. Thos. North Christie.

nrACKICOO essay describing a really

ULnllNCOOi genuine (Aire for Deafness,
Ringing in Ears, &c., no matter liow .severe or long-
.standiiig, will be sent post free. —Artificial Ea°-
d rums and similar ajiplianees entirely suiierseded.
Address THOMAS KEMPE, Victoria Cham-
BKIIS, 19, SOUTIIAMlM’oN BUILDINGS, HOLBORN,
L ONDON.

Sod

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURlSr.

[May I, 1897.

DUTCH BAY F. HARE ISLAND AS COOLY
ARAN TINE STAITUN.

We liad only time recently to allude to
the opening slip in Mr. Harcourt Skrine’s long
and, in tlie main, instructive as well as inter-
esting letter. Clearly he know.s as much about
his subject as any one in or out of the island,
unless it be Capt. Donnan and Mr. Ingramcotton.
^yith Hare Island, Tuticorin, he has had an in-
timate personal ac(iuaintance ; but his state-
ments about Dutch Bay, we infer, are made on
hearsay and inference from i)0])ular notions of
the locality and, therefore, as we said, his criti-
cism and comparisons in this direction would
have been better withheld, until the official
Report on the recent official inspection and con-
sultation had appeared. Neverthele.ss, it is (^uite
possible that a useful purpose may be served
by the appearance of Mr. ISkrine’s very lull
letter at the present moment when the whole
subject is likely to be under the consideration of
the (Jovernment.

Now, we do not profess to be in a position to
discuss “ Dutch Bay ” in the familiar way in which
Mr. Skrine treats of Hare Island. But we are
certainly prepared to traverse .some of his state-
ments or inferences. He is probably unaware
that while the richest coconut-growing and one
of the most populous native regions in the
island, lies between Negombo and Chilaw,
beyond the latter station tlie same great indus-
try has, of late years very rapidly ex-
tended in the ilirection of I’uttalam. The

Rajakadaluwa distiict on the Northern side of
the Deduruoya is likely to be a specially favorite
coconut district : it has been very largely taken
up and estates seven years oUl and upwards
are most promising. So much so, tliat

the deuraird for land has carried wealthy enter-
prrising natives and some Europeans well
towards Futtalam ; while our inform ition goes
to show that thei’c is good soil and heavy
forestland for some distance beyond that station.
It is quite true that the annual rainfall of
Oh.ilaw does not exceed o4 inche.s and that of
Puttalam 46 inches ; but the coconut ])alm in
many parts at least of those di.stricls does not
depend altogether on rainfall ; for, there is water
at no great depth in the soil — a Inackish de-
posit iir winch the roots seonr to luxuriate. >So
much for the character of the country in the
Puttalam and Dutcli Bay district aiul .\ir. .Skrine
will understand that, psr.sonally, we should
much prefer to see any line of railway run (not
from Polgahawela or Kuruuegala through a
“ miserable” country, but) from Colombo due North
to Puttalam and Dutch Bay -a line that would
pay splendidly for by far the greater jiart of
the way, on its own local account. The cooly
trattic would add to its success : coolies meant
for upcountry Avoulci join at Kelani station,
and there would be little difference in the jour-
ney, as Polgahawela is only a few feet above
Colombo.

But this is all by the way. What we are
chiefly concerned with today is to set D'lr Skrine
right in reference to Colombo and the cooly
tratlic. It is not only absolutely wrong, but
almost childish, to write of the press or intelli-
gent jniblic of the capital as being op|)osed to
the use of this port for cooly trallic i>cr sc, or
to suppose that anj' such motive as odi pro-
fannni vidffus el arceo has actuated any section
of our community in desiriTig to see a convemient
{uid suitable separate cooly port established

apart from the metropolis. Childish, we say,
because there is assuredly no one in Colombo,
otlicial or unoflicial, wdio has discussed this
question, wdio is not as convinced as any planter
can be, that on Cooly Immigication, more than
on any other element, depends the prosperity
of the Colony. Any policy calculated to check
or discourage such immigration is only worthy
of comlemnation. But, on the other hand, let
the jdanters remember that on the healthine.ss
of Colombo— on steamers being able to call and
go freely from this port with clean bills of
healtb, flepeiul issues of the greatest pos-
sible moment, directly affecting their great
industry and equally striking at the pros-
perity of the island Now, it is in the inter-
ests of botli elements to the prosperity of tlie
Colony — free immigration and unrestricted steamer
freight — that we should like to see a separation
elfecteil through the establi.shment of a distinetCooly
Port. Suppose, forinstance, the plague was reported
to have reached Madras and to be extending fartlier
South, that iuileed a case had reached Colombo,
and that therefore the need for extremely re-
strictive measures was recognised on all sides,
svould not the liability to interfere with the
cooly trallic be vastly increased, no matter
wdiat local quarantine arrangements were
made ? And, on the other hand, would

it not be a vast relief on such a (plague)
crisis arriving, to feel that cooly immi-
gration could not be prejudiced, becau.se it had
its own port, quarantine station, and depots in
the island at a point widely separated from the
metropolis? Our illustration .so far, is that of
a case of plague arriving here, through no
fault of the coolies ; but suppose, on the other
hand, that a case or cases of plague were
directly traceable to the coolies, how much
more serious a thousand time.s such immigration
would then become, when associated with, oi in the
vicinity of, a city like Colombo, over-crowded
and insanitary in many parts in spite of all
that is being done— than if the plague cases
appeared among coolies landing at Dutch Bay
or any other similar isolated cooly port ? But
Mr. Harcourt Skrine will reply to this — as in-
deeil he has already done — that we cannot
divest ourselves of such traffic at this port:
‘•the coolies” (like the poor) must be always with
us — always coming and going by hundreds, if not
thousands, to sucli a city as Colombo. That is
very true ; but of how far less importance that
the ordinary cooly trafiic of the city should be
hampered, or even temporarily suspended alto-
gether, than that the large and vital How of
Immigration for the plantations should come
under the ban of the Port Surgeons of the
great central Mail-steamer Port of the East.
On due reflection, we think it will be found
that the planters ought to lead the way in
asking the Government to provide, if at all’ pos-
sible, a separate, convenient, and accessible port
for their coolies to and from Southern India,
so as to relieve all concerned of the risks at-
tending the use of Colombo.

—

OUR ESTATE SUNDAY SCHOOL.

(Communimted.)

Our Estate Sunday School is unique, has been
both neculiar and erratic, for although it now
dates back for several year.s since it was founded,
yet it has not always been active, given alas !
to hibernate, as a supply of teachers failed. We
have had times when the pulse of its life w^a

May I, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

801

tliready and weak, and others marked by big bursts
of enthusiasm, when a new rusli of talent was
fresh to the work, and zeal the predominant leaven.
Then there have been visions of progress ; a Chris-
tian peasantiy with a Christian conscience about,
and we have even ellervesced in these halcyon days
into a regular night school, and gone in for a
lavish expenditure, in slates, lirst readers, chalk
and a black board.

The youth of the Tamil race is, as a rule, bright,
interesting and intelligent : is teachable, and can
be leil, and takes to a .Sunday Schoo’. at first
out of ])ure curiosity, and when that curiosity is
satislied, deserts without a qualm. A new teacher
on the old theme crowds the withering loft— wide h
is the hallowed abode of our ellbrt— iiml uidess the
teacher be wise, he may be misled, thinking that
they are stretching out hands in the manner that
used to be depicted as the attitude of the
heathen on the cover of a juvenile missionary
magazine we were supplied with in the distant
past, and that they were thirsting and crying
for knowledge. It the teachers’ Tamil be halting
that is rather an advantage. It keeps the child-
ren quieter and extends the reign of curiosity
until they find out what he is talking about.

[n our school every new teacher is allowed a
free hand, all “isms’’ and “views” occupy the
one platform, and opinion weighs nothing. When
the teacher is very zealous, I find he generally
begins at the beginning and the knowledge
winch the estate children have of the ante-dilu-
viaus is simply astonishing. Tho,se whose policy
iH education is thorough, put in a lot of time
over the Garden of Eden while “ the father
of all such as handle the harp and or-
oan,” and the “ instructor of every artificer
fn brass and iron” are not unknown heroes. Life
however, is short, and zeal often burns out, and it
is not to be wondered at, that the later history
of Israel is pretty much a blank, for the children’s
curiosity is easily satisfied, and there is a lot of
dry stuff in the hoary past. W’^e have had
teachers who took instead, the times of Christ
as their theme, and expounded the words of the
Master ; but it is but scrappy knowledge the
children have of the Divine Teacher, and His life
on earth has been told only in part.

Tfiere has been a tendency in all the teachers

especially towards the end of their career when

the school deserters were many— to fall back on
“ the terrors of the law ” as persuaders, and
when this has become very marked, I have
always taken it to mean the shaking of the dust
from off the feet, and the preliminary to leaving,
I don’t know that it does the children any harm

as a rule, the school had become very thin

before these lightnings plav the bolder
spirits unabashed playing outside— but then there
is such a satisfaction for the teacher to feel
that when his message has been delivered
and not taken much notice of, that some
one will have to pay for that later on. The
youthful Ramasami hears of the abode of the
damned unmoved: in the world into which he
was born terror stalks about day and night : des-
truction may overtake him here and noiv, so
that a nemesis in the future is rather an
improvement.

Our teachers have had many plans to keep
up the flagging interest. Some have suggested
“no Sunday School, no rice,” and this has worked
admirably, and perhaps if it had been persisted
in as a steady policy, the children might now
have been able to take high marks in Scripture
kno^vledge; but it did not coinmend itself to ?|,11,

and indignation has been expre.ssed at endeavour-
ing to teach the children through the pangs of
the stoniacli, rather than through the emotions
of the heart.

To give an annual feast, the memory of whose
richne.ss, and the odour of whose savouriness was
to permeate and inlluence the whole school year
has been tried ; but except foi a few Sunday.s
before the feast and one solitary Sunday after
it, it might have been uncooked.

Picture books, and coloured tracts havo been
distributed : magic lanterns have been exhibited,
and even a sui)ieine effort made to win by a
variety entertainment. This last was unique,
and had a vista of such possibilities that I had
a fecling--innnediate.ly suppres.sed of course — that
it was not such a bad thing after all to be
born a heatlien. I had had a good deal of my
moral grouiuling driven into me with a stick
or slipper, and was made to march to school and
prepare the lessons nolens volens, and no sugar
piece in the matter ; but here was my heathen
horde, that used to have its rice stopped if it
ab.sented itself from school, .soothed by sweets
one day, pandeied to by plaintains another,
sustained by bread the next, and with the sure
ju-ospect of liaving its nakedness clothed later
on, dancing ever before it. When a boy, I used
to hear on high occasions in churcli, of “ a
feast of fat things” of “ wines on the lees well
refined,” and worulered what in the w'orld “wines
on the lees, well refined” could po.ssibly be, and
have been w'ondering ever since. Can it be any
thing like the above ? If so, I argue, that the
circle has been rounded and the end is near.
If the variety entertainment fails, what else is
there to fall back on, except to shut the door of the
withering shed for good and acknowledge defeat.
But on second thoughts I won’t ; as long as
teachers can be got, the school shall remain
open. It may not be a model school, nor run
on any kind of lines likely to obtain the ap-
proval of the experienced, but our aim is limited,
and if after many days there be but one from
its number found heading for the higher life cr
any turning at all toward righteousness, it will
be reward enough.

THE CACAO PEST.

ITS NAME WAS NEVER HEARD:— WAS
SILENCE WISE ?

“Tropical Agriculture ” of wdiatever branch,
is well known to be an industry which involves
many risks, but it has its compensations. For
one thing it is unwise to prophesy about it; for,
if “ the swing of the pendulum” is unfavour-
able to the planter this year, it may be as much
the other way later on. In the old coffee days it was
not unusual to see the cultivator who was heavily
indebted relieved of his worrying incubus by two
or three good crops ; while there was the other
side, too, in which money Avas lost hand over
fist. Cacao, during its short career in the island,
has not been free from similar vicissiludes. We
have had low prices, succeeded by a halcycon time
when those who had cacao gardens looked upon
every other product of the East as not in the
race with the “ food for gods,” and were inclined
to tl.ink, that they had found at last the ideal
tropical proiluct. This season of bright-eyed
hope Avas alas ! followed by collapse of prices !
markets slipped away from us. Countries, which
had imported largely, began to export cacao, and
from the top figures of 130^ to 140« a cwt., the

8o2

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

rates receJed to 60s or less, and reports came
from London, tliat some kinds could not be
sold at all, except at a luinous sacrifice.

It was another lesson to tlie sanguine planter
of the need of caution.

When prices got low, cacao was not so much
heard of, and when there was the .added horror
of trees clothed in verdure, and often laden
with clustering crop, going out in patches, there
was less said about it than ever. Those men
immediately concerned were shocked and sur-
prised, and bustling about, set their brains a
working to devise means for checkmating fur-
ther inroads. Apjilications of white wash, kerosine
oil, tar, and insecticides had each their day ;
affecied and dead trees were rooted out and
burnt; “poochees” were hunted for; botanical
authorities interviewed and questioned ; inquiries
made here and there, as to what others were
doing, but nothing to any good jmi pose — and tilings
were allowed to go on.

Tin •ough some occult reason the subject w.as
tabooeii in public ; most people seemed to know
of it and yet it was never discussed ; and the
press, which ought to liave been supplied with
the information, was singularly free from any
comments on the new horror, and w'hen it was
referred to, it was not in a way to cause any
alarm. Even the latest Report of the Planters’
Association is quite mealy-moutheil in its short
paragraph on cacao— the watered-dosvn result of
a rather pessimistic paper whicli had been sent
in — so we hear — but voted by some cacao men
as disturbing and extreme.

lias this conspiracy ot silence been w ise ?
Now the trouble in cacao is becoming so general
and so serious, that a specialist has been luomised
by the Government to investigate and .advise ;
but many cacao planters feel that his work —
if full value were to be got from it- ought to
have been completed by now', instead of all
having yet to be done. Ignorance still
reigns, trees go on dying, and many
more are marked out for death ; planters
do not know what to do, and the Specialist,
who is to help, is not yet above the horizon,
there is only the j»romise of his coming ; while
our local Entomologist, notwithstanding his able
work, is not ottered the opportuiuty of inspect-
ing estates affected ! Of course, in a land like
this, where the “jioochie” is so much in evi-
dence, and comes and goes according to its own
laws and seasons, if the trouble affecting the
cacao were a “ poochie,” hope was ever ready
to suggest the jio.ssibility of a natural change
of coiTditions, bringing about a cure, or at least
a mitigation. Cacao property was depressed enough
with the low price.s, and to bring into any kind of
prominence this obscure and unknown ravisher,
about whom so little was definitely known, was
thought as being unnecessarily to a.larm the
monied class, and deemed unwise. Still it w.as
known that cacao was a sen.sitive and tender
plant which demanded and quickly responded to
care, and that the red variety— which is suffer-
ing most here— had all but disaiijieared from
the West Indies years ago, and tlie planters
ought to liave been particularly awake to signs of
weakness in that direction and been more open.
The land was not barren of coun.^ellors. Plant-
ers got so much advice as to what should be
done, by peojile who were not a bit w'iser than
themselves, that they w’ould have been kept
busy all the year round if they had followed
a tithe of it. What they wanted, however, was
not empirical counsel. Some, we fancy, w'ere

[.May I, 1897.

sick enough of experiments and would have
been jdeased to follow authoritative advisers.
Had the Scientist, which the Planters’ A.ssocia-
tion asked for a year or two ago, been aiipointed
at that time, his .services at present would have
been invaluable. I'here would have been no

hesitation in consulting him, and his quietly
working out the life history of the cacao pest,
would not have attracted half the attention of
calling in <a Specialist from home.

Now that His Excellency has so readily agreed
to the employment of a cacao expert, we trust
that there will be as little delay as possible in
setting to work. We still think Mr. E. E.

Green ought to be asked to give a preliminary
Report, or to consult witli otlier local author-
ities ; but, in any case, if a Sjiecialist is to be got
from England, we trust when he does come he
will speeilily get to the root of the m.atter, and
put the puzsled and suffering cacao planter on
the track 0 his enemy.

THE RORING BEETLE INFESTING CACAO.

Under date the IJth instant, Mr. E. E. Green
writes to us: — '‘Under separate cover 1 forward
a bulletin from the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture. In it you will find a paper upon the
Sculytkhe of the United States. I have marked
several passages ttiat m.ay be of interest to your
readers as bearing upon the boring-beetle in-
festing our cacao, — which belongs to this family.”
We quote the passages marked by Mr. Green : —
THE AMBROSIA BEETLES (SCOLYTID.^:)

OF THE UNITED STATES.

UY II. G. HUBBARD.

The term ambrosia beetles is here used as a con-
venient one to distinguish from the true bark-borers
and baik-eaters the timber-boring Scolytidar, which
push their galleries deeply into the wood, and which
feed upon a substance called “ ambrosia.”

The galleries of the bark-borers are superficial and
lid within or just under the bark. The galleries of
the ambrosia-eatiug beetles penetrate into the wood,
and in all their ramifications are of uniform size and
free from wood dust or other refuse.

Their food consists not of wood, but of certain
minute and juicy fungi propagated on the walls of
their galleries. The action of the fungus produces a
stain in the wood, giving to the galleries the appear-
ance of having been bored with a red-hot wire. These
characteristic ” black holes ” serve to distinguish their
work from that of all other deep-boring timber beetles.

All the growing parts of the fungus are extremely
succulent and tender. When the plant is in active
growth, the fungus appears upon »he walls of the
galleries like a coating of hoarfrost.

Various disturbances of the conditions necessary to
its growth are apt to promote the ripening of the
fungus, and this is a danger to which every colony of
ambrosia beetles is exposed. If through any casualty
the natural increase of a populous colony is checked,
there results at once an overproduction of the
ambrosia.

It accumulates, ripens, and discharges its spores,
choking the galleries and often suffocating the re-
maining inhabitants in their own food material. The
same results may sometimes be brought about by
closing the outlets of the galleries through the bark,
or by spraying into them kerosene or some other
noxious liquid. The inmates of the colony are thereby
thrown into a panic, the beetles rush hither and
thither through the gallerie.s, trampling ujion and
crushing young larvro and eggs, breaking down the
delicale lining of ambrosia on the walls of the brood
chambers and puddling it into a kind of slush, which
is pushed along and accumulated in the passage ways,
coinpletoly stopping them in places. The breakiug
down of the food fungus follows and in a few days the

May I, 1897.]

THE TROPIC A I

AGRICULTURIST.

galleries are filled with a paste-like mass of granules
or spores, or with threads of mj'celium, in which
the living insects are sniTocated and destroyed.

Injuiuks Causht) dy Ambkosi.y IIketi.ks to Living
Plants. — As a rule, populous colonies of these beetles
and galleries so numerons and extensive as to be
capable of doing serious harm are found only in trees,
which before the attack began w'ere sick unto death
with maladies for which the timber beetles are in
nowise responsible. The few species which enter the
sapwood of vigorous trees do not form large colonies,
and the effect upon the health of the tree is not
appreciable. One or two species, it is true, have the
habit of sapping the life of twigs or small branches
with an encircling burrow, and a species of Corthylus
does considerable injury in this way to y^oung trees
and to shrubbfry in the forest.

liEMF.niES. — From what has been said of the nature
of the food of these beetles, it is evident that any
method by w'hich the entrances to their galleries in
the bark can be closed will effectually put an end to
the progress of their colonics.

Perhaps the best means of accomplishing this is by
coating the trunks with dendrolene or raupenleim.
A light brushing or spraying of the bark with creosote
or kero-;eue will sometimes accomplish the same
result, especially at the beginning of an attack. Eut
this cannot be depended upon to permanently protect
the trees.

♦

COFFEE ON THE STRAITS:
CEYLON PLANTERS TO THE FRONT.

We quote from Report by the Acting District
Magistrate, Mr. B. Rerkelev Kuala Kangsar, for
February : — “ Walked to Choping where there is
some very fine coffee, six years old, and a big
area being planted, and on to Tepus and Blanja.”
Also from report by the Acting District Magis-
trate, Krian, .Mr. R. C. Orey for February: — “'On
the 19th I drove to Alor Pongsu with the Col-
lector of Land Revenue, and there met the penghulus
of Bagan Serai and Briah, and some applicants for
land in the direction of Briah. We walked to Kuala
Briah, and then went up stream some distance by
boat to see the lie of the country. The land here
is all apparently suitable for hendaiifi cultivation, and
I am informed that further up stream good land for
coffee may be found, but we were unable to go far
up the river on this occasion.” Also from report by
the assistant district magistrate, Tanjong Malaim,
Mr. Hamilton for February : — “ Mr. Tait has planted
about 75 acres of coffee since October. He is push-
ing on with further clearing rapidly. The estate looks
very well, and the young plants healthy. He intends
patting in a few acres of tobacco as a trial crop
shortly. One hundred and seventy-four acres were
demarcated during the month, leaving a total of
527 acres undemarcated. The moat important item
during the month was the prospecting done by
Europeans on the Klanang Road. The land here,
the excellence of which had hitherto been knowTi
solely to native planters (mostly Javanese), having
satisfied the prospectors, two applica'iona for five
hundred acres each were put in by Messrs C. R. L.
Learmouth and J. D. Toynbee. Very shortly after
this Mr. W, Greig came down and, after careful
prospecting, forwarded three more applications for
610 acres each, from Messrs. F. H Wiggin, H. M.
Picken (both of Ceylon), and himself, respectively.
Thus the aggregate of applications from Europeans
during the month amounted to •2,920 acres, and as
these applications are all for land on the south
aide of the Langat, where no applications from
Europeans hive yet been received, the importance
of this new accession to the planting interest of the
district can hardly be overestimated. It will certainly
make all the difference to Jugra, which with a road
to Kuala Klang, may now certainly be expected before
many years are passed to develop into fair-sized
market t >wn, supplying the needs of the agricul-
tural population which is beginning to accumulate
at KUuaiig, Mirib and Bata on the coast, as well

803

as the inhabitants of the more thickly populated
mukinis of Bandar, Jiu'ga, Telok Penglima Garang,
aud Tanjong Duablas. On Monday (15th) I accom-
panied Messrs. Greig and Nisseu, on a visit to
Tanjong Ru. Arriving at this well-known point in
the afternoon, after a long row and a walk along the
sandy beach, we penetrated for upwards of a mile
into the mangrove, but though we came upon small
stretches of land where nibong and rattan were
growing, the land appeared to be too low in this
locality to grow anything but coconuts, and we had
no time to reach the higher land in the interior
of the island before nightfall, and so returned to
Jugra. Next day (16) Messrs. Greig and Nisaen
visited Morib, and on Wednesday they went up by
river to the river end of the Sungei Buaia Road
and returned overland, reporting the upper end of
the roads as being in a very bad state. I had no
time to accompany them being engaged on the
annual report. During the rest of the week Mr. Greig
was prospecting at Klanang; Mr. Nissen returning
to Klang on the 19th.”

“TEA PRODUCING COMPANIES OF
INDIA AND CETLON.”

Such is theiitleof a compact volume received
by the mail from the compilers Me.ssrs. Gow, Wilson
&, Stanton, the well-known Tea and Share
Brokers of Rood Lane. The book is one of 172
pages octavo and .as it sliosv.s the history and
results so far of all the Indian and Ceylon
Tea Companies, capitalised in sterling, it cannot
fail to prove useful. From the preface we copy
wo sots of figures of interest ; —

Acres under Acres in Labour Crop
1895 Tea. bearing, emplyed. produced

lbs.

Indian 4.50,000 375,000 600,000 135,500,000

Ceylon 305,000 262,000 290,000 98,000,000

755,000 637,000 890,000 233,500,000

The following is a summary of the capitalisation
and of the working results of the year 1895 of 56
Indian Tea Companies, which may be said to be in
full working order, aud consequently their aggregate
figures have a value as establishing some sort of a
standard : —

s

cd

6

O

O

««-i

o

u

V

S

P

iz;

ci

>

Acres

. fl

P <u

n3*o
c6 ^

Ah

£

o

a

cd

p4

a

O

H3

0)

O

P

o

Q4

o

u

O

lbs.

d)

u

o

ca

M

>

<

'P

o>

a

cS

(P

o

u

P4

o

H

M

'E*

a

o ®

eS

M

Qi

A

(P

O

M

Ph

d

c8

o

a

ona

«P

O

Ah

56 152,547 6,907,000 45 58,476,182 425 538,349 2’21

£

7 15 7

A similar representative table cannot be given for
Ceylon, as so many of the Companies are interested
in other products besides tea.

Another quotation is encouraging :

In regard to the future of the industry two

features present themselves for consideration *

may be taken that there is a natural
average increase in the consumption of tea in this
country to the extent of from 4,000,000 to 5 000 000
lb. per annum, and That markets out-

side the United Kingdom are continually expanding
ill the use of Indian and Ceylon Tea. °

Then follow the 100 pages with particulars
of Indian Companie.s, while a second division deals
with some 52 Ceylon Companies alphabetically
arrange I, giving as a rule capital, debentures
name of diiectois *vc., history, situation and area*
lesults and dividends, ami about accounts, voting

o

8o4

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

power, transfer toriiis, W’e take tlie following
notice from the Home and Colonial Mail : —

THE TEA-PRODUCING COMPANIES
OF INDIA AND CEYLON.

Under the above title Messrs. Gow, Wilson, and
Stanton, v/ho are tea share brokers as well as tea
brokers, have issued a handy volume, which will be of
great value to investors in tea shares and all interested
in tea. It gives the history and results of the tea-
producing companies of India and Ceylon, which are
capitalised in sterling. In a preface to the volume it
is pointed out that about £85,000.000 of British capital
is invested in tea, and the book gives the most in-
teresting personnel and data based on the latest obtain-
able results of the working of these companies.
Attention is called to the fact that tea companies have
been seldom saddled with extravag.uit promotion ex
penses, that nearly ail these tea concerns are directed
by business men and not mere guinea pigs, and also
that these companies place unusually full and lucid
yearly accounts before shareholders. These and other
facts concerning the development of the tea industry,
known perhaps to many of our readers, but not to the
general public, cannot fail to prove of the greatest
value in stimulating the interest of the investing public
in tea. The book is most welcome, and we con-
gratulate Messrs. Gow, Wilson, and Stanton upon its
compilation and issue. It is published at the price of
one guinea.

We have grumblers sometimes about the price
of a Ceylon Handbook and Dii’cctory ol 1,200 to
1,500 pages; but we feel sure merchants and
others do not grudge the guinea for this book of
172 pages.

KELANI VALLEY TEA ASSOCIATION,
LIMITED.

The following is from the report of the board of
directors, to be presented to the shareholders at their
eleventh annual ordinary meeting, to bo held at the
office of the company on the 13th inst. The direc-
tors herewith submit to the shareholders the report
and accounts of the company for the year ending
December 31, 189(1. During the past year no additions
have been made to the company’s acreage, but
about 50 acres of native lands have recently been
bought in order to obtain a satisfactory site, with
good water power, for the new joint factory for
Wereagalla and Parusella, which will shortly be
erected in place of the factories now existing on the
two estates, and which will tend to economise the cost
of manufacture. The total crop secured from the four
estates amounted to 6,38,145 lb., against an estimate
of 566,000 lb., and showed an increase compared with
that of 1895 of 40,950 lb. of tea, white the average yield
for the four estates was 615 lb. an acre. The factories
and machinery continue in efficient order, but as on
previous occasions, the directors have written 10 per
cent off their cost for depreciation, and the amount,
£67018 6d, appears in the account. Although the crop
is in excess of the estimate, and of that secured last
year, the results of the company’s working have not
been BO satisfactoi y as might have been expected, and
show a considerable shrinkage from those realised in
1895, which is to be accounted for : 1. Owing to the

Degalessa tea having, for a time, not maintained its
usual standard of quality. 2. By lower markets and
higher rate of exchange. 3. By reduction in the Cey-
lon receipts from the manufacture of tea for neigh-
bouring estates, and owing to rice having been supplied
to the labour force at its approximate cost. 'The com-
pany’s net profits for the year, after deducting the sum
of £670 Is 6d written off for depreciation, amount to
£1,664 13s 5d, which with £118 11s 8d brought for-
ward from last account, leaves ,£T,783 5s li to
be ■ now dealt with, and this it is proposed to
appropriate as follows ; Amount as above, £1,783
5s Id; interim dividend of 5 per cent paid in
September absorbed £813 5s.— It is now proposed to
pay a final dividend of 5 per cent, (free of income

tax), making 10 per cent for the year, £813 5s ;
leaving a balance to carry forward of £156 15s Id.
In accordance with the articles of association, Mr.
Donald Andrew retires from the boai’d, and being
eligible offers himself for re-election. Mr. J. B.
Laurie, C. A., offers himself for re-election as auditor.
— Ij. <0 C. Mail, April 2.

THE STANDARD TEA COxMPANY UF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

Sixth Report of the Directors to the Shareholders.
To be submitted at the general meeting, to be held
on Wednesday, 14th April, 1897, at noon, ai the Offices
of the Company.

The Directors submit Statement of Accounts to 31st
December, 1896. The Profit and Loss Account shows a
profit on the working of the Estates in Ceylon of
£12,317 Us 9d, which with amount brought forward from
last year, less interest and home charges, shows a sum
of £11, KX) 7s lid available for division. In August 1896,
the Diiect; rs, under the powers entrusted to them dis-
tributed an interim dividend for the six monthsending
30th June, 1896, of 5 per cent. (10 per cent, per annum),
absorbing £2,8(10. They now recommend a Dividend
at the rate of 10 per cent, (making 15 per cent, for the
year) absorbing £’5,600 ; the placing £1,000 against
depreciation; £’1,500 to reseve; and the carrying for-
ward to the next year £8(X) ’7s lid. The results are
not quite so favourable as last year, owing chiefly to
less coffee and to higher Exchange. Still the Direc-
tors consider the results good, for it was always fore-
seen that coffee would sooner or later die out, and
that Exchange was liable to be far less favourable.

The coffee produced in 1896 was about 321 cwts.,
which realised about £1,400, or less than half of the
produce of 1895. TheaverageExchangeforthe Company
as drawers in Colombo was 1/2 19-32nd against 1/lJ in
1895, and 1/1 13-32nd in 1894. The difference in 1896 un-
favourably affected the accounts to the extent ofabout
£1,(XX). The Tea from the Company’s Uda Pussellawa
pronerties sold during 1896 maintained in Mincing
Lane the same distinguished position it has hitherto
occupied It realised more per lb. in 1896 than in 1895,
though the market average for Ceylon Tea was lower.
For this much credit is due to the Manager at St.
Leonards.

Mr. Norman Grieve, who has had occasion to travel
in the East, availed himself of the opportunity of visi-
ting Ceylon and of inspecting the ( ompany’s proper-
ties. He reports well of them and of the Esiate
Managers he saw.

Concygar of 176 acres, of which 169 acres are inder
Tea, has been bought from Colonel E. A. Butler, as
from 1st January, 1897, or, perhaps, it would be more
correct to say, that Colonel Butler has contracted to
join and to sell his Estate to the Company for 350
shares of £’10 fully paid. The Directors consider
this a fair contract, and expect the place to work in
well with Gordon and St. Leonards, between which
Estate it is situated.

The Comiiany’s Properties at the close of 1896 were
3,290 acres, N\ith 1,519 acres of tea considered in fully
bearing, viz : —

in Uda Pussellawa —

St. Leonards

726

acres.

238

Liddesdale

814

t)

140

Plskdale

240

208

Gordon

386

))

154

Tulloes

419

>»

165

in Up. Maskeliya —

Gouravilla
&Up. Cruden

1 705

1»

614

acres. Tea bearing.
))

»»

There are also 160 acres Tea in partial bearing, and
some 601 acres in addition planted with Tea. On
St. Leonards, Liddesdale, Gordon and Tulloes Estates
there is still a certain amount of Coffee interspersed
through the Tea.

Mr. Rorert Kay-Shuttlkwortu, the Director who
retires by rotation, being eligible, offers himself for
re-election. By Order, A. Traeford Brooke, Secretary.

25, Fouchurch Street, London, 31st March, 1897,

May I, 1897,]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

805

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished bu the Chamber of Commerce).

Colombo, April. 27th, 1897.
Exchange on London: Closing Rates, Bank Sellincj
Rates: — On demand 1/3 1-32; 4 months’ sight 1/3 1T8;
6 months’ sight 1/3 3-32. Bavh Bui/ing Rates: Credits

3 months’ sight 1/3 3-16; 6 months’ sight l/3i to 9-32.
Docts 3 months’ sight 1/3 7-32; 6 months’ sight 1/3
9-23 to 5-16

Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the
spot per bus., R16'25 Scarce. Estate Crops in
Parchment, delivery no quotations. Plantation Estate
Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. R85'00 Scarce.
Liberian parchment on the spot per bushel, E8 00
scarce. Native Coffee f.o.b. per cwt. R64’00.

Tea. — Average Prices ruling during the week Broken
Pekoe, per lb. 46c. Pekoe per lb. 35c. Pekoe Sou-
chong per lb. 28o. Broken mixd and Dust, per lb.
24c. Averages of Wednesday’s sale.

Cinchona Bark. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
per lb 03.

Cardamoms. — per lb, R2 30.

Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. R13.25,

Dealers’ oil per cwt. R13-00 Coconut oil in ordinary
packages f.o.b. per ton R295’00

Copra. — Per candy of 560 lb. R34’50
Coconut Cake: (Poonac) f.o.b. (Mill) per ton, R70 00
Cocoa. — Unpicked and undried, per cwt. R45-00.

_ „ XT 1 * Q ] Kogalla Rl8'00

Coir Yarn.— Nos. 1 to 8 ] Colombo R16 00

Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 67c. Very scarce.

Do Ordinary As.sortment, per lb. 63ic do
Ebony. — per ton No sales.

Plumbago: — Large Lumps per ton, R340') Market
Ordinary Lumps per ton, R32) > very firm

Chips per ton, R180. Dust per ton, R120 ) & ad’eing
Rice. — Soolye per bushel, ( R3'70 to 3 75
,, p6r bag, t R9'80 to 11'05
Pegu and Calcutta Calunda RlO'OOto 11T5
Coast Calunda per bushel, R373 to 4'25
Muttusamba per bushel, R3 85 to R4'55.

Kara per bushel, R3’65
Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag — Rll'50
Freights.

Per ton
London
per str.

0 M

0 M

QQ .

0 U

« ^ fl

Cargo.

<D

o>

■s S

H p.

A ^

S »

Ww

s. d.

s. d.

s. d.

R. c.

s. d.

Tea

20/

31/3

22/6

25

20/

20/

Coconut Oil

• ,

31/3

22/6

22/6

25

Plumbago

15/

31/3

25

20/

Coconuts in bags

. •

31/3

22/6

25

20/

Other Cargo

17/6

31/3

22/6

25

20/

Broken Stowage

10/

SAILERS.

30/

Coconut Oil

• •

• •

#•

Flnmbago

• •

28y9

• •

• •

• •

LOCAL MARKET.

By Mr, A. M. Chittmnbalam, 7, BaillieSt., Fort

Colombo, April 13th, 1897.
Scairv per bushel
(Nominal) R13‘25 to IS'.'jO do
R65'00to 66 '00 per cwt
R70-00 to 71-00 do
R12-50 per bushel (nominal)
R63-00 to 64-00 per cwt
Rl-50 to 2 per lb (nomin.-il)
R30-00 to 45'CO per cwt do

Garden Pa.rchment
Chetty do
Native Coffee Scarce
do f.o.b. do
Liberian Parchment,
do Coffee
Cardamoms.—

Cocoa.— (nominal)

Rice. — Market is quiet : —
Kazla
Soolye
Callunda

Coast Callunda (Scarce)
Kara

(Scarce)
E9-25 to 10
(Scarce)
3-75 to 3-87

3-68 to 3-80

75 to 4-25

per bag

per bushel
do
do

Muttusamba

Cinnamon.— Quoted Nos. 1 to 4, at 62c and Nos. 1 and
66 cents per lb (nominal)

Chips. — R85-00 to 87-60

COCONUTS.— Ordinary R32 to 38 per 1,000 (nominal)

do Selected 40 to 44 do do

COCONUT OIU. 13 00 to 13"25 per cwt do

Copra.— Market steady
Kalpitiya
M arawila
Cart Copra
Poonac.— Gingelly
Chekku
Mill (retail)

Ebony. — quotations at
Satinwood.— cubic feet
Halmilla.— do

E41 to 42 per candy
38 to 40 lo

33 to do

90 to i ton
95 to 10'. do

70 to 75 do

BlOO to R195 (nominal)
2-00 to 2-25 do

1-25 to 1"50 do

KiTUi. Fibre.— Quoted at R28-OU per cwt (nominal)
Palmyra Fibre.— Quoted nominally :—

Jaffna Black. — Cleaned (Sairce)

do Mixed B16-00 to .l7'00 per cwt.

Indian do B7-00 to' 9-00 do

]>o Cleaned 10 '00 to 14-00

Sapan Wood. — Quoted 45 '00 to 50 00 per ton
Kerosine Oil — American 7 '50 to 7-55 per case
GO Bulk Russian 2"72 to 2-77 per tin
do Russian in Ca.ses R5-90 to 5-95per case
Kapok. — Cleaned!, o.b : — R29'00 to 3O-(J0 per cwt
do Uncleaned Scarce do

Croton Seed do do

Nux Vomica 2-60 to 3-00 do

CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION
1896-97.

P’bago

1897
1 cwt.

J'» O'! 0-7 >C r-4 0 C*- 0 0 0 1

0050CS 1

0-1 I'- (M 0 eo CO 1

CS-C5 GO' •• • ..»|

Tjl. I-H* •• . <N. ...j

103748

104408

5739-2

75314

1 Coconut Oil

1896
cwt. j

CCIO'VTI COCOGO CO-1*CO coo

^010 ■n' 0 0 oiC'1 1— ( fM ^

0 C5 •!- • I-H <?t • • .-o *ro • 0 » •

C30 •C'l* ••OJ 05'*— !»«••

O-I p-t p-(

87281
83 79
86230
93677

fe-g .

00 P

t

CO 0 CO 0

t-ico

0 CO cc. 0 0 C'l 0

1

Cmoms Cinnamon.

Chips

lb.

I'- 0 0 0-1 0 0 ,

1- 0 ' 0 ■vt' t/J

CS'-CO — CO

r; 0 >J 0 .00 . . . : — 1

CO I-H AC CO CO r-4 t

" - 1

C5 1-.- C'l

CO 00 00 GO

M CO w

Bales

lb.

COOOO'-OOO T-«c:.o 1

CO c- 0 0 0 0 13 0 0

0-H’«r005C50 coo

HO uo GO 0 C5 • cs .1.0 • • •

C'l C'l 01 <N • C'l • • • . (N ..... 1

, " 1

C5 I-H lO 0
CO 05 0

00 00 uft

wp CO I-H IfC
CO CO to rr

to I-O -t 'If

0 01 05

C5 rfl Lf; rH
CQ C5 lO

LT. VfC 0 (M
00 rH 0 rH

rH rH ^ rH

C'l 0 0 uo

00 ^3-1

01 0 I'',

to CO i-t

Cocoaj

cwt.

1C CO 1-' -S’ iC5 0 CO

0 0 C'l VO CO CO

r-l :

rti • :

t- -O 0 C5
<M 05 CO 00
05 IT3 t- t—
Tf NJ1 CO

1 1

1896 ^
lb.

-1'ioO‘OviO'O'— •I'-o ci.-'C:r---^’io^oo

C:O5-'3’COC5-NC0. O-vt* COClOOCOt^-iOCtO

0 Cl 1 CO Cl I-O rH . UO C-5 1- C5 CO 0 1-- -isti CO

— C'l \0 Cl r-< f C3> • 0 *:r to 0 C5 0 r-l Cl «

CO r-CO UOf-n CO

00 rH CO

to CO

C'l

50 rH 0 Ci^
w ao to

1897

lb.

CO »(0 ‘O CO 0 *.0 CO CO C5 0 I - 0 "i:** 0 O

0 1"- C 1 CO 0 C5 CO 0 Ci 05 Cl VfO 0 00 1-H CO 0

CO 1- CO ‘.0 1- 1'- to to 0 W C5 C5 (M CO to Q O

cOf~iOvico-t<co C'icoi>.i“Hco<MCOi--.'i<5o «co

CO r-iiO 0 CO'O — lOi—i •

r-( T-I Cl T— (

C5 CO ■ ■ '

^ G-l vT5
2* — 00 00
0 -H on 0
2! •-< 25 Hji
CO CO C'l 01

1 Cinchona. 1

1897B’nch
& Trunk lb

rH C5 10

^ to crj

0 rH VC

C5 CO (N

rH».*».*****J. I'- ♦ rH • • .

: . r-» . • . .

209745

2.55614

259486

697728

1 Coffee cwt 1

Total.

Tjl05rHC54CC0 UOrH O

i'-r«C5 — lO (NC5 ^

tr^C-l A£5rH ..... or* •»

CO ••.•!—(.« ♦ t •

1

6452

7608

23912

8145

N'tive

01 I-H CO

C5 00 00 10

Plan-

tation

•-di 1".. C5 0 GO »0 I'O 0

l'..TjiO5rHU0 <MtO

I - 01 • IC 1-H VO

CO • rH.. ...

6423

7314

22994

80«0

COUNTRIES.

f

To United Kingdom
„ Austria
„ Belgium
„ France
,, Germany
„ Holland
, Italy
„ Russia
„ Spain
„ Sweden
,, Turkey
,* „ India
,, Australia
„ America
„ Africa
„ China
„ Singapore
,, Mauritius

„ Malta

Total exports from 1st Jan.
to 27th Apiil 1897

do 1896

do 189S

4o 18M

18M| 80«0| 85i 8145

8o6

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May I, 1897.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS.

(From Lewis <& Peat's Fortnijhtli/ Prices Oiirroit, Lowlon, April 1th, 1897.)

ALOES, Soccotrinc

ZnDzibiir Ac HcpiUii
BEES’ WAX,

Zanzibar & i White ..
Bombay I Yellow...
Mauritiu.H 5c MadaKa.'^car..
CAMPHOR, China
Japan

CARDAMOMS, Malabar..
Ceylon.— Mysore
„ Tellicherry...

„ Long ..

,, Mangalore.,

CASTOR OIL, CaleutU.

Madras ..
CHU.T.1E8. Zanzibar .,
CINCHONA BARK.—
Ceylon

OINK A MON, Ceylon IsU
2lld^

3rds

4tliS

Chips

CLOVES, Penang
Amboyna
Zanzibar \
and Pemba J
Stem.s

COCULIIS INDICDS ...
COFFEE

Ceylon Plantation

Native
Liberian
COCOA, Ceylon

COLOMBO ROOT

COIR ROPE, Ceylon ...

Cochin . .
FIBRE, Brush • •

Cochin ...
Stuffing ..
COIR YARN, teylon ..

Cochin ...
do.

CROTON SEEDS, sifted...
CUTCH ... ,••• ••

(HNGKR, Bengal, rough
Calicut, Cut A
B & C
Cochin Rough...

Japan

OUM AMMuNIACUM ..
ANIMl, Zanzibar...

Madagascar ...

ABABICE. I. A Aden ...

Ohatti ..
Kurrachee . .

Madras ...
ASSAFtETIDA

KINO

MIRRII. picked ..

Aden .sorts
OLIBANUM. drop

pickings

siftings

I.NDIABUBBEB, Assam

Rangoon

Borneo

QUALiTV,

Fair to tine dry
'ommon to good

Good to fine
Fair

Dark to good palish .
Fair average quality ..

,, ,. nom. ..

Clipped, bold, bright, fine
.Middling, stalky & lean
Fair to tine plump
Seeds

Good to fine

Brownish

Shelly to good

.Med brown to good bold

Ists and 2nds

Dull to fine bright

Ledgeriana C hips
Crown, Renewed . .

Urg. Stem
Hybrid Root

Chip

Ordinary to fine quill..

Fair to good

Dull to fine bright bold

Dull to tine

Good and fine bright ..

Common dull to fair ..

Fair

Fair

Bob! to fine bold colory
.Middling to fine mid .
Lowinid. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary
Small to bold
Bold to tine bold
■Medium and fair
Triage to ordinary
Fair to good

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to tine long straight
Ordinary to good clean
Common to fine
Common to superior

I. very fine ..
Roping, fair to good ..
Fair to good
Fair to tine dry
Fair

Good to tine bold
Small and medium
Common to fine bold ..
Small and D’s
Cnsolit

Sm. blocky to fine clean
Picked fine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean anil Pea size ditto
Amber .and dk. red bold
.Med. A bold glassy sort.s
Fair to good palish ...

,, „ red

Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to fine pale ...
Good and fine pale
Reddish to pale selected
Dark to fine pale
Clean fr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine briglit
Fair to fine pale
Middling to good
Good to tine white
.Middling to fair
Low to good pale
Slightly foul to fine ...
Good to tine
Common to foul & mxd.
Fair to good clean
Common to tiiio ,.

iUOTATlUNS.

UU.ILI I V.

QUOTATIONS.

Gs a 120s

IN IIIARUBB l£R, (Contd ).

lls a 7(is

Java, Sing. & Penang

f

Foul to good clean ..
Good to tine Ball

Is 3d a 2s 3d
2s 2d a 2s Od

a 4iS

1

rdinary to fair Ball..

Is 2d a 2s U|d

to a £6 10s

Mozambique

1

Low sandy Ball

lOd a Is Id

to 15s a .to 7/0

Sausage, fair to good

Is 4d a 2s 54d

fo5s

1

Liver and liverv Ball .

is 3jd a 2s lid

ilOs

(

Fr to tine pinky & white

Is lid a 2s .5d

5s a 3s Id

Madagascar 3

Fair to good black ..

Is 3d a Is lOd

2s ed a 2s 9d

Niggers, low to good..

lOd a Is 5d

Is ed a 3s ed

INDIGO, E.I.

Bengal--

is a 3s ed

Shipping mid togd violet
Consuming miiT. to gd

4s 4d a 5s Id

2s 9d a 3s

-3s 4d a 4s Id

2s Od

Ordinary to mid. gooc

2s 8d a 3s 2d

2s a 2s 6d

Mid. to good Kurpah...

2s a 2s lOd

3s Od a 3s od

Low to ordinary

Is 3d a Is lid

31 d a 4jd

.Mid. to good Madras..

Is 4da 2s ed

3Jd

MACE Bombay, A Penang

Ikile reddisli to fine .,

is 9d a 2s 9d

20s a 37 s 6d

Ordinary to fair
Chips and dark

ls4d a ls8d
!slda Is ed

Id a 3?,d

.MYRABOLANES, Madras

Dark to fine pale UG .

is 9d a 5s ed

2d a 4,;d

Fair Coast

4s 9il

^4(1 3d

Bombay ..

lubblepore

4s a 7s

2 id a -lid

Bhimlies

Is od a 8s ed

l,ida2d

Rhajpore, Ac.

Is a 7s

U^d a Is ed

Bengal ..

Calcutta

ts ,a Os

lOid a ts 5d

NUTMEGS—

jt's to 57’s

3s a 3s 2d

I0.id a Is 4d

Bombay & Penang

112’s to 07’s

Is 3d a is 11(1

Oki a Is 1 d

leu’s to 130’s

8d a Is 2d

kl a 3fd

NUTS, ARECA

Ordinary to fair fre.sh .

I2s a lls

till a 7d

NUX VU.MEUA. Bombay

Oldinary to middling..

js a 6s ed

>d a 4jd

Aladras

Fair to good bold fresh

7s a 7s ed

2 7-lOd a 2tcI

Small ordinary and fail

3s ed

21 d a 2id

OIL OF ANISEED

Fair merchantable

6s 9d a Cs lOid

Id

CASSIA

.Iceording to analysis..

6s (id a 8s

3s ed

LE.MONGRASS

Good flavour & colour..

2jd

NUTMEG

oiiigv to white

>id a 4d

1 14s a 121s

CINNA.MON

Ordinary to fair .sweet..

Id a Is 3d

lOSsa 1133
)8s a 106s

CITRON ELLE
ORCHELLA WEED-

Bright A good flavour

fs Ijd a Is 2d

Vs a 101s

Ceylon

.Mid. to fine not woody

lOs a 12s ed

eOs a 7 is

Zanzibar.

Picked clean flat leaf

lO.s a 15s

ios a70s
7ls a 82s ed

PEPPER - (Black) —

,, wiry Mozambique

LOs a lls

52s a C8s

Alleppee & Tellicherry

Fair l.o liold heavy

2|d a 3d

;0s a eOs

Singapore

Fair

2|(l 2 15-ied

20s a 22s Oil

Acheen & W. C. Penang

Dull to fine

i.ld a 2id

PLUxMBAGO, lump

Fair to fine bright bold

f.5sa 17s ed

iioininal

Middling to good small

is (id a 13s

£10 a tie

chips

Oull to flue bright

t.s ed a 8s 9d

tlO a ,t21

dust

Ordinary to fine Iiright

is a (Js

tl5 a £21

SAFFLOWER

Good to tine pinky

SOs a 85s

t5 a £0 10s

Middling to fair

JOs a 70s

tl2 a £26 10s
tl2 a £34

SANDAL IVOOD—

Inferior and pickings ..

iOs a 55s

£10 10s a £13

Bombay, Logs

Fair to fine flavour

£29 10s a ,£50

35s a 80s

Chips

5s a ,£3

Is 3d a 32s ed

Madras, Logs

Fair to gooil flavour . .
inferior to fine

£30 a £50

15s ed

(hips

■-•4 a £8

56s ed a 85s

SAPAN WOOD, Bombav

Lean to good

£4 a £5

31s a COs

! • Madras

Good average

C4 a £5 nom.

27s a 3Gs

Manila

1 Rough & rooty to good

£4 10sa£5 15s

lOs a 25s

Siam

\ bold smooth..

a i.7

I8s

SEEDLAC

Ord. dusty to gd. solublt

Os a 80s

I7s a 36s Od

SENNA, Timievelly

Good to tine bold green

4d a Sd

£10 7s ed a £13

Fair middling medium

21d a 4jd

£< 17/6 a£10 10s
70s a £7 12/6

SHELLS, M. O’PEARL-

Common dark and small

Id a 2d

£5 10s a £7 10s

Bombay

Bold and A’s ...

£4 17s ed a £S

00s a 137s ed

D’s and B’s

£4 10s a £5 15s

£4 8s a £8

Small

£3 15s a ,£4 5s

C'4 5s a £0

Mus.sel

Sm.all to bold

20s a 50s

50s a 62s 6d

TAMARIND.S, C.alcutta .

■Mid. to fine bl’k not stonv

7s a 8s

20s a 55s
55s a 65s

Madras ...

TORTOISESHELL—

Stony and inferior

4s a 6s

35s a 45s

Zanzibar and Bombay

Small to bold dark 1

16s a 2’2a Od

3Vs (jd a 45s

mottle part lieavy ■[

tOsa 80s

TUR.MEIUC, Bengal ...

Fair

I Os a lOs ed

30s a 37 s

Madras

Finger fair to fine boid

14s a 15s

£45 a £55

Do.

Mixed milling. [liright

I2s a 13s

82s ed a 90s

Do.

Bullis .. ..

is a 9s

33s a 05s

Cochin

I''inger

12.S

54s a 60s
20s a 31s

VANII.I.OES—

Bullis

's ed a 8s

lls a 12s ed

Mauritius and 1 Ists

Gd. cry.sallized 3.t .a 9iu.

9s (id a 33s

,)s ed a lls

Bourbon ... / 2n(ls

Foxy A reddisli 4^ a 8 ,

I7s a 22s

Is od a 2s Id

Seychelles 3rils

liCaii and inferior

I2s a 17s

.id a Is ed
Is 4d a 2s Id

VERMILION

Fine, imre, briglit

2s 4ld

Is Id a Is 7d

WAX, Japan, squares |

tjood white hanl „.J

ills a 40*

SGRK^ULTURSL

COLOMBO.

Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TKOFIGAL AGRICULTURIST.'’

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricaltnral Mayazine
or May ; —

Vol. VIIL] MAY, 1897. [No. IL

SEASON REPORTS FOR MARCH.

ESTERN PRO VINO R.—V&My.
Preparations for A"ala cultivation.
Fruit.s and vegetables tend to be
scarce and dear in many parts,
though the supply of vegetables
was fairly plentiful in Colombo,
Tlie dry weather is to some extent interfering
with Yala cultivation.

Cetttral Prowncc.— Paddy. Malm harvest being
taken in or over, Yala cultivation commenced
in many places. Crop faiily good.

Northern Province. — Paddy. Kalapokam crop
taken and thrashing commenced in Jaffna, reaping
going on in Mannar, outturn reported good
though crop somewhat damaged by flies.

Southern Province. — Paddy. Y^ala going on in
Galle, dry weather unfavourable to growth both
here and in Hambantota. Tissa fields are ripe
and in blossom.

Eastern. Province. — Paddy. Early Munmnri liar-
vest on, and a commencement made with Pinwari.
Caterpillars have done some damage to the young
paddy. Prospects are however good. Cattle
murrain dying out in Batticaloa district, only
ca.<es of a mild type e.xisting at present.

North-Western Province. — Paddy. Harvesting
going on in most places and thrashing also
begun ; prospects generally good. Murrain in
two Rorales in the Kurunegala district.

North-Central Province. — Paddy. In some parts
Yala ploughing and sowing is going on, while in
others the last crop is not quite done with yet.
Occasional cases of murrain in Nuwaragampalata.

Province of Uva. — Paddy. Preparation for Malm
harvest is going on. Judging from appearances.

good crops are to be expected. Some foot and
mouth disease in Yatikinda.

Province of Sahararjammea. — Paddy. In the
Ratuapura and Xegalle districts the Malm harvest
is closing and Yala cultivation commencing ;
prospects favourable generally.

RAINFABli TAKEN AT THIO SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH
OF APRIL, 1897.

1

Thursday

Nil

19

Monday

1-78

2

Friday

Nil

20

Tuesday

•81

3

Saturday

•17

21

Wednesday .

•33

4

Sundav

•17

22

Thursday .

•40

5

Monday

•17

23

Friday

Nil

6

Tuesd<ay

•02

24

Saturday .

Nil

7

Wednesday . .

Nil

25

Sunday

•47

8

Thursday

Nil

26

Monday

1-00

9

Friday

•29

27

Tuesdaj'

•88

10

Saturday

Nil

28

Wednesday .

*63

11

Sunday

Nil

29

Thursday .

Nil

12

Monday

Nil

30

Friday

Ni

13

Tuesday

Nil

1

Saturday ,

Nil

14

Wednesday . .

Nil

15

Thursday

4-70

16

Friday . ,

Nil

Total.

.11-82

17

Saturday

Nil

Mean . ,

•39

18

Sunday

Nil

Greatest amount of rainfall in any ill hours on
the 1.5th Thursday inche.s -|■70^

Reeordo.i by A. R. JEIUiMl.vn.

KAFFIR CORN.

This cereal wdiich has lately been brought to the
notice of the agricultural public in Ceylon through
the columns of the local Examiner, and concerning
which w'e have received many enquiries, is really
an old acquaintance under a new name.

Kaffir corn, also called Guinea corn or the
Indian or great millet, is botanically known as
Sorcihum viclgare, and in India as “Jowari’’
and “ Cholum.” By the last name it must be
familiar to many who at first imagined tha

808

Siipplemenl to the “ Tropical Agriciiltarist."

[May 1, 1897.

Kalliv corn was something new to the island, where
though not systematically grown, it ist'ouiidin one
of Its many varieties w herever there are Tamil
settlements,aswellusinnativt chenalands. Among
the Sinhalese two varirties of it are known as
Idal-iringu ” and “ Karal-iringii,” Jvallir corn lias
become a tavouiite crop in America, Africa and tlie
Australian Colonies, but a few notes regarding
the plant as grown in India, and particularly in
lower India, should prove useful to our readers.

Referring to “Jowari’' or “Juar” Dr. Watt
says ; — *' It is a cereal which, after rice, is perhaps
the most valuable single article of food in this
country. If Bengal ( the great rice-eating province)
bo left out of consideration, Juar takes the lirst
place as the staple of Indian diet, and ranks
a long way before wheat, barley or Indian corn
and again, “ sorghum holds in India a position
very much like that of oats in Scotland.”

By the natives of India sorghum is regarded
as more wholesome than wheat or rice, because
more easily digestible. It is ground into meal
and eaten a; cakes or porridge, and as parched
grain is also used in various ways.

Apart from the highly nutritious nature of
the grain, which compares very favourably
with rice and wheat, sorghum has many good
qualities which have led to its extensive cul-
tivation. It grows on most soils, even very
poor ones, though soils like those of the black
cotton soil of India give the best returns. The
more trouble the cultivator takes to plough
deeply and work up the soil, the better out-
turn is he likely to get, no doubt on account
of the firmer roots sent out by tlie plant. In
India sorghum is generally gro.vn as a mixed
crop with dhall, green gram. See. The returns
of cultivated crops shows that no less than
2-3,000,000 acres are devoted to sorghum alone.
Taking 0 maunds j)cr acre as the average yield
of grain for all India, the total comes up to
1.30,000,000 maunds or 5,357,142 tons, practically
all of which is consumed in the Tresidency.

We might write a great deal about the
excellence of sorghum both as a cereal grain
and as a fodder plant, and how much it is
esteemed as such wherever it has been grown.
We consider it eminently suited for pure cul-
tivation or for systematic mixed cultivation
in most parts of the Island on all high and
dry lands unsuitable for paddy. Under irrigation
it should succeed admirably in the A'ortli and
North-Cent al divisions of Ceylon, ft behoves
Covernmont to place facilities in the way of
cultivators obtaining seeds of the best varieties
of sorghum obtainable from India as w'ell as
America, and to issue a bulletin giving full in-
structions regarding cultivation Ac., so as to
encourage the regular cultivation of this
valuable plant by the natives. By such measures
it will be doing much towards bringing a large
proportion of the high lands now lying waste
and in .jungle in many j)rovinces under the plough.

By adopting the cultivation of a crop Hire
“ Ka'llir corn " the people will be made less
dependent on their paddy crops which in turn
is so dependent on a copious water supply.
Our cultivators are much in need of another
cereal, and that a dry land crop practically
independent of a water siqiply, natural or

artificial. Kafiir-coru should suit them admi-
rably and als9 give them better opportunities
for practising improved methods of agriculture
than the growing of “ swamp-rice” affords them.

With the small opportunities for reaching the
cultivating classes, we did what we could to
bring “ Kallir-corn ” to the notice of the villagers
by distributing seed from the 8chool of Agri-
culture some years ago. The small plantation
which existed at the school then was established
from seed obtained through the kindness of
General La Touche at that time resident in
Ceylon. There is just one instance how much
the school could do if funds and the necessary
“ machinery " were available to induce the cul-
tivators of Ceylon to better their position. The
possibilities of agricultural improvement, we affirm,
are very great in Ceylon, but the means of
effecting such improvement is wanting.
♦-

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

We have had an enquiry with reference to
the cultivation of mushrooms, and as the infor-
mation which was supplied should be of
interest to our readers, we give it below : —
To grow a crop quickly, it is necessary to
engender a moderatelj’ lasting artificial wanuth
ill the material emploj”ed ; yet, if possible, with
moderate latent heat only. The place best adapted
for their production is a ratlier damp godown
or out-house ; in this should be arranged a row
of shelves at a short distance from the ground,
on which the materials in which the mushrooms
are to be grown should be placed to the depth
of eighteen inches, and firmly beaten down.
The compost best adapted for this purpose is
made up as follows: — Fresh horse droppings
six parts, cow dung two parts, sheep dung two
parts, garden soil four parts, and fresh wood
ashes one part Before these are mixed they
should be allowed to dry in the sun for two
or three days to take off the excess moisture.
After being mixed, and the bed made on the
shelves as described above, they should be allowed
to remain for five or six days till ferment ition
commences. As soon as a moderate heat is
perceptible the spawn should be added, this is
done by making holes in the surface, about
12 in. apart and 3 in. deep ; in eacli of these
a small quantity of spawn, about 2 in. square
is inserted, after having first been dipped in
tepid water; these should be slightly covered
with the compost, and the whole beaten down
firmly. After a month the beds should be
covered with two inches of light rich soil, and
the whole beaten down, and then well watered;
it will now require no further attention, beyond
occa,sionally watering the walls and floor of the
room to promote a damp atmosphere. If projierly
managed the beds should commence bearing
freely in about eight weeks from the time of
spawning them. On the jilains the best time
to start a mushroom bed is from September to
3larch ; in the hills from April to October.

IVith reference to the introduction of Jiew
vegetables, lately discussed in co.inection with
agricultural shows, it is interesting to find
a record of the first attenqit to grow potatoes

]\lAY 1, 1897.] Supplement to the ^^Trop)icxil Agricultural.''''

in Ceylon mentioned in Uigby’s Fifty Years
in a Crown Colony, vol. ii., page 218; the
person referred to in the extract is Mr. J.l.
Lorensz (fatlier of Mr. C. A. Lorenszi who was
at the time .\fagistrate of Matara. “Diuiog his
tei'.nre of oftice under Government he made
several valuable reports on the agricultural
conditio!! of that part of the Island with wliich
he was more intimately familiar, and Bennett,
in his Ceylon and its Capabilities, mentions the
fact that he was the first to try tlie cultivation
of the potato in the Island.”

We are glad to hear good accounts of .Tadoo
from the .Superintendent of the Victoria Park
to whom we .sent a bale of the fibre. Mr.
Alwis is greatly plea.sed with the results which
have attended its uae both in germination as well
as ordinary growth. Among other plants on
which the fibre wiis trid ferns showed up
welt, and Jadoo is found a particularly suitable
medium for orchids. Ylr. Alwis used the libi-e
with a due proportiDii of soil, and we have
ourselves found that it is necessary to mix
the two, as when pure, .Tadoo would seem
to become heated at our temperature. We
would again remind those to whom we have
supplied samples of the fibre that it must be
well comminuted before use. As a mulch for
plants grown in the open we found Jadoo
answer admirably during the drought that
preceded the late rains.

Mr. Cyril Barber who received his training at
the .School of Agriculture, and has been in charge
of “ The Grove Ukuwella, left Ceylon on a
holiday trip to England on the I4th ultimo.
He returns in six months.

Mr. F. C. Fernando (son of Mr. Austin Fernando
of Colombo) who was trained at the School
of Agriculture, and afterwards joined the Forestry
School, has been appointed Forest Guard at Anu-
radhapuca. Mr. Fernando had a most creditable
career in both the Agricultural and Forestry
Schools, and we wish him all success.

The following is a list of the Agricultural
students who were given appointments in the
Forest Department; Messrs. Dissanayake, Tia-
thonis, Kcdippily, Rajapakse, Mendis, Ratnayake,
Fernando, Handy, and Weerasuriya. Messrs. De
Silva and Wijeyratne have also held acting
appointments.

We have heard with regret of the death of
Mr. J. A. Kodippily, one of the most pu’omising
of the students who were trained at the School
of Agriculture. Mr. Kodippily was an officer
of the Forest Department.

An Agri-Horticultural Show was held at Xuwara
Eliya on the 26th and 27th of March, and, from
all accounts, was a very successful exhibition.
It is a matter for regret and discouragement
to find that the Government could not have
seen their way to allow agricultural students
the modest conce.s.sion of travelling free by rail to
be present at the Show. The oftener agricultural
Shows are held the better for the agricultural
interests of the Colony, but we should wish to
see a few more Shows organized solely in the

interests of tlie native agricultural indU'tries,
on the lines of the successful Show held at
Dalugama some years ago under the patronage
of the late Mr. George Wall.

CHE M ICAL MANURES.

Not long ago one r.f the local papers pointed out
the evils that may be expected to arise for the want
of proper checks on the sale of manures.
Fertilizers are essential for successful or con-
tinued cultiviition of any j)roduct whatevt'r, hence
in purchasing them we naturally wisli to have
.some gnarantei! of their jntrity in order to avoid
disappointment, afterward. The composition of
chemical manures may, of coursi', difl'i'r in difi’enml.
sainjiles from natural causi's, and not through
the interference of man. If the lertilizing |)Ower
varies with tlieir compo.sition then the value of
manure.s must likewise vary, aiul they must not be
expected to have a lix(‘<l price. .No country is
free fi'om the unscrupulous dealei', who taking
advantage of the good faith of his cusfomer.s, sells
hi.s stuffs at a jirice higher than tiedr iictnal value ;
and if this deception is possible in other forms
of merchandise, much more so is it in the manure
trade, the quality and value of which is not easily
made out. In spite of the addition of sand,
earth, coal dust and other adulterants, manures
can still be made to preserve the appearance,
colour, fineness and even smell of pure articles,
though these mi.xtures have very little value.

It is said that in the early days of the manure
industry artificial mixtures of no value what-
ever were fraudulently disposed of to ignorant
farmers. Such useless substances not only
caused temporary disappointment and failure to
those who depended u])on them, but brought dis-
credit on the real stuffs whicl! the fraudulent
mixtures were intended to represent. Those who
dealt in these “frauds" did not anticipate that
prejudices once formed, particularly among thele.ss
educated, are not easily eradicated, and tliat they
(the deiilers) were helping to work their own ruin
as well as that of the manure trade; and if a
check had not been placed on these “frauds,” it
is quite possible that the use of chemical fertilizers
would have been entirely abandoned by this.
Wherever agriculture receives the protection of
Government, as it does in every civilized country,
there are special laws to regulate the sale of
manures. Ceylon is one of the few countries
that has no Government institution, which
being concerned with all matters agricultural, can
offer to give a correct opinion and valuation of
manures at a moderate fee. And yet we have
representative members of Council calling for the
abolition of the present School of Agriculture,
which far from being thus threatened, should
be aided and re-organized, so that it might bring
forth the same e.xcellent results that are pro-
duced by similar institutions in other countries.
What could be e.xpected from an institution
which has no funds to e.vpend in procuring
draught cattle, carts, implements, manures, seeds,
plants and all the necessaries for making a suc-
cessful .\gricultur.d School ? The wonder is how
it has done its work in the absence of all these!

But to return to my subject. The purchasers
of manures shoidd not p.ay for them at random —
at so much per cwt., but at a certain rate per
unit of the important ingredients contained iu

810

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

[Mav 1, 1807.

them, in terms of guaranteed analy.'^e.s which
should he furnished by the vendor. Tlie deci.sion
as to what manure suits particular crop.s and
particular soils must rest witli agricultural ex-
perts and institutions. Where fertilizers have
to be mixed before use, it is important that those
ingreilients should not be brought together which
will react upon each other so as to cause the los.«of
valuable manurial elements. Where stable manure
is not obtainable or can only be obtained or ap-
jilieil at great cost, chemical fertilizers must
of course be resorted to, though it is best that
the two should be used together. Plants will
not thrive the better for one e.ssential element
of ])lant food being in excess of the others but
require them all iu due proportion. By thought-
lessly adding a special fertilizer which might
just be supplying the eleme it which is already
abundantly jiresent in the soil, results wholly
diffi'rent from those exjiected will be got. Special
manures will create a larger consummation of the
elements of plant focd iu t/ie xoil and not supplied
by the manure, so that the- comjiosiHon of the .soil
will be materially altered by its reserve materials
being drawn upon. Theeffectof such .special manur-
ing is thus only of temporary benefit and ends by
destroying the equilibrium, so to speak, of plant
food in the soil, ami .so tending to interfere with
the proper growth ami development of the plant.
To avoid such results intelligent cultivators have
been making trials wit li different special manures,
alone ami mixed, but these e.xperiments require to
be carried out with tlie greatest po.ssible care to be
of any value. In the absence of any other agricul-
tural establishment in Ceylon, 1 tliink the School
of Agriculture (on a better site, and with aver-
age soil) should give itself up to energetically
carry out exi)eriments with different products.
Given the chemical composition of the soil ex-
perimented upon, the result of these trial should
provide a basis towork iipon, and I am sure will
be very acceptable and beneficial to the general
agricultural community.

C. Z.

«

TllK JIKBITS OF NATIVE DRUGS IN
V ETERINAEY I’R ACTICE.

Certain drugs are commonly distinguished by
the epithet “ Native," and certain others
“ European." This is, in many in.stances, an
aibitrnry division, the crude drug being often
termed “Native” and its refined ]ireparation
‘ ‘ Euro])ean." Wheie tlie object of the refined
preparation is to get nd of some deleterious
substance or quality found in the crude drug,
the former is, no doubt, preferable to the
latter in jiroportion to the hurtful nature of the
princ’ple got rid of from the crude drug. In
instances where a refined preparation contains
the curative ]irinciple of the drug in an active
and highly concentrated form and is intended
to jirodnce a promjit and sure offeci, such a
prejiaration is to he preferred esjiecially in
disea.«es which jiresent urgent symjitom.s.

There are, however, ninny diseases of cattle,
sheep and goats, in which it avc uld be advan-
tageous to use native drugs. Some vegetable
drugs can be obtained almost at the very door
of the villager without costing him a single

cent. Ill a fertile tropical country like Ceylo*
which abounds in vegetation of a vastly diverse
nature, the number of native drugs obtainable
for the treatment of cattle must certainly be
great. Some of these are well known and are
recognized even by European Veterinary Surgeons.
There are others which are not so popular,
and are known only to the native vedarala. Some
insight into native medicine with a view
to find out these drugs is highly desirable.
For, although native treatment as generally
practised is more empirical than rational, it
cannot be denied that there are several drugs
used by the vedarala which possess valuable
healing properties. A])roj)os of this fact the
following remarks occur, in a description of the
native medicinal plants of Ceylon sent to the
Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886: — “It
must be admitted that the mnteria medica
of the Sinhalese will compare favourably in
many respects with the Pharmacopteia of the
mo.«it enlightened countries of the West. Not
only is every cla.es of medicine well re])resented,
and sujiplied in lu’ofusion by the boundless
prodigality of nature in Eastern tropical clime.s,
but some of the vegetable productions are
valuable enough to deserve a place in the
medicinal resources of Western science, while
very many can easily and usefully replace the
more expensive drugs of the same class which
are imported into the Colony for use in hospLals.”

Economy is an important consideration in the
treatment of cattle. Tilings have to be done on
a strictly commercial basis, and the question
“Will it pay?” has to be seriously con.sidered.
The cattle-owner will find it an unprofitable
concern when the cost of the medicines comes
to more than the value of the sick animal.
Even when the medicines do not cost quite so
much, expensive drugs are undesirable, as the
ox requires, for each dose, at least 15 or 20
times the quantity of medicine required for a
human patient.

Wdien a number of village cattle in a herd
have to be treated, as in the ca.se of an epi-
zootic for instance, the owner can liardlj’’ afford
to pay for expensive drugs ; and where the
percentage of cures will be necessarily small,
as in a virulent outbreak of rinderpe.st,
treatment with expen.sive drugs is out of the
question altogether. For the small number of
recoveries, -which may be attributeil to the action
of tlie medicines administered, must bear the
expense of the treatment of the whole number.
It has, therefore, been recommended by veterinary
surgeons in India that if anything like satisfactory
results are to be obtained from the treatment
of rimlerpest, the drugs used must be as inex-
pensive as possible.

Native drugs are to be prefered for the treat-
ment of cattle not only on the score of economy,
but because they are much more easily acce.ssib’le
in out-of-the avay places. 'J hey can either be
bail from the jungle, m- be ])Uicha'ied at the
bazaar or boutiijnes. Under the class of bazaar
niedicines are also includetl mineral medicines
in a more or less ciude form.

Some vegetable drugs sold in the bazaar are,
however, old and worthle.«s. In the case of
lare or valuable vegetable drugs that cannot
be preserved raw for any length of time, it
is desirable that some elu'aji standard ]>repara-
tions such .as tinctures or extracts be made and
preserved for use.

May 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ 7ropicnl AgricuUu rist

811

Speakiiijf f{ciierally, bazaar or native drafts
are more bulky and have to be given in larger
quantities than European drugs possessitig similar
therapeutical properties. This, so far from being
a disadvantage, should be considered a desirable
quality in medicines intended for cattle. The
capacious and complex nature of their stomacli
and tlie bulky nature of the food they eat,
suggest the advisability of giving bulky medi-
cines to cattle.

In the treatment of horses, however, native
drugs are not as useful as in bovine practice.
Horse owners being, an a rule, comparatively
wealthy they can afford to use the more
expensive European medicines, and often Jprefer
to do so. Some veterinary surgeons consider
it a retrograde step to use bazaar medicines
in equine practice, and tliere is now a tendency
to employ such new therapeutical preparations
as Antipyrin and Phenacetin.

In prescribing medicines for the dog bulky
and crude drugs are objectionable, and the
agents used should be as palatable in order to
avoid the risk of their being expelled from
the stomach.

E. T. IIOOLE.

Anuradhapura, 22nd March, 1897.

DR. KOCIT8 INVESTIGATIONS INTO
THE CAUSE OP RINDERPEST.

In continuation of Di\ Ivoch’s Reports given in
the last issue of the Agricultural Magazine, we
give the following two further communications
referring to his researches into Llie cause and cure
of Rinderpest, being the third and fourth of bis
reports upon the subject. The last contains results
in regard to protective inoculation of the utmost
importance to stock owners. We are again in-
debted to the Agricultural Journal of Cape Colony
for the text of these reports, the date of the third
report being January 31st, and that of the fourth,
10th February, 1897 : —

DR. koch’s third report.

I have the honour to submit the following
jeport upon the progress of my work on the
Experimental Station at Kimberly. In my last
account I had stated that I had inoculated two
head of cattle with the cultivations given to me by
Dr. Edington, and considered by him to contain
the microbes of rinderpest. But it still remained
for me to prove if the beasts operated upon were
really susceptible to the disease. For this reason
we inoculated them after the above mentioned
period with rinderpest blood in our ii.sual
manner, with the result that on tiie fourth day
an elevation of temperature appeared in the same
way as noticed in all animals when thus in-
oculated. They now manliest the typical symp-
toms of rinderpest. There can be no doubt that
these animals contracted the disease as a result of
the inoculation, and 1 feel therefore justilied in
saying that Dr. Edington’s microbes are not tlie
cause of the cattle plague.

The inoculation e.xperiments in sheep and goats
were continued to the .-eveuth generation, and in
order to ascertain whetlier the disease produced
was really rinderpest, i iu'occuluted one heifer
with the blood of an Angora of the second genera-
tion. This inoculation gave rinderpest to the
animal, but though the cour.se of tlie disease was
rather a severe one, tlie beast recovered, and is

now again in good health. Thi< raised the liope
that the jirevious passage through goats may
somewhat miiigate the disea-e in cattle, and
I therefore infected four head of c ;! tie respectively
from a goat, an Ang ira, a merino and a Cape
slieep, after 1 he vims h:ul ]);iss:al live times through
these anim Is. These foiu' animals became dis-
eased tiimo.vt .simullaineously after a .surprisingly
short period of incubation, and three of them
have succumbed after an illness of seven and
eight days.

The course of the disease in the two animals
infected with the blooil of the merino and Cape
sheep was .so viohmt and the p il hological lesions
as revetded by the po^it mortem examinations of
such a severe nature, that I cannot believe in any
attenuation of the disease as far as sheep is con-
cerned, but am rather inclined to think that it
would be cultivated in a more virulent form.

The hope that sheep may b.e used for the pre-
paration of a v.'.cciue ’proved tlierefore illusory, but
on the other hand it seem.s not im;ios.«ible that
this increased virulence jirodnce.s also a higher
degree of immunity that is derived from the re-
covery from the natural infection, and that these
animals may be more valuable for immunising
experiments. Rather different was the result of
the other two animals, which were inoculated
with blood from an Angora and from a Cape goat,
for the first one showed a high temperature only
during five days, scarcely any diarrhoeic evacua-
tions, and has now quite regained its health. The
other one, into which 1 injected blood from the
Cape goat, was a weak animal and did not re-
cover ; but on making l\\e postmortem examination,
I found that the pathological changes in the
stomach and intestines were much less marked
than in tho.se animals infected with sheep blood.

In accordance with these observations, 1 think
it probable that the rinderpe.st virus, after a
repeated passage through goats, becomes actually
but slowly attenuated, and I propose, therefore, to
contiuue these experiments. As none of these
small ruminants succumbed to the disease, I
thought it advisable to destroy an animal for
internal e.xamiuation,

[The iiostmortem examination on the merino
selected showed characteristic evidences of rinder-
pest.]

“Many farmers are of opinion, and this I have
seen myself, that these animals may graze with
diseased cattle without contracting rinderpest,
while on the other hand some have reported that
the pest had appeared in their llock.s of sheep
and goats, and carried them off in large numbers,
after it had already disappeared amongst the lan^e
stock. My opinion on this subject is that sheep
and goats at first contract rinderpest in such a
mild form that it c.iimot be diaguo.sed, but that
the pest gradually becomes more virulent through
being constantly propogated througli these animal’s
systems. Then the symptoms become naturally
more distinct, and in some cases the disease may
even take a fatal cour-e

For the ])urpo-' ■ f mitigiting the rinderpest

rus by means of cli .nicals, 1 liave been making
the' following experim nrs : I mi.xed rinderpest
blood with glycerince i?i varying concentrations
and also with phenol, and injected these mixtures
hypodermically. As the animals treated in this

812

Supplement to the “ Tropical A{/ric}iUaridT

r\lAY I, 1S07.

manner did not contract rinderpest as a result from
the inoculation, there can he doubt that even the
glycerine exercised a destructive effect upon the
rinderpest virus, a circumstance which is tlie more
remarkable as almost all infective materials, parti-
cularly the small-pox lymjdi, are not destroyed by
it, but even preserved. After a sufficiently long time
had elapsed I injected virulent rinderpest blood,
and this second inoculation produced, after the
usual period of incubation, genuine landerpest.
The phenol-cow, however, remained healthy, and it
is not impossible that the first injection had a pro-
tective influence. I therefore repeated thise.xperi-
ment, and hope soon to be able to report to you
on the result. Being aware that distilled water
destroj’s the red and white blood corpuscles, and
thinking that it may possilily also injure the
rinderpest contagion, I diluted rinderpest blood
with tills liquid in a proportion of 1'20, and inocu-
lated one beast with tliis material. The animal
thus operated uponshoa ed tlie first symjitoms of
rinderpest later than usual, but the course of the
disease was just as violent and its termination
fatal. In order to find bow far the dilution of the
blood can be carried without damaging its in-
fective qualities, 1 diluted fresh rinderpest blood
with the .so-called physiological ClNa solution (0‘6
per cent.) in a proportion of I'oOO, and injected one
cubic centimetre of this mixture. In spite of the
extremely small quantity of infective material,
which the animal received subcutaneously, viz.,
1‘600 c.cm. of blood, it contracted rinderpest after
exactly the same time, and manife.sted the same
malignant symptoms as those animals which had
received 10 c.cm., a dose 5,000 times larger.

A most noteworthy experiment was the follow-
ing : — 1 dried 10 c.cm. blood by the moderate tem-
perature of 31 deg. C. during a period of four days,
and after having dissolved it again in water I in-
oculated one head of cattle. This beast remained
perfect ly healthy, and I may therefore sa fely ex-
press the opinion that ilesicciition, even during
such a short space of time, render^ the rinderpe.^t
virus non-effective. This is highly important for
the farming community, and 1 intend, therefore,
making similar exp(?riinents with other media,
particularly the skin and the f;cces, in order to
ascertain tlie influence which desiccation has upon
them. I have already .stated that blood, dried and
dissolved again in the above-mentioned manner,
did not produce any ill-effect upon the animal in-
oculated, and have now to add it also had no p-o-
tective action, for the beast contracted rimlerpest
readily, when I subsequently inoculated it with
fresh blood. Of all the animals which as yet have
been suffering fi'om rinderpest on the e.xperimental
station, four have recovered.

In my previous report I have already mentioned
that they would serve for immunising experiments,
but I thought it first necessary to convince my-
self if these animals were really perfectly safe
again.^t now infections. I therefore inoculated
with rinderpe.st blood two “salted ” animals and
at the same time a fresh one. The result was, that
the latter died of rinderpest, whilst the other two
never evinced the least symptoms of the disease,
not even the slightest rise of temperature. Having
thus proved the thorough immunity of these ani-
mals, I drew from the stronger one a large quantity
of blood and inoculated one beast with 100 c.cm,
serum. After this animal, which on the next day

was inoculated hypodermically with 1'5 c em of
rinderpest blood, bad remained well for six diys,
it was re-inoculated with a largerquantity of virus ,
viz., 1 cc.m. of rinderpest blond. Another anim il
was vaccinated with a mixture of both ieium and
blood, which previous to the operation was kept
for one night in the ice-chest. This a;iim il like-
wise did not show anything ami.ss during the next
six days and was then on the seventh day in-
oculated with a large quantity of rinderpest blood
Both these animals withstoocl even the .•second in
oculation without any injurious result. These ex-
periments clearly demonstrate that the .serum of
immune animals po.ssesses a certain protective
power, but before having made further exj»eri-
meuts it is not possible for me to say for how long
a period this immunity will last and if thi.s method
can be carried out m ])r(Lvi. I have tried to com-
municate rinderpest to other animals than rumi-
nants on a somewhat extensive scahq but have not
found any other species of which 1 could with
certainty expre.ss the opinion that they are liable
to the jiesfe.

With reference to birds I may state without any
hesitation that they are not susceptible. We have
experimented on fowls, doves, pigeons, guinea
fowls, and a crane, but with negative results. An
eagle and a seci'etary bird I have fed for weeks on
intestines taken only from ritiderpest animals, but
I have not observed the slightest ill-effect upon
either of them. Dogs proved themselves perfectly
immune. I also did not succeed in giving the
pest to donkeys. Rodents, such as mice, guinea-
pigs, rabbit.s. are also not susceptible. In pigs
only it .seems as if it were po.ssible to transmit in-
fective material successfully, but our e.xperiments
in this re.spect are as yet not complete.

The arrangements on the experimental station
have proved themselves to be perfect, for we had
no case of spontaneous infection since reporting to
you last.

Another vi.<it to several rinderpest farms in the
Free State, and a small and quickly checked out-
break of rinderpest in a suburb of Kimberley af-
forded me again a sjileuili I opjKirtunity of making
further observations ami of procuring new material
for inoculation and examination. —

DR. Koch's fouktii rkport.

I have the honour to report herewith several
important facta resulting from my investigations
on the Rinderpest Fxperimental .Station.

In my last report 1 was already in a position to
inform you that blood serum of cattle which had
already recovered from rinderpest had a certain
immunising effect upon the healty stock when in-
oculated with it.

Its protective properties, however, are not very
great, for 100 c.cm. of such serum are reejuired
to protect an animal against an inoculation with
a small dose of rindeipest blood. This immunity
is in its nature merely a “j),a.ssive" one, and will
only last during a short j)eriod.

For protective inoculation on a large scale such
serum is not apiilicable, but I succeeded in im-
munising within a fortnight several animals by
means of a mixture of serum and vindent rinder-
pestblood tosucha degree that they were enabledto
withstand an injection of L>() ccm. rinderpest blood,
a ten thousandth part of which is a fatal dose.

From this fact 1 judge that the immunity of

May 1, 189T.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

813

these animals is of much higher degree, and
I believe it is an active immunity equal to that
of a beast which has contracted rinderpest and
recovered.

It is particularly important to know that only
20 ccm. of such serum are recpiired to immunise
one animal, and tlierefore one litre (nearlj'
Imperial pint) suffices for fifty heail.

My further investigations concerning this wor/as
operandi will aim at liudiug

If this immunity is obtainable in a still shorter
period.

If a still smaller dose of serum will suffice and
if it may be attained with but one injection.

A second and equally important fact is that one
is able to immune healthy cattle with bile of such
that have succumbed to rinderpest. In this case
only one hypodermic injection of 10 c.cm, is
sufficient.

This immunity sets in on the tenth day at
latest, and is of such an e.\tent even four weeks
afterwards 40 ccm. of rinderpest blood could be
injected without any injurious result. I therefore
conclude that the immunity produced in such a
manner is of an “active ” nature-

The local result of an injection is merely a hard,
somewhat painful swelling of a size of a man’s
list, and which gradually disappears in the course
of a few weeks, provided, however, that the bile
is not in a state of decomposition as is not un-
common when an animal suffers from rinderpest.
Under such circumstances an abscess may form,
and which, however, does not seem to be detri-
mental to the process of immunisation.

Iloth these above-mentioned facts convince me
that rinderpest can be eradicated with but little
difficulty, and within a comparatively sliort time,
by putting these methods into practice.

The method of immunising cattle with serum
may be used in order to separate from infected
areas those tracts of country which are still free
from the scourge by means of forming a broad belt
between them in which all the cattle are in-
oculated with the vaccin.

The protective properties of the bile will be of
inestimable service in infected parts. Nearly
every case of rinderpest supplies a greater or lesser
quantity of vaccin for those animals wdiicli are
still healthy.

I cannot but urge upon you the irapoitance of
bringing this method immediately to the notice of
those cattle-owners whose animals are suffering
from, or threatened with, the disease, as 1 am sure
thousands of cattle may daily bo saved by its
application.

The modus operayidi is very simple in both these
methods, but it will nevertheless be desirable to
teach as early as possible Veterinary Surgeons
and other person,^: litted for such wuu-k.

I am willing to give a course of instruction in
the Experimental Station in Kimberley.

It may further be advisable ta at once take into
serious consideration the establishment in other
parts of the country of branch stations of the
Central Laboratory in Kimberley, to furnish them
with the necessary equipment, and to appoint
suitable persons to take cnarge of them.

With reference to your telegram dated 6th
instant, I beg to add, that 1 do not consider it any
more essential to experiment upon camels, as our

experiments performed on cattle have been so
favourable. — (Signed) It, Koch.

I’OTASII IN ULANTS AND THE NEED EUR
SPECIAL POTASH EERTILIZERS.

Some months ago we referred to the belief
that was gaining ground in agricultural circles
that tlie value of potash in agriculture was
not correctly estimated and that much benefit
was to be expected from a, more extended use
of kainit and other special potash fertilizers.
In countries where no particular use is made of
ashes, it has been thought sufficient to use them
for supplying all the potash tliat is considered
necessary for cultivated plants. The amount of
potash in wooda.shes and other refuse substances
used for suppling this ingredient is never a
uniform quantity. Thus wood ashes that are
supposed to contain 5 j>er cent of pure potash
are frequently found to have not more than
2 or 3 per cent, and the difference in the potash
value of wood ashes cannot be detected by its
appearance.

AVe have just been favoured with no less than
three publications with reference to the value of
potash in agriculture, two referring to the results
obtained in the United States, and one dealing with
experiments in Britain. In the last mentioned,
entitled “ Potash Manuring— its value to British
Agriculture,” the authors. Dr. Aikman and Prof.
AV right, state that the necessity for potash manur-
ing has not, liitherto, received the recognition
that has been accorded in the the case of other two
important plant foods, and that they(the authors)
have set themselves to examine the cause of this
comparative neglect of the potash manures, and to
consider how far the neglect is justifiable in view
of the results of a number of recent experiments.

It has not yet been maile quite clear what
function potash exactly performs in the plant,
but that no plant is able to grow without it
has been proved again and again. Soda, wdiicl:
is an essential element of i)lant food, was at
one time thought capable of replacing potash
but tills w'as showm to be false. No other sub-
stance can replace potash which is a necessary
constituent of all plants. It is a notewortliy
fact that even in plants grown in the vicinity
of the sea potash is more abundant than soda,
although the latter salt is thirty times more
abundant in sea-water than tlie former. The
quantity of soda varies very considerably in
plant.s according to circumstances, but nothing
like the same variation is found in regard to
pota.sh. Its functions in tlie plant though not

well understood are known to be important

more iuqiortant than those of any other ash
constituent except phos})horic acid. According
to Liebig it plays an important part in tlie
distribution of the carbohydrates throughout
the plant. It is always to be found in the
actively growing parts of vegetation, as in the
growing buds and shoot.s, and exists in relatively
large proportions in the seed. In wheat
grain, for instance, potash forms 31 per
cents of the ash, while in the stem it forms
less than 11 per cent. In the ash of plants
potash occurs chiefly in the form of phosphate,
chloride, and carbonate. It is believed that

814

Supplement to the “ Tropical AgricuUuristr

[May 1, 1897.

most of the potash is absorbed in the form of
sulirhates and phosj)hates, and probably also as
silicate. In whatever form it is absorbed it has
at any rate been iiroved beyond doubt to be
absolutely necessary for the growth of cro]is.

It is a generally accepted principle of manur-
ing that potiish manures need not be applied to
cliiy soils which tire considered to always contain
a sulliciencey of the constituent, .\ctual analyses
and experiments on the Held h.ive ^hown, how.
ever, that this reasoning is not quite reliable
Though the jirestnce of a fair jiroiiortion of clay
in a soil may be ticcepted as a guarantee of the
presence of potash, it i' noi always so. There are
soils containing much clay that do not contain
much potash. It has been found by exiieriments
that potash manures produced a large increase of
crop, though the field to which the manures were
applied wa.'^ of a stiff and cl lyey nature, such as
would be described as a stiff clay loam.

Again, potash may be present without being
effective. The ordinary methods of chemical
analysis can determine the amount of potash in
the soil, but of that amount it may happen that
the greater jjropotion exists in a condition in
which crops are unable to make u.se of it.
The ordinary solvent agencies in (he soil have
but a limited power of dissolving insoluble com-
pounds in which it cliielly exists, and that too
only on the limited region of the soil particles
with which they come into the most intimate
contact. Hence a soil may be rich in p )tash,
and yet that potash, or the greater part of it,
may be ([uite unavailalile, or be av.iilable in
quite insullicieiit quantity for the needs of the
growing crop which migiit, therefore, largely
benefit by the apj)lication of an artificial potash
manure, llefore it can be safely concluded, from
its composition only, that a soil will not be
benefited by p'otash manures, it is necessary to
know not only that the soil contains much
potash, but that it contains it in a form in
which it is readily availalile lor the u.se of plants.

Some soils cnntaiu as much as d or 4 per cent
and more of potash, wdiile the soils >1411011 are
generally poorest in this constituent are sandy
and peaty soils, and these latter are generally
found to produce a considerate increase of croji
by the use of potash manures.

The variation in the amount of potash .=olul)le
in water in a soil usually ranges between
a thou.sandth and a huudreth par cent. The
remainder is usually pre.-eut as hard insoluble
compounds which are not available for ihi plant’s
needs, and only very gradually, wilJi the lap.se
of time, become so. Tliere are, however, certain
compounds which, while not solulile in water,
are believed to lie more or less avail.ible for
the plant. Tlie water, in tlie soil l).v virtue of
carbonic aci'l and ciu-taiu otlier organic acids
which are dissolved in it, has a greater solvent
power on miner.d substances than pure water,
and this solvent power is further aided by the
acid nature of the juices in plant roots. A
striking instance of the j)Ower of roots to dissolve
insoluble substance's can be S(;en in nature by
tracing the roots of such plants as ferns that
appear to cling to the bare surface of rocks.

Dr. llernard Dyer, who has biam endeavoring to
estimate the di.ssolving ]iower of .^oil water and
plant roots on mineral substances such as potash,

has come to tl.e conclusion after a large number
of determination.s. that the sap acidity of roots
is equal to a one per cent solution of citric acid.
Testing certain soils wdth a solution of this
strength he has found that the amount of potash
available is very much greater than that indicated
by testing it in pure water. Thus in two soiks,
in which the total amount of potash present was
about 14 per cent, the available potash was four
thousandth and three hundredth of a per cent
respectively. This is much more than could be dis-
solved by pure water, yet this result also shows
that only a very small proportion of the total
potash in the soil may be regarded as immediately
available to plants. Of this small proportion
available, it must be noted also that a loss by
drainage of the soluble potash in the soil is con-
stantly going on to a greater or less extent.

In our next issue we shall continue our notice of
the interesting pamphlet referred to by Dr.
Aikraan and Prof. Wright, so as to place the latest
im formations with reference to potash in soils
and potash manures at the disposal of our readers.

lUIBBPR GROWING.

The Australian T ropiculturisf for March has a
special article on this subject, refer>ing to the in-
dustry as a new fortune-promising one and calling
upon tlie Government to plant np all available
costal areas, since “ flat alluvial river lands are
regarded as the best soil for Indiariibber trees.’’

Regarding Castilloa, it is said that the tree
thrives best in moist but not marshy forests,
on a warm sandy clay.”

“ For each plant a hole should be dug 3 ft.
in diameter, and 1 ft. deep, and filled with fine
loamy soil to which a little sand has been
added. Tlie lui.xture should be well trodden
down and watered night and morning for two
day.s, when it is ready for the young Castilloa,
which must be placed in its new bed at exactly
the same depth as in the nursery ; if it is
weak, a stake support is very desirable.”

To this might be added that the young plants
should be at least 1.5 feet apart. But it cannot
be reiterated too often that the locality must
be a sheltered one.

A curious fact about the Castilloa is that
frequently natural ropes of rubber are found
hanging from the tree formed by tapping

of the bark by wood-peckers, the exudation
of the creamy sap tliat coagulates as it trickles
slowly down.

The method of harvesting the sap is as follows : —
Immediately below the first brancli a horizontal
canal is cut, V shaped; from the point of the
\ downwards a perpendicular canal is cut till
it joins auotlier liorizontal V, and so on down
to the ground. The sap is guided into a receiver,
and the water in it evai)oratos. Evaporation
may be assisted by artificial heat, and coagulation
is forced by an agent. Then Indiariibber is
formed. The canals should bo jilastered with
mud or clay, to protect the life of the tree.

Tlie quantity ot rubber produced from tlie sap
depends largely on the coagulating agent used.
Sixty ])er cent, oiujht to be converted into rubber.
An ounce of alum in a pint of water (not
lm])erial pint) is a good agent ; a weak alcoholic
solution is better, bccau-se epoudior.

May 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist."

815

The commercial profits in the rubber trade
are so enormous as almost to challenge belief.
Tlie traders who deal with the natives frequently
purchase for mere civilised trumperies hundreds
of pounds’ worth of rubber ; these sell at the
last-named price to the merchants ; what the
merchants make would be difficult to estimate.
So long as this system is open to the enterprise
of the New Guinea pioneers trading in the
interest of Melbourne and Sydney syndicates,
they are not likely to trouble to preserve the trees !

As one object of this article is to show that
rubber-cultivation may be more profitable in
the long run than rubber-piracy, it is necessary
to quote figures as to profits made by such
cultivators. Here, unfortunately, one has to go
to the other side of the world for startlers.
A typical estimate of a 500-acre rubber farm in
Nicaragua made the eighth year’s profits
£44,337 10s ! •* And the yield increases every
year, witii no outlay e.vcept for weeding and
harvesting.”

This calculation could scarcely apply to Queens-
land, because the cost of even kanaka labor
would be more than that of Nicaraguan. But
in a plantation of trees planted 15 ft. apart,
coffee, sugarcane, and other shade-loving plants,
yielding yearly crops, might be sown.

The life of a rubber-tree has never been e.vactly
stated, but the New York World mentioned
in 1892 : —

“Three young trees transplanted from the
forest to a cultivated field in Soconusco, Mexico,
are now said to be seven feet in diameter,
and have yielded rubber for more than 35 years ;
the present product averaging more than 50 lb.
of gum per year.”

I'he average increase is estimated to be 1 lb.
of rubber for each year of the tree’s life, up
to a certain age. Trees tapped in the wet
season are said to yield five times as much milk
as when tapped in the dry.

GENERAL ITEMS.

A correspondent wilting on scour in calves to an
Australian contemporary gives the following
remedy: — “Take a two quart pot and fill
it loosely with young gum leaves ; pour in as
much water as it will hold and boil for a quarter
of an hour. Mix a tablespoonful of flour and one
teaspoonful salt smoothly in as much of the
ir,fu.sion (when cool) as will half fill a lemonade
bottle, and give it to the calf twice a day, a
little less oi more according to its age. I have
never lost a calf under this treatment, though it
may have to be continued several days or a week.”

In a review of the agricultural progress of
India in the Indian AgriculUirist, we read that
“The most important matter is the proper
education of the agriculturist, for the Government
of India still hold to the opinion expressed in

the opening resolution of 1881, and again in the
resolutions convening the Conferences of 1890,
1893, and 1895-96, that no important reforms can
be safely or widely introduced into the agricultural
system without the general co-operation of the farm-
ing classes, from whom intelligent and willing aid
cannot be expected ‘ until their education has been
so directed as to enable tiiem to appreciate, and
where expedient to adopt, the results obtained
by the systematic and continuous inquiries of
experts.’ This view has been strongly confirmed
by the various Conferences which have recently
discussed the question, and has been supported
by all local governments and administrations.”

In Agricultural Ledger No. 23 on iron jjloughs
we read that in a great many parts of the Madras
Presidency, during the last 10 or 15 years,
irjn ploughs have come into use and are now
generally preferred to the heavy country ploughs
for bringing waste and under cultivation, as well as
for clearing cultivated land of deep-rooted grasses
at intervals of three years and upwards.

All ryots who have tried them are of opinion
that with iron ploughs a given area can be
ploughed much sooner than with the heavy wooden
implement, while the cost of thoroughly clearing
land with hand implements is Rio or R20 per acre,
the cost by means of the iron plough is not more
than one-fifth as much. Experienced ryots say
that the productiveness of land is not materially
increased by deep tillage with iroti ploughs, in
the first year after the ploughing, but that it is
in subsequent years. Iron ploughs are, therefore,
highly appreciated for the comparative cheapness
and rapidity of their work, and are often hired
by the ryot at about 6 annas a day, or from RlO
to R15 if hired by the month .... Many a man
who has no land whatever purchases an iron idough
simply with the intention of making a profit by
hiring it to the ryots.

We ha ve to acknowledge the receipt of the
following -.—Agricultural Journal of the Cape of
Good Hope ; Sugar .Journal and Tropical Cultivator
(Queensland) ; Agricultural Gazette of New South
Wales; The Central African Planter ; Australian
Tropiculturist (Brisbane) ; Indian Agriculturist;
Indian Agricultural Ledgers Nos. 39, 40 and 41 ;
The Rural Californian ; Agricultural Gazette (Bar-
badoes) ; The Ceylon Review ; St. Thomas’ College
Magazine; Royal College Magazine; Our Boys;
Report of the Department of Land Records, Agri-
culture, Madras ; The Scottish Farmer ; Journal
of the Hoyal Agricultural Society, England ; Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Physical Society ; Proceed-
ing ot the Highland and Agricultural Society
of Scotland.

We are in receipt of a copy of an elementary
work on English Grammar, edited by Mr. L. E.
Blaz4, B.A. The little work supplies a decided
want, and does credit to the author. We want
more of these “indigenous” handbooks, written by
com|»etent authorities, and specially adapted to the
requirements of the Ceylone.se youth.

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JOHN TYNDALL

<A MONTHLY.

Vol. XVI.] COLOMBO, JUNE ist, 1897. |No. 12.

“PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.”

{Second Series.)

JOHN TYNDAL.I>,

PIONEER PLANTER, VOYAGER AND EXPLORER; ALSO AS “JACK
TYNDALL ’’—HUMOURIST AND RACONTEUR

HE subject of our Memoir —
universally known among
liis many friends, ar.d
indeed all over Ceylon, as
“ Jack Tyndall” — was edu.
cated at Elizabeth College,
Guernsey, and H.E.I.C,
Military College, Addis-
combe. He came out to India in February 1845,
and in the same year crossed over to Ceylon,
He lived with Mr. G. S. Duff, Manager of the
Oriental Bank, Colombo, for a month, and then
took up a ])Ost on Sir John Wilson’s estate,
Nilainbe, as assistant under Mr. Louis Bird,

where he reniaine 1 for three years. Writing of

this time, Mr. Tyndall says:— “ My bungalow was
called Polkavilla. In those days I did not kill
myself with work, taking life remarkably easy, and
I was much appreciated in consequence. These
three years, I may .say, were the h.appiest of my life ;
and I always look back to them with a feeling of
great pleasure, and to my Pcria Dumi and
his charming Avife, Annie Bird, I attribute most
of this by being thrown into their society.”
Towards the middle of 1848 things began to look
very “blue” and depressing in Ceylon ; the value
of Coffee depreciated ; failures of well-doing and
respected firms in Colombo and Kandy shook
confidence in the Island’s prosperity, followed a
short time after by Avhat was called the “ Kandyan

Rebellion,” which might have been sqtiashed— say.s
Mr. Tyndall— by a dozen policemen, but led to
troops being .sent from India, and a foolish
panic. “ It was about this time that I went
down to Galle for the purpose of meeting my
sister and brother-in-law who Avere on their Avay
to Hongkong. The steamer they Avere coming out
hy (P. & O., of course, the only line) broke
down somewhere on the Ale.xandria side, and
my stay Avas protracted from day to day in ex-
imctation of the Suez steamer’s arrival.
(There Avas no telegraph in those early
dap.) Bogaars Hotel Avas then the chief hostelry
(‘Grand Oriental’ not dreamt of), and though
the proprietors did their best, the cuisine a\us
not quite up to the mark, and Avith the house
full of passengers, supplies fell short and com,
plaints became day by d.ay more aggravating.
Amongst the hotel guests aAvaiting the steamer-
Avere Mr. W. W. Cargill, tlie chief originator of the
Oriental Bank Corporation, Limited, and Mr. W.
Ayrton, then a renoAvned Bombay laAvyer, on his
AVay to Calcutta, and Avho afterwards bAmeM.P.
for the Tower Hamlets, and Commissioner for Pub-
lic Works in the P.ilmerstou-Gladstone Ministry*
As I had become very intimate with them
one evening when the conversation h.ad again
turned on the wretched food supplied, I said
‘Do yon like snipe ? for I know there is some
good shooting in the paddy-lields away from

8i8

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

fJUNE I, 1897.

here, and I’ll be bound to get some, and mc
will have a rave snipe curry.’ ‘ By jingo,’ said
Ayrton, ‘ nothing could be better, Cargill and
I are going out at daybreak to visit I’aradua,’
(tlien Lord Eiplunstone’s Sugar Estate)- ‘ We
will drop you by the way at wliat you may
fancy is likely ground, and call for you at llie
same si)ot, and bring you back to Galle with, I
ho])e, a good bag of snipe.’ To all tins 1 agreed,
and having borrowed a gun from one of my Kille
Ollicer friends, and a good stock of ammuni-
tion, 1 joined my two new friends at gunlire in the
morning, and after driving about G miles, I saw
some very snipy-looking holds, got down, my
companions promising to call for me about 11
o’clock on their way back. As I antici[)ated the
birds were numerous, and I had capital sport,
bagging altogether some IS couple. Crossing
the lields, in making for the high road, I got into
a treacherous bit of green stuff, and before I
knew where I was, I was up to my armpits in a
kind of quicksand. After great trouble, with the
assistance of some natives, I was e.xtricated,
nearly losing my gun, but relieved of my trou-
sers and the boot ami sock on one foot. In fact,
when I regained the high road, I stood in a
shirt, a short jacket, and one sock and one boot; and
pretty well covered with baked mud over eveiy-
thing. The heat being fearful, 1 don’t know how
many kitnunban I drank, they were past count-
ing, I’resently, Cargill and Ayrton ajjpeared,
who nearly fainted with laughter at my appear-
ance ; but vowed and swore they would take the
snipe in, but as for taking me it was impossi-
ble, they couldn’t tolerate the idea. However, I
rose quite equal to the occasion, and swore that
if they didn’t take mo 1 would shoot their bloom-
ing horse if they attempted to drive olf; so at
last w'e came to a conqiromise, and we drove
to Galle. On getting there we found the Aus-
tralian boat had come in, and the verandah full
of passengers. My two friends ‘nipt’ out like
‘Jong dugs’ fearing my presence. 1 called one of
the AjipKS and told liim to bring me one of
his cloths. Getting this well wra[>t round me
toga like, I descended from the trap with the huge
bundle of snipe and gun, and at once became
the cynosure of all eyes.

“ This adventure had such an effect upon Cargill,
that he told me he would give me an ap[)ointment
i i the Oriental Hank Corp jration in Calcutta, and
that I should go by the incoming steamer then
overdue. 'rii.iL Ceylon and its planting business
was a thing of the ])ast, and he had taken such a
fancy to me tliat he would push my fortune in a
better enteiiirise. Of course, 1 jumpeil at the itlca,
wrote olf some wonderful letters to tlear old
Loui.s, telling how I w'as situated, to all of which
I in due course received replies congratulating

me on my desertion, and wishing me all sorts
of luck, but I felt very guilty when I found
myself ne.xt day on board the ‘ Ava,’ and
leaving all my much-loved friends behind, ignorant
of my whereabouts. In due time we arrived at
Calcutta, and I was made Deputy Accountant
wdth 11400 a month. The position into which I
had been hoisted, and my fitne.ss for it, cannot
be better described than in the remarks made on
the subject of the Oriental Bank Corporation by
some scribbling Baboo in the Enfjlishvuni.
After praising u|i the noble building in lank
Square, its Manager, and Sub-manager to the
masthead, he proceeded to vent a torrent of
abuse on the Accountant, who, he said, called the
native clerks under him ‘ Soors ’ and various
other terms of reproach unfit for publication.
He then proceeded to tackle the Deputy Account-
tant (myself). ‘ The Deputy Accountant doesn’t
know the Debit from the Credit side of the
Ledger (perfectly true). He has lately pur-
chased an air-gun, with which he destroys
pariah dogs from the verandah of this institu-
^^ion, thereby bringing much disgrace on Iiimself
and compatriots.’ After some eight months of
routine work, diversified by trips to the Sunder-
bunds. Budge Budge, and much festivity Avith
old Addiscombe ‘ pals’ at Dum Hum and Barrack-
])ore, with occasional high jinks at Chandernagore,
orders came over from Bombay to send some-
body up to Tirhoot District to take charge of
the produce in two large factories, wdiich iiad
been mortgaged to the Bank, the owmer Colonel
Pugh having failed. So, as I had some experi-
ence in Coffee, it w'as at once pronounced that
I had an intimate knowledge of Indigo, Sugar,
and Opium, and they appointed me to this duty,
at which I w'as only too delighted, and a merry
time I had in the Mozullerpore District, and
fortunately acquitted myself admirably, more by
good luck, than good management, A short time
after my arrival, I had to render an inventory
of all the Factories’ belongings. This I did in great
style, endingthe list with ‘ Ahso an Alligator stufled,
18 feet long, well suited for a Museum.’
This fetched the Bombay Directors immensely,
especially Harry Gordon. Having sent oil' to
Calcutta a large instalment of produce, I j)ro-
ceeded Avith my excellent friend, the Manager,
for a couple of months’ sjrort in the Terai, Avhere
I saw the tiger for the first time, and had a most
enjoyable trip. Shortly after my return, I sent
oil' all the remaining produce and returned to
Calcutta.

“ By that time the Bank authorities had
come to the idea that Nature never intended
iu(! for a Banker, so they supplied me Avith a
‘Licet migrare’ and G months’ pay ; so 1 travelled
doAvn to Madras, and stopped with my uncle Avho
thou Avas commanding the (green’s Depot at Poona*

June r, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

819

mallie, and was afterwards Sheriff of Madras.
When there I met a man who had broii{>ht over
horses from Australia, and after a time we
became great friends, lie propo.sed that I should
join him in the purcliase of a small craft to
take back his three grooms to Melbourne, then
proceed to his station in Brisbane, and then go
to the South Sea Islands to load up with sandal-
wood, and then sail for China to sell it. Well,
whether the ‘ Bittern,’ a schooner of 45 tons’
would not sail, or how it was, we were 12G days
at sea, the last 22 days living on a wineglass
of boiled rice per man (12 all told), but we had
plenty of sugar, all other provisions had given
out, some being damaged and thrown overboard.
After being nearly wrecked in Shark’s Bay on
the north of Western Australia, we at last dropped
bur anchor off Freemantle, and there my journey
came to an end, as after some weeks, whilst ro-
litting ‘ the Bittern’ which was all gone to pieces, I
met my first wife, the daughter of the late
Colonial Secretary of Western Australia, Peter
Brown. We were married on the 1st August,
1850, and embarked shortly after for Madras ;
from there after some weeks’ stay I returned to
Ceylon, and here begins the second episode of my
Ceylon life. I may as well add here that my friend
and companion on the ‘ Bittern’ got safely to Bris-
bane, and afterwards sold her in Sydney, and the
last of her was on some reef off the New Hebri ies*
He afterwards went into business in Burma, and
died there and a more cheerful and unselfish
companion, u[uight and honourable, nevei lived
than William Birrell. Peace be with him.

“ On my return to Ceylon I found temporary
emplojunent on the Kellieivatte estate, the property
of Donald Stewaid, afterwards proprietor of Tys-
pane, Kotmale. Dimbula was then but little planted
up. Adjoining Kelliewatte was Bogaliawatte,
tbe then property of Jack Bannister, and a most
excellent neighbour he was. He afterwards
married Miss Thwaites, a very charming woman.
On this side of the Dimbirla river, there were only
in those days the Union estate managed by
James Wright, and Niagara partially opened.
On the other side leading towards Nuwara Eliya
w'as Wattegodde, then the projDerty of William
Fairholme and W. Johnston ; beyond thatRadella
the property of Fred and Edward Palliser;and
farther on Pal la Radella the estate of Andrew
Hunter, a fine noble fellow he was, and universal
favourite with everybody. The Louisa estate
was cleared and planted in this year (1850-51) up
to 300 acres by James Wright of the ‘Union’
for Mes.sr.s. Odier. Some 100 acres of the Med.
decoombra forest had been felled by the Messrs.
AVorms, but for some reason they never planted
it, allowing it to revert to chena ; and a great
deal of trouble it gave me in 1868 from its

croj)s of weeds, when this magnificent property
came into the hands of my employers, the Ceylon
Company, Limited, after they took over Messrs.
Worms’ proiierties in 1SG3-G4. I left Kelliewatte
in (March 1851, and became a.s.sistant to Frank
Sabonadiere on the North Division of Delta.
There I remained until May 1852, when 1 bought
Glenloch from Mr. Fimson, a Bombay Civil Ser-
vant. Previous to this 1 was on ihe point of
purchasing Pooprassie, Pusseliawa, a large .acreage,
about 200 acres oiiened, stores, bungalow’’, (kc. ,
&c., for £1500 ! Messrs. Cray A' Co , of Bombay,
were either the Proprietors or Agents (I forget
wliich), but 1 u as told to go and settle up
matters with old ‘ Billy Thompson,’ their Colombo
Agent. Duff advised me to beat him down on
his £1,500 figure, .and I got .as far as offering him
£1,450. ‘ No,’ said old Billy T., ‘ the price is

£1,5C0, .and tliere is a man coming here at 2 o’clock
to buy it at that figure, but / irant you to buy
it. Now,’ said he, ‘ I’ll lend you the odd £50 to
complele the purchase, as I w.anb to do you
a good turn, and you will make a fortune out
of the pl.ace.’ But 1 would not consent to this
kind offer on his p.art. At 2 p. m.. Mi. Segar
of the hotel came in and stumped up the
£1,500 on the spot, and I believe fie did make
a fortune out of it. I think I gave £4,250 for
tilenloch. Estates were then rather a drug in
the market, bub the [irosperity of tlie Island was
at this time (1852) on .a fair w.ay to reco\’ery. In
1854 I sohl some 380 acres of forest land
(60 .acres planted) to John Northmore, and left for
England in May, returning to Ceylon in February
18.55 to Glenloch. Shortly after my return I
[ilanted some 40 acres additional to this projierty.
We had admirable neighbours round about us
my dear old friend, George Shirreff, next door on
Helbodde, E’lank Sabonadiere on Delta, Capt.
Reddie at Huntley Lodge, Lyon Fraser on (favel-
lamtenne, and Jack Goialon (afterwards of George
Steuart &, Co.’s) on Wavendon. Besides these,
Maurice Worms on Rothschild, Jabriel living chiefly
in Colombo, and the ‘Reverend John’ on Melfort.
Those w’ere rare old days, and w'e saw much of
one another, and nothing could equal the good
fellowship w'hich existed betw een us. Of all these
there remain only J.ack Gordon, and the ‘ Reverend
John,’ I believe, to show’ for the lot, always ex-
cejiting John North aore lately returned from
Hatton very much alive. In 1856-57 I bought
part of General Fraser’s estate, Rangbodde,
which I called ‘ Bluelields’ after a Jamaica
property of my uncle’s. In the same year I was
sent for by the Governor, Sir Gemge Anderson,
w’ho informeil me that he had received instruc-
tions from the then Secretary of State (Sir
Roundell Palmer*) to do all he could to advance
♦ More likely Sir John Pakington ?— Ed. T. A.

820

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[June i, 1897.

my way in life, either in the or the iUlles.

As I thonght I was too old tor the latter, and
indifferent to the former, 1 declined Sir George’s
offer with thanks, hut at the suggestion of Kawdon
Power, then Colonial Secretary, he insisted on my
being made J.P. for the Kandyan Districts ! Whilst
at home in 1854 I was offered a Commission to
go to the Crimea, but my wife would not hear of
it. I was also offered the Command of a Tug
Steamer to tow vessels up the Dardanelles, whereby
a lot of money was made ; so much for chances
in tliat noble profession which I never studied : —

‘ The art of getting on in the world.’ During
Sir Henry Ward’s time I liad tlie honor of re-
ceiving great kindness at his hands, and his last
words to me on his leaving tfovernment House
to embark for Madras were : — ‘Tliat as soon as
he could, he would give me the best appoint-
ment he could.’ Alas ! at the end of anoLlier
month he Avas no more, and tlie Government of
India lost a great statesman ami an able
Governor wlien lie died, and one who avouUI have
made a great name in India.

“ A short time after tliis I sold Bluefields, and
left for England. In 1864 I came out to Madras
and had charge of large properties on tlie Nilgiris.*
Having on several occasions from rny love of sport
hazarded sliooting trips into the most deadly
malarious jungles, from which my health suffered
to such an extent that I Avas only too glad to
return to Ceylon, and taking charge of Medde-
coombra, Avhich then had 300 acres just planted,
and Avhich before I left grew to 1,500. At the end
of 1870, 1 Avas made one of the Inspectors (“ V. A’s”)
of the Company, Mr. William Hollo being the
other. I held this ollice until I left for England
in 1884, terribly broken doAvn in health. In 1870
I accompanied H.R. H. the Duke of Edinburgh
on a shooting trip to the Trincomalee jungles,
and received Sir Hercules llobinson's full ap-
proval ! — and nothing else. I returned to Glenloch
as a residence in 1870, and Avent home on six
months’ leave, in 1875, losing my beloved wife, a
few days after landing, from bronchitis. I re-
turned to Ceylon Avith my two daughters in the fol-
lowing November. In 1878 I came home for a
few months to marry my present Avife Avho Avas
Miss Laura Darby, of Leap Castle, King’s Co.
Ireland. By my first Avife I had four daughters, one
of Avhom I lost in Ceylon in 1878. By my pre-
sent Avife we have four son.s, a id a d.utghter. It
is a great wkh of mine to return to Ceylon
for a couple of months and revisit old scenes.
Alas ! I shall find but very few of the friends

• It Avas from this quarter that a Colombo busi-
nessman t ot an answer to certain enquiries from Mr.
Tyndall, by teleg aph,in a form Avhich became a com-
mon sayiug in Ceylon for many years, namely, “ What
a world it is, Mr. Venn ! ” — Ed,

of the olden <lays, but from the feAV that are
left I do not doubt I should receive a hearty
Avelcome. I can look back to my days of coffee
planting in Ceylon Avith the greatest pleasure,
for I enjoyed the life thoroughly.”

So closes the neatly Avritten JISS. sent us by
Mr. Tyndall ; but he added beloAV : — “ I daresay I
“could Avrite a good deal more, but I must be con-
“tentAvitha skeleton sketch of one avIio enjoyed
“life socially, never had an enemy, but made many
“true friends. By-the-Avay I forgot to .say that I
“Avas dreadfully ill in 1872 and Avent to Australia
“for threemonths.” We Avellrememberthatilhiess :
Wm. Grant of Dikoya, very ill, occupied one end
of the hospitable bungaloAv of John Lewis Gordon,
in Steuart Place, Colpetty, Avhen John Tyndall,
supposed to be dying from ab.scess in the liver, Avas
brought doAvn from PussellaAva and placed in the
opposite Aving. His Avonderful constitution and the
indefatigable nursing of his devoted Avife pulled
Mr. Tyndall back from the grave, Avhile IMr.
Grant sank under his fever attack. Then the
great object of all Avas to prevent Tyndall from
realizing that his dear friend Grant had gone, lest it
should depi’ess and throAv him back. This avoidance
andall about the funeral Avere managed Avithout the
remaining patient having any suspicion. We Avere
at Galle Avhen poor Tyndall came doAvn to take
steamer to Australia : he Avas miserably Aveak and
thin, but Avould insist on sitting about the centre
of the big table Avhere some 150 passengers Avere
dining. Each course be had to refu.se ; but still the
servants pressed until, overcome at last, Tyndall
so shouted, “ No ! didn’t I tell yon ” as attracted all
eyes, but made him free of Avorry for the rest of the
eA’ening. He came back, after three months’
absence, quite another man. One of the incidents
Ave recall of his Visiting Agent days Avas
his bringing to Colombo, and specially to the
Observer Ollice, the neAvs of Mr. Slorach — a
Avell-knoAvn Engineer and Coffee Store Manager-
having picked up a magnificent gem on his estate
in Haputale, a stone of the finest Avater Avhich he
Avas bringing to Colombo, and that he (Mr. T.)
had seen it. By-and-bye Mr. Slorach turned
up, full of the fun, his gem being a big
lump of “ lime-stone”— considered so valu-

able on a coffee estate, hoAvever, as to Avell de«
serve the epithet of “precious stone.” After
leaving Ceylon finally in 1884, Mr. Tyndall
Avas one of the earliest to open a London
Agency for the sale and distribution of Ceylon
teas, in conjunction Avith one or tAvo more aa’cII-
knoAvn Ceylon men, li.xing his city headejuarters
in Billiter House. The Firm Avas said at one time
to have the services of tAvo baronets in securing
orders and extending its inlluence. Then cam

June i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

821

a story to Colombo of a strange placard that our
old friend had stuck up in the lobby of his
office which had brought down a remonstrance
and protest from a London policeman on the
beat. By this time, Mr. Tyndall had become
the “ Kaconteur” of the Ceylon Observer, and
many a passage in his planting, hunting and
roving days has he, from time to time, described
in our columns. He also forwarded to us the
printed “ placard” which had been the subject of
remark among his friends and accompanied it
vith the following

'* The enclosed may be of use to you, so I lose
no time in sending it out. No Policeman ever appeared
here, except to ask for a Christmas Box. 1 am on
the best of terms with the Force. You will find
this admirable policy yourself.— Yours sincerely,

John Tyndall.”

The placard itself ran as follows : —

NOTICE.

All Beggars and Pedlars enter=
ing this Office will be shot dead.

Mr. Tyndall continued to attend to his London
business up to a few months ago when he was laid
aside by severe illness, from which, again, recovery
was deemed very unlikely, if not impossible ; but
in a letter from him dated 6bh May in the same
clear neat hand, the writer was able to announce
convalescence— after passing tlirough .severe in-
fluenza, pleurisy, &c —though he naively added :
— “ I naturally find that I don’t pick up my
“strength as I did when I was forty years younger.
“However, with the constitution of a Wilson’s
“Bungalow buffalo, and a heart as young as a
“two-year old, 1 hope to pull along a bit yet. I
“am just going down to my brother-in-law’s, at
“Castle Fraser, Aberdeenshire, and with bracing
“country air and the wine of the country, 1 hope
“ to be ‘ o’er all the ills of life, victorious ’ — imme-
“diately if not quicker” — and he winds up by
hoping, very .shortly, to send a contribution from
“ Raconteur'^ for the Observer.

Well past the allotted “ three-score- and -ten,”
it will be judged that Mr. John Tyndall is a
wonderful specimen of the early Pioneer Planter and
Sportsman in Ceylon. That his vigour and hearty
good spirits may long continue will be the wisli of
his many friends in Lanka as of all readers of the
Tropical Agricultunst and Ceylon Observer.

Agricultural Pests :

WITH METHODS OF PREVENTION.

BY MISS E. A. ORMEROD,

(Latr Consulting Entomologist to the
Royal Agricultural Society of
England).

VI.

ORCHARD PESTS.

Attack of apple sawfly may be taken as an ex-
ample of how easy it is, without observation, for
an infestation which bears much resemblance to some
other kind to escape requisite notice, i.e., such notice
as causes proper measures to be taken, instead of
trouble and money being spent to no purpose on
applications suited to another attack of which the
chrysalis stage is passed in a different locality.
Apple sawfly presence has long been known in this
country, but so far as I am aware has been little
observed, and it was not until the summer of 1891
that I had an opportunity of studying the charac-
teristics. In many respects the attack of those cater-
pillars to the apple fruit much resembles that of
the too well-known codlin moth catterpillars. It
may, however, be certainly distinguished by the sawfly
caterpillar having a greater number of sucker-feet
beneath the body, that is, six pairs which, with the
pair at the end of the tail, and the three pairs
of claw-feet, make in all twenty. There is the
further characteristic of the caterpillars possessing
a most unpleasant bug-like smell. Thus they may
be distinguished from the codlin moth caterpillar,
the larva of the Carpocapsa pomonella.

With regard to methods of prevention. In the
case of either of the attacks it is desirable to gather
up and destroy prematurely fallen apples, which
from their bored and injured state show that they
have fallen from caterpillar presence within, and
may, therefore, very likely be then infested. But
beyond this, the chief means of prevention are on
quite different principles. The codlin moth cater-
pillar (to a great extent), after leaving the little
apples, creeps up the trees, and changes to the
chrysalis state in crevices of the bark. The sawfly
caterpillar, on the contray, goes down into the ground
to form its cocoons. It is, therefore, needless to point
out that any amount of scraping, washing, and clean-
ing the bark is merely money thrown away, if all the
while the enemies against whom these operations
are directed are lying from two to six inches under
the surface of the neighbouring ground.

The turnip sawfly ( Athalia spinanim ) sometimes
causes overwhelming mischief; but this is not a
regular yearly attack, by reason of rotation of crops,
and because in regular course of autumn cultivation
the cocoons are thrown up, or buiied beneath their
natural resting-places. The progress of the injury
is very rapid. The bright orange sawflies lay their
eggs in slits sawn in the leaves. One female will
lay over two hundred eggs. The eggs hatch in about
five days; the time varies with the state of the
weather; if warm and favourable, they will hatch
sooner. The twenty two-footed grubs are greenish
at first, then black, then slaty, and are full-orown
in about three weeks, during which time they eat
voraciously. They go down into the ground to change,
and the new brood of sawflies in summer comes up'
ready to lay eggs and start a new attack in about
three weeks. With this attack we can, as with most
others, do something by ensuring vigorous plant
growth; but all methods that have been found useful
to check attack will be found to be based on the
special habits of the caterpillar. During its three
weeks’ life it changes its skin about once a week
and to manage this it must hold fas’ by means of
the pair of sucker-feet at the end of its tail, to •
leaf or stem, so as to have something to drag
against in the -truggle to get free of its cast coat
If it c -n-’ot do t'lis it dies. Also it has only the

822

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

power of spinning a thread to let itself down, or to
come home again by in passing alarms, during the
first few days of its life. After that, if it falls to
the ground, it can only return by crawling.

The remedies which are chiefly used all turn directly
on these habits. The plan of driving sheep through
an infested field, or of brushing the plants with
boughs, either carried by hand or fixed on a scufilery
or, again of dragging a cart-rope over the plants,
all turn on endeavouring to make the caterpillars
loose their hold, which we see amounts, with a large
proportion, to the same thin" as killing them out-
right._

As in the case of turnip flea beetle, various kinds
of dressings may be of use, such as lime, &c., if
applied so that they stick to the insect and leafage ;
and also all measures to keep the earth moist
enough to run on a good crop, and keep the sawfly
from enjoyment of the full light, heat, and drought,
in which it delights, will be of service.

There is one other kind to bo noticed, because it
differs greatly from those just named in its habits.
It is the corn sawfly (Cephus pi/iiniaius) which feeds
more es^iecially within the wheat stalks; and its
presence may be partially known by the blasted
ear. This whitish maggot has only the rudiments
of the three pairs of claw-feet ; and when its work
of mischief to us is done, it rests for the winter
in a silken case, very near ground level, in the sawn
through stalk. To prevent attack recurring, it is a
perfect treatment to gather together the infested
stubble and burn it. This is an exception to the
usual form of life and place of change of sawfly
larvoe, and therefore must be treated differently ;
but there is the same principle to be followed as
with caterpillars and chrysalids of other kinds of
sawflies, and also of butterflies and moths; that is,
firstly, to find out where they pass the winter, and
then to turn them out from their shelters.

The amount of injury caused by sawfly cater-
pillars, and especially from time to time by those
of the turnip sawfly, is so serious that a great deal
has been written (of more or less use) on the sub-
ject ; but in the short notes of the five kinds of
attack mentioned above, it will be seen that whether
as infestors of the forest tree or the garden fruit
bush; as feeders within the firm fruit of the apple,
or on the succulent leaves of the turnip, or carrying
on their injurious work hidden within the growing
wheat-straw; or, again, whether the larvae or cater-
pillars are possessed of 22 or 20 feet, or (for practical
purposes) of no feet at all, there is one method of
prevention applicable to them all — to turn out the
cocoons and destroy them.

The families of the parasite wasp-flies are impor-
tant to us, as a means of keeping the increase of
other insects in check. One division of these is
that of the Ichneumon flies. These are much like
the Ichneumon parasite of the corn sawfly. They
are lightly-made insects, with a longish body and
abdomen ; long legs ; a small head with long horns,
often having a ring of white on them ; and an ovi-
positor, sometimes short, sometimes long, and often
permanently extended like a large and long sting.
With this they insert their eggs, for the most part
inio the grubs of other insects, but sometimes into
their eggs, and occasionally into the chrysalids ;
and those kinds furnished with long ovipositors
pierce with them through bark or solid wood, and
thus insert their eggs into beetle grubs, or what-
ever their selected victim may be, which, although
out of sight, their instinct tells them is within,
ready to act as food to their m iggots ; and thus
they give us help which nothing else affords.

In the case of corn-ears which are infested by
aphides, many of the aphides, instead of being of
the natural colour, green or yellow, brown or
other tints, will be seen to be of a rich, brown, or
almost black. These have been killed by the
ichneumon. The leinale of the AhhuhuH inserts a
single egg ini-o abdomen of many aphides, one
after the° other, and the nirggot, which hitches
from the egg, consumes all that is eatable, until its
live h st is reduced to a state which will not carry

June r, 1897.

on life any longer. Its uninvited guest goes through
its changes within to an ichneumon fly, and pie-
sently quits the harened skin, which is distinguished,
as just observed by its colour. Sometimes every
aphis on a corn-ear is thus destroyed, and the.e are
other kinds of allied parasite flies which help us
similarl5\

One of the forms of attack which is the plainest
to be seen is that of the cabbage ichneumon fly.
This little fly lays a vast number of eggs, sometimes
more than sixty, in one caterpillar of the large cab-
bage butterfly. Here the maggots hatch and

feed, avoiding by instinct such parts as the con-
sumption of would cause a fatal loss, to the
host, and, consequently, to the guest. The con-
taining caterpillar — the live food, that is — mean-
while feeds and grows, not only until

it attains its full size, but it may often be known
from utiinfested ones by its swollen appearance. It
has not, however, power to turn to the chrysalis
state: when the time for this comes, the maggots
within pierce its skin, and each one spins for itself
a small cocoon of yellow silk, in which it goes through
its changes to the complete insect by the side of
the dead body of the exhausted caterpillar. These
little ichneumon flies are one of our protections
against great increase of the caterpillars, and the
small silken cocoons, which are easily seen when
they lie together in masses on cabbage leaves, should
never be destroyed.

Another kind of small ichneumon fly [llemitehs
melanarius), preys in the same way, by means of its
maggots, inside the chrysalids of the greenveined
cabbage butterfly. These infested chrysalids may be
known by their dark brown colour, and should never
be destroyed, as each one is a case — package, so to
say — full of checks to a troublesome crop preyer.

All these ichneumon flies are very much alike in
shape, and their wings are much veiued.

The parasite wasp flies of the two other families,
which are most important to us {Olialcididui and
Proctotrupida;), are, for the most part, very small,
with almost, or quite, veinless wings. The
Pteromalua puparum is one of the kinds which des-
troys chrysalids of the large and small cabbage
butterflies. This very small fly is stated to lay its
eggs on the outside of the chrysalis, as soon as it
has cast off its caterpillar skin, and is still soft and
tender. The maggots from these eggs soon hatch
and eat into the chrysalis, and sometimes as many
as from two hundred to three hundred live thus
in one chrysalis, where they change to the perfect
pirasite fly, and come out soon in summer to con-
tinue the useful work. In winter some remain in
the chrysalis.

The use of these Pleromali is well shown by their
work in North America, in checking increase of
cabbage butterfly.

The small white cabbage butterfly made its ap-
pearance (or, at least, was first observed there) at
Quebec about 1859, and gradually spread and caused
much damage, but, for several years no parasite
appeared to check it. In 1871 — that is, about twelve
years after the appearance of the butterfly — it was
announced that the parasite we are now speaking
of had appeared : the British parasite had followed
the British butterfly, and was doing its appointed
work. In 1875 it (the p.irasite) h id become quite
common in the State of New York; and later on
it was observed to be still on the increase.

The great benefit gained by natural helpers of
this kind has caused it to be suggested that we should
rear them. This matter seems rather hard to manage;
also we do not often benefit much by upsetting the
regular balance appointed; but it is often in our
power to follow up a hint of this kind, by remem-
be.’ing that when an out-of-the-way insect enemy
has appeared, wo may very likely be able also to in-
troduce its regular check and leave the results to follow
in due course. Soincliines, also a now infestation
may be traced home to the country from which it
came by means of its accompanying parasites.
In the memorable appearance of the Hessian fly in
this country, wc had no duo to lead us to the

June r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

823

knowledge of whether it had come from America of
from the Continent of Europe, until examination or
its parasites showed that, with the exception of one
kind common to both continents, the others ■svere not
American, but Russian.

The parasite flies of wheat midge show the shape
of two other kinds of these minute flies. The
Macroi/lcnes, of the family of the Chalcididm, is sup-
posed, from its habits, to destroy the midge-grubs;
and the Plo,ti/ijaster, of the family of the Proctotrupidcc,
has been watched in its operations of laying one egg
in each midge-grub it attacks.

There are other kinds of parasites of nearly-allied
kinds, which we have not space to enter on here;
but the general principle of preserving a useful amount
of them is so important that, though it is a very
difficult matter to protect them, it is as well to be
careful about setting on foot regular measures calcu-
lated to lessen their numbers. It may be doubted
whether, in regard to help from parasitic insects, we
do not suffer, rather than benefit, as much as is
supposed, by great encouragement of birds. We can-
not tell accurately what amount of the small para-
site flies are taken as bird food, for their small
bodies are probably soon digested ; but it appears
reasonable to suppose that as we know some birds take
them, others also do sj, and in this way do the re-
serve of helping. I would not for an instant auggest
clearing away birds; but it would be well to bear
in mind that the works of creation are founded on
a principle of order, and of relationship of one part
to another ; and if we use such power as we may
have to alter any detail, we are likely to suffer.
We have altered the amount of food for insects by
the enormous necessary increase in food crops ; but
it appears to me that to try to keep these insects
in check by calling in birth-help in legions — which
grub up the plants to be protected, and eat up the
eaters of the insect foes, and likewise (when insect
food fails the many mouths) betake themselves to the
wheat-ears — is very much like bringing in the rats
to drive out the mice.

The families of wasps, bees, and ants are included
in another great section of this order, called the
aculeata, because they, or most of them, are fur-
nished with a sting, much resembling in appear-
ance and pain of application a needle, known in
Latin as Jcus. These have been written on for so
many years that we need not enter on them at
length ; but it is well to observe that the hive bees,
the social wasps, and social ants, are remarkable
for mXrch of the work of the community being
carried on neither by the males, nor as a regu-
lar thing by the large females, which are com-
monly known as queeirs, but by a large body of
abortive females, or neuters, commonly known as
“ workers.”

In the case of the Queen bee, we have a clear
instance of the way in which different food and
accommodation acts in altering, or rather, in fully
developing the powers ; and gain matter for thought,
at least, from the fact that a precisely contrary treat-
ment, such as compressing, starving, chilling, &c.,
brought about by common farming measures, will not
(or probably may not) be without effect in stunting
the growth and otherwise lessening attack.

rRODUOTS OF THE CITRUS TRIBE
IN SICILY.

Reporting on the trade of Sicily, Mr, E. M. de
Garston gives some interesting facts connected with
the staple products, such as essence of Lemon and
other produce of the Citrus family, the different
trades dealing in these being of a very interesting
character. The Lemon essence industry is a very
important one in Sicily, where the abundance of raw
material naturally renders the manufacture of the
so-called oils of Lemon and Orange a very profitable
undertaking ; 37,941 kilos, of these essential oils were
shipped during the year 1895, over 32,000 kilos, of
which was taken by Great Britain.

Oil or essence of Lemon is obtained by pressing or
bursting the oil-glands in the rind of the fruit, and
this is done either by hand or by machinery; that
obtained by the first process being by far the best in
quality. In Palermo the essence is all pressed at
night. The workmen are supplied with a certain
quantity of rinds, divided into equal portions to
each between so many gangs, each under the super-
vision of a foreman. Each man holds two sponges
between the fingers of the left hand, and works the
rind about in the best way to fracture the oil-vessels.
This is caught in the sponges, which, when suffi-
ciently charged with oil, are squeezed into an
earthenware receiver ; a considerable proportion
of the product thus obtained consists of ordinary
Lsmon-juice leit adhering to_ the rind, together with
more or less of the Lemoii-pulp. This, however
being heavier than the essence, sinks to the bottom
of the receptacle, and the essence remains on the
top. As the first of these receivers becomes full,
the workman blows the fljatiagoil into the second
jar through a species of channel formed in the side
of the first, and when no more of the essential oil
is transferable by blowing, the remaining essence
which may yet be floating in the original receiver is
carefully absorbed with a sponge, and thence squeezed
into the second receptacle, which only contains pure
essence.

The remainder, namely, the essential oil which
may still have been left in the rinds, is by some
manufacturers extracted by distillation, and forms
a second quality of essence. By others, again, it is
expressed by subjecting the partially exhausted rinds
to mechanical pressure in bags. To ascertain, how-
ever, if the obtainable essence has been thoroughly
squeezed out by the original hand process, the rinds
are tested by a foreman, who presses the supposed
exhausted peel into the flame of a caudle, when, if
any combustion is visible, it shows that the pressers
have not done their work properly. The essence
obtained by the foregoing process unlergoes no
further mauipulation beyond being collected, and
after careful filtration through filter-paper it is ready
for shipment in the usual coppers of 100, 50, 25, 12
5, and 2 lb. each. When freshly expressed it has a
delicious smell of the fruit, which is greatly injured
by distillation.

Erom the leaves, flowers, and fruits of the several
species and varieties of the Citrus genus a large
variety of products is obtained. The blossoms in
their natural state serve to flavour drinks and sweet-
meats. When distilled they yield two very much
e.deemed products, namely, orange flower-water and
an essential oil known as Neroli. Moreover, when
candied, they form a delicious sweet, much in vogue
in some regions of Sicily. The orange flower-water
is made of equal portions in weight of blossom
and water, which yield on an average about one-fifth
of the combined weight of water and flowers. Kot-
withstauding the abundance and excellent quality of
the raw material, so to speak, still the best manu-
factories of Orange flower-water are to be found
outside Italy. As to candied sweetmeat concocted
out of the blossoms, it is doubtless more wholesome
as well as more palatable than many other produc-
tions of the confectioner’s art. The flowers in the
first place are selected with care, weighed, i-nmersed

in cold water for twenty-four hours, after which
they are dipped simply in cold water, rewashed in
cold, and finally spread out on a linen cloth or
sheet to dry. When completely dry, they are laid
out in low, wide dishes, each flower separate from
its fellow, and are then sprinkled with double their
weight in sugar, administered at intervals durimr
a period of eigho days or thereabouts. Moreover
during the same period the flowers should be frel
queutly moved and kept in the shade; at the expira-
tion of this time they are once more placed in^ the
sun, whose rays dry them completely

The raw juices of all the different varieties of the
species of Citrus, except that of the Bergamot, are
available for commerce ; but the juice of the Lemon
IS the more highly prized, on account of the greater
amount of acidity it contains. But the raw juic#

824

THE TROPiCft^L AGRiCULTURIST.

[June r, 1897.

“ Agro-crudo, ” however rich in acid particles, can
never vie in this respect with the same juice in a
concentrated form with the “ Agro-cotto,” in which
form it enjoys besides a great superiority over un-
condensed juice in durability and in reduction of
volume. This concentrated juice is prepared in the
following manner. It is first of all clearified by being
left to stand, then boiled in large cauldrons of tinned
copper, one-third full, and the boiling liquid fre-
quently stirred with an iron rod having its head
wrapped in common canvas, or in rags which have
thus to keep the bottom of the boiler clear of all
sediment ; those necessary additions to the boiling
liquid which the constant evaporation of the aqueous
particles renders expedient are supplied by smaller
supplementary boilers in which the liquid is kept
sufficiently hot to hinder any interruption in the
ebullition of the juice contained in the large vessels.
When the required density is obtained, a point which
is easily ascertained through the medium of the
citrometer, it is poured into vats to cool, and finally
drawn off through ordinary funnels into casks.

The adulteration of the acid or juice is facilitated
by the ready absorption of certain well-known and
easily-obtainable substances, which increase the weight
of the acid-juice when concentrated. The most com-
monly employed substances for the purpose of
adulteration are tartaric acid, chloride of sodium,
and sulphuric acid. The methods employed in Sicily
in order to detect the cheat, if not so scientific
and perhaps less accurate than those in use in
England, are at least inexpensive, simple, and suffi-
ciently effective. Citrate of lime, which seems to be
the safest form in which the acid principle can be
conveyed, and is the substance whence the citric
acid is directly manufactured, is now prepared to
some extent in Italy, although up to within the
last quarter of a century this preliminary process
was considered impracticable from a remunerative
point of view. A very well known authority on the
subject laments in forcible terms the remissness and
io-norance of his countrymen in Sicily, which alone
TTermits foreigners, to reap that harvest which
Italians neglect to gather and garner for themselves.
The objections raised in bygone days, from the
supposed impossibility of procuring at home a suffi-
cient quantity of proper chalk, have been shown to
be utterly mistaken wtth respect to the production
of citrate of lime. Objections of a similar nature
are now mooted with regard to the production of
citric acid, and have been partially disproved already
bv the establishment of a British firm in Messina,
which has undertaken successfully the manufacture
of citric acid in conjunction with tartaric acid.

With regard to the essential oil industry in Sicily,
it is said to be both widespread and prosperous.
Essence producers and exporters are numerous.
The essential oils are derived from all varieties of
the Citrus group, though they differ considerably in
quality, that expressed from Bergamot being the
best and then follow the Lemon, Orange, and Citron,
the relative value of the essence being in inverse
order to that of the juices.

The mode of payment of the workmen engaged in
expressing the essential oils is peculiar. Instead of
being paid at a fixed rate per day or hour, or for
the weight or number of rinds expressed, he is remu-
nerated according to the amount ef essence he
succeeds in extracting out of a given weight of
rinds.

It is stated that, though the bulk of the oil pro-
duced in, and exported from, Sicily is quite pure,
vet it is sometimes adulterated with other essential
oils and sometimes with turpentine, or even with
resins. The occurrence of these adulterations seems
to have discredited and unsettled the market value,
BO that it became necessary, or at least expedient,
in some cases to submit it to analytical test before
exportation. Owing to these precautions, the character
for genuineness of the Sicilian essential oils has been
redeemed, or rather maintained.— t/o/iii A. JacUsoh,
j{cii;.— (Jardcncrs' Chronicle,

PLANTNG NOTES.

Fruit from the Cape. — Since our last report the
“fruit ships” have arrived from the Cape; the
first, the “ Scot ” bringing 55 boxes of Pears and
294 boxes of white Grapes; the second, the
Avondale, bringing in 559 boxes of white Grapes.
We are informed that, with the exception of 30
boxes, these consignments turned out in good
condition, and realised fair prices. The faulty
boxes above noted were very over-ripe, and hardly
saleable. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Longevity of the Larch. — The Chronique Acjncole
du Canton de Vaud contains various records con-
cerning the age attained in Switzerland by the
Larch. There are at Mayens-de-Sion two old Larches
which measure from 20 to 22 feet round the base,
and 65 feet in height. Both are referred to in a
plan of the grounds dated 1546, where they are
mentioned as “ the two Larches before the house.”
They were then a good age, and now are 351 years
older. These years do not seem to have weakened
them, as they are in full vigour. Another Larch
is found on the Alp de Torrent, near Albinen ; it
is called the boundary-tree, as every hundred years
the people of Albinen and Louecheles-Bains go out
to it to re-mark the boundary. On its trunk a sort
of niche has been cut in the bark, and on the
exposed wood are engraven the dates from 1400 to
1700. Larch wood has considerable durability ;
the above journal mentions a chalet at Loueche-les-
Bains where the piece of wood which supports the
ceiling is of Larch, and bears the date 1536. — Garden-
ers’ Chronicle.

Insect Police. — We take the following extract from
an article of Mr. R. C. Perkins, published in a
recent number of Nature, p. 499 : — “ The first importa-
tion of Coccinellidffi to destroy hordes of soale-insect-
in the Hawaiian Islands was made in 1890, when
Vedalia cardinalis Muls, a native of Australia, was,
sent over by Mr. Albert Koebele. At that time
many trees were in a deplorable condition from the
attacks of Icerya, Monkey-pod trees being particularly
badly infested — so much so that they were being
largely cut down as the only recourse. The Vedalia
was a complete success ; it became perfectly natu-
ralised, increased prodigiously for a time, practically
•leared the trees, and then, as the Icerya became
comparatively scarce, decreased in numbers, while
at the present time it is evident that the number
of the scale and its destroyer has arrived at a fixed
proportion. Previously to its introduction here the
same lady-bird had done excellent service in the fruit

orchards of Lower California In many parts of the

islands the Bananas and Palm-trees have been severely
attacked by the larva of a species of Pyralidina.
There is little doubt that in course of time this
plague will be entirely kept under by a fine Chalcid
(Chalcis obscurata. Walk.), introduced from China
and Japan, which has already multiplied enormously
at the expense of these caterpillars — so much so,
indeed, that in many localities the trees have now
entirely recovered. Again, within the last few years
a Lamellicorn beetle (Adoretus umbrosus) has been
introduced from Japan. This insect speedily multi-
plied prodigiously, and soon destroyed nearly every
Rose-tree in Honolulu, and subsequently attacked
the foliage of many other trees* The cultivation
of Roses — once a feature of the city — became im-
possible; while a remedy seemed hopeless. One day,
however, Mr. Koebele discovered a parasitic fungus,
and by cultivation of this, and infecting healthy
beetles, soon spread it far and wide. Whether the
fungus will prove entirely effective is not at pre-
sent certain, but in any case it will be a most useful
aid. The writer has seen the ground under trees,
which were attacked literally strewn with dead
beetles— all killed by the fungus— and beneath the
surface of the soil the larvm had likewise perished.
It is at least certain, therefore, that myriads of the
beetles were destroyed very shortly after the fungus
was spread around by the individuals that had been
infected.” — Gardeners' Chronicle,

June i, 1897.J

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST.

825

THE MAYFIELD (DIMBULA) TEA CO. OF
CEYLO>J, LIMITED.

Capital ;£ 100,000, in 5,000 6 per cent cumulative
preference shares of .£10 each (which have priority
as to capital and dividend), and 5,000 ordinary shares
of £10 each.

Present issue — 3,300 per cent preference shares, and
3,300 ordinary shares of £10 each.

The purchase of the followiug tea estates has been
arranged, viz. : — Mayfield and Chalmers, situated in
the Dimbula district, and the Nicholaoya group,
situated in the Matale district, comprising the fol-
lowing acreages and particulars ; —

Tea over

Tea over

Tea not yet

Estates.

five years.

three years

in bearing

Mayfield

. . 404 Acres.

12 Acres.

— Acres.

Chalmers

.. 260 „

—

30 „

Nicholaoya

.. 312 „

87 „

48 „

676 „

99 „

78 „

Garda-

Timber

Estates.

Tea total.

moms.

planted.

Mayfield

. . 416 Acres.

—

36 Acres.

Chalmers

. . 290 „

—

—

Nicholaoya

.. 447 „

15 Acres.

—

1,153 „

15 „

36 Acres.

Chena and

Total acres

Estates.

Forest.

Pataiia.

of estates.

Mayfield

. . 88 Acres.

36 Acres.

576 Acres.

Chalmers

..10 „

67 „

35/ ,,

Nicholaoya

.. 400 „

409 „

1,271 „

498 „

502 „

2,204 „

Mayfield and Chalmers are taken over as from
the 1st of January last, and Nicholaoya from the
1st of July, 1896, the Company taking the benefit of
the produce from these respective dates. The pro-
duction of these estates for the current season is
estimated at not less than 421,000 lb., which with the
cardamons may be expected to yield a net revenue
of £5,450. As, however, there are 177 acres of tea
not yet in full bearing, and as there is still a con-
siderable area available for the planting of tea, the
out-turn should be considerably increased year by
year. The Company will acquire the three estates,
machinery, and buildings for the sum of £63,000,
the price fixed by the Vendor, which is considered
not an exce'ssive price, considering the good reputa-
tion of the estates. After payment of the purchase-
money there will be left the sufficient sum of
£3,000 for the general purposes of the Company.
The Vendor pays all expenses of every description
down to allotment. Taking the value of the un-
cultivated area and cardamoms at £5 per acre, and
deducting the £3,000 for general purposes, the pur-
chase price of the area under tea works out at
about £50 per aci-e.

EDERAPOLLA TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

The following is from the report of the board of
directors, to be presented to the shareholders at
their first annual ordinary meeting to be held at
the offices of the company, 16, Philpot Lane, E.C.,
on the 13th inst : - .

The directors have pleasure in submitting to the
shareholders the report and accounts of the com-
pany for the year ending December 31, 1896. The
company was incorporated on Noveffiber 29, 1895,
and the prosnectus issued on December 3, when the
applications received for shares were far in excess
of the number offered for public subscription.

Since the company acquired Ederapolla and Ardross
Estates sundry native lands have been purchased,
and the total acreage is now as follows Tea in
full bearing, 471 ; partial bearing, 81 ; not in bear-
ing, 48 ; clearings, 87§ ; Jungle, 189 ; Paddy Field,
7 • Paddy, and Scrub, lOJ ; total, 894. The total

’ 105

crop secured amounted to 358,324 lb. of tea, bein#
48,324 Ib. over the estimate, and the average yield or
the two estates w'as 640 lb. per acre. On Ardross 11
acres and on Ederapolla 38i acres of jungle have been
felled and burnt off for planting this year, and on
both estates there are fine nurseries with abundance
of plants for the company’s requirements. The
directors have had very satisfactory reports on the
estates from Mr. Thomas Smith, of Barnagalla, who
in his report of January 26 last, writes as follows : —
“ I consider the estates throughout the whole year
have been worked to the very best advantage under
the able management of Mr. Watt,” and it affords
the directors pleasure to endorse and confirm the
opinion thus expressed of the services of their general
manager. The company’s net profit for the year
amounts to £2,795 15s lOd ; and this it is proposed to
appropriate as follows ; — Amount as above, £2.795
15s lOd ; interim dividend of 5 per cent paid in
September, £1,100. It is now proposed to pay a
final dividend of 5 per cent (free of income tax,)
making 10 per cent for the year, £1,100, and to write off
half the preliminary expenses, .£300 8s Id ; leaving a
balance to carry forward of £295 7s 9d. In accordance
with the articles of association, Mr. G. W. Paine re-
tires from the board, and, being eligible, offers himself
for re-election. Messrs. Cape and Dalgleish also offer
themselves f^r re-election as auditors. — 11. and 0. Mail,
April 2.

BANDAKAPOLA CEYLON COMPANY,
LIMITED.

The following is from the report of the board of
directors, to be presented to the shareholders at
their fourth annusJ ordinary meeting, to be held
at the offices of the company on Wednesday, 14th
inst.; —

The directors have now the pleasure to submit
to the shareholders the accounts and balance-sheet
for the year ending December 31, 1896.

The net profits for the year in question amount to
£2,438 3s lOd, to which has to be added £216 19s 4d
brought forward from 1895 accounts, giving a total
sum to be dealt with of £2,655 3s. An interim divi-
dend of 5 per cent (free of income tax) on £16,000
paid in September, amounted to t‘800. It is now pro-
posed to pay a final dividend of 5 per cent (also free of
income tax) on £18,500, making 10 per cent for the year
absorbing £925; and to write off for depreciation
on old buildings and machinery £500 ; leaving a
balance to carry forward to next account of £4,30 3s 2d.

During the past season the crops secured from
the company’s property amounted to 346,150 lb. of
made tea and 142 cwt. 3 qr. 13 lb. of cocoa, as against
182,512 lb. made tea and 80 cwt. 3 qr. 13 lb. cocoa
for the previous year, an increase which the directors
considered extremely satisfactory. The price realised
for the tea shows a slight falling off as compare
with 1895, being 6'4.32d, as against 6’788d per lb.
The old tea on Baudarapola, 286 acres, gave 867 lb
per acre, and that on the 98 acres of Muendeniya
land, only three years old, and raised principally
from seed at stake, has given 718 lb. per acre a
phenomenal return, and the 1895 planting promises
equally well. For the current season the directors
have sanctioned a further clearing of about 50 acres
to be planted in tea, and this is being proceeded
with by the Ceylon manager. During the severe rain

storms experienced in the latter part of 1896 the
foundations of the wheel-pit at the factory were
carried away, the wheel-pit subsiding, and the
wheel being considerably damaged. 'The direo
tors are glad to report," however, that, through
the energy and promptness of the Ceylon

manager, the damage was to a great extent mini
mised, and they take this opportunity of recording
their appreciation of the energy and capacity for over
coming difficulties displayed by Mr. Anderson under
very trying circumstances. They are also indebted
to the managers of neighbouri. g estates for their kind
assistance on that occasion. All the damage has been
repaired, and the erection of an engine and boiley

828

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

tasters, aud has been sold at full market prices.

It need scarcely be said that the experiment was
due to British enterprise and capital.

AND IN VAIUOUS COUNTRIES.

Much the same thing is going on in Johore, but
it is obvious that such undertakings must feel their
way warily. Natal has not yet entered the market
as a tea-producing colony ; hut planting on a small
scale has been carried on there for some years, the
output, which s of good strength and flavour, being
locally disposed of. From Java to Jamaica is a
far cry ; but while most persons have heard of, if
not tasted, the tea-grown in the former, few are
aware that the plant once evinced a considerable
liking for the soil and climate of the West India
island. Experiments on an extensive scale are now
being carried out in Brazil, the planters of which
country are said to be fully convinced that tea can
be profitably grown there. But the suggestion ap-
pears to have been first made, and the necessary
capital found, by British residents, who have long
had the subject under consideration, and who appear
to have satisfied themselves of the hopefulness of
the prospect. Both soil aud climate are regarded as
exceptionally favourable, as are the general condi-
tions and cost of labour — the latter, indeed, being
commonly the crux of the whole question. In then'
mere “tea-producing qualities” the provinces of Bio
de Janeiro and Sao Paulo are spoken of as being
fully equal to Ceylon, and satisfactory results have
already been obtained from some of the plantations.

IN CALIFORNIA.

But the most interesting, and not perhaps the least
promising, of recent trials in this direction are those
which have for some time been in progress in South
Carolina, under the auspices of the United States
Department of Agriculture. Probably the^first tea-
bush grown in America was planted near Charleston
by M. Michaux, a French botanist, in 1801. The
failures to develop from this starting-point anything
in the shape of a settled industry have been hitherto
almost continuous. But there nevertheless exists a
confident belief in America that all the tea required
there will ultimately be produced in that country.
Every fresh effort is regarded with enthusiasm,
though the main hope seems to be based on the
fact that the flora of the chief tea-producing coun-
tries of the Bast largely finds its counterpart in
South Carclina. The tea grown there has proved of
good flavour, but somewhat lacking in the “ body
to which the wide use of Indian tea has accustomed
ourselves. This, however, is considered to be less
due to climate or soil than to a defective method of
treating the leaf during the manufacturing stages.
The necessary tea-seed is still imported from Asia,
and the American Consuls at the Eastern tea porta
are instructed to spare no efforts to secure the best
that can be obtained. All these operations, there-
fore, can only be regarded as still occupying the
experimental stage ; aud the same must be said of
many successful trials of the same kin^ now going
forward in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.

THE LABOUR QUESTION.

For, to quote a local opinion, ‘‘ there is

labour to bestow on such a cultivation ’—that
is to say, no labour at the low rates of pay-
ment which only could be offered. And this
is the governing condition of the entire question.
Considerably more than a million native labourers are
employed in the tea-growing industry of India and
Ceylon, the pay of a coolie being about 8d. ^hay
Women and children receive from 4,d. to 6d. Jho
rates are equally low in China and Japan. It is
obvious that Euroiiean — still less British labour can-
not be diverted to tea-growing on any sou with the
smallest prospect of financial success. The work of
planting and manufacturing is neither heavy nor
exhausting, and may be regarded as almost the natural
heritage of the comparatively puny races engaged
in it. Anglo-Saxon muscle and energy must find an
outlet in other directions. Whether the Bussians \vill
succeed with their imported Chinese labour is an in-
teresting question which time alone can answer. A new
Jaste may ultimately prevail in regard to the flavour

[June i, 1897

of tea, and more delicate growths, yielding perhaps
less body, again come into fashion. Commercial en-
terprise can be trusted to note any such change, but
the close of the nineteenth century sees the tea in-
dustry of British India and Ceylon still steadily pro-
gressing.— London Standard.

ECHOES OF SCIENCE.

The e.xploitation of the “ Kickxia Africana,” a
rubber-hearing tree, promises to be important for
the West African Colonies. At Lagos the milky
juice evaporated gives a superior quality of rubber.
All the colonies of the Gulf of Guinea possess
this tree.

White mustard has been tried as a forage for
cattle in Tuni.sia, and found to do w'ell. It is
relished by cattle, and contains a good deal of
nourishment (88 2 per cent of water, 2 '6 of proteic
matter, 0 41 fatty matter, 2’4 matter soluble in
alcohol, 1‘7 of starch, and 2 i of cellulose with
mineral matters).

With reference to “ Manna,” Mr. Timothy, of
Tooting College, cites a pa.ssage in Daniele Bar-
toli's “ Asia,” where he describes the island of
Ormuz as a barren waste without even thorns or
birds — “ bnt every morning a dew falls, which
congeals into grains, has a very sweet taste, and
is called “ Manna.” The tamarisk (manifera)
grows in Arabia on sandy soils and brackish shores;
therefore, Mr. Timothy thinks the manna of
Ormuz may have been blown to the island from
Oman, on the eastern sliore of Arabia, across the
Persian Gulf. This appears to confirm the belief
that manna comes from the tamarisk, and is not a
lichen.

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

China and Its Tea Manufacture. — Every rumour
about the awakening of the Chinese to the task of
improving their position in the tea markets of the
world naturally attracts attention in India and Cey-
lon. Is China about to start on a fresh tack, and
use those imitative faculties with which the nation
is credited ?

The tea market has been won by Indian and Ceylon
planters, and it must be held against all comers.
There is undoubtedly a movement in China towards
putting the commercial house in order, but the
Chinese move slowly, and every day lost to them
strengthens the hands of those who now have
dossession of the tea market.

Blended Tea. — We pointed out in a recent issue how
expert tea blending has become a powerful factor in the
tea trade, and that the art of judicious blending is
cultivated very much more extensively now than
formerly. The question of blended tea is one, says
the Produce Markets Iteoiew, which calls forth a con-
siderable amount of attention and enterprise on tha
part of the grocery trade, the demand having increased
to an extent little dreamt of a few years since. The
phenomenal growth of the blended tea trade as a
whole shows ihat it answered a great public want.
As a matter of fact there is an increasing necessity
for general traders, such as the grocers have be-
come, to buy everything ready for use. Further,
the great fall in the price of tea aud the consequent
dropqrtionate diminution of the retail profit upon it,
have increased the disinclination of the grocers to con-
tinue the disagreeable operation of blending in their
own place. Ordinary buyers also find that a
very great saving in capital is effected by ceasing to
hold heavy stocks in bond, especially as the latter often
deteriorate in value as teas are now made. Again in
former years people had only to consider one market—

June i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

827

that for China tea. Now they have in addition to
study Indian and Ceylon kind? as well, and owing to
the enormous extent of some of the districts, especi-
ally in India, there are infinitely more varieties in
the character of tea than used to be the case. While
these facts imrose increased difficulties in the way of
retail blending, they at the same time afford a far
greater opportunity to the wholesale blender than he
could possibly have had a few years ago; in fact, the
increased number of markets and varieties gives just
the opening required, and, coupled with the use of
machinery and the other causes named above, mainly
account for the increase in the trade. The standard
for blending has also greatly risen and is more difficult
for the retailers to meet, unless they work on a very
large scale. Years ago ancestral methods of tea mixirig
were no doubt all very well ; but they are useless in
the present days of keen competition, especially as
most of the teas and flavours that used to be the
favourites are practically obsolete. The public
may be left to judge for itself whether it is not
the fact that the grocer in a fair way of busi-
ness can supply, with a return to himself, teas 4d to
6d per pound, or say, 30 per cent, cheaper than
those advertised at gigantic cost. Among the
special points for the ordinary run of grocers
to study in connection with this and other forms
of competition is undoubtedly the purchase of pro-
perly blended tea.

Insult to In.iury. — When will a revision be made
of the interesting information given in official pub-
lications about tea. No product is so maligned as tea.
Indian and Ceylon kinds are usually ignored altoge-
ther, but a correspondent calls attention to an extract
from a “Manual of Military Cooking” which is
more than ordinarily awful. “ Tea ; That usually
purchased for the Army is black congou from China,
and of good medium quality. The following is a
favourite aud inexpensive mixture : — 1 lb. of Moning
congou, J lb. of Assam, and J lb of orange pekoe. It is
often adulterated bi/ the addition of the horse-chestnut,
elm, ivilloio, poplar, sloe, hawthorn, tCc. Of these, the
onhj leaves resembling it are those of the willow and
sloe." Shades of Assam pioneers — the bare sugges-
tion of sloe leaves and horse-chestnut in the same
paragraph with Assam ; but perhaps the compiler of
this archaic stuff has lively remembrance of the
cheap China tea once in vogue. — II. and C. Mail,
April 2.

CACAO AND COCOA BUTTER.

London, April 1.

This letter ought properly to be headed “ Clnb-
Echoes and Cocoa Nibs” tliis week, for I have
heard a good deal more about

COCOA

than tea during the last two or three days,
having been in the company of a cocoa expert
during a great part of the time. The cocoa
manufacturers are all on the qui vive at pre-
sent, a certain new maker whose name must
be familiar to every person who opens any
newspaper, but need not here be more explicitly
referred to, having arisen among them, who
is advertising so extensively and so unblush-
ingly that all the old established firms are
“ sitting up” as the saying is. This gentleman
or firm rather I suppose, for it is freely asserted
there is a company behind, is^ calculated to be
getting £20,000 a year by the .sale of a brand
of cc '.oa lie pays £40,000 to adverti.se, and the con-
sequence of this tremendous adverttsement is that
retail dealers are deluging tlie old established manu-
acturers with letters telling them as Demetrius
id of old, that their trade is in danger. How-
ver, as my informant said, “ working at such a
eavy loss can’t go on very long in the nature

of things, and ultimately we will all benefit by this
immense booming of our article.” This remark
struck me as bearing on the great question of
tea advertising so frequently referred to in the
Tropical Agrieulturist and I started on an enquiry
as to how cocoa was pushed in new countries
eliciting the following information which may
be interesting. “ When we introduced our cocoa
into America,” said the expert, “ I gave our
man a year to do it — to his disgust rather, for
he had not been anticipating such a prolonged
time of it over tliere, but— it \vas a year and
a half before he got back. He travelled all
over the states opening cocoa shows and starting
demonstracion lectures in every good-sized town,
as well as advertising liberally in the papers.
He couldn’t work by advertisement alone. You
need to show the good folks in America in a
practic.al manner that what you’ve got to sell is
worth buying. Now we’ve established a £rood
market over there, and cocoa, which in this
country in 1861 was only used in the proportion
of one-eighth of a pound yearly per head of the
population, is now gone up to rather more than
a half of a pound annually per head. The ad-
vance of cocoa is slow certainly in comparison
witn tea, but it has all along been wonderfully
steady. Another thing — the sale of pure as
opposed to adulterated cocoas has also grown
steadily. The public are beginning to know what
good cocoa means now, and won’t drink the mixtures
of sugar starch and potatoes that used to be sold
for cocoa.”

In regard to the sale of

COCOA BUTTER,

w’hich is an article in considerable demand among
the sweets manufacturers, it is rather curious
to note the effect of the recent duty on the import
of the butter into this country, a duty that was in-
tended entirely to benefit the home manufacturers,
but which has had precisely the opposite result.
The duty has raised the price by two-pence a
pound to the home manufacturers and chemists,
who were dependent on the foreign makers for
their supply, and has cheapened the market for
the foreigner in his own country.— So much for
protection.

♦

PROGRESS IN STRAITS.

Kinta.— Agriculture is ruakiug gradual but steady
progress throughout the district. There are now
seven estates alienated to European planters, and
negotiations are pending for the granting of several
other important concessions. Almost all these estates
are being taken up for the cultivation of Liberian
coffee, which has also been extensively and success-
fully planted upon land held by natives in all parts
of the districts. — Iteport, Commissioner of Lands, 1896,

B. C. AFRICA: TANGANYIKA.

Mr. John Gibbs, manager of the African Lakes
Corporation, Ltd., recently returned from a journey
to Lakes Tanganyika and Mweru. We are in-
formed by Mr. Gibbs that he went up Tanganyika
as far as Ujiji. It is probable that Mr. Andrew
Law, the Company’s agent on Tanganyika, will
next May make a voyage up to Ujiji and the north
end, and inland from tliere towards Lake Victoria
Nyanza, so as to obtain particulars about the route
from Tanganyika to Uganda. Mr. Gibbs informs
us that while at Ujiji he saw English newspapers
ted 24th October last, which had reached Ujiji

830 THE TROPICAL

on theSrdJanuary, only some 72 days from London,
which is a great improvement on the time taken
in former days. We understand that the African
Lakes Corporation are opening a store at Ujiji.

Mr. Gibbs also visited Lake Mweru, and, crosnng
that lake in Captain Weatherley’s steel boat,
spent a few days at Mr. Crawford’s mission station
in the Congo Free State.

On Saturday, the 20th February, a sale of cattle
was lield at Zomba, at which 90 beasts of various
descriptions were disposed of, realising a total
of £109. Cows with calves were sold for £2 each,
heifers, 30s. each, bulls, £1, and bullocks, 23s. —
British Central Africa Gazette, March 1.

^

WHAT THE PEOPLE DRINK IN
AMERICA.

A great deal of loose talk is indulged in by
many unknowing ones as to what and how much
the people drink, but few know the exact facts.
We are pleased, therefore, to submit the following
table of statistics, from the U. S. Agricultura
Year Book, showing the consumption of tea,
cotiee, wines, distilled sjririts, and malt liquors,
in the United States sitrce 1870, per capita of
))opulation : —

0

p

CO

0

C/3

p

4)

03

ing

30

Tea

<U

50

0

0

s

Q

Malt

Li

Pounds.

Pounds.

Gallons.

pr’f gal.

Gallons

1870.. 1-10

6-00

0-32

2-07

5-31

’71.. 1-14

7-91

•40

1-62

6-10

’72.. 1-46

7-28

•41

1'68

6-66

’73.. 1-53

6-87

•45

163

7-21

’74.. 1-27

6-59

•48

1-51

7-00

’75..1'44

7-08

•45

1-50

6-71

’76.. 1-35

7-33

•45

1-33

6^83

’77.. 1-23

6-94

•47

1-28

6-58

’78.. 1-33

6'24

•47

1-09

6'68

’79. .1-21

7-42

-.50

ITl

7-05

’80.. 1-39

8-78

•56

1-27

8-26

’81.. 1-54

8-25

•47

1-38

8-65

’82.. 1-47

8-30

•49

1-40

10 03

’83.. 1-30

8-91

•48

116

10-27

’84., 1-09

9-26

•37

1-48

10' 74

’85..1T8

9-60

•39

1-26

10-62

’86.. 1-37

9-36

•45

1-26

11-20

’87.. 1-49

8-53

•55

1-21

11-23

’83.. 1-40

6-81

•61

1-26

12-80

’89.. 1-29

916

•56

1-32

12-72

’90.. 1-33

7-83

•46

1-40

13-67

’91.. 1-29

7-99

•45

1-42

15-28

’92.. 1-37

9'61

•44

1^50

15-10

’93.. 1-32

8-24

•43

1-51

16-08

’94.. 1-34

801

‘31

1-33

15-18

’95.. 1-38

9'22

•28

112

14‘65

■Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette,

On the above, a very competent Ceylon write-
now in America, writes : — “ See how coflee and
malt Imuor, the drinks of the German and
other European elements of population have
increased, whereas spirits have fallen off, and
Tea makes no progress although price is less
than lialf of what it was 20 years ago.”

THE DELGOLLA ESTATE COMPANY,
LIMITED.

DIRECTOllS ;

Wtn. Duff Gibbon, Esq., Chairman ; Edwin Spen-
cer Fox, Esq.; Frank M. Laurie, Esq.

riEPonT or TitE directors.

To be submitted to the Annual General Meeting

0l the Shareholders to l?o held the Rogislicred

AGRICULTHRIST. [June r, 1897.

Office of the Company at Kandy, on Wednesday,
21st April, 1897, at 3 p.m.

The Directors have now to submit their report for
the year ending 23th February, 1897, together with
a statement of accounts showing the results of the
Company’s work for the past season.

It is recommended that the balance of R5,009 73
shown in the balance sheet be carried forward, and
that no dividend be declared. It has been thought
advisable to finally close the Organisation Account, and
the total amount outstanding R694'66 is now therefore
written off.

Coco.a. — The heavy and continued rains of the
autumn and latter portion of the year had a bad
effect upon crop, and as a result there have been
secured 409 cwt. out of an estimated yield of 475
cwt. Some of this came into the poor market of
last year, but the larger portion is meeting the im-
proved position which has recently been arrived at
in the home market, and the last sales showed a very
satisfactory result.

On Isabel Estate a good many bearing trees suc-
cumbed to the pest so prevalent in this and other
districts, but upon Delgolla the loss has not been
80 heavy.

Liberian Coffee continues to be disappointing,
and only about 25 cwt. were secured. It seems that
the fears expressed before are to be fully realized in
respect of this product, and that there is but little
prospect of benefit from it in the future. Prices
also discourage the cultivation.

Coconuts. — The number of nuts obtained were
about 9,550 in excess of the estimate, and 138,050
were secured on an estimate of 128,500 this being
some 38,894 in excess of previous year, when 99,156
nuts were gathered. The show of nuts now on the
trees in all stages of growth lead the Directors to
believe that there will be a considerable increase in
the yield of the coming season.

Tea. — In view of the Isabel estate consisting solely
of cocoa, it was deemed advisable to plant tea where
opportunity served, and this having had the approval
of the yhareholders has been done. Some 50 acres
have been holed and drained, 45 of which are ac-
tually planted with good local jat, and the result so
fur is satisfactory. The Directors think it advisable
that other 50 acres should be taken in hand in the
coming season. The planting of tea will very much
increase the value of this part of the Company’s
property.

Directors. — Mr. Frank M. Laurie retires from the
Board in rotation, and being eligible offers himself
for re-election.

Mr. E. S. Fox resigns his Directorship, and the
appointment of a Director in his place rests with
the meeting.

Auditor. — The election of Auditor for the ensuing
year has also to be made by the meeting.

By order of the Board. J. Munton, Agent and
Secretary.

MEMORANDUM OF CULTIVATED AREA— APPROXIMATE.

309

16

30

60

25

102

60

75

acres old cocoa, 25 interspersed with Liberian
Coffee, and 140 acres with coconuts,
acres Cocoa 6i years old with Coconuts,
acres „ 4 ;, „ and Liberian

Coffee.

n

n

n 3 ,, ,, ,,

Coconuts 5 years old with Liberian Coffee.

,, 60 acres of 7 years and 42 acres

of 5 years, with Cocoa planted in 60 acres.
Cocoa at Isabel.

Grass and old laud, of which 46 acres roa

677 acres.

♦

EXPORTS OF COTTONSEED OIL.

Tlie following are the oflicial returns of the
exports of cottonseed oil, in gallons, during the
niontli of January, 1896 and 1897, furnished by
the Bureau of Statistics, Washington. Total
gallons, 1897 2,891,213, 1896 1,156,564.— GtY Paint
and Dru(j Jteporter,

June i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ^3*

QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

We have received a copy of the Prospectus
of the Queensland Agricultural College, which
is stated to owe its inception to a jiopular de-
mand for increased eneigy in developing the
latent resources of this semi-tropical depen-
dency—a demand whicli goes to prove

once again the healthy and enterprising

state of public opinion which exists in the
Southern Colonies and is bound up in the
watchword “ Advance Australia.” The Section
of Agricultuie in Queensland was created an
independent administrative Department in May
1896, with the Hon. A. J. Thynne as Minister
in charge. Parliament voted the following sums
for the use of the College:— An initial vote of
£5,000 for the establishment ; another vote of
£l',40b furniture and additions to the build-
ing, and £4,000 for salaries, apparatus, tools,stock,
&c. The School is purely agricultural. The train-
inc', studies, and work of the teachers and pupils
are all planned to the end that they may help
young men to a knowledge of the methods and
reasons of agricultural practice. The course of
study, as given in the Prospectus, is as com-
plete as it well can be, and the staff includes about
a dozen Instructors. Considering the advanced
constitution of the College, the belief of the pro-
moters that it “will play an important part in
the improvement of agriculture ” in the Colony,
is a reasonable one.

In any undertaking,— and particularly in an
institution of this nature,— it is most important
that there should be no mere temporary make-
siiift measures, no impediments arising from a
orudging of funds, and that ample facilities
shoukl *be given for allowing the influence of
agricultural education to spread freely among
those interested. We note that special pro-
visions arc made tor the carrying out of prac-
tical experiments in the field. Such an admirable
scheme is what might be expected where there
is a qualified head to foster the cause of agri-
cultural education, such as the Queensland
Minister of Agriculture. Without the influence
of an' expert, and where it is left to the
mercy of officers with no special qualifications,
the cause is doomed to failure. Even in India
there are Directors of Land Records and Agri-
culture, who are highly trained agricultural
officers; but in Ceylon, well, tilings are

different. ^ ,,,,,,

We heartily wish the Queensland College a
prosperous career, and that abundant success
may crown its laudable efforts to improve the
Agriculture of that rich and extensive Colony.

IMPRESSIONS OF A RAMBLE FROM
YATIYANTOTA TO NAWALAPITIYA.

April 26. — If impressions of a ramble from Yati-
yantota via Bulatkohopitiya up through part of
Dolosbage on to the Nawalapitiya station is worth
inserting, here you are. Leaving Yatiyantnta by
hackerjqa drive of 15 miles or so brinss you to Biilat-
kohopiti'ya, a small village with bazaars and the ever
promiscuous arrack tavern standing on an elevated
position inviting Ramasami and Appuhami to wet
their whistle ere they tramp on their weary journey.
I had a good view of Knavesmire estate which
bids fair to rival Yataderia in the no distant future.
I passed through Glenalla, that fine property of the
Hoii. the Legislative Member, — it is a pity though
that the cart road goes no further, for I heard
very unkind things said of the M.L.C. and his

“dog in the manger” policy, twig! Glenalla
seems in all probability to have been the ultima
thule aimed at, on that much agitated question of road
extension, to join on the Dolosbage road at Meena-
galla. If CO I cannot wonder at the anathemas
heaped on the Uon.’s head and shoulders. * Going up
further, past Waharaka through anything but a road,
more like up and down drains, you get to a forest,
on both sides of which lies old Damblagolla and
Ugieside, looking fine covers of tea. A bit further
and Havilland is reached. Here a most elaborate
factory is in full swing with a fine show of the latest
machinery. This place I remember in coffee when
the Bros. Whitham were lords of the show. It
never proved an Eldorado in, the bean (!) like all
Dolosbage, but in tea it can hold its own against
many estates I know of. There the land is steep
but the soil makes up for that. I now hurried
on and pushed ahead till I got to Kelvin. Here
the tea looks very encouraging: particularly

the indigenous tea took my fancy. Originally
planted from Horagalla and Seaforth, it has a very
even jat throughout. I was told here my nearest
way to Nawalapitya was up through the bungalow
facing down the other side to Seaforth, cutting off
miles of a rugged road through Kellie Group on
to Windsor Forest. Shades of evening made me
decide on the nearest way out, so up we went and
down a moat precipitous hillside short-cut to Sea-
forth. Here the tea was looking its best, the old
seed-bearers being well to the fore. Fearing dark-
ness would overtake me, I had little time to see
much, and on we went through some fine patanas,
once the flourishing Nagasena. I wonder this estate,
which has such a nice lay of land, has not been put
into tea. Old Yakdessa forest on the other side looks
as if it could make tea sing if only planted on it.
Next I passed through Stow Easton, the “ For-
tune Killer,” of the Brothers Hippesley, to think
that £7,000 was sunk on this place or the
bulk of it seems a dream. The coffee I

hear snuffed out in 3 years or so. No wonder it did,
there is not a vestige of soil on the two sides of
the tavalam road which passes through the place.
Some seed tea on very poor washed-out soil I came
upon, which did not say much for its capabilities
in growing tea. The upper parts which lie under a
precipica ought, I think, to do well ; but what I saw
below will not make its owner fat. Next is Hora-
galla : here the tea seems growing on freer soil,
although indifferent. The seed-bearers I passed

through are looking remarkably well, the effects of
manuring The young tea shows up pretty fairly well,
but not a patch on the teas I came through up to
Seaforth. It was now quite 6 o’clock. Weary and
worn I pulled my aching limbs or rather dragged
them past a vast tract of patana for nearly 4 miles,
when to my great relief. I landed on the cart road
at Rambukpitiya, a small village bazaar. Judging
from the sleek healthy appearance of the Moormen
traders I should think this was a very flourishing
little hamlet. 3 miles more and I was at the
Central Hotel, Nawalapitiya, and oh! with what
relish did I not quaff down that bottle of “Pilsener."
A change and dinner and into bed till I was
woke up with “ Sar ! I’m ready.” 6 a.m. — into the
train and off to Kurunegala. Will let you know of
that historical feverish country in my next.— C.P.

■ ♦—

BRAZIL COFFEE NOTES,

A communication to the Commercio de S. Paulo
from Campo Alegre says that the coffee crop in that
district, which has been a failure for the last three
years, promises this year to be “ very good,” and
will repay ihe planters for the sacrifices which they
have made. — llio News, March 9.

Absurd : the road has always been planned to
go right on to the Nawalapitiya ono ,and so it must
—Ed. T.A.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[June i, 1897.

U. S. COFFEE IMPORTS IN 1896.

The corrected report of the United States
Bureau of Statistics makes the total imports,
exports, etc., of coffee for the calendar year as
'Hows

IMPORTS,

From—

United Kingdom

France

Germany

Netherlands

Other Europe

Central America

Mexico

West Indies

Brazil

Other South America
East Indies

Other Asia and Oceanica
Africa

Other countries . .

1895. 1896.

Pounds. Pounds.

4,205,826 4,865,154

1,870,717 1,359 373

2,739,813 5,584,094

4,033,274 2,986,267

555,590 2,857,892

52,320,272 39,534,539

31,961,939 19,641,868

18,532,745 8,709,433

426,579,035 447,603,789

73,484,884 74,088,756

16,166,002 16,648,642

2,228,255 4,408,731

34,616 102,037

2,625,351 1,510,927

Total

Value . . • •

Import cost per pound (cents)
Percentage of Brazil
Percentage of Asia and Africa,
direct

642,338,319

^6,512,370

15.02

66.4.

2.8

629,901,602
«79, 999,590
12.70
71-06

3.3

The exports of coffee were 8,187,993 pounds in
1895 and 8,471,938 pounds in 1896, which,
deducted from the imports, leaves the net im-
ports, which are reckoned as consumptions, as
follows : —

NET IMPORTS OR CONSUMPTION.

1895 (pounds). . 634,150,326 \ 1896 (pounds). . 621,429,664
The above shows that consumption did not in-
crease, although it was aided by a decline of 2.32
cents per pound on the average cost of tlie total
imports. Taking the population at 70,000,000,
the per capita consumption is 8.95 pounds. The
above on the basis of 131 pounds to tlie bag,
represents an import of 4,743,738 bags, and com-
pares with the Coffee Exchange statistics as
follows ; —

Bags.

United States Bureau of Statistics .. 4,743,738

New York Coffee E.xchange .. .. 4,588,496

Difference 155,242

This is a small difference between the

nient statistics and those of the New \ork Coffee

Fvehan^e in view of the arbitrary reduction into
fouSS? bags, bales, packages and barrels, vary-

fn ” from 60 to 200 pounds, as IS necessarj)^ m the
Exchange or private compilations. Besides, tliere
a;e SaSshipments from one domestic port to
another which are liable to be included in the
arrivals or imports at boLli places. i , ,

The Coffee Exchange report o imports from
Brazil is absolutely correct, and for tlie yeai 1896
Simpaves with tlie Custom House figures as

Bags.

■New York Coffee Exchange .. ••

U. S. Bureau of Statistics (131 lb. to bag) . . 3,416,823

231

Difference • • • •

This is a mere bagatelle and proves the cor-
rectness of both reports of the imports of coffee
a country furnishing over 71 per cent, of
the total impoHs and shipping it m bags of
i' . , oWe There is every reason to haie

the New York Collee

Exchange.

The following statement shows the movement
of coffee in Europe and the United States for
1896, as follows :

Bags.

Stocks in Europe and United States, Jan.

1st, 1896 .. •• •• 1,675,160

Arrivals in United States and Europe .. 11,617,901

Total Supply
Less Stock, Jan. 1st, 1897

.. 13,293,061
.. 1,630,970

Deliveries

Coffee Exchange Report

.. 11,662,091
.. 11,627,881

Difference * . . . . - • 34,210

The above shows the present annual reipiire-
ments of Europe and the United States to be,
in round numbers, 11,650,000 bags. In 1896 the
receipts of coffee in Rio and Santos were

7.319.000 bags, equivalent to 62.82 per cent, of
the total requirements of Europe and the
United States, thus leaving only 37.18 per cent,
to be met hy Mexico, Central America, other
parts of South America than Brazil, Africa and
the East Indies.

During the period 1880-89 Brazil furnished 50
per cent, of the world’s supply> since wliich
time coffee-planting has so extended as to in-
crease Brazil’s contribution 25 ))er cent, more
than it was six years ago. An extension of
the industry has also taken place in Mexico,
Central America, the United Gtates of Colombia
and Venezuela, so tliat a supply of 5,000,000 to

5.500.000 bags from those countries may reason-
ably be looked for. Last year all other countries
exported to Europe and the United States about
4,000,000 bags.

It is apparent that the world’s production of
coffee is at pi-esent largely ahead of its re-
quirements, and is likely to remain so until
j)rices recede to a point low enough to retard
tlie industry. Nothing but an extensive failure
of the crops can prevent coffee ruling on a
low basis for some years to come. — American
Grocer, March 17.

THE COFFEE WAR.

The long-looked-for decision of Judge Morris, of th*
Court of Common Pleas, has been rendered in favor of
the defendants, the Woolson Spice Company of Toledo,
O. This suit was brought by T.J. Kuhn and the Arbuckle
interest, who claimed thatthe Woolson Spice Company
was selling coffee at a loss against the interests of the
minority stockholders, and therefore a perpetual in-
junction was asked for, and that a receiver be
appointed. Judge Morris holds that the matter of
the price at which the company may sell its coffee
strictly pertains to the internal management of the
concern, and so long as they act in good faith the
directors cannot be interfered with by the court
which cannot restrain a corporation from selling at a
low price, even though the minority stockholders can
show that sound business discretion would dictate a
different policy. The testimony, however, showed
that the Woolsons were selling at a fair margin of
profit. The application for a perpetual injunction
was therefore denied. With regard to the other
point, the court holds that the agreement of the
majority stockholders to sell the product for a time
at such a price as will drive a competitor out of
business will not make the corporation an unlaw-
ful conspiracy against such competitor, nor liable for
his actual loss, nor entitle him to relief in the courts.
A competitor for public favor must bow to that law
of trade that allows every man to dispose of his
own property, in the ordinary course of business,
on such terms as he sees fit. The motion for the
appointment of a receiver was therefore overruled. —
American Grocer, March 24.

* Due to variation in European reports.

June i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

PLUCKING, PRUNING AND
PREPARATION OF TEA.

(Continued from page 776. J
REVIEW OE LETTERS NO. LIII TO
NO. LX.

In Letter No. 53, “ R.P.” from Dimlmla enter.s
very fullyinto theseveral questions on which inform-
ation is (le.siderated— althousi', in a manner, he
ifrnores tlie suggestions contained in our circular. He
itenie.3 tliat coarser pluclcing is responsible for the
fall in prices, as he believes that more care is
taken now to secute good leaf tlian bn'merly ;
and heroin lie diflers from “M.D.” who holds
tliat the injurious intluence of coar.se plucking
cannot be gainsaid. Tliis is attested by the
Colombo Sales List which disclose sales at eight
and nine cents per lb. If coarse or careless pluck-
ing is not responsible for such figures, the fault
must be in the factory ; but it is dillicult to see
how it can possibly pay to pluck, manufacture,
pack .and trans])ort te.as wliich fetch .such prices,
even if we t.ake no count of the bad nametlioy
must give Ceylon te.as, .and the pressure Ibey
must cause, in an .already over-snp])lied m.arket :
and we agree in the drastic proposals of
our correspondent in respect of such teas.
“ Balangoda ” is not inclined to hold plucking,
pruning or manuring much to blame, but
tliinks the fall in prices explic.able by the larger
area of low-grown teas, and the larger quantit'os
which have to be p.assed tlirousrh factories which
are inadeejuate and imperfectly equiiq)ed. Rush
of le.af and insullicieiit labour aggravate the
mischief ; and these he holds to be quite .sulli-
cient to account for the fall. “ (LB.K.” from
the Central Province does not expressly name
coarse plucking : and he is evidently able to find
an explanation for the fall in other directions ;
and tlie m.ain re.ason, in his view, is insulliciently
equipped f.act.ories, both as respects machinery
and witherin'.'' accommodation. He instances in-
case of estates which have, by manuring, the
creased the yield per acre liy 200 to 250 lb,,
and yet expect the factories which sufbeed for
the smaller quantity to be equal to the largely
increased output. hile quite prepared to admit
that intelligent supervision is very necessary
in the field, he insists that stilKcient time is
not spent liy Superintendents in the factory,
and that too much is left in tlie hands of
underpaid native teamakers. If the “boss” on
an estate considers factory work a matter of
subsidiary importance, and visits the f.actory
seldom, and even then Imrriedly. it is not
to be wondered if his delegate show no
inclination to magnify his ottice. On the effect
of manuring, as on the ([uestion of coarse pluck-
ing, “M.D.” and “B.P.” are clearly at issue.
The latter feels no doubt that artificial manuies,
while increasing the (piantity, has an evil in-
fluence on the quality — though he does not say
in wliat respects and in wh.at manner; but,
inasmuch as quality has been allected where
there has been no manuring, he u efuses to hold
manuring alone responsible for deterioration.
AVe are not sure that it would not be more logical
to .acquit manuring altogether of blame, in the
absence of definite evidence of the haim it has
done or can do. “M.D.” takes this view when
he argues that manuring, if only the proper
substances be applied, ought to improve quality,
reasoning by analogy. The flavour of fruits is

106

known to be improved by scientific culture ; if
fruits, why not Ie.af ? (in the evil effects of
severe juuning these two correspondents are
.agreed — “M. D.” declaring it to be a pernicious
.system, which, however, is fast dying out ; while
“• B. P.” char.acterizes the practice as a f.atal error
which has done as mucli to bring down prices, as
anything pr.actised outside the factory. On the
work of tlie factoi'3'', the two correspondents
difler .again — tlie last-mentioned denying less
attention to manufacture ; while “M.D.” feels that
there are two many “meets” and distrectious
to allow of the watchful care so nece.ssary in
tea. One tiling seems clear to us that no Super-
intendent, who does not subordinate ease and
pleasure to work, who does not do his best for his
employer by active personal supervision of both
field and f.actory work, can be said to be earn-
ing his salarjq or to deserve to adv.ance in
his i)rofe.s.sion. I.arge rollers too, do not turn out
as fine work as the .smaller ones of old ; and
“B.P.” holds the proprietor, rather than the
Superintendent, responsible for low prices, and
sets forth quite a catalogue of delinquencies, in
insutlicient space .and machinery; stingine.ss in
dealing with teamakers ; cheap and insufficient
management ; inaliility of A'.A.’s to give young
Huperiiitendents practical lessons in manufacture
or to correct their errors ; want of encourage-
ment to good Superintendents. Indirectly, he
hints that absenteeism is responsible for these
blunders ; and that .an old bush cannot give .as
good te.a as a jmeng bush.

Of the next four letters the one from “W.B.J.”
of .Agrapatana enters most fully into the question.?
propounded. Like “8.” from Rangal.a, he is not
inclined to acquit coarse plucking of responsibility ;
but he holds that it is chiefly pr.actised in the
low-country, as, at higher elevations, the

tendency is to jiluck even finer th.an be-
fore. On the other hand, “M.” from North
M.atale is silent on ]dueking, holds over-pro-
duction the principal ollender, has no experience
of manuring and acquits pruning .and the factory,
except when there is a rush of leaf ; while “W. A.”
frnm Maskeiiya expressh' denies the evij in-
fluence of coarser plucking, .as all gr.ades have
gone down, and perhaps the finer inost. But
suiely, this is fallacious. We have seen that
our best te.as have not f.allcn off in price
appreciablv’, that some maintain their old prices,
and some have even advanced ; and when the
plucking is co.arse, c.an it be s.aid th.at the finer
gr.ades of the break aie not also afl'ected ? It
is gratifying to have from the same correspond-
ent, as a result of a good deal of experience,
the opinion that manuring does not afi'ect prices
prejudicially, while severe and too frequent
pruning does, and is resorted to as a simple
method of incieasing the yield, without con-
sidering the slow re]ilacement of the lost wood •
and he instances Kandapol.a, where tea is allowed
to run three years unpruned, with the result that
prices are maintained. “W.B.J.” goes even further
on manuring, and holds that at his elevation it
.actually improves the qualitjq if judiciously
practised ; but he thinks severe ]irunino' less
prevalent than it used to be. “ S.” expects to
be able to pronounce more confidently on the
influence of manuring on flavour ]'2 months
hence ; but want of care and attention has, in
his oiunion, a great deal to do with poor tea.s.
“W.B.J.” sh.arcs the batter opinion; and, while
admitting that the rapid increase in .acreage has
increased the number of factories, he doubts
the adequacy of the accomniod.ation supplietj.

834

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Tliifj deficiency, coupled witli ni^ht work and lack
of experience to keep pace with the }frowin<j
demands for teainakers has had an evil influence ;
and the remedy should he etlicient and close
supervision in both field and factory. “W. A.”,
however, is sceptical about less care being res-
ponsible in any way for prices, seeing how
much better, and more elaborate is the machinery
now used in factories ; but may not too much
be left to improved appliances by those — only a
few, it is to 1)6 hoped, — who are inclined to take
things easy? “8.” evidently thinks this happens
in many factories in which the coolies and the tea-
maker are not aderpiately supervised. On the
whole, “ W.ll.J.” is not inclined to think our pre-
sent teas, from any well-ordered factory, worse than
those of previous years ; and accepts the larger
profits now, or recently, earned on most estates
as evidence that the most profitable system is
being pursued. But is that conclusion inevitable?
Home jilanters hold strongly that a reduced out-
put would benelit not only individual est.ates,
but the local tea industrjg generally, by inducing
keener competition. But eacli must judge for
himself.

{Letters Continued.)

No. BXI.

[Home Colombo opinions, from Brokers and Mer-
chants ; — ]

1. There seems to me no doubt tliat

the coarser plucking in Ceylon has in a great
measure been the cause of the gradual decline
of the average. Of course, a planter knows wliat
pays him best and he naturally ivdopts that
policy, but it looks almost as it he were killing
the goose with the golden egg.

Cejdon used to more than liohl its owm with
India, but now India, with a larger export, has
lately had a much higher average, which is
due, in a great measure, I understand, to im-
proved quality caused by liner plucking. Nos. 2
to 6 are questions whicii sliould be answered by
planters themselves, and I do not think that
a mere expert on the value of the tea should pre-
sume to criticise planting work. LEDCEK.

No. JAIL

I am strongly of opinion, and have been so
for .some time, that the value of our teas is
greatly depreciated by want of sufficient atten-
tion to preparation in the factory.

The Huperintendent of a large estate spends
very little of his time in the factory, and the
prejiaration of the tea is left to a native tea-
maker wlio simply works by rule of thumb.

This is w'here India beats us: no Ceylon teas
come up to Indians in make and appearance.
There iCuro))ean Factory Huperintendents are largely
enqiloyed.

Inadequate factoiy woik will certainly spoil
the best leaf that comss into a factory.

MERCHANT.

No. LXIII.

1. 1 do not think coarser plucking has had
much to do with the lower prices.

2. No, certainly not.

3. This not to a large extent.

4. Yes, certainly a meat deal is ilue to this.
Everytliing is left to the Temnaker. In old
days men employed Kanacapulleys on R15 per
month, and bossed him; — 50 per cent of the new
generation of planters emirloy teainakers who
boss the durai !. Not fine i>lucking, but careful

[June i, 1897.

))lucking such; as is carried out by Mr. Meggin.son
on Ht. John’s; round the estate once in 9 days
at outside ; and far more attention to tlie bush
for the first six months after pruning, and much
more attention to the factory will remedy our
i)oor prices provided w'e can obtain coolies to do
the work. iMEKCHANT No. II.

No. LX IV.

Coarser plucking undoubtedly has a lot to do
with it; but pla5'ed-out .soil and tlie ab.sence of
manvre is telling on the plants and will con-
tinue to do so until more attention is given
to it. T.

No. LXV.

Overproduction and higher exchange account
for most of it. Ho long as producers can get re-
munerative ]jrices for low grades they won’t
leave of! going in for quantity.

No doubt, Indian planters have gone in for
finer iilncking and tliey have certain advantage.s
— better soil, better weather for withering and, 1
think, better withering accommodation. I think
Indian tea wdll always beat Ceylon tea in re-
gard to leaf. W. H.

No. LXVL

In reply to your questions as to the causes
which have brought down the prices for Ceylon
teas, my humble opinion is as follows : —

1st. Coarser ))lucking is not the rule on es-
tates, but (|uite the exception ; greater care is
taken in the field the last few' years than for-
merly. When very coarse leaf comes into the
factory it will seldom have any bad efl’ect on
the best teas as it all comes out in the sifting and
is sold as congou and red leaf.

2nd. Manuring old tea and when unpruned,
will not have any bad effect on the leaf, but
manure applied to pruned trees does undoubtedly
give a w’eaker tea in the cup for several
pluckings.

3rd. Pruning. — This is a w'ork that does not
receive the attention it should. Trees are not
pruned in our days ! — they are cut down. An
order is given to cut a field a foot, or 15
inches or 18 inches — the lower and more severe
it is cut, the weaker the tea in the cup is for
several pluckings. I have .seen ten-year old
tea cut down 9 inches to a foot. The reason
given was : “ to get good strong healthy

branches ” — well it took three years to grow
the size the trees were w'hen ]>runed, the
pluckings all that time have been a loss,
and the trees have not such good stems
as they had previous to the heavy pruning.
My humble opinion is that tea, ten years
old and over, should never he pruned down below
rw'o feet aiid when pruned that height, every sJiiall
twig should be cut off carefully and cross branche*
tliinneil out A’C., — that is, the tree should be
]iru.ncd and not merely cut dow n and this can’t be
done pro])erly under R9 to RlO per acre. Hlashing
away at the trees the severe way now cariieil
on gives ))oor leaf till tbe tree lias recovered
its liranches and foliaife.

4t h. — Preparation in Factorie.s. There is greater
care taken in factories than formerly. In fact
sometiii'es too trreat a zeal is shewn, and the
teas may slightly deteriorate in consequence.
AV'hat 1 mean is this : Young Planters are far
too ready to be everlastingly tasting their teas,
and they will then go to the teamaker, who
goes to the cooly rolling and the cooly firing and
give fresh instructions ! This goes on daily in -some

June i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 835

factories till tlie coolies Jo not know liow to act !
They do not know for two liours together if
they are making proper teas or not. This
causes lactory-bulked teas to ditler much
in daily make and therefore in the hulk. If
I find a carefully-made tea being made say
on the first day of the month, I never
bother the rolling or firing cooly. I llud they
will make the same tea right through the mouth
if not interfered with. Coolies in factories are, as
a rule, not only very careful if a certain work is
given in their charge ; but they arc also very
proud of doing the work. In this way — as I
have shewn above — alone do I consider that some
bad effect to bring down prices may occur. Teas
from some factories that I know, fetched Is and
Is 3d regularly in the home market a year or
two ago and only get 8id to 9^d now : this has
nothing to do with the actual manufacture of
those teas ; the teas are as good as they ever
were. It is the demand for that certain tea that
has disappeared.

.5th. — yhortness of Labour. The leaf has to
be plucked every 8 to 9 days, and if this can be
done regularly, the bud and two first leaves with
that length of stem is taken, and another full
leaf or sometimes half or three-quarter leaf,
.all make a good tea. Should the estate be short
of labour and cannot get over the fields before
the shoots get hard and bangy, it makes a most
serious difference in the quality of the tea. It
is very necessary for gooil quality tea to have
lots of withering room. If withering room could
be arranged so that one leaf did not lie on
another, and when withered —sharp rolling, and
firing, no fcrmmt 'mg — we should make better teas.

6th. — Tlie causes for the fall in prices are over-
production, combination amongst buyers, and the
ups and downs in the value of the rupee. It is
quite evident that the home and local weekly
market are always fully supplied with teas. It
is quite the usual thing for buyers to go in a half
each for a certain grade of tea, and also for
buyers to agree that “ if you buy the pekoe
of that estate, I’ll take the other,” so there is
no high .bidding. It might be askeil why Indian
teas average better than Ceylon teas. It is
because Lorulon buyers get orders from their
constituents to ‘ send a quality as near as pos-
sible to the last lot, our customers like it ” and
this will go on till one day the shop-keeper
can’t get the exact tea he wants. So he blends
and makes the beat he can to suit, and the
Indian and Ceylon will very soon be on an
equal footing.

7th. — Undoubtedly, the Ceylon Tea Planters
keep the pot boiling through Exchange ! Take
our local sales : the difference between Is 2d and
Is 3d in the rupee makes a difference of fully
15 cents a lb. in the price we get for our teas, —
where shall we be if the iui)ee stands at Is 4il
— Yours faithfully, OLD UIMI300LA.

March 6.

LXVII.

Hatton, March 20.

Dkar Sir,— In answer to your circular of 12th
Feb. re Ceylon tea.

1st. I don’t think coarser plucking has been
resorted to.

2nd. Manuring with castoreake and bones is
a great cause of prices coming down; this is
iny experience.

3rd. Generally, pruning is lighter than it was
Icrmerly.

4th. Less attention in factory may be in
some cases.

5th. This is the great evil, short labor force.
6th and 7th, Overproduction and manure not
properly applied, S.

LXVIII.

(1) I do not think coarse plucking has .any-
thing to do with it as most estates pluck liner
or rather more carefully than they did a year
or two ago.

(2) Not iiaving manured to any extent I can-
not express an opinbm.

(3) Yes, 1 should say in some cases the sev'ere
pruning carried out has had a good deal to do
with the fall in individual pi ices.

(4) I think more care is taken now than formerly
in jtreparation.

(5) Not at all, as in my case I have plenty
of labour.

(7) I think overproduction is the chief cause.

“ D.’’

No. LXIX.

Kandy North, March 3.

llKAR yiR, — Your (luestious are stiff ones ; on
that account difficult to answer.

(1) Course plucking has nothing to do with
it. The leaf plucked now-a-days is far liner
than that plucked in earlier years — say ’84
or ’85.

(2) Don’t think manuring is to blame either.
Manuring of tea is not carried on as a rule,
on an estate very short of labour. IManure is
generally applied in slack months as the har«
vesting of flush will permit.

(3.) This is a system not much in favor now-
a-days — old soils do not grow wood fresh enough
for this style of wdiittling.

(4.) Only teas with quality fetch a price
now-a-days ; given carefully plucked leaf of this
sort ; and with usual factory attention, those
teas command their price no matter how graded.

Teas which command long prices are not, as a
rule, handsome to look at.

Careful supervision is wanted both in field and
factory.

(5) Have been fairly well off’ in this respect,
far better off than in days when better prices
obtained.

Were the London stock of te.as only by mil-
lions less, I dont think it would be a bo'd
thing to state that we would soon be o n a
par again with prices ruling for Assams.— 1 am,
yours faithfully,

“ STILL ONE OF THE CKLEPEKS.”
LXX.

March 18.

Dear Sir,— In reply to your questions as to
the causes which have brought dowoi the aver-
age price of Ceylon tea, I am of opinion that
this may be attributed to, —

’st. Increased supply.

2nd. The falling-off in quality of high-grown
teas from the older estates.

3rd. A larger proportion of low and medium
grown teas.

Both plucking and manufacture have improved
in this district of late years and this is shown
by the averages obtained in 1895 as compared
with the previous year; the Ceylon average for
these t\vo years was stationary, but several
places in the Kelani Valley obtained better-
prices in ’95 than in ’94. Manuring and heavy
prumuy hav^ »ot lowered prices iu this district

836

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

\mt have tended, more particularly, with a low
jat, to improve the teas. — Yours truly,

A.C.K,

PLUCKING, PRUNING AND PRE-
PARATION OF TEA:

REVIEW OF LEi'TERy NOS. LXI TO LXX.

The lir.st six letters in the iirevious batch
constitute a departure, in some res])ccts, from
tlie character of the sixty letters whicli pre-
ceded them. The earlier re[)lies to our ijuestions
were almost without exception from resi-
dents on estates. Among the six now under
review are several Colombo oi)inions, from Brokers
and Merchants. “ Ledger” feels )io doubt that
coarser plucking cx[)lains in great measure the
fall in average i)riccs ; and while he concedes to
the planter the right to deci<Ie which system pays
him best, he rjiiestions whether the goose which
lays the golden egg is not Oeing killed by ex-
cessive plucking. Ceylon, which had held its
own against India, has now to be content with
a low'er average ; while the rest which Indian
tea bushes annually enjoy, should ensure them
a longer life. “ Merchant,” on the other hand,
is silent on plucking, but holds strongly that
the value of our teas is greatly depieciated
by want of sullicient attention in the factory.
The superintendent of a large estate si)ends very
little of his time in the factory ; and the native
teamaker simply works by rule of thumb ;
■tvhereas in India European teamakers are em-
ployed, and hence the superiority in make and
appearance of the teas })roduced there. Vet,
when Mr. Mitchell and Sir .John Grinlinton
propounded a scheme tor training tea-makers
in the Technical School, where .scientilic and
practical instruction might be combined, the
Planters’ Association rather douched the proposal
with cold water; and it was dropped. “Mei»
chant No. ” does not think coar.-er i)lucking
has had much to rlo with lower juices ; but he,
too, is emphatic against the system which leave.?
too much to the te.'i-maker, and contrasts the
old 7'eijihie under which the superintendent
“ bosscil ” the kanackkapulle, and the present,
under which 5U jier cent of the durais are bossed
by the tea-m.ikers. Not line, but careful, j)luck-
ing once in nine days at most, attention to
the bush for at least six months after pruning,
and more care in the factory, are the remedies
prescribed. “ \V S. ” holds over-production and
higher e.xchange rosponsiole for the fall. That
would be a reversal of the bi-metallist tlieory
that gold prices would rise with the rise in ex-
change; but so long as quantity pays, the .sys-
tem which raises alarm concerning over-pro-
duction will be followed. Both “ W. B. ami
"Broker” recognise the inlluence of poor and
worn-out soil in regard to which Indi.a has
the advantage of us, backed up by annual
wintering and more favourable climatic con-
ditions. Some of these disadvantages should
be .sought to be overcome by systematic and
intelligent manuring, and " Broker” exju’esses his
belief in the necessity of greater attention to this
remedy. "Old Dimbula,” in a long and inter-
esting letter, denies either that coarser jilucking
is the rule, or that when coarse leaf goes into
the factory, it can have any bad ell'ect generally
on tliG tcA.s v'hicli tiro in Ihci

siftinm ^But may not the sharj) juice and the
joint ^rolling and fenneuiation tell on the llavourf^

iJuNE I, 1897.

The theory that manure produces a weaker tea
from the jiruned bu.'-li, and has no injurious
effect on the liquor from old unpiuned tea, is
one tliat demands investigation, as it is not easy
to understand why a bush weakened by pruning
should not have tone given to it, and thereby
to the leaf, by manuring. It is more easy to
assent to tlie remarks cii pruning, which deserve
attention — condemning, as they do, the cutting
down and hacking, misnamed jiruning, which
obtain so widely. Judicious pruning should seek to
conserve the healthy wood, while removing small
twigs and cross branches ; and bushes ten j’ears
old iind over, .says our friend, should nob be cut
below two feet, as the old stems can never be
rejilaced, and it is long before the bush under
maltreatment can regain its branches and make
a show of healthy llavoury foliage. So far from
there being neglect in the factory, greater care
than ever is bestowed on preparation. If any-
thing, there is misguided over-zeal which leads
to uncalled-for interference with the factory staff,
instead of allowing it to work throughout a
month, with similar leaf and under identical con-
ditions, in accordance with instniction.s, which have
produced good tea at the beginning of the month.
Needless interference and fresh instructions prove
puzzling, while they lessen thrir pride and
interest in the work of the tea-maker and liis
hfdjts. As a rule it is contended, that there is no
falling-off in the teas, but the demand for j)arti-
cular manufactures has abated. Bhortiie.ss of
labour does tell on qu,"lity by bringing in hard
and bangy leaf ; and also lack of witherin'^
accommodation ; but when the market is fully
su])|)lied much is made of the slightest deterior-
ation to account for jtrices which are mainly
regulated by the demand.

"B ” from Hatton and " A.C.K.” deny the pre-
valence of coarse j»lucking ; wiiilc “D”and "Btiil
one of the Creejiers” from Kandy North, maintain
that coarse j)lucking has nothing to do with the fall
in prices. The last-mentioned acquits manuring,
as also heavy ju uning, which is getting di.scrcditetl
especially oii soils which refuse to grow fiesh
wooil ; but he besjieaks more careful suj>ervision
in held and factory, and believes that if the stocks
in London weie less, j»rices would improve. At
j)resent, only teas with quality fetch good jirices,
howe\er graded, and the highest ])iiced teas are
not the handsomest. " A.G.K.,” too, holds lan^e
supjilies as the jjrincijial cause of the fall Tn
prices, combined with the larger projmrtion of
low and medium-grow'u teas which now find
their w'ay into the m.arket. The view' that
the falling-off in (jualiiy of high-grown teas
fr-nu the (dder estates has had any appreciable
effect, is likely, we fancy, to be disputed ; but
much must depend on the definition of “high
grown” and “ older estates.” Attention is
drawn to the higher averages obtained in 1895
over 1894, in juoof of improvement in jducking
and manufacture ; while manuring and Jieavy
juuning have hel|)ed, rather tlian sent down,
jirices. While " D” refuses to exjire.ss an ojiinion
on manuring with limited cx|)erience, " .S ” i.s con-
fident that "manuring with castorcake and
bones is a great cause of juices coming down.”
We should have 1)een glad of the facts and
exjieriences on which this dictum is ba.->ed, as
manuring is now generally considered an essen-
tial of cultivation, and the two articles named
are in almost universal use, juesumably be-
cause they have been found heljifu! to the
planter. " B ” claims that jumning is lighter than
it was, while attention to the factory has falleij

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

837

June i, 1897,]

off; “D” holds severe pruning responsible to
a great extent for bad prices, and believes tliat
preparation coimuands greater attention than
before. Both agree that overproduction is the
chief cause. Altogether, the ten letters under
review are not the least suggestive of the series,
though they disclose at the same time a remarkable
divergence of opinion on most points.

(Letters Co)itinued. )

No. LX XI.

THE INFLUENCE OF TEA SEED IN

REFERENCE TO INDIFFERENT TEAS.

20th April.

Dear Sir, — In view of the discu.ssion yon
recently started in your columns (and for which
we are one and all very tliankful to you), re
fall in tea prices, and the different opinions
you elicited as to its various causes wliich have
been voluminously and fully ventilated, — has it
ever entered the minds of any of your contii-
butors tliat tea seed, from which estates were
planted not long ago, and are still being planted
may have a part to play in the output

of indifferent teas, wanting in strength ami
flavor? Common sense speaks lor itself. It
is an admitteil fact that weak, unhealthy,
unnourished parents cannot and never could have
healthy robust offspring. In like manner tea
seed from bushes grown on wasted and worn
out estates where other products liad held sway
for half a generation or more and the soil whereof
was originally poor stuff’, cannot possibly be ex-
pected to maintain healthy seed-bearers and be
jiarents to healthy tea bushes. Where fertilizers
can be cheaply applied year after year it may
not be so. Wiiat about our steep outlying districts
where communication is often only a narrow
rugged bridle path for miles; these are all at a
decideil disadvantage. The seed from these seed-
beareis must be and will be lacking in stamina,
yet seed has been indiscriminately bought and a
vast acreage planted. However gooil a jat
may be if the parent trees are on c.xhausted
soil and are poor specimens my Humble opinion
is that plants raisetl from such seed will remain
tainted with poverty of sap; — manuring might give
it a dicker which never can be upto much. The
taint of the parents remains embedded : weak and
debilitated as years roll by, they will never produce
a healthy succulent flush, however nice an appear-
ance the fields may present to the onlooker.
At the infancy of tea in Ceylon, saylSSO, there
were but 3 or 4 places from which seed was
procurable. The seed-bearers were about 6 and 7
years old and in their prime, the seed
then anil for a few years after might have
been all that could have been desired and may be
so now. I know these places and I was told
they have had their seed-bearers planted
on virgin soil, what about the worn-out places
since sprung up some of them having seed-bearers ?
“Nous verrons.” Every man before buying seed
ought to satisfy himself that the seed he gets
are not from seed-bearers jrlaivted on exhausted
and worn-out soil, that is if he has a future to
look forward to for producing a rich marketable
tea full of strength and llavour. Don’t touch
seed -bearers on old coffee land which never even
grew cott'ee for three years.

By the bye, can you kindly enlighten us as to
whether the owner of a paddy-field, after his
harvest is reaped, has power to prevent one going
over his fields after snipe or say to shoot over

liis field? Opinions difl'er— we have decided to
make you our referee.

SNIPE.

[Surely, permission of the paddy-field owner
lias to be got : would “Snipe” allow his native
neighbouis hunt for hare in his tea-fields
without leave asked and obtained ? — Ed. T./).]

LXXII.

Passara, March 2, 1897.

(1) . Of course, rough leaf plucking gives rubbish,
but if leaf is plucked medium, and there is room on
tats, the tea should be fairly good.

(2) . Manuring, I believe, will spoil quality, es-
pecially artificial, as the flush comes on so rapidly
and is always sapjiy.

(3) . Severe pruning would not spoil quality if
the bushes were not plucked so soon, if 10 leaves
were left and then knifed across, I believe the
effects of pruning, so far as quality goes, would
be obviated. / have proved thi.s.

(4) . It is my full belief that proprietors err
and severely so, in not employing highly-paid
Euio|)eans to make their tea, but the well-paid
and experienced Manager is required just the
s^ame. Men must supervise all works : but no
Assistant will remain stewing in a factory
on RloO. [I believe that this is a great
leasoii why India has gone up ; their estates
are so large that they always have European
supervi.sion of best quality making their teas,
etc., etc.] Only give them one month in factory
and one in field, they are always bright and pert.
At the same time if Ceylon proprietors order
their managers into the factory and let natives
supervise the field,— the results would be still
more disastrous.

(5) . Men must make up their minds when

short of labour to abandon some fields or
only pluck or rather tip tlie flush, never inind-
ing how niany leaves are left ; the present method
of chasing 14 days flush has for result rubbish. First
pluck fully dcvclopcd\Q&( — small shoots make taste-
less tea ; (2) have no end of room to lay leaf thin on
tats. In wet weather, apply heat— but never until
leaf has naturally withered for 10 hours at least • lire
low Employ better paid tea-makei s, either European
01 high class natives, — be liberal with tat room
Liood teas- cost money and are worth it ; the nre'-
sent mode of cheese-paring and demand for
big crops will not pay. Except in poor iats
avoid severe pruning, but all this will be
no use without a better paid man employed
in factory. Managers, at least conscientious nien
are given far too much work in field, factory and
office ; they have found this out in India, hence
their good prices. ’

No. LXXII I.

Lower Ainbagaiiiuwa, March 6th

1. Coarse plucking is undoubtedly the nrinci
pal factor in reducing one’s prices • but
just this which some folk /ay well t" heS
liave quantity and that leaves mi> •. ^ 1

balanci on th"e right ride.’’ /Testion\hi. uSh^^
Experience ha,s taugd.t me that quantity wt

weighed 111 the balance is found M’antimr”
Not only are you frantically makin- eflbrt^to
advertise your estate, you are further niaterTally
helping to reduce the Ceylon average wWch
must sooner or later tell on quantity prod cers
That coarse plucking has a good 6 pei S 5
red leaf is an admitted tact arid ^

centageof reddish leaf in your break does fo^ voT
I have been a sinner but sinnetli not now J ^ '

838

the Tropical ACRtcuLTURisr.

[June i, 1897.

2. Manurinf' tea has always ))ro(luced "ood
results, a much more sappy leaf has been m y
experience after the manure has begun to act ;
I do not think it destroys flavor but this it does :
it produces a far richer outturn, a tlark black tea
full of strength.

8. Pruning : [ have always pinned my faitli on
a medium pruning, but that once in seven
or eight years you require to cut down into the
white wood is no new discovery ; but tlris does
not suggest a hacking ilown as I nave noticed on
some places ; a judicious low pruning can with
very little care be resorted to without injimng your
bush, the white wood takes longer to respond
to pruning, but wlien it once does, which
is generally about the 8rd month from pruning,
your bush presents quite a virgin look ;
I adopt manuring whilst I have this pruning
going on ; the fiusli from these fields is, as a
rule, poor in liquor until such time as the new
shoots attain the size of your ruling pencil (1
do not know how big that is) but an ordinary
ruling pencil ; it takes a good 5 to 6 months
before you have such wood ; from thence on to
10 or 12 months it needs no pruniog and your
Hushes are all that can be desired.

4. I am of opinion we are now far more
advanced in the preparation of tea than we were
10 years ago when we realized Is. 6d. average.
Even now we can hold our own if more care is
paid to the quality of leaf we manufacture. Tea-
making begins in the field, so said the great
teaman “ Cameron.”

5. Shortness of labour must and will tell ;
the only remedy is to cope with a suHicient
acreage to keep in touch with your labor force
and prune the lialance, it is no use trying to
haul it all in once in 3 weeks!! I pity the
tea you manufacture from such leaf.

C.T.

No. LXXIV.

Kotagala, March G.

Deau Sin, — Keplying to your questions in the
issue of 2nd.

1. Coarse plucking is not sufliciently general
to seriously affect the general average.

2. The same remark I think applies to manur-
ing, individual cases miglit be affected by either
treatment temporarily.

3. Severe pruning does allbct the quality of
the tea adversely for some time.

It is necessary to jnune down some time and
it is well to let good strong shoots uj) after
this before tipping.

4. A great deal can be done with care and
judgment in the factory, at the same time
suHicient accommodation and proper arrangements
are necessary. It is not so easy handling large
(luantities oi' leaf in a single factory, as it is to
deal with a reasonable amount — whatever the
accommodation niay be.

o. The general average may be affected by
shortness of labour during April and May, but
not I think at other times. Apart from overpro-
duction and increased supply in competition at
sales, the soil after a few years seems to have
lost something that it formerly posse.ssed. Other
things being equal I have noticed the tea from
3 to •') years old has a point and quality in it
that in ’many cases go of! and do not come
a"ain. Eor one thing there is less “ hloora.”
ol course the richer and less exposed to wind
and wash the soil is, the longiu' the tea well be
in shewing this falling-off. What is wanted i.'j

an expert to experiment on different estates in
Ceylon, something in the way Bamber seems to
have ilone in India. He must be a first-class
chemist. W. H. M.

No. LXXV.

Kalutara, March 10.

UiiAitSiit, — I find I have omitted to reply to
your enquiries of 12th ulto. , rc decline in price
of Ceylon teas. The subject is a very big order
and I really cannot find the time to treat it
as my experience would show me it deserves.
Taking your headings, however, as they stand:

(1) Off Hat land you cannot in the lowcountry
or elsewhere expect much quality in the teas.
In such cases I would go for a big yield. On
a hilly place I would try and combine quality
with quantity. You can’t lay down a fixed rule, or
generalise from the question you ask.

(2) I don’t believe in these light artificial
manures, they are “ killing the goose,” but pro-
prietors expect bigger and bigger yields and we,
as managers, are expected to give them.

(3) I’runing, as a rule, is certainly too heavy
in the island, but there are many exceptions.

(4) 'I'o a certain extent. Men used to do the
factory work themselves. Now many take it
for granted they had nothing more to learn, and
leave too much to tea maker.s. Yes, you can
only make “ the best of a bad jat” with badly
plucked leif— but it is equally easy to spoil good
leaf by injudicious manipulation in the factory.

(.■>) Personally on this estate, I can’t get the
leaf I want, because we are largely dependent
on Sinhalese labor, and they hang back unless
they can pluck laige averages. Thus, when we
are shortluinded with Tamils, the Sinhalese will
wait until they know they can pluck 30 lb. or
40 lb. olfa certain field aiul then they come and
pluck it, resulting in coaise leaf etc.,', etc. The
remedy— is more Tamil laoor when we can get it.

To sum up— an exhausting climate on a poor
soil, and further exhausting bushes (which have
not the rest of a winter as in India) by applica-
tion of stimulating manures will, I greatly fear,
land us in serious difficulties sooner or later.
Under its present conditions I am no believer in
the cont inuance of the enterprise and I was one of
the earliest engaged in it. MANAGER.

LXXVI.

High District, March.

Dkau Sir, — 1. I don’t think coarser plucking
has had much to do with it. Some lowcountry
Managers brag about their big yields, but they are
a small proportion.

2. I iiave very little experience of manuring,
some of my neighbours manure— with prices much
the same as before manure was ajijdicd.

3. Good tea is never made after severe pruning
ami the longer the bushes run from pruning the
better the tea.

4. Pluckers require a lot of attention, so do
teamakers and factory hands : if neglected, prices
will fall.

5. Shortness of labour has a lot to answer for.
This estate has always been fairly well-supplied
with coolies.

G. A much larger acreage now in bearing under
2,000 feet, which, as a rule, gives quantity, and not
(juality.

7. Too many cricket, tennis, and race meetings;
also an oversujq)ly of horses, which must be exer*
9i«cd. p, A.

June i 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

S39

LXXVIl.

Nawalapitiya, March 15.

Dear Sir,— I have noted tlie opinion of some
writers tliat we are jducking now no worse than
we were wont to do G or 7 years back ; this is not
so. Some may who can, hut there are others wlio
have no other altern.ative left tliem and tliese are
in tlie majority. 7 or 8 years ago we had an
ample labour force to cope with our crojis, and
a gathering in of the harvest every 9th day the
rule, not the exception. At present time the exi-
tiencies arising from an unavoidable source— a crip-
pled supply of labour with extended cultivation —
makes it an almost impossibility to gather in
green leaf more than once a fortnight, and u hen
the rush comes on for .3 weeks or more with the
inevitable result. This is what makes the pluck-
ing coarse. I do not say that we jiluck or
take oil' much more than we did — bud 1st and 2nd
leaf and ^ 3rd leaf as of yore — but these same
leaves which come off every 9th day, now come
off every 15th, or in some instances every 21st
day. Mark the difference of ([uality from such
leaf manufactured! Here is where I come iu with
the remedy : those estates which cannot cope with
all their crop for want of labour must resort to
prune down to keep in touch with a 9-day jjluck-
ing. When this is done, and which ouglit to be
done, the question of over-production and glut-
ting the market with rubbishy teas is practic-
ally solved. If we are to place 119,000,000 lb. of
tea on the market now, — with a 9-day plucking, we
cannot do much more than 101 or 109 million.
With this diflerence Hashed across to Mincing
Lane, up goes the market. We may put in 120
or even 200 million of rublush predominating,
but with thepipsent labour supply we cannot —
decidedly cannot — put in a tea from a 9-day
plucking.

Apart from this — factories purchasing leaf from
natives ! What an amount of injury is being
done ; in most ca.ses it is left to a native to
receive this leaf from Dick, Tom, and Harry,
and the results can be better imagined than
described. I have seen leaf in purchasing factories.
It made me wince to think of our primitive
days wlien we had to depend on manual power
to roll our leaf. The quality of leaf I see and
saw will no more roll under Kamasami’s greasy
hands and fingers than a desiccator fire-brick
would. Thanks to heavy macliinery (if it can be
only withered) — the whole tea bush might be
transported and rolled into tea, with results of
overproduction ! A.nd no margin of prodt, but
a large debit in the no distant future and with
it the ruin of a flourishing enterprise. It will
be no use to individually try to rectify these
evils. All must join hands to save Ceylon’s repu-
tation by manufacturing no more muck.

C. T,

LXXVIII.

Pundaluoya, March 19th.

Dear Sir, — I can only repeat the opinion of
the greater number of your correspondents that
plucking and manufacture are carried on as care-
fully today as ever. Manuring ds not sudiciently
general to liave appreciably affected prices. Heavy
pruning, doubtle,ss, affects quality for the time;
but this has been a factor moie or less from the
beginning ; and the general opinion appears to be
that the increased yield more than balances the
reduction in quality. How’ever — as I do not

manufacture my own teas — I am really scarcely
qualified to give an opinion.

There is another question that I should like
to see sifted out, viz : — the benefits or otherwise
to be derived from the burying of primings.
One of your correspondents ridicules the practice
on the ground that a plant could not make u.se
of its own uaste products. This might be true
(though it is an open question) in the case of
loaves, &c., shed naturally after the reabsorption
of the sap. But in the case of primings, the
leaves ai d blanches are cut oil in tlieir full
vigour and must contain a large amount of plant-
food capable of reassimilation. And then there
is the question of “ soil ferments,” to which .‘--o
much attention is now being paid by scientific
agriculturists. It has been clearly demonstrated
that many substances, while not themselves avail-
able as plant -food, may, by their decay, set up
fermentation, liberating the .so-called “nitrifying
organisms” and gases which help to make the
inert nitrogen iu the soil available for the use
of plants. It is at least possible that the fer-
mentation of buried prunings may do good in
this way.

We have always heard that lime is prejudicial
to the health of the tea plant. Has this been
pro])erly tested? It appears fiom recent papers*
on the subject, that “the introduction of lime

into the soil favours in a high degree the

evolution and development of the nitrifying fer-
ments ” which— in the absence of lime — are liindered
by the accumulation of free nitric acid resulting
from their action. It .seems possible that the
had effects said to have sometimes followed the
burying of green prunings may be due to this
want (f lime.

There is at any rate one very appreciable ad-
vantage in the practice— if properly carried out,
and that is the check that it gives to insect
pests of all kinds. For this purpose it is, of
course, essential that the work should be effected
as soon after the pruning as possible.— Yours
truly, E.E.G,

[We have heard of a little lime being used
with buried prunings with most satisfactory re-
*ults. — Ed. 7. a.]

LXXTX.

Peradeniya, March 30.

Dear Sir, — 1. I don’t think that coarse
plucking has much to do with the decrease in
prices, but no doubt many estates, which used
to go in for fine teas, now make a medium
quality.

2. I have no experience of manured tea myself,
but the general impression seems to be that manirr-
ing is rather inclined to detract from, than improve
the quality of the leaf.

.3. I don’t think the pruning usually adopted
is so severe as to damage the average quality of
Ceylon tea.

d. I think as much care is bestowed on manu-
facture as ever. No doubt finest leaf can be spoilt
by careless withering or manufacture, but, on the
other hand it is impossible to make good tea
from coarse or uneven leaf— the great secret of
making good tea is to have even leaf and a good
and even wither.

5. We have never been so short of labour as
to aflect our work seriously in field or factory

* Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica,
Nov. 96, p. 211. “Soil ferment important in Agri-
culture,” by Dr. W. H. Wiley.

840

THE TROPICAL AGRICUL I URIST.

(June i, 1897.

and have always had sutlicient factory accoin-
inodation.

6. Here we have niamifactiired a similar
quality of tea since 1891 ; and so far as our ex-
perience {gained in Mincinff Lane, goes, our teas
are intrinsically the same as ever. I am, there-
fore, inclined to think that apart from overpro-
duction and similar causes, the only cause that
can he given for the average of our teas dropping
below tliat of Indians is a change of taste in the
London market. •

LXXX.

(1) Coarse plucking of leaf has got little to
do with it, except in the heavy Hushing months.

(•2) Manuring with good tillage, in my opinion,
improves the (quality of the tea.

(3) Severe pruning affects quality adversely
for a few months.

(4) I don’t think the manufacture gets less
attention than it did years ago : good tea cannot
he made out of bad leaf, hut good leaf may
be spoiled by careless manipulation.

(5) Shortness of labour lias affected the field
work at times, especially in April and May.

(()) Supply, being in exce.ss of demand, is in
my opinion the jirincipal cause of the falling-off.

A. C.

LXXXI.

April 3.

Dear Sir,— It is difficult to say what tlie
exact reason is which has brougfit down the
average price of Ceylon tea, but I have little
doubt” in the lowcountry coarser plucking has a
good deal to do with it, as so many estates find
quantity pays better that quality, though in
Assam and Darjilituf I have never seen finer and
more regular plucking than is now carried on in
most npeountry Ceylon estates.

(2) The amount of manuring gone in for in
Ceylon is not, in my opinion, sufHcient to reduce
the average of the whole output of Ceylon.

(3) No, severe pruning will, of cour.se, give
weak liquored teas for a good niany months
after the bush has come into plucking ; but this
wears off the farther away the bush irets
from pruning, and it must be remembered that
in India, too, severe pruning is gone in for,
when the bush requires it, and the same fall
has not occurred in Indian prices.

(4) As one of those who hold tliat the tea is
made in the field, I still believe a great deal
could be done by the Manager or Superinten-
dent, as he is called in Ceylon, being more m
the factory himself and being able to drop in
every now and again. At present this is inqios-
sible owing to the distance the bungalow very
frequently is away from tlie factory, ami the
numerous duties, compared to those of an Indian
man, he has to perform— field work, factory work,
accountant and clerk. In India it is an unheard-
of thing for the Manager to be his own clenc^
a native writer is kept on a small salary of 1H5
to K20 per mensem, tlie Manager’s more valuable
time and energies being given wholly to his
work. The distance tlie bungalow is very fre-
quently away from the factory at once strikes
an Indian planter, where if it was found neces-
jfary to build the factory some distance from the
bungalow, the latter would at once be removed
to within a stone’s throw of the factory.

(r>) Not at all.— Yours truly,

LX-INDIA planter.

LXXXII.

1. Nothing.

2. Notliing.

3. Nothing.

4. Everything. You bet.

.0. About 10 iier cent leaf lost.

6. Sport ! Sport ! ! Sport ! ! !

The above ought to be of more value than
all that has been written on the subject because
it is undiluted. V. A.

LXXXIII.

April 25.

Dear Sir,— In reference to the interesting cor-
respondence in your paper re tea prices, will you
allow me to suggest a solid though unpalatable
reason for the recent dejireciation of prices : — In
former years pure Ceylon tea was extensively
advertised and “ boome<l ” in Great Hritain ; this
with the comparatively small supply created a
rise of prices above the normal value. Now ad-
vertising of Ceylon tea at home seems to have
practically ceased and the supply being larger,
prices have gone down to their proper level — it is
merely a case of supjdy and demand.

In my experience plucking has been finer, prun-
ing as good, and manufacture more carefully
attended to than formerly; still prices h.ave
decreased.

Indian teas were not “boomed” by bogus
auction sales, etc., as ours were, so they have not
had the rapid rise and fall in indces ; their better
soil, of course, gives them the advantage in the
long run.

Can you inform us if the Comjiany for the
sale of pure Ceylon tea in packets is still in ex-
istence and, if so, how it is prospering? — Yours
faithtully, HAH III.

lxxxivl

Manuring Tea. — I consider every owner of
manure applied to our tea bushes helps to increase
the yield, hut, the tea plant being unlike coffee,
in that, it is a deep feeder, the best w,ay to
manure it is to dig a deep narrow hole, say
2| by 6 ft. as near the tap root as pos.sible,
particularly in lowcountry where the oulk of
the manure applied to the surface, either by
digging or holing, is devoured by white ants
who eat up as well every jiarticle of organic
matter, as a rule, within 6 inches of the surface.
Coffee simply refused to grow in such land, and
went out, long before leaf disease appearetl in
Ceylon, and no wonder when the white ants
devoured everything but the tap root, and, in
many instances, the very bark of the coffee
trees was eaten by them. This accounts therefore,

I think, for tea ilourishing where coffee refused
to grow. Seeing, therefore, that tea has practi-
cally no surface feeding roots, would it not be
better to apply our manure as near the tap root
as possible, particularly at low altitudes ?

OLD TEA HUSH.

[This concludes the correspondence in answer
to our two circulars and the same will now be
published in a separate form for easy reference.
— Eu. T.A.]

^

PLUCKING, PRUNING AND PRE-
PRATION OF TEA :

REVIEW OF LETTERS LXXI TO LXXXIV.

W li have now to deal with the concluding
letters of the series, on the important questions
whiidi wc had placeil before our readers, beginning

June r, 1897.]

TFIE TROPICAL

841

AGRICULTURIST.

with the “ II.” from Pas.sara, while admitting that
rotigli ^lacking must give rubhi.sli, bdieve.s that
meilium phickiiig .should give good results if only
there is withering space; “ W.H.M.” from
Kotagala does imt believe that coarse plucking
is snliieiently general .seriously to all'eet the
general average ; ■' Manager ” from Ivahitara

conn.sels ([uantity oil Hat lands in the lo^v-country,
wiiicli cannot produce gualiljg ieaving ([unlity
and quantity combined for liilly |da(!es ; while
“ C.T. ” from Lower Ambagamuwa reckons
coar.se i)lucking as umloubtediy responsible for
lower prices, and refuses to l)e!ieve that the
bigger gross yields really c.ompeiisate for a lower
average price. His experience is that coarse
plucking gives about 5 per cent, of red leaf, and
reddish leaf in a break “does for you.” He
has ceased to sin after his experience ! Of
manuring he speaks favourably, ,ns giving a rich
strong li([Uor from the sappy leaf it produces,
without injuring llavour ; ami in this opinion he
dilVers from “ U ” who coiuieinns manuring, because
he thinks it spoils quality, through hastening
llnsh and producing a sajjpy leaf —which ought
to be iui ob ject, one shouhl tliink. “ W. H. M.” does
not believe manuring general enougli to affect
prices one way or the other ; while “Manager”
deprecates light artilicial manures, as lending to
the big crops in which proprietorsdelight and which
he considers equivalent to “killing tlie goose.”
Pruning, too, as generally practised, he regards as
too heavy ; and “W.H.M.” agrees with him, as it
spoils quality for some time ; and they are both
supported by “ C.T,” who pins his faith to medium
pruning, but with the reservation that once
in seven years the white wood has to be
cut into. This, however, is different from the
hacking down, wlTich is practised in some places,
and which is unreservealy condemned. Jmw
pruning, even when judicious, delays crop, as the
white wood takes long to respond ; hut when it
does, say about the third montli, the bush pre-
sents quite a virgin look. We -can (luite see
that this result is hastened and aided by

manuring g and herein “C.T.” dilfers from some
of the earlier correspondents who strangely held
the tonic responsible for weak liquor. “ R.” holds
that severe jiruning would not spoil quality, if
the bushes were not plucked too soon ; and he
has proved that “if 10 leaves were left and
then knifed across,” qualily would not he pre-
judiced. In the opinion of the last-named, pro-
prietors make a great mistake in not securing well-
paid Europeans for the factory. Tlie manager
cannot be dispensed witli for general oversight,
hut an assistant will not consent to be stewed
in a factory on UloOa month. If tlie estate be
large enougli to maintain tAvo assistants, as is
the^case in fiidia, they might lie .set to held
and factory, turn about, with best results. “C.T.”
holds that we have advanced greatly in tea
preparation during the past 10 years, but more
care is necessary in the ([uality of Ihe leaf that
is manufactured ; and on that shortness of
labour tells. The remedy is to pluck only such
acreage as can be comfortably conqiassed, and to
prune'" tlie rest. “R. ’ agrees that it is better to
abandon some fields than to harvest 14 day.s’ flush,
and “ Manager ” leans to the same view— his e.x-
perience with Sinhalese being that they hang b.ack,
and only come when there is heavy plucking
A larger force of 'I'aimls is neco.ssary to cope
with thisdilliculty. “W.H.M.” desi derates care and
judgment in the factory, and an e.xpeit to in-
quire into the cause of the deterioration of tea
as tii« bush ages and into the best means of

!•?

overcoming this drawback. “Manager” holds that
the idea that everything that should be known
about manufacture has already been learnt,
is a serious drawback, and that, if it is true
that good tea cannot be made of bad leaf, it is
equally true that good leaf can easily be spoilt
by injudicious iminipulation. He is inclined to
take a pessimistic view of the .situation, caused by
the application oi stimulating manmes to en-
feebled Imshes, i.i an exhausting climate on
jioor soil ; but is not the generalisation hasty ?
There are bushes in the island 20 years old and
more, which seem none the wor.se for continuous
plucking.

“P. A.”, from a high district, denies the evil in
II uenceof coarse plucking which is re.sorted to only by
aminority in the lowc.ountry ; he has no experience
of manuring, but his neighbours whopracti.se manu-
ring maintain old prices; severe pruning ali'ects
qualily for a time, and therefore plucking should
be deferred till the bush has recovered itself ;
both plucking and manufacture need eon-
stant oversight, and neglect of it at once tells
on price.s ; so does shortness of labour ; so do
too many cricket, tennis and race meetings, and
too many horse.s to exercise; while the growth of
lowcountiy plantations, which produce quantity,
rather than quality, tells on the average.
“ C.T.” returns to the charge [is it the same
“C.T. ”?] with a strong indictment against delayed
plucking. The system of plucking may be the
same as of old, but there is a ilitference between
flush taken off eA ery ninth day,and leaf plucked
every 15th or 21st ; and the resulting tea can-
not Ire the same. With deterioration in quality,
is accompanied avoidable excess in quantity. The
restriction, by one man alone, to plucking only
the Hush he can properly overtake, will not stay
the outturn of muck. United action alone can
tell by reducing quantity, and thus helping
juices. The mischief is aggravateil by the purchase
of leaf from natives, whose only object is quantity !
“E.E.G,” from Pnndaluoya holds that plucking
and manufacture have the .same care now
as ever before ; that manuring is not suHiciently
general to tell appreciably on the average ; tliat
heavy pruning, though it tells on quality tem-
porarily, makes up lor it by an inijuoved yiehi.
On the burial of primings he offers some interest-
ing and suggestive remarks which deserve atten-
tion, and on Avhich Ave should like to have the
oj)inion of competent authorities. We have
never been in symjiathy with those Avho express
distrust of the Avaste j)roducts of a tree as food
for that tree, as, in nature, the proce.ss of such
assimilation must be of constant occurrence ;
but we. can (juite understand dead leaves and
tAvigs harbouring fungi and insects which may
prove injurious to a shrub, and also the utility of
sul)stances Avhich, Avhile guarding against these
dangei-s, Avould hasten decomposition and other-
Avise render the jilant food more easily assimi-
lable by the bush. That lime can be injurious
to plant life is Avell known, hut it is so only in
excess, or in sjiecial conditions of soil. In a stiff
clayey soil, for instance, Ave do not see how it
can be injurious to a tea-j)lant ; and as a matter
of fact Ave knoAv it has been used Avith the best
results in the case of buried primings.

The last six letters do not suggest many
neAV points, but illustrate rather the diA-ersity
of vicAvs and the diffcieucc in ju-actice which
the seventy-seven letters Avhich jn-eceded them
exhibited. “V.A.” hoAvever, arrests attention,
alike by his brevity and his decision. Coarser
plucking, manuring, severe pruning have had, in

842

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

lJUNE I, 1897.

his view, “nothing” to do with the fall in prices ;
less attention to inanufacture “everything.”
The ex])lanatiou, thereof, is “ Sport ! Sport ! !
S])ort 1 ! !’ whi'e sliortness of labour accounts for
the loss of about 10 per cent. leaf. The general
verdict would seem to be that, if there could
be another reduction of 10 percent, through the
same cause, prices would look up ! “\^.A.”may be
thought to prescribe hard measure for suiicrintend-
ents, but there can be little doubt that sport — an ex-
cel'ent ionic in ita proper jdace— absorbs a little
too much of chc time of some men and boys alike,
and that it is a sore temptation to those who
have yet to learn self-control, self-denial and the
merits of tlie via Dicdia. While .” and
“ A. C.” do not think that coarse plucking lias had
much to do with sending down prices, an “ Lx-
Imlia Planter” has little doubt that coarser
plucking in the lowcountry has had a great deal
to do with i. ; but in the higher districts the
))lucking is not to be beaten for iineness and regu-
laiiiy by Assam or Darjiling. Severe iiruning is
only .a temiiorary drawback, and is practised in
India w' bout permanent effects 011 jtrices ; but
the manager should be oftener than he is in the
factory, and to enable him to drop in more
frequently, his bungalow shouhl he closer to tlie
factory, and he shouhl no. be required^ to be his
own clerk. “Sahib” thinks that prices have
simply gone down to their jiroper level, now that
Ceylon Tea has ceased to be a novelty in the
ihiited Kingdom, and has ceased to be boomed
there by special adveitisements. “Old Tea Bush”
confines himse'f to the (luestion how best to
manure tci, and suggests i/hat it be buiied deep
as near the taproot as )>ossible; away fiom jhe
attention of white ants ; but do white ants devoui
all tiiey attack and do they nou leave behind a
pulverized residuum which is easily taken up by
th(* roots after a shower or two/ Ileie emleth
our review of the letters seriatim. We may have
a few remarks to oiler on them, as a whole, at
an early date. Meanwhile we have to thank qur
numerous correspomlents foi‘ the leadiness w ith
which they responded to our call.

We have already dealt with the series of most
interestim^ ami insiructive letter.s, numbeiing
eighty-three in all, on the above subject, as they
aimeiired, in hatches of eight to twelve, sum-
nmrizim'- th. ir more salient contents and otlering
such reniarks on them as we thouglit were
called tor by the circuuistance.s. No .single letter,
so far as we are aware, escaped our notice. It
rema-' is that we should take a general view
now of the series as a whole, and indicate some
of the chief points which the letters have brought
out, or emphasized, in regard to the great in-
dustry with which the prosperity of the whole
islami is so intimately wound up. Me do not
retend to offer an exhaustive review, or one
wliich can in any way be regarded as authorita-
tive. We know that among our readers are many
men of high attainments, ami of far greater special
k’lowleilge than we can lay claim to ; and we
liavo no doubt that practical planters, as not
a few have alre.ady acknowdedged, have noted
the weakness and strength of the lea Enterprise
indicated by the letters under review— so full
of knowledge and yet differing so wulely, in-
dicating such keen powcis of obseiwaBon and
vet acknow ledging t lu^ need of more light. Still,
a few (diservations Ironi the standpoint of a com -
o.aralive outsider may not be out of place— espe-
,.i;illy when tliey aie inspiied by hearty sym.
pathy with the entf'rprise and even a deep per-
sonal interest in it.

On the question of Plucking, the general
conclusion at which we arrive is that, while
shrewd and experienced planters differ, whether
coarse iducking is on the increase or not, being
chiefly guided in their ojiinion by the practice
of their several districts, there is ju actical unani-
mity that the principal cause of the increase of
the coarser qualities of leas, is the extension of
estates in the lowcountry. The acreage under
tea in the low’country has been extending much
faster llian in the ’ hill districts, and as hot
steamy places yield quicker and heavier flushes
than those at liigh elevations, there has been a
preponderance of teas of the lower qualities as
compared with high-grown llavoury teas. M’hether
that fact supiilies a full explanation of the fall
in average prices may be doubted. It unques-
tionably explains the fall to some extent. Among
the other causes must be mentioned the un-
doubted fact ihat a large numbei' of estates
go in for quantity, and the equally undoubted
fact that scarcity of Iwbour leads to delayed
plucking by which much of the fi7iest flush is
lost. 'J lie latter fact is not of the planter’s own
making. Scarcity of labour leads to alterna-
tives— the plucking of fields at longer intervals
than one would of choice, and the abandoning
of some fields fur a season, wdth the immediate
result of e.stimates running short. It can scarcely
be expected that a superintendent would care
to incur the latter risk, except under express
instructions. It may be as much as his place is
worth ! Coarse plucking wdth a view’ to maintain
a high rate of yield is matter of choice; and it
has been defendeil on the ground that it pays.
That the system is more renaunerative than
medium, or even line, plucking, has been denied ;
but, clearly, there can lie no lyard .and fast rule,
and the phuddng whndi jiays best on one est.ate
or in one district need not neces.sarily be more
ji.aying on .'mother. It is useful, how'ever, to
remember that lo,U0Ulb. at (id may really leave
lessto the propiietor than 9,0C0lb. at 6Jd. Against
the gross g,ain— £0. 5s.— must be set the extra cost
or plucking, manufacturing, p.acking and tr.an.sport
of 1,0001b. of tea which may swallow’ np the
w’hole of the apparent g.ain. Apart from that,
there is the influence to be reckoned on tlie
market of <a diminished output, and of an im-
proved average (piality. A reduction in the
outturn of 1,(’0' lb. liere and l,u001b. there, can
scarcely affect the general aver.age of prices for
the wdiole island ; but tlie reduction of the total
exports by one-tentli, now that they have topped
100 million lb. would mean an apprecdable
quantity off the market.

The general con.sen.sus of opinion is against
severe luuning which has been described as liack-
ing, and which, we are glad to learn, finds fewer
adherents ye.ar by year. It is admitted, however,
that at intervals — the longer the interval the better
for the bush— tliere must be a change from light
pruning; but exjierienced jilauters distinguish
between heavy pruning and cutting down or hack-
ing. Tliere is no change in the old belief that the

li([uor is weak for some time alter jirunim'’ the

w'eakness and the duration corresponding To (he
severity of the pruning. Intimately connected with
the influence of pruning is that of jnanuring, which
Homewrilers have. stated lias the same eflcct of weak-
enitig the liqu. r. The balance of autiio ity seems
to be against this view’. Not only so, but also in
favour of the (qdnion that the li(|uor is strength-
ened by the greater robust nc.-s of the iTush
which manure induces. This strikes us as the
more reasonable view ; and our explanation of

June i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

843

the alleged debilitating ellect of manuring is tliat
that ellect is produced, not by the manure at
all, but by its unskilful application, causing in-
jury to the feeding roots. The majority of
writers deny any evil effect on the flavour of
tea by manuring, ami claim that a sappy leaf,
which a few planters condemn, produces a strong
llavoury liquor, Hon'ever that may be, there can
be no question that manuring increases the crop ;
that preference is felt for bulky manures, if they
can be got, over artificial ; and tliat, although
the good sense and habits of observation of our
planters have protected them from disastrous
blunder’s, a good deal yet remains to be learnt
of the needs of our soils and the constituents of
manures, before it can be claimed that our tea-
fields are receiving the best treatment possible
for crop and lor flavour.

We now come to the final question of Prepar-
ation, There is no difference of opinion as to
the absolute necessity of ample withering space
and the general deficiency in regard to it.
A good wither is essential to the manufacture
of good tea ; and most estates or factories
are leali.sing this fact, and making adequate
provision. On the personal question, opinions
seem to be fairly divided — some writers holding
that as much care and attention are devoted
to manufacture as ever before, while some are very
strongly of opinion that the claims of sport are
a bar to that earnest, habitual and close over-
sight of the factory, without which (luality
gradually deteriorates. Others again think that
a more intelligent and better-paid class of tea-
makers— preferably Europeans — are called for ; but
in this climate, continuous work in a heated
Factory is not what the European would choose;
and w'e see no reason why local talent should
not lie rendered equal to all factory needs.
Of course, there must be strict and conscientious
supervision. On the whole, nothing contained
in the interesting correspondence we have dealt
with, is calculated to cast doubt on the sound-
ness and the permanency of the Tea Industry
of the island, and, so far as we can see, it
depends on proprietors and su)ierintendents
whether it shall take front rank in the com-
petition with other countries. We should not des-
pise the aid of science ; we should not be above
attention to the details of work, whether in field
or factory ; and, provided our labour supply does not
fail us, we need be in no fear of over-production or
of fluctuating exchange, though these may incom-
mode tea, off and on, "as they do all Eastern enter-
prise and chiefly agricultural enterprises.

♦

PLANTING AND PLANTERS IN THE
STRAITS.

NOTE.?: VI.SIT BY THE ACTING BRITI.SH RESIDENT
TO THE COAST DISTRICT.

I left Seremban, with Mr. Aldworth, 7-30 a.m.,
11th March, for Kuala Sawah by rail. We were met
there by Mr. C. M. Gumming. Drove to his new land
at Niato and arranged for sites on State land for his
cooly lines and house. Visited his nurseries, through
which elephants had w’alked two days before. Drove
to Ribu and visited Mr. McClymont’s estate thence
on to Rantau and breakfasted with Mr. Gumming.
Mr. Porcher called for me atl-.SO a.m. and drove me
or Linsum. We walked over several fields and saw all
the estate. At 4 p.m. I started for Pengkaln Kempas,
stopped at the Malacca Towkay’s tapiocai and pepper-
estate at the 9th mile Jerak, and, after some convers-
ation with Siew Hin, drove on to Linggi where I passed
through some very fine kampongs. Reached Pengk^lan
Kempas at 6 p.m. and found Messrs. Bowen and Hooper
(Contract Surveyor) waiting for me.

March 13th. — At Telok Kemang we got on to the
cart road and rode on to Padr Puteh, reaching Mr.
Bugler’s clearing at 11a.m. He was flying the red
ensign in honour of my visit. His house is beauti-
fully situated on a small hill facing the sea which,
at this point, forms a bay, and at each end of the
bay there is belt_ of virgin forest standing higher
than the intervening land. The shore of the bay is
of marvelously white and fine coral sand such as I
have only seen in the Cocos Islands. Mr Engler
has already planted up 50 acres with an average of
52j nuts to the acre. His methods of cultivation
are very thorough, every particle of superfluous cover-
ing to the stem, fronds and nuts of the palm being
removed so as to give no harbour to beetles,
ants and other insects. The foot of each palm is
kept picked and raked, and the result of these
operations is apparent in the few old palms near
his house which are bearing heavily. He is very
anxious to extend his cultivation and I commend
his methods to the notice of the Kuala Selangor
Company, who would do well to induce him to
join their syndicate. At 3 p.m. we rode on and pas-
sed through the following holdings of Europeans —
viz., Mr. F. A. Swettenham’s, the late Mr. luster’s,
Messrs. Coates and Tunnicliffe’s, Mr. D. G. Neave’s,
Mr. Watkins’, Mr. Douglas’s, Mr. Kej^ser’s, .Mr. Me
Clymont’s, Mrs. Neave’s, Messrs. Cumraing’s,
Porcher’s, and Bagnall’s, the Selangor Sanitarium,
the Negri Sarnhilan Sanitarium, and Mr. Rowland's.

Mr. W. W. Bailey and Mr. C. R. Paterson (a
Ceylon tea-planter) drove up while we were thus
engaged, and as they were bound for Seremban we
all went on together as far as Berauaug, seven
miles from Semeniyih and 1(5 from Seremban,
where we remained for the night and our visitors
went on to Seremban.

♦

THE NATAL TEAS.

(By a Ceylon Planter.)

Mr. John Eraser has .sent us through Mr.
Gordon Frazer, samples of teas made by him on
the Barragreen estate and for which he got the
chief prizes at Johannesberg Exhibition. Me.ssrs.
A. H. Thompson & Co., Brokers, have courteously
furnished the following report on these teas : —

Colombo

Description. London Equivalent

Value. @ Exch. 1/3j.

Gold Orange Pekoe Leaf
Blackish small even well
made with tip . . • • 1/ •• 69

Liquor strong dark good
quality.

Pekoe Leaf Blackish even
well twisted few tips . , 8^-9 . . 46-50

'Liquor Brisk dark fair
strength and quality,

Pekoe Souchong Leaf
Blackish well made • . 7 . . 38

Liquor strong dark little
coarse.

Valuations are quite nominal as we have no quota-
tions for Natal Teas on the market, but judging from
the leaf and liquor we think them well worth the above.

The samples can be seen t\\Q Tropical AqrU
cultiiri’it Office.

MEETING OF THE CEYLON RHEA FIBRE
SYNDICATE.

TO BE AYOUND UR.

A meeting of tins local Syndicate was held at
the office of Mr. E. John at Chatham Street
on April 30, when it was decided to go into
liquidation. The Syndicate started” rhea
cnltivatioi. on a small scale in the Kuru-
negala district, where about 12 acres were
planted, R3,000 being sunk in the scheme, but
there was a lack of confidence in the scheme
tliorcforc the decision tu wind up, ’

844

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[June i, 1897,

JiRlTISH NORTH BORNEO NOTES.

Telegra])li communication with Saiulakan lias
been opened as far as Sinogal bojmnd Tanioi, on tlie
Ivinabalangan, since the early jiart of March.
As Me.-jsrs. .‘Vpphn and lieynolds are on the spot,
we may expect very shortly to hear that it is
extended considerably. Mr. Reynolds has opened
the Eastern Section as far as imbok.

Rhea has been found growing in abundance
at Koyah and a large sample has been asked for
to transit to the Court at home. It appears to
be R/tcrt (or Jloluncria) nivea.

Three line specimens of orchids are on view
at Messrs. John Little & Co.’s, says the Siwja-
rtore. Free Press. There is a Deruf Phal var. Hololeum
which IS said to be worth £5U, there being but one
other plant in England. An Angrcwciuti Scs<iui-
peddle from Manila, and a line Cyp. Sanderia-
mim from Sarawak with ten flowers, are also
shown by Mr. J. A. Pereira. It is somewhat
remaikable that wliile Central Borneo and
Sarawak abound in orchuls of great beauty and
variety, the species found in North Borneo are
comparatively few and insignilicant. — British North
Borneo Ucrald, April 1.

ECONOMIC CURIOS.

The following are verbatim extracts from note-
books of students in economic botany which were
submitted to a well-known lecture as an indica-
tion of the progress of his class: — 1. “Catechu
is used in diairluca, likewise to open and clean
throats.” 2. “Absinthe. It has been juoved
that a man who uses this liipieur in a great
abundance is able to loose his mind soon.”
3. “ Collee is pupped (pulped) in a machine.” 4.

“Liberian collee was tliought that it would with-
stand the insect ravishes.” — Chemist and Driiii-
yist, April 21.

THE RUBBER FORESTS OF THE
HU KONG VALLEY.

The report of Mr. II. N. Thompson, Assistant Con-
servator of Forests, on the Hukong Valley and Upper
hlamkong basin, contains much interesting informa-
tion on the fauna and flora of that region. As Mr.
O’Bryen pointed in his report a few years ago on the
rubber forests of Upper Burma, the tree in the Hukong
Valley is not a gregarious one. Mr. Thompson tells us
that it -appears scattered generally through the dense
evergreen forests, but nowhere does it reach the den-
sity per acre of an average teak forest. “ Occasional-
ly, a family group of four or five trees may be mel
with ; these are very rare, indeed, and the usual thing
is to come across a mature tree every 200 or 300 yards
in the richer forests.” At the headwaters of the Nain-
kong Chaung the average was not cpiite one large
tree to every two acres. When tlio tree is surround-
ed by dense shade, to get to the light it grows to
enormous heights, and some of those seen by Mr.
Thompson were the largest trees of any species he
bad ever seen. So exacting is its demand for light
that no seedlings were in the soil, but were invari-
•ably growing at a great height from the ground on
other irees. A few illustrations show the young
seidling growing “ u|) the sti m of its host, encircling
the latter with its aerial roots and sending them
downwards towards the ground till they form groat
supports on which the main trunk of tho lig stands ;
meanwhile the host is gradually killed off and eveir-
tually disappears altogether and the rubber tree is
left standing on five or six even more thick aerial
roots.” The licun eloslica appears to bo able to ac-
commodate itself to many varieties of soil, and appa-
rently grows best at a considerable altitude. Thus,
Mr. Thompson rcconU, it grows in abundance on
Loimaw lull at an altitude of b,03U feet, and is

I'eportediu various other high altitudes in that region.
The Kachins say it does not grow where there is
snowfall, but this seems doubtful.

The tract north of the Tanaikha is still the richest
in the valley but the dillicultics of transport are
increasing as the more accessible trees hnve been
worked out. Here a Chinaman Law Law-kha has
a practical monopoly of the market. (Jn the spot
the price of rubber is two rupees per viss.* A few
years ago a trade route was started across the moun-
tains to Myitkyina, but the trader who opened it was
murdered, probably, Mr. Thompson thinks, at Law
Lawkha’s instigation, and the blackmail levied by the
Sana Kacliins has killed the trade on that route.
Some of the rubber around the soirthern basin of
the Tanaikha is supposed to be taken down the
Chindwin to Chindat, but this seems doubtful. The
natural and shorttst route is down the Nampyu to lla
and Palawbum and thence by mules to either Laban
or Tiugring, and so by boats and mules to Kamaing
and Mogaung. W'ith regard to the output of this tract,
i.e., from the forests lying at the sources of the
Nampyu to the west of Maingkhwan, Mr Thompson says
it is very difficult to estimate it. No reliable in-
formation can be obtained from either the Singphos
or the Chinese traders employed in buying it, as
both parties are interested in keeping the real state
of affairs dark. Of course the usual cry is that the
forest is getting worked out, that they have now
to search for indiarubber at great distances from
the lines of export, and that consequently the
duty levied by us ought to be reduced. The fact,
however, still remains that the local Sawbwas have
in no way whatever reduced the tax levied by them
on rubber collected in their districts or passing
through to other places. I questioned four of the
most influential Chinamen living at Laban, and who
are agents of the large Bhamo and Mandalay firms,
as to the out-turn from this portion of the valley
during the present season ; but their statements
were so very conflicting and contradictory that no
reliance whatever could be placed in them, and
under such circumstances it would be misleading to

give any figures As a single instance of the

contradictory statements given by the Kachins, I
may say that they informed me repeatedly that the
yield of a large unworked indiarubber tree in one
season does not exceed ten viss — a very different
figure from that usually given, and which of course
is too low--, as [ have personally seen about double
that quantity extracted from a large tree.” The
rubber forests at the headwaters .of the Namkong
Chaung are rich in rubber. The tree grows in abun-
dance along the banks of the smaller streams and is
also frequently met with on the higher slopes of the
hills. On these hills Mr. Thom))sou found the jiats
elasticu attaining as great a height as 200 feet and
a girth round the outside of the aerial roots of 100
to 130 feet.

The only forest produce collected in the tiacts
examined by Mr. Thompson appears to bo rubber, and
the Kachins from far and near come in to collect it
in the dry season. “ During my visit to the Upper
Namkong and Namsong basins, 1 twice came across
‘ octrois ' built on the edge of the streams by Siug-
phos from I'alawbum and the Amber mines. Toll
on all rubber brought down these streams from
their headwaters was collected at these stations and
none was allowed to pass unless this tax was paid.
It was usually taken in kind and amounted to much
as ten per cent, the collectors having to ])ay ten viss
for every hundred collected by them. The Singphos
from the llukong Valley must ha\ c known that they
were jioachiiu; in thcB-.' forests, us they decamped as
soon as they heard of my arrival.” One local viss, it
seems, is equal <o one and a half standard viss, so the
Chinamen mu.-ic make a very good thing out of it.
The Chinamen of the district are all engaged in the
rubber-trade. “ Great (juantities of rice, silk pasos,
gauugbaungs, etc., und stores, aie kept by them and
sold to the Kachins (at ruinous rn.tes) wlio pay the
price of the goods in indiarubber.”

J A visa 3-(;r) lb.

June i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

845

Every tree iu the basins of the Loglai and Taron
is known and their x^ositions are pointed ont from
father to son. It may bo taken as correct that tho
rubber collected in the forests north of the Gedu
coniluence goes to Assam, rvhilo that collected in
the forests south of tho Gedu goes down the Ilukong
Valley. All the rubber that goes to Assam is carried
by Naga coolies, who can always bo had after the
crox)s have been gathered and who are probably more
efficient when working in their own country than
any other coolies in India. Taronkn, the great rub-
ber centre of the tract under notice, is situated at
the Taron-Gedu confluence, and the most valuable
portion of the forest lies up the Taron river to the
Ghaukkau pass, along the route traversed some years
ago by Colonel Woodthorpe and Major Maogregor
At Taronkn a fee of Re. 1-8 or three seers of rubber
is levied on every man who wishes to cut rubber
in the forest. Besides this fee, Mamyung village also
collects tribute from the cutters passing through it.
Rubber in this tract is getting scarce every year, as
the trees are overworked, and it often takes a man
no less than forty days to collect a coolie load of
rubber. Most of the trees seen by Mr. Way’s
party had been tapped, and up the Loglai
and Turong rivers the trees near the streams

are either dead or dying from being overworked
Here the Singphos entirely control the Nagas

and stand to them, says Mr. Thompson, iu very

much the same position as a tea-planter and his
coolies. Their word is law and is enforced by a
very few Singphos over a great number of Nagas.
The number of rubber-cutters who leave their villages
for the Turong forests is known, and even if they
succeeded in evading the impost of the Siugpho

villages through which they pass, they would
inevitably in the long run have to x^ay up. The rub-
ber when first collected is fairly pure, but the Na-
gas have learnt from the native bunnias the trick
of adulterating it with earth and stones, and so
Assam rubber is not looked on with favom- by Cal-
cutta brokers. It may be added that the same
applies to the rubber that finds its way into the
Rangoon market, the Chinamen being adexrts in skil-
fully concealing in the rubber earth and stone, x>rin-
cipally the latter. — Itanrjoon Gazette.

TEA PL,A.NTING IN .SOUrilERN INDIA.

We continue to get glowing accounts of the
region which is being (leveloxred for tea in North
Travaneore by Sir -lohn Muir’s Consolidated
Company. Tlie e.vact acreage taken up it is
impos,siljle at present to say ; but the latest
visitor to the spot, .so e.vxrerienced a [danter as
Mr. K. Morison of Kalutar,'?, declares that his
feeling was as if he were looking over D'mbula in
forest with a certain number of clearings. The
land runs ux> to a higher elevation tlian we
have in Ceylon ; but tlie bull< is between 4-, 000
and 0,000 leet ; and Mr. Morison is full of ad-
miration of the forest and rich soil. Mr. Milne
has got his work cut out for him ; but progress
is being made ami there seems to be no e.\-
pectation of labour going short. The e.\])ectation
is that within a few years, 30,000 to 40,000 acres
will be planted with tea in this region. Not
only planting ; but sim'eys, roadniaking and
railway projecting are the order of the day in
connection with this big Company’s North Tra-
vancorc land.

. _ ^

COCA AND COCAINE.

Prior to the discovery of cocaine and its wonder-
ful anaesthetic x^ropertios, which promoted the deve-
lopment of the export of coca, its consumption was
limited to the demand from a few provinces in the
neighborhood of mining districts where nothing can
be accomplished without it, for, when it fails, the
laborers refuse to work. It is therefore an indis-
pensable article for the exploitation of the mines of

Peru. Thus we see, that in order to work the mines
of flualgayoc, it is necessary to take there coca
cultivated at Cajabamba and Huanialcuchu, situated
on the banks of the Maranon River.

Twenty years ago the culture of coca wus limited
to the localities most favored by the cli/imte and
tho low price of labor. In ihe pi’oviuce of Otimco it
was cultivated on a large scnlc. only on the farms of
Choquisongo and S iniumas, which supplied the local
consumption and tbai, of the mining districts of Salx:)0
and Sayapulh'. But an important change has since
taken place iu that province, which is, today,
the greatest producer in the north of Peru, ex-
ceeding Huamacho and Cajabamba combined, in
quantity and quality, notwithstanding tho fact that
most of the trees are young and do not yield a full
crop ; that is to say, they do not x^fo^uce as yet a
quintal per thousand plants, as is the case with
those over six years old. This quantity is the
average of the crop per year.

The following table shows the actual and ax^xmoxi-
mate production of the province of Otuzco and the

number of plants : —

No. of

Annual

Crop.

Quin-

Localities.

Plants.

tals.

Choquinsongo

. 200,000

360

Hirayobamba

. 600,000

80'J

Cay.<,ncsal and Saiiiumas .

. 150,000

400

El Rajon

. 100,000

210

Llagrreda

50,000

100

Sacamaca

. 300,000

300

Las Pampas and Callancas

600,000

1.000

Compin aird Auexes

, 600,000

1,400

Chuquillanqui

. 100,000

100

Total

2,700,000

4,700

It w’ill be seen by these figures that the total an-
nual xn.'oductiou amounts to 4,700 quintals (about

200.000 pounds), which, iu a few years hence, when
the xolants are fully developed, will reach between
ten and twelve thousand quintals.

There are two firms in Trujillo, who purchase
coca for the manufactories of Lima ; but, as they
have the monopoly, being the only wholesale pur-
chasers at auction, they put up or lower the [)rioe
as they please ; and as the firms in Lima pay ;-i0
soles per quintal, delivered on board at Salaverry,
they make a very profitable transaction. Mr. Gemiro'
Risco, owner of a farm at Huayobamba, and Mr.
Jose Antonio Delfin, at Cayanchal, intend to estab-
lish a manufactory of cocaine on their property, ao
as to be independent of that intolerable and ruinous
monopoly, and inaugurate a wdiolesome trade com-
petition.

In the Review' El Tiempo the current price of
cocaine in Lima is quoted at 60 centavos per g]-am •
and as a quintal of coca yields from 8 to 12 ounces'
according to locality and' quality, it results that a
quintal of coca leaves, costing between Iu .and 20
soles, pi'oduces 18 1 soles’ worth of cocaine ; from that
amount must be deducted the price of reactives-
kerosene, cautic soda, sulphuric acid, cai-bonato of
soda the cost of labor; but which still gives a hand-
some profit. The wages vary from 20 to 30 centavos
two meals, and a ration of coca pm.’ day. In some
places, like Huayobamba and Sacamaca, the cul-
ture is done on shares, the laborers receivino- half
of the crop and delivering the coca dried and in
bales. Excepting the farms at Chuquillanqui, situated
on the banks of tho ^ river of that name, ah the
others are near the Usquil River, which joiniimthe
former at the foot of Huancay, form the Chicama
River.

The best condition for the .successful culture of
cocai.s a temperature not lower than 21 decrees and not
higher than 30 degrees. In regard to the^’idtitude best
adapted for its development, the farms of Callancas
Huayobamba, etc., are generally at a height of 3 000 or

4.000 feet above sea level ; there are a few, however
at 5,000 feet, but their products are inferior. Those
of Chuquillanqui and some others arc at 2,000 feet

846

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[June r, 1897.

The quality varies; the coca grown iu a dry soil is
I'etter than that cultivated iu damp localities, lilce
that from Chuquillanqui, which, although reaching
three or four feet iu height, has not the same
strength and properties as that from Callancas and
Huayobamba. There are about eighty small coca
planters in Las Pampas and Callancas; over one
hundred in Compin, and scarcely twenty in
Chuquillanqui ; it is but a few years ago that the
cultivation of the plant has been introduced in those
places, and therefore too recently for its full deve-
lopment.— El Comercia, La Paz. — Oil Paint and Drug
Beporter.

^

COCONUT OIL.

This, the staple oil of the Colony, is in very small
demand at jiresent, and no sales can be made
locally beyond what will satisfy a somewhat
limited demand from India, the Straits and China.

The present depiession is mainly, if not entirely,
brought about by exceptionally abundant sup-
plies of tallow in Europe and America — the
chief competition with coconut oil in the manu-
facture of soa]i, candles ivc., and the outlook is
anything but reasiiring to holders of coconut oil.

The stock of tallow in London under last ad-
vices was d2,2M casks, against 1.5,71(5 and'20,GoO
casks respectively at same period of 1S9(5 and
1895. Spot iniccs in London of cocoinit oil and
tallow in April of 1895-7 were :

1895

Ceylon

Coconut Oil ■

- £23- 5

1896

do

- 22-15

1897

do

- 22- 0

1895

Tallow

(good mutton) -

- 23- 0

1896

do

- 19-15

1897

do

- 19- 5

It will be noticed at once that while the price
for tallow has receded £3-15 per ton, Ceylon
coconut oil only shews a decline of .£1-5 per ton.
This is mainly due to exceptionally small stocks
of coconut oil being held in London of late
years, not exceeding on a average (5(10 tons,
and if any important quantity was shi])ped to
the United Kingdom, prices would in all likely
hood run down almost to a par with those for
tallow. As we go to press telegraj)hic advices
duote coconut oil on spot nominal £21-10, no
sales and prices tending downwards. f)nly once
within the last ten years has the spot price of
coconut oil in London been lower than it is at
present, this was in October 1892 when the price
was £21-5.

Oui exports of coconut oil (taken from Ceylon
Uhamber of Commerce returns) to India the
ytraits and China were :

6,2(50 tons in • 189(5

1,859 „ - 1895

I, 407 ,, - 1894

7,663 ,, ■ 1893

against exports to Europe and America of
10,650 tons in - 1896

1(5,74() ,, - 1895

22,8(J9 ,, - 1894

II, 717 ,, - 1893

The Eastern markets (especially Calcutta) are
very important ones as the foregoing figures show ;
yet it is to Euro])e and America that we must
.still look for the chief ofltake of coconut oil,
and so long as competing products, such as tallow
and palm oil, are in abiimiant supply there, so
lorn' we fear, must we look for a weak market
au(.r low lu’ices on tins side.

It is true that the manufacture of desiccated
coconut is increasing steadily, and it may be
noted that the exports for 1896 are 2,000,()00 lb.
in excess of the.se for 1894, but the consumption
of coconuts which this increase represents, is
not of sullicient importance to tell on ihe market
tor copra when oil is depressed in the main con-
suming countries through successful competition of
other oils and greases. So far as we can see relief
is not likely to he forthcoming in ihe near future,
if tallow continues to How into the consuming
markets in such qualities as to prevent any aj>-
preciable diminution of stocks. Growers of coconuts
must therefore, we fear, be ])repared to receive on
tlie average lower prices in 1897 than they have been
accustomed to receive in recent years.

EULKING OF TEA.

(From Our London Letter.)

London, April 9.

THE CEYLON AS.SOCIATION IN LONDON AND
THE INDIAN TEA AS.SOCIATIO.N (LONDON)
have this week been called upon once more to
deal with comi)laints of the indill'erent
(SULKING OK TEA

ottered for public sa'e— in many instances the
entire ab.sence of bulking. The loudest com-
plaint came to the Ceylon and Indian Associa
tions Liirongh the Loudon Tea llrokers’ Associa-
tion from the London "Wholesale Tea Dealers. -
The Committee of the Tea Dealers’ Association
passed a resolution which stated that the require-
ments of the clause in the public sale condi-
tions which declared that “ these teas have
been inspected, and bulked (if necessary)” had
not been carried out in a great many cases.
The Committee added that they must insist on
this condition being faithfully observed, and
that in the event of any jiaivel not having
been Imlked in the Indian Warehouse a state-
ment to the ed’ect that it had been bulked in
India and Ceylon, and inspected in London,
should be inserted in the catalogue. The Tea
Brokers’ Association sent this resolution on to
the Ceylon A.ssociation in London, and the
Indian Association. Mr. W. G. Price, the Secre-
tary to the Tea Brokers, also received a letter
on the subject from Messrs. J. Tetley and Com-
pany, who stated that they had had many com-
jilaints of great irregulariiy in the bulking of
Ceylon tea, and i|UOted, from a letter written
by one of their agents wjiich said that irregulari-
ties had been of “such frei)ucnt cccunence as
to call for inqicrativo action on the jiart of the
wholesale trade.” “Ntdhing,” the letter went on
to say, “ can lie more destructive of conlidence
in the merchant, or create a greater feeling of
insecurity in the mind of the buyer, than a false
.sample — wdiich, in plain English, is what care-
lc.ss or neglected bulking amounts, to.” Mr. T.
-I. Lipton goes farther than this, for he has
circularised the buying-over workers, vowing
that he will, in future, decline to look at any
“ bought-ovei's ” unless the teas are guaranteed
as having been bulked in Lomton, and
asking that no s.tmples shall he suhmitted
of teas that arc not thus guaranteed.

A meeting of the Te,a and Produce Committee
of tlie Ceylon Association was held on Monday
to consider the matter, the members present being
Messr.s. J. Hamilton, W. Herbert Anderson, W.
J. Thompson, '1'. Stretch, F. H. M. Corbet, A.
L. IliitchisoM, .1. L. Shiuid, W. M. Leake, G.
W liitc, A. Ih'ooke, A. G. Stanton, S. J. Wilson
ami C. J. Scott. It was decided “to invite the

June i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

847

attention of importers of Ceylon tea to tlie im-
lierative necessity for complying with the conditions
of the danse referred to, so that buyers may
operate with tlie fullest confidence in the future.”
The Committee pointed out that inasmuch as
careless or neglected bulking of necessity involves
unreliable samples, the complaint is undoubtedly
a serious one; and they regretted to find on iu-
iiuiry that the complaint was not altogether un-
founded. The Committee of the Indian Tea
Association have called the attention of importers
ol Indian tea to the matter.

Before this letter reaches you, Messrs. Gow, Wil-
son & Stanton’s work on the

TKA rUODUCING COMPANIES OF INDIA AND
CEYLON

will be in your possession. I had a talk with Mr.
Wilson today about the book, further supi)lies
of which are being loudly called for from the
publishers. Mr. Wilson tells me that the main
object of the book— which is to bring to the
notice of the public the fact that there is a
very large Held for investment of capital in the
tea-producing industry —seems likely to be

attained, judging by the large amount of
notice it has .attracted in the Lomion and
provincial newspapers. Lengthy notices have
appeared in the Manchester Guardian, the New-
castle Daily Chronicle, the Statist, the Dundee
Advertiser, the Scotsman, the London Telegraph
and the Money Market Review, and siiortor
notice.s in scores of other [lapers in all parts of
the country. This bold advertisement of the
British-grown-tea enterprise must do good. The
Economist, in the course of a very friendly review,
remark that the authors do not offer any opinion
{IS to the extent to which the new areas
steadily being brought into ciiltivation both in
Inuia and Ceylon .are likely to .affect the refa-
tions of supply and tlemaud. In its leading .article
last Saturday the Financial Times names the
compilation “ The Tea ‘ Bunlett’ ” and deals at
gre.at length with the tea industry from the in-
vestor’s point of view. Speaking from this point
of view Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton mention
several features shown by tea companies as being
especially satisfactory. The statement of this side
of the case, saj^s the Financial Times, is un-
doubtedly coirect as regards, by far tlie greater
numbers of these companies, though an exception
could be ])oiuted out here and there. It may
be objected against the book that it only brings
the history of the large majoiity of the com-
panies up to the end of 189d, l)ut it was im-
po.ssible to do more than this, except in one or
tw'o c.ases, since tlie rejiorts of most of them
for 1.S90 will not be issued until May or July
next. For last year the consumption of Ceylon
tea is given at 80,294,000 lb., or 35 per cent of the
total. All this, s.ays the Financial Times, is very
re-assuring for holders of India and Ceylon [iro-
ducing companies’ shares ; and almost equally so
is the increase in consumption of tea per head
of the population. In fact, we h.ave almost as
good a right now to be called a nation of tea-
drinkers as we have to be called a nation of beer-
drinkers.

The Acme Tea (,’uest Company are likely to
send out their Assistant Manager, Mr. II. J.
Stewart Brown, to exploit Ceylon. The Acme
is taking wonderfully in India and is becoming
a big industry as may be seen from the extract
given elseivliere entitled “ New Industry for Gl.as-
gow,”

TEA BULKING.

A recent mail brings us news ot a great outo y from
the Associ.ated Wholesale 'l ea-dealers in London
against the carelessness displav.'d in respect of the
bulking of Ceylon tea offered iit, public sale. The
'Tcaand ProduceCommitteeof the Ceylon Association
in London have met to investigate the charge, and
have practically entered a plea of “Guilty” on
behalf of their clients - or at any rate of some of
them. Of course, neglect of bulking is a very
serious matter, as everjdjody is iiware who know's
anything of the method of operations in the tea
trade. Bulking in London is a very costly thing, and
though only an unscrupulous importer would,
to save charges, deliberately violate established
conditions of sale, it has come out in the in-
quiry made by the Ceylon Association Com-
mittee that there is .sometimes a certain loose-
ness of statement .as to whether p.arcels of tea
have really gone through the bulking proce.ss
before leaving Ceylon. 'The long-suH'ering whole-
salers do well to he angry when they come across
more than a stiay instance or two in which
sample and bulk seem to be almost entire
strangers to one another ; but they cannot com-
plain of the spirit in which they ’ have been met
by the Ceylon Associ.ation (and by the Indian
Association, for Indian tea was complained of,
too). No doubt the representations of the Asso-
ciation will receive due consideration in the
proper quarter.

THE PAN AW AL TEA COMPANY, LIMITED.

Report of the Directors of the Panawal Tea Com-
pany, Limited, to he presented to the Shareholders
at the Fifth Annual Ordinarj’ (General Meeting, to
be held on Friday, 23rd April, 1897, at the Office of
the Company, 39, Victoria Street, Westminster, S. W.
at 3 o’clock in the afternoon. ’

The Directors have the pleasure to submit the
General Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account
for the year ending December 31st, 1896, duly
audited : —

The net amount at credit of pro-
fit and loss account, including
balance brought forward at
31st December, 1895, after pro-
viding for General Expenses,
Directors’ and Auditors’ Fees.
An interim Dividend of 4 per
cent, on the Ordinary Shares
for the half-year ending 30th
-Tune, was paid 3rd October,

1896, amounting to

It is proposed to pa.y a final
Dividend on the Ordin.ary
Shares from 1st July to 31st
December, 1896, at the rate of
4 per cent, (making a distribu-
tion for the year of 8 per cent,
free of Income Tax), wbicli

will absorb

Dividends on the 7 per cent.
Cumulative Preference Shares
were paid for 1896 in full,

amounting to

It is proposed to write off part
of the cost of New Extensions,
Machinery, &c.. completed

during the year

Leaving to be carried forward to
next year a bala.;cc of

680 0 0

680 0 0

371 0 0

213 17 7
90 15 4

f 8. d.

2,035 12 11

mi t, *2,035 12 11 £2 035 19 i

The Duectors recommend the distribution of a div

dend at the rate of 4 per cent, on the Ordinary Shaw
of the Company from 1st July to 31st December i*q,
making, with the Interim dividend paid to 30th ’jun

848

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

18V)C, a clistribntion at the rate of 8 per cent, for the

properties 011 31st

year.

The acreage of the Company’s
December last was ; —

Tea in fall bearing
Do. in partial bearing. .
Do. under two years old
Do. do. one ye ir old
.Jungle

510

(57.V

lOOi

JG

3G3.'i

1,0574

The Directors consider the result of the year’s
w .rking to be on th-o whole favourable, having regard
to the serious rise in exchange and the somewhat
lower price realised for the Company’s tea during t e
year. The less oocasioued by the rise in exchange
during the year represents over "I per cent, on the
Ordinary Share Capital of the ('ompany. The fall in
prices and the deficit in the yield, as compared with the
estimated crop, may be attributed to the abnormal
rainfall, which was 50 inches over the average. The
crop realised for 1890 was 279,491 lb., as against an
estimate of 290,000 and a yield of 290,352 Ih., in 1895.
’The cost of tea f.o.b. Colombo was 23J cents per Ih.
'Tlia new central factory is now approacliing comple-
tion, and it is hoped that W'hen in working order
it vvill effect an improvement in the ipiality of the
tea and a reduction* in the co.st of manufactme. Tlie
Interests Deyiosits stand in the D.tlanco Sheet at
.tT..520, The.e deposits the ('ompany is in a position
to pay off out of part of the profits realiy.ea on the
recent sale of the Dangegama Estate, and they have
accordingly given notice to do so on or before the
30th -June next.

HILL TRAMWAYS FOR ESTATES
IN CEYLON.

If any further evidence were required of the
unreUahlene.ss of the Report so hastily compiled
by the so-called Hill Tramways Commission,
it is afforded in tlie proceedings at a recent
meeting of the Udapussellawa Planters’ A.sso-
ciation." If tliere was on.e line more than another
which miglit he deemed ripe for report, owing
to ]i evious prolonged investigation, it is that
of 'die proposed NTumoya-Nnwara-Eliya-Kanda-
yiola Tramway. The Commissioner.s must have
had .all tlie information (■o!le^■ted by their [ire-
clccessors before them ; and yet if Messrs. E. 15.
Nicol and E. J. Rrown .arc to be relied on— and
their Resolution on the subject w,as carried
unanimously— a very large jiortion of the traflic
of the districts was omitted altogether from the
Estimates adopted by the Commission ' This is
scarcely credible- -and we have not time as we write
to' verify the charge propounded liytlie Udapu.ssel-
lawa planters ; but if it liolds good, of course the
Commission’s Rei»orl falls to the ground as woi th-
le.ss : wliileif onr Udapussellawa frieml.s sliould he
mistaken, it would, at least, show a great want of
clearness in compilation when such an almost
nn])iecedenled charge could be formulated. The
iilaiiteis alle.ge that all the Niiwaia Eliya
trallic is ouiitted and also the trallic of the
Nuwara EUya and K.aiidapol.a estates ! If this
can really he demonstrated, it must prove f.atal
to I he ’Commission’s Report which had then
better he laid on one side for correction and
revision generally.

Revision is the more ncce.ssary ; because it is
evident that several other districts have had less
than justice done to them. We our.selve.s hold
tlir ('ommissioners to ho too hasty in coMdenmitig
offhand the Peradeniya-Deltota-llewiiheta Tram-
way. R I**-!'' '*'* existing road .as far, at any
rate" as a central ))oiiit like Deltola itself, it
shonlil show a renmnerative margin. Now, again
we have the report of proceedings held by

[June i, 1897.

residents in tlie Northern Districts meeting at
Teldeniya and they make out a very fair prima
fade case for reconsideration, although the Com-
mi.ssion was in too great a hurry to wait for
their information. Delay in this case is ac-
counted for by the .scattcreil nature of the
districts coiieenied. This Northern or North-
Eastern road tramway is, perhaps, one of the
most promising yet propounded ; and altogether,
we trust the Covenior will see his u’ay in due
season, to reopen the Enquiry and afford
an opportunity for a m<sre careful and correct
Report on the subject of Hill Tramways.

A TEA COMPANY AM ALC AMATION.

We observe that meetings of shoreholders of the
Nedeem, Kumai, Cheng mari, Rainlhari and Toorsa
Tea Companies have been convened for the 15th
instant with a view to sanctioning their transfer to
a London Company to he formed witli a capital
of LM00,0()O, of which only .fi3(i0,00() will, in the
first instance, lie called up. The capital of tlii.s
Comp.iny will he divided into two-thirds 5porcent.
ciimiilativo preference and one-thinl ordinary shaies

J’lie properties to be taken up are

Total

Area

area.

under

Price.

plant.

Nedeem

3,781

2,018

245,000

Chengmari

6,188

1,432

9 joOO

Kumai

2,089

656

36j000

Baintbari

910

383

12j00O

Dalgaon

2,200

1,001

sojooo

Toorsa

8,288

535

25,000

23,456

6,025

338,000

Working capital

22,000

£360,000

In addition to the (>,025 acres under cultivation, a
further extension of 1,025 acres is contemplated’ in
1897, and it is estimated that a further 5,000 acres
are available for planting. The price to be paid
works out £56 per acre under tea. The profits from
the Nedeem, Chengniaii, Knmai and Baintbari Com-
jianies for the last three years have been : —

R

1894 . . . . . . . . 298,011

1895 . , . . . . . . 234,278

1890 .. .. .. .. 271,937

which have been divided in dividends and applied
to extensions. The Nedeem Company has paid a
dividend of 20 per cent some years past, and is con-
sidered one of the finest gardens in the Dooars.
Taking exchange at Is 3d. the amount required to
pay the preference dividend on the new company
will he R192,000 so that it will be seen that these
shares are amply secured. The amount- to be paid
for each garden works out per share about as
under : —

R

Nedeem .. .. gqg

Chengmari . . . . . . . . 310

Kumai . . , , . . _ _ 3j;.j

Baintbari . . . . . . , _

These figures compare favourably with present
prices here. The new Company will he called the
Nedeem Tea Company and should be a most suc-
cessful one. Amalgamation, such as these, are steps
in the right direction in the tea industry. The
reserve capital of £40,000 is intended to he applied
to developing tho I) ilgaon and Toorsa coiie'uma
Tao present shareholders will iiavo the right of re-
taining one-third of their interest if they desire to
do so— Cii/nfal,

JUNTR I, 1897.)

AGRicui/n;Risr.

849

THE I'KOPICAI.

BUETI8II NORTH BORNEO.

A special mjefcin.( of meiibec.^ of tho London
Ch.amloai' of Uomnier :o was held on 7th iiist. at Botolph
House, when IMi-. \V. 13. Pt-yer, fonnoidy seniou re-
sident, British North Borneo Gompan^/’s service, and
recently manager of tho North Borneo Develop-
ment Compiny, delivered an address on “ Prospects
of Gonimrtcial Development and Planting in British
North Borneo.'’ Mi'. Jamas Chambers (vioe-pre.si.lent
of the Chamber) took the chair.

Mr. Pryer, having described the geographic il features
of the isian land climate, particularly in it.s northern
part, said that, owing to immigration of different
n.ationalitiss, there could be no doubt that the popu-
lation would be .a very mi.vod and contusing one,
but also withant mucli doubt that the Hakk is from
South China would form tlie m in bulk of it. ,San-
d.ikaiiBiy claimel to be one of the finest harbonrs
in the worl 1, rivalling llio and Sydney ; several rivers,
cr.;oks and water.vays ran into it, giving acces? to a
la'i'ge area of fertile link As the river.s wliieh ran
to the north an 1 sonth of Sandikan all had Ijar.s .at
their m mtas, their tralo and produce had to
be caried in shallow draught steamers, and transhipped
at Siiiclikin, which, therefore, had a large future
before it. Porest pro luce iuohi led iadi.irubber, gutti-
pcrcha, bir D’-narts, heasw.ix, camp'ij-, cl.immir,
rattans a'ul timber. In liarubbar, guttaperoh i and
r.attins hid been largely exterminated in many of
the districts where once they were abundant, so tint
now there was even difficulty in getting seeds for
their proper cultivation, which was to be regretted, as,
if plant 3d and looked after in a proper way, they
were an extremely remunerative and very inexpen-
sive crop to raise. Every dollar invested in doing
this a few years ag 3 would have been worth twenty
now. Timber was more likely to attract the atteu*
tion of capitalists. The greater part of North Borneo
was virgin forest, and it has been calculated that tlao
amount of good'timber per acre averaged about 200
tons. The best kind was known as billian or iron-
wood, which was in considerable request in China
for piles and beams, whrst it was said to be un-
surpassed for railway sleepers, and there was likely
to be a huge demand for it when railway making
coratneuced in China in earnest. In the south-east
part of tho country there were very extensive coal
fields, and outcrops of coal occurred in several other
places right across to Sindakin Bay. Grold existed
over a considerable area up the Segama River and
inland ffoin Darval Biy, but, so far, the quantity
obtained load been smill. Diamonds and other pre-
cious stones had been found two or three times in
different parts of the territory, as well as specimens
of cinnabar, copper, antimon3’^, arsenical silver, and
other metals. A hill of mica had been discovered up
the Labuk, and it was iinpos-sible to say what thn
real mineral woilth of the country was until its
centre part h:id been more thorongbly explored In-
dications of petroleum oil occurred in two or throe
places, and exploring rights had recently been granted.
Should oil be found it would give a tremendous fillip
to the country. It had been said by people who
knew the country and its resources best that North
B 3i'ne3 was the least crowded and mo.st promising of
any British possession that now offered a field for
the employment of British youth and British capital,
and it was without question in its soil that the future
prosperity of the country and of all connected with it
cliiefly laid. As many of the country's products
specially lent tliemselves to manufacture, they would,
no doubt, soon see springing up, in tho most ad-
vantageous positions, sugar-mills, coconut and cotton-
seed oil mills, cotton ginning works, additional
sawmills, papei-making works, fruit canning works,
and many others. There was no reason why
North Borneo ahoiiid not have as many people to
the square mile as Java, with it.s 22,000.000 inhabit-
ants. To .sliow what could bo done, he mentioned
an estate tivelvo miles nortli of S.indakan, started five
years ag.', whoi'e there was at that time nothing
but virgin forest. Toflay there were over 1,000 people
there, some of them getting their livelihood from

lOH

wages, others cultivating the soil on their O'wn ac-
count, wiiile over a spaco of some I, .'>00 acres the
forest trees fia 1 been replaced by valuable produce-
yielding plants. What had been done on the 1,.')00
acres could b3 done, and would be done, sooner or
later, on an indefinite number of similar areas in the
country. In time Borneo would be the chief supplier
of cotton to China and Japan and of sugar to the
Hongkong refineries ; would supplant the Philippines
as the chief pi o.lticers of Manila hemp ; run Singapore
ha.d in the ex jiort of copra, sago, tapioca, and g imbier,
and lie also h.oped that North Borneo would be one of
the main contributors to the world’s supply of india-
rubber. The cultivation of these articles offered, as
far as human foresight could go, the safest and best
of investments. The main need in connection with
the counLiy, it seemed to him, was actual proof that
such was the case, and when w,as made clear from
actual demonstratio.i that coffee, copra, land and other
things, nn ler proper management, were almost as
safe as Consols, au'l out and awiv m 'U'e reinuncr.itive,
there would ho no lack of capit i! fimhooniing.

A di.scussiou took place on Mr. Pryor’s iiiterosling
paper, and the meeting closed with a vote of thauks
for the same, --A. ft' C, Erpress, April

“H.UtU TIMES AND DRINK.'’

Under this heailiiig, the American Grocer of
March 24th lias the following interesting re-
view : —

COFI’KIO.

Measured by the number of gallons of the bever-
age consumed, coffee ranks next to beer as a popular
beverage. The net importations for ten yeara and
per capita, consumption has been as follows : —

Year.

Pounds.

Av. import
cost — cents

^ capita.
Pounds.

1887

500,819,587

10-7

8'53

1883

408,562,775

14-0

6.81

1889

561,132,100

13 0

9-16

1890

490,161,900

16 0

7.83

1891

511,011,459

ngo

7 99

1.392

629,671,748

*20'0

9.61

1893

• • • •

551,395.2.50

14.0

8'24

8894

• • • •

517,068,994

16-4

8-01

1895

• • • •

643,234,766

14'7

9'22

1196

572,671,840

14'6

8-04

- Overvalued by
paper currency.

rea.son of

(lepreci.atioii of

Brazilian

All coffee is imported in the raw beau, and on
the average loss 16 per cent in roa.sting, and allow-
ing for which leaves a net consumption in 1896 of
481,044,346 pounds. The Import coat was $83,534,366,
or 14'6 per pound. Coffee retailed in 1896 from 20
to 36 cents per pound, and averaged about 25 cents,
Assuming that one pound of coffee makes two gallons
of infusion, we have a year's consumption of 962,088,692
gallons at a cost of $120,261,086.

TE \.

The per capita consumption of tea does not in-
crease; in fact, is less than it was twenty-five years
ago, when it averaged one and one-half pounds, against
one and three-tenths pounds in 1896. Tlie net im-
ports, assumed to represent consumption have for ten
years past been as follows: —

Year.

Net imports.
Pounds.

Av. import
cost, lb.
cents.

1SS7 . .

.. 87,481,186

18.7

1838 . .

. . 83,9-14,.547

15.8

1889 . .

. . 79,192,253

16.0

1890 . .

. . 83,494,956

15,0

1891 . .

. . 82,395.924

17.0

1892 . .

. . 89,610,741

16.0

1893 . .

.. 88,131,088

16.0

1894 . .

.. 91,801,565

15.1

1895 . .

. . 96,437,042

13.5

1896 . .

. . 93,340,248

13,5

Consnmp’u

capita

Pounds.

1.49

1.40

1.29

1.33
1.29

1.37
1.32

1.34

1.38
1.31

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS I'.

[June i, 1897.

S30

Tlie import cost of the tea received in 189fi was
Sl5,585,741. Tlie retail cost was at least double this
or $31,171,4^2. Banhofer, chef at Delmonico’a, uses
four gallons of water to one pound of black, and three
gallons to one pound of green tea. Others estimate
200 cups to the pound, and some only 100. India
and Ceylon tea will make fully 50 per cent, more of
infusion than can be made from the best China and
Japan sorts ; iu fact, sixteen gallons of proper strength
are made from one pound of leaf. It is safe to say
that one pound of tea as ordinarily brewed will make
five gallons of beverage, on which basis there was last
year a total consumption of 4(Ui, 701,240 gallons, costing
fi 3-5 cents per gallon, thus making tea the cheapest
of all beverages in general use. If machine-made
(Ceylon or India) tea is used, a gallon of good tea
will cost the consumer from 3 to 5 cents per gallon.

COCOA, CHOCOL.VTE, ETC.

The 1896 imports of crude cocoa, leaves and shells,
amounted to 23,276,597 pounds, valued at §2,387.078,
Of manufactured cocoa there were 1,244,309 pounds
imported, valued at f 110,249, or a total import of cocoa
and preparations valued at $2,797,327, deducting from
which $166,415 worth re-exported, w'o have as the
import cost of the cocoa imported $2,630,912. A large
part of this is used for confectionaiy and other
purposes than a beverage, but it is safe to estimate
that the retail cost of the chocolate and cocoa used
as a beverage does not exceed $3,000,000.

THE TOTAL DRINK BILL.

BringiKg together into one group, we find that the
United States consumed in 1896, alcoholic and non-
alcoholic stimulants to the value of §1,016,126,400 as
follows ; —

Boilers.

Alcoholic drinks
Non'alooholic Stimulants —
Coffee
Tea . .

Cocoa

861,693,8.32

120,261,086 •
31,171,482
3,000,000

Total .. .. 1,016,126,400

The above represents a yearly per capita expendi-
ture for beverages of $14.31 for the 71,000,000 inha-
bitants of the United States, or 4 cents per day. Evi-
dently hard times have cut down the appetite for beve-
rages of all kinds, and 'render distilleries hazardous
industries. Breweries and coffee mills are far better
property.

PLANTING IN SUMATRA.

British capital has found a homo in almost every
part of the world where it can earn for its owners
even bread and cheese, but, as far as we know, the
industrial wealth of the Dutch Indies has not received
any stimulus from English enterprise. This is certainly
not because there is no scope for profitable invest-
ment in the rubber, tobacco, or coffee industries of the
island of Sumatra, so much as that when the Hol-
lander has a good thing he likes to keep it to himself
— as we see every day in the Transvaal.

The cycle trade is making us all very cosmopolitan
in our tastes, for we must have rubber to keep the
great Dunlop Company earning dividends (as long
as may be) on its famous five millions of capital,
and the world’s supply of this very useful gum is
certainly not on the increase. On the East Coast of
Sumatra the rubber-tree flourishes, and there can
be no doubt that before long an enormous trade
will be developed. The natives tap the wild trees,
and have been in the habit of exporting consider-
able (piantities of rubber gathered in this wasteful
and unskillful manner; hut of late years systematic
planting and cultivation of the trees has been prac-
tised, and in the Tandjong Kassau district already
many fine estates h ive thus been formed. Some idea
of the profitable nature of the trade may be obtained
when we say that 1()0,()00 trees produce at a low
estimate an annual revenue — after deducing expenses
— of from £25,000 to L'30,000.

Coffee, which in Sumatra is free from disease, is also
a staple product of the island, and, no doubt, the
fortunes which, a few years back, were made in Ceylon

out of its cultivation will be repeated in Sumatra.
Taking the yield of each tree as only three pounds,
an estate of 300,000 trees should give an annual
profit of well over .£10,000. Ramie and tobacco are
both profitable crops, and it is said that petroleum
will also be found shortly among the large exports
of the island. Meanwhile, the Dutch companies which
are working in Sumatara appear to have been very
pro6table investments for the dwellers by the Zuyder
Zee, as may be seen by the following list of shares
dealt in at Amsterdam —

Premium on Shares.

per cent.

Amsterdam Deli Comp. Aand . . . . 378

Deli Batavia Maatschappij Aand . . 325

„ Cult. Mij. Arondsburg Aand .. 34J

,, Maatsebappij Aand . . . . 595

,, Tab. Mij. -pref. Aand .. .. 8

,, Langkat Tabak Mij C. v. A. Norn. gor. K. 11
Medan Tab. Mij. Aand .. ..98

Padang Tabak Mij. Aand : ..9

Senembah Mij. Aand .. .. 388J

Serdang Tabak Mij. Aand . . . . 15

The field appear.s to afford considerabie scope for
British enterprise, and, provided the management
of tLe plantations is associated with partial Dutch
control, so as to cope with the natural exclusiveness
of the Government, large dividends should be raised
by similar companies which our countrymen may
properly establish, and which we hear, efforts will
shortly be made to to orgaoise and offer for subscrip-
tion.— Sketch, March 24.

♦

PLANTING PROSPECTS IN BRITISH
CENTRAL AFRICA.

An interesting account of planting andprospects of
coffee in British Central Africa and German Territory
has been supplied to a representative of the Ceylon
Observer in an interview with Mr. E. Von den Hoff, a
gentlemen who had been prospecting for several years
in Central Africa, and arrived here recently.

COFFEE,

at Blautyre and Zomba, has been a failure in Mr. Von
Hoff’s opinion. The first crop is always very good,
but the crops after that are uncertain, and for three
or four years sometimes there is no margin of profit.
Almost everybody has been trying to form Companies
as soon as coffee fields are opened, and on could rent
out a 200-acre plantation for .£100, crop and all. The
first crops being so very good, a great many people
were induced to settle there.

[All this differs so much from the Reports of Sir H.
•Johnston, and our own correspondents, Messrs. Moirand
Brown, as well as the Nyassaland Company’s Manager,
that we must await furiher information. — Ed. T.A.'\

TRANSPORT AND LABOUR.

Transport is miserable and costly ; labour is also
difficult to get, and nas to be got from great distances
from the interior. Wages are low, and 4s a montq
and 1 yd. of cloth a week is the usual wage, y
great many planters pay in calico. The labour is
procured from different districts in the Nyassa
and each head costs about 10s to get down. There
were men who carried on work in that direction and
they used to bring down .500 to 600 at a time for
different planters. They had to send coffee by
carriers a good distance to Katongo on the Shire River
and load into river boats and pass iuto the Zambesi
to Chinde where it was loaded on larger German
boats and taken to Beira for transhipment to Europe.

SOIL AND CLIMATE.

The soil is not very good where estates have been
opened. It is a medium quality around Blautyre, and
ill the interior rather remarkable as regards soil.
It is not a country for white men to stay in. I have
been away up to Tanganyika and have crossed it and
saw nothin^ in land fit for white settlors.
There was plenty of fever — blackwater fever of a dan-
gerous type, and affecting natives also at times. I
went up with a caravan to the interior to prospect
for cofleo-laud, and found one portion on the Northern

juNii I, 1897.! THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

85 r

Nyassa very good for the purpose, but transport will
cost so'much that it will not pay to open up land there.
Labour" there was also very poor; the people there
do not know how to work properly ; they have their
banana and manioc plots and rcmiiin contented,
doing no work. Regarding rainfall in B. C. A.
the rains commence in October and conti-
nue to December and sometimes commence as
early as September. Five months generally
in the year they have rain and then no rain at all.
ihe dry season is very bad and the weather very
much hotter than in Colombo. There is water in
plenty with such large rivers in i^lantyre itself, and
water is the chief mode of transport.

COFFEE DISEASE.

The trees come into bearing three years after
planting, and the first crop is very good, but the
following crops are uncertain. Coffee disease has
also broken out, the branches dying off completely
and trees gradually dying off ; they could not ac-
count for it though some experts have been trying
to find out the cause. Some planters cut out
their five or six year old trees, when attacked with
the disease, about a foot and a half completely,
and new branches come up, the trees being
quite bushy like tea. Trees occasionally recover
when attacked but a great many die off. On most
estates in British Central Africa the disease has
appeared. The estates opened up show a lai’ge num-
ber on paper. Though a good many persona have
been trying to form Companies, nothing has been
done. The estates are all owned by private owners.
At present you can buy land 200 acres in coffee
and 300 unplanted, with buildings, etc., and well
laid out for T2,000. Most of these estates have their
pulping and other machinery, and every year new
machinery is being imported. [And yet we are to
believe the estates leave no margin of profit! — Ed.C.O.]

The coffee is of very good quality and they got
the best prices of any coffee in the world, realising
£115 per ton in England. What with transport and
other difficulties the planters do not get more than
£60, a good lot being eaten up by middlemen,
transport agents, etc,

EXPOKTS.

In Tanga (German possession) they have all this
while exported only about 200 bags coffee, land
being planted about four years ago. They have greater
difficulty in the matter of transport and labour.

In Blantyre it was not so bad, but at times great
difficulty was experienced in the matter of food
there being so many people about.

SUGAE PLANTATIONS.

Several Companies have started sugarcane plan-
tations and very large tracts have been opened out,
and they ai-e doing very well. These are chiefly
in Portuguese territory on the Lower Zambesi, tracts
larger than the coffee estates opened in B. C. A.
They must have at least about 1,500 to 2,000 acres
in course of cultivation, and there is a very large
factory and new machinery ordered from Natal to
double the output of the sugar factories, so that
they are having double their sugar crops. Two Com-
panies were started — one English and one Portuguese
— two years ago, and they are in full swing now. In
the matter of export they find things easier and
they also do not pay import duty on goods imported,
and that is the reason why their plantations are
easier.

LIBERIAN COFFEE

has just been planted on the lower portion of the
Zambesi by the Portuguese and the prospects arc good.

Mr. Hoff leaves this evening by 13. 1, boat for
Tuticoriu and Madras, proceeding later on to Rangoon.

Planters’ Association Coniniittee, tlie acre-
ages in each ea.se on which tliey weie
lused From these again ue have worked out
the average yield for each district, taking only,
of course, the tea in bearing into account.
From two districts alone —Nilambe and Pnn-
dalnoya — have we failed to get the required
acreage returns. It will be observed that
without these two districts and native gardens,
the total area cultivated, in our table, is
814,776 acres and in beaiing 246,901, show-
ing 68,875 acres of young tea. It will
be remembered that a certain amount has
to be added to all these figures to get the
exact totals for the island. But meantime the
vast majority of districts are fairly represented.
It will be observed that the maximum average
yield per acre is 567 lb. for the Kelani V^alley ;
while Uda])ussellawa— strange to say — gives the
minimum in 381 lb. We should suspect some
blunder here ; but we must go by the figures
published and sent to us. Dimbula and
Dikoya are wonderfully close in their averages
— 457 and 459 lb. respectively. The table is as
follows : —

District.

T3

<L>

o *-13
< c
O

biO

CO

oj ce

o U
o .

(D o

-*-3 ^

a

■■ios
w

Sd^
> ^

Ambagamuwa

13,862

12,565

5,416,000

431

Badulla

12,348

9,121

3,461,625

379

Balangoda

5,011

2,211

831,000

375

Dikoya

27,577

25,261

11,600,000

459

Dimbula

Dolosbage and Yak-

45,059

42.232

19,323,510

457

dessa

15,927*

*

5,726,000

Haputale

13,794

9,556

3,618,250

378

Kalutara

14,000

12,000

5,000,000

416

Kelani Valley

28,303

22,956

13,021,200

567

Kotmale

8,262

7,643

2,853,000

.373

Maskeliya

18,806

18,128

7,143,500

394

Maturata

6,160

5,100

1,833,400

359

Upper Hewaheta

3,899

3,436

1,463,350

425

Lower Hewaheta

3,771

3,355

1,050,000

313

Nuwara Eliya

5,‘=72

4,600

1,922,600

417

Northern Districts ,.

39,178

34,217

14,114,981

412

Nilambe

2,000,000

Pasaara

10,000

7,000

2,800,000

400

Pussellawa

17,845

16,135

6,534,600

404

Pundaluoya

,

1,395,000

Rakwana

4,000

3,565

1,284,600

360

Udapussellaw'a

9,877

6,684

2,203,000

331

Udagama

Native and unesti-

1,425

1,136

525,000

462

314,776 246,901 119,120,616
* Insufficient figures furnished to give correct area
of tea not in bearing.

ft scarcely looks from our Fxjtort table so
far, as if the total estimated crop for 1897
was to be fully secured '! Up to 27th April,
our exports of tea are rather over 84 million lb.
or 3 million in advance of .same date bast
year ; but the excess must be 11 millions

over 1896, to give us a total crop of 119 mil-
lion 11). for 1897. Fvery thing deiiends on the
current (juarter, the .second, which is always out
busiest in tiic shipments of tea.

THE TEA CROP ESTIMATES FOR
1897-BY DISTRICTS.

By applying to the Chairmen and Secretaries
of the various District Associ.ations, we h.ave
been enabled to add to the estimates
of the current tea crop furnished to the

PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION.

Coffee is advancing in popularity in the Mackay
district of Queensland. There is little doubt, says
the (,)ueenf:lamler, that its cultivation will go a long
way tow'ards saving the Mackay planters who can-
not make sugar-growing pay. It is well-known-
bitter experience has taught the lesson over and over

lJUNE r,

852 THE TROPiCA! AGRICULTURISI.

again— that it is inn^ossible to continue for many
years taking one kind of crop frcm the land\\ithont
returning to it in the foim of nianuve the constituents
wliich that crop specially dians from the soil. I his
is aheadv hccomhig apparent on some sugar lands in
the Ma( ka' dist? ict, ami there fore it is wcdl for faimers
toleain ill they fan about coffee, for which the
locality is declared by an old Ceylon planter, to be ad-
mirably adapted. With annual y dimin'shing yield,
and grub and other pests by the canc to contend
with, the ] lanter would be in a sad plight were there
no epening fi r him to continue his occupation in some
form or other. Ceffee leemr to present this opening.

From the ‘‘ Mcicury ’ we gather some particulars
of the pusent position of the budding

COFFEE lN*.USTHy AT MACKAY,

For many y( ars past Mr Costello, at Millicent, near
Habana, has grown coffee on a commercial scale, and
at the present t'me he has some 35 acres under crop,
the splendid ceffee from which finds a ready sale in the
town. But the atti actions of cane*growiug appear
to have kept others from following his example, and
until recently no attempt has been made to extend
the industry. However, the failure of coffee in Cey-
on and other pi rcos, and the rapid rise in the value
of the staple, led more or less directly to Mr. John
Dansey, a Ceyh n coffee planter, visi.ing Mackay
about twenty months ago. With a natural
leaning towards the crop of which he had so
much expeiience, he saw in the climate and
rainfall and soil of this district an excellent oppor-
tunity of establishing coffee-growing on a large
and payable scale. A company having a capital of
il6,000 was registered in July last year, and acquired
some 300 acres at Mount .Tuke.s, Mr. Dansey being
intrusted with the work of opening up the estate.
No time time was 1 st, and the necessary buildings
were erected, the imichinery ordered from Ceylon,
which machinery will bo here in the comae of a
month, and a nursery of young coffee plants made.
Seed was obtained from all avai'ablo sources, con-
sidciable amounts being taken from locally-grown
trees. Thei'e is now an a nursery of a hundred
thousand plants, ■which number will be doubled next
year, and these have made such progress that plant-
ing out has been commenced, and in a few weeks
twenty-right acres will be cavryiwg young trees. In
addition to this area planted by the coffee Company,
private individuals liave planted in the vicinity of
Mount Jukes some forty acres on the Bowen road
about an equal amount w'lll be put in shortly, while
down at Plano Creek small areas are also being put
undei the same crop. Then'the coinp.vny proposes to in-
crease its area by fifty acres each yeir, until the whole
of the available coffee land on the estate is planted up

The General Explor.ition the Land Syndicate,
Limited, int nd to go in for

COFFEE IN liEITIKII CENTltAE AFRICA,

after a favourable report by a Mr. Barclay, an ex-
perienced Nilgeny planter, and in order to mitigate
the ravages of the “borer” and secure other advan-
tages, the planting is to be done under shade. But how?
“ By planting Lihcrian coffee .among the Arahica ” — so
that the “ shade ” as well the crop will give a return.

Among what n ay bo termed

AUTIIICIAI. FODDERS

suitable for dairy cows coconut meal is said to have
a high value. This fodder is now extensively u.sed
in Europeiui dairying countries, particularly Sweden
and Denniaik, where it has become indispensable
whire stock arc kept. The meal has lately been in-
troduced into New SouUi Wales, where it is sold in
Sydney in cwt. hags at 5s per cwt. This coconut
meal is said to be more largely n.scd in Denmark
and Sweden than linseed cake or bran, and is re-
garded as a very valualilc food, not only for cows
hut for hoiscs, pigs, and I'oultry. Coconut meal
forms part of the daily ration of liorses, from 31b.
to (ill) Ix'ing added to chaff, according to the sis^o
of Ibo lioise audits worl;. Mixed with slim mill; it
is said to lie splendid for fattening pigs. Young
poultry fatten very rapidly on coconut meal, wliicb,
uud( r pi’oper conditions of fec'ling, gives bettor
re.suUs tiiaii grain.

New avenues for the disposal of an over-abundant

MAIZE CROP

are always welcome to groweis of that cereal, but
we doubt whellier the latefct discoveiy will meet with
general approval in Queensland. It is said that a
Chicago man lias discoveied a process for mami-
factuiing white powdei’ed sugar from com. The
actual tests were made some time since, ar.d were
entirely successful, The Chicago Sug.ir liefiniiig Com-
pany is now turning out an article of powdered sugar,
made wholly from coni, that is equal to anything
on the market. It is a secret process, and the
statement is made that it is expected to eventually
make all grades, even to a yellow sugar. This new
sugar has been put upon the market at about I^d
per lb. less than the “trust” price. It is not of
quite so fine a giain as the regular powdered sugar,
but this is claimed as an advantage, as it will not
cake or become lumpy. It possesses 97 per cent of
saccharine strength, against 98 percent of the regular-
powdered sugar. The foes that beset the path of
the poor sugar cane-grower are multiplying. First
beet, now corn ; what next ?

The industry of

RABBIT PRESERVING

and exporting has attained such dimensions in the
Soutli that it is a question whether the benefit derived
from the rodent is not greater than the harm it has
done. Babbits have certainly reduced the capacity of
the land for carrying sheop and cattle, but their cap-
ture has provided work for probably a larger section of
the population than have been driven out by their
depredations. Some idea of ohe magnitude of the trade
in Victoria alone may be gathered from the fact that
last week thei'e was a danger of the cold stores at
Flinders street, Melbourne, becoming blocked wiib
rabbits. Although 9t),U0U bad just been shipped in two
steamers for England, there remained in store 150,000
rabbits, and the number was being added to at the rate
of 10,000 or 12,000 a day,

A project for the estaiilisliment of a meat and rabbit
preserving factory in the Mount Gambler disti ict is
being warmly taken up, and it is expected that busi-
ness will begin in -Ypril and that 2,000,000 rabbits will
be sent from the neigbourhood during the coming
season. So that South jVustralia is also entering into
the rabbit business in earnest.

BATTAUJALLA ESTATE COMPANY.

The seventh annual report of the Battalgalla Estate
Company, Ijimited, is issued, with balance sheet.
Here again the 18i)5 standard is happily maintained.
The Directors in their report state that they are
pleased to be able again to give a satisfactory
account of the Company’s working for the past year.
There has been an appreciable increase in the yield
of tea, the total quantity manufactured having been
222,281 lb. against 170,500 lb. the previous year. The
average selling price in London has Leen !)-02d against
10" lid the previous year, and in Colombo 5-50d against
l)-25d. Out of the crop the Company sold in London
174,580 1b. realising net fO, 271 10s Oil and in Colombo
43,055 lb. realising net lll0,010-20. These figures
compare with 120,951 lb. realising net ,i‘4,907 9s Od,
and 39,958 lb. realising net K17, 904-33 in 1895. Ex-
change has ruled higher during the year. The
original £4,000 debentures having cxi)ircd wore duly
paid off. A frosli amount of £10,000 has been
authorised, of which £1,000 were issued in replace-
ment of above. The remaining £0,000 will only bo
issued i)i the event of frerdi property being acquired
at some future date. The usual 10 per cent has
lieen deducted fro-n factory account., and £295 fioni
the estimated value of the .\siatie. I’todnco (.’oinpanv's
shares owned by the tionipany. A. '> per cent dividend
was paid in October, an. I 10 pei- cent i.-i now pro-
])osocl — l.'iijjrcent for tho year, same as 1S‘)5. — £i01
123 forward. The board coinsists of ^Messrs. E. 11.
Ilancock, Cliarles A. Kei.s.s and Adolf Eimmarn. The
(ii-st geiilleniaii letii'cs by rotation, and offers him-
self for I'o-eleetiou. Local “Times, ' April 29.

June i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL

TOBACCO AND CEYLON PLANTEItS.

(From a South ImUaii Expert)

1 have lead, witli great interest, tlie various
opinions ex[)ressed upon tobacco past and I’nture
in Ceylon. These oinnions call, as you suggest,
for a reply from me. A good deal ajipeared Irom
me under the above heading, in your March and
April i.ssues of the Tropical Ay riculiuritst.

When comparing your planters’ opinion.s with my
own, interested reailers must feel that my state-
ments were correct and are justilied by facts. With
all due deference, most of the writers, who give
their e.xperience, show a lack of that [iractical
knowledge of the subject, necessary to make
this industry a success.

!So far as I am aware (I am open to cor-
rection,)— from information gained in the island,
fioni men who were interested in the late
Ceylon Tobacco Coy. — tobacco was a success
and a great success, so long as the expert or
experts from iSumatra had anything to do with
it, and failed when, after these men severed
their connection, the Coy. worked without
them. At all events, there is a startling dif-
ference in the prices obtained. Mr. Vollar,
whose name has been identilied with tobacco
froiii the first, and whose ojnnion deserves the
greatest consideration, says :—•* There is no
doubt we can grow lirstrate cigar tobacco, but
so far we have failed in the curing of the
tobacco, Ac.” Now, neither the soil nor the
cultivation has to do with the curing of the
leaf ; this is a [irocess only, and one that is
essential after the leaf is harvested, 'fobacco
is not tobacco until the leaf is cured
and fermented. It is obvious therefore, that
to be successful, special knowledge is
necessary, and like most things, such special
knowledge is not obtainable from books. Bad
curing will make the best leal worthless, while
good curing will olten convert inferior leaf into
good smokable tobacco, though possessing the
attributes of inferior leaf. Then again “(1) Too
tight iiolling ; (2) liCaf too strong and coarse ;

(.■}) liquoring down ; (4) antd certain ingredients to
improve llavour, Ac.” are hardly faults of cultiva-
tion and could easily be overcome by practical
knowledge.

Tobacco necessarily requires attention to busi-
ness ; perhaps more so than any other product, in
its handling on the field and oil, and the plainer
who prefers “Tennis, and Mounted Eut” had
better not try tobacco, for he will surely fail and
fail badly.

The trade at home i>ay for cigars what they
are worth and not what they cost. 1115 per lOUO
I'.o.b. would represent a very jioor cigar whether
from India or Ceylon, and would, even at that
price, liml a small sale only. There is no demand
for a coar.se cigar ; wdiat is required is one i hat is
well made, mihl in llavour, pleasant in aroma,
packed uell and manufactured with consideration
to the iieculiar retjuirements of the country to
which they are to be exported ; for such there is a
large and increasing demand, and luolitable prices
are oll'ered and obtained.

Jt is purely a question of practical knowledge of
plann ing, curing and manufacturing, coupled with
an intimate knowledge of the trade.

THE PATIAGAMA CTNCllCNA CO., LTD.

The annual general meeting of this Company
was held at the olhee of Messrs, Bois Bros, A Co.

AGRICULTURIST. 853

Colombo, on 1st May, when the following annual
Report was adopted : —

‘•Tbs Directors herewith beg to submit theirPifteonth
Annual Report ; — Tho estimate of Tea for tlic past
year was (50,000 lb. : but the actual crop has fallen
somewhat short of this quantity, being only lb.

which was sold in Colombo at an average rate of
49’13 cents per lb. On a reference to the annexed
account, it will be seen that the actual working of
the year .shews a small margin of Rl,i)12-‘J5. The
Directors recommend that the balance now at credit
of Profit and Loss Account should be appropriated
n reduction of Suspense Account, vrh ich represents
the loss incurred in working tho Estate previous to
1890 whilst the Tea w'as coming into bearing ; and
they trust the Shareholders will approve of this re-
commendation. The Shareholders have to appoint
a Director in place of Mr. C. E. li. Symons, whose
term of office has expired ; and it will also be
necessary to appoint an Auditor for 1897. — By order,
Bois Bitos. & Co., Agents & Secretaries.”

A special general meeting followed when the
following special resolution was passed : —

“ That the Directors be empowered to issue mort-
gage debenture bonds to the extent of £5,000 sterling,
bearing interest at the rate of 7 per cent per annum,
for the purpose of paying off the existing debentures
aggregating £1,000, and to provide funds for the
cost of planting tea on the Company’s estate.”

. ^

SALE OF IIUNUPITIYA xMILLS, NEGOMBO.

Messrs. Baker A Hall have just sold Hunupitiya
Mills (bought only the oilier day) to the CeyTon
Tea Plantations Gompany, which is now am' ex-
tensive owner of coconut property.

Since writing the above, a correspondent ■writes: — ■
“ It is the intention of the Company to use
the mills a.s a eentral depot for their' coconut
businc.ss, their intcre.sts in the Negombo distiict
being gradually extended. The mills are .said
to be capable of turning out 1,000 ehests of
desiccated eoconut and a large quantity of oil
monthly.”

NEW INDUSTRY FUR GLASGOW.

In about three weeks hence there will bo started
at Polmadie what is practically a new industry not
only in that district biu in Glasgow. Tho manu-
facture of steel tea chests v/ill form tho chief busi-
ness, and will be carried on by tho Acme Tea Chest
Company, Limited, :it what will become known as
the Glasgow Steel Works. In a small way a com-
mencement was made about threo years ago in John
Street with the manufacture of packages, but .so
great has the demand now become for tlio steel tea
chests that it was necessary to erect extensive works.
After tea growers in India and Ceylon were per-
suaded to give the new invention a trial, no fewer
than 150,000 chests were sent abroad in ouo year,
and during the year closing, which is tho tliiril of
the company’s existence, ;’)UU,0U0 chests have boon
sent to India and Ceylon. Wlicn the new works
are in full operation it is hoped that the produce
will bo something like 1,200,000 tea clrests per annum ;
and that there will be such a demand seems assured
when it is remembered that soma 5,000,000 ehests are
used every year, without Japan, and that toa-groweis
everywhere admit the advantages of the patent boxes
over the wooden chests. Tho new industry will conse-
quently before long give cmpiuymeiit to between .'>00
and (500 workmen, including mcchatdes, joiners, lau-
yers, and labourers. Should all go well, it is also pro-
posed that the compituy produce tiicir own steel
plates, as meantime the plates coming from NVales
are found irregular as regards hardness and
softness. The features of the new steel chest
may be summed up thus That the same siise

«54

rtlK TROPICAL ACRICaLTaRISr.

[June i, iSg^.

carries much more than the old wood chest, the
freight is less, the tea is delivered in fresher and
better condition in London, and the saving to the
grower is considerable. When the chest is made up
it has a very neat and clean appearance, and re-
sembles very much an average sized safe. The fact
that 1,000 “ Acme ” chests will bring home 106,000 lb.
of tea, while 1,176 wooden lead-lined chests, of the
same outside measurement, will be required for the
same quantity, demonstrates clearly one advantage
of “Acmes” over wooden chests. A saving of about
Is O.jd per 100 lb. of tea arises from using the
“Acme” chests. The manufacture of the chests was
this week described to a party of pressmen, who
■were shown over the new establishment. Of course
the chests are not made up here, but are sent abroad
packed flat in strong wooden oases, holding from 10
to 100, and at the tea gardens they are constructed,
the process of putting a chest together occupying
only three minutes. The preparation of the plates
is an interesting process, and simplicity characterises
the whole invention. The top and bottom are of
wood, lined with thin metal. The whole surface of the
chest inside and out is coated with a solution of lead
and tin. After being pickled in acid and washed
the sheets are passed through an ingenious machine
which performs coating automatically. The sheets
are then trimmed to gauge by guillotine machines
and taken to the large press, which at one stroke
practically makes the body of the chest ; between
the dies of this chest the plate is stamped and shaped
under a pressure of some 250 tons, and when it issues
it can be bent in half a minute by hand into the
form of a chest, and closed by the patent fastening
made simultaneously by the same machine. As
they come from the machine, the plates may be
shipped off to Ceylon, where they are made into tea
chests by the most unskilled of the natives. As
regards sti'ength, lightness, and durability, the steel
chests far surpass the old wooden ones, and a great
matter is that leakage is impossible. At Polmadie
entirely new machinery has been laid down, and
the company will find great advantage in having
the Caledonian Railway siding running into the
works. Coal, for instance, may be placed at the
furnace doors fiom the waggons, while the goods will
be conveniently despatched. There is an installation
of electric light throughout the works. Mr. Jamos;
T. Tullis is chairman of the directors, Mr. P. titurat
Brown managing director, and the other directers
include Mr. James Couper, jun., and Mr. John
Bennie. — Bntish Dailn Mail, April 2,

EMPIRE AND TEAPOT; IN AN INDIAN
TEA GARDEN.

(BY W. r. LAW.SON).

Darjeeling.

Tea has become a great cosmopolitan industry.
India alone supplies the world with over one hundred
million pounds of it every year, which, valued at a
moderate average of a shilling per pound, amounts
to five millions sterling. Perhaps two out of the five
millions are distributed in England in dividends on

tea shares. . , , , , ,

To India itself tea has been an incalculable boon.
Like jute, it is almost a monopoly, and districts of
Bengal have been enriched by it which might never
bav^ been good for anything else. Assam and the
whole frontier country oast of Darjeeling were almost
impenotrablo jungle until tho pioneer tea-planters
hewed their way in, and transformed the jungle into

a garden. t i

Calcutta as a port ow'es a great deal to tea. I rac-
tically the whole output of the Assam and Darjeeling
gardens passes through it, and for tho shippers it
is a profitaldc business. One firm in Calcutta ships
thirteen million ponn?s a year — a huge business in
itself and leading to many other valuable con-
tingeiicios. A member of an old Calcutta firm re-
marked to mo a few days ago. “ I sometimes wonder
where we should have been if new lines of business like

tea and jute had not opened up so providentially for
us. It is only five-and-tweuty years since I joined
this firm, and today we are dealing in hardly a
single thing that I began with. They are changing all
tho time, and we have to change along with them.”

Tea plantati ons are now scattered sdl over India
though by far the largest area of them is in the
Brahmapootra Valley running up through Assam.
Very fine tea is grown on the Nilgiri mountains,
on the west side of Madras province, and not far from
the Wynaad gold fields. When

THE FATE OF THE HOLD FIELDS.

still trembled in the balance, some of the pioneer
companies, with commendable forethought, pro-
vided themselves with large areas of waste land
for planting. If the quartz failed them they
thought they might find some compensation in tea
or coffee.

On the north side of Calcutta the tea gardens most
easily reached are those of Darjeeling, They can be
included in the regular Darjeeling trip, now the
greatest trial that most tourists find in India. You
can start from Calcutta by an afternoon train on
the Eastern Bengal Railway, dine on a ferry boat,
crossing the Ganges at Damorkdea, and breakfast
next morning in full view of the Himalayas.

From Saraghat, on the left bank of the river, you
travel on a metre-gauge line — the Northern Bengal—
to' Sibguri, where you change again on to the 2ft.
gauge mountain line. This later line— one of the
few successes that Calcutta finance has yet scored off
its own bat — rises about 8,000 ft. in less than fifty
miles. It corkscrews round and round the mountain
sides, curling itself into loops, and cutting track above
track, until you can look down on three or four of
them in successive terraces.

The Canadian Pacific may show some bits of equal
magnificent engineering in the Rockies, but it has no
such long continuous climb as there is on the
Himalayan Railwaj'. The nearest approach to its
wonderful scenery is on the Mexican Railway be-
tween the city of Mexico and Vera Cruz, where pre-
cipitous mountains have to be scaled by cutting
track above track in winding terraces. It lacks,
however, the glorious background of the Abode of
Snow. The foothills of the Himalayas have a proli-
fic vegetation, the endless variety of which taxed
even the descriptive power of Sir Joseph Hooker.
The terai, or flat laud skirting the foothills, is

A FAMOUS GUASS COUNTRY,

at least by repute, for in this year of universal
drought most of it is as dry and dusty as a brickfield.
From the terai the little railway climbs first through
a semi-tropical belt of ferns and acacias, with
feathery bamboos waving over them. Gradually
orange trees, lemons, banyans, and cotton trees
mingle with the bamboos. Many of them are hung
with creepers radiant with bright coloured orchids
and convolvulus

This orchid belt covers the lower valleys and extends
from 1,000ft. to 4,000ft. up the mountains. Then a
third belt begins quite distinct from either of the
lower ones. European trees — oak, beech, and maple
— intermingle with palms and fig trees, while the
ground is carpeted in many parts with European
mosses. In this half-tropical, half-European belt we
find the tea gardens. Wild tea bushes have shown here
and there among the brushwood all the way up. Now
and then on a patch of clearing beside a railway
station or a native village a young garden may have
been seen struggling into lexistence. But that sort
of tea is only for home use. The growers pick it
as it cornel, dry it in the sun, and in any case are
sure of a strong flavour, which is what they most
appreciate.

Scientific tea-growing has yet to come. From
2,000 ft. or 3,000 ft. up wo may have been passing
tea gardens all tho time, but they are not visible
from the railway. They only come in sight when
wo rise high enough to look back on them from the
crest of a mountain that may have taken us hours
to scale. Thou the panorama which unfolds itself is
superb. Between douse black masses of jungle broad

June i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

S55

ttietchesj of bright green flasli out in tlie sunlight.
In some cases an entire mountain side has been
cleared, and acres of tea bushes are already in leaf.
Elsewhere clearing has just begun. Twenty or thirty
acres have been cut out of the jungle, and the first
planting hardly shows as yet above ground. This
year another big cut will be made in to the jungle, and
twenty or thirty acres more will be planted. A tea
garden in a good district is always extending itself,
always.

BRIVING BACK THE PRIMEVAL FOREST,

and adding to the countless rows of green bushes.

At Kursslong, about twenty miles from Darjeeling—
that is, on the lower side of the mountains — we
get into the heart of an old and well developed tea
district. It is one of the oldest in India, its first
garden having been started about 1856. Whole valleys
have been cleared and planted, acre has been added
to acre till the area of some of them is to be i-eckoned
by square miles. Whole lakhs of rupees had been laid
out on some of them, and as a rule well laid out.
They are no longer gardens, but “ tea estates,” and
when the proprietors got too rich or too lazy they
had themselves converted into limited liability com-
panies, with directors in Calcutta or London, and
brokers running after their shares. The manager of
a large tea estate generally finds life worth living
even in these high latitudes. His white-washed bun-
galow, perched on a commanding ridge, is conspicuous
for miles around. Sloping lawns and bits of gai-den
give it a homely look, and at the same time guard it
from miscellaneous intrusion.

But there is one ugly feature it seems never able to
get rid of — its galvanised iron roof. Neither slate nor
tile is ever to be seen here. It would cost a ransom
to bring them up from the terai, and so people do
without them. Churches, hotels, Government offices
are all roofed with the glistening white iron sheets,
which make sunlight hideous On the tea estates en-
tire houses, or rather sheds, are made of them. The
manager’s bungalow probably overlooks a hollow crowd-
ed with galvanised iron buildings. There will be a
group of “ firing-houses,” where the tea is “ fired,”
or dried, a row of sheds for st'ires or workshops,
an engine-house, with a long, iron chimney, stables
for a score or two of hill ponies, and a crowd of
huts for the coolies. The headquarters of a large
tea estate may form a very considerable village,
and it has to be held under very strict rule.

LABOUR IS A SERIOUS ITEM

in the production of good te«. Nearly all the
gardens having been formed in what was one de-
solate, uninhabited jungle, no local labour was
to be found. It had to be imported from distant
parts of Bengal, and though hundreds of thousands
of coolies have migrated to Darjeeling and Assam,
the cry is still for more. Tea planting extends
year after year, and the supply of .labour cannot
keep pace with it. Special laws have to be passed
to facilitate the recruiting of coolies in the popu-
lous parts of the country, and that has become
an important business of itself. I travelled lately
from .Patna to Benares with a free-spoken Yoik-
shireman, who described himself as a labour agent.
He had got a telegram that morning from a tea
planter in Assam asking him to send up seventy or
eighty coolies at once. He was now on his way 'o
execute the order, and he described to me minutely
how it would be done.

He had several recruiting depots in Ondh, and
the North-West, where coolies are thickest. Each
depot had its recruiting agent, who picked up men
in the street or on the road wherever ho could
find them. They were kept till the agent went
round, as he was how doing, i;o draft a new lot.
He would select the number he needed, and have
them medically examined. Then he would take
them before the nearest magistrate and have their
agreements read over to them in his presence, the
magistrate’s duty being to see that they under-
stood the agreements and made them of their own
free will. The next step was to rig them out in warm
clothes adapted to the hills, and to rig their

families also. F. nally, they were all put on board
a train, with a peisonal conductor, and sent on to
their destination. Usually ihey engage for three
years, and many of them le-ciigage for a second
term. The majority, howeve)', grow home-sick, and
return to their native villages to starve.

— Daily Mail April 2.

VAKIUUS PLANTING NOTES.

CliuTOiV-.SEKD remains .scarce. Two small
l)aicels, tolalling seven hags, have come to
li.ind from Colombo, and will probably be offered
for sale next 'rimr.sday. — Chemiat and Drnqaist,
April 24. ■’

Tamarinds. — The first <u rival of the new crop
Barbados tamarinds \vas offered at auction, but
little demand was shown, and (he whole supply,
consisting of 175 barrels of line quality, was
bought in at IG.s. per cwt. Twenty casks of dark
East Indian tamarinds %vere also bought in at
9s. 6d. per cwt. — Chemist <(■ Druggist, April 10.

1 UK Pruninu ok Tica. — An old Ceylon Planter
at home, who has read the recent correspondence
on this subject with interest, thinks that suffi-
cient attention has not been given to the evil
effects of gormandizers, m hich on some estates
are allowed to shoot up, to the detriment of
the tea bush.

Change of Address. -We are requested to
state that from and after the 5th inst the
registered address of the Ceylon Tea Planta-
tioms Company, Limited, Central Tea Company
of Ceylon, Limited, Digalla Ceylon Tea Estate
Company, Limited, Ceylon Proprietary Tea
Estates Company, Limited, Trayancore Tea
Estates Company, Limited, ami Selano^or Cof-
fee Company, Limited, which have hitheito been
21 Mincing Lan^e, E.C , will be 2U. Ea.stcheap,
E.C. — 7/. and C, Mail, April 2.

Natal Eiiirk.— We (South Africa) have had a
cal from Mr. D. W. Watt of the Kbre
Extracting Company who is shortly returning to
the (.Tarden Colony after a successful business so
.lourn on this side. Mr. Watt tells us that cer-
tain Glasgow folk to whom he submitted sneeimenti
of N.at.il fibre declare, 1 the r.„„c to be thrfiW
they had ever seen. He is taking back with him
a decorticat'iig machine with which he hopes to be-
gin work immediately on hi.s arrival in the

The Mayfield Tea E.statks Company -
Notwithstanding the adver.se criticism in citv
papers this Company has been, we hear, sue-
ce.sstully floated, as indeed might be fnllv av
pected. The Dimbula estates— Mayfield^ and
Chalmers-are,of course, first-class proiwties am
we hear such accounts of the young tea on vi,'. „
forestland on Nicholoya and of the handsonm
reserves still on that place, as show that in this
Matale place also, a very good purchase has been
made.

Dr. P. C. Plugge, Profe.s.sor of Pharmnr.r.1
at the Univensity of Groningen, Holland ^

ney to Java for the purpose of making ce -tain
phanr.acological investigations in the BnU«,
Botanical Gardens. The I’rofes.sor biteii s £
devote .special af fen tion to re.searcli into the mo
perties of Indian medicinal-plants and ^ i
a mii.ply ot ,„«lcri.al for f . rt e?’ “m

after 1, is r.t.un t„ Holland.

,vas formerly engtigcd as a. pharmaMlogisHn
service of the Government of Japan. ^ ^

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTCRIS I'.

June I, 1S97.

S56

A Vkuy Important Shipment op Tropicai,
fruit lias l»eeu maile by tlie <iueensland (--'overnmoMt
— the (irst of its kind — as an exiieiiinent ; and very
sliortly tii'> consi;^iii!ient' will be here. The fruit
includes uTiu^oes and ninoaiiples, and these are of
tlie lines! - scriptiou. It is tube hoped tliatitlie cun-
sij'nnient wiU arrive in :cood condition. The Queen
has oraciou>!y consented to accept .sonic specimens
of the fruit, ami, if all "oes well, sonic will be for-
warded to llei Majesty. The fruit is couiino by
the “dumna.” rhe maiio'oes arc from Townsville,
and the iiincsfrom UrisPane. Tiie fruit is ;.;athp.red
in a nearly ripe st vte, and it will now be seen
whether it is po.ssible, by carclul jiackiuLf and by
takiii'c every precaution, to convey tropical fruits
from .'\ astral i i. to l'hi,i,daml in tbe same way that
oranges can undoubtedly bo sent. — Ktcvopcnii Mail,
Aiiril 7.

Private E.states in .lAV.'.--For some years
tlie Colonial reports — says tlic A. and C. J'Jxprcsa —
contain a list or tlio inim'icr and value of the
private estates in Java w’ich a specification of the
owners, wlietlier Eiiropeanr-, Cliincse. natives, and
foreign Orientals. Tlie report of 1S95 mentioned
that'the estates of the Europeans amounted to
29 of the Chinese to 22h, and those of natives
and foreign Orientals to 2 niilUon guilders.
Sine; thoii a modilied list has been issued.
Successively a number of estates have been
converted into limited companies, and the follow-
in" ligiires are now mentioned: — Estates of
limited companies 16, of Eiiropeams 10, of Chinese
IS, of native and foreign Orientals 2J million
•niilders. A fault in tins statement is that it
does not show which of the limited companies are
managed by Europeans and wliicli by Ciiinese.

The Cacao Di.sease in Matale.— Mr. James
Pi. Martin, wlio lias prolonged e.xperienee in
Yattawatte, writes a reassuring letter on the
subject to our evening contemporary. We (piote

as fallows : —

‘‘ i'iiia disease has existed amongst cocoa in Ceylon
for the last 10 years, but in many instances
tlm estates where it first ap:i lared arc now doing
vv.'ll and giving good crops. 'LTie a ireage under
cocoa has certainly not increased since 189:5, Imt
the cron for the last yen- w is tlie largest on re-
cord by" a good deal, a :d tiio olheial estimate for
the present year exceeds tb it. I remember quite
well tbe scare about lldopeltU. Cocoa planters were
then reminded of tlie fate of ciueboua, and were
told that the product was ‘doomed’ and that they
were ‘rained men;’ but those expressions merely
preceded the five most prosperous years the product
has known. No doubt the assistance of an expert
will he a groat advantage in cocoa and otiier cultiva-
tions, a fact that Mr._ Christie has suddenly awoke to.”

Since quoting tliis, tne important Icttei which

will he fouml on oiir otli jiage has readied ns
from Mr. J. H. Earlier. It will he seen that
Mr. Earlier discusses the point raised Ity Mr.
VandmPoorlen and that he is inclined to tlie
view wiiicli Mr. E. E. (Jreen c.xiiresscil on tlie stem
sent to him hy Mr, (lilibon. Still, here is what
another cacao grower writes to us : — ^

With a Hpociaiist on the horizon, to say 'whether tlie
post is a poochio or a fungus would not bo wise.
All the same if it is 1 ot a ]ioochie I’ll bo siiriirised.
It is riMiiiikihle hov/ vigorous the suckers come up,
if the alta-k i.s not too low down alter the tree has
been cut down.” • ^ »

Now. surely onr friend knows how “Specialists
aie divided and subdivided now-a-days — he has
read of the samint wlio refused to he called a
S.-ientist, Naturalist or iwcn an Entomologisi :
lie only knew' of one species of beetles— a sub-
division of Coleoptera’f Nmv we have in our
niidst a working Ihiloniologist— why are his .ser-
vices not availed off

(.VlOLIK.S AN 11 PliANTERS.— Tl.cro call hc no
doubt of the scarcity of coo’ies in many diiec-
tions in the iilanting districts, and the tricky
cheating disposition which is spreailing among both
kanganis and coolies is much to be deplored. It will
inentahly sjircad iiinch further too, unless strongly
diseonraged and repressed, no matter at what
immediate cost, by the planters themselves.
Here is an illustration ; a kangani interviews a
planter about hiinging him a gang of coolies ;
but lirst their debts must be paid — these debts
consist, .‘^ay, of 111,000 to the estate they were
on and 111,000 of outside boutique and clietty
debts. The latter must lie paid and the money
is wanted for them; but inasmucli as the estate
Siipeiinlciidenb refused a “ tiiiuin,” lie, tlie
kangani, baviiur given proper notice, docs not
mean to pay the 111,000 due to tlio e.stato — but
will let the owner whistle for it ! Fortunately,
the Manager applied to was one of a good old
ccliool who at once hooted the kanguni making
this dishonest proposal, ont of bis presence and
off the estate. But are there any Huperinten-
dents — bard up for coolies it may be — who
wonl ! entertain a dishonourable and dislioncst
])VOposal of this kind? TVe trust not. On the
other band wliat about the refusing of “tundus”
~ is that right or even wise w'ben application
is made in the )u-oper wav ? M’e think not ;
for the risk is thus run of lo.sing botli coolies
and advances — the only remedy being a civil action
— and w'c all know what that is worth.

“ A Gentleman of Japan”— is tim heading of
an article reproduced in a tiny circular trom the
Canadian Grocer. We quote as follows : —

Mr. II. Komada, Kobe, Japan, manager of the
Japan Tea Exporting As.sociation, arrived in Mon-
treal a few days ago to visit their Canadian repre-
sentatives, Morrow & Ewing, Montreal. Mr. Komada
is the founder of the Japan Tea Traders’ Associa-
tion and takes an active interest in its affairs. The
association has over one and a quarter million mem-
bers. In fact, every proprietor and dealer in teas
in .Tapan is required by law to join and obey the
bylaws of the association. Mr. Komada says that
the .Tapanese tea merchants are much e.xercised
over the enornio :s strides which have been made
by Ceylon teas in Canada during the last year or
so. 'i’lie advertisements in the Canadian Grocer
had interested the trade here in Ceylon teas, and
were creating a feeling against China and .Tapan
makes. By constant repetition the trade all over
Canada were beginning to believe things about
Japan teas that were not altogether fair. Buyers
were in consequence turning to Ceylous, and tho
demand for Japan teas had fallen off very much.
Wholesale merchants and dealers who were pushing
other makes a year ago were now advertising to
the consumer all over Canada nothing but “ pure
Ceylon teas.” The matter had come before tho
Japan association, and some action would be taken
to counteract these influences. It was quite true,
he said, that in Ceylon teas were made by maclii-
nery, while in Japan they were still made hy hand,
but he explained that as the Japanese were a very
cleanly xieople there would be no danger of dirt
entering their makes, or ot disease being commu-
nicated. lie admitted, liowever, tliat the Chinese
tc.as were often very dirty. In fact, lie added, that
tlie Chinese were very dirty, and prejiarod their
teas as much witli their feet as with their hands.

Ho found that there wore a great i*any inferior
.Tapan teas coming to thffe market. They were not
sliippcJ by the de-sire of tho Japaneso ihomsolves,
hut by foreign firms. They were what is known as
third pieking.s, and the foreign houses ordered these
to get low-priced teas, 'rim .lapancso at home
would not use them, and tlioy wore trying to pre-
vent foreign houses buying and exporting them.
Handling of low-priced teas injured the dealers who
boiiglit tho early pickings at higher prices ,

AGRICULTURIST.

857

June r, 1897.I THK TROPICAL

THE STANDARD TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON.

The sixth oicliiinry general meeting of the share-
holders of the Standard Tea Company of Ceylon,
Limited, was held at the Registered Office of the
Company, 25, Fenchnrch Street, London, on '^^■ednes-
day, the lith day of April at 12 o’clock, noon.

Among those who were present we) o Messiv. Alex.
Brooke (in the chair), William Rollo, Henry
Atkinson, R. A. Bosanqnet, John Anderson (ofGorthie),
Frederick Hadden, Edward S. Grigson, Tlios. S.
Grigson, S. Wilson, Geo. Setou, Geo. Stehn, Jas.
Mackintosh Smith.

The Secretauv (Mr. A. Trafford Brooke) read the
notice convening the meeting.

The Chairman said: — Gentlemen, you will, I fancy,
take the accounts and report as read in the usual way.
You will note the Directors recommend the same
dividend as last year, though you have not had the
same profits, owing to the increase in the tea not
quite compensating for the fnlling-off in coffee, and
the rise in the rate of exchange in 1896. The in-
crease in tea has, however, done pretty well towards
filling up the gap. Our first year the income from
coffee and baric was nearly half onr total income
this year the coffee gives about 5 per cent towards
total income. It is therefore satisfactory that the
tea has done so well, and you see by the report that
wo have a good deal of land still only partially
bearing, or not bearing at all. The exchange has
not treated us as well this year as in 1894 and 1895.
The close connection of Ceylon with India made us
a sufferer in exchange, an I the severe famine there
did us no good even in the matter of labour in
which some thought it might help. It seems a little
strange that it should be such an anxiety to Ceylon
Planters to obtain labour, while the anxiety of Indian
rulers is to find labour for their teeming population.
The Ceylon Association and H.E. the Governor have,
however, this matter in hand, and it may be hoped
they will persuade the Indian rulers into measures to
overcome the conservatism of the Northern coolies.
I .suppose it will not be a much greater difficulty to
induce such coolies to come to Ceylon now than it was
at first to obtain Tamil labour. The high rate of
exchange has been somewhat artificial Money has
been very dear out in the East. In the old days the
Exchange Banks and others would have purchased and
shipped silver to relievo the tightness, but this can-
not be done now for the Indian mints being closed
it cannot be coined into rupees, so that practically
the only way to relieve the scarcity of money w;s by
remittance by Indian Council bills at a high ex-
change. While our Indian currency, the rupee, is
made so much dearer, our tea rivals in Chin’’, who have
full use of cheap silver, gained 12 per cent on us and
12 per cent on 8d. tea is a penny per lb. That penny
is a substantial bonus to the Chinese tea producer.
I do not know that I have more to say except that
the Ceylon management has continued to give satis-
faction. You may hear something upon this subject
from Mr. Norman Grieve. Of the purchase of Coney-
gar I need say little beyond what is told you in the
report. The Directors believe it will prove a fair pur-
chase ; it is wedged in between our Gordon and St.
Leonards estates. I shall he happy to answer any
question that aoy shareholder may put to mo, and
I now beg leave to move that the report and accounts
be received and adopted.

Mr. Norman Grieve said: — Mr. Chairman and gentle-
men, I have much pleasure in seconding the adop-
tion of this report, and I should like in a few words
to state the impre.ssion I have gained by being out
in Ceylon. Of course 1 saw' a great many changes in
point of view of labour. Everything is wonderfully
altered since I was there. I can see dangers in some
quarters and considerable difficulties which will have
to be contended with in others. So far as our pro-
perties are concerned, I carried away the impression
w'e had very much less to fear than many of our
neighbours. I have had occasion to visit a number
of estates belonging to other companies during my
stay in Ceylon, and in no quarter did I find that

any property was more efficiently managed or pos-
sessed be'ter managers. In the matter of manage-
ment I can see difficulties in many places. There
are a large number of experienced men who have
come home, and consequently there is a considerable
tightness in the market for able managers. We,
however, have, I am glad to say, in Mr. Bagot and
Mr. Craib and the other gentlemen who manage our
estates a moat efficient staff. In proof of this you
need not go further than the report, when you con-
sider that wo have not only shown good results, but
have increased the price of tea since last year. I think I
do not speak too highly of our manager on St. Leo-
nards; his value to the company is great. There
are of course drawbacks here and there. AL superin-
tendents have now a very anxious time in the manage-
ment of their labour. Every district has to contend
with unscrupulous people who are increasing the
advances on coolies in a most reckless way ; but this
system I regard as tantamount to a rise of wages.
It has this advantage — the screw' can be put on more
easily. When the time comes if you make a specific
advance in the rate of wages, it is very difficult to make
a reduction. On this advance system there is a pos-
sibility of going bick to the ohl system again and
dropping the advance. I do not think that on our
estates wo have suffere 1 as badiy as miny other
places I visited, and I baliove this is due to the
excellent managers we have on our properties.
There is a great feeling of clannishness amongst
coolies, and when they are under a man whom they
thoroughly trust they are not so willing to move
from estate to estate. I can speak w'ith the
greatest confidence with regard to the future of the
properties. I think that this company can contem-
plate with comparative equanimity the possibility of
difficulty in the money market, exchange, or the
prices of tea, as compared w'ith many other under-
takings. I w'as much struck in yt. .Leonards with
the very large amount of undeveloped land. We
have a very luge area, which has hitherto been
under coffee, w'hich is now under tea. Similar land,
on an adjoining estate is giving as much as 6001b. to
700 lb per acre. I should certainly advocate the
dismissal of coffee soon because it is a
vanishing quantity. I should therefore devote the
whole of the valuable area to tea, and not postpone
any longer than is necessary the day when it will
be bearing tea. We have a valuable and an increas-
ing valuable property to deal with, and I think this
company is very much to be congratulated on the
position in which it stands. Y'e shall have, like
everybody else, to be careful and economical, and
endeavour in eveiy possible way to keep down the
cost of production. The men wo have in charge of
our property are alive to this necessity, and are un-
surpassed by any I came across during my travels
in Ceylon. I have much pleasure in again second-
ing this motion.

The CiiAiiLMAN : — Before I put this motion to the
meeting I ask any shareholder for remarks or en-
quiries.

Mr. Seton: — Mr. Chairman, I should like to ask
what probability there is of these £6 paid shares,
which constitute the. chief ])art of the capital of the
Company being jraid up in full. Of course, I am
quite aware that if wc do not want money, there
is no object in calling it up, but if they could be
paid up without injiuingthc financial position of the
Conqiany, I think the shares would have a greater
value on the market.

The Chairman: — When wc started our Company,
it was with rather large ideas. We thought we should
buy many more estates and that we should call up
this reserve, or unpaid liability and use it in paying
for these estates never obtained. The ideas of Ceylon
estate owners went rapidly far ahead of ours, and
we have done very little towards buying property on
the scale at one time contoinphitcd with Conygar,
the Vendor, stipulated lor, and we agreed to pay him in
shares. So for the present I do not see that there
is much probability that w'e shall call up that liability.

Mr. H-adden: — Mr. Chairman, if I am in order^

100

858

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

( June i, 1897,

1 Bhould like to know wluvt the Reserve fund is in-
vested in ?

The CuAiKJiAN ; — The Reserve Fund has been used
to pay oft our debts and is invested in the estates
and we have benefitted by it by saving interest and
in increased profits. Compare the cost of the estates
Jhe balance sheet T75,0b0 with the paid-up capital
ii5G,tXX). If we had not had that £7,500 we should have
been owing pro tuiito more on Debentures on mort-
gage or something, and you would have been paying
interest on it.

A Bn-utEiioLUER : — I see the price of the St. Leonards
tea was higher in 1895 than in 18',)5 — was the quantity
as great?

The Chairman ; — The quantity increased also. The
Maskeliya is not so satisfactory, as we had an in-
creased quantity and a smaller net result there.

Mr. Seton : — 1 note, Mr. Chairman, we do not
see details of actual crops gathered in. They are
not mentioned in the Report.

The Chairman : — We never have mentioned it.

Mr. Seton ; — Then the shareholders have not the
pleasure of seeing whether they have increased or
decreased their tea crops.

The Chairman ; — They have increased very steadily,
indeed you can see that the large proportion of our
increase is in tea. The crops of tea were 502,000 this
year, 572,000 last.

The Shareiioei>eu Nothing to be ashamed of
that is clear.

The Chairman If there ia no other shareholder
who wishes to ask any question I beg to move that
the report and accounts be adopted. Those in favour
— those against.

The motion was carried unanimously.

The Chairman : — I propose that a dividend of ten
per cent free of Income Tax on the .£55,000 paid-
up capital be declared, which, with the interim
dividend distributed 5th August, 1895, makes 15 per
cent for the year 1895 ; that this final dividend
be payable on and after 15th April ; that £1,000 be
written off for depreciation; that £1,500 be placed
to Reserve, and that £800 7s lid be carried forw'ard
to the year 1897.

Mr. Rod.o : — I have much pieasuie in seconding
that.

The CiiAiR.MAN : — The motion has been proposed
and seconded, those in favour — those agninst. The
motion w'as earned unanimously'.

Mr. Edwaru S. Grigson : — I have much pleasure
in proposing that Mr. Robert Kay-Shuttleworth, the
retiring director, be and hereby is re-elected a diiec-
tor of this Company.

Mr. Anderson I beg to second that.

The Chairman : — It is proposed that Mr. Robert
Kay-Sultk worth be le-electert fl director. Those in
favour — those against. The motion was carried una-
nimously.

The Chairman : — I have a letter from him ex-
pressing very great regret that he is not here today.
He is unfortunately detained by severe sickness of
hi.-i wife, in San Remo, and 1 beg to thank you in
his name for your re-election.

A Shareholder:-! beg to propose that Messrs.
McAnliffe and Davis, Chartered Accountants, be
elected Accountants of the Company.

A Shareholder : — I have much pleasure in se-
conding that.

The Chairman : — It has been proposed and seconded
that Messr.s. McAnliffe and Davis be elected Auditors
of the Company.

Those in favour kindly intimate the same in the
usual way.

The motion was carried unanimously.

'I be Chairman: — GcnllciiRii, tbal ends tlic bti-iiies.s
of our ordinaiy meeting: and we now become an
exlraordinaiy general incclin;;.

F..X 1 UAORDINAtlV general MEr.IT.NO.

The Chairman : — I propose that the capital of the
Company be increased to .£150,000 by the creation of
5,0( •• new shares of £10 each.

Mr. W. Rollu : — I beg to second iliat.

The Chairman — Geutlemeu, it looks a little bit in
consistent, after my remarks to the shareholders, that
we should propose to increase our capital at the time
when w'e intinic.ted we saw’ no iuiin-fdiate use for money,
and the only estates we have lately bought we paid
for in duly paid shares. AVk think, however, that times
may change, and it might be better to he authorised
to leave the optiou of this extra capital.

The motion was put to the meeting and carried un-
animously.

The Chairman : — This, gentlemen, concludes our
business.

Mr. R. A. Rosanquet :— Before we close this meeting
I should like to be allowed to say a few words. I am
sure it is quite a pleasure to hear this favourable
report; sometimes tilings look all coulcur-dc-ro.^e and
sometimes we see clouds ahead. I h-.we listened with
much interest to Mr. Norman Grieve, and it has made
me wish that I too might visit Ceylon again ; but,
perhaps, sometimes it is as well not to got too close to
these difficulties. I wish to propose a vote of thanks
to the Chairman and directors and to couple with it
that of the eminent Agents in Ceylon wliose services to
the Company are and have been great, Messrs. Geo.
Steuart & Co., and I have no objection also to include
the estate managers.

Mr. I. Mackintosh Smith : — I have much pleasure
in seconding this.

The motion was put to the meeting and carried
unanimously.

The Chairman : — I thank you for myself and my
colleagues, the estate superintendents and for Messrs.
George Steuart A Co., but there is c. gentleman here,
Mr. Thomas Grigson, who can more appropriately
reply for the last.

Mr. Grigson : — After all that has been said it is not
necessary I should occupy your lime beyond thanking
you very much for the Resolution you have passed.
To hear of Mr. Grieve’s visit to Ceylon shows a favor-
able prospect for the operations of the Company in the
future.

The proceedings then terminated.

THE EDERAPOLA TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

The first annual ordinary meeting of the Edera-
polla Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited, was held at
the office of the company, 15, Philpot, Lane, E.C.,
on Tuesday, April 13th, 1897, at 2 o’clock p.m., Mr.
G. W. W. Paine (chairman), pvesi ling.

Notice convening the meeting having been read by
the secretary, the chairman said he supposed they could
take the report and accounts as read. He had very
little inforinalioii to give the shart’holders on this
occasion, it being their first goncuU meeting since
the formation of the company. They had had
sundry tempting offei s made to them to purchase land
recently developed, but they preferred to purchase
virgin soil and develop gradually for themselves. As
the shareholders would notice in Ih i report they had
already purchased some native lands adjoining their
properties, and they intended, as opportunity arose,
to extend their boundaries by the acquisition of any
suitable native or Crown lands that might be for sale
in their vicinity.

The chairman considered the dividend of 10 per cent
a very good one for the first year’s working, consider-
ing the rate of exchangehad been again- 1 them. With a
more favourable rate of exchange and abetter lea mar-
ket they would hope for an improving dividend. The
quality of the tea had much inqn-oved since the
company had taken over the estates, and great
credit was due to Mr. Watt fur his continual and
successful exertion to improve I be quality of the
tea. Mr. Paine then gave particulars as to the new
< 'raringH, and irj (juestioiis being forthcoming the
lullu'vjng re-olntioiis wore put to the meeting and
eaiT'ied uuanimuusly.

Proposed by Mr. G. 1’aj.vi;, secoiid<.d by Hr. Pokier:
— •' That the reports and accounts as presented to the
ehareholderf! ho loceived and adopted.”

Pioi>osed by Mr. Paine, seconded by Mr.
MacMartjn :— Tiiat a final dividend ot 5 pev

June Ij 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

''^59

cent, (free of income tax), making 10 pec cent, for
Ihe year, be declared, payable forthwith.”
Proposed by Mr. PoRTEa, seoomled by Mr. Sivip-
son: — '‘That Mr. G. W. Paine be re-elected a dir-
ector.”

Proposed by Mr. Stocks, secoii.led by Mr. J. C.
Anderson: — “That Messrs. C.ipe and Dalgleisli be
re-elected auditors for the ensuing year.”

Proposed by Mr. G. \V. Paine, seoondel by Mr.
Simpson : — “ That a vote of thanks be and is hereby
given to the Ceylon and London staffs for their
efficient working of the Compauj’’s3 piroperties and
business.”

Proposed by Mr. Andrews, seconded by Mr.
Simpson : — “ That a vote of tlianks be and is hereby
given to the chiirman and directors of the com-
pany.”

In responding, Ihe Chairman mentioned inci-
dentally that there wis a considerable enquiry for
their shares at .£1-1 per J310 shave, and the ]ivo-
proeeedings were then hronght to a clnse.

THE BAND.\.UAPOE.\- CEYLON TEA Ct)., Iff)

The fourth annual ordinary meeting of the
Bandarapola Ceylon Company, Limited, was held at
the office oi the Company, Hi, Philpot Lane, E.C.,
on Wednesday, April 14, 1897, at 2'iiO p. m., Mr.
G. ^V. Paine in the chair.

Owing to very few sh.areholders being present
the proceedings assumed a formal character, and
the following resolutions wei’c passed unanimously
Proposed by Mr. G. W. Paine, seconded by Mr. C.
J. Scott: — “That the report and accounts as presented
to the shareholders be received and adopted.”

Proposed by Mr. G. W. Paine, seconded by Sir
George A. Pilkington : — “ That a final dividend of 5
per cent, (free of income tax) be declared, payable
forthwith, making in all 10 per cent, for the year.”
Proposed by Mr. G. W. Payne, seconded by Mr, H.
Eraser : — “ That Mr. 0. J. Scott be re-elected a
director of the Company.”

Proposed by Mr. Geo. G. Anderson, seconded by
Mr. D. Andrew : “ That Mr. John Dalgleish, C.A., be
re-elected auditor for the ensuing year.”

Proposed by Mr. G. W Payne, seconded by
Mr. H. Eraser: “That a vote of thanks by given to
the Ceylon and London staffs for their efficient work-
ing of the company’s property and business.”

Proposed by Mr. D. Andrew, seconded by Mr. W. D
Camprei.l: — 'That a vote of thanks be, and is hereby,
given to the chairman and directors of the Com
pany.”

The proceedings then terminated.

THE NAHALMA TEA ESTATES CO., LD.

The third annual ordinary general meeting of the
shareholders of the Nahalma Tea Estates Company,
Limited, was held at the offices of the Company, 391
Victoria Street, Westminster, on Tuesday last.

The chair was occupied by Mr. Arthur Marshal!,
Chairman of the. Diiectors.

The Secretary iiaviug read the notice convening
the meeting, and the minutes of the previous meeting
having been read and confirmed, the Chairman
moved the adoption of the rep art, which, he remarked,
spoke for itself. The proposal was seconded by Mr.
T'obsythe, and carried unanimously.

Mr. Abernethy proposed, and Mr. S. MacP>ey
seconded, the payment of a dividend at the rate of 2
per cent, on the ordinary shares, making 6 per cent,
for the year. The resolution was carried.

The Chair.man then proposed and Mr. Abernethy
seconded the re-election of Mr. Eousyxhe, the director
retiring by rotation. The resolution was carried
nem con.

Mr. Batten proposed the re-eleciion of the audi-
tors of the Company Mtsns. Eox, Sissons, & Co., and
the proposal, having been seconned by Mr. Eorsythe,
was carried unanimously.

The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the
Chairman.

CEYLON TEA

LIMITED.

50, 6, '2 Ifi 1

Keport of the Directors to bo submitted at the
Tenth Annual Ordinary General Meeting of Share-
holders to be held at the Office of the Companv on
Thursday, 29th April, 1897. ’

The Directors have the pleasure to submit the
General Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account
for the year ending 31st December, 1896, duly audited.

i- s d. £. s. d.

The net amount at Credit
of Pi'ofit and Loss Account,
including balance brought
forward at 31st December,

1895, and after providing for
General llxpenses, Direntors’

Pees, Tneomr- Tax, Ac. io

An intr-iim Dividend of 7
ppv cent, on the Ordinary
Sliares wa.i paid 2sth October,

1896, aniomitiiig to

It is propo.sed to pay a

final Dividend of 8 per cent,
on the Ordinary Shai'cs
(makino 15 per rent, in all,
free of income Tax) which
will ahsoih

Dividends on the 7 per cent.

Preference Shares were paid
for 1896 (less Income Tax),
amounting to

It is proposed to add to
Reserve Fund

It is proposed to write off
for Depreciation
And to carry forward to next
year a balance of

11,716 12 0

13,390 8 0

5,486 17 3
14,542 14 9

4,000

1,516

0 0

4 1

rru -p.- . , . T50,652 16 1

Ihe Directors are pleased to be in a position to re-
^mmend a total Dividend of 15 per cent on the
Urdmary Shares, this being the tenth consecutive year
in which a like dividend has been declared. It is

Depreciation the sum of
£4,000, and to add £14,542 14s 9d to the Reserve
£ nnd, which, w’lth the addition of £4.57 .5s .3d derived
from profits on Sale of Investments during the
year will stand at £85,000. The yield of tea was
4i0 lb. per acre over plucking area of 7,998 acres have
and this is the largest average outturn the estates
given since the formation of the Company. The
yield for 1895 was 437 lb. per acre. tL crop for
1896 was as under : — ^

„ , , ^ , Tea manufactured

Estate tea Bought leaf tea for others. Total

lb. lb. ■

^i63,167 505,586 1,214,843 5,483,596

Ihe ^oss price realized for the Company's teas
sold_ m London was 814d as against 8-09d per lb. in
189o. The average rate of exchange during the year
was unfavourable, compared wnth that for 1895 being
Is 2 3-6 7-4d as against Is I 1-3 5-2d. Appended to
this Report will be found a statement of annual
crops acreages in bearing, yields per acre, profits
6a»rued, eucI Eiiiouiits set aside for Reserve Fund
and Depreciation for the last ten years, also a state-
ment of the properties held by the Company at 31st
December i896.

From the Coconut Estates 875,570 nuts were har-
vested, and the outturn from the Mill at Sirano-a-
pathe was 3,016 cwts. of Copra and 3,540 cwts "of
Fibre. Anotbei- Jlill is being erected on the Mawatte
Estate, axd as the various Coconut Estates come into
be.rring, satisfactory profits fr.im this portion of the
Reserve in vest men c may be looked for.

Mr. H. V. Masefield lias been appointed Ceylon
Manager in place of Mr. G. A. Talbot, wlm lias retired
from that position and joined the Board of the
Company. The Directors again cordially desire to
express their satisfaction with the work performed
by the staff in Ceylon and London during the year.
Under the Articles of Association, Mr. David Reid
vacates hia seat on the Board and Mr. G. A. Talbot,

S 6o

rHK TRonC.Al. ACiRlCULTURIS !'. l JuNE i, 1897

who has l)een electecl since the last general
meeting, also retires, but both being eligible, offer
themselves for re-electin.

Acul'agks or- Tea Estates at 31st December 1896.

The Company’s produce has been dispo.sed of as
follows : —

6,740 lb. tea sold in Bombay and Colombo.

221,620 „ „ London.

Estates.

be

s

Districts.

Mariavvattc. .Gamnola. . 467 4
Atgxlla ..do .. 291 81

Dunedin Kelani Valley 417 ..
Dswalakando do ... 481 ..

Sambawatto. . Yackdessa 360 16
Mudamana. . K. Valley . . 391 ..
Ingo3’a . . do . . 250 127

Wallaha . .Diinbula. . 247 ..

Tilly rie ..Bogawan-

talawa.. 572 ..

Scrubs ..N'Eliya ..

Alton . .Maskeliya..

Taugakeliy. .Dimbula. .
Waverley .. do
East Holyrood do
Lochiel . . do

Rosita . . do

West Holyrood do

Yoxford . . do

Glenlyon . . do

Polmont . . do

107 ..
413 ..
823 ..
364 ..
687 ..
373 ..
230 ..
500 ..
421 ..
601 1

Total acreages . .7,998 229

03

E 55

•0

V

tuD

c8

c5

oft ^

03 q

tc ce

9

0

q O'

u

^ Z>

0

q

"tC-S

'5 2 “

^ q ci

a; CD

c6

'a

-4J

0

H

*-5

H

94

1

566

41

97

18

.531

21

87

, ,

525

. .

169

650

274

25

657

83

474

54

428

, ,

859

23

20

290

31

148

2

756

4

30

10

151

33

12

458

44

43

910

4

368

46

733

37

45

35

490

49

19

298

16

1

517

29

21

13

478

23

8

636

, ,

47

47

214 1,714 257 10,412

Acreages of Coconut Estate.
ICoconuts.

Estates. Provinces. ’S

<D

Audigama . .North

Western .. ......

iVIavvatte .. do .. 60 397 10 20

Jakwila .. do .. .. 339 1 )

Sirangapathe Western 280 188 30

Total acreage .. .310 1476 133 279

0

a

o •

be

c

1 "
1 3

bC

3

o^n

Ph H

35 914
8 504
4 .343
7 521

5 I 2282

THE KANGALLA TEA COMPANY OE
CEYLON.

Report of the Directors for the year ending 31st
December, 1896, to be submitted at the annual gen-
eral meeting of shareholders, to be held at the Ol'licos
•f the Company on Wednesday, 21st April, 1897.

The Direetois have .'the pleasiireto submit the
balance sheet and profit and loss account to 31st
December, 1896, duly audited.

The nett profit, including the balance of

£952 5s lOd brought forward from

last account, amount to £2,724 14 7

The final dividend for the year

1895 was paid on 9th April, 1896

amounted to . . . . £880

An interim dividend for the year

1896 was paid on 24th Se]it.

amounting to . . . . 6(;0

1,540 0 0

Leaving a sum of. . . . ,tl,l.si 1 1 7

Which it is [iroposed to apply as follows; —

In payuieiit of a final dividend of 5 per-
cent for 1B96— free of income tax —

(making 8 per cent for the year £1,100 0 0

Balance to be carried forward to 1897
account .. ,, 84 14 7

£1,184 14 7

228,360 lb. tea sold, realizing £6,219 3 9

5,262 lb. cardamoms

gross = 4,842 lb. net, sold

in Ceylon, realizing 594 2 1

Total £6,813 5 10

The sales of tea show a nett average price per lb.
of 6.54 pence, being equal to say 45 rupee cents per
lb. Exchange for the Company’s drafts during the
year has averaged 1/2 17-32, as against an average
Exchange for 1895 of 1/1 516, the difference thus
materi.illy and adversely alTecting the profit.

The acreage of the Estate is as follows : —

Tea in full bearing

. 591A

,, ,, partial bearing

. 63

,, not in hearing
Cardamoms

614

. 56

Grass and Fuel Timber .

. 25

Forest and Waste Land

. 444

Total 1,211 acres.

The yield of tea per acre has been 380 lb., as against
340 lb. for 1895.

During the year, an additional expenditure of £166
17s 1 d has been incurred 011 capital account for tea
clearings, whilst the sum of £81 5s Id has been rea-
lised by the. sale of tea plants. The capital expen-
diture has again been reduced by writing off £300
for depreciation of machinery, and this policy
should be continued.

Manuring has been a great success, both in regard
to yield and in the improved appearance of the tea
bushes, and it is intended to treat 216 acres during
the present season.

Tlie prospects for the current year are quite satis-
faerory, the estimated yield being 2,50,000 lb. of made
tea, .and 4,5001b. di‘3’ cardamoms, the estate Mana-
ger’s latest adviers i-e))oitii)g 5,000 lb to i and 800
ib. c.u’damoms in exsccs of last year. All hands were
busy plucking, and the labour was proving sufficient.

THE EOONAGALLA VALLEY CEYLON
COMI'ANY, LT).

Report of tlie board of Directors to be pre-
sented to the Shareholders at their First Annual
Ordinary Meeting, to be liekl at the Office of
the Company, 16, Philpot Lane, London, E.C., on
Wednesday, the 28th April 1897, at 2-30 p.m.

The Dircetor.s have pleasure in submirting to the
Shareholders Uio Report and .Accounts of the Com-
pany for the year ending 3lst December 1896.

The net profits for the year amount to £1,831 8s
2d, and this it is proposed to appropriate as follows: —

Amount as above .. .. £1,831 8 2

An Interim Dividend of 3 per cent (free
of Income Tax) naid in Sept, amounted
to . . . . £525 0 0

It is now proposed to pay a Final Divi-
dend of 3 percent (also free of Income
Tax) making 6 per cent for the year
absorbing . . . . 525 0 0

To writeoff the whole of the Preliminary
Expenses . . . . 119 6 1

1,469 6 1

Leaving a balance to carry forward
to next account of . . £,'i(i2 2 I

The Company was incorporated on the 26th October
1895, and the Prospectus issued on the 30;h of that
month, when tlio applications for the Share and De-
benture Capital were considerably in excess of the
amount offered for public subscription.

Since the Company acquired the properties from Sir
George Pilkington, a small addition of about 20 acres
has been purchased from Goverumont, the land in
question adjoining Udaheua Estate, and the tota

June X, T897]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

861

acreage, as shown in the December Estate Reports,
now stands as follows : —

Lunngalla

Udahem.

follows
Tea in
bearing
228
1-10

Notin New Tea*
bearing, clearings. Coffe. Coffee
47
59

Cabragaila

120

Poonagalla

117

605

Ravines

and

Waste.

Lunugalla

17

Udaheua

10

Cabragaila

17

Poonagalla

44

The total

crops

63

2.3

110

196

.Jungle

and

Patna.

363

.322

613

1293

13

119

Fuel

Trees

40

19

10

7

76

69

30

30

48

10

25

25

129

108

Nnr- Total

series.

8 820

. . 653

225

3 888

11 2586

ot tea ana uusiieis

cwts. 2 qrs. 8 lb as shipped) against Estimates ot
200,000 lb . and 1,230 bushels respectively. As coffee
will, without doubt, before very long cease to be a
souuce of revenue to the Company, the Directors
have thought it expedient to instruct their Mana-
gers to plant tea under all the coffee on the Coni-
pany’s Estates, so that when the latter product dies
out, as seems inevitable, the former may be well on
on its way to supply its place. Where desirable,
the Managers have been instructed to apply stimulat-
ing manure to such of the coffee as appears to warrant
a moderate expenditure, with a view to obtaining in
the meantime the most that can be secured from
the trees. The Directors have recently had satis-
factory Reports on the Estates from Mr. A. T.Ilettie.
The properties appear to be in good heart, and the
Board have authorised the erection of wire shoots
where necessary, recognising that any labour-saving
appliances are very desirable, and tend to economy
ih working the Estates. The first of these shoots
has been successfully erected betweenii Udahenaaud
Lunugalla Estates, and is working in a very satis-
factory manner.

HIGHLAND TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON.

BF.POKT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

To be presented to the Shareholders at tlmir I irst
Annual Ordinary Meeting to be held at the Office of the
Company, 16, Philpot Lane, London, B.C.,on Wednes-
day, 28th April, 1897, at .3-30 p.m. The Directors have
pleasure iu submittiug to the Shareholders the Ueporfc
and Accounts of the Company for the year ending
31st December, 1896. The Company was incorporated
on the 6th April, 1896, and the Prospectus issued on
the 11th of that month, when the Shares offered for
public subscription were largely over applied foi. As
mentioned in the Prospectus, the Estates were taken
over by the Company as from 1st January, 1896, aud
the Accounts now presented therefore cover a period of

twelve mouths. ,

The not profits for the year amount to ±2,9Ut) 4s. 3d.,
which it is proposed to appropriate as_ follows

Amount as above £2,905 4 3

above

An interim dividend
of 4 per cent, (free of
income tax) paid in
September absorbed
It is now proposed to
pay a final dividend
of 3 per cent, (also
free of income tax),
making 7 per cent,
for the year, amount*
ing to

To w'rite off half the
preliminary expenses

£1,280 0 0

960 0 0
261 1 10

2,501 1 10

Leaving a balance caiX,i forward
to uex account . . 2 5

The total Crop secured during the year anior.nted to
195,0201b., being about 357 lb. per acre over tie Tea-
producing area of the two Estates, an aver.nge which
the Directors hope to see considerably increased in the
near future. No acquisitions have been made since
the Company took over the Properties, and the total
acreage therefore remains as stated iu the Prospectus.
The Directors have arranged with Mr. R. C. Grant, of
Yuillefield, to visit and report on the Company's
Estates once a quarter. His last visits to tho Pro-
perties w'ere early iu February when he was able to
report that all Estate Works were being ca,rried on in
a satisfactory and efficient manner. A ne.w Bungalow
will be erected on Chrystler's Farm Estate during the
current year, tliis being a very necessary addition to
the Est.ate Buildings, whicli vras foreshadowed in the
Prospectus. In accordance with the Articles of
Association the Shareholders will be invited to fix a sum
for the Directors’ remuneration.

r For report of tho Eastern Produce and Est i tes Co. —
see Notes from the Metropolis, 2nd page. — Ed. 7'.J.]

THE KEL.ANI VALLEY TEA
ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.

The eleventh annual ordinary meeting of the
Kelani Valley Tea Association, Limited was held
at the office of tho Company, 16, Philpot Lane. E.C.,
on Tuesday, April 13, 1897 at twelve noon, Mr.

G. "W. Paine in the chair.

Before proceeding with the business in hand Mr.
Paine said that at the desire of the board he took
the first opportunity of expressing their great re-
gret at the recent death of Mr. John Anderson,
their late secretary aud colleague, and practically the
founder of the Company, aud after some sympathe-
tic remarks, concluded by proposing that a vote of
sympathy be accorded to the family of their late
friend, which was seconded aud carried unanimously,
the secretaries being desired to convey theresolntiou
to the family.

Notice convening the meeting having been
read, and the report and accounts having been
taken as read, the chaiimaii then alluded to
the report as not being so favourable as pre-
vious reports had beeu, aud dealt with the

reasons given iu the present rejiort for the shrink-
age of profits as compared with those earned in 1895.
He mentioned that in addition to the loss of profit
occasioned by a higher rate of exchange aud a lower
market for their teas, there had been a further
leakage caused by an error of judgment on tlie part
of their manager, Air. Mitchell, in entrusting the
manufacture of Degalcssa Tea to an assistant with
not sufficient experience, an unfortunate accident
which the directors took immediate steps to correct
as soon as the c it or was discovered.

The Chairman then stated that the loss of revenue
had practically occurred during the last half of tho
year, for when the accounts were made up in Septem-
ber for the purpose of declaring an interim dividend,
the profits then apparent showed a return on the capital
of about 20 per cent, per annum, without, however, de-
ducting the usual percentage for depreciation. The in-
creased expenditure over that incurred in 1895 was due
he said to the cost of manufacturing the extra crop
of 40,960 lb. of tea, to manuring 200 acres, and
as before mentioned, to the higher rate of exchange*
In order to let-.son the amount of Mr. Mitchell's
work and responsibilities the diretors had given in-
dependent ch.argc of Weregalla and Tarusella to their
sub-manager, Mr. Wyncss, and they had eveiy hope
that the new' arraugemtnt would be fjr the benefit
of the company, and with a view of saving tho cost
—already a severe item— of firewood, the directors
had secured 50 acres of land n-. nr the river where
a new factory for Wcrcagalhi and Parusella’ was to
be erected, which would be worked to a great ex-
tent by water power, and thus reduce expenditure
on fuel.

The chairman then intimated that either he or
Mr. Porter, the managing director, would be pre-

862

THK TROPIC A1

AGRICULTURIST.

[June r, 1897.

pared to answer any qaestions the shareholders might
put to them, when Mr. Meunell said that after tlie
explanations given hy the chaiiman lie had little
to ask, but ho thcuglit M ■. Mitchell deserved great
blame foi the falling off in quality of the tea, and
after Mr. Dodds had r. "o icci to the .same subject
the following re^oliition iras tl on proposed by the
chaiiman, seconded b\M-. O, ivies, and carried un-
animously ; *' That the i cp'Oi i and accounts, i s pre-
sented to the shareholders, bo received and adopted.”

Mr. G. W. I'air.e proposed, seconded hy IMr.
Andrew, ‘‘ That a liu.il dividend of 5 per cent
(free of income tax), making 10 per cent for the
year, be declared, payable fort.i.vith.” Carried
unanimously.

On the motion of Mr. P.aine, seconded by the
11)11. 5. A. 0. S ott, Mr. D. Andrew was rc-electcd
a director of the company.

INfr. Dodds proposed, .\Fr. Monoell secoivied, and
it w,rs carried unanimously, that Mr. James B. Jraurie
be re-elected auditor for the ensuing year.

A vote of Blanks was also p iss d to the chairman
and directors, and Mr. Paine having replied to the
compliment, llie proceedings then terminated.

VAIMOUS PLANTING NOTES.

Coffee. — The coff le ni • : ket has been demoralised
by the heavy outtn u from Brazil. The downward
movement in prices has been very severe, the kinds
of coffee undergoing the greatest depreciation being
those below 90s. per cwt., the lower the grade the
sevote.T being the fall, which in extreme cases has
amounted to nearly 16s from the highest point in
January; good Santos, which was then worth 51s to
55s for “future” delivery, having recently been
sacrifice d at 97s 6d to 40s per cwt.— /J. <5 C. Mail
April 2d.

“ Timehki.” — The Journal of the Royal Agricultural
and Commercial Society of British Guiana has just
reached ms for December, 1S9(>— with Contents ;
Papers. — Other Times, other Manners, by the Editor :
Migratory Birds in British Guiana, by J. J- Quek-h,
B. Sc. (Loud.), C.M..O.S.; A Literary Half-hour, hy \V.
Alleyne Ireland ; T ibaeco Ciiltiv.i,tion and Manu-
facture, by H. B. Van Rae ; Some Notes upon ITy
Eishing in Bril; .ii Gnian.i, by “Oxou.”; Lp the
Ouyuiii in 189V, hy William Iliihmme; O.i Lac
Potaro, by C. A. Lloyd ; E uiy Engli.sh Cuiomo.s in
Trinidad, by Hon. N. D.irnoll D.ivis ; Ileaorts of
Society’s Meetings, fi'oin July to December, J.>9i;.

1T..\NTIN(J in the Stk.ut.s. — In tlie Annual
lleport of tlie Perak Mii.seiim we iv.ad •— An
interesting series (>f saniple.s from the I raiis
Allan sugar e.^LRo, w.as )>re.seuted by Mr. P.
Pulsford. Spocimciis of cleaned Perak grown
ramie iibre, and many other vegetable products
were added to the coiiection. Among.st these
mention may bo made of some parlicnlarly well
cured liherian coirce from an estate near Go-
peng, contributed by Mr. F. 1). Osborne. This
coll'ee lias been fetching a better juice in Singa-
jiure than any other produced in tlie Straits.
'J'he high value jih red on it is due to its colour
and not to any su[)criority of tlie bean^ The
Liheiian coll’ee grown on the hill at Waterloo
estate ajijiarently has a liner bean than any
from the jilains. Some trees planted by Mr.
Cecil WLay, in I8S0-I, are well grown, vigorous
hushes in full hearing, wliile trees of four years
old jdanted hy Sir Graeme Elphinstone, on land
cleared twelve years jirevionsly, comj'.are most
favourably witli hnslies of the same age on the
low lands phuiLcd on newly cleared lorost land.
'J'lie collection of I’erak woods now iinmhcrs
207 examples. It is of more than ordinary in-
terests as it .shews that there are so many line
and liandsome woods in the jungles liesides the
four or live kinds known to Europeans.

DimI!UL\, Ajiril 23. — The Labour question

all-iiiijiorlaiit now and for sonic time in all its
vaiious head.s and ramifications. It includes all
others — plucking, jirnning, niahnring and every-
thing. it is the “be all .and end all” of plant-
ing prosjierity now and always. And tbe ques-
tion of most importraice tliat can occnjiy your
niiiid and the jutb of the 'J .A. is the
settlement (a settlement) of an eliicient siijijily
of coolies. Un a small acreage like mine here
the (jiiestion does not show itself so inncli, hut
1 have seen llnsli not very far off on a London
Company’s estate that might have been shorn
with a grass liook, and men get desjierate when
these things liajijien !

Life in PAnEliMO, Sicmv.— Some of our readers
m.xy rein ember Mr. -I. R. W, Pigott, when a jdanter
on Ahnvihare, Matale. He afterwards entered into
the service of the Foreign Olfice .as an Acent in
British East Africa at Mombasa, ami frum there
he has been jiroinoted to tiio British Consulate,
Palermo, Sicily. From a letter ot Air. Pigott,
dated 3 lih April, we ijiiote some interesting ji.av.a-
grajilis as follows : —

“ Tea is practically nnohtiinable here. In one
shop norniinan’a pu’re tea is sold, but it is not good
and is very expensive.

“ I came here last October, having left East
Africa in May last just after our rebellion was put
an end to. In October 1895 I had a bad attack of
congestion of the lungs and applied for s'x months’
furlough in the spring. Lord Salisbury then tele-
graphed to mo that owing to my long service in East
Africa he had derided to appoint me to a European
post and offered me the Consulate for Sicily to
reside at Palermo, which, of course, I accepted as in
duty bound. Palermo is, as .> ou know, a lovely place ;
but the inhabitants are, as a rule, great ruffians
and do not compare favourably with my East
African friends. There are very few English
residents here, and of those all who are able to
do so go awaj' for four or five months every year in
the summer.”

Tk.v Ckoi* Pkosi’Ects of Indi.v.— The
Indian. I'lantcrs' Gazctlr ai May 1st has the frdlow-
i ig deliverance : —

As yet it is too early to do anything hut make a
gnes-! at what the season is likely to bo, but rumours
are floating about thai there is to he a huge increase
in the crop of this year, although, upon what grounds
this calculation is made, it would he difficult to say.
The latter end of 189(1 was abnoimally dry, and up to
date the rainfall has been very scant in the tea dis-
tricts generally, and the result must inevitably be
short outuini. Up to date we liavo no hesitation in
saying that theaiiiouiit of tea made is not anything
like- u p to last year's ; and evcni if rain does now come
it wi 11 take the hushes a full month to recover the
broiling they have had. Anyone visiting the tea
districts must he struck by the want of leaf on the
bushes, and unless the plant is in vigorous health, the
only outlook is poor quantity and poor quality. It
looks as if the season in the three districts were now a
days be coming more assimilated to that of Calcutta
and Lower Bengal, for it is only within the last few
years that there has been what we might call a distinct
lull between the “ Ciiola’’ and “ Durni Ilaisaf.t,” nni
there is no doubt that tiiis is telling iij)ou many of the
older gardens, and when to this has to be added a jieriod
of drought of unusual length, the idea naturally is a
short crop, i.r., from old tear, for in writing thus we do
not take into account the young tcatliat is coining into
bearing, and of which, no doubt, there will be several
miUiou jiouiids. Last season’s niinfall was short in all
tuo districts, and what was jiorliaps more felt, was its
uneven distii billion. The outlook for all kinds of crops
is very dejirossing, uiilosa there is a good monsoon, and
the ,scarcii,y of water Is being already felt iu some
parts, more than the shortness of food supplies.

June 1897.]

AGRICUL'rURIST.

THE TROPICAL

863

Broken Tea as a Drug in the Market —
In our circuhir of 2-5111 May last year we ilrew
the attention of proilncers to the eonlractitij;- value
of small leaf broken pekoes, ami, as the course
of the market since then has fully conlirmed our
remarks, we would again point out the impor-
tance of reducing the percentages of small leaf
pekoe tannings, often invoiced as broken pekoe,
small fannings, and broken teas of all descriptions
A clean Icafu broken pekoe with some make,
and as free its is possible from an admixture of
fanning-s, is to be aimed at, and a good deal can
be done towards reducing tiic iiroportion of the
latter grade by more attention to witheriug and
care in assorting. These remarks a])ply more
especially to those gardens and districts where
large crops of ordinary consuming quality are
produced. The reason for the receding value of
small brokens, a situation which in all probability
■will become more marked as we proceed, is easily
explained, when it is understood that the large
and yearly increasing exports to foreign markets
fronCCalcutta, Ceylon, and London, consist nrac-
tically of leafy tea only, i.c., pekoe and souchongs,
thus leaving a comparative over-supply of small
broken leaf kinds for home consumption. — Messrs.
CarretVs Calcutta Tea Report, May 5.

Fiji and it.s Future.— A correspondent long re-
sident in Fiji writes about its prospects as follows; —

Sir .J. B. Thurston’s death was a sad one. Ho was a
hard-working Governor. For the Colony’s sake I think
it is a good thing that a man of entirely new blood
like Sir G. O’Brien has been appointed as Governor
to Fiji. The Colony will never go ahead till the Gov-
ernment altera all their land and labour regulations.
All the land belongs to the natives and they are not
allowed to sell nor even to lease without Government
sanction and then only for short periods ol about 10
to 15 years ; I think the latter is the term fixed by
Ordinance. There are tens of thousands of acres of
jungle which arc not likely to be used by natives.
Some of this ought to be surveyed and given out free
to would-be bona file planters if they agreed to culti-
vate. Unless something of this sort is done they will
not get people to go there and invest. The natives
ought to be encouraged to go to works, especially the
rising generation. As 1 have often stated it is absurd
that Fiji ■\vith its native population of say 100,000, a
large proportion of whom ought to •work, should
have to import labourers from Bengal, Solomons,
Hebrides, and Line Islands. There are difficulties of
course, but if the question were properly managed the
natives should do most of the wovlc required by the
few planters at present in the group. The missionary
influence is very strong and all those in authority liither-
tohave fought shy of interfering with it in any way.

But surely the missiomiry inlluenee is not
against the ])eo])le working; only we .suppose
the Fijians — like the Sinhalese— as a rule prefer
to be their own masters, doing as much or as
little as may suit themselves.

“ 'FiiE Cultured Ib.ANTioR ” is the title of a
“skit” contributed to the Indian Planters’
Gazette in which a tea planter of the old sciiool
is apjiioached by the impeusonation of the modern
class of young Assistants and an amusing inter-
view winds up as follows : — The younger man
speaking ; —

“ 5Ve who speak unto you, the nature of whose
being we have already deliued uifto you, rc(xuirc
many reforuis and ameliorations in our live o Uti
tea-planters, and we consider- that tea estates being
in such a healthy condition as present statistics
prove them to be, that now is the time to bring
our wants and desires before those who-se business
it is to superintend our welfare. We desire more
substantial remuneration for the risking of our pre-
cious lives in this deadly climate; we desire com-
pensation for cutting ourselves adrift from the

society of our fellowmen, sometimes to live upon
gardens a score or so of miles ii'vvay from another
European; wo desire that considering o;;r expensive
education, and the superior intellectual attainomuts,
which we bring to bear upon the sci'.nce of tea
that lirst-class libraries should be provided at the
cost of the compaiiy, in every Huperin: emlout’s
bungalow ; that these should include tl;e classics,
poets, histories, literatures, biographies, rare volumes
of prints, not forgetting a current supply of li 'bt
novels and books of the day, so that the taste of
any moment can be gia'alied. Regarding the last
named we suggest that a monthly box direct from
Mudic’s, would admirably .sei ve the purpose. “Wo
desire bungalows of uniform perfection, with all the
latest improvements of architecture, and artistically
decorated, so that our taste in art may not peifoico
deteriorate by the distressing vision of white-washed
walls. We desire a billiard room for every bunga-
low', and a table of the best procurable ; the room
of course to be fitted up with all the necessary
luxuries, regardless of cost ; so shall we maintain
our skill at the art of handling a cue, and be fit to
compete with our fellowmen when we return to the
outer w'orld of civilisation. So also shall our hands and

unuugms mm occupauon uuniig
evemug.s of the cold weather. “ V'v'e require pianos for
all — Erard’s or Broadwood’s for choice — and b.ind
instruments with of course a good European band-
master, w'ould be a pleasant addition to every large
estate. The bandsman could be selected from the
coolies, and at our dinners the strains of a well-
trained Jjaiid would be a soothing accompaniment to
the rytnmioal measure of the punkah. “ We need
very urgently punkah-pulling machines guaranteed
not to get out of order , a tow'er dock to be erect-
ed near each factory with the aanie necessary
qualifications as the punkah-machim-.s, and punkahs
for the tea-house so constructed that they have no
effect upon anything except human beings “ We
desire bicycles to be provided for every-
one,^ as well as a good supply of horses,

a nog cart and barouche and pair, for each
man so that during the hot weather lie need
not have tlie exertion of driving himself, also a
motor car. 5Ve need first-class servants, especially
cooks and butler.s, supplied free of charge, and an
extra supply kept upon each garden in case of
erneigoncres arising ; a largo ice-machine for each
estate is a sine quit non, a,nd a matter deeply affevt-
mg the health of the European.s. Vv’hat would Mr
Labouenere^say did he but know that inliuman
directors oi tea compaiiies have actually hitherto
failea to provide then: European e,np!oi/es with this
necessity of life in the plains of India ? The omis-
sion 13 prcposterou.q and we earnestly charge you to
publish the facts in the public newspapers so that {he
oversight may he immediately remedied, by act of
Paihameut, li need be.”

“ One moment,” I broke in “ forgive uny inter-
rupting you, but don’t you think all these reriuire-
meats of niocleni planters is rather a largo orclei' ? If
jou were to ^ j at it more gently now, suggestiug let
ns say, a billiai d table to be provided for each estate
and after getting that to ask for something further'
there might jicrliap.s bo some chance of getting one
or two of the more seiisibie suggestions taken into con-
sideration ; but to go at it hammer and tonr''s as you
Ancient Kelict of Antiquity,” thundered niy
visilor; “ we selected you as our mortal mouthniece
not as a critic of what modern cultuicd planters slioiilc!
or should not consider necessary to their welfare '
-Uo not presunie to interpolate your m-a'nnatic-ii
observatioii.s ! Beit borne in uuon you^^^^ S
ces'S^^) that billiard tables aiaUhe iLcessary ac-
ccssoiiea Un-calreadN been supplied lo several estate.s

uibt ri of the company. This is a step

m the .iigntdireption,an;iour modest request is that
Lie custom snouid become universal. ” In addition
to _tne needs \ye ha.vo already eiuimerated wo re-
quire a s.eain-lauiidry, so that our shiit-frouts niav

n ; v.e also desire-”

huo I could stand no more, and lied from the
loom, leaving him to vanish to \ihcnce he came ^

864 the tropical agriculturist, /June r, i8c

“Timeiiki.” — The only matter to notice in the
latest number ot tliis British Guiana Magazine,
is a lieport on Ecomomic Prorluots exhiliited
at the Horticultural Show ot 1806. But there
is really nothing new to us in the re])ort itself —
only it'is interesting to see the list of products
aetuUly shown, which we quote as follows: —
(making a few exceptions as to details) : —

Class B. Economic Products. Section I. — Open to
Amateur Exhibitiors. Cuft’ee (cleaned). — The sample
to which we awarded first prize was an excellent
sample ol creole coffee of almost perfect colour and
very well cleaned, its only defect being in some
irregularity of the sizes of the beans. That to which
the second prize was awarded was distinctly inferior
to the former, but st'll was a sample of high class
coffee ot not such perfect colour, and not quite so
well cleaned. The other samples exhibited were of
inferior colour, and in many cases the beans were
very imperfectly cleaned. We would impress upon
cultivators that if ever this Colony is to again
attain eminence in coffee production, it is essential
for every care to be exercised so as to obtain coffee ot
good colour, perfectly cleaned and even in size of bean,
especially avoiding the presence of broken beaus.

Coffee, Liberiair (cleaned). — VVe cannot accord to
this the same praise as to the exhibit of creole coffee
The sample to which the first p)'!ze was given was
dinstinctiv the best shown, but all were inferior to
samples we have previously examined of this product
Cocoa Beaus, (cured). — This class of exhibits was
distinctly inferior to the simiiar eshibits in the Show
of 1895. In that Show the first prize was given to
an exhibit of fairly cleaned regular sized beans,
heving a fair break, but somewhat dark in colour.
The second prize-ample closely approached the fiist
in quality and we shad some little difficulty in making
an award between them. We are inclined to ascribe
the f.illing off in general quality of this class of
exhibits to weather conditions, unfavourable for the
production of fine full sized beaus.

Kola. — Three exhibitors only competed. Two which
received prizes ,sent samples of go-d colour, well
dried, and of fair size. The third, although undoub-
tedly the finest sample as regards size of the nub,
undoubtedly had been spoilt in colour during curing,'
Bice, Cornmeal, Plantain Meal, Cassava Meal Fariue,
Arrowroot, Tapioca, Tous-les Mois. — Never a taking
looking starch, the samples exhibited did not add to
its reputation ; Other Starches. Vanilla. — Two
samples exhibitec?, unfortunately the finer of the two
was spoilt by t Ae oil with which it had been dressed
having turned raUcid ; Honey, Tobacco. — This _ class
of exhibits showed us that . 4 .s last year the curing of
tobacco is not understood in this Colony. A faint
odour of ammonia, the origin of which is open to
conjecture, is not an improvement to leaf tobacco;
a mouldy condition again is not usually considered
to be typical of merit in tobacco, and these two
appeared to be the points at which the majority of
the exhibitors aimed. The first prize only ' was
awarded and to a sample in which these points were
not present, ca-yenne Pepper. Guinea Pepper, Black
Pepper, Essence of Pepper, Pimento, Dried Ginger,
Piokle.s, Hot Ghntnce, Curry Powder, Guav.a

Jelly, Other Jehiea, Prepared Chocolate, Crushed Food.

Section If. Oioen to Artiz.ans and Labourers only. —
Preserves, -Jellies, Pickles or Hot Sauco, Coffee
(cleaned), Liberian Ceffee, Cocoa, Bice, Corn, Starch,
Leaf Tobacco) Baw’ Cotton (cleaned).

A letter was received from Mr. Norman Eor.ster,
Miiiicliester, stating it was his intention to
eultixatc jute in British Guiana, if lie gets a
laud eoiicessioii.

Hhii’.v Fibre : Its CuLTivATtoN and Manu-
facture.— A paper was read before the

Indian Section of the Society of Arts at the Im-

.IT i T .. ,1 . „ 1,,.

Irctuier, said th.at any new raw material
be a subject of interest to those eiigaj
indust ry and manufacture. It might also pt
be of jm]iortaT;ce to flie country as a ■
Therefore be held that no .suggestion of s
material should be scouted or scorned, altl
lie knew that there were a number of pessi
in the world who thought that nothing v
importance. It appeared to him that there
three conditions which any new material
comply with if it was to he of use. 1.
must be a fairly plentiful supply of it,
actually or prospectively. It was no use t<
with any material of which only a small qui
could be produced annually. 2. It nii
capable of manipulation, so as to get il
the form of yarn or tluead that it inighl
on to the weaver to be woven into a
tile. Of course it was possible that
machinery might he required, and tin
opportunity would be given to inventor.^
there mu.st be no absolute bar to the m;
latiou of the material. 3. The cost mus
he excessive as compared with existing mat
cxceiit in cases where the material disci
might be jiossessed of some special beau
cliaracteristic of its own. Mr. Bariaclou,
the outset of his (laper, said he thought he :
he able to show that rhea libre complied
tlic three conditions laid down by the
m in. He maintained that it was the str
tihre known, and the longest of all textile
with a brilliancy or lustre superior to all (
In certain classes of goods only an expert
distinguish between silk and ramie (a
generally used name for rhea). After disc
the best methods of cultivation, Mr, Barra^
inquired into the causes of the failure
fibre. This he attributed largely to ign
of its nature and requirements by pi
Climate and soil also bad been unsuitabl
the treatment mistaken. The so-called d
cuing machines had further contributed to f
because in removing the skin they had
removed the internal pith or wood, pro
what were called in the trade “ ril
Similarly a large proportion of the i
raing processes injuriously afl'ected the streng
lustre of the fibre, making it harsh and'
ami difficult to dye. Mr. Barraclougli sa
ramie could never supersede silk, althon;
conjoint use of the two materials im
daily. Ramie might, however, be expec
supplant flax in certain descriptions of
while in mixed woollen goods it would
less play an important part. Everything ]
to a gradual but certain development. J
discussion, in which Mr. S. G. Laue-Fo>
Macdonald, and others took part, the ch
said that the difference of opinion vvhi
been expressed as to the best manner o
paling ramie for textile use would perha
fruit. As to its cost, it must not be ex
It must come into something like the
cotton. He thought it important that th
meat of ramie should take place on tl
where it xvas growm. This he said, s|
from general jirinciples, w-as to ai oid freighi
dently there was iimcli to be done in' tl
lopment of this fibre. Manufacturers lui
give it up in spite of the disappointm
twenty years, but must pursue the quest!

June r 1897.]

rHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

865

IMPERIAL CEYLON TEA ESTATES,
LIMITED.

Report of the Directors to be submitted at the
Animal Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders,
to be held at the Company’s 0f3.:es, 9th, Fenchurch
Avenue, London. E.C., on Thursday, 22nd April, at
3 o’clock. The Directors have pleasure in submitting
the General Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss
Account to the end of 1896, duty audited.

The nett amount at credit of Profit

and Loss Account is . . . . T.3993 4 10

It is proposed to pay a Dividend of
5 per cent (free of Income Tax) on the
three issues of Shares from the respec-
tive dates that they rank for dividend,
viz : —

Shares : — Nos. 1 — .5,21.5, from 1st

Jan, to .31st December, 1896.

Shares : — Nos. 5,216 — 7,200, from 1st
March to 31st December, 1896

Shares : — Nos. 7,201 — 9,000, from 1st
June to 31st December, 1896.

This will absorb . . . . £3,959 11 8

and the balance will be carried forward.

The result of the Company’s operations has not
been as satisfactory as was originally anticipated.
This is partly due to the disappointing working of
the Mottingham andBinoya Estates from the 1st July,
1895, until they passed into the actual possession of
the Company, and partly to the high level of ex-
change during the year, as compared with the mo-
derate prices ruling in the Tea market, in addition
to which, the change in Proprietorship and Super-
intendence of the several Estates, acquired since the
Company’s formation has somewhat disarranged the
working, and affected the profits.

The Company’s properties, however, are now all in
thorough working order, and the Colombo Agents re-
port favourably of the prospects of the present season.
The Directors are satisfied that the Shareholders may
look with confidence to much better results in the
future than is shown by the first year’s working.

The following is the total acreage of tea, &c., forest
and waste land, and the crops secured to end of

Tea

Coffee

Forest

Acreage.

Acreage.

Waste.

Binoya . .

. . 441

—

458

Mottingham

221

—

37

Edinburgh

382

—

50

St. Vigeans

185

—

—

Friedland

163

—

2

Nonpareil

200

200

149

1,592

200

696

Tea Crop

Coffee,

Cinchona

in lbs.

in bushels.

in lb.

Binoya . .

211,990

Mottingham

105,328

—

—

Edinburgh

132,378

34

—

St. Vigeans

51,215

—

—

Friendland

41,522

—

—

Nonpareil

. . ~

863 13-16

39,260

542,443

897 13-16

39,260

The tea crop figures represent the quantity des-
patched by each estate, from the date on which it
was taken over by the Company,

THE ALLIANCE TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON. LIMITED.

The Directors have pleasure in submitting the ■
general b Uance sheet and profit and loss account
for the year ending 31st December 1896, duly
audited.

£ s. d. £ g, d.

The net amount at credit of
profit and loss account, in-
cluding the balance brought
forward, is . . 5^120 10 8

An interim dividend of 5 per

cent was paid on 17th Sept,
amounting to . . 2,500 0 0

It is now proposed to pay a
final dividend of 5 per

cent (making in all 10 per

cent per annum, free of
Income Tax), which will

absorb . . . , 2,500 0 0

and to carry forward to next
year a balance of . . 120 10 8

— 5,120 10 8

As will be seen from the accounts, the directors
have acquired— for the very moderate sum of £541
16s — the Kehelgama estate, adjoining Aberdeen. The
property is 322 acres in extent and will be' valu-
able for Aberdeen as a Timber Reserve. The capital
expenditure has been further increased by outlays
on tea clearings, buildings, &c., amounting to £1,615
5s 2d, against which the directors have written off
£300 for depreciation of machinery, &c. The direc-
tors have also entered into arrangements for the
purchase, as from the 1st January last, from the
Dunkeld Estate Company, Limited, of the Dunkeld
Estate, in the district of Dikoya and adjoininn- the
Company’s Elstree property. This should pro^ve an
advantageous -arrangement, as Dunkeld is a valuable
tea garden and is very centrally situated for working
in with the Company’s other estates.

The average exchange for the year has been
Is 2 31-64d as compared with Is 1 29-61d last season,
and this has materially increased the sterling amount
of the estate expenditure.

The following is the total acreage of tea now in
bearing, forest and waste land, and the crops secured
in 1896.

Forest,

Tea in

Waste,"

lb. of

Bearing.

Grass.

Tea.

Aberdeen

387

93

137,545

Calsay

351

36

109i260

Luccombe

.. 717

200

245,030

Gleneagles

222

—

90.442

Uda Radella

450

105

167,368

Thornfield

255

35

1.3.3,147

Kehelgama

. .

322

Total

. . 2,382

791

882,792

As compared with last year these figures show that
the tea in bearing has been increased by 143 acres
and the production of tea by 58,294 lb. The re-
ports from the Agents and Managers in Ceylon, con-
tinue to be of a satisfactory character, and the
directors look forward with confidence to a favorable
result from the present year’s working.

MANGOES IN ENGLAND.

“ Imi»eriaUst” in the C(Aonies and write.s :
—The con.signmeiit of tropical fruit from Queens-
land to the Agency hero arrived in excellent
condition so far as tlie mangos went, but the
pineapples, unfortunately, were spoiled. There
were about sixteen case.s in all, and one case of
mangos in line condition was sent to the Queen.
Case.s of the other mamjfos rveiit to l\Ii-

866

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

lJu.NJE I, 1897.

Btate. The fruit was put in a cool chainbev, and
it seems to have been overlooked that in the
fcool chamber any article remains in statu quo,
and thus the fruit arrived exactly as ir, left,
unripe, and naturally after the voyage this un-
ripeness could not be remedied. However, the
fact that the mangos came in a satisfabtory
state is gratifying, and shows that, if the
fruit is gathered in really good condition, it
ban evidently be imijorted here in a state lit for
market.

COCONUT CULTIVATION IN SAMOA.

The single exportable staple for which Samoa is
'eminently adapted, and the one upon which all its
business at present rests, is the coconut {Cocos
Huci/era). It is to Samoa what cotton and corn are
to the United States; all that grain, meat, and wool
are to the Australian Colonies. The export of the
copra alone, save with trifling and inappreciable
bxception, represents the entire agricultural produc-
tive capacity of Samoa, and through this source all
the money that trade and commerce bring into the
islands finds its wayi The United States Consul-
General at Apia says that if the coconut crop were
an absolute failure for a single year, the entire export
of the kingdom would not amount to more than
£1,200 and this illustration will adequately represent
the prime importance of this single article to the
country and its needs. The accepted method is to
plant the coconuts in rows forty feet apart, set-
ting the trees thirty feet in the row. The coconut
loves the sunshine and free circulation of the air,
and to flourish in perfection it should stand on the
outer verge of the sho e, its roots striking into
the sea water, its branches or palms tossing in the
breeze. The lowlands of the beach in the Samoan
Islands are more or less covered with the groves,
while on the mountains or highlands no tree is
found. The smaller size of the trees and the poorer
yield is plainly to be noticed on lands at an ele-
vation of from 400 to 600 feet situated at as short
a distance as 2J and 3 miles from the shore.
Standing immediately on the beach the tree inclines
outward over the water; gro\ying inland it points
by its leaning in the most direct way to the sea.
The nuts ripen throughout the year, hanging in
clusters close in and around the stems of the palm
branches, which spread about on all sides, and reach
upward from the clustered head forming the top of
the tree. The height of the trees, is from .30 to 80
feet. The trees come into bearing at the sixth year
on suitable soil, and are believed to reach the full
limit of production at from 15 to 20 years of age.
Many groves known to be 30 and 40 years of age are
now bearing in undimiuished abundance, and they so
continue to do to a great age. Persons who profess
to be able to determine the age of trees by the marks
left on the bark where the branches have successively
fallen, estimate in this way that many still vigorous
trees are 70 and 80 years of age. The habit of the
coconut to reach out over the water, seems to be a
provision of nature for its propagation and distribu-
tion. The nuts falling into the sea will float for
weeks in the bitterly brackish waters of the tropic
seas without injury to the germinating quality. Once
thrown upon the warm aands of a beach, or tossed by
a wave upon a reef above the surface, it soon puts
forth its palm from the smaller end, while from the
round and larger end the tender roots strike into the
soil or decayed coral, as the case may be. Many
lagoons which have risen within living memory, and
which for years remained without sign of vegetations
are now covered with the coconut, although hun-
dreds of miles from other islands. The value of
the coconut is not confined to tho single export
product, copra. I’hc treo and its products arc
devoted to many ii:es. The wood in the green
state is very porous and spongy, having con-
sequently a great degree of resistance to rifle shot,
in the native wars in the past it was much em-

ployed in the building of defensive works. When
thoroughly seasoned it lasts for a long time under-
ground; and is valuable for all purposes for which
posts are employed. The oil enters in many forms
into the domestic uses of the natives. It forms the
basis of all their liniments and emollients in their
pharmacopreia. The nut is one of the standard
articles of diet. Breadfruit, taro, bananas, and coco-
nuts form the staple articles of food, ranking in
importance in the order mentioned. The fibre fur-
nishes all the sennet, or braided twine and rope, for
all uses. Tho leaves of the great branches, which
dry rapidly, are used for kindling, for torches, and
light and firing for the household. It is generally
estimated that an acre of land should yield, when
the trees have reached the period of full bearing,
about half a ton of commercial copra. Copra
“making” is at best a slow and laborious process,
and is effected as the nuts ripen, from about the
middle of April till the middle of October or early
part of November — that is during the dry season,
but the making is more active in July, August, and
September. A boy or man, with a piece of sennet
about eighteen inches in length, looped on either
foot, will climb the slender, swaying tree with as
much ease and rapidity as if it were a ladder.
The notches or corrugated surface of the bark catches
the bit of sennet between the feet, while the weight
of the body pressing downward, clamps as it were
the hollow of the feet firmly on either side of the
trunk. By this means the tree is ascended by a series
of jumps. The climber with a big knife cuts away
the matured nuts, which cluster close about the
butts of the brjuiches. As they fall they are gathered
into piles about the base of the trees. On the planta-
tions they are gathered into baskets slung on donkeys,
or swung on poles borne by two men, to be finally piled
into great heaps near the copra shed. The nuts are
not husked, the thick outer husk having become hard
and brown, like wood. They are dextrously split in
two by an axe, and the hard white flesh is cut out
with a large knife. Nothing remains but to spread it
on mats or boards in the sun. When cured it is thrown
into a heap in the shed, where it remains until placed
in sacks to be carried out to a small boat, which in
turn transfers it to the small schooner or cutter lying
in deep water, and from this in turn it is again taken
to be stored elsewhere, or transferred to the deep sea
vessel for its final voyage. Copra yields perhaps a
greater per-centage of oil than any other of the
great oil-producing staples under the modern process,
whereby it is mixed with water, heated, and sunjected
to two pressings, giving as high as 62 and 64 per cent, of
pure oil. The coconut crop of 1894 was by far the
largest ever known in the island, and the extent of
the increase is illustrated by the fact that while the
export of copra in 1891 amounted to 4,842 tons, in
1892 to 4,871 tons, and in 1893 to 4,602 tons, it rose
in 1894 to 6,214 tons, an increase of 1,612 tons over
the year before — an increase of about 33 per cent
over the years 1891 and 1892. In the trading stations
in Samoa enormous profits are made in the copra
trade. — Journal of the Society 0/ Arts, April 9.

AMSTERDAM CINCHONA-MARKET.

Our correspondent writes that the Amsterdam
cinchona-market remains extremely firm. All the
lots bought in at the last auctions have since been
sold at prices fully equalling the unit-rate at the
auctions. There appears to have been an error in
the figures of the Java shipments in March as first
lelegraphed. A corrected message gives the March
exports at .578,000 half-kilos instead of 3.50,000. At
the next auctions on May 6th at least .5,834 pack-
ages of bark (possibly nioi-e) will be offered for sale
The feeling in the market is firm, and higher prices
are expected. — Chauisl and Cniyyist, April 17.

—

KAIISING DUTV UN NATAL TIMBER.

Hitlierto black wattle poles from Natal have
been admitted into the Transvaal on a 1^ j.er
ceat. duty. This (says the Comet) has sudilenly

THE TROPICAI

agriculturist.

867

June i, 1897.]

been raised to 7i i)cr cent, witliont furtlier noti-
fication than a <leniaml at tlie Cu.stoniliouse for
the increased duty. In .such matters tlie autho-
ritie.s mig'nt be reasonably e.xpected to }?ive im-
porters adequate notice, instead of sprinKinj' such
a change uixuitliem wicliout any warning. — Natal
Mcrcurif, April 2.

^

TKA ('UUP ESTIMATES AND DISTPJCTS.

The ditficulty attending tlie estimating of the
tea crop for districts tliat may be .said to run
into, or overlap, cacli other, may be judged from
the following e.vtract of a letter sent to us by
Mr. Alex. Wardrop of New Eori*.‘'t, De.ltora; —

*• Pvefevring to yonr letter of fHth April, [ have
collected statistics of aereagi' tinder tea in the
Nilambe district, which show a total of 1,'S75 acres
of tea in bearing and acres uot in bearing. I
would point out, however, that probably all the Upper
Nilambe estates have already been included in the
Pussellawa return, as these places belong to that
P..i. as do also some in Ramboda and others near
Gampola. The Pussellawa district, as defined in the
Directory, cannot claim anything like the 17,000 odd
acres In' tea with which it is credited in the pub-
lished returns.”

Of course, the Committee of the Planters Asso-
ciation in calling for crop estimates must have
taken care to define the several districts. It
would be safest, we think, to follow the Estates
Directory as it is in everybody’s hand and one
estimator could not then fail to know what the
other was doing.

^

TEAS IN UNITED STATES : REPORT PRE-
PARED BY A COMMISSION OF EXPERTS.

The following has been sent to ns by our Tea
Commissioner in America:—

It will be remembered that under the Act of Con-
gress approved March 2nd, 1897, and entitled “ An
act to prevent the importation of impure and un-
wholesome tea,” it was provided that a board of seven
tea experts should be appointed by the Secretary of
the Treasury to establish standards in advance of the
tea season for the guidance of the tea examiners
at the various ports. The following gentlemen were
appointed upon this board E. A. Sohoyer, of
E. A. Schoyer & Co.. Chicago ; A. B. Upham,
of Sprague, Warner & Co., Chicago ; H. G.
Woodworth, of Robinson & Woodworth, Boston.
A. P. Irwin, of Irwin McBride, Catherwood &
Co., Philadelphia; Wm. P. Roome, of Wm.
P. Roome & Co., New York; Thos. A. Phelan, of
Geo. W- Lane & Co., New York ; R. B. Bain of
San Francisco. The law provided that a Chairman
should be elected by the board, to whom all com-
munications should be directed, and upon the first
meeting of the board in the Appraiser’s Office, in this
city. Thos. A. Phelan was elected Chairman. Mr.
Phelan in an interview with a representative of this
journal yesterday summarized the work of the board
as follows :

“ The Board devoted itself to the establishing of
standards the whole of last week and have estab-
lished the following standards : —

No. 1 — Formosa Oolong.

No. 2 — Foochow Oolong.

No. 3 — Amoy Oolong.

No. 4 — North China Congou.

No. 5 — South China Congou.

No. 6 — India Tea.

No. 7 — Ceylon Tea.

“ In each of these standards the maximum per-
centage of dust and fannings must be of limited
amount to be settled latter. This percentage of dust
and fannings is liable to be made up of extraneous
matter.

No. 8. — Piugsuey green tea.

“ As this standard is of better make or stylo than
was necessary to represent the quo.lity of infusion
the rule must be specially emphasized to examine
with reference to liquor and infused leaf only.

No. 9. — (.V) Country green tea.

No. 10. — (h) Country green tea.

No. 11.— .1:1 pan tea, pan fired.

No. 12. — J pan tea, sundriecl.

No. 13. — .lupan tea, basket fired.

“ Dust and fannings, in the last three mentioned
standards, a e not to e.xceod a limited amount, to
be settled latter.

No. 11. — .Japan tea, dust or fannings.

No. l.">. — Scented orange Pekoe.

No. IC> — Capers.

“It is understood that tin- coinpnri.son of the
stiuidatils with tc.as ilelivoi cd must bo made upon
tlio drawing ol the tea as well as the appearance of
the leaf after infusion, and that little or no consider-
ation will be given to the make or style or color of
the teas in the dry leaf.

“ The standards selected for Oolong, including For-
mosa, Foochow and Amoy teas, are about two grades
above the very lowest quality that has heiet fore been
admitted, so that hereafter anything under what would
be called good common to fair Oolong will be excluded.
The same applies to Congou teas as well as to India
and Ceylon,

“ Great care was given to the selection of standards
for Pingsuey green tea, as this is a kind of tea
which has heretofoie been mixed with spurious leaf
and has had an excessive amount of coloring matter,
making it unfit for use. The standard selected is
absolutely pure, haviog entire freedom from any
scum, and it also has a clean green leaf after infn-
sion, so that such a tea in the future will be
free from all objection and have some merit. The
same applies to the two standards selected for country
green teas, which practically exclude all the kinds
known as low grade of Shanghai packed, excepting,
perhaps, the very beat of this description. It will
also exclude what is known as ‘ Smoky Tychow tea?,’
with scum in the liquor.

“ The Japan tea standards represent about two
grades above the lowest quality heretofore admitted
and might be called in the trade as good common
to low medium grade. They are free from any ob-
jection in drawing quality or scum, or exhausted
leaf. The same applies to the dust or fannings
which will probably exclude about 1-4 to 1-3 of th«
amount of dust and fannings previously admitted,
including all with excessive coloring matter and scum.

“ The standards selected for scented orange Pekoe
and capers are of the very finest quality and have no
objectionable characteristics.

“ It is to be hoped that the Tea Examiners at the
three ports of entry, Chicago, New York and San
Francisco, will be men of such character as to be
thoroughly reliable in order to make this law effec-
tive. Upon these three men will depend whether
this bill will be a success in carring out the object
of providing for the American people teas absolutely
pure and without objection. If they do their duty
the finest crop of tea that has ever come to America
will be in the possession of the American people
next season, beginning June 1st.”

♦

PRUNING, PLUCKING AND PREPARATION
OF TEA.

Dooars, April 17. — Preparation in the factory is now
more carefully supervised, and, owing to improved
machinery and good buildings, carried out in a more
systematic manner. To make good tea there can be
no hard and fast line drawn between field work
and factory work. The greater the care taken fro n
the pruning of the bush in the cold weather up to
the time it is packed, the better the quality is likely
to be. No one has yet discovered, and I don’t think
ever will, a system whereby leaf which baa been grown
op sickly bushes due to bad pruning and bad caltiva-

a68

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

tion, or allowed to become old, before being taken ofi
can be made into tea of good quality in the factory.
Caveleseness in the factory may spoil good leaf, but, as
a rule, I think the f actory gets more than its fair share
of supervision in the plucking season. When we
think of the number of hands employed in the field
as compared with the factory, at least 10 to 1, pro-
bably 15 to 1, and very often one European in the
factory and one in the field only, the deficiency of
snpervision of the latter becomes more apparent.
Again, in the field, in plucking each bush should be
plucked according to its growth, and every individual
shoot in the same way, so as to secure evenness of
quality. Leaf plucked unevenly upsets nearly every
stage of manufacture. Young leaf withers more
quickly, rolls easier, ferments more quickly than older
leaf, hence if we attempt to do what we should for
the young leaf, we do not treat the older properly
and vice versa. Again in the factory we deal with
three or four maunds of leaf at a time, and so many
of the niachines are now automatic that less super-
vision is required than in the old days of hand
rolling and chula firing. The weak point in this dis-
trict lies, I think, in the plucking, not only ns re-
gards quality, but also in regard to quantity. — Indian
planters' Oauette.

NATAL TEA.

Mr. J. Fraser, the lately-appointed man"ger of the
Barrow-Green Tea Estate, Natal, is to be congratu-
lated on the successes he has scored with his teas.
The Barrow-Green t3as took first prize in all three
classes, viz., golden pekoe, orange pekoe, and pekoe
souchong ; and also the gold medal for the ijest
exhibit of teas of nil kinds. The judge in his report
says : — “Upon the general quality of the first prize
teas, I think it show.s a distinct advance. The teas
are well made, the leaf is young, and the liquor strong,
and there is an absence of the usual herby flavour so
prevalent in teas from Natal. A special prize is
awarded, notwithstanding that only one comiietitor
exhibits in this class. A full set of teas also exhibi-
ted but no competitor. I think a prize (or at auy
rate some recognition) should be awarded consider-
able trouble and expense having been incurred by the
exhibitor; who could not foresee that others would
not compete.” Mr. Fraser’s success is all the more
gratifying to him, inasmucii as he is a new arrival.
He only reached Natal from Covlon, on February
58th; but on hearing that an exhibition was to be
held here a fortnight ahead, he proceeded without
the loss of an hour to prepare his samples which are
now on exhibition, althougli when 3Ir. Fr.aser arrived
the leaf had not been plucked nor even the cases
jiade. Mr. Fraser’s energy has happily been well
awarded. — liout/i African Jiepuhlic, March 18.

♦

THE VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL EDU-
CATION IN INDIA; A HINT FOR
THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT.

Tlie Governntent of Bombay liave (says the
Times of India) taken a nio.st prudent and neces-
sary step for Lite encoura<renient of agriculture.
It will be renieinbered that the Famine Commis.sion
recommended - in accordance with the declared
policy of Government — that the Revenue Depart-
ment, the olficer.s of which are intimately con-
cerned will) the agricultural interestsof tliecountry,
should contain a lea\en (»f oHicers possessing
sonie knowledge of agricultural science and
pr;# ice. Fince then a conference has been held
p re* (led over by Mr. Chatlicid, Director of Public
Instruction, and including among its members
the Director of Agriculture, >Sii' E. Buck, the
Sec retary to the Government of India, in the
Revenue and Agricultural D('])artments, and Mr.
Ozanne, the recommendations of which w(3ie

[June i, 1897.

adopted by the Government of Lord .Sandhurst.
The result has been the declaration that Go-
vernment is leady to place holders of the agri-
cultural diploma, 'according to the higher standard
now to be exacted, on a ])ar with graduates of
the University for eni|)loyment in the Revenue
Department. Says the Times of India we con-
gratulate the Gcjvernment on having taken the
sliortest road to revive ijiterest in agricultural
study and to obtain for the Revenue Dep.art-
ment a body of men instructed, and therefore
likely to be interested, in a science, the practical
importance of which to the interests of the people
can iiardly be exaggerated.

M'e think it high time that our local Govern-
ment thought of placing the Colombo Agricultural
College on a proper footing, instead of allowing
it to languish ;is it h.as been doing for lack of
proper support and ,a liberal jiolicy. Below we
give recommenilations with reference to Agri-
cultural Education in India.

THE AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
POLICY IN INDIA.

Among the recommendations made by the Com-
mittees ajipointed to confer with Sir Edward Buck
at the instance of the Government of India are
the following : —

That agriculture should not appear as a sepa-
rate subject in the curriculum of rural jirimary
schools, but that the ell'ort should be to impart
an elementary knowledge of it in the group
“object les.sons and elementary science” which
group should be made a eompulsory subject.

That agriculture should be recognised as a
separate optional subject tor boys after they have
passed the Fourth Standard, and that until jiro-
perly qualified teachers become available, the
study of a text-book of agriculture in Lower
Secondary scliools will be better than nothing.

That the lirst necessary step is to provide for
the training of the teachers of Lower Secondaiy
and Primary rural schools, and that to tliis end
every training institution, where such te.achers
are trained should have on its stall’ a master
(pialilied to teach .agriculture and have attached
CO it a school garden.

That to secuie an .ader|uate sui)ply of trained
teachers for the rural Piimary and Lower Second-
ary schools, an agricultural class should be
developed in selected educational institutions
w'here the general education will be carried on
up to the Upper Secondary Examination, and
special education in agriculture up to the inter-
mediate standard. .Such classes will need a
small dernonstrational fiirm for teaching purposes.

That the early establishment ot experimental
farms as separate organizations, and designed
for carrying on agricultural investigations, is
desirable.

That a list of the principal agricultural defects
of dill’erent districts shouhl be diawn up, and that
these should be gradually investigated in the
order of their imi)ortance.

-A-

rr:ST-.SOI.UTION for CiNfUON.V Ai.kai.oids. —
A mixture of eipial jiaits of a 10-per-cent solu-
tion of sodium thiosulphate .and a .5-per-cimt
solution of coi)pcr sulphate. Add this drop by
drop to the liquid to be tested. In presence of
(juinine, (luinidine, cinchonine, or cinchonidine,
a yellow, amorphous precipitate is formed within
a minute. — J oworowski.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 869

June i, iSg).]

THE NEED OF THE DAY TN CEYLON:

“A DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.”

Ceylon, altlioujili ahead in nnu-li, is still be-
hind in a ”00(1 deal as coinpaied with its
neighbours. So much of our prosperity de-
])end.s on Agriculture, that one would naturally
conclude the Govermn.-nt would .see to it that
every kind of scientific assistance was rendered
to those who are engaged in the work, and when
ditliculties arose, ora blight of any kind threat-
ened the prosperity of any of its hrauches, that
there was a Department of Agriculture to which
men might go for expert advice. Rut as we ail
know, this is not so. Just at pre.sent there is con-
siderable anxiety as to w'here the cacao pest may
land its planters and those dependent on the in-
dustry. It may be something else later on; indeed
there is much even now that ought to be studied
in respect of our tea and coconuts, not to speak
of minor, new and untried prexlucts. India has
its Agricultural Department and s])ecial otlicials
— so has Java, w'liere indeed all the cadets for
the Covenanted Civil Service have to ac(|uire a
special grounding in Agricultural knowledge
before they are allowed to take up i-evenue or ad-
ministrative work. In Java, moreover, there is a
considerable scientific staff ready at all times to
turn its clear light on obscure causes of
destruction, and to work out the life history of
enemies of products as well as to suggest and
experiment with remedies. But here we have
not even an Entomologist in the Government ser-
vice to verify a “poochee” — mucli less an allowance
made to a competent Entomologist available on
the spot — but have to depend on the gracious
services of private observers who have taken to
the study for pure love of it.

When one thinks how much money is at stake
in connection with the Agriculture of Ceylon; how
every race which people this island are more or
less employed in it; how even the very stability
of .the Government depends on its prosperity, it is
passing strange that so little is done to guard its
interests or guide its destinies. When an Ento.
mologiet was asked for by the Planters’ As-
sociation, the request was refused, and it is
only when the steed has been stolen that our
authorities bestir tliemsehes and endeavour to
lock the door, by promising to import a specialist
to ferret out the reason for the large mortality in
cacao, but without the ]»roper preliminary inquiry
by Me.ssrs. Willis and Green to show in what
direction — if any — the services of a scientist from
Europe is nece.ssary.

A London merchant, who has interests in cacao
in Ceylon, has been writing out, regarding the
Government Reports which tlie Republic of the
United States issue from its Departments
of Agriculture, for the advice and guidance
of fruit-growers there. These Reports are
extremely practical, and explain how in.sect
pests or fungoid growths — s|)ecial enemies of
the American fruit-growers— can successfully be
combated ; and for the lazy or unbelieving, there
are pliotographs of “ struck ” and barren-looking
trees which have been uncared for, to com])are
with other vigorous and crojdaden ones which
have been regularly sprayed. It is an object le.sson
which carries conviction, and the fruit-grower if
his garden or plantation be a failure, has himself
to thank for the want of success. For he is
not left as is the cacao, the tea and coco-
nut planter in Ceylon to puzzle out what ought
to be done -.—that has been scientifically workei-l
out for him, and he is directed as the case may

be to spray the stricken trees with kerosine,
preparations of arsenic, sulphate of copper, wtih
lime and water, &c.. I've. The fruit-grower of
America knows now that it he neglects the
insecticides and fungicides, his time and lab.mr
will he wasted, and that spraying at insect or
fungoid enemies, must he regardecl as a regu'ar
and necessary [lart of a fruit-grower’s work. There
is nothing new nor wonderful in this : it is

as true now as it was when “ Adam delved and
Eve span ” that “ in the sweat of thy face ” are
cacao and fruit, like all other products, to be
reaped.

In the Ceylon crusade against the cacao pe.st,
men seem to he all at sixes and sevens.
That it is a fungus is the belief of some,
w'hile others hold it is a beetle ; and as
for remedies, the white-wash and tar brushes
have been much in evidence, and after that
too often comes alas ! the saw and the furnace.
Cacao culture here is a comparatively .small
affair as compared with tea or coconuts ; but it
Is an extra string to the bow of the island’s pios-
perity, and is not grown without jirolit. If the
men who are interested in it only knew what
to do, there would be a determined effort to do
it ; but they fight their enemy in the dark,
Avaste their strength in wild blows at nothing —
and many are so sick of experiments that they
are letting things take their course till the ex-
pert promised, has arrived, studied and spoken.
Had there been a Department of Agriculture
to turn to or even an Entomologist to examine
carefully, experiment and then advise, this weary
waiting might have been avoided, and less
treasure lost. Scientific advisers aie the need
of the day.

As if to emphasize the lesson sought to be en-
forced on His Excellency the Governor and his
Executive in the foregoing, we have now to
direct attention to the instructive letter of Mr.
A. Van Der Poorten, in which that accom-
plished cacao planter gives his experience of
enemies of his product. He apologises most un-
necessarily for his imperfect expression in a
language not Ids own ; but would that all our
English cacao planters could tell us as nipch
and as clearly as this Belgian gentleman. The
indebtedne.ss of the Ceylon Planting Enterprise
in times past to gentlemen who owed tlieir birth
to the Continent of Europe, for valuable obser-
vations benefitting the community as a whole,
is well-recognised and historic. The accom-
plished compiler of the “ Enemies of the Coffee
Plant” — long a most useful and standard
work —was the late Mr. Nietner of Pundaluoya,
a Prus.sian. The letters of Mr. G. A. Cruwell
(Cruvelli) in the Observer on coffee planting
here ami in other lands, added much to our
informati(m in times past, and other planters could
be mentioned to whom Mr. Van Der Poorten
is a most worthy successor. He shows very clearly
where and when he should have been glad of the
aid of a scientist in trying to understand
fully, and to combat the jrarticular enemy of
his trees ; and we can simply repeat tliat it
must be deemed a lasting disgrace to the Gov-
ernment of Sir Arthur Havelock that it should
have refused the Planters’ Association the aid
of an Entomologist at the time a special ajipeal
for one was made. Now, we have a Governor
whose fan It- -if fault it be- is to act perhaps
too impulsively and with a desire to have
affairs which require a good deal of consider-
ation and careful inquiry, cleared out of hand
right off, in the minimum of time. The Hills

870

THR TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

June i, 1897.

Tr.amw.ay Commission (with a Chairman and lead-
ing nnollic.ial member wlio only had a few weeks
to spare in the island after their appointment
is a ea-e in i)oint — and so, to some extent, is
the olVhimd promise of a “ specialist for cacao
diseas witliont any proper attempt at defining
what -n; is to do. 'I’lierf is time, however, to
have 1)0. h these sli])s — failings on tlie right
side, we confess— rectilied and good tlien
can only result. We sliould certainly like
Sir West Uiilgeway to consider how this great
Agricultural < 'olony can secure a .Scientilic Stiiff
such as Java, or moie tlian one of the fruit-grow-
iim States of America— say (.'alifornia — is favoured
with. W’ould it he considered dreadfully hereti-
cal to iidvise llie reduction of our nine (lovern-
nient Agmicies into four or live Collectorates,
and the devotion of thesalaries and .allowances so
save 1, to t!ie eslalilishnient of an Agricultural
DeiiartmenC and .Scientilic Stiill'to deal specially
with the enendes to wliicli all our food, fruit or
other commercial pioducls, .are subject? We
have often pressed this view on successive Gov-
ernors and the lunger we live in the island and
watch what is being done in India, in .Jiiva, in
New South W.ales and (Queensland, tind in the
Tnited .States of America, — the more we feel
the necessity for the development of a truly
active Agricultural and Planting policy on the
part of the Government of Ceylon. How to
make two blades of grass grow where only one
grew bef'ce, — how to increase the fruitfulness of
c.ac.ao, Liberian coffee, coconuts, &c., by showing
how enemies can he fought and got rid of— is,
after all, a far more useful service than the
devising of better means of collecting revenue,
or the w.atching over land applications, encroach-
ments and sales. Since the abolition of the
only semblatice of land revenue .assessment .and
collections in Ceylon, what h.ave our nine Go-
vern incnt Agents to do of any importance that
\\ ( uld not he disposed of by two or three Col-
ie'ciors from Southern India ? A thousand worries
;ind trifles alfecting Kachch ud rotitine, do not and
ought not to count in such a case.

TOBACCO CULflVATION IN JAFFNA.

(Conuniniicatcd. )

Tobacco is cultivated in different parts of our
Peninsula, mainly in country plots where the soil is
most adapted. Though the use of tobacco is strongly
condemned by many; yet we find no decrease either
in its cultivation or use to any appreciable amount.
There can be no doubt that the cultivation of to-
bacco in .Taffna is steadily advancing as may
clearly be known from two facts viz., the fact that
extensive tracts of land which were at one time left
in a state of chronic uncultivation, nnsuhjected to
the plough or hoe, have now been developed and
tin lied into fruitful tobacco gardens; and the
faci. that a large quantity of tobacco as well as cigars
is sent occasionally from Jaffna to the Metropolis,
Galle, Malabar Coasts and other emporiums.

The cultivation of tobacco plants requires as
careful study and attention as any others. In to-
bacco plants there are different kinds, of. which
the following are well-known to our tobacco planters.
('Iiouif/ii (of which there are two species white and
black) Aimneathan, Thattim and KuJai/an. The
young plants are obtained from seeds, which are smaller
than the mustard seed. They .ire at fir.st reared in
the mnsei y for about a month and a half Then they are
planted in parallel straight lines, care being taken to
jiresci ve a di.slance of a couple cubits between two
))hinls. J'lie time of iilaiiting usually begins in
November and continues till T'chruary. Before plant-

ing, the ground should be well manured, ploughed and
hoed, the manures used being cowdung, green leaves
of plants such as Kavilaii Poocarasu etc. After plant-
ing, the next thing to be done is watering. While
young the plants should be watered daily ; but after
they attain a couple of months growth they are
watered every other day. The plants then grow up
day by day assimilating the manure, the air, and tlie
water and spreading their leaves all round the stern,
till they reach the st’ge of blossoming. At this stage
the most essential part that should inevitably he per-
formed in growing tobacco, is topping. It is usually
best done by cutting off the heads of theplant.s beyond
a certain limited number of leaves, which vary between
10 and 14. As the result of topping, secondarie.s will
make their appearance at the joints of each leaf, and
unless these DC carefully pulled off the total amount
of money labor and time spent on it would he of no
avail. The very object of topping is to maki the
leaves increase in length breadth and thickness. The
task of palling off the secondaries is as necessary a.s
that of topping. Tiiis i.s done usu illy thrice u.iiil the
plants attain their full growth. The rain at this time
is unwelcome to the plants, since it wishes off th.^ s ip
and tears away the leaves. A bunip^r tobacco crop in
its state of Cull development is indeed very pleaiant to
look at. The signs of full development are some
colored marks, or spots on the leaves. The leave are
then cut off with a part of the stem and subjected to
the manifold prooesses of curing. It should be noticed
that like tea and coffee, paddy and other plants, the
tobacco plant is not free from the attacks of disease
or worms. The most destructive of the latter are ihe
Allukanavan and the Arrahottian.

If careful attention is paid to the manuring plantiug
and pruning of the tobacco plants they are sure to grow
well and be remunerative. — Patriot.

FACTS, FIGURES, AND THEORIES ON
THE DECLINE OF CHINESE TEA.

INDIA AND CEYLON AS COMPETITORS.

DECAYED TEA PORTS.

(from our special shanghai CORRESPONDENl’.)

The history of commerce presents few examples
of a national industry having to pass through such
an ordeal as the China tea trade is now under-
going. Tear by year for the greater part of a
generation it has declined, until now it is a mere
shadow of its former self. But beyond the fact of
the decline we know little either as to its extent
or as to its economic effects on the Chinese tea
growers. How they have adapted themselves to the
d'sastrons change, or if they have paid any atten-
tion to it, is a mystery. Whether or not they have
found new markets elsewhere in place of those lost
to them in Western Europe is open to dispute.
Whether or not they have reduced the tea growing
area is a question differently answered by various
authorities. All we can make sure of is that the
British tea trade with China is rapidly shrinking up.

The present season (1896-97) so far from holding
out any hope of improvement exhibits more rapid
retrogression than ever. With one solitary exception
every port of shipment exhibits a decrease.
The exports to Great Britain from the com-
mencement of the season to the middle of Januarv fell
from 43,362,0001b. to 37, .336,000 lb. The northern,
central, and Southern districts have all the same tale
to repeat of reduced demand. The Hankow and
Shanghai shipments, which take the lead in quautit .
lost nearly three million pounds as compared with
the corresponding period of .1895-96, their aggregate
to date having been only 18,410,100 lb. again.st
21,317,000 Ih. Tlie central districts shipping by Foo-
chow are more than two million pounds short—
12,749,000 lb., against 14,676,(X)0 lb. The Southern dii--
tricts shipping from Canton and Macao are over one
million lb. short— an aggregate to date < f 6,317,00011).,
against 7,368,000 Ih. on the uui'res^)onding period of
last season.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

871

June i, 1897.]

So far as concerns our own market these figures
only bear out what was already matter of general
knowledge. They cause no surprise as some of the
other figures do. China was supposed to be finding
compensation in America for her losses in Europe, but
that turns out to be

A FOND DELUSION.

This season’s shipments to the United States and
Canada have fallen off to almost as large an extent as
those to Great Britain. They aggregate up to the
middle of January 49,755,000 lb., or fully 3,000,000 less
than the corresponding aggregate of last year, which
was 53,128,000 lb. China’s final resort is Russia, but
here again we encounter a sharp shrinkage — at least
in the shipments to Odessa. Their total for the
season has so far been only 22,949,000 lb. — fully
4,000, OOOlbs. less than last year’s total of 27,240, OOOlbs.
More tea may have gone overland to Siberia, but that
is hardly likely in view of the growing diversion of
Russian trade from the overland to the sea route.

The tone of recent official reports on the tea trade
is generally speaking, bad. The Imperial Comrnis-
sioner of Customs at Hankow predicted some time
ago that the tea trade with England would decrease
year by year, which it has done. He also expressed his
belief the.t if India and Ceylon tea can be produced
to suit the Russian taste, the Russian trade will
likewise go. The Foochow Commissioner says of his
district that in the preceding ten years the tea trade
had declined 50 per cent., “chiefly owing to depre-
ciation in quality.” Foochow had become a mere bye-
port, and its foreign colony had shrunk to a few
hundreds ; the actual census was 350. The amount
of business done by them tvas no longer half what it had
been and the. foreigners employed in the Arsenal and
other public institutions had been almost entirely
supplanted by natives. The melancholy conclusion
he came to was that present indications for the tea
industry “ are more than discouraging.

Amoy is another of the dried up tea porta from which
a voice of lamentation has been raised. In the official
review of its Customs the w'riter observes that “exports
have increased or maintained a sound average, with
the exception of a serious decline in tea. Careless
cultivation and dishonest packing had already killed
the Congou trade of Amoy in 1881 ; now local Oolongs
are haraly worth the cost of shipment.” Only a de-
mand for low-priced teas kept the market alive at all,
and that was being threatened by Japan. As a tea
port the principal use of Amoy was the

MAKKETING OF FOUMOSA TEAS,

which are transhipped there. This Commissioner
gives a welcome indication of how the case is regarded
by the Chinese themselves. “Strangely enough,” he
says, “the natives appear to view the ruin of this
important trade with absolute indifference, and vvith-
out moving a finger to retrieve their position.”

But for an example of the utter ruin and decay
which may overtake a once flourishing port, Wham-
poa is the place to go to. In the days of the old tea
olippers Whampoa was the rendezvous for the annual
tea race to London. Situated in a bend of the
Pearl river, a few miles below Canton, it was
a very convenient place for ships to finish load-
in" at, and equally convenient to start
from. They could drop down the river in a
few hours and get clear away to sea. They were
great days those of the Agamemnon and the other
tea clippers racing home, with a T500 bonus waiting
for the captain of the first arrival. I steamed past
Whampoa lately in the moonlight, and found it a
picture of desolation. Not an ocean-going ship lay
in its beautiful bay, and hardly a sound was to be
heard from the shore. Poor Whampoa looked like
a city of the dead.

A good many explanations have been offered of the
phlegmatic resignation with which the Chinamen
bear what any other people would consider a national
disaster. Most of them are conjectural, but one or
two have a plausible appearance. It is affirmed that
the heavy decline shown in the tea exports is to
some extent misleadinn. Those returns are made by
the Imperial Maritime Customs, and cover only teas

shipped in foreign bottoms for foreign account.
Teas passing through the native Customs are not
included, any record made of them .being taken by
the native authorities, who keep it to themselves.
Recenily the native junks have competed strongly
with tile foreign steamers for tea freights,
and have undoubtedly been securing a larger share
of them. Part oi the decrease shown at inland ports
may therefore be only a transfer from one channel
of export to another.

Another theory with more substance in it is that
it took a long while for much of the loss to reach
the tea growers. During the intermediate stage the
greater part of it fell on the merchants and the
middlemen. This explanation is contenanced by the
well-known fact that for years past

TEA EXPOllTING HAS BEEN A LOSING BUSINESS.

The trade reports of the native toa markets alt
agree on that point. In a review of the last Canton
season it is said “The result was again disastrous
to shippers in spite of the fact that teas were
laid down cheaper than ever known before.” Teas
shipped from Ningpo during the same season were
of inferior quality and adulterated as well, the
result being that “ of the thirty odd native hongs
engaged in the Piugsuey tea trade, not more than
four or five made any profit at all. The rest are
reported to have lost sums varying from 5,000 to
8,000 dollars.”

In view of the many interests involved in this tea
question,! have taken every opportunity here of making
local inquiries regarding it. English shippers at
Shanghai and Canton have favoured me with their
views, which, as a rule, are decidedly pessimist.
One whom I met at Canton had been in the trade
over *z0 years, and he considered it irrecoverably
gone. The competition of India, Ceylon, and Japan
was growing too keen for the Chinamen, who would
not wake up to it till too late. Others took a more
hopeful view, and anticipated a revival not only so,
but they thought it might come comparatively soon.
So far the new producers have had everything on
their side — virgin ground, ample capital, skilled
management, and all the best mechanical appliances
for curing the tea. The Chinamen, on the other
hand, had been handicapped by worn out ground,
no capital, little or no technical skill, and no mecha-
nical assistance.

It is by no means out of the question for the
Chinese tea growers to retrieve themselves, and turn
the tables on their Indian competitors. A first step
in that direction is already being taken in some of
the tea districts where “ firing,” that is, drying the
leaves by machinery, is being introduced. The drying
is done in half the time that the Chinese method
of sun-drying required, and at half the cost When
plants which have outgrown themselves and become
stale are renewed, Chinese tea may recover much of
the fine flavour it has lost. More careful sorting and
packing, less adulteration, and a return to the
straightforward business methods of early days will
all help to rehabilitate its damaged credit. The
Chinese tea grower is not played out yet anj^ more
than the Caucasian is, but it is about time for him
to turn over a new tea leaf. — J>undce Advcrtiner.

MR. RHODES AS COFFEE PLANTER,
The rumour that Mr, Rliode.s i.s going to apply
his many-sided mind to collce growin" on a
colossal scale in the Shire Highlands of 'Centr.al
Africa, is causing a good deal of interest amongst
those who are already engaged in the industry
in that part of the world. It would ho sin"nlaV
if Mr. Rhodes should really return, in thezenilh
of his fortunes— so far as money-making is con-
cerned—to an occupation which h’e attempted with
scant success at the outset of hi.s' colonial career
Long years ago he was a cofl'ee planter in Natal'
hut discarded the life for the more exciting one
of diamond hunting at Kimberley. -DaUq ChrZnd,
April 10. ’

«72 THE TROPICAL AGKICHL THKlST. [June r, 1897.

NUWARA ELIYA TEA ESTATES COM-
PANY, LIMITED.

Report of the directors to be presented to the lirst
annual general mee.iiiig of shareholders to be held
on Friday, the 30th April, 131)7, at the offices of the
Agents, Messrs. Frith, Sands & Go., Winchester
House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C., at 12 o'clock
noon precisely.

The director’s beg to snbuiit to the shareholders the
balance sheet and prolit and loss account up to
31sl December, 181)6.

The accounts shew a surplus of t'9,l)10 Os lOd from
which debenture interest ft, 590 is deducted, leaving
a balance of £8, 320.0s lOd. Au interim dividend of 4
percent, was paid in September, 1896 which absoibed
£4,033 6s 8d. The Directors now propose to pay a
final dividend, making 6 per cent, for the year, on
the four issues of shares from the respective dates
that they rank for dividend, viz.

£ s.d. £ s.d.

Shares Nos. 1 — 3,300, from

1st Jan. to
31st Dec.,

181)6,at6p.r

oentperann. 1,980 0 0
Less Intel irn Divi-
dend paid. . l,3’20 0 0

660 0 0

3,301 — 11,500, from
1st Feb. to
31st Dee.

1896. at 6 per

centperann. 4,510 0 0
Less Interim Divi-
dend paid. . 2,733 6 8

1,776 13 4

11,501—13,700, from
1st July CO
3lsi Dec.

1896, at 6 per

centperann. .. 660 0 0

1.3,701—15,870, from
1st Nov. to
31st Dec.

1896,at 6 per-
cent per ann. .. 217 00

This will absorb . . • • . . £3,313 13 4

Of the balance, £953 Os lOd, it is proposed to
apply ,£.300 to a Sin'ung Fund against the pre-
mium paid for leases, and £65.3 Os lOd towards the
liquidation of the sum of £1,109 2s Id, the amount
of the formation expenses of the Company.

The crop of tea from the Company’s estates amoun-
ted to 565,692 lb. of which 535,675 lb. rvas manufac-
tured at the various factories on the properties, and
green leaf, representing 31,860 lb. Tea, for which
accommodation for manufacture was not available at
the time, was sold to a neighbouring estate : 1.843 lb.
Tea was also made from purchased leaf. The c st of
manufacture and placing on steamer at Colombo w.as
4-88d per lb. The average exchange for the year wa.s
Is 2Jd., and the average gross sale price of the tea
10’30d. In addition to the lea crop, about 221 bushels
of coffee, and 76,340 lb. of Cinchona bark were
gathered and sold in Colombo.

The Company acquired at first only the estates of
of I’ark and Concordia ; since then several other
properties have been purchased as detail in the
accompanying statement of acreage. As shewn in
this statement, 2,174 acres are now under tea in
various stages, and the estimate for 1897 is for an
outturn of about 480 lb. per acre for the area in full
bearing, and about 250 lb. from that in partial
bearing.

The policy of the directors, which has been ably
carried out by the Manager in Ceylon during the
past year, has been to effect such alterations and
improvements in the general condition of the estates
and factories as will ensure the best possible results
in the future.

With this view extensions were compdeted during
the year to the factories at Naseby and Parkestates,
and commenced to those on Pedro and Court Lodge,
while entirely new factories, on Poctswood and Con-
cordia, are now practically finished. Tne want of
these materially affected the first year’s profits.

The General Manager rejiorts that all the estates
are now in thorough order, and anticipates much
improved results in the current year. This is borne
out by telegrams giving figures of yields very largely in
excess of those to same date last year.

STATEMENl' OF APIUIOXI.MAXE ACliEAOKS KEFEKRED

TO IN

THE REPORT.

Estates.

Tea in full
bearing.

Partial

bearing.

Not in
bearing

0^

1 3.2

o

CC

Fuel Trees

’a

o

H

Park

161

7

20

—

10

3

201

Concoidia. .

80

102

46

2

—

6

236

Poitswood. .

260

—

40

43

170

—

513

Pedro

213

—

116

43

2

—

374

Ken mare . .

113

7

38

28

46

—

232

Hillside . .

137

—

99

25

4

—

265

Court Lodge
Lovers’

302

24

42

—

10

4

382

Leap

Fairvland

80

44

—

•

6

130

(Lease) . .

52

—

—

—

20

—

72

Naseby

Hazelwood

87

27

39

12

6

““

171

(Lease) . .

38

—

—

—

—

—

38

1,523

211

440

153

268

19

2,614

VAllIUU.S PLANTING NOTES.

CoFFKK IN Nkw South \Vales.— A Sydney
merchant writes : — “ There is a little boom on
about trying cuflee on some of our Northern
ri\ er.s’ lands — about the Uichmond : on the flats
they grow maize and .sugar, but they have hill
lands, too.”

The Mo.st Exi’ENSIVE Puoduct in thew'orldis
said to he the charcoal thread which is employed
for incandescent lamps. It is cluelly manufactured
in Paris. It is sold whole.sale by the gramme
(15^ grains). In reducing its price to the

basis of pounds weight, it is found that the
(ilamonts for lamps of twenty candles are worth
.£1,600 per lb., and that for lamps of thirty
caudles they are w'ortli £2,400 per lb. The former
have a diameter of twenty thousandths of a milli-
metre (millimetre=0’0394 in.), and the latter
four and a half thousandths of a millimetre. The
filaments for lamps of three candles are so light
that it would require nearly 1,500,<X)0 of them to
weigh 1 11). As tlie length of each is 10 cm.
(3’937 in.), their total length would be 187 miles.
— Egyptian Gazette., April 9.

China and Japan Teas.— it will be .seen
from the following return that 6 million lb. less
of China tea have gone to Great Britain in the
season now closing than in 1895-6. To Russia —
that is Odessa — the decrease is nearly 5^ million
lb. To North America tiiere is a comparative
falliiig-oir of nearly 5^ million lb. of China and
5^ million lb. of Japan teas. The total figures
in the China pa])crs are as follows : —

1896-97

lb.

Export from China to
Great Britain . . 37,444,332

Export from China to

Luited Status and Canada 50,548,770
Export from China to Odessa 22,9 19,123
Export from Japan to
United States and Canada 12,526,802

1895-96

lb.

43,503,555

55,959,010

27,240,863

48,2’23,441

June r, 1897.J

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

873

— —

To the Kdilij?.

MANURING OF TEA ESTATES AND
MR. JOHN HUGHES’ REMARKS.

Dkar Sir, — Tlie net value on the increased tea
yield will temporarily drop to one set of factor-',
hut is not touched on another. Cultivation with
artilicial manures may bo a means to one of
two ends, bush-making or crop, and to take the
latter with no care of the former is but cater-
pillar policy ! A heavy pruning, followed by
application of manure [rrevious to a season of a
“ rush of leaf” will, of course, aggravate the poor
liquoring teas primary flushes give. Rut such
drastic measures are to be follovved by bush-
training and how to “tip back” etc is another
tale. Say the cover of tea over area has thus
been a tained pruning is only necessary at greater
intervals of time, your second application of
£ .'1. (1. comes on .six months after the 2nd pruning
and can it be otherwise than that better leaf
will be obtained from the improved wood? I liave
had better results from an application costing R5
an acre than where I have spent twice the amount
and this is. yet another tale.

Ic is diflicult when writing on a subject such
as this to refrain from running into other than
the immediate factors and these major tactics of
agriculture are a cheap enough education when
one may read what Messrs. Hughes, Ramber and
Cochran have to say and so keej) a tea farmer
from blundering in his work ; and to be versed
in a little elementary chemistry and geology
facilitates a ready understanding of their writings.

“REPLY MARKED GO.”

RHANG AS A FERRIFUGE.

Colombo, April 27th 1897.

Dear Sir, — In the Ceylon Observer of Saturda.y
(24th inst.) inquiry is made by D.F. (page 2nd
“An Olio ”) from some medical man as to whether
“bhang” is u.sed as a febrifuge, and mention
is made of what Knox, in his “ Historical Re-
lation of the Island of Ceylon,” says about it.
1- have referred to Knox’s book and And the
statement in the place indicated (page 154).
After. Knox’s escape from Kandy, he proceeded
Northwards and had to drink of the water of
tanks in the Vanni which he describes graphic
ally — “ having no springs, we were fain to drink
of ponds of rain water, wherein the cattle lie
and tumble, whieh would be so tbick aud muddy,
that the very filth would hang in our beards
when we drank.” He goes on to say that
he had been accustomed “ to drink pure
spring water only,” but the bad water he was
compelled to drink brought on “ violent
favors and agues.” He learned, however, of
“ an antidote and counter-poison against
the filthy venomous water,” which -is thus des-
cribed:— “It is only a dry leaf; they call it in
Portuguese, Banga, beaten to powder with some
of the country jaqgory, and this we eat morn-
ing aud evening upon an empty stomach. It
intoxicates the brain, and makes one giddy, with
out any other operation by stool or vomit.”

A good account of Indian hemp or gunjah may
be found in the “ Rengal Dispensatory and
Pharmacopoeia by W. B. O’Shaughnessy, M.D.,

111

Pi'ofossor of Materia Medica in the Medical
College, Calcutta,” publislied in 1841. This work
was the basis of the “ I’liarmacopmia of India”
b.y Dr. Edw'ard John Waring, published by the
authority of the Government of India, in IStiS.
The “ Pharmacopceia of India” gives the thera-
peutic uses of Indian hemp, but it is not stated
that, it is used in fevers. Dr. O'.Shaughnessy
(afterwards Knighted in acknowledgment of his
great services for ]U'ojecting and carrying out the
system of electric telegra]dis in India) gives a
more detailed account of the medicinal uses of
Indian hemp, and states the properties which
are assigned to it by Sanscrit, Arabian, and
Persian writei's and by modern Euroi)ean authors.
No mention is made of its use in fevers.

The into.xicating properties of Indian hemp or
gunjah were well known, but there w.as uncer-
tainty as to its medicinal virtues. Dr. O’Shaugh-
nessy made many e.vperiments to ascertain the
action of the drug (>n man aud animals, and he
gave it to some jjatients. On one ])atient, it had
the remarkable efl’ect of jiroducing a cataleptic
fit. Dr. O’Shanghnes.sy’s investigations satisfied
him that it is a useful reniedj'’ in some diseases,
and his recommemlations led to its introduction
into European medical jiractice. — Yours faithfullj’',
JAMES LOOS, M.i)., Retired Colonial Surgeon.

TEA PLUCKING.

May 5th, 1897.

Dear Sir, — As regards the letters on

tea plucking, etc., I should like to know
whether it has been ever proved that coarse
plucking gives a larger yield than good metlium.

Take this instance: iMariawatte pluck their
famous 100 acres once a week, to get in 4 pluck-
ings a month, and the leaf they get oll’it by this
means is certainly good mediuni. Supposing,
however, they changed their system to 10 days
plucking, they would only get in .3 rounds
instead of 4 in the month, they would get coarse
leaf, and cceteris yaribus would they get a bigger
yield at the end of the year Mian they are,
doing now ? Obseive they lose a round a month,
and the bushes would get far too liigh, and I
imagine it would be a case of “ far too lightly
plucked ” by the V. A. at the end of the year.

The yield would be bigger for the first 2 or
3 months ; but afterwards ! !

This must be the opinion of most men or why
aie they so anxious to have abundant labour?

The answer is because they want to keep well
up with the flush, bully the bushes, and get
their estimates. S.

CACAO CULTIVATION IN CEYLON
AND ITS ENEMIES.

Greenwood, Madawellatenne.

Dear Sir,— I fully agree with your forcible
articleon “The Cacao Pest” (see ))age 801)
1 must, however, take personal exception to your
remark : — “ The iiress, which ought to have been
supplied with the intormalion, was .singularly free
from any comment, etc.” — As far back as July
28th, 1890, you published a letter from me under,
the “ nom de jilume” Eldorado, mentioning
the lirst cacao disease, about which even a
greater reticence was observed, and which was
never investigated by a scientist, but which I
had good reason to put down to a root Myce-
lium and not to Helopeltis which was often
absent in fields badly attacked. This | disease

874

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS f.

[June i, 1897.

vhich I have shown to have been the cause of
the abandonment of one-third of the then cul-
tivated area and which had such a fatal influence
on crops, virtually disappeared in this district
since 1893. It is in January 1892 that I noticed
here the first serious attaclc ot about 30 trees in
a lump, by an insect whicli I then identified as
“ Tomici Perforans ” — with a))ologies to Mr.
Barber for my audacity to still use what, to Ids
eats, is a “sonorous, aristocratic name, to make
it look learned.”— Before, the attack was sporadic
and seldom fatal ; but this time these trees,
which were among the best in my garden, vigor-
ous and healthy, of 12 years of age, growing
in deep alluvial soil, fairly shaded, nearly all
succumbed. Criollos they were, but since then
among the large yearly increase ot trees attacked,
there was the same proportion of hybrids and
many Forasteros.

In his interesting
appeared in

and sarcastic letter which

... your issue of 12th inst., Mr. Barber

pleads the case of “Tommy” as he prefers to
call the beetle.

He has evidently read “The Agricultural
Pests of India” by Surg. -Gen. E. Balfour and
assimilates the information therein contained :

Tomici. —The species of the genera Ilylcsinus,
Scolytus and Tondcus are small beetles, but
numerous and eommon. Tomici chiefly affect
bamboos and are very destructive to them. The
Hylesiid also attack the band^oo, but not _ so
vigorously as their smaller brethren, the Tomici,
and both are detected by the powdery e.xcre-
rnented matter which they and their larvic
throw out. One small species of Hylesinus
in great numbers attacks the dead w'ood of the
cheer pine, and when hatched underneath the
bark, they bore in all directions, the tendency,
however, being to leach tlie centre of the log.
They do not attack living trees nor logs that
have had their bark stripped off. Tondcus per-
forans monograpfius, in 1860, attackeil the beer
barrels in the Commissariat stores of Burma and
Lower Ben<ral, and the contents oozed out from a
multitude of pores, causing great loss. The sol-
diers gave the insect an apt name— tliey called it
Tippling 'Tommy.”

I have had a similar experience here in 1882
with two hogsheads of wine stored in a locked
place, .\fter two weeks I found one empty, and
of the other, i had oozed out through a great
many drillings made by Tommy. I now cowdung
he wood on arrival.

Mr. B. writes that “ the question at issue will be
whether Tommy has of a sudden changed his
natural instinct in the matter of his diet from
decaying bark and wood to fresh, cp'ecnjScvppy plants,
etc. Itis clearthatMr. B.’smultifarious occupations
have not allowed him to investigate the case
with his usual acumen, for he would have found
that his client Tommy not only attacks cacao trees,
without visible tare, but also the very sapi>y

Dadap tree. , , ^ ^

He further states :—“ When the planter first
notices the weevil (sic) he also notices the fact
that the tree has changed its condition and
per saltern he arrives at the conclusion that “ an
enemy (Tomicus) hath done this thing.” Well, if
not Tomicus, find the enemy ! He exists, for it
cannot be supposed that under 20 years of age
the cacao tree should be decrepit here when
it only attains majority at that age in other

countries. , - c i. -<

From his above statement I infer tliat it may
be uew^ to Mr. B. that a metamorphosis does
precede the appearance of the beelle. It is the

grub, which issues from the microscopic egg
deposited in the bark, which does the greatest
damage. It is only when the grub is at wmrk
in tlie w'ood that its presence is disclosed. How
much lime the grub is at work I leave to the
scientist to discover. To my knowledge, planters
have given wp the liojie to find a remedy, because
having ap]Jied some, they found soon that the
disease broke out under the application ; but this
was no jnoof of its inefflcacy for the eggs
had been laid or had hatched at the time of the
application or even the grub had begun drilling.
The trials of the supposed prophylactic remedies
must be made therefore in a very methodic w’ay.

1 have remarked that the beetles born in the
trees are of a very difierent appearance to those wdiich
tunnel the branches (the latter being the .same
as the Tippling Tommy) but their greater
sturdiness might be due to development.

As to Mr. Barber’s view' that the insect is
not the cause of death to the plant, but one of
the consequences of it ” (the italics are his), I
maintain tliat the insect being always present
before, at and after decease of the victim, the
circumstantial evidence points to him as being
the murderer if no other cause of death can be
brought forward. And would Mr. B. acquit the
man who would jilead that the victim he slew'
w'as decrepit ?

1 join issue with Tomicus’s champion in asking
for light, practical light, and scientific light, but
the latter cannot be given in the form of a
diagnosis but only after a serious and long study
by a trained entomologist. 1 do certainly think
that Mr. Green would be the man.

The damage done is already very large on
many plantations and the increase has no check.
In this district (Kuruneg-ila), I know several
places where tea, Liberian coffee and coconuts are
being planted in view of a complete destruction
of the cacao.

Craving your indulgence lor my ungrammatical
English. — I am, dear .sir, yours truly,

A. VAN UEB LOORTEN.

THE COCONUT PALM IN THE GODAVARI
(KISTNA) DISTRICT.

Sir,— About the period that you discovered tliat
the first of my Christian names w'as not Ananias
after I had been rein rking that Godavari coco-
nut trees produced 200, 300, and rarely 500 nuts
per tree per annum, surprise was expressed that
the small inferior nut should be planted at all in
this jiart of the w'orld. Could you kindly tell me
in w'hat way, though smaller, this nut is inferior ;
as local tradidon lias it that the smaller nut is
more flavoursome, and the only iiuality in favour
of the larger nut is the far larger quantity of
juice (milk). I should like to know what is the
Ceylon market value of the large nut, for it seems
to me that, if only 70 large nuts can be grown per
nnum against 300 small nuts, unless the large nut
has more than four times the market value of the
mall nut, the smaller one is more profitable. I
have said four times, but probably it should be six
or seven times owing to the larger extent of land
occupied by the greater number of trees to produce
an equal number of nuts, not to espeak of the
nurture of a greater number of trees. — 1 am, dear
sir, yours faithfully,

A. N. LUSHINGTON (Kistna District.)

[Ceylon coconuts this year have mostly run
about R30 per thousand — what are Mr. Jm’shing-
ton’s prices? Ifut is it not the case that in
sjieaking of 200 nuts and upwards |ter tree per
annum, ajiart from tlie smaller size, Mr. Liishiii,;-

June i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

875

ton’s experience is of a few trees — and not even
a few acres cacli witli 80 trees per acre ? In
Ceylon we can show wonderful results from a
few ti ees or smal 1 gardens, but our statistics aie
based on plantations of from 100 up to 500 acres
each. — Ed. T.A.'\

OUR AMERICAN TEA COMMISSIONER
AND HIS GOOD WORK.

New York, April 1.

Dear Sir,— I send you a copy of the report
prepared by experts for the new tea standards
liere. Dust and Fannings are to have a bad time.

I also enclose a few of our advertisements
for this week. ^

I note that in his speech at the Planters’
meeting, Mr. Sackville said “ Canada has for
many years been receivinq funds from the Thirty
Committee and its predecessor the Tea Fundf
is this correct? Many years ? Did tlie Tea Fund
give anything for Canada? The Committee did
not begin subscribing till late in 1895. — Yours
truly, Wm. MACKENZIE.

P.S.— Fear of a duty may partly account for
the increase. Be that as it may, Sheppard's tea
circular gives the following ligures ; —

Direct ' shipments to North America fiom
London of Ceylon and Indian teas.

Jan. and Feb. 189(i ... 262,000 lb.

,, ,, 1897 ...1,202,000 1b.

Your' papers show now a large direct shi'p-
ment increase from Colombo.

[The report on the new tea standards will be
found in another column. The advertisements
are of the usual attractive character, one being
trom the “ Youth’s Companion ” regarding which
our Commissioner remarks that it is the “ second
dearest paper in America, the “ Lady’s Home
Journal ” being the first. This advertisement
costs about £48 an issue in this paper. Nearly
all homes take those papers. As to the direct
shipments of tea from Colombo tlie last table of
exports and distribution issued by the Chamber
of Commerce shows that the export to America
this year up to 27th April was 213,201 lb. as
against 90,907 lb. in 1896. — Ed. T.A.'\

“ROSES-ROSES— ALL THE WAY.”
Upcountry, 15th May.

Dear, Sir,— That letter on Rose Culture by
“ Practical Horticulturist ” is most interesting and
ou"ht to be of great use to all amateur rose-
growers. There are acres and acres of abandoned
land that might be turned into rose gardens,
and gallons of perfume might be distilled there-
from ; all we want is some capitalist to take the
initiative in planting acres of ro.ses, and then get
an expert to show us how to extract the valuable
attar of roses. The climate of Ceylon is so diver-
sified that the resources of the island as to New
Products are endless ; in favoured spots plums of
sorts, tigs, raisin, vines &c. might be grown most
prohtably.— Truly yours,

^ UPCOUNTRY.

PLUCKING TEA IN APRIL: A GOOD THING
BUT REQUIRING MORE COOLIES? !

Dear Sir, — To continue my letter of the 5th
inst., I am convinced that were all estates to have
sufficient labour to keep the bushes closely plucked
in April and May, the result would be that the
Ceylon output would be 15 to 20 per cent higher
than it is at present, so perhaps it is as well wo

can’t get sufficient coolies though the quality would
be better if it could be manufactured. Again
had we sufficient labour in those 2 months, what
would we do with the coolies in the non-flushing
months ?

It is in April and May that the cry is for
coolies ; in most other months there is an over-
sutliciency. Now there is a well-known estate
that has solved its labour difficulty. It prunes
the whole of the tea in February, March and
April ; there is therefore no work in April, and
the tea comes into bearing from June onwards,
when better prices prevail, and they have an
even output throughout the year. Surely that is
solving the difficulty !

All estates (below 1,200 ft. where they mostly
prune once a year) might not care to do this, though
it seems a sane idea, but at any rate men ought
to try and get a minimum of their tea in full
bearing in April, and not prune so much in July
and August so as to get a maximum of tea in
bearing in April which they can’t possibly pluck
or manufacture properljn Some men lose about
30 per cent of tfieir yield by this means, they
leave so much on the bushes, that the tea has
to be pruned before it would flush again. So
they go on year after year, crying out for labour
in April, and wanting to lend coolies half the
other months. — Yours faithfully, S.

P.S. — Once a bush gets out of hand it is doomed,
and has to be pruned, it will give fine results
for a tew weeks, then comes the “banjy” and
then the knife. Besides a man who builds a
factory for say 100,000 lb. of tea doesn’t supply
machinery and withering accommodation fer say
35,000 in 2 months. — S.

TEA PLUCKING IN APRIL : A
COUNTERBLAST.

May 17.

Sir, — In your issue of 11th instant there is a
letter signea “ S. ” on the subject of “ Plucking
tea in April.

Half the output of Ceylon is produced at an
elevation of 4,000 ft. or upwards where lushe*
of leaf are so very exceptional that there is little
or no difficulty in securing the whole lot 1

That the other half of Ceylon could turn out
an extra .30 or 40 million lb. annually I don’t be-
lieve, but even were this pos.sible, 1 think it a
wise dispensation of Providence that the labour
question steps in to save those lowcountry men
from ruining themselves and their bushes by
«uch awful overproduction. Were all estates to
follow the advice of “ R ” and have no work
whatever during April (as per that well-known
estate which is evidently managed by a man
smart enough to take advantage of his neighbour’s
idiosyncrasies and doubtless makes them pay
through the nose for his labour during that month)
we should be in a nice fix, .as though Ramasamy
can appreciate taking it easy as much as any
one, lin’d look somewhat asUance when told he’d
have a month’s holiday at his own expen.se and
that there really was no pay whatever for April
in Ceylon as by “ 8. ” established.

The idea of pruning the whole of an estate
either below or above 1,200 ft. all at once is a
most insane idea; but 1 know there are men, or
machines, who believe in and do this. The rc»
suit is 3 days’ work a week foi months and then
7 days a week are not sufficient for the rest of
the year. At one time the tea is simidy rubbish
and at another far above anything it ever fetches
and yet Ave arc told this is the way to maintaiq
an even outturn throughout the year !

8t6 the tropical

Distribute j'our pruning througliout tlie year
both in the low and u[)Couutry ; send your ad-
vances to tlie Coast and covet neither your neigh-
bour’s ox nor ass and if 1 mistake not you’ll
sleep the sleep of the ljust and earn a decent
dividend. — Youis faithfully, FARMER.

THE LABOUR QUESTION.

CKYLON PLANTING DISTRICT.S — “AFTER
EIGHT YEAR.S.”

Sir, — It is long since I wrote you, but I wi.sh
to say another word or two about the Labour
M ATTER. Comn)enting on 103^ last letter 3'ou say
“Whenever coolies are very scarce — at a high
premium — the Law and the Law Courts go
Wrong somehow in the planters’ estimation.” That
may t)0. But at the present time I absolnldy
deny that there is any scareity of labour in Ceylon.
It may be that the Oovernment is sliort of coolies.
The disgraceful state of the main roads in the
planting districts points directly to tliis conclu-
sion. But the planters are certainly not short-
handed. I have been travelling constantly for
two months, and I have not seen a single estate
■weedy — nor have I heard of Hush being lost, but I
have’ seen ravines being cleaned, and roads being
titivated. True, it is the dry season when weeds
are not in evidence ; but, dry or wet, these are
not works that would be carried on if labour
was scarce. As to the “Law and the Law Courts
going wrong” they went so very wrong under
the presidency of the Ilbert Judge* that we got
the Penal Code which was su]iposed to juit
averything so very plainly, that the punishment so
exactly litted the crime, as to make it impossible
for the veriest tyro of a Police Magistrate to make
an error. 'I'lie Penal Codeisstill in force, is it not?
And still a cooly has but to appeal tosecurea rever-
sal of a well-deserved sentence. Scarcity of labour is
a Very gu)od cry for those— and there are always
some — who cannot got coolies, but as a matter
of fact it is .all mon ceil vt mademoiselle Fdisc
Martin ! A kink in the judicial brain .accounts
largely for the trouble, as it did in the time of
the Ilbert bill, when labour was certainl}- not
scarce.

That coolies are unsettled all over the country,
and that “ .advances” have gone up to scandalous
figures, is only too tiue, but many c.auses contii-
bute to this state of atl'airs. Among others I
would mention creepers, conductors, tea-makers,
the oi)cr.ations of a cert.ain large firm, and, not
least of all, want of loyal co-operation among the
planters themselves. 1 was much struck at the
isolated sort of way in which neighbouring men
were working, and talking to an old friend
on the matter 1 was reminding him how in
’78 and ’7t*, after the famine, when the clietties
were trying to keep u)) the ])rice of rice, m'c all
combined, and o:ich District Association fixed the
price from mouth to mouth until rice fell to its
nermal figure. “ Those d.ays are ]i.ast,” he said,
“there’s no cohesion .and no cooperation among
planters nowadays. It’s each for himself and
the devil take tlie hindmost.” “But surely the
P. A. could regulate to some extent the rate of
advances?” “No good, old m.an ; no good. The
P. A. is only ti talking sho]).” Ichabod 1 I thought ;
and was sad.

* I have not come into contact with the creeper ;
but what I have rearl about him has made me

* No Mr. Ilbert was not a Judge, but legal mem-

ber of the Viceroy’s Council, audit was the “Ilbert
lljill ’’ that made him known.— Ed. T.A.

AGRICULTURIST. [June i, 1897.

feel towards him much as Mr. Potter of Texas
felt tow.ards Dukes and Dudes. However, what-
ever his personality, the f.act of his position
being an irresponsible one is quite sufficient
for a k.angany to make capital out of and turn
to his own advantage. It appears to me, too,
that jrl.anters as a rule— of course there are ex-
ceptions — are not in touch with their kangfinies
as they used to be, and that far more is left
to the conductor and the tea-maker than was
in years gone by. I was very much astonished
at the advance in the position of these two
servants of tlie estate since my day. And to
my mind this l.argely accounts for the “tricky
and cheating disposition which is spreading
among k.anganies and coolies.” These words I
quote from ,a lecent Observer ; ot course Rama-
samy will get the better of his master if he
can in fair light : but 1 submit Ibat as a rule
ho is not, or was not, of a “ tricky and cheatr
ing disposition. ” This lie gets from the conductor
and the tea-maker. These gentry read the
newspapers, discuss them with the kanga-
nies and concoct schemes for raising advan-
ces, sharing the spoil between them. Emis-
saries from — say Balangoda — who are sent on
the crimp, .as often .as not work through
the tea-maker who, needless to say, is not any
poorer by the transaction ; of this 1 am well
assured. Other kangninies who are not asnxiou
to le'.ve a comfortable district for the hardships
of new clearing work feel, nevertheless, that
they are left out in the cold in the matter of
advances, and I know of one district where many
head kanganies are banded together in a sort of
union to force up advances. An old planter tne
other day told me that he knew th.at thousands
and thousands of rupees given out as “Coast
advances” went only to enrich local boulique-
keejiers. It is a thousand pities that some big
head kangany can’t be “jugged” for obtaining
money under false pretences ; but to hope for
such things is like crying for the moon. In view
ot the free credit given to kanganies, of the
absolute back of security in the matter of Coast
.advances, and of the fact that no interest is
charged on such loans, the planter is entitled to
special protection in such cases as the following
Avhich 1 quote from the Observer of 31st March :
“A kangany interviews a jilanter about bring-
ing him a gang* of coolies ; but first their debts
must be paid, these debts consist say of Rl,000
to the estate they were on, and Rl,000 of
outside boutiijue and chettydebts. “The latter must
be 2>aid and the money is wanted for them-, but
inasmuch as the estate 8u)ierintendent refu.sed a
tundu, he, the kangani, having given ))ioper
notice, does not mean to jiay the Rl,00U due
to the est.ate — but will let the owner wliistle for
it !” Possibly the Superintendent committed an
error of judgment in refusing the “ tundu.”
Certainly the kangani deliberatel3" contem|Jated
a crime (moralli/) in evading his debt, though
Icyally he was only approach.able by civil action.
It would be interessing to know how long that
Rl,000 had been outstanding without interest :
also bow much the k.angani had made in re-
lending it. I remember a case coming before
me once in which one cooly had a claim against
another for an incredible sum. All the kanganies
were wiine«ses and thought it unjust that th.e
defendant should .ap))eal to master. I found that
the poor wretch had paid his debt over and
over and over .again ; hut it bad originally been
outstanding for tbree months and the interest
had been agreed on at the rate of 50 cents. i»er
rupee per month, or 000 jicr cent per annum 1!I

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

877

June i, 1897.]'

Of course I ruled that tlie debt had been paid ;
but luy decision, though acquiesced in, was con-
sidered by the kanganies as liard lines on the
usurer ! Une of the most suceessful head kan-
ganies I ever knew charged his coolies 15 per
cent ])er annum on their debts, and kept his
books perfectly.

In the Ceylun Observer of 2nd April you have
a column keaded

‘ ' COOLIKS— COOLl KS— COOLIES. ”

When things arrive at such a pitch, surely the
P. A. can — and should— take the matter up and
legislate for itself and its members at all events.
In 1879 it reduced wages and head money all
over the country,— why not tackle advances in
1897 ?

“ Eveiy member of this Association j)ledges
himself to reduce his outstanding advances as
speedily as possible, and in future never to have
on his books advances at a liiLdier rate than 1120
per head of his total labour force.” I maintain
that this is quite feasible. Let “ Jack Campbell ”
thus signalise his first year of office and earn the
gratitude of his brother jilanters.

WILD MAN OF THE WOODS.

THE TREATMENT OE RAMIE OR
RHEA FIBRE.

(To the Editor of the Ilritish Trade Journal.)

SiK, — I am exceedingly pleased to gather from
F. C. T.’s letter, dated Foochow, December 18th, 1896,
that the Ramie-growing district of China is likely
to be opened up. China is a grand field for ramie,
rhea, or China grass culture. We should be pleased
to open up with any capitalists willing to start a
plant in China. We should recommend the degum-
ming process to be carried on whilst the ribbons are
yet moist. We are willing to provide decorticating
machinery, degumniing plant, and teach our process
of filassing to a substantial company, and take our
payment in shares.

We could supply our patent machinery in any
quantity, and would undertake to act as brokers or
contract for the material. There are many advant-
ages in filassing on the estate before the gum has
time to harden : — (1) It is much easier to do ; (2) The
quality of the fibre is better; (3) There is a great
saving m freight.

We shall be glad to hear from F. 0. T.— Your
faithfully, Edwards Eadclyffe.

(The Ramie Syndicate, Ltd.)

(To the Editor of the British Trade Journal.)

Sir, — I have worked for years at rhea. I have spent
therein thousands of pounds. My work and my money
have brought me the clear conviction that if a
machine is used to treat rhea, the result is a
damaged article. If chemicals of any kind are used,
the result is equally fatal. The time within which
the damage will declare itself is uncertain, but it is
latent, and will become active. Therefore, I have
adhered to my system of hand-labour, and of exclud-
ing the use of any acid or caustic, relying for my
solvent on water only, used according to my patent
process, as described in paper enclosed.

Thus oiily can the cultivation of rhea be carried
out by small proprietors so as to give them a crop
which will be more remunerative than any other. The
decortication of rhea is specially suited to small culti-
vators, because women and children do this work
better than any machine, because by hand-labour the
whole of the fibre is obtained, and nevertheless the
cost is less than that of any machine I know of. My
subsequeni treatment is of the simplest kind, and
should be compared with the skilled labour, the
chemical knowledge and manifold displacements
required by processes involving the necessity for ex-
pensive plant and experts to control it.

1 write with confidence respecting decortication,
SbS a company of which I was one of the largest share-

holders imported from China hundreds of tons of
rhea ribbon decorticated by the use of water only
(in the form of condensed steam), and they arrived
perfect in quality, and w'ith every particle of fibre
left intact. — Yours, &c , Edward Casper.

PLANTING NOTES.

Mr. Ja.s. a. Gammie of Mungpoo, Darjiling-',
who did so much in the early days of tlTe
cinchona enterprise in promoting cultivation and
in the manufacture of the alkaloids for the Indian
Government, is about to leave India.

Central Travancore: Peermaad, 9th May.
— Weather.- Rainfall for April, 4'25. Rainfall for
year to date, 10-50. CVo/w.— Tea flushing hard.
Every available cooly on plucking. General

Health. — Good. jL«6o;(r.--8omewhat short.

Planting Opinion, Dlay 15.

The RiieaIibre TreatmentCo. has appointed
Messrs. A. Whitly & Co. Sole Agents in Ceylon
for the purpose of purchasing any rhea ribbons
that may come into the market. We hope there
will soon be an appreciable .supply. Ceylon can
grow' any quantity of rhea or ramie.

Coffee in Brazil. — A statement has been for
some time current— says the latest iffo paper—
that another important coffee plantation in Sao
Paulo has been .sold to foreigners, the price men-
tioned being £-20‘>,000. As the reports are con-
tradictory, we have been waiting for details and
names, but thus far without success.

IV AM IE.

Ai. ininaciougn in ins Jecturc on
Ramie at the Society of Arts, tried hard to
steer clear of controversial matter ; but— says the
London correspondent of The Indian Engineer—
in the discussion that follow-ed, the advocates of
the various .systems went at it hannner-and-ton<T3
and were only stopped by the merciful time
limit, or they w'ould have been still going at it now'.

Coffee Planting Progre.ss in Sumatra — Our
correspondent writes Here (district Serdang)
all arc busy planting. Two years ago there were
3 coilee estates in the district. Today there are

7? 'f There is a

Loliee planters Association, one of whose rules
is a hne for non-attendance unless a proxy or
excu.se for ab.sence is sent !” ^

Cocoa and the Broker.s. — Some weeks a<^o
w'e had occasion to point out how the price of
coftee, among other products, could be .sensibly
raised by direct sale to the large grocers, instead
of through the usual channel of public auction
This IS what the Produce World says on the
matter rs regards cocoa In proof of what
we have written in luevious numbers that there
surely remains yet something to be done in the
matter of bringing the planter and consumer
more directly into touch with one another it
may be noted that a company has lately started
with the idea of selling to the consumer at the
lowest iiossible prices, reports that they have
been successful in placing among other article
cocoa at the rate of 84s to 85s per cwt. of identis
cally the same quality as that which has been
ollered and sold at the public auctions in Min
cing Lane at as low a figure as 50s. Undoubtedlv
there are many difiiculties the company referred
to will have to encounter before they are iblo
to get this method of trading into an easy style
of working It nevertheless shows quite cleaHy
that the mi. dlemen are to a very great extent to
be dispensed with entirely, and we beg to tender
our heartiest congratulations to the Gompanv
in question on their new method of sale.
mg Opinion, May 15.

878

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[June i, 1897.

Italian Coral. — The coral industry, which is of
considerable importance in Italy, from the maritime
point of view, also employs both capital and labour
for working up the raw material procured by the
fishermen. Leghorn and Naples, and particularly
the former, are the great centres of the coral-working
industry. There are no complicated processes, it being
only necessary to select from the rough material
the better qualities according to colour, and the
better portions of such qualities, and to form them
into beads of various shapes to suit different markets.
The work is almost entirely done by girls, who saw,
turn, file and polish the raw material. Prices vary
greatly according to the shades of co.our and to the
size of bead of uniform shade which can be produced.
“ Of late years the average piice has fallen con-
siderably,” says Mr. FitzGerald Law, Commercial
Attache, “owing to the increased production of what
are considered inferior qualities, but the price of the
best-coloured coral remains very high, reaching ex-
ceptionally to as much as AT2 per ounce.” The ex-
ports of coral, rough and worked, amounted in 1895
to somewhat over £1,000,000 sterling. About 60 per
cent, of the exportation is to British India, and the
demand for the African market is said to be most
promising for the future. — Journal of the Societi/ oj
Arts, April 9.

Agriculture AND Planting in Brazil.— One
of tlie most elaborately prepared volumes that
reach us year by yeai, is^a bulky paper-covered
quarto (about 500 pages) from San Paulo, entitled
this time : —

Relatorio Annual do Instituto Acronomico do
Estado de S. Paulo (Brazil) em Campinas 1894 e 1895
Volume VII. e VIII. Publicado Pelo Director Dr.
Phil. F. W. Dafert m.a.. Com a collaboracao dos Surs.
F. M. Draenert e L. Rivinius e dos Membros do
Instituto, San Paulo, B razil.

The index shows— apart from Administration-
chapters on Agricultural Chemistry ; experiments
with Coffee (accompanied by a series of engravings
of the busli) ; Viticvilture ; Veterinary ; Hygiene ;
Commercial and Industrial ; Meteorology ; Rural
Economy, &c. The statistics are very elabor-
ate ; tiie letter press is all in Portuguese.
There is a great deal about coffee and sugar
preparing machinery with detailed illustrations.
The whole reflects great credit on the Brazilian,
or San Paulo, authorities and their officers.

Liberian Co^ee.— The production and export
of Liberian coffee is becoming a subject of great
concern to the farmers of the Republic. The
phenomenal increase in its production is worthy
of consideration. The coffee exported during tlie
fiscal year, 1896, amounted to 600,000 pounds,
while the exports for the year ended June .30th,
1896, amounted to 3,000,000 pounds. F'armers,
merchants, and people generally have turned their
attention to coffee growing. While no American
ships touch at any Liberian port, yet more than
one-fifteenth of the coffee producetl is shipped to
the United States vid Liverpool. Coffee is the
largest export, yet palm oil, palm kernels, piassava,
ftud rubber aie shipped in great quantities. It
is asserted that if ships from the United States
touched at Monrovia, Bassa, and Cape Palmas,
half of the imports would be American, and, in
♦urn, the exports would go to the United States,
as the people, with the exception of the few
Europeans residing in laberia, [uefer American
produce. The reason for this preference is that
the people are immigrants from the Lhiited States,
and in habit and life are American. It is stated
that a direct line of steamers from New V'ork or
Boston, touching at Monrovia once in two months,
would be a paying enterprise.— ^ t/ie
Society of Arts.

Plucking and Pruning of Tea.”— An old
“ V. A.” writes to us : —

“ To show you the depravity of planting human
nature I may tell you that I meet planters who
believe that the letters you have published on
Manuring and Plucking and Pruning tea are mostly
manufactured on the premises — as there is so much
they don’t appreciate in them ! The bulk of the
creeper and assistaut-dom of the present day is
far more interested in the district tennis and golf
tournaments than discussions of subjects they are
paid to become masters of.”

We are obliged to our friend and fully em-
power him to refer any sceptic to a visit to
our office where the MSS. of the 150 to 170 letters
printed can be produced for his benefit. But
planters who do not care much for their work or
its improvement, are just those who are most
likely to cavil on any excuse, however forced.
Here, however, is what Mr. John Hughes of
Mark Lane — one of the most competent authori-
ties— writes to us by last mail : —

“Plucking and Pruning discussion is of real interest
and has a genuine ring about it. Have written a
letter to London Ceylon Association Tea Committee
drawing special attention to the matter.”

Forage Plants.— In the Report on Natal
Botanic Gardens for the year 1896, by J. Med-
ley Wood, A.L.S., Curator, which has just reached
us, we find several interesting paragraphs ; —

Mr. F. Lamson Scribner, the United States
Agrostologist, saj’s; —

“ I send you by mail today a small sample of
seed of one of our native forage plants Atriplex
canescens, James, locally known as ‘ Shad Scale,'
‘White Sage,’ or ‘ Sweet Sage.’ It was formerly one
of the chief reliances of the cattle men on the arid
plains from Western Texas to Arizona, but has now
become almost extinct, occurring only on steep cliffs
and in protected situations where cattle and sheep
cannot reach it.” This plant will have a fair trial
here and will be noticed in a future report.

Desinodium tortnosum, “ Florida Beggar Weed.” — In
September I received from the same gentleman a
packet of seed of this plant about vvhich he says
that it is “ A wild forage plant highly esteemed in
the subtropical portion of the United States. It
produces a fodder of fine quality in large quantities,
and grows best on sandy soils containing lime.
On cultivated lands it grows often 8 to 10 feet high.
The haulms, though woody, are eaten by cattle and
working stock of all kinds. Beggar Weed makes an
excellent green manure. In Florida it is extensively
used as a renewer of worn lands. It promises to
be a plant of much agricultural value in the warmer
countries.” This seed was sown at once on receipt, and
the plants are now from 12 to 15 inches high, and grow-
ing vigorously, seed will most likely be obtained from
it for distribution, and I quite expect to beagain told
that “cattle will not eat it,” but farmers must surely
understand that cattle require a little management
before they will take to a plant so different from their
ordinary food plants as these are, but a little care
and trouble will soon overcome the difficulty, as I
know from personal experience.

Mr. Nock of H.tkgalla gives Us opinion of the
plant for Ceylon, in a letter as follows: —

“ The paragraph about ‘ Florida deggar weed ’ is
interesting. I have a few seedlings Ranted here for
trial, whicn have only just been planted out; but one
should soon be able to see if it is likely to suit Ceylon.”

n r A F M P Q Q ‘describing a really

ULArlNLOUi genuine Cure for Deafness
Ringing in Ears, &c. , no matter how severe or long-
standing, will be sent post free. — Artificial Ear-
drums and similar api)liances entirely suiierscdod.
Address THUMAIS KFMI’E, Victoria Cham-
BEILS, 19, Southampton Buildings, Holborn,
London.

June i, 1897.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTDRIST.

879

COLOMBO PRICE CUKKENT.

(Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.)

Colombo, May 25th, 1897.
Exchange on London: Closing Rates, Bank Selling
Rates'. — On demand 1/2 11-32 to jj; 4 months’ sight l/2g
to 13-32; 6 months’ sight 1/2 7-16. Rank Buying Rates'^^
Credits 3 months’ sight l/3i to 17-32; 6 months

sight 1/3 9-16 to 19-.32. Docts 3 months’ sight 1/2
17-32 to 9-16; 6 months’ sight 1/3 19-32 to f.

Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the
spot per bus., R16'25 Very scarce. Estate Crops in
Parchment, delivery no quotations. Plantation Estate
Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt.R86'50 Very scarce.
Liberian parchment on the spot per bushel, R8'00.

Native Coffee f.o.b. per cwt. R65'00 Nominal.

Tea. — Average Prices ruling during the week Broken
Pekoe, per lb. 38c. Pekoe per lb. 33c. Pekoe Sou-
chong per lb. 27c. Broken mixd and Dust, per lb.
22c. Averages of Wednesday’s sale. , .

Cinchona Bark. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
per lb 3Jc.

Cardamoms. — per lb, R2'50.

Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. R13.25.

Dealers’ oil per cwt. RIS'OO Coconut oil in ordinary
packages f.o.b. per ton E296‘25.

Copra, — Per candy of 560 lb. R42 00
Coconut Cake: (Poonac) f.o.b. (Mill) per ton, R72'50
No sales.

Cocoa. — Unpicked and undried, per cwt. R43 00.

n -57 -NT 1 *. Q I Kogaila RlS'OO
CoiB Yarn.-Nos. 1 to 8 ] Colombo R16'50

Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 68|c. 63ic.

Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb.

Ebony. — per ton No sales.

Plumbago : — Large Lumps per ton, K350
Ordinary Lumps per ton, R330
Chips per ton, R180. Dust per ton, R130
Rice. — Soolye per bushel, ( R3'90 to 4' 10
,, per bag, (RIO 00 to 1125
Pegu and Calcutta Galunda R10’50to 11‘25
Coast Galunda per bushel, R3'85 to 4 30 ^
Muttusamba per bushel, R3’85 to R4’65.

Kara per bushel,

Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag — Rll’25
Freights.

Q ca j
O O 43

O M

CD .
(U M

fl

^ <u .

Cargo.

rQ OQ

u ° o

P-

O 03

h u

M Q)

H P4

tr* CO

a a

ass

c3

Ww

s. d.

s.

s. d.

,■?, cL

s. d.

Tea ‘

20/

3-2/6

20/

20/

20/

Coconut Oil

, ,

32/6

20/

t.

20/

Plumbago

17/6

32/6

20/

20/

20/

Coconuts in bags

12/6

• •

20/

20/

20/

Other Cargo

15/

• •

20/

20/

20/

Broken Stowage

7,6

. •

• •

• •

• •

SAILERS.

Coconut Oil

25/

• •

. •

Plumbago

• •

25;

• •

• •

• •

LOCAL MARKET.

By Mr, A. M. Chittambalam, 7, Baillie St., Fort.

' Colombo May 26th, 1897.

Garden Parchment :— Scaif per bushel

Chetty do :- (Noininal)R.3 2.5 to 13’i50 do

E.sruO to 55V'0
R(j2’00 to 63-00 do
Rll'oO per bushel (nominal)
RiiS’OO to 64-00 per cwt
Rl-.‘,0 to 2-5U per lb (nominal)
R:t2-0U to 4i -50 per cwt do

Native Coffee: —

do f.o.b. do : —

I.iberian Parchment,
do Coffee
Cardamoms.—

Cocoa.— (nominal)

Rice.— Market is cjuiet :—

Kazla

Soolye (nominal)

Callunda

Coast Callunda (Scarce)

Kara

Muttusamba

Cin.namon.— Quoted Nos.

69 cents per lb (nominal)

Chips.— R85-00 to 87-60 .

CoroNUTS.- Ordinary R3-2 to 38 per 1,000 (nominal)
do Selected 40 to 44 do do

Coconut Oil 13-00 to 13 25 per cwt do

(Scarce)

R9-50 to 10-50 per bag
(Scarce)

3-75 to 3-87 per bushel

3-75 to 3-87 do

3-87 to 4-25 do

1 to 4, at 65c and Nos. 1 and

Copra.— Market steady
Kalpitiya
Marawila
Cart Copra
Poonac.— Gingelly
Chekku
Mill (retail)

Ebony.— quotations at
Satinwood.— cubic feet
Halmilla.— do

R41 to 42 per candy
38 to 40 do

33 to do

90 to 95 do ton
95 to lOL do

70 to 75 do

RlOO to R195 (nominal)

2-00 to 2-25 do

1-26 to 1'50 do

Kitul Fibre.— Quoted at R-28-00 per cwt (nominal)
Palmyra Fibre.— Quoted nominally :—

Jaffna Black.— Clean (scarce)

do Mixed R16-00 to 17-00 per cwt.

Indian do R7-00 to 9-00 do

Do Cleaned 10-00 to 14-00

Sapan Wood. — Quoted 45-00 to 50 per ton
Kerosine Oil — American 7-70 to 7-75 per case .
no Bulk Russian 2-68 to 2-73 per tin

do Russian in Cases R5-90 to 5-95per case
Kapok.— Cleaned f.o.b :— R-29-00 to 30-00 per cwt

do Uncleaned (new) R5 to 6 do (nominal)

Croton Seed Scarce

Nux Vomica 2'50 to 3"00 do

CEYLON

EXPORTS AND
1896-97.

DISTRIBUTION.

o

te

cS

XI

<M <M l>- CO CQ iH

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■vji O CO O C-l

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CO CO
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1' X

18941 9290] 127i 94171 829329

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[June i, 1897.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS.

i Lewis (£' Peat's Fortnightly Prices Cnrrent, London, Mag 5th, 1897.)

tv aX,

Zanzibar & ( White ...
Bombay i Yellow...
Mauritius & Madagascar...
CAMPHOR, China
Japan

CARDAMOMS, Malabar..

Ceylon.— My. sore

,, Tellicherry...

„ Long
,, Mangalore...
CASTOR OIL, Calcutta. .

Madras ...
CHir.LIES. Zimzil.ar ...
CINCHONA BARK.—
Ceylon

CINNAMON. Ceylon Ists

2iid.-^

Srds

4tliS

Chips

CLOVES, Penang
Amboyna
Zanzibar \
and l*einba /
Stems

COCULUS INDXCUS ...
COFFEE

■ Ceylon Plantation

Native
Liberian
COCOA, Ceylon

COLOMBO ROOT...

COIR ROPE, Ceylon
Cochin

FIBRE, Brnsh

Cochin ...
.Stuffing ...
COIR YARN, t eylon . .

CU'ICH

do.

Calicut, Cut A

Japan

3U.M AMMONIACIIM ..
ANIMI, Zanzibar..

Madagascar ...

ARABIC E. I. & Ad<n ..

Ohatti ..

Madras

ASSAFCETIDA

KINO

MIRRH, picked

Aden so

OLIBANUM, drop

INDIAKUBBEB, Assam
Rangoon

Borneo •.

QUALITY.

QUOTATIONS, j

QUALITY.

QUOTATION.S.

lir to tine dry

44s a 120s

INDIARUBBER, (Contd).

Common to good

11s a 70s

Java, Sing. & Penang

f

Foul to good clean ..
Good to tine Ball

Is 3d a 2s 3d
2s 2d a 2s Od

Good to fine

C7 a .€8

ordinary to fair B<ill

Is 2d a 2s l^d

Fair

CO a .CO 10s

Mozambique

1

Low' sandy Ball

lOd a 1 s Id

Dark to good palish .

JCa 15s a £6 7/0

Sausage, fair to good

Is 4d a 2s 5jd

Fair average quality ...

lU5s

V

1

Liver and livery Ball .

Is 3id a 2s l^d

110s

F’r to tine pinky & w'hite

Is lid a 2s 5d

Clipped, bold, briglit.tine
Middling, stalky & lean

3s a 3s Id

Madagascar <

Fair to good black ..

Is 3d a Is lOd

2s Od a 2s 9d

Niggers, low' to good...

lOd a Is 5d

Fair to tine plump

2s od a 3s Od

INDIGO, E.I.

Bengal--

See's

3s a 3s Id

Shipping mid to^d violet
Consuming mid. to gd.

4s 4d a 5s Id

Uood to fim-

2s 9d a 3s

3s 4d a 4s Id

Brownish

2s Od

Ordinary to mid. good

2s 8d a 3s 2d

Shelly to good

2s a 2s Od

Mid. to good Kurpah...

2s a 2s lOd

.Med brown to good bold

3s Od a 3s 9d

Low to ordinary

Is 3d a Is lid

Ists and 2nds

3jd a 4, Id

Mid. to good Madras,.

Is 4da 2s Od

3^1

MACE, Bombay, & Penang

Pale reddish to tine ..

Is 9d a 2s 9d

Dull to tine bright

2us a 37s Od

Ordinary to fair
Chips and dark

Is 4d a Is 8d
Is Id a Is Od

Ledgeriana Chips

Id a 3^d

M YRABOLANES, Madras

Dark to tine pale UG ..

3s 9d a 5s Od

Grown, Renewed . .

2d a 4. id

Fair Coast

4s 9d

Org. Stem

IJd a 3d

Bombay ..

Jubblepore

4s a 7s

Hybrid Root

2|d a 2id

Bhimlies

4s 3d a 8s Od

Chip

lid a 2d

Rhajpore, &c.

4s a 7s

Ordinary to line quill...

Hid a Is Od

Bengal ..

Calcutta

4s a Os

lOid a Is 5d

NUTMKG.S—

G4’s to 57’s

3s a 3s 2d

lOid a Is 4d

Bombay & Penang

112’s to 07’s

Is 3d a 2s lid

Oid a Is Id

lOU’s to 130's

8d a Is 2d

2id a 3d

NUTS, ARECA

Ordinary to fair fresh...

12s a 14s

Dull to tine bright bold

4id a Ojd

NUX VOMICA, Bombay

Ordinary to middling...

Os a Os Od

Dull to tine

3d a 4jd

jMadras

Fair to good bold fresh ..

7s a 7s Oil

Good and tine bright .

2 7-lOd a 2 jd

Small ordinary and fair

Os Gd

Coinmouili U to fair ..

24d a 2|d

OIL OF ANISEED

Fair merchantable

Os 74d
Os 6(1 a 8s

Fair

Id

CASSIA

According to analysis..

Fair

Ss Od

LE.MONGRASS

NUT.MEG

Good flavour & colour...
Dingy to white

2|d

3|d a 4d

Bold to tine bold colory

1 14s a 120s

CINNA.MON

Ordinary to fair sweet...

4d a Is 3d

.Middling to tine mid .
Low mid. aud low grown

108s a 113s
98s a 100s

CITRON ELLE
ORCHELLA WEED—

Bright iJ£ good flavour ..

Is l^d a Is 2d

Smalls

91 s a 100s

Ceylon

Mid. to line not woody .

10s a 12s Od

Good ordinary

0)S a 80s

Zanzibar.

Picked clean flat leaf ...

10s a 15s

Small to bold
Bold to line bold

o5s a70s
75s a 84s

PEPPER - (Black)—

,, wiry Mozambique

10s alls

Medium and fair

C2s a 70s

Alleppee & Tellicherry

Fair to bold heavy

2jd a 3id

Triage to ordinary

4 Os a 00s

Singapore

Fair

2 15-lOd a 3id

Fair to good

20s a 22s Od
nominal

Acheen & \V. C. Penang
PLUMB.YGO, lump

Dull to fine

Fair to tine bright bold
Middling to good small

2id a 2Jd
1.5s a 17s Od
3s Od a 13s

Ordinary to fair

£10 a .CIO

chips

Dull to fine briglit

Is Od a 8s 9d

Ord. to tine long straight

,£10 a £21

dust

Ordinary to fine bright

2s a Os

Ordinary to good clean

£15 a £21

SAFFLOWER

Good to tine ))inky

80s a 85s

Common to tine

£5 a .£0 10s

.Middling to fair

00s a 70s

Common to superior
,. t> very tine ...

£12 a £20 103
£12 a. £34

SANDAL WOOD—

Inferior and pickings ...

50s a 55s

Roping, fair to good ..

eiO 10s a £13

Bombay, Logs

Fair to fine flavour

£29 10s a £50

Fail- to good

85s a 80s

Chips

... ... ... ,

5s a £3

Fair to tine dry

9s 3d a 32s Od

Madras, Logs

Fair to good flavour . .

£30 a £50

Fair

I5s Od '

t hips

Inferior to tine

£4 a £8

Good to line bold

70s a 85s

SAPAN WOOD, Bombay

Lean to good

li, XI5

Small and medium

31s a 08s Od

Madras

Good average

£4 a £5 noni.

Common to tine bold ..

27s Od a 3Cs

Manila

I Rough & rooty to good

£4 10s a £5 15s

Small and D’s

lOs a 20s Od

Siam

1 bold smooth ..

£6 a £7

Un.split

10s

SEEDLAC

Ord. dusty to gd. soluble

70s a 80s

Sm. blocky to tine clean

17s a 30s Gd

.SENNA, Tinnevelly

Good to fine bold crreen

4d a Sd

Picked tine pale in sorts

£10 7s Od a £13

F'air middling medium

2kl a 4jd
Id a 2d

Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto

,£7 17/0 a£ 10 10s
70s a £7 12/0

SHELLS, M. O’PEARL—

Common dark and small

Amber and dk. red bold

£5 10s a £7 10s

Bombay

Bold and A’s

£4 15s a £4 17/0

Med. A bold glassy sorts

90s a 13. s Od

D’s and B’s

£4 lOs 11 £.5 15s

Fair to good palish ..

£4 8s a £8

Small

(.3 15s u £4 5s

.. ., red

£4 5s a £9

Mussel

Small to bold

2us a 60s

Ordinary to good pale

40s a 02s Od

TAMARINDS, Calcutta ..

.Mid. to line bl'k not stony

7s a 8s

Pickings to tine pale ...
Good and tine pale

20s a 55s
55s a 65s

Madras ...

TORTOISESHELL—

Stony and inferior

4s a Os

Reildish to I'.ile selected

35s a 45s

Zanzibar and Bombay

.Small to bold dark J

10s a 22s Od

Dark to line pale

35s a 40s

mottle part heavy ^

Clean fr to gd. almonds

40s a 80s

TURMERIC, Bengal

Fair

10s ji 10s Od

Ord. stony and blocky

30s a 37s

Madras

Finger fair to fine bold

14s a 15s

Fine bright

i'45 a .^55

Do.

Mixed midlng. (bright

12s a 13s

Fair to tine pale

82s Od a 90s

Do.

Bulbs

8s a 9s

Middling to good

33s a 65s

Cochin

Finger

12.4

Good to tine white
.Middling to fair

34s a 00s
203 a 31s

VANILLOES-

Bulbs

7s Od a Ss

Low to good pale

ils a 12s Od

Mauritius and 1 Ists

Gd. cry.sallized 31 a 9 in

19.4 Od a 33s

Slightly foul to flue ...

9s od a I ts

Bourbon ... / 2nds

Foxy A reddish 4f a 8 ,

17s a 22s

Good to line

Is 9d a 2s 4d

Seychelles 3rds

Lean and inferior

12s a 17s

Common to foul & mxd.
Fair to good clean

3d a Is Od
Is 4d a 2s Id

VERMILION

Fine, pure, bright

2s 4^d

Common to tine

Is Id a Is 7d

WAX, Japan, squares

Good white hard

39s a 40l

Tmn

AGRICULTURAL mAGAZIOG,

COLOMBO.

Added as a Supplement Monthlij to the “ TROPICAL AGRIGU LT U Rl STT

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine
for June : —

Vol. VIILl JUNE, 1897. FNo. 12

SEASON REPORTS FOR APRIL.

ESTEHN PROVINGE.—VfiMy,
The usual preparation for Yala has
in some villages been delayed in
the Colombo district ; preparations
in i)rogress in Negombo district ;
in Knlutara district, sowing over^
e.vcept in Rayigam Korale, where it is going on,
and with the favourable weather the plants are
looking well. A good harvest may be looked for
in the Western Province. Rain fell in most parts
duiing the month. Vegetable supply good in
Colombo and Rayignm Korale, but bad in Negombo
and the Pasdum Korale. Fruits generally scarce
except in the Rayigam Korale.

Central Province. — Paddy in various early stages,
crop pro.spects considered good, but it is too soon
to form an opinion. Rainfall sufficient: in Matale
9’09 in. registered.

Northern Province. — Paddy. Kalapokam 1897,
paddy being threshed. Moderate amount of rain ;
in Jaffna 104 in. registered, in Mannar 2 71 in.
Cutting and curing of tobacco going on in Jaffna
and Mannar. Prospects of tobacco in Mullaittivu
not so good as last year, owing to damage by pre-
vious rains.

Southern Province. — Paddy. Yala cultivation
in progress. Rainfall plentiful, in Galle 13’77 in.
registered. Fi uit and vegetable supply good in
Galle district but poor in Hambantota.

Eastern Province, — Paddy. Great damage

caused by floods. 3,000 acres of ripe paddy under
water in South Batticaloa. Sowing of about 5,000
delayed and 600 bushels paddy prepared for sow-
ing will not be lit for the purpose, so that fresh
seed paddy will have to be prepared. Cattle mur-
rain decreasing in North Batticaloa. Damage in
Trincomalee comparatively little, but there has

been an outbreak of cattle murrain which, how-
ever, is reported to be on the decrease.

North-Western Province. — Paddy. Maha harvest
nearly over and preparations going on for Yala.
Rainfall good, and health of cattle satisfactory.

North-Central Province. — Paddy. Yala cultiva-
tion commenced in most parts; rain plentiful and
tanks well supplied. Rainfall at Anuradhapura
7'I3 in. A few occasional cases of murrain in
Kalagam Pattu and Tamankaduwa.

Uva Province. — Paddy. Sowing for Maha al-
most over. Rainfall 10.2 in Badulla. The crop
of Indian corn is fair.

Sabaragamuwa Province. — Padd}\ Maha har-
vest almost over and Yala cultivation being taken
up. Prospects are satisfactory. In Ambanpitiya
in the Kegalle district the rainfall registered was
21‘14 in., and in Ruwanwella H'89 in.

♦

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OP

AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH

OP MAY, 1897.

1

Saturday

. . Nil

19

Wednesday .

. Nil

2

Sunday

. . 2-55

20

Thursday .

. Nil

3

Monday

.. 125

21

Friday ,

. Nil

4

Tuesday

. . Nil

22

Saturday .

. Nil

5

Wednesday

. . Nil

23

Sunday .

. -09

6

Thursday

. . Nil

24

Monday

. Nil

7

Friday

.. Nil

25

Tuesday

. -43

8

Saturday

. . Nil

26

W ednesday .

. 1'59

9

Sunday

.. -08

27

Thursday .

. Nil

10

Monday

. . Nil

28

Friday

. -38

11

Tuesday

. . Nil

29

Saturday .

. 1-23

12

Wednesday

.. -07

30

Sunday

. 1-76

13

Thursday

.. -40

31

Monday

.. -17

14

Friday

.. Nil

1

Tuesday

. 102

15

Saturday

. . Nil

16

Sunday

. . Nil

Total.

.11-02

17

Monday

. . Nil

Mean. .

•35

18

Tuesday

.. Nil

Greatest amount of raiufall

in any 24 hours on

the

2nd Sunday

inches 2-55.

Recorded by A. R; Jeremiah,

m

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist”

[June 1, 1897.

KAFFIR CORN.

The above is the name by which Sorghum vul-
gare is known in South Africa. In the United
States it is called broom com (compare the Sinha-
lese name “Edal’’ iringu), in the West Indies
Guinea corn, in India as Juar or Jowari and Cho-
lum. Kaffir corn has the advantage over other
cereals of thriving and giving large crops in hot
arid regions. In Syria, North Africa, and the
Soudan, where it is called Dkurra, it is the chief
sustenance of the people, and is also considered a
necessary diet for horses. In addition to its valu-
able use as a food, a kind of beer is made in Africa
from the malted grain, and the leaves and young
stems form e.xcellent fodder for animals, whilst the
stalks are sometimes used for manufacturing
sugar. The flour of the seeds is very white and
makes good bread, and the panicles, after the re-
moval of the seed, becomes hard and rigid, and
are used extensively in America and even Eng-
land, for the manufacture of brooms and clothes
brushes. Numerous varieties of the plant are
now cultivated extensively in all the warmer re-
gion.s of the earth under various names.

Sorghum will grow and yield a crop in nearly
every soil, but the most suitable is a rich light
sandy loam, well drained and not too moist. The
climate should be a dry one, and to obtain large
crops the temperature should never fall below
60° F. Kaffir corn stands drought remarkably
well, so that the hot and dry districts are well
adapted to its growth.

The land having been ploughed and harrowed so
as to bring it to a good tilth, the seed is sown in
furrows, or drilled in by the means of one of the
useful seed drills now made bj’ the manufacturers
of agricultural implements. The lines or furrows
for the seed should be from three-and-a-half to
four feet apart, and tlie plants should be thinned
out after they have sprouted, so that the seedlings
may not be less than twelve inches apart in the
rows. As soon as the corn is a few inches high,
the field must be thoroughly weeded, and a second
weeding may be necessary later on, or a light
plough or cultivator may be run between the rows
so ns to turn up the soil and destroy the weeds.
Very soon the plants will cover the land by their
luxuriant foliage which grows with such rapidity.
The best season for sowing is June, and crops may
be reaped in four or five months afterwards ; al-
though w'hen grown under favourable conditions,
returns have been got in three months. When the
corn has arrived at maturity, it is harvested by
cutting off the ears near the top of the stem and
then carrying them in baskets to the house or
shed. The ears are kept in heaps for a few days,
and afterwards they are spread on the floor of the
building, and the grain is threshed out by means
of a fail. In .some parts of the East, Sorghum, like
rice, is threshed by bullocks being made to tread
on it, and this process dates far back into primi-
tive times. Indeed, in some Eastern countries,
agricultural systems and manufacturing processes
have been handed down unchanged from remote
ages to modern times ; descriptions by ancient
writers of the every-day life of the people being in
some instances faithful delineations of what is
seen at the present time.

The crop of Kaffir corn from an acre of land
varies considerably fifty bushels, however, may be
considered as a good average return. But double
that quantity is by no means an unusual crop on
good soil.

♦

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

The present month will witness the 60th
anniversary of the reign of Her Gracious
Majesty the Queen, who through her wise policy
and even by her noble e.xample has done much to
encourage and advance the peaceful art of
agriculture. It was during Her Majesty’s regin
that Agricultural Colleges were founded, and we
would fain hope that this “ Jubilee year ” will see
the adoption of a liberal policy (too long
delayed) for agricultural education in this
Colony.

The present number brings the 8th volume of
the Agricultural Magazine to a close, and we
again thank our subscribers for their kind
support and the press for its patronage.

With this issue we forward to those of our
subscribers who we venture to think take a special
interest in the School of Agriculture, copies of
“ Addresses on Agricultural Education in Ceylon,”
being a reprint from the Ceylon Observer of the
I’rize-day Speeches delivered at the School of Agri-
culture, Colombo, since the founding of the
institution.

Our correspondent “Traveller’’ is doing good
service to the school in contributing a series of
Notes in which he declares his intention of review-
ing the past work of the institution. We trust
his contributions will serve the desired end, to
place fact in their proper light.

Dr. Henning’s instructions how to inoculate
for rinderpest are most welcome, and are clear
enough to encourage some of our enterprising
stock-owners to operate on their own cattle.

THE SLAUGHTER OP CATTLE.

The Australian Tropiculturist and Stockbreeder
is publishing a series of prize-essays on this subject
which is of more than ordinary interest to us, and
we therefore take over from the valuable pages of
the paper referred to the following essay by W. J.
Evans, who writes briefly and to the point: —

To deal fully with this subject it is well to
describe the treatment to whicli cattle are sub-
jected previous to slaughtering. To preserve the
good colour and keeping qualities of the meat it
is necessary that all cattle, whether very fat or
not, should be given rest for at least an hour in
some place or shed near to the slaughter-hou.se.
Food should be withheld from them for the same
period, but in no case longer than three hours.
Water should, for dritiking purposes, be alway.s
plentifully provided. The quality of a caroase'is
greatly reduced if the animal is slaughtered in a
heated condition ; the fat, when cold, appears of a
bloody hue, caused by the presence of a quantii v

June 1, 1897.J Supplement to the ^'Tropical Agriculturist.''^

8S3

j)f blood, which should be absent ; and as blood is
the first thing to become putrid the necessity of
slaughtering cattle in a cool condition, and conse-
quent thorough bleeding, is obvious. The flesh of
a liealthy and well-fed animal is of a bright colour
and firm to the touch. The fat should be of a
yellowish white, and without blood stains.

It is unnecessary to state that every animal
slaughtered is not always of the primest
quality ; although such animals cannot be
condemned as unfit for food. The lean flesh of
such inferior beasts is pale and flabby, while the
fat is of a bloody appearance. To improve the
colour, bleeding is often resorted to. This is done
by either cutting the tail or the large vein of the
neck by means of a small circular blade
inserted in a handle of steel. When the operator is
satisfied that a sufficient quantity of blood has been
drawn from the animal, the fiow of blood is stopped
by sewing up the wound. Although unlawful, it
is a treatment that aged rams and ill-fed calves
very often undergo. It is an old custom, and a
very cruel oue, causing unnecessary suffering to
tlie animal, as there is strong reason to believe
that this treatment is useless for the purpose to
which it is intended. In the case of calves, a good
meal of milk, given to them about au hour pre-
viously, will do all that can be done to whiteu the
flesh, and is, of course, the most humane treatment
possible.

In slaughtering it should be the object of the
butcher to cause as little suffering as possible to
the animal. Much depends upon the skill of the
operator in felling, especially in the use of the pole-
a.xe. The pole-axe is an efficient instrument when
skilUully used, but such skill is not always forth-
coming in every butcher. There is, besides, a cer-
tain amount of danger accompanying the use of
the pole-axe ; should the animal not fall at the
first blow, and the head rope be, perhaps, not too
strong, the consequent struggles of the animal may
result in its breaking loose, when, if it should turn
“ wild,’’ . the butcher and his assistants may
expect a lively, and very often unpleasant time.
This is the old method of felling, but we have
now a very simple and effective instrument,
namely, “ Greener’s Humane Killer,” a bell-shaped
apparatus, made so as to be held on the forehead
of the animal by the hand, and in which is inserted
a small bullet cartridge, which when discharged
cause instantaneous death. It is by far the
quickest method, as it does away with the neces-
sity of pithing. The animal should be bled imme-
diately it falls. This is done by partially cutting
the large artery leading from the heart and lying
just at the point of the lung cavity. The knife
should not enter the cavity, as, in such case, a
quantity of blood flows in and smears the inside
parts. Beasts are also bled by cutting the throat
from ear to ear ; this is not a good plan, bleeding
by the heart artery is by far the best and most
effective for bullocks. Calves and sheep are
treated in this form by the neck veins ; this is
done to prevent the necessity of trimming' the
shoulder parts, the extreme neck parts in the case
of calves and sheep being of the least value.

In dressing, the skin should be taken off and
offal taken out as quickly as possible for, in all
weather, the soonet a carcase can get cold the
better.

In wiping the carcase a cloth rung out of very
hot water should be used. In no case should a
quantity of cold water be used over a carcase, as
it tends to give it a dull appearance and renders it
more liable to get putrid if kept for a period. The
following rules may be summed up as a guide to
thorough slaughtering, viz. ; — 1. Proper rest for
the animal; 2. Instantaneous death in felling ;
3. Thorough bleeding ; and 4. Quick despatch in
dressing.”

♦ -■ — .

PREPARATIONS FROM MANIOC OR
CASSAVA.

Manioc, tlie tuberous roots of Manihot
utiliss^ma, is generally consumed by the people of
this country after cleaning and boilingi and
few know of other and more wholesomt pre-
parations.

In order to prepare what is known as CiarssrtiK*
meal, the tubers, after having been washed, are
divested of their dark coloured rind by being
peeled with sharp knives. The peeled roots are
then reduced to a coarse meal by being pressed
against a rapidly-revolving wheel covered with a
copper or tin grating surface, or they may be
rubbed down to meal by means of a flat tin grater
nailed on a board. In the latter case, however,
the operation is very laborious, but still a large
proportion of the Cassava meal made in the island
of Dominica and elsewhere is prepared in this
tedious way ; the natives fix the large flat grater
against a tub, and, leaning over it with tubers in
each hand, they grate quickly and rhythmically to
the sound of a drum, and it is said that they are
encouraged to extra exertions by the stimulating
influence of inspiring local songs, and more often
than not by large portations of intoxicating
drinks! The pulp which is produced is put into
bags and pressed so as to force out the poisonous
juice. The Indians of South America and Domi-
nica do the pressing by means of curious baskets
called “matapies.” These baskets are made of
plaited strips of the long smooth stems of a native
plant closely allied to that producing arrowroot.

When empty the matapie is long and narrow,
but when filled with the grated roots it becomes
short and thick. It is then hung to the branch
of a tree and heavy weights are attached to the
lower end. The baskets then become longer, and
by the constricting pressure most of the juice is
forced out. Afterwards the meal is sifted by
means of sieves, which separate the woody fibres
and the small portions of the roots that have not
been properly grated. The meal is then dried
rapidly in large, shallow, flat iron pans set in
masonry, with a flue passing underneath so as to
conduct the heat from a wood-fire. The meal
is spread thinly in the pan aqd constantly
moved backwards and forwards with a wooden
rake. The heat must not be so great as to brown
the meal, the object being not to bake tlie product
but to dry it. In the process of drying any re-
maining traces of the highly-poisonous juice are
rapidly dissipated. “Cassava bread” is the name
given to the thiu round cakes made of the wet
meal and dried on hot plates or on flat pieces of
tin held over the fire.

'884

SuppUment to the Tropical Agriculturist.'

Cassnva starch is considsred a very superior
quality of starcli, and as it can be made cheaply,
it should prove a suitable occupation for the
natives of this country. The method of prepara-
tion is very simple. The grated Cassava meal is
stirred up with water, and then passed through
sieves. This is done several times so as to wash
the starch clean, and the mesh of the sieves is de-
creased in size after each working, so as to leave
the starch free from any foreign substance. After
the last washing the water is allowed to remain
for a time, when the starch will settle at the
bottom of the vessel. The clean fluid at the top is
then drawn off or decanted, and the starch is dried
in the sun.

Another preparation from manioc is what is
familiar to all householders ns tapioca. In des-
cribing the preparation of Cassava meal it will be
remepibei’ed that the juice had to be forced out of
the rasped roots by pressure. Now if this poison-
ous juice be allowed to settle, a considerable quan-
tity of very fine starch will be deposited. The
juice is poured off and the starch i- heated on tin
plates or in flat iron pans ; the starch grains then
swell up and burst and become agglutinnated to-
gether, thus forming the tapioca of commerce,
which is a large export from Brazil. The starch
grains having been raptured by the heat, they are
partly soluble in water, and for this reason tapioca
is especially valuable as food in cases of weak
digestion,

There is still another product of manioc, and
that is the substance known as Cassareep. The
poisonous juice of the tubers of the bitter variety
of Manioc, and which is invariably thrown away,
is convertible into this substance which is of con-
siderable value. The juice is simply boiled down
until it becomes of the consistence and appearance
of molasses. In this condition it is a powerful
antiseptic, and it is capable of preserving all
kinds of meal in a fresh condition for considerable
periods. It is the basis of many celebrated sauces
nnd of the well-known "pepper pot’ of the West
Indies. Thus by reason of the boiling process the
poisonous juice is convertible into a wholesome
food product, for which there is usually a ready
sale in England and elsewhere. As the juice of
the bitter Cassava contains so much of poisonous
prussic acid, the greatest care must be taken to
keep it away from children and animals. Many
deaths have brought about by carelessness in the
disposal of the juice, so that too great precaution
cannot be taken to prevent accidents. It may be
mentioned that the Indians of Guiana use the
chillies known as " red pepper” steeped in rum as
an antidote to the poison.

NOTES FROM A TRAVELLER'S DIARY.

So much ht g of late been talked about and written
on the subject of agricultural education in
this island, that I think it the duty of every one,
who takes any interest in it, and who knows some-
thing about it, to express his views clearly on the
subject, so as to keep the public well informed of
pros and cons of tho question.

The Agriculturist, whether planter or “goyiya,”
to direct his attention to the soil, and it is

[June 1, 1897.

necessary for him to know what is its natur;j
fore he sets to work to cultivate it. It is not my
intention to write a treatise on soil.^, but anybody
who is acquainted with what is taught about soils
in text-books on Agriculture, will admit that all
scientific facts regarding them, explained in as
simple a manner as possible, will be of immense
benefit and interest to those who have to do
with the soil.

Again as Agriculture is the art of cultivating the
soil so as to produce crops from the various plants
of u.*e to man, it is nece.ssary for the cultivator to
have a knowledge of all that concerns the life of
a plant. Some knowledge of Botany, therefore,
will also be of material benefit and interest to him.
And so with other subjects allied to Agriculture,
and which go to constitute a complete course of
study ns imparted in Agricultural Schools and
Colleges.

Propagation of plants; climate ns affecting the
growth of various crops, manures, rotation of
crops, drainage, irrigation, tillage operation.',
pruning, budding and grafting, treatment of cattle
in healtii and disease. &c., are subjects about
which the Agriculturist ought to know something.
A knowledge of all these will at least e.iable him
to go about with his eyes open, while the influence
that he could exercise ( n the people among whom
he moves, is from an educational point of view,
incalculable.

Perhaj)s much of what I have said so far may
appear to be out of place in dealing with the
question of the Agricultural School of this island,
wliich is at present engaging the serious attention
of Government. So much ignorance, however, has
recently been displayed even in the very first
principles of Agricultural education by some of
the leading men of the island, in whose hands the
welfare of the people lies, that it is but right I
think that the ])ublic should be given an idea of
the kind of knowledge which is imparted under
the subject of Agriculture.

The present agitation for the “mending or end-
ing” of the Colombo School of Agriculture origin-
ated, as we all know, on a motion by the Hon. the
Tamil Member of the Legislative Council, in which
he wanted to make out that the .\gricultural
School was an unqualified failure, and that, there-
fore, it should be done away with. If I remember
right, it was then mentioned that “English Agri-
culture” was of no use to this island, and that the
natives knew more about the cultivation of coco-
nuts and other crops than Englishmen. As in-
stances it was mentioned that an Englishman once
ordered his coconut trees to be washed with soap
and water, and that an Agricultural student did
not know the distance at which coconuts should
be planted !

All those utterances were at the time considered
to bo ammsing enough and merely put down to
ignorance of the real state of affairs. M.itters, how-
ever, have now turned serious, an 1 from all that 1
could gather there are many o hers who are adopt-
ing the ideas of the Hon. the Tamil Member, and
who are bent upon making an end of the School of

June 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist^

885

Agriculture. It must, however, be encouraging to
those who are imin."(iiately concerned in tlie wel-
fare of this useful institution, to know that we
have a wise, shrewd and far-seeing ruler, who will
not be easily led away by the crude ideas of others.
H.E. the Governor, however, does not yet appear
to have been informed cf all that has been done by
the Agricultural School. In his speech at the late
Agri- Horticultural Show at Nuwara Eliya, His
E.vcellency alluded to the School of Agriculture,
and we were told that a Commission had been ap-
pointed to inquire whether the School should be
“ ended or mended.” It is also satisfactory to find
that His E.vcellency is convinced that some system
of Agricultural education is necessary fur this
island, and such a system, he hopes, will be de-
vised by the Commission.

I do not say that the Agricultural School has so
far been altogether a success. There are many
useful things which it might have done, and upon
which I mean to comment later on. But it is at
the same time incorrect and unfair to say
that the School has altogether been a failure.
It will then be of interest to inquire at this stage
what the School has done so far, and to what ev-
tent it has been of benefit to this island.

We will begin with coconuts, as this product
was prominently referred to in the Legislative
Council by the Hon. the Tamil Member stating
that the Ag'-icultural students had not been
taught how to plant them, It will be of interest
to those coiicerned to learn that a very useful
pamphlet on coconut plantation has been c mpiled
in Sinhalese, and published some years ago by a
student of the Colombo School of Agriculture.
This pamphlet fully deals with the subject. I
know personally that many a native planter has
been greatly benefited by this little work. The
Sinhalese press spoke very highly in its favour.
The improved system of coconut cultivation at
present noticeable in some parts of the island, es-
pecially in native gardens, is, I make bold to say,
in a great measure the due to influence of the
School cf Agriculuire. An alarm was raised
in some quarters of the islandsome time ago
that the coconut palm was attacked by a serious
leaf disease which threatened to destroy it al-
together. The School of Agriculture promptly
came to the front on this occasion, and by
careful investigtion and publication of much
useful information on the subject, soon dispelled
all fear of any such possible calamity and gave an
impetus to more liberal cultivation. One of the
oldest and most exper ienced journalists of the day
then wrote a leader on the “ Progress of Ag icul-
ture,” in which he highly complimented Mr. Green,
the founder of the School of Agriculture.

“TRAVELLER.”

♦

INSECT PESTS.

(Continued ).

Insects are remarkable for the fecundity of each
species as well as for the great number of species.
If all the progeny from a single pair of almost any
species of insect w’ere allowed to survive long
enough to procreate, but very few years would

elapse in a land before that particular species
would quite exterminate itself with all that it fed
upon, so immensely superabundant would it have
become. The myriads upon myriads of locu.sts
which overrun this country are known to all, and
yet these locusts connot be called remarkably
prolific insects. The number of eggs they lay is
small compared to the number laid by many other
in.sects; at the most it is not over one hundred and
fifty. The number of individuals which might
arise from one aphis during the course of a single
season is almost incaculable. It amounts to
billions of billions, numbers entirely beyond
human comprehension. If, according to Dr. J. A.
Lintner, in speaking of the Hop Aphis (Fhorodon
humili), every individual should attain maturity
and produce its full complement of young {’which,
however, can happily never occur in nature), we
should have as the number in the twelfth brood
alone, disregarding those of all the preceding
broods (thirteen broods in one season have been
observed) no less than 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,
000 (ten sextillions) of individuals. Eigures in a
case like this fail to convey any adequate
conception.

The writer quoted, to impress the enormity of
the number, makes the following computation,
using space and the velocity of light, which is
about eleven and one-fifth million miles per
minute as his measures: “ Were the brood
marshalled in line with ten individuals to the
linear inch touching one another, the procession
would extend to the sun (a space which light
traverses in eight minutes) and beyond it to the
nearest fixed star (traversed by light only in six
years) and still onward in space beyond the most
distant star that the strongest telescope may bring
to our view, to a point so inconceivably remote
that the light could only reach us from it in
twenty-five hundred years ! ”

Aphides are small insects and an individual
inflicts but an infinitely small drain on the
sap of a plant. But when this drain is magni-
fied a million times, the loss to the plant is
sadly apparent. The number of aphides infesting
a certain cherry tree, ten feet in height, was
once estimated to be twelve millions, or more
than seven times the total population of Cape
Colony. The number which are often seen con-
gregated on a single head of cabbage must be
over one hundred thousand.

Voracity and Destructiveness of Insects.

Not alone are in.sects remarkable for their
incalculable numbers, but for their extraordinary
voracity and rapid growth as well. Mr. L
Trouvelot, a French naturalist, in studying' one
of the silk worms (Telea polyphemus,Cmm.) found
that the larva when full grown weighed four
thousand one hundred and forty times as much
as it did when hatched from the egg ; and that

during its growth it had consumed food to the

amount of eighty-six thousand times its original
weight. If a man grew in a similar proportion
he would weigh twelve tons and consume two
hundred and fifty tons of food. Another writer
mentions a flesh-feeding larva which comsumed
two hundred times its weight in one day, and
a certain caterpillar which increased in weight
ten thousand times in thirty days. The losses
incurred through the ravages of insects ar^

886

Sup2)lemeni to the “ Tropical Agi'iculturisL"

[June I, 1897.

enormous. In 1893, the estimated losses to grain
crops in the Cape caused by “ locusts and otlier
plagues ’’ were nearly twenty per cent, of the har-
vest for mealies (Iiulinu corn), about fourteen per
cent, for wheat, and,from seven to twelve per cent,
in the case of other cereals. Some of this loss
was due to diseases, but probably insects were
responsible for a loss of at least ten per cent,
of the total harvests, and for very much more
in the case of mealies.

The annual loss through insect ravages in the
United States is said to average one-tenth of the
crops. Mr. B. D. Walsh, at one time State
Entomologist of Illinois, thirty years ago esti-
mated that insects annually inflicted a lo.ss of
no less than si.xty million pounds sterling in
the country, and subsequent writers think his
estimate a moderate one. Most certainly these
great losses to the agriculturist cannot be entirely
checked, but to some e.vtent they are preventable,
and to this extent they should be prevented.

POTASH MANURES AND THE NEED FOR
SPECIAL POTASH FERTILIZERS.

Many experiments may be quoted which show
that active potash manures produce increase of
crop.s on soils that already contain potash in
plenty. Hence, though n deficiency in a soil
necessarily points to its requirement in the manure,
the presence of abundant potash in the soil by no
means proves that potash manuring is unneces-
sary. Medium soils and clay soils may, in many
cases, require potash manures, just as surely as
light soils and peaty soils ; and, without actual e.x-
periment, the assumption that potash manures
are not required does not appear, in view of these
experiments, to be warranted in regard to any soil.

And even in soils where farmyard manure has
been liberally applied, there is no sufficient ground
for assuming that artificial potash manures, in
readily available forms, may not be applied with
advantage.

In the popular assumption that potash manures
are not required on clay soils, the fact has been
overlooked that the nature of the manure required
is determined in much greater degree by the kind
of crop grown than by the character of the soil.
All kinds of ordinary soils possess, in greater or
less measure, the chemical constitution and physi-
cal characters that are required for the growth of
any crops that are suitable to the existing condi-
tions of climate. But it has been proved by
numerous practical e.xperimeuts and observations
that crops differ greatly in their power of utilizing
the several constituents contained in the soil.
Some crops have a difficulty, in most soils, in pro-
viding themselves wdth enough nitrogen, some in
providing themselves with enough phosphoric acid ;
others are unable to obtain sufficient potash. It
follows that the substance which plants take up
influence and produces the greatest increase of
yield when applied to them in readily available
forms in manure.

There are various sources from which the soil
may be replenished and the crops provided with
potash. In the first place there is farmyard
manure produced by the consumption of cakes and
Other foods rich in potash. Were the supply of

potash from this source abundant enough and
cheap enough, none other would be required. But
great as is the total quantity of farmyard manure
that is available, it is not adequate for the pur-
pose. The straw or litter which is generally asso-
ciated with cattle manure contains a considerable
percentage of mineral food. The ash ingredients
in straw amount to about 5 per cent or about 112
lbs. per ton, of which 15 to 30 per cent is potash.
Taking the mean of a very large number of
analyses of farmyard manure, it may be said that
in the ash of well-rotted dung, the amount of
potash is from 5 to 7 per cent, that is, one ton of
manure contains only from 9 to 15 lbs. of pota->lr
Heiden calculates that 25 tons of farmyard raannro
would not suffice to restore the potash removed
by an ordinary rotation of crops sold off the land,
even if every ounce of potash in the manure were
to find its way into the roots of the crops, which
is not possible. More probably nearly double that
quantity would be required to make good the loss.
It is hardly necessary to .say that so large an appli-
cation of manure is very rarely customary, and
that in general farming practice there is a large
deficit to be made good by the application of arti-
ficial ma-iure.«. This is especially the case in
this country where litter, which supplies the bulk
of the potash of farmyard manure, is practically
entirely absent, and where the manure generally
purchased has, ns a rule, suffered much from ex-
posure to sun and rain.

Moreover, on many soils and especially on light
sandy and on peaty soils, the policy of an enlight-
ened management would aim beyond the mere
restoration to the soil of the potash removed by
the produce of the land carried off it. As they
are always deficient in potash, it is a necessary
condition of good cultivation, if any steps towards
their improvement are to be taken, to endeavour
to enrich them by adding to their deficient stock
of phosphoric acid and potash. For such a pur-
pose applications of farmyard manure alone are
insufficient.

The chief commercial manures which are sources
of potash are kainit, chloride of potash, and sul-
phate of potash. AVe shall refer to these and give
full details regarding composition, price, &c., in
our next, but in the meantime would wish to refer
to the use of potash manures as a means of
enriching cultivated soils in another sense.

A very important aspect of potash manuring
is that connected with the growth of certain
leguminou.o crops, and their method of obtaining
nitrogen. It is only within the last few years
that the very important discovery has been made
that certain kinds of plants are able to draw
upon the air for their stock of nitrogen. Hence,
a very cheap way of manuring, land with nitrogen
is to grow such crops, and then plough them
in, so that the nitrogen they obtain from the
air in the course of their growth may be added
to tlie soil, and thus furnish a store of nitrogen
for other plants which do not possess this property.
.Such plants, however, in order to grow luxuriantly,
require to be well supplied with the two mineral
ingredionts, potash and phosphoric acid. To
manure such crops with costly nitrogenous
manures is simply to waste money, and to
neglect one of the best means at our command
of enriching the soil in nitrogen. The growth
of leguminous crops, therefore, is a valuable

June 1, 1897.]

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

887

means of mamiriug the soil with nitrogen. The
more tl>e growth of these nitrogen-collecting
crops is promoted, by the application of liberal
quantites of potash and phosphatic manures,
the greater will be the quantity of nitrogen
drawn from the air.

It was on this principle that the famous
e.vperiments of Dr. Schultz-Lupitz in Germany
were based. He grew leguminous crops on light
soils, and, by a liberal application of potash
and phosphates, he enriched the soils not only
in these minerahs, but also in the nitrogen
collected by tht crops from the air, and thus
succeeded in converting poor and barren soils
into soils of fine fertility, capable of growing very
goods crops of suitable kinds.

It would be difficult to e.xaggerate the import-
ance of this discovery for the future ot agri-
culture. It is well known that what is called
the “condition” of soils, or their capacity for
growing large crops, is in very great measure
dependent on the amount of nitrogen they
contain. No substance in soils is more generally
deficient, and none is more easily e.\hausted.
While mineral substances such as potash and
phosphoric acid are firmly held by soils, nitrogen,
in tiie form of nitrates, is washed largely into
the drains every winter. In all regulary cropped
soils, unless heavily manured, the nitrogen
suffers a steady decline, and the soil becomes
constantly less productive. The nitrogen can
of course be restored by frequent and abundant
manuring, but this can only be done at a great
e.xpense. No other manurial substance costs so
much as nitrogen, and none is so apt to be wasted
in the application ; hence enormous sums are
paid every year for nitrate of scda, sulphate of
ammonia, and other manures intended to supply
the soil with nitrogen. But it has now been
shown that the nitrogen in soils can be very
largely increased without any such e.xpenditure.
The growth of suitable leguminous crops, such
as clovers and vetches, is a certain mea?is to
that end. These crops can be grown siiccsssfully
on most soils without nitrogenou-* manures,
provided they be supplied with abundant iiotash
and phosphoric acid. Large crops can thus be
obtained, and whether they be consumed on the
land or cut and removed from it, the root residue
left in the fields enriches the surface .soil so
much in nitrogen that its fertility and productive
capacity are greatly increased. The effect of
the growth of a good crop of clover in promoting
the subsequent growth of a large crop of wheat
has been long known, Schultz-Lupitz has clearly
shown that the same principle may be applied
not only to assist the growth of one particular
crop, but also to raise more permanently the con-
dition of the soil, and thus to convert worthless
soil into fruitful fields. The use, therefore, of
potash and phosphatic manures nppUed to the
clover and vetch is not only tjie production of
an increa.se of these crops, it is also a means of
adding, without further e.vponse in manures, a
large addition of nitrogen to the .soil in the
valuai)le form of an accumulation of organic
maUer capable in great part of rapid decay,
and thus of accumulating such a store of fertility
as will result in the sulu^oquent production of
large crops.

FRUIT CULTURE.

[The Department of Agriculture of Cape
Colony has lately issued a “ Manual of Practi-
cal Orchard Work” by P. MacOwen and Eus-
tace Pillans. The subject of fruit culture is
most admirably treated of in this little work,
and, as we consider (what everyone will readily
admit) that there is a great deal of ignorance
of what may be called the first principles of
fruitjculture in this country, we have compiled a
paper on the subject from the Manual referrerl
to, and have no doubt that many landowners
will be thankful for the valuable information
which we are able to offer them. — Ed. A.M.~\
The Artificial Character of Modern Fruit Trees.

1. Cultivation implies, first, a previous know-
leilge of the nature and constitution of the living
being we propose to care for, and secondly, a
previous knowledge of the soil and atmosphere
in which it holds its dual life. It is only by
such preknowledge that the cultivator can suit
the conditions of growth to the wants of the
thing to be grown, and thus place it in the
best possible position for fulfilling the history of
its life. Nothing short ot this work, done of set
purpose and as the outcome of exact knowledge,
can be called cultivation,

2. But it is something more than this. It is
not enough to reproduce plants in the precise
form in which they exist in nature. P'irstly,
the cultivator, for his own benefit, aims at
guiding and control’ing the growth of certain
plants so as to make them develop verj' differ-
ently from their normal original condition. Thus
in one plant he endeavours to obtain seeds of
large size and blanil taste, in another the effort
is to flo away with seeds as far as po.ssible and
produce a large succulent fruit, in others,
shortening of the axial growth, and great enlarge-
ment of the leaves is aimed at. The plant then
with ceitain limits Is, like clay in the hands of
the potter, capable of being remodelled, by
causing tuis or that organ to take on an ex-
cessive and unusual development, without at the
same time interfering with the balance of
functions necessary for its general health. This
complex art is one great part of cultivation.
To practise it with success obviously demands
something more than the loose, popular notions
of plant-life, which are picked up without special
study or thought, or come by imitating the
tr.iditional methods of our neighbours.

3. Secondly. — For many hundreds of years a
close w-atch has been kept upon the seedlings
arising in the reproduction of all cultivated plants.
Whenever a sport or other chance variation has
appeared, presenting char.acters of a desirable
kind, the gardener has quickly to detect it, and
to give it permanence bv such methods as bud-
ding and grafting which are unfortunately
almost unknown in Ceylon. And this continual
watchfulness, awaiting the chance of betterment
by natural variation has produced the kinds of
fruits approved and cultivated all over the
world, so that in fruit culture as with all
knowledge, we are today the heirs of countlass
benefactors who have preceded us and handed
down to us their best results. It must, there-
fore, be always borne in mind that the objects
of our culture are distinctly artificial products
obtaiiied by centuries ot selection and variation,
and do not exist as natural forms of vegeta-
tion, nor can they put up witii the conditions
that suffice for the latter. As soon as skilled
care cp-k-’s they cannot escape deterioration

888

Sujjjdement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists

[June 1, 1897.

and ultimately dying out. And this indispen-
sable skilled care is orchard work or fruit culture
— a special branch of cultivation wliich requires
a special knowledge of principles and practice.

{To he continued.)

DE. IvOCirS RINDERPEST CURE.

The following is a reprint of a report (for which
we are indebted to the Agricultural .Tournal pub-
lished by the Department of Agriculture of the
Cape of Good Hope) by Mr. Otto Henning, who
assisted Dr. Kech during bis investigations into
ritrderpest. Mr. Henning has lost no time in ascer-
taining the proper method of applying Dr. Koch’s
system of inoculation, and his report gives a very
clear idea of the manner of operating, and we
are sure our readers will be glad of the information
with which we are able to supply them ; —

Inoculation. — When rinderpest breaks out
amongst a herd, the best plan is to inoculate with
the bile at once.

Description of Inoculation. — The bile must be
taken from an animal that has suffered severely or
died from rinderpest. The latter is better, but
then the bile should be taken as soon as the animal
dies, and, above all, before decomposition has set
in.

Removal of the Rile. — To remove the bile the
animal must be laid on its left side. Afterwards
the skin and llesh uleng tlm left side must be cut
through with a clean, siiavp knife. A man sitting
across t!>e chest of the animal must now hold and
raise the ribs witK his right hand. By doing this
the gall bladder, which is located immediately
under the right ribs, becomes visible. After this
the same man must, with his left hand (which
must be clean), take hold of the gall-bladder at the
bottom and raise it si'glitly.

A second man, with a small clean knife in his
right hand, and in his left a clean cup or glass,
now removes the bile in the following manner;
Putting the cup againt the gall-bladder, let a
small incision be made with the knife, so that (fie
fluid can flow into the receptacle. Great care
must be taken that no blood or yellow water, that
may perhaps be among the diseased intestines,
runs along with the bile. The man who cuts
through the skin and flesh to get at the bladder
must also take care that he does not cut into the
stomach or intestines, otherwise the fluid in the
gall-bladder will becomes unfit for use.

Bile suitable for inoculation should be dark or
dark-green, and must not have an offensive smell.
Yellow or dark-brown bile, and which contains
shreds of the gall-bladder, is poisonous and unsuit-
able. Bile which gets mi.ved with the intestines
on removal can naturally not be used.

The quantity of bile necessary for inoculation
is 10 cubic centimetres — that is, one-third of an
ounce, or about a third of a tablespoonful. If less
than this quantity is used the result is uncertain.

The following day there is a swelling on the
spot where the injection has taken place, which
gradually di.snppears in the cour.'^e of a week or
two. This is sometimes bigger than a man’s fi.st.

Sores only occur when the hands or instruments
of the operators are dirty, or wlieii the bile smells
badly.

The quantity necessary to inoculate a beast
effectively being so great, .syringes must,be used.
And, therefore, 1 am sorry to say that these must
be first imported. The Free State Government
has cable<l to Germany for some thousands, and
their arrival will immediately be made known, so
that farmers can carry out the inoculation in the
proper manner.

How to Make the Injection, — The animal must
be thrown upon the ground and its legs tied. The
best place to inject is between the front legs, ns
there the skin is thin and loose.

The syringe is filled with gall, and the needle is
then stuck deep into the skin, so that the point lies
loosely between the skin and the flesh. The bile
is then slowly injected and the hole made by the
needle iwessed together by the thumb and .second
finger of the left hand. The needle is then with-
drawn and the fluid under the skin well rubbed
in, so that it cannot escape through the incision
in the skin, wliich would make the inoculation
ineffective.

I have to add that this mode of inoculation will
only prove effective in the ca.se of animals which
have not yet had the disease. It is useless for
infected animals.

Professor Koch has not yet concluded his
e.vperiments, and he hojies in about a mouth’s
time to make known other methods of salting
animals. By that time syringes will probably have
arrived, and it will afford me much pleasure to
jirepare the inoculating fluid and personally
instruct framers how to use it.

N.B. — It is of great importance that all sick
animals, whether they show symptoms of infection
before or after inoculation, shall be immediately
isolated from healthy animals, as animals inocu-
lated with the bile are not immune until after
about ten days.

SOME CROP NOTES.

Tobacco. — There is no crop grown which varies
so much in quality, because of the soil upon which
it is grown and the fertilizers used, as tobacco.
For a leaf of high quality for smoking purposes
it is essential that the soil be light and rich in
vegetable matter. A low, rich clayey soil will
produce a rank and heavy crop, but will not pro-
duce tobacco of fine quality. The fine gold-leaf
tobacco of North Carolina, so highly prized for
cigarettes, is grown upon a light gravelly soil. A
red clay produces sometimes a fine, rich mahogany-
coloured leaf of high value. Limestone soiD,
too, will produce tobacco of high grade.

The heaviest crops, though not the highest in
quality, are grown after a leguminous crop such
as beans. The next year with proper fertilizing
the same land will bring a crop of higher value.
Potash is of the utmost importance to tobacco,
wlich consumes large quantities of it; but in
order to obtain a leaf that will burn well, all the
forms of potash sails which contain chlorine, such
as the muriate (chloride) and kainit, must be
avoided. The sulphate of potash istheformiii
which potash should be provided. Stable manure
is preferably applied to the crop preceding to-
bacco, rather than directly to the latter. The
most suitable fertilizer for tobacco should contain
of available phosphoric acid, 7 per cent ; potash,

June 1, 1897 ]

Supplement to the “ Tropical AgricultiirietT

889

10 per cent,; nitrogen 3i- per cent. The nse of
dried blood manure upon tobacco has given very
profitable results.

As most tobacco is used for smoking purposes,
the chief aim of the grower is to obtain a leaf
with good burning qualities. Heavy loam— clay
or peat soils will not do this. This ])lant being of
tropical origin, a warm soil is essential, and one
with but moderate quantities of organic matter
}>roduces the leaf of finest te.xture. Rank or-
ganic manures, tankage, fish, &C., must be avoided,
{IS well as all materials containing chlorine.

GENERAL ITEM.S.

The Gazette of India, c-^ntains a series of lengthy
Resolutions dealing with the recommendations of
the Agricultural Conferences held in 1893 and in
1895-96. One of these — the sixth deals \vith the
subject of .agricultural education in country
scliools. For the present the Government of
India consider the following conclusion to he justi-
fied liy the discussion.s which have been held : —
(i) That .agricultural degrees, diplomas, or certi-
fic.a*'cs should he placed on the same footing as
corresponding literary or .science degrees, etc., in
qualifying for admi.ssion to Government appoint-
ments, and more particnharly those connected
with land-revenue administration ; (2) that there
should be not more than four institutions giving
a high-class diploima, viz., at M.adras, Calcutta,
Bombay, and some places in the North-Western
Provinces, and that these should be utilized by
other provinces; (3) that the diploma should
eventually be compulsory in tlie case of certain
a])pointments. e.p., agricultural teachers at train-
ing schools, .assistants to the Director of Agri-
culture, etc. ; f4) that the practical instruction

of candidates for certain siihordinate appoint-
ments at a school-class or .an experimental f.arm
should be further considered ; (5) that the special
school course leading up to the agricultural dip-
loma, degree or certificate, is required ; (6i that
the ]>racti<!e of .allowing school-masters either
before or after appointment to pass through .a
course of a few months on a Government farm
is one which rleserves consideration.

The Department of Land Records and Agricul-
ture in the North-West Provinces and Oudh have
issued a bulletin on a new method of tree plant-
ing, in which it is advised that when one to two
year-old trees are planted out, the roots should
be cut back to stubs about an inch long, and
the trunk pruned to a branchless whip of from
one to three feet high. It is ^aid that by this
system the roots grow directly downwards and
avoid the drought which is so disastrous to young
plants when planted out in the ordinary method.
It is directed that the roots be cut cleanly in a
horizontal i)lane, a hole two inches in diameter
be drilled in the ground and the earth trampled
clo.se round it. Experiments at the Botanical
Gardens, Saharunpore, have proved that the new
system answers admirably for fruit trees, .such
as the apple, pear, vine, peach; and plum, pro-
vided they are operated on ivhen dormant It is
not recommended for ever-green fruit trees, such
as mangoes, leechis, oranges, loquats, etc.

The attention that is p.aid at Birmingham
to the encouragement of the art of preserving
eggs is as commendable as the method.s for at-
taining the end in view are v.arious and peculiar.

This year the winning collection luid been simply
wiped over with white of egg, .ami marvelhiitsly
sweet and fresh their yolks and whites looked,
considering that they had reposeil .at Bingley
Hall since August 1st. Twelve months .ago the
prize dozen had only been rubbed with butter,
wrapped in p.aper, and packed in lime, such jjro-
cesses being simplicity itself and pro\ing con-
clusively that the disagreeable methods of coat-
ing the shell witli olive oil and with beeswax
are superfluous and unnecessary. It- niay be aibhsl
that the second prize collection this year w.as
merely coated with white of egg and packed in
flour.

Lord Arthur Cecil writes as follow's in the Lit-e
Stock Journal Almanac for 1897 with refei-ence
to the shoeing of horses : —

First of all, then, the one golden law to be
observed is that nothing whatever should he cut
or rasped from the under surface of the healthy
foot, beyond the loose flaps which occasionally
become det.ached from the fiog. In a contracted
or unhealthy foot it may be nece.ssary occasion-
ally to open the heels a little, but the less this
is done the bette; .

Secondly, the whole of the surface of the bottom
of the wall of the foot should he potected by
iron, though the heels should have room to ex-
pand. Nothing, in my opinion, is so injurious to
the foot .as too closely-fitting shoes.

Lastly, as regards shoeing, it is a mistake to
suppose that the knife or r.asp should nerer be
applied anywhere. Horses’ feet ilo iu)t all grow'
exactly riglitly — ow'ing, I belicv(', lo over-civili-
sation— and each foot requii-es individinil study
in rasping or paring round the edges to repiajduce
the w'ouderful equality and rotundity of the
natural foot, w'hich generations of domestication
have as much lost .as human finger-nails must
have altered from talons.

The Veterinary Journal referring to rinderpest
w'rote lately as follows : —

“ Various observers have stated that they ha\ c
discovered organisms which they consider tlie
cause of the disease, Semner describes a strejito-
coccus liquefying gelatine ; Metchnikofl’, a short
bacillus with rounded ends, found in the intes-
tinal ulcers and in the blood ; Laweljeff, sjiore-
bearing bacilli, which in cultures are transformed
into isolated micrococci or arranged in chains,
and he states that inoculation with these cultures
induced rinderpest. Dr. Lionel Beale described
a granular matter, which he considered to be
livingparticles — germinal matter. He also thought
that they constituted the morbid poison. But
up to the present time there is no unanimity
amongst observers as to wdiat kind of microbe
is the pathogenic one ; we must, hoivever, con-
clude that the disease is of a microbic origin,
and, as in some other diseases, that an anti-
toxin or antiptom.aine may be discovered. Let
us hope that Prof. Koch will succeed in making
this discovery, and thus gain the further admira-
tion of the scientific world.”

Since this was written Dr. Koch’s discovery has
been made.

The following is the Constitution of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Queensland, which no one
will dare say is undermanned : —

Minister of Agriculture ...The Hon. A. J. Thynne,

M.L.C.

Under-Secretaryin Agri-
culture ...P. M’Lean.

[June 1, 1897,

Sit/jp/oinoif to the “ Tropical A(j?icHlturistT

S90

Instructor „ .. E. jVl. Slieltoii, B.sc.

Colonial Botanist ...F. M. Bailey, F.L.s.

(loveniment Enloino'.o-
_ . Henry Tryon.

Curator, Botanical Gar-
dens ...Blnlijj MacMalion.

Overseers of Nurseries ...E. Cow ley and D,

Buchanan.

I'ruit Export ...A. H. Benson.

Chief Clerk ...Ernest 8criven.

Chief Inspector of Stock
and Bejfistrar of

Brands ...P. R. Gordon.

Itepuly do ...J. E. de Villers.

Director of Stock Insti-
tute and Government

Bacteriologist ...C. J. Pound, F.K.M..S.

Veterinary In.spector ...W.C. Quinnel, M.K.C.V.S.

The strength of the Victoria Regia has been
demonstrated by the fact that it has borne the
infant son of Lord and Lady Leamington, who
has been pliotogra]died while sitting on a leaf of
this giant lily, the diameter of wdiich was found
by measurement to be 4 ft. 6 in. Another child
l)hotographed in the same jtosition was found to
weigh 51 lbs.

It is a popular idea that the seeds of many
plants pass unhaimed through the digestive canal

of birds, and, being voided with the excrements,
reach the ground in a i)eculiarly favourable con-
dition for germination ; and this is generally be-
lieved to be especially the case of the mistletoe,
the seetls, in this case, being de[)0.sited on the
branches of the tree on wdiich the mistletoe is
jiarasitic. In a paper contributed to the Traiisoc-
tioN.s of the Linnean Society, Mr. F. \V. Kceble.
shows that this is at all events not universally
the case with the Lomuthacece, especially with
the Cingalese sjiecies of Lomnihus. The species
of this genus wdth tubular llowers which are
natives of Ceylon are ornithophilous (visiteil by
birds, the bird most elf'eetive in their iiollination
being a honey-bird, a sjjecies oi N ecta.nnia. In
the large-Howered species, tlie buds remain
closed; but. when tapjied, the corolla-lobes Hy
oiien wdth an exidosioii, and the pollen issc.t-
tered. The closing of the llower-bnds appears to
serve the purpose of i»rotecting the pollen against
rain, wdiile the violent expulsion of the pollen
aids in its carriage by the visiting birds, their
beaks being freipiently found to be covered wdth
pollen after visiting the dowers. When the fruit
is ripe, the bird eats the succulent portion only,
wiping out the seeds with its beak on to a
branch of the tree, to wdiich they thus become
attached by their viscid coating. If swallowed,
the seeds are found to he digested and destroj'ed.
— Nature.

§%rnf Pedro

gfffffCfrCfS

Paif»ayi com/tJefed . . —

... •' « cwne of

COKfnKtlOn .
.^svfyrfed,titimQtf(j
ond o^'eiQlly iii‘
vtUttjaftd. ..

/rq^fw Ay private

enterprise

Prieete enterprise « alia prepared
to nn^trud a line from Colombo to
the Mam Valley / at well ‘ar. to brinq
Joffna into communication with the
Colombo ood Mannar Lines.

ftluitUyo

.McdowodiaH

WCOMALCt

rftfc'MOHAPOM /

ENTRAL

VIT/COLOA

Ki/«un|

‘Pftiyvi NCE.

TERN^

([fn™ .4

^juwdra,

ColombI

PROVING E

ITNAPUR/i

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rhembentota

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Supplement to (he Tropical Agriculturist."

EXf>ORTS OE CEYLON PRODUCE FROM COLOMBO AND GALLE

DURING THE PAST TEN YEARS.

(Amended by the Chamber of Commeree.)

COMPILED AS FROM 1st JANUARY TO 81st DECEMBER IN EACH YEAR.

CoprKE, CWT.

onoHA.

■ i

ClBHAMON.

Dcsio-

CoiR Owr.

l-g

S

Isa

Citron-

1

2

»

ii

i

TotHl.

Branch &
IVunk.

Tba.

5

Ha
o 1

Bales

Chips

iiutOi

Copra,

Coconut.

Pounac.

hope.

Yarn

Fibre.

Uoiiis

ella Oil.

Oinnamoa

0.

£

lb.

lb.

Cwt

lb.

lb.

lb.

Cwt.

Cwt.

lb.

Cwt.

S

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt,

Cwt

Cwt.

Cwt.

lb.

oz

Total Exports from 1st Jan

toSlst Dec. 1690

31.88S

665

22,747

1,899.660

108,141,411

31,366

462,595

3,223,866

808,502

343,707

50,049

1,0603,698

19,3f8

13.6:8,^81

340,401

10,.1-43

68.326

SG.616

6,604

9,560

18,767

3,071

11,32,141

132.067

Do.

do

do.

1805

60.020

3,091

63,020

021,066

07,039,871

37,420

374,835

2,169,597

920.130

384,140

30,765

8,551,073

174, 176

I0,e0J,7l2

334,021

12,082

00,112

77,220

7.9-10

8,327

26,565

3,6.30

1,182,265

78,687

Do.

do.

do.

1804

31,66'

662

39,205

2,407,616

84,691,714

31,110

306,317

1,060,006

667,7215

487,671

30,649

5,722,202

165,166

8,202,603

339,52!

14,416

91,746

67,73b

8,393

457

5,101

32,267

2,377

2.417

938,471

88,160

Do.

do.

do.

1890

52,531

2,651

56,190

8,571.325

84,406,064

30,658

438,210

1,986,267

667,116

380,712

44,023

0,414.0C8

188,638

n, 079,028

337,605

7.819

81,631

60,404

6,381

319

0,678

36,004

603,630

140,334

Do.

do.

do.

1899

40,604

2,639

43, U3

0,793,320

71,153,657

17.327

372,610

1,047,638

615, <66

550,077

134,590

3,849,724

204,166

0.717,386

420,761

7.895

>01,375

43,445

5,934

724

10,704

t

3,401

844,602

106,303

Do.

do.

do.

1801

81,235

6.467

86,692

5,679,330

68,274,430

20,532

422,100

2,300.774

618,264

409, .521

45,600

416,330

102,910

6,690,403

400,26!

10.576

00.690

37,897

3,539

l,7d5

2,677

1,890

703,972

123,836

Do.

do.

do.

1890

82,005

4,004

86,009

8,728,830

46,001,664

15,081

387,940

1,804,514

441,417

362,600

120,502

145,088

11,007,969

865,764

9,379

76,030

35,967

0,373

2,283

1,350

2,307

900,042

108,787

Do;

do.

do.

1680

83,300

4,789

88,082

0.283,731'

34,C46,085

19,054

361,324

2,010,006

562,543

356,576

36,384

136,237

5,004,541

476,616

0,778

82,183

31,856

3,572

1,9^8

1,080

2,771

641,466

100,23-4

Do.

do.

do.

1888

131,49!

8,173

130,663

13.607.146

24,381,360

13,150

287,724

I,685,»81

473,840

366,974

138,578

103,182

6,197,781

225,731

8,701

82,040

28,200

12,177

2,431

3.780

1,703

660,907

141,118

Do.

do.

do.

1867

169.275

8,560

177,814

13.590,847

13,800,646

16,30!

344,018

1,634,602

342,416

314,812

137,653

-

101,084

10,712,407

239,076

9,640

ro,i4f

22,750

16,366

2.203

7,625

04]

651,786

38,043

+ No records previous to 1891. X No records previous to 1891.

DISTRIBUTION FOR 1895 AND 1896.

To tJ.K. ...
Austria.. I
„ Belgium
„ France ..

Germany
„ BoUaod
Italy ..
„ BuBsia ..
„ Spain ..
„ Sweden..
„ Turkey ..
„ India ..
„ Australia
America
„ Africa ..
„ China ..
„ Sin’pore
„ Mauritiu
„ Malta ..

Total Export
front Ist Jafl.t
a\it Dec. IBgg.

Coffee ; Cwt.

Cinchona.

Tea.

Cocoa.

Ii

E

Cinnamon.

Coconut Oil.

Copra.

Desiccated

Coconut

Poonac.

Coco-

nuts.

Plumbago.

Coir : Cwt.

i

Sapan-

wood.

Es

S3

Kitul 1
Fibre. (

io

b (4
(Jai

ii

u|

Plant-

Na-

Total

1806

Branch &

1895

Branch A

1608

1805

Cwt.

lb.

Bales.

Chips.

1690

If06

No.

1800

)805

Rope

Yarn.

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

Ib.

atlon

Trlink lb.

Trunk lb.

lb.

Chvt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

149

12829

1014786

64293'J

9393C361

85753330

28840

174766

967756

298382

91710

149191

12394

8490040

3762

12253476

115358

122273

57

50564

36604

5132

4526

10471

1982

923200

78776

487

31556

5335

97

7400

87020

24313

25838

81859

2695

16725

66J

45

1080

197

6553

37

90728

31695

12255

14*1

200C

77-100

76604

3314

6610

14i26

51901

78997

1^51

19300

1847

445?

1188

2339

1372

6478

7900

72185

49556

373

300C

62214

4900

120

404

771

14042

2005

433

6b9

20c

162

641

7f0

572

130402

281575

886

96871

522056

153045

17141

13822

9292

408105

50536

100962C

4:iOC9

37540

3472

68t(

3823

4739

47

65492

16781

7«

20474

6120

1583:-

400

401

140969

lOOlC

701

4069

656

34?

40

708

20

5059

21647

1077C

855f

6

133566

13596S

1917

908

1800

2024

424

140

2145

2'J:

142

198

246233

333545

81

21

54685

642S5

19233C

2772C

205

iol

81

62

16395

75(

29S

112

402

3819

195

1730J

151)17

5090C

40

1379

924272

83107(

5

172501

86796

14744

9149

345

3044

sro

506

53

3072

87

131

42

13504

293-10

5934

11062832

9379561

lO.

9308

18648

2441

1983

38367V

1568

871

369

2429

6238

11

1030G

558

277378

136501

718601

393527

436

2187

121800

76540

148532

isi4

1021162

270C

156261

149789

21C0

697

202

107338

4411

6

14207c

15049(

3500C

5(ioc

4

106

1209

SIOOCO

502

246

131

247

237

4180

37048C

321431

20C

77-iOC

4277

1262

6147

249C

6

35

1552

7

93445

34351

46J

1067

1733C

oOC

34133

21178

2503

9458

781

5G0

14048

28

113

896

124254

186090

12-5

,,

>•«

...

151750

103265

21S82

865

22747

130P560

921085

108141412

97939871

31366

452605

2223865

808502

343797

:IS4140

500-19

10G0359S

138358

13858881

340491 334921

10343

68326

1

66*5166664

9560

18757

2071

1132141

132067

Obimher of Commerce,

Colombo 5th January, tS97,

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TEA, COFFEE. CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 21.] Colombo, (.Junk

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LAliGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 41,963 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

• Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Agra Klbedde

1

27

hf-ch

bro or pek

1512

79 bid

2

2

35

do

or pek

1750

52 bid

3

3

35

do

or pek

1750

51 bid

4

A E

4

11

do

sou

628

31

6

6

6

do

dust

456

34

7

St Leonards on

Sea

7

16

oil

bro pek

1600

47 bid

8

8

11

do

pekoe

090

35

11

A G

11

6

do

pek fans

618

27

12

12

7

do

sou

695

21 bid

13

H O

13

8 hf-eh

dust

720

27

14

P B

14

3

ch

dust

420

28

15

Comar

16

28 lif-ch

bro pek

1400

43

16

16

17

do

pekoe

1020

35 bid

17

17

9

do

pek sou

540

29

19

AG C

19

14

ch

pek sou

1260

29

31

Vogan

31

28

do

bro pek

2800

52 bid

32

32

30

do

pekoe

2700

44

33

33

23

do

pek sou

1955

36

34

34

24

do

sou

1920

34

35

Hornsey

36

9

do

sou

915

31

41

K

41

23 hf-ch

sou

1150

34

42

M E

42

17

ch

bro pek

1700

36

43

43

16

do

bro tea

1440

15

44

Klston

44

32

do

pe sou No. 2

2560

33

49

K S

49

6

do

V>ro sou

600

25

.51

Hornsey

si

9

do

pek sou

915

36

[MES.SUS. Somerville I'c Co., 90,4201b]

Lot. Box. Pkfrs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Wilpita 261

8

ch

bro pek

800

43

2

262

7

do

pekoe

700

34 bid

3

263

9

do

nek sou

855

32

7

Deniyaya 267

18

do

Dro pe*

1980

45

8

268

9

do

pekoe

900

37

9

269

5

do

pek sou

600

34

11

D .M R 271

5

do

dust

650

30

12

Carney 272

25 hf-eh

bro i)ek

1250

47

13

273

36

do

pek >e

1800

37

14

274

20

do

pek sou

1000

34

16

Minna 276

28

do

bro pek

1680

63

17

277

23

ch

pekoe

1610

45 bid

18

•278

13

do

pek sou

1170

30 bid

19

2'9

8

do

bro mix

800

28

21

Yanow 281

56 hf-ch

bro pek

3136

45

22

282

65

do

pekoe

3250

36 bid

23

Y, in est. mark 283

23

do

dust

1610

•29

25

Depedene 285

72

do

bro pek

3960

45

26

286

93

do

or pek

4660

38 bid

27

287

116

do

pekoe

5300

36

28

•288

61

do

pek sou

3050

33

29

289

5

do

dust

400

•29

31

Dotala 291

18

do

or pek

810

51 bid

32

292

19

do

bro pek

1140

56

33

‘293

10

ch

pekoe

900

46

42

Ovoca, A I 2

25

do

Dro or pek

2500

55 bid

43

3

12

do

or pek

1080

44 bid

44

4

14

do

pekoe

1260

37 bid

45

5

18

do

pek sou

1800

35 bid

46

6

18

do

dust

1710

30

47

Mahatenne 7

21

do

bro pek

2400

48

48

8

16

do

pekoe

1000

35

49

9

7

do

pek sou

700

31

50

10

5

do

dust

600

26

51

AUakolla 11

42 hf-ch

bro pek

2520

48

52

12

15

ch

pekoe

1500

36 bid

53

13

12

do

pek sou

1140

33

55

Castle 15

10 hf-ch

bro pek

500

39

57

17

10

do

••pek sou

500

30

59

Annandiile 19

5

ch

fans

425

37 bid

68

Monrovia 27

13 hf-ch

bro pek

650

48

69

‘28

18

ch

pekoe

1800

35 bid

70

29

5

do

pek sou

500

31

71

30

5

do

f.ans

500

33

73

T S A 32

10 hf-ch

bro pek

500

35 bid

74

33

17

do

bro tea

816

13

70

34

6

do

dust

540

•27

76

Pelawatte 35

4

ch

bro pek

450

43

77

36

4

do

pekoe

4-2.5

34

78

37

13

do

i>ek sou

1300

33

j Phice ; — 12.^ cents each 3 copies
1 . . 30 cents ; 6. copies i rupee.

[Mr.

E.

John.-

-11(7, .‘Sot lb.]

Lat.

Bix.

Plfgs.

Name

lb.

c.

1

Ohio

313

4

ch

(jio pek

4-20

40;bid

2

315

5

do

pekoe

450

34 bid

3

317

7

do

pek sou

602

31 bid

5

T & T Co., in

estate mark

321

34

do

bro nek

8100

36

6

323

25

do

]>ekoc

2-250

33

8

327

4

do

bro pek fans 500

27

9

Gonavy

329

20

do

bro pek

•2240

56

10

33 L

15

do

liekoe

1530

47

11

333

12

do

pek .sou

1080

39

12

Wewesse

335

30 hf-ch

bro pek

1650

47

13

337

25

do

pekoe

1375

40

14

339

27

do

i)ek sou

1350

Sn

16

Udaimsselawa

313

IS

do

bro or pek

1080

47 Idd

17

3 to

20

do

pekoe

1000

39

18

347

6

do

SOU

540

withd’n

19

Madultenna

349

13

ch

bro pek

1300

52

•20

351

12

do

pekoe

1200

39

•21

353

12

do

pek .sou

1200

31

22

BAR

355

7

hf-ch

bro or pek

4‘20

33

•23

Eila

357

77

ch

bro pek

654o

45

•24

359

44

do

pekoe

3740

3

25

361

26

do

])ek Sou

•2210

33

26

Verela])atna

303

37

do

bro pek

4070

67

27

365

42

do

pekoe

4 ’00

47

2S

367

17

do

pek sou

1700

39

30

St. Jolin'i

371

23

do

bro or pek

2760

lU-Hl

31

373

34 hf-ch

or pek

1768

99

32

375

82

do

er pek

1664

70 )>id

33

377

19

ch

pekoe

21‘28

6S

34

379

11

do

pek sou

1166

59

35

Romlura

381

22

do

bro pek

2310

45

36

383

27

do

pekoe

2430

34

37

385

33

do

p k sou

2805

30

38

Mocha

387

30

do

bro pek

3150

62

39

389

2)

do

pekoe

2375

60

40

391

18

do

pek .sou

1530

44

41

Turin

393

13

do

bro or pek

1430

45

42

393

26

do

bro pek

2600

62

43

397

54

do

pekoe

5400

43

44

399

•27

do

pek sou

•2700

36

46

403

5

do

dust

450

31

47

Brownlcw

405

24

do

bro pek

2760

49 bid

48

407

37

do

pekoe

4070

41 bid

50

411

7

hf-ch

fans

<525

38

51

ETK

413

25

do

pekoe

1250

36

52

415

8

do

dust

640

30

54

Diekapittia

419

18

ch

bro pek

1980

48 >)’.d

55

421

•26

do

pekoe

2600

39

56

423

5

do

pek sou

500

34

59

Callander

4-29

25

hf-ch

bro or pek

1500

59 bid

60

431

22

do

pekoe

1100

56 bid

61

433

14

do

pek S.OI

672

45 bid

Cl

Perrindatty

419

6

ch

pekoe

660

40

G6

Claremont

444

19 hf-ch

bro pek

1015

48

67

445

28

ch

pekoe

25-20

38

68

447

10

do

pek sou

850

34

71

Hiralouvah

453

4

do

br p.i No. 1

401

4!

74

459

9

do

bro mix

765

32

To

Yah.alakele

461

6 hf-ch

bro tea

420

28

76

Wattabedde

463

14

ch

bro pek

1540

50 hi 1.1

77

Ardla.w & Wish

.

ford

465

22 hf-ch

or pek

990

57

78

467

31

do

br or pe No.l 1612

66

79

469

25

do

do No.2 1600

40

80

471

25

ch

pekoe

2-260

44

81

Eadella

473

12

do

bro pek

1200

38

82

475

15

do

pekoe

1350

32

83

477

9

do

pek sou

7-20

2/

84

Agra Ouvah

479

49 hf-ch

bro or pek

3185

7j bid

81

481

35

do

or pek

•2100

bQ

86

583

13

ch

pekoe

1300

47

87

Glasgow

485

2)

do

l)ro or pek

1950

82

88

487

21

do

or pek

1-260

5i

89

489

16

do

pekoe

1520

51

90

401

12

<lo

dust

l-’OO

34

92

Agar’s Land

495

56 lif-ch

bro pek

•2800 [

91

497

24

tlo

or pek fans

T200)

91

Chapelton

499

4

ch

bio mix

400

21

96

Diekapittia

3

21

do

bro pek

2310

46 bid

97

5

21

do

pekoe

210)

37 bill

98

t

6

do

pek sou

600

33

10 L

H S, in estate

mirk

13

7

do

bro pek

735

33 bid

102

15

5

do

pekoe

500

31

103

17

20

do

SOU

1700

29

104

19

6 hf-ch

dust

510

•^8

105

•21

1

bag

red leaf

490

16

'2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIS'l

Lot.

Box.

Pk<;s.

Names.

lb.

C.

100

OaktieUl

•^3

11 ch

bro pek

1100

43

107

23

12 do

pekoe

1200

41

108

27

S do

pek sou

800

35

1^2

Nartuel

55

9 hf-ch

bro pek No.2 450

18 bid

123

57

9 do

pekoe

423

21

124

59

10 do

pek sou

450

19

[Messrs. Porbes & Walker.— 368,100 lb.]

Lot. l^ox.

PkKS.

Name.

lb.

c.

10 0 0 w

55S

9

ch

pek sou

780

14

16 Harrington

570

15

do

or pek

1725

63

IT

572

12

do

pekoe

1260

48

18

574

4

do

pek sou

400

39

10

576

3

do

dust

480

30

20 IMagoda

578

18

do

bro pek

1890

36

21

580

27

do

pekoe

2700

33

22

582

s

do

pek sou

760

29

25 lUtiii

588

9

hf-ch

bro pek

486

55

20

590

11

do

pekoe

594

44

29 Great Valley

596

19

ch

bropek

1045

60

30

598

22

do

or pek

1210

44

31

600

42

do

pekoe

3780

39

32

602

17

do

pek sou

1445

34

33

604

11

do

sou

935

30

31 Glencorse

006

35

do

bro pek

3500

50

35

608

18

do

pekoe

1620

40

36

010

17

do,.

pek sou

1360

32

39 Thedden

610

21

do *

bro pek

21»0

48

40

618

25

do

pekoe

2260

hid

43 Geragania

624

8

do

bro pek

880

44

020

13

do

pekoe

1300

37

45

628

5

(lo

pek sou

500

34

40

630

4

do

tannings

520

30

47 Holton

032

30

(lo

bro pek

3000

53

48

634

17

do

pekoe

1700

40

51 Kelaneiva

040

30

do

bro pek

2550

63

52

642

30

(lo

pekoe

3000

44

53 Radella

644

24

do

bro pek

2400

66

54

646

18

do

pekoe

1620

49

55

648

13

do

pek' sou

1170

41

57 Midlothian

652

30

hf-ch

or pek

1800

51

58

654

14

(lo

pekoe

770

45

59 Sorana

656

26

do

bro pek

1300

61

60

658

18

ch

pekoe

1620

40

61

060

7

do

pek sou

595

33

63 DuiiKar

664

22

hf ch

or pek

924

65

64

666

22

do

bro pek

1100

bid

65

668

16

ch

pekoe

1280

b d

66

670

23

do

pek sou

1955

37

67 Cliesterford

672

22

do

bro pek

2200

53

68

074

22

do

pekoe

2200

41

69

676

22

do

pek sou

2200

34

70 Gairnfortli

678

24

hf-ch

bro or pek 1440

bid

71

680

32

do

or pek

1600

bid

72

082

21

do

pekoe

1050

39

73 Meemoraoya

084

25

(lo

bro pek

1000

38

74

689

35

do

pekoe

1400

33

77 Tunisgalla

692

20

do

bro pek

1430

47

78

604

•>;»

do

pekoe

1250

40

79 'J’algaswela

696

5

ch

br pe No. 2

550

41

80

698

14

do

pekoe

1260

35

81

700

30

do

pek sou

2550

32

84 .Springkell

7C0

1

do

dust

560

30

85 Itockside

70S

29

(lo

pekoe

2900

48

86

710

•’5

do

pek, sou

2.500

38

87

712

IS

(lo

dust

2700

34

88 Q R S T

16

(lo

714

11

hf ch

bro tea

1335

15

89 St. Helieis

716

20

do

bro br pek

1482

52

90

718

16

ch

pekoe

1600

38

91

720

4

do

pek sou

400

33

92 Brechin

722

25

do

bro pek

2750

59 bid

96 S M A '

4

do

. 1

bro pek

1 36

1

lif-ch

457

28 bid

98

734

7

ch

sou

630

17

100 Horagaskelle

738

7

hf-ch

bro pek

448

45

102

742

15

(Trf

pek sou

876

34

104 Ambalavia

746

10

do

bro or pek

550

36

105

748

24

(Id

bro pek

1296

45

106

750

18

(lo

pekoe

846

38

107

752

24

(lo

pek sou

960

34

109 Knavesniire

756

45

ch

bro pek

4950

44

110

758

68

do

Dekoe

6120

37

111

766

40

do

pek -sou

3200

32

112

762

13

do

sou

1040

29

113

764

4

do

pek fans

400

30

114

766

5

hf-ch

dust

425

29

121 Ascot

786

28

do

bro pek

2800

46

122

7s2

2.'i

do

pekoe

2250

37

123

784

13

d<;

pek sou

1236

33

124 'I'ymawr

786

S7

hf-ch

liro pek

1850

78

127)

7S>

49

dn

pekoe

2205

66

126

79(i

46

do

pek sou

2000

46

i;{f> Amhlai)g«nl;»

SOS

11

d«)

bro pek

1100

45

i:j0

Sl6

U

do

pekoe

1370

30

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

139

Deaculla

816

35

hf-ch

bro pek

2100

60

141

Malvern

820

19

do

pekoe

1425

42

142

828

13

do

pek sou

975

36

143

824

8

do

dust

640

31

144

Stamford Hill

826

22

do

bro pek

2640

62

145

828

21

do

do

2520

52 bid.

146

830

12

do

pekoe

1080

40

148

Polattigama

834

33

do

bro pek

3300

52

119

836

24

do

pekoe

2400

36

150

838

13

(lo

pek sou

1300

32

151

840

8

do

fannings

800

37

1.52

Maha Uva

842

20

do

bro or pek

1300

53

153

844

30

do

or pek

1772

60

154

846

43

ch

pekoe

4300

48

155

848

9

do

pek sou

765

42

156

Damineria

850

62

do

oro or pek

6820

50 bid

157

852

75

do

pekoe

760C

46

158

854

6

do

pek sou

600

39

159

856

7

(lo

iliist

700

31

160

D M

858

4

do

bro or pek

440

46

161

860

6

(lo

pekoe

600

33

UW

I’alliagcdde

874

14

do

l>ro pek

1400

44

169

886

17

(lo

do

1700

45 i)id

170

878

20

do

pekoe

1800

38

171

880

13

do

pek sou

1235

34

172

Touiinagong

882

57

hf-ch

bro pek

3420

SO

173

884

3 >

ch

pokoe

3135

07

174

886

25

do

pek sou

2375

53

175

Arapolakande 888

55

do

bro pek

5500

50

170

890

CO

do

pekoe

5100

37

177

892

14

(lo

pek sou

1400

33

178

894

4

(lo

dust

440

28

ISO

Beiin.sijour

898

8

do

bro pek

800

41

181

900

35

(lo

pekoe

3150

35

182

902

7

do

fannings

665

31

184

M B 0 in es-
tate mark

900

6

do

bro mi.x

570

14

186

Lochiel

910

36

do

bro pek

3420

50

187

912

20

do

pekoe

1600

44

189

C O K B

916

24

do

bro mix

2160

19

190

918

13

do

pek No. 2

1300

19

191

Castlereagli

920

12

(lo

bro pek

1200

62

192

922

21

do

pekoe

1890

42 bid

193

924

18

(lo

pek No. 2

1620

38

194

920

12

do

pek sou

960

34

198

Y

93-4

32

do

pek fans

3840

27

199

936

7

do

bro tea

735

20

205

I N G in es-
tate mark

948

S

do

bro tea

500

26

206

950

20

hf-ch

dust

1500

30

207

952

4

ch

red leaf

400

16

208

Nasel>y

954

31

hf-ch

bro pek

2015

74

209

956

30

do

pekoe

1800

54 i)id

212

Aston

962

30

ch

bro pek

3000

47 bid

213

964

47

do

pekoe

4230

43 i)id

214

960

25

hf-ch

fannings

1875

33 bid

215

968

35

ch

pek dust

4200

31

216

Heeloya

970

12

do

bro pek

1200

46 bid

217

972

12

do

pekoe

1200

42

218

974

12

do

pek sou

1200

36

220

IV H

978

14

cl)

bro ])ek

1400

42

221

980

10

do

pekoe

1000

37

222

982

15

do

pek sou

1600

32

2-23

Deiiegallii

984

34

iif-ch

1)1-0 pek

1700

55

224

986

33

(lo

pkoe

1660

41

225

Tonacombe

9SS

33

do

or pek

3300

54

226

990

27

ch

bro pek

3240

54

227

992

44

do

pekoe

4400

43

228

994

11

(lo

pek sou

1015

37

232

Hethersett

2

19

do

or pek

1821

55 bid

233

P D M in es-
tate mark

4

9

do

sou

7-20

30

234

V'erulupitiya

6

20

do

bro pek

2000

45

235

8

13

do

pekoe

1170

37

236

10

6

do

pek sou

540

34

237

12

16

hf-ch

sou

800

31

238

14

7

(lo

pek dust

420

31

240

Middleton

18

40

ch

bro pek

4480

55 biii

241

20

23

do

pekoe

2116

49

244

Denmark Hill 26

11

(lo

or pek

1056

65 bid

245

Walton

28

4

do

bro pek

448

55

246

30

14

do

pekoe

I'OS

43

274

32

6

(lo

pek sou

672

3.5

249

Munamal

36

6

do

bro pek

596

43

255

Monkswood

48

3"

do

bro pek

3450

73

250

50

100 lif-ch

or pek

5000

66 '

257

52

28

cli

pek sou

2520

50

253

P in estate
mark

54

15

hf-ch

bro pek

750

30

260

Beausijour

68

8

ch

fannings

700

80

261

Kllawatte

00

7

do

pek sou

700

34

262

Lowland.s

62

4

do

pekoe

630

34

263

Galapitakande 64

5

(lo

pek .sou

500

31

204

Moragalla

00

4

do

fa iininKs

448

30

266

Laiiguale

70

25

(lo

bro pek

3000

52 bid

267

72

29

do

pekoe

2900

45

268

74

5

(lo

pek sou

475

42

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

SMALL LOTS.

Messrs. Somerville & Co.

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

4

IVilpita

264

3 ch

sou

270

25

5

IVilpita

265

2 do

fans

290

27

6

266

1 do

red leaf

85

16

10

B M R

270

1 do

unas

110

29

15

Carney

275

3 hf-ch

bro fans

150

,30

20

Minna

280

3 do

dust

270

25

24

Y. in est. mark 284

6 do

bro mix

270

16

30

Depedene

290

2 do

red leaf

110

17

34

Botala

294

3 ch

pek sou

300

35 bid

35

295

1 do

pek fans

120

20

3(i

W

296

1 do

bro pek

80

41

37

297

1 do

pekoe

80

30

38

298

1 do

1 hf-ch

pek sou

150

28

39

299

1 do

dust

80

28

40

I C

300

2 ch

dust

200

23

41

1

1 hf-ch

pek dust

75

30

54

Allakolla

14

2 do

dust

150

25

56

Castle

16

7 do

pekoe

350

33

58

18

1 do

fans

65

27

67

Monrovia

26

6 do

bro pek

250

60

72

31

1 ch

pek dust

55

25

79

D CS

38

2 hf-ch

unas

142

28

SO

W

39

1 ch

unas

116

28

81

E 0

40

3 hf-ch

fans

210

31

82

41

1 do

dust

90

26

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Let.

Box

. Pkgs

. Name

lb.

C.

5

A I -:

5

1 hf-ch

fans

54

43

9

8t. Leonards on

Sea

9

1 ch

dust

130

26

10

A G

10

3 do

bro pek

300

28 bid

IS

Comar

IS

1 hf-ch

dust

60

27

20

A Ci C

20

2 ch

dust

300

26

21

XXX

21

1 do

unas

120

18

22

Woodend

22

3 do

congou

270

19

26

M D

26

3 do

bro pek

330

32 bid

27

2 do

20 bid

1 hf-ch

pekoe

280

28

28

1 ch

unas

90

18 bid

29

29

3 hf-ch

fans

250

out

30

30

2 do

dust

134

27

36

Hornsey

36

3 ch

bro tea

300

18

37

37

3 do

f;>ns

270

25

38

K

38

3 hf-ch

dust

255

28

39

39

4 do

dust

360

30

40

40

5 do

bro pek fans

375

40

52

Hornsey

52

2 do

bro tea

200

18

53

53

3 do

fans

270

25

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkg.s,

Name.

lb.

C,

4

Ohio

319

1 hf-ch

fans

66

26

7

T & T Co., in

estate mark

325

3 ch

pek sou

270

26

15

Wewesse

341

3 hf-ch

fans

180

37

29

Verelapatna

369

4 do

dust

320

31

45

Turin

401

1 do

bro mix

63

23

49

Brownlow

409

2 ch

congou

192

26

53

MR

417

3 hf-ch

dust

240

29

57

Dickapittia

425

1 ch

SOU

95

27

58

427

1 do

dust

150

29

62

Callander

435

2 hf-ch

dust

74

29

63

Perrindotty

437

6 do

bro pek

336

51

05

441

3 do

pek sou

306

35

69

Claremont

449

1 ch

bro tea

95

14

70

451

4 hf -ch

dust

320

31

72

Hiralouvah

455

1 ch

fans

127

29

73

457

1 hf-ch

dust

70

27

91

L. in est. mark 493

4 do

unas

232

27

95

Chapelton

1

3 do

dust

270

25

99

Dickapittia

9

2 ch

SOU

190

27

100

11

2 do

dust

155

28

109

Oakfleld

29

2 do

dust

200

23

125

Nartnel

61

2 lif-ch

fans

120

19

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker.]

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

0 .M

540

2

ch

bro pek

216

28

2

542

1

do

pekoe

47

27

3

544

1

do

pek sou

76

23

4

546

3

do

dust

273

22

5

GAS

548

3

hf-ch

bro pek

145

38

6

550

g

do

pekoe

250

27

7

552

1

do

pek sou

100

21

8

G 0 W

654

1

ch

3

hf-ch

bro pek

250

27

9

556

2

ch

2

hf-ch

pekoe

300

26

11

560

2

ch

bro mix

175

13

12

N A

562

1

do

pekoe

SO

24

13

564

2

do

red leaf

200

14

14

560

1

hf-ch

bro mix

50

15

15

568

1

ch

congou

100

18

23

Udagoda

584

2

do

pek fans

240

27

24

586

1

do

bro tea

105

17

27

Ritni

592

1

hf-cli

pek sou

55

33

28

594

1

do

dust

68

27

37

Oleucor.se

612

2

ch

pek fans

276

31

38

614

1

do

dust

170

27

41

Thedden

620

3

do

pek sou

270

31

42

624

1

do

dust

150

26

49

Holton

036

2

do

pek sou

190

32

50

038

1

do

bro mix

100

23

56

Raddella

650

2

do

dust

260

32

62

Sorana

662

1

do

do

111

28

75

Meemoraoya

688

6

hf-ch

pekoe

240

27

76

690

2

do

dust

130

28

82

.Springkell

702

1

ch

bro mix

100

16

83

704

3

do

pek fans

240

32

93

.S E jM

724

2

do

bro pek

230

28

94

720

2

do

pekoe

211

25

95

728

1

do

pek fans

121

19

97

S M A

732

1

ch

1

hf*ch

pekoe

140

24

99

730

2

ch

dust

3C0

18

101

Horagaskelle

740

7

hf-ch

pekoe

398

32

103

744

2

do

bro mix

120

15

108

Ambalawa

754

5

do

congou

200

24

137

Amblangoda

812

3

ch

pek sou

270

30

138

814

3

do

dust

200

27

140

Beauculla

818

3

do

bro mix

235

30

147

.Stamford Hill 832

1

do

dust

100

30

179

A G

896

3

do

bro tea

285

26

183

Beau.sijour

904

1

do

dust

140

27

185

M B 0 in es-

tate mark

90S

1

hf-ch

dust

77

20

188

Lochiel

914

2

ch

pek sou

180

32

195

Castlereagh

928

2

hf-ch

pek fans

140

44

196

930

3

do

dust

249

29

197

932

1

ch

bro mix

90

14

200

Y

938

3

do

red leaf

345

14

203

K

944

1

do

pek sou

100

33

204

940

1

do

dust

170

23

210

Naseby

958

0

lif-ch

pek sou

360

44

211

960

3

ch

dust

300

39

219

Heeloya

970

2

h^cli

do

160

29

239

Vcrulupitiya

16

4

hf-ch

dust

320

33

242

Middleton

22

1

ch

pek .sou

75

36

243

24

2

h^ch

dust

800

33

248

Walton

34

1

ch

dust

112

28

250

Munamal

38

3

do

pekoe

217

32

251

40

4

do

sou

.375

26

252

42

1

do

fannings

115

28

253

1

do

44

1

hf-ch

unassorted

130

30

254

46

1

ch

dust

129

29

259

P in estate

mark

59

1

hf-ch

pekoe

50

21

265

Midlotian

68

1

ch

pekoe

55

38

269

Langdale

76

1

do

dust

160

32

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Out Commercial Correspondent)

Mincing Lane, May 15, 1896.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 15th May : —

E.n “ City of Calcutta,”— Kew, 1 cask 102s; 4 casks 107s;
lb 93s; 1 bag 103s. PB, It 118s. T, lb 82s. K in estate
mark. It 94s.

Ex “Cheshire”— Gonamotava, Ic lb 84s 6d: 3 bags 100s.
Arabawelle, lb 104s; Ic It 103s; lb 90s; lb 101s; lb 73s.

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

■oiu 0‘>r Commercial Corrispondeut .)

Mincing Lank, May ir>.

Kx “Clan Maclean”— M A KM DMA&Co, in estiite mark,
‘>0 bass 46s,

Kx “Arabia” — DMAifcCo. in estate mark, 30 bags 44s.

Kx “Statesm in” — Warriapolla, 15 bags 60s; 19 bags 70s 0«1;
;; bags 36s 6d; 3 bags 28s 6d. .Suduganga, 27 bags 70s 6d;
;; bags :16s 6d, 2 bags 28s 6d.

Kx “Benvenue” — HJ, 1"' bags48s Od; 2 bags s d 40s.

X “Clan Macle.an”— HJ, 6 bags s d 40s fld.

CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Mincing Lane, May

Kx “Clan Cameron”— Mysore cardamoms HJ, 2c 2s; 4c is
lOd. Malabar cardamoms, HJ, 4c Is lid. Cardamom.s
No. 1 HJ, 3e Is lOd. Mysore cardamoms, 2, HJ, 3c 2s.

Ex “Clan Maclean*’— HJ, Esperanza, 13c 2s 4d; 12cls0<l;
2c s d is lOd; 2c Is lid; 2c Is lOd.

Ex “.Statesman”— Dnckwari, 3c 3s lil; Ic 2s 2d; Ic 2s 4d;
2c 2s Id; Ic Is lOd; lo Is lid; Ic Is 9d; 2c seed 2s lOd.

Kx “Clan Murray” — Kolo seeds, M in estate mark, ic
1 0(1.

CBhEllVEB T*I!lNTlN<i IVuliKs.

TEA., COFFEE, CIMGHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 22.]

Colombo, June 15, 1896.

( Price : — 12| cents each 3 copies
i 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A.

H. Thompson & Co.-

-54,927

lb.]

Lot.

Box,

pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Ahamud

1

8

hf-ch

bro pek

400

40

2

2

8

do

pekoe

400

30

3

3

8

do

pek sou

400

25

17

Vilgocla

17

5

ch

dust

755

28

18

Balgownie

IS

9

do

bro pek

900

41

19

19

14

do

pekoe

1120

36

20

20

8

do

pek sou

720

32

21

21

9

do

bro mix

765

26

23

Battalgnlla

23

12

ch

bro sou

1260

40

27

M 0

27

20

do

pek sou

1900

30

28

Pambagama

28

5

ch

bro tea

500

18

29

29

16

hf-ch

dust

1440

28

30

30

12

ch

fans

1200

30

32

PB

32

3

do

dust

450

26

36

M F

36

7

ch

sou

560

31

37

Comar

37

30

hf-ch

bro pek

1500

43

38

38

18

do

pekoe

1080

35

39

39

17

do

pekoe

1020

34 bid

40

40

12

do

pep sou

720

30

42

D

42

4

ch

pek fans

475

29

44

AGO

44

8

do

pek sou

720

32

46

46

7

do

congou

630

29

.'iO

ML

50

6

ch

bro pek

660

50 bid

53

St. Leonards on

Sea

53

16

ch

bro pek

1600

46

.58

Charlie Hill

58

8

hf-ch

bro pek

400

43

59

59

13

do

pekoe

650

35

60

60

24

do

pek sou

1260

32

61

61

10

do

sou

500

30

€3

Springwood

63

15

ch

bro mix

1575

22

64

Digdola

64

20

do

bro pek

1800

47

65

65

27

do

pekoe

2430

36

66

66

9

do

pek sou

810

31

67

67

6

do

fans

540

26

68

68

4

do

dust

560

27

69

Bogahatenne

69

15

ch

sou

1345

21

72

M L C

72

25

hf-ch

sou

1125

31

74

Elston

74

72

ch

pe sou No.

2 5760

33

75

75

27

hf-ch

dust

1890

26

[Mr. E. John.— 150,638 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

1

Maryland

63

5

ch

bro pek

550

44

2

65

5

do

pekoe

525

35

3

Razeen

67

29 hf-ch

bro pek

1595

45

4

69

35

do

pekoe

1575

36

5

71

18

do

pek sou

792

34

8

Peakside

77

21

do

bro pek

1260

51

9

79

18

do

or pek

900

61

10

81

47

do

pekoe

2350

46

11

83

20

do

pek sou

1000

36

12

85

9

do

dust

540

32

13

Agra Ouvah

87

52

do

bro or pek

3380

77

14

89

32

do

or pek

1920

57

15

91

13

ch

pekoe

1300

49

16

Blackburn

93

20

do

bro pek

2200

37

17

20

Anchor, in est.
mark

95

20

do

pekoe

2200

32

101

37

do

bro or pek

3515

64

21

103

14

do

or pek

1050

48

22

Ivies

105

15

do

pekoe

1350

46

23

107

19 hf-ch

bro pek

950

47

24

109

12

ch

pekoe

1080

36

25

111

8

do

pek sou

720

31

28

Broadlands

117

50 hf-ch

bro pek

2750

39 bid

29

119

26

ch

pekoe

2340

33 bid

30

121

25

do

pek sou

17.50

32

31

123

6

do

bro tea

420

27

33

Cleveland

127

25

hf-ch ^

bro pek

1500

74 bid

34

129

42

do

pekoe

2310

52 bid

37

Kanangama

135

47

ch

bro pek

4700

40 bid

38

137

21

do

pekoe

1890

34

39

139

9

do

pek sou

810

30

40

141

6

do

dust

840

25

41

143

6

do

fans

600

27

46

L

153

16

do

pek sou

1280

27

47

155

8 hf-ch

dust

720

26

48

Mocha

157

30

ch

bro pek

3150

65

49

159

24

do

pekoe

2400

54

50

161

17

do

pek sou

1530

47

54

Templestowe

169

31

do

or pek

3100

58

Lot. Box.

pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

55

171

33

ch

pekoe

2970

42

56

17-3

41

do

pek sou

3485

36

57

175

6

do

dust

840

30

58

Alnoor

177

35

hrch

bro pek

1650

43 bid

59

179

23

do

pekoe

1150

35

60

181

17

do

pek sou

950

34

61

183

7

do

fans

490

34

62

Ferndale

185

11

ch

bro or pek

1210

48

63

187

10

do

bro pek

1000

45

64

189

27

do

pekoe

2430

39

65

New Tunisgalla

191

43

h^ch

bro pek

2490

42 bid

60

193

37

do

pekoe

1850

43

67

Ottery & Stam-

ford Hill

195

26

ch

bro pek

2600

78

68

197

23

do

or pek

1955

67

69

199

59

do

pekoe

5310

48

77

Ardla.w & Wish

-

ford

203

30

hf-ch

bro pek

1470

59

72

205

24

do

brorpe No.l

1296

74

73

207

21

ch

pekoe

1932

45

74

0

209

12

do

brorpe No. 2

1512

49

75

Tarf

211

10

do

bro pek

1150

37

76

213

13

do

pekoe

1430

35

77

215

5

do

pek sou

500

30

79

Eadella

219

16

do

bro pek

1600

37

80

221

22

do

pekoe

1980

32

81

223

10

do

pek sou

800

29

82

Glentilt

225

51

do

bro pek

5355

52 bid

83

227

31

do

pekoe

3100

43 bid

84

229

8

do

pek sou

720

40

85

231

4

do

fans

600

31

86

Madultenna

233

12

do

bro pek

1200

49

87

235

16

do

br pe No. 2

1600

40

88

Tientsin

237

54

hf-ch

bro or pek

2700

71

89

239

25

ch

pekoe

2250

46

90

241

9

do

pek sou

810

41

91

243

8

h^ch

dust

600

36

97

Lameliere

255

35

ch

bro pek

3850

58 bid

98

257

34

do

pekoe

3332

43 bid

99

259

26

do

pek sou

2548

38

100

261

5

hf-ch

pek fans

425

33

[Messrs. Somerville ^ Co., 203,6531b]

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Roseneath

45

35

hf-ch

bro pek

1925

45

2

46

13

ch

pekoe

1170

37

3

47

15

do

pek sou

1350

33

4

AG L

48

24

do

bro or pek

2400

43

5

49

12

do

or pek

1020

48

6

50

49

do

pekoe

4165

36

7

50

49

do

pekoe

4165

36

8

52

9

do

pek sou

765

30

9

53

10

do

fannings

1000

34

10

54

8

do

dust

1120

28

11

Minna

55

29

hf-ch

bro pek

1740

70

12

66

22

ch

pekoe

1540

47

13

57

15

do

pek sou

1350

40

14

Inchstelly and

Woodthorpe

58

11

do

bro pek

1210

51

15

59

15

do

pekoe

1200

39

16

60

19

do

pek sou

1425

36

20

Nugawela

64

30

hf-ch

or pek

1800

50

21

65

47

do

pekoe

2585

39

22

66

6

ch

pek sou

510

34

23

Beverley

67

22

hf-ch

pek dust

1650

33

24

Lonach

68

62

do

bro pek

3100

52

26

69

31

ch

pekoe

2945

39

26

70

19

do

pek sou

1615

35

27

Penrith

71

64

do

bro pek

6400

63

28

72

43

do

pekoe

3440

41

29

73

41

do

pek sou

3690

35

32

Ivanhoe

76

30

hf-ch

bro pek

1500

56

33

77

35

ch

pekoe

3150

45

34

78

10

do

pek sou

900

38

36

Yarrow

80

48

hf-ch

bro pek

2688

46

37

81

63

do

pekoe

3100

36

38

Irex

82

16

ch

bro pek

1600

44

39

83

9

do

bro pek

855

35

40

84

9

do

pek sou

900

31

41

Malveren

85

26

hKch

bro pek

1430

37 bid

42

86

34

do

pekoe

1870

33

43

Kelani

87

50

do

oro pek

2750

63

44

88

30

ch

pekoe

2700

38

45

89

17

hf-ch

pek sou

8,50

34

48

Lyndhurst

92

16

ch

bro pek

1600

47 l)id

49

93

20

do

pekoe

1700

36

50

94

30

do

pek sou

2400

32 l)id

53

Lyndhurst

97

17

do

bro pek

1700

46

54

98

21

do

pekoe

1785

39

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Pox .

Pkc;.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

S.'S

99

20

cll

pek sou

2080

34

56

100

5

do

SOU

425

27

!>8 TS

102

10

hf-ch

l)ro pek

600

47 liid

60 NIT

104

9

ch

bro pe fans

1080

40

61

105

13

do

unassorted

1170

29

63 Choliinkande

107

4

do

fannings

440

31

65 Ravgam

109

43

do

bro pek

4300

54

66

no

24

do

pekoe

2040

41

67

111

27

do

pek sou

2295

36

6S Panapitiya

112

18

hf-ch

bro pek

1060

35 bid

69 White Cross

113

32

ch

bro pek

3200

43

70

114

26

do

pekoe

2600

35

71

115

15

do

pek sou

1425

30

74 T .S A

118

10

hf-ch

bro pek

500

39 bid

75 Chetnole

119

8

ch

pek sou

800

33

70

120

15

hf-ch

dust

1125

31

77 Hacalla

121

36

do

bro pek

2160

42

78

122

31

do

pokoe

1550

37

79

123

10

ch

pek sou

1000

34

80 Castlemilk

81 H in estate

124

0

do

bro mix

510

31

mark

125

22

do

bro pek

2200

44 bid

82

120

27

do

pekoe

2430

34

S3 Warriatenne

127

29

do

bro pek

2900

39

84

128

32

do

pekoe

3200

40

85

129

11

tlo

pek sou

935

31

86

92 Jlorowa To-

137

30

hf-cli

dust

2235

24 bid

turn

130

8

ch

bro pek

800

39 bid

93

137

10

hf-ch

or pek

500

41

03

139

10

do

pek sou

500

31

98 Matara

142

4

ch

bro pek

450

43 bid

99

143

4

do

or pek

425

35 bid

102 G

146

IS

do

bro pek

1890

37 bid

107 Wentworth

151

12

lif-ch

bro pek

1320

49 bid

108 Kew

152

13

do

bro or pek

754

86

1C9

153

19

do

bro pek

1140

57

no

154

21

ch

or pek

1050

66

in

155

36

do

pekoe

3312

53

112

1.56

16

do

pek sou

1520

43

113 Deniyagama

157

10

hf-ch

bro or pek

540

39

114

158

28

ch

bro’ pek

2940

42

115

159

15

do

pekoe

1350

33

no

160

9

do

pek sou

720

30

117 Eavenscraig

181

28

hf-ch

bro pek

1400

40 bid

118

162

42

do

pekoe

2100

38

119

163

8

do

pek sou

400

31 bid

121 Benveula

165

32

do

bro pek

1600

40

122

166

12

do

pekoe

600

33

123

167

7

ch

pek sou

700

30

125 15 P

169

9

hf-ch

bro mix

540

32

120

170

4

do

dust

400

27

127 Surrey

171

20

do

or pek

1000

66 bid

132 Sirisanda

176

12

hf-ch

bro pek

720

47

133

177

25

do

pekoe

1250

36

134

178

38

do

pek sou

1900

32

137

181

5

do

dust

403

28

142 Sa.hawe

186

13

ch

bro pek

1300

42 bid

143

187

11

do

pekoe

1045

39 bid

144

188

38

do

pek sou

3420

33

145

189

15

do

SOU

1275

30

140

190

4

do

bro mix

420

20

147

191

5

do

fannings

600

28

140 Minna

193

23

do

pekoe

1610

45 bid

150

194

39

do

bro or pek

3900

56

151

195

12

do

or pek

1080

46

152

196

13

do

pekoe

1170

39

153

197

I-’

do

pek sou

1140

37

[Messrs. Forbes

& Walker.— 369,711

lb.]

Lot.

Pkcs.

Name.

lb.

c.

2

M

80

6

ch

pekoe

552

49

4

M, in estate

mark

84

9

ch

pek sou

790

19

7

90

19 hf-ch

dust

1710

IS

»

w w

92

5

ch

bro mix

475

21

10

Thedden

96

8

do

bro pek

800

42

11

98

23

do

pekoe

2070

30

15

Augusta

106

17

do

bro pek

1870

46

16

108

14

do

pekoe

1400

39

17

no

15

do

pek sou

13,50

36

18

M (;

112

16

do

dust

1823

25

20

Kirindi

116

12

ch

bro pek

1320

47 bid

21

118

15

do

pekoe

1200

40

22

120

20

do

pek sou

1500

35

25

Ranawella

126

7

do

bro pek

770

48

26

128

9

do

pekoe

720

40

27

130

11

do

pek sou

825

35

20

D B R.

134

11

ch

bro mix

1100

29

.‘10

136

3

do

dust

450

28

21

B D \V

138

35

do

bro pek

4200

33 bid

22

140

33 hf-ch

)>ropek

2310

33 bid

32

Agraoya

142

37

do

bro pek

2035

49

34

144

25

ch

pekoe

2125

36

Lot

Box.

TkgS.

Name.

lb.

C.

35

Galla watte

146

11

ch

pek sou

1045

32

38

152

7

do

pek fans

700

29

41

Cliesterford

158

36

do

bro pek

3600

48 bid

42

160

31

do

pekoe

3100

30 bid

43

Weoya

162

28

do

pek sou

2800

34

47

170

55 1

lif*ch

bro pek

3025

51

48

172

60

do

pekoe

3000

37

49

174

52

do

pek sou

2385

32

50

Dunkeld

176

21

ch

bro pek

2310

69

51

178

32

hf-ch

or pek

1600

55

52

D KD

180

20

ch

pekoe

2000

42

63

182

4

do

br pe No . 2

500

40

54

184

6

do

(lust

960

31

61

Pallagodde

19S

21

ch

bro jjek

2100

43

62

200

22

do

pekoe

1980

40

63

202

19

do

pek sou

1805

35

64

High Forest

204

100 i

hf-ch

bro pek

5600

51 bid

65

206

75

do

pekoe

3750

60

66

208

25

do

pek sou

1250

41

73

Dea Ella

222

50

do

bro pek

27.'"-0

42

74

224

40

do

pekoe

2000

34

75

226

15

do

pek sou

750

32

76

228

6

do

dust

450

28

77

Hayes

230

104

hf-ch

bro pek

5200

43

78

232

70

do

nekoe

3150

30

79

234

74

do

pek sou

3330

33

80

2S0

8

do

dust

400

30

83

o :m

242

6

ch

dust

552

18

85

Iddagodde

246

16

do

bro pek

1600

48

SC

248

21

do

pekoe

2100

38

87

250

20

do

pek sou

1700

33

89

Morankande

254

39

do

bro pek

3900

42

90

256

29

do

pekoe

2900

37

91

268

48

do

pek sou

4800

33

92

Ganapalla

260

183

hf ch

bro pek

0150

42

93

202

94

ch

pekoe

7520

33

94

264

40

do

pek sou

3200

30

95

260

7

do

dust

980

26

96

-Massena

268

20

hf-ch

or pek

1000

40

97

270

20

do

pekoe

1000

34

98

Galkadua

272

15

ch

bro pek

ir.oo

42

99

274

15

do

pekoe

1500

35

100

276

12

do

pek sou

1200

31

106

C

288

11

do

sou

1045

30

112

Kagalla

300

4

do

dnst

440

35

114

A M B

304

30

do

bro pek sou

2160

23

115

306

11

do

funs

1320

20

116

B, in estate

mark

308

5

ch

son

450

29

117

310

11

do

dust

1540

30

118

Arapolakande 312

52

ch

bro pok

4940

40 bid

119

314

53

do

pekoe

4210

35

12»

316

12

do

pek sou

I’lOO

32

122

Carlabeck

320

13

ch

pek sou

1300

56

123

322

10

hf-ch

bro pek fan

750

47

124

Scrubs

324

12

ch

or pek

1200

77

125

326

25

do

bro pek

2750

59

126

328

25

do

pekoe

2375

53

127

330

12

do

pek sou

1140

48

128

Koladenia

332

4

ch

bro tea

504

28

129

Vellaioya

334

8

do

bro tea

700

21

130

Amblakande

336

12

do

bro pek

1080

55

131

338

17

do

pekoe

1530

39

132

340

7

do

pek son

700

36

134

St. Heliers

344

18

h^ch

bro or pek

990

49

135

346

12

ch

pekoe

1200

39

136

348

4

do

pek sou

400

34

138

Glencorse

352

37

do

bro pek

3700

43

139

356

20

do

pekoe

ISOO

38

140

356

20

do

pek sou

1600

33

141

358

3

do

pek fans

420

28

144

M K

364

6

ch

pekoe

675

22

145

366

8

do

pek sou

800

17

147

Deaculla

370

35

hf ch

bro pek

2100

62

148

372

21

ch

pekoe

1575

46

149

M A H

394

5

do

congou

500

IS

157

Elamana

390

17

<lo

bro pek

1700

45 bid

158

392

20

do

pekoe

1800

37

169

394

8

do

pek sou

720

34

ICO

Middleton

396

21

ch

bro pek

2100

70

161

398

14

do

pekoe

1330

.51

162

400

6

do

pek sou

640

46

163

Kandapolla

402

12

do

bro pek

1440

55 lid

164

404

25

hf-cli

dust

I860

35

165

Allington

406

27

do

or pek

1350

40 bid

166

M

408

20

ch

bro pek sou

1000

21

167

K

410

6

do

1

lif-ch

bro pek

060

30

168

B 1) W

412

CO

ch

pek sou

6474

20 bid

169

M K M A N

414

5

do

1

hf-ch

pek sou

650

23

170

Ellaoya

416

31

do

or [lek

2976

47 bid

171

418

25

do

i)ek sou

2250

35

172

Gallawatte

420

42

cll

in-o pok

4200

43 bid

173

422

21

do

pekoe

1890

38

174

424

8

do

j)ek sou

800

32

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

Box.

Pk"S.

Name.

lb.

C.

175

426

8

ch

dust

800

28

176

Tonacombe

428

30

do

or pek

3000

55

53

177

430

25

do

bro pek

3000

178

432

45

do

pekoe

4oOO

44

179

434

12

do

pek sou

1140

37

ISO

436

13

do

dust

1170

31

ISl

Clyde

438

30

do

bro pek

3780

42

182

440

26

do

pekoe

2600

34

183

442

18

do

pek sou

1710

32

184

444

4

do

dust

560

27

188

K K G H

452

10 hf-ch

sou

500

30

189

Castlereagh

454

12

ch

bro pek

1200

62

190

456

12

do

or pek

1080

50 bid

191

458

12

do

pekoe

1080

41

192

460

12

do

pek No. 2

1080

37

193

462

10 hf-ch

pek sou

800

34

196

Augusta

468

26

ch

bro pek

2860

45

197

470

22

do

pekoe

2200

38

198

472

19

do

pek sou

1710

35

200

476

7

do

dust

980

29

201

Weyimga-

watte

478

15

ch

bro pek

1500

51

202

480

26

do

pek No. 1

2340

40

203

482

17

do

pek „ 2

1445

38

204

484

6

do

pek sou

670

35

206

Holton

488

14

ch

bro pek

1400

57

207

490

16

do

pekoe

1520

38

208

492

6

do

pek sou

570

34

210

Monktonwyld 496

7

ch

bro pek

700

41 bid 1

211

498

7

do

pekoe

665

38 I

212

500

8

do

pek sou

640

216

Cai'fax

508

18

ch

bro or pek

1974

4( bid

217

510

19

do

or pek

19'4

52

218

512

5

do

bro pek

5.50

35

219

514

19

do

pekoe

1805

42

220

516

3

do

dust

480

23

221

St. Heliers

518

26

h^ch

bro or pek

1430

49

222

520

IS

ch

pekoe

1800

37

233

Ella watte

544

25

ch

bro pek

2025

54

234

546

44

do

pekoe

4400

42

235

548

8

do

pek sou

800

37

247

IVolleyfleld

572

4

ch

bro pek

420

37

SMALL LOTS.
[Me. E. John.]

Lot.

6 Razeen

7

18 Clontarf

19

26 Ivies

27

32 Rroadlands
35 Cleveland

70

Ottery & Stam-
ford Hill

201

1

ch

dust

141

34

78

Yapame

217

2

do

dust

194

30

92

PTE

245

3

do

bro mix

300

15

93

247

2 hf-ch

dust

108

27

94

Chapelton

249

3

do

du3t

285

20

95

R

251

3

do

pekoe

120

33

96

253

4

do

pek sou

180

30

Box.

Pks8.

Name.

lb.

c.

73

2 hf-ch

fans

130

30

75

1 do

du.st

86

27

97

2 ch

sou

142

25

99

2 do

dust

300

27

113

4 hf-ch

fans

220

34

115

1 do

dust

80

26

125

3 do

dust

240

25

131

6 do

pek sou

300

46

133

2 do

dust

170

41

[Messes. A. H. Thompson ^ Co.]

Lot.

4 Ahamud

5

6

7 Bulatwella

14 A & F L

15

16

22 Balgfownie

24 Battalgalla

25

26 F & R
31 P B
35 M F
41 Comar
43 D

45 A G C

47 XXX

48 Woodend

49

54 BD

55

56

57

62 Charlie Hill

Box,

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

4

21

hf-ch

fans

125

5

2

do

fans

100

6

2

do

congou

100

7

4

ch

bro tea

360

14

2

do

dust

160

15

1

do

red leaf

55

16

4

do

pek fans

320

22

1

ch

dust

130

24

3

do

bro tea

300

25

4

do

dust

360

26

4 hf-ch

pek sou

200

31

2

ch

red leaf

ISO

35

2 hf-ch

dust

170

41

4

do

dust

304

43

1

cli

dust

105

45

2

ch

dust

300

47

1

do

unas

120

48

2

do

red leaf

180

49

3

do

bro mix

360

54

3

do

bro pek

336

55

2 do
1 hf-ch

pekoe

280

56

1

eh

unas

90

57

3

do

fans

250

62

6 hf-ch

fans

360

c.

28

19

18

14

29

14

34

29

15
38

withd’n.

14

27

27

28
25
18
14
14

35

30
24

36
30

Lt.

70

71
V3

Box

Bogahatenne
M L C

:. Pkgs. Names.

70 3 hf-ch fans

71 4 do dust

73 3 do red leaf

lb.

150

302

150

C.

30

13

15

Messrs.

Somerville & Lo.

Lot

Box.

Pkgs. Name

lb.

C.

17

Inchistelly &

Woodthorpe

61

1

ch

sou

70

30

18

62

1 hf-ch

red leaf

54

16

19

63

2

do

dust

160

25

30

Penrith

74

1

ch

dust

160

27

31

75

1

do

bro pek fa,ns

125

31

35

Ivauhoe

79

4

do

SOU

360

30

40

Kelani

90

4 hf-ch

fans

240

32

47

91

2

do

dust

160

38

51

Lyndhur,st

95

2

ch

sou

170

26

52

96

2

do

dust

170

29

57

101

4

do

dust

340

29

59

NIT

103

4 hf-ch

dust

360

28

62

106

1

do

red leaf

45

14

64

Cholaukande

108

3

do

dust

285

28

72

White Cross

116

2

ch

bro tea

190

14

73

117

1

do

fans

140

28

87

Rattota

131

6 hf-ch

pekoe

300

30 bid

91

California

135

1

ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek dust

180

34 bid

94

MorowaTotum 138

7

do

pekoe

350

31 bid

96

140

2

do

SOU

98

24

97

141

3

do

fans

150

28

100 Matara

144

3

ch

pekoe

270

31

101

145

3

do

pek sou

285

2S

120 Ravenscraig

164

4 lif-ch

dust

300

26

124 Benveula

168

1

ch

dust

100

26

131 Sirisanda

175

16

box

or pek

176

Rl-03

135

179

5 hf-ch

1

ch

fans

350

31

136

180

1 hf-ch

congou

50

21

138

182

5

do

bro mix

234

15

13

R V K

183

1

ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek

150

140

184

1

ch

pekoe

92

141

185

4

do

])ek sou

349

148 Salawe

192

2

do

dust

320

[ME.SSRS. Forbes

& \Valker.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

M

78

1 ch

bro pek

102

62

3

M, in estate

mark

82-

3 hf-ch

bro ]>ek

150

35

5

86

3 do

fans No. 1

210

25

6

88

2 do

dust No. 1

180

26

9

w \v

94

2 ch

fans

280

24

12

Thedden

100

3 do

pek sou

270

28

13

102

1 do

sou

90

15

14

104

1 do

dust

150

26

19

M S

114

4 do

dust

380

19

23

Kirindi

122

2 ch

sou

140

29

24

124

2 do

dust

160

27

28

Ranawella

132

1 do

dust

81

26

36

Agraoya

148

2 do

dust

160

28

37

Gallawatte

150

3 ch

sou

300

23

44

Goraka

164

3 ch

bro pek

300

48

45

166

3 do

pekoe

300

35

46

168

3 do

pek sou

300

34

81

O M

238

1 ch

bro pek

85

29

82

240

1 do

sou

67

23

84

244

1 do

red leaf

88

withd’n

88

Iddagodde

252

2 do

dust

260

25

101

Galkadua

278

3 hf ch

dust

225

29

102

Alkaduva

280

1 ch

sou

100

17

107

Kelvin

290

3 do

dust

300

26

108

Midlands

292

2 do

sou

160

30

109

294

1 do

red leaf

85

15

110

296

5 hf-ch

pek dust

375

29

111

Pantiya

298

3 ch

dust

390

27

113

R W

302

1 do

dust

129

28

121

Arapolakande 318

3 ch

dust

330

28

133

Amblakande 342

2 do

fans

240

35

137

St. Heliers

350

2 ch

bro tea

204

15

142

Glencorse

369

1 do

dust

175

28

143

M K

362

1 do

bro pek

120

27

146

368

2 do

bro pek dust 340

23

150

K W D, in est.

mark

376

2 hf-ch

bro pek dust 156

28

151

378

2 ch

bro tea

198

25

185

K K G II

446

5 do

bro pek

275

41

186

448

4 do

pekoe

220

40

187

450

3 do

pek sou

150

32

194

Castlereagh

464

2 do

pek fans

140

42

195

466

2 do

dust

160

29

199

Augusta

474

4 ch

sou

360

31

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Box.

Pkg.s.

Name.

lb.

c.

209

Monktonwyld 494

1 ch

bro or pek 90

40

213

502

1 hf-ch

dust

80

27

236

Ella watte

550

4 ch

dust

360

29

241

K, in estate
mark

560

1 hf-ch

pek sou

50

28

242

562

1 ch

1 hf-ch

bro tea

150

13

243

K, in e.state
mark

564

1 hf-ch

fans

60

14

244

566

1 ch

pek dust

180

22

245

568

2 do

dust

340

21

24G

570

3 do

red leaf

274

14

248

Wolleytield

574

3 do

pekoe

285

27

249

.576

3 do

pek sou

285

23

250

578

2 do

sou

ISO

17

251

580

1 hf-ch

dust

68

23

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

{Fi’om Our Commercial Correspondent)

Mincing Lane, May 22, 1896.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 22nd May

Ex “Statesman”— Wiharagalla, lb Ic 110s; Ic lb 104s 6d;
lb90s;lbU6s.

Ex “Wanderer”— WHO S, lb 04s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

{From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

Mincing Lane, May 22.

Ex “Clan Maclean” — Alloowihare, 50 bags 64s; 14 bags 52s;
8 bags 36s Cii; 2 bags 10s; 15 bags 29s 6d. Dickeria, 4
bags 45s; 2 bags 37s; 1 bag 35s.

Ex “Pectan” — Alloouiharie, 24 bags 52s.

Ex “Senator”— North Matale, 50 bag< 46s.

Ex “Jumna”- Elmshurst, 4 bags 31s. Glenalpin, 2 bags
(s d) 40s Gd; 11 bags 31s.

Ex "Cheshire”— Udapolla, 56 bags 50s; 2 bags 35s Gd;
1 bag s d 32s.

Ex “State.sman”— Gangaroowa, 77 bags 53s Cd; 6 bags 45s.
Ex “Clan Graham” — DMA&Co. in estate mark, 15 bags 50s.

OB.SERVER PRINTING WORK.«.

TEA., COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

NO. 23 ]

Colombo, June 22, 1896.

< Price ; — 12| cents each 3 copies
L 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO

SALES OF

TEA

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

52

363

•21

ch

pekoe

!2100

47

53

365

12

do

pek sou

1200

36

LARGE LOTS.

54

Poilakande

381

64

hf-ch

oro pek

3822

44 bid

[Messrs. A.
Lot.

H. Thompson & Co.—
Box. pkgs. Name.

535,529 Ik]
lb. c.

55

56

57

383

385

287

48

48

8

ch

do

hf-ch

pekoe
pek sou
clu.st

4320

3840

717

38 bi<l

33

•29

1

Kalkande

1

25 hf*ch

bro pek

1250

50 bid

59

Logan

391

28

ch

bro pek

2600

41 bid

2

2

30

do

pekoe No. 1

1500

42

60

393

21

do

pekoe

1890

33 bid

3

3

16

do

pek sou

800

35

61

395

9

do

pek sou

765

30

4

4

14

do

dust

840

29

65

Agra Ouvah

403

1-2

do

pek sou

1200

43

6

6

20

do

pekoe No. 2

1000

37

66

405

12

do

nek fans

1080

34

7

Oollooawatte

7

18

ch

bro pek

1980

41 bid

67

Agra Ouvah

407

52

hf-ch

hr or pek

3380

87

8

8

22

do

pekoe

2200

33 bid

68

409

32

do

or pok

1920

57

9

St. Leonards

on

bro pek

1100

44 bid

69

411

13

ch

pekoe

1300

52

Sea

9

11

ch

70

Gla.sgow

413

31

do

hr or pek

2418

87

10

10

13

do

pekoe

1170

34 bid

71

415

21

do

or pek

1260

56

13

B &D

13

9

do

dust

1260

26

72

417

20

do

pekoe

1900

51

19

Vogan

19

26

ch

bro pek

2470

50 bid

73

419

10

do

pek sou

1600

41

20

20

28

do

pekoe

2380

40

75

Keenagaha Blla423

5

do

bro mi.x

450

out

21

21

20

do

pek sou

1700

36

S3

Orangefield

437

/

ch

bro pek

700

42 bid

22

22

13

do

SOU

1040

32

S3

439

6

do

or pek

570

33

23

23

19

do

unas

1520

33

8f

441

19

do

pekoe

1900

31

24

24

24 hf-ch

dust

1680

29

85

443

4

do

pek .sou

420

27

25

CH

25

10 hf-ch

sou

500

28

87

447

4

do

bro sou

400

12 bid

26

AG

26

11

ch

sou

974

25

90

NewTunisgalla 453

8

hf-ch

bro pek

455

45

27

A BL

27

8

do

fans

720

out

91

455

15

do

pekoe

750

36 bid

28

Court Lodge

28

22 hf-ch

bro or pek

7808

70

92

Lenawatte

457

7

ch

bro pek

700

41

29

29

65

do

or pek

3250

76

93

459

5

do

pekoe

500

34

30

30

14

ch

bro pek

896

68

96

Glassaugh

465

41

hf-ch

bro pek

2255

89

37

TJgie.side

37

7

do

bro mix

770

27

97

407

36

ch

pekoe

3240

57

60

Mvraganga

50

10

do

fans

1300

31

98

409

22

do

pek sou

1870

49

63

AGC

53

13

ch

pe sou No. 2

1170

32

99

Birnam

471

20

do

pek sou

1400

45

54

54

5

do

consjou

450

28

102

Madulteuna

477

12

do

pekoe

1200

36

60

Relugas

60

5

do

dust

600

26

103

479

12

do

pek sou

1-200

32

61

D

61

5

do

dust

475

27

104

Maddagedera 481

70

do

bro pek

7000

57

02

62

6

do

pek fans

480

30

105

483

41

do

pekoe

3895

37 bid

65

Nahaveena

65

21 lif-ch

bro pek

1050

47

106

48.5

27

do

pek sou

2295

33

66

66

8

do

pekoe

400

43

107

Henegama

487

10

hf-ch

dust

7.50

28

67

67

10

do

pek sou

500

38

108

Loughton

439

32

do

bro pek

1600

69

Mandara

pekoe

1000

49

109

491

45

do

pekoe

•2250

!• witb’n

Newara

69

10

ch

111

495

9

do

SOU

450

70

AVarwick
C R E
Airy Hill
Mukeloya

72

75

77

78

0

fin

dust

720

29

75

77

78

5 do
9 hf-ch
52 do

dust
pekoe
bro pek

7.50

450

2860

18

30

51

[Messrs.

Lot.

Somerville
Box. Pkgs.

iV Co., 220,227 lb ]
Name. lb. c.

79

79

56

do

or pek

3080

48

202

9

do

fans

720

26

80

80

39

do

pekoe

1950

42

3

203

6

do

dust

540

28

81

81

35

do

pek sou

2100

35

5

L

205

15

do

dust

1275

•27

8^

82

12

do

dust '

960

28

6

•206

14

ch

bro mix

1330

19

83

Victoria

83

17

ch

bro pek

1700

40 hid

7

Kananka

207

27

do

bro pek

2835

43

84

84

41

do

pekoe

3485

c3 bid

8

208

28

do

pekoe

2800

34

85

85

10

do

pek sou

950

31

9

209

30

do

pe SOU

2.549

30

88

D. in est. mark 88

15 hf-ch

bro pek fan

930

31

10

210

19

do

fans

1900

;-:3

89

Rakwana

89

13

ch

dust

2060

25

11

211

8

do

bro tea

680

14

90

- G

98

9 hf-ch

dust

’65

25

12

212

4

do

dust

520

26

13

M V

213

21 hf-ch

dust

1827

28

[Mr. E.

John.-

-149,731 lb.]

14

California

214

4 ch
1 hf-ch

bro pek

450

41

Lot.

Bo

X.

Pkgs

. Name

lb.

C.

15

215

7

ch

pekoe

700

33

4

Dartry

267

11

ch

bro mix

1100

24

16

216

6

do

pek sou

600

30

8

Wewesse

275

31

hf-ch

bro pek

1705

51

18

Minna

218

30 hf-ch

bro pek

1800

68

9

277

27

do

pekoe

1485

37 bid

19

219

22

ch

nek -e

1540

45

10

279

28

do

pek sou

1400

35

20

220

9

do

pek sou

810

40

12

P H P in es

21

Mahatenne

221

IS

do

bro pek

1800

42

tate mark

283

13

ch

bro or pek

1365

54 bid

22

222

9

do

pekoe

900

33

13

285

21

do

or pek

1890

42 bid

23

223

16

do

pek sou

1600

30

14

287

27

do

pekoe

2160

34 bid

25

Ukuwela

225

44

do

bro pek

4400

41

17

Caledonia

293

13

do

bro pek

1300

42

26

226

30

do

pekoe

3000

34

18

295

12

do

pekoe

1140

32

27

227

13

do

pek sou

1235

30

19

297

11

do

pek sou

1045

30

29

Koorooloogalla 229

18

do

bro pek

1800

5-2

23

Gonavy

305

40

do

bro pek

4480

59

30

230

10

do

pekoe

1000

37

24

307

27

do

pekoe

2754

48

32

Marigold

232

27 hf-ch

bro pek

1566

69

25

309

22

do

pek sou

1980

38

33

233

36

do

pekoe

1872

48

28

Panilkande

315

6

hf-ch

bro pek

420

30

34

234

32

do

pek sou

1536

40

31

Callander

321

28

do

bro or pe

1680

53 bid

37

Burnside

237

22

do

bro pek

1100

47

32

323

24

do

pekoe

1248

49 bid

38

238

36

do

pekoe

1800

37

3-3

225

16

do

pek sou

800

38 bid

39

239

10

do

pek sou

500

32

36

Oakfield

331

16

ch

oro pek

1600

42 bid

41

Harangalla

‘241

31

ch

l)vo pek

3100

43 bid

37

333

17

do

pekoe

1700

40

42

■242

65

do

pekoe

5850

34 bid

38

335

16

do

pek sou

1600

34 bid

43

243

•27

do

pek sou

2295

31

40

Anchor in es-

44

2!4

10

do

dust

800

27

tate mark

339

27

do

bro or pek

2700

65

45

Paradise

•245

20 lif-ch

bro pek

1180

45 bid

41

341

16

do

' pek sou

1440

42

46

•246

7

ch

pekoe

672

33 bid

42

343

10

do

fannings

1200

35

47

217

2-

do

pek sou

2-200

31

43

St. John’s

345

17

do

bro or pek

2040 Rl.Ol

48

248

u

do

SOU

1023

29

44

347

50

hf-ch

or pek

2700 R1.0O

51

Neuchatel

251

32

do

bro pek

3520

46 bid

45

349

14

ch

pekoe

1568

75

52

•252

•27

do

pekoe

2295

36 bid

46

351

18

hf-ch

pek fans

1684

51

53

253

29

do

pek sou

2030

31

47

Mocha

353

14

ch

bro pek

1470

68

54

254

3

do

dust

510

29

48

355

15

do

pekoe

1500

63

57

Citrus

257

6

do

bro pek

600

44

49

357

13

do

pek sou

1179

47

58

258

16

do

pekoe

1000

34

60

359

9

do

tannings

1260

35

59

2,59

5

do

pek sou

475

30

51

Whyddon

361

23

do

bro pek

2300

61

65

Neboda Group 265

23

do

bro pek

2415

45 bid

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

Lot.

Box.

Pk-S.

Xante.

lb.

C.

G6

266

23 ch

pekoe

2300

36 I)id

8

596

66 hf-ch

or pek

2640

47

07

267

12 do

pek sou

1080

32 bid

10

600

37

do

pekoe

1776

36

70 It T in estate

11

Grove Hill

602

15

ch

1)1-0 pek

1335

42

mark

270

12 do

hro pek

1320

52 l)id

12

604

17

do

pekoe

2430

35

71

271

21 do

bro pek

1890

42 bid

13

Radella

606

23

do

1)ro pek

2300

67

72

272

23 do

pekoe

1932

36 bid

14

608

IS

do

pokoe

1620

48

73

273

19 do

pek sou

1615

34 bid

15

610

14

do

pek sou

1-260

39

70

2V6

6 do

red leaf

540

17

17

Rockside

614

15

ch

hro pek

1050

53

77 .\llakolla

277

68 hf-ch

bro pek

4080

44

18

616

10

do

pekoe

1000

49

78

278

28 ch

pekoe

2800

36

19

618

7

do

pek sou

700

40

70

279

20 do

pek sou

1900

32

20

Gonawella

620

38

do

bro pek

3800

41

S3 Marymount

282

8 hf-ch

pekoe

400

28

21

622

12

do

pekoe

1080

34

S!i Forest Hill

285

15 do

hro pek

1050

45

22

624

7

do

pek sou

630

32

SO

286

28 do

pekoe

2660

35 bid

25

Choughleigh

630

17

ch

bro pek

1785

44 bidl

S7 Mousakamle

287

12 do

bro pek

1320

45

26

623

12

do

pokoe

1140

37 bid

S8

288

23 do

pekoe

2300

35 bid

27

634

9

do

pek sou

810

33 bid

89 Hatton

289

37 hf-ch

hro pek

2035

74

28

630

6

do

sou

510

30 bid

90

290

37 ch

pekoe

3420

61

30

Great Valley

640

25

hf-ch

bro pek

1375

51

91

291

26 do

pek sou

2340

38

31

042

23

ch

or pek

1265

44

9s Ketadola

298

5 do

bro pek

550

41

32

644

38

do

pekoe

34-20

39

99

299

6 do

pekoe

600

32

33

046

10

do

pek sou

1360

34

100

300

8 do

peK sou

720

29

34

R M X, in est.

IW GA Ceylon

4

6 do

sou

474

24

mark

648

7

ch

bro pek

735

43

1 hf-ch

35

050

8

do

pekoe

720

37

107 Deniyaya

1

17 ch

bro pek

1870

52

36

652

/

do

pek sou

630

33

108

8

11 do

pekoe

1100

41

39

X'alga.swehi

658

31

ch

bro pek

2790

51

109

9

7 do

pek sou

700

35

40

660

19

do

pekoe

1710

39

112 H IS in X

41

662

30

do

pek sou

2650

32

mark

12

21 do

fans

2205

28 bid

42

Waitalawa

664

70 hf ch

bro pek

3500

61

110 Providence

16

9 hf-ch

bro pek

504

42

43

660

124

do

pekoe

6200

40

120 Malgamoya

20

7 ch

bro pek

740

37 bid

44

668

25

do

pek sou

1250

34

122

22

8 do

pek sou

SOO

29

45

670

7

do

dust

595

31

123

23

21 hf-ch

SOU

1040

21

46

>' ugagalla

672

26

do

bro pek

1300

69

121 Monrovia

24

15 do

bro pek

750

40 bid

47

674

83

do

pekoe

4150

39

125

25

14 ch

pekoe

1400

35

48

670

10

do

pek sou

500

33

120

26

4 do

pek sou

400

30

50

Knavesmire

6S2

20

ch

bro pek

1100

41

127

27

5 do

fans

500

30

51

682

50

do

pekoe

4.500

36

130 Morawa Totum 30

4 do

or pek

450

41 bid

52

684

20

do

pek sou

1700

32

132 Bosahagoda-

53

6S6

8

do

SOU

560

28

watte

32

10 do

l)ro pek

noo

41

oi

688

6

do

pek fans

600

34

133

33

8 do

pekoe

800

31

55

Northeove

690

7

ch

congou

560

39

131

34

8 hf-ch

pek sou

400

29

57

694

7

do

dust

660

36

135 Warriatenne

35

30 do

dust

2235

23 bid

68

Tymawr

696

32 hf ch

. bro pek

1600

78

137 K P in estate

59

698

62

do

pekoe

2310

56

mark

37

5 ch

pekoe

450

31

60

700

30

do

pek sou

1800

46

138

38

6 do

SOU

480

27

68

Napier

706

10

do

bro pek

1100

60

139 Waluwa

39

20 do

bro pek

2200

30 l)id

64

708

11

do

pekoe

1012

46

110

40

11 do

pek sou

750

26

65

Udal>age

710

do

pek sou

616

39

141 A G L

41

27 do

bro or pek

2700

43

67

714

20

do

bro pek

1200

50

142

42

12 do

or pek

1020

48

68

716

29

do

pekoe

1595

39

143

43

59 do

pekoe

5015

35

69

718

35

do

pek sou

1925

34

141

44

9 do

pek .sou

765

so

70

Pan.salatenne

720

19

do

sou

1015

32

146

46

8 do

dust

1120

27

73

7^6

48

ch

bro pek

5040

12

147

47

7 do

fannings

700

33

74

728

44

do

pekoe

1400

38

148 Ukuwella

48

33 do

bro pelt

3300

41

75

730

9

do

pek sou

855

3'i

149

49

27 do

]><-!koe

27C0

34

76

732

8

(io

congou

800

29

150

50

20 do

pek sou

1900

31

77

Naliaveena

734

9 hf-ch

dust

676

26

157 Kilandhu

57

12 do

bro pek

1320

42

78

736

107

do

I)ro pek

5350

16

15s

58

12 do

pekoe

hro pek

1200

33

79

738

38

do

pekoe

1900

17

100 Illukettia

60

W) do

1000

41

80

740

50

do

pek sou

2497

39

161

01

6 do

pekoe

600

32

81

Darabagalla

744

5

do

dust

4C0

26

102

62

5 do

pek sou

500

30

83

740

81

tio

bro pek

1765

51 l)id

165 ICarl.ston

64

10 do

dust

860

30

84

Harrington

748

14

do

pekoe

630

39

ICC

Co

7 hf-ch

fans

420

34

88

756

17

ch

or pek

2040

62

107 DBG

67

5 do

dust

400

®.5

so

758

12

do

pekoe

1320

16

169 T P

69

21 do

dust

1785

28

90

700

4

do

pek sou

420

37

170

70

36 < h

pek sou

2880

30

91

Rowley

762

107 box

bro pek

2140

53

171 A B I

71

4 do

fans

400

12

92

704

34 hf-ch

pekoe

1700

38

172 Yeliebende

72

9 do

• ro pek

900

43

94

Gallawatte

708

30

ch

bro pek

3000

13

173

73

12 do

pekoe

1080

34 bid

05

Ellaoya

770

17

do

pekoe

1630

35

171

74

7 do

pek .sou

595

31

98

770

14

ch

bro pek

1568

54

170 Alnitikande

76

19 do

ijro pek

1900

43

99

Farnham

778

13

do

pek fans

1495

35

177

77

19 do

pekoe

1710

35

100

780

'^6 hf-ch

bro pek

1980

46

17S

. 78

24 do

pek sou

2040

33

101

782

32

do

or pek

1440

40

180 Vilpita

86

6 do

bro pek

600

42

102

784

17

do

pekoe

680

34

187

87

7 do

pekoe

700

33 bid

103

780

25

do

pek sou

1100

33

168

88

9 do

pek sou

858

31

105

Malvern

790

30

do

bro pek

1800

64

191

91

4 do

fans

632

26

106

Deaculla

792

32

if-ch

bro pek

1920

67

192 P

92

10 hf-ch

bro pek

590

42

107

794

41

ch

pekoe

3076

41

1 ch

108

796

G hf-ch

dust

480

31

193

93

9 hf-ch

pekoe

540

34

109

Errollwood

798

13

ch

1)10 pek

1195

77

1 ch

110

800

19 hf-ch

or pek

760

76

194

94

10 hf-ch

psk sou

680

31

111

802

38

ch

pekoe

3090

54

196 Uolhes

96

18 do

pekoe

720

43 bid

112

804

10

do

pek sou

1100

60

200 Ingeriya

100

23 <lo

bro pek

1196

46

114

808

6 hf ch

ilust

610

29

201

101

IS do

pekoe

864

36

115

iMonkswood

810

2.5

ch

1)1-0 pek

2876

77

202

102

40 do

pek sou

1760

31

no

812

91 hf-ch

or pek

4650

63 bid

203

103

8 hf-ch

pek fans

520

35

117

814

23

ch

pek sou

2070

48

200 F A in estate

118

816

20 hf-cli

fans

1200

61

mark

106

10 ch

tiro tea

1150

39

119

818

20

do

dust

1600

34

207

107

3 do

dust

450

29

120

Be rkiudale

SIO

19

ch

bro pek

2280

67

208

108

6 do

tiro tea

600

36

121

822

14

do

pekoe

1200

47

123

Iletliersett

820

51 hf-ch

iii-o or pek
or pek
or pek

3315

3744

672

56

54 l)id
50 l)id

[Messrs. Porbes & Walker.— 369,711

lb.]

124

126

828

830

39

7

ch

do

J.Ot.

Hox

Pk-S.

Name.

11).

c.

126

832

2H

do

pekoe

2520

44 bid

3 Kakiriskande

.586

(i ch

pekoe

480

34

127

834

18

do

pek sou

1476

43

7 Fllakande

694

15 lif-ch

In o or ])ek

825

66

128

836

4

do

i>ek fan.s

643

34

Lt.

129

130

135

136

137

138

144

146

147

149

150

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

166

167

168

172

175

183

186

187

188

195

196

197

203

204

205

206

207

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

218

219

220

221

233

234

225

226

227

228

229

230

232

233

234

237

538

539

240

241

242

243

244

245

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST.

3

Box.

Pk«S.

Names.

lb.

C.

Lot, Box.

Pkrrs.

Name.

lb.

c.

Langdale

838

14

ch

bro pek

1680

64

274

128

67

hf ch

bro pek

3420

42

840

20

do

pekoe

2000

47

275

130

54

ch

pekoe

5130

34

I.yegrove

850

12

do

or pek

1200

44

276

132

10

do

pek sou

950

31

852

18

do

bro pek

1980

43

279

138

7

do

dust

595

27

864

9

do

pekoe

900

36

286

Erracht

162

51

do

bro pek

4590

46

Sr.6

11

do

pek sou

1100

33

287

154

40

do

pekoe

3400

39

I K V

868

11

cli

bro mix

1232

21

288

Dea Ella

156

48

do

bro pek

2640

42

New Peacock

872

17

do

pek fans

1275

30

289

158

36

do

pekoe

1800

34

Springkell

874

8

do

dust

640

29

290

160

16

do

pek sou

800

31

Matale

878

18

ch

bro pek

1800

47

294

Ascot

168

8

ch

bro or pek

960

50

880

24

do

pekoe

2160

36

295

170

22

do

bro pek

2200

43

Torwood

886

107

ch

bro pek 10486

43 bid

296

172

24

do

pekoe

2160

36

800

17

do

pek No. 1

1530

37

297

174

16

do

pek sou

1520

32

890

60

do

pek No. 2

4800

33

298

176

6

do

pek fans

450

30

892

35

do

pek sou

2890

32

299

Middleton

178

14

ch

bro pek

1400

72

894

11

do

dust

825

29

300

180

6

do

pekoe

570

47

COBB

896

10

ch

pek No. 2

1000

17

309

D K

198

5

ch

bro pek

500

39

898

35

do

pek sou

3010

16

323

Castlereagh

226

12

do

bro pek

1200

65

Morlands

900

18 hf-ch

bro pek

1080

67

324

228

12

do

pekoe

1080

47

902

12

ch

pekoe

1200

53

325

230

10

do

pek sou

800

33

904

6

do

pek sou

600

38

328

Irehy

236

40

hf-ch

bro pek

2400

73

s s s

912

6

ch

red leaf

576

20

329

238

14

ch

pekoe

1260

52

Doonevale

914

18

do

bro pek

1800

40

330

240

7

do

pek sou

630

38

916

34

do

pekoe

3060

34

333

BTN

246

6

hf-ch

dust

664

26

Peacock Hill

9-24

7

ch

pek fans

525

26

334

New Galway

248

8

do

bro pek

440

80

Hope

930

7

do

pekoe

630

withd’n

335

250

15

do

pekoe

750

50

UPAS

946

4

ch

pekoe

400

32

336

Tonacome

252

25

ch

or pek

2500

61

Geragaina

952

7

do

bro pek

770

57

337

254

11

do

bro pek

1320

54

954

14

do

pekoe

1400

40

338

256

37

do

pekoe

3700

43

956

5

do

pek sou

500

33

339

258

12

do

pek sou

1140

36

Freds Ruhe

970

29

ch

liro pek

3045

52

342

G

264

4

do

dust

580

26

972

25

do

pekoe

2375

41

349

G

278

10

hf-ch

pek No. 1

560

47 bin

974

12

do

pek sou

1140

34

350

280

11

do

pek No. 2

560

43 bid

Crathie

986

8

ch

sou

720

23

351

Chesterford

282

36

ch

bro pek

3600

46 b'd

988

4

do

bins

400

30

352

284

31

do

pekoe

3100

38 bid

990

8

do

du.st

800

28

355

Downside

290

12

hf-ch

bro pek

600

43

St. Heliers

992

22 hf-eh

bro or pek

1210

48 bid

357

294

9

do

pek son

4.50

34

994

11

ch

nekoe

1000

1*7

361

Galatota

302

10

do

pekoe

500 i

withd’n

Roeberry

998

61

do

bro pek

6100

45 bid

362

304

12

do

pek sou

600 (

1000

77

do

pekoe

7110

37

364

Munamal

308

5

ch

2

32

do

pek sou

2910

35

1

hf-ch

bro pek

550

42

4

14

do

SOU

1260

31

865

310

5

ch

pelsoe

470

32

6

6

do

fans

600

27

367

D in estate

Knavesmire

8

35

ch

pekoe

3150

35

mark

314

9

do

pek dust

900

32

10

29

do

pek sou

2030

30

368

E P

316

6

do

bro pek

550

27

N

10

16

do

bro tea

2080

29

369

318

5

do

pekoe

450

28

Midlothian

18

18 hf-ch

or pek

1080

52

376

Denmark Hill 332

24

ch

bro or pek

1560

54 bid

20

W

do

pekoe

82.5

41

377

334

18

do

or pek

1728

57

12

14

do

pek sou

825

38

378

336

11

do

do

1056

55

Naseby

26

20

do

tiro pek

1200

73

379

338

14

do

pekoe

1260

45

28

15

do

pekoe

760

57

380

340

8

do

pek sou

656

43

A

30

10

ch

bro pek dust

382

I N G in es-

No. 1

2400

26

tate mark

344

30

do

bro pek

3000

44

32

7

ch

383

346

27

do

pekoe

2565

38

1 hf-ch

dust No. 1

1135

25

384

348

24

do

pek sou

2160

34

34

3

ch

dust No. 2

4.'0

25

Heeloya

30

21

ilo

bro pek

2100

44

38

22

do

jjekoe

2200

40

SMALL LOTS.

Cialphele

40

44

21 do
17 hf-ch

pek sou
bro pek

2100

1020

34

54

[Messrs. A.

H. Thompson & Co.]

46

23

do

pekoe

1150

41

Lot.

Box.

Pkes

Name

lb.

C.

' 48

19

do

pek sou

950

38

5 Kalkande

5

6 hf-ch

fans

300

34

Wattagalla

54

36

ch

bro or pek

3960

44 bid

11

St. Leonardl on

50

12

do

or pelv

1320

59

Sea

11

1

ch

dust

130

25

58

64

do

pekoe

7040

39 bid

12

12

1

do

lu'o mix

100

21

60

20

do

pek sou

2000

34

34 R. in estate marl

:34

2 hf-ch

unas

116

26

62

5 hf-ch

pek dust

450

28

35

35

1 box

dust

37

26

Killarney

64

30

do

or pek

1650

50

36

Ugieside

36

2

ch

du.st

280

26 ■

66

28

do

bro or pek

1820

66

51

Myragang

51

2

do

red leaf

192

14

68

14

do

pekoe

728

42

52

D

62

3

ch

SOU

295

24 bid

70

5

ch

pek sou

450

37

55

A G C

65

2

do

dust

300

25

Ganapalla

74

108 hf-cli

bro pek

5400

41

56

XXX

56

1

do

unas

120

17

76

40

ch

pekoe

3200

35

63

IVoodend

63

2

do

dust

300

23

78

25

do

pek sou

2000

30

64

64

1

do

pek fans

100

16

SO

7

hf-ch

dust

560

26

68

Nahaveena

68

1 hf-ch

dust

80

25

IVeoya

S2

//

ch

bro pek

8085

43

70

Mandara Newe-

84

53

do

pekoe

4770

34

ra

70

1

ch

SOU

100

36

86

20

do

pek No. 2

2000

33

71

71

3

do

dust

300

30

88

56

do

pek sou

4760

31

73

CR E

73

6 hf-ch

SOU

300

26

90

9

do

bro pek fan 1080

33

74

74

4

do

sou No. 2

200

25

92

10

do

pek dust

1400

27 ■

76

Airy Hill
Victoria

76

2

do

bro pek

100

36

Dunkeld

94

13

ch

bro pek

1430

62

86

86

1

ch

fans

85

28

95

0

do

do No. 2

750

36

87

87

1

do

dust

80

25

98

37

hf-ch

or pek
pekoe
bro or pek
01- pek

1800

56

/

Maha Uva

100

102

104

15

48

31

ch

if-ch

do

1.500

3120

1848

43

54

68

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot. Box. Pk^. Name.

lb.

C,

106

24

ch

pekoe

2400

51

1

K

263

4

hf-ch

fannings

160

14

108

26

do

pek sou

2210

43

2

K, B T in es-

265

1

do

pekoe

40

27

112

5

do

dust

420

28

3

Battawatte

114

67

do

bro pek

6735

62

tate mark

266

6

do

bro tea

240

out

116

4

do

bro or pek

404

48

11

Wewesse

281

2

do

fannings

120

33

118

.50

do

pekoe

5030

38

15

P H P in es-

120

26

do

pek sou

2620

32

tate mark

289

2

ch

dust

240

34

122

4

do

bro pek fan

403

31

16

291

1

do

bro mix

100

26

124

4

do

dust

403

27

20

Caledonia

299

1

do

bro pek fan

104

28

Ruanwella

126

36 hf-ch

bro or pek

1980

42

21

301

1

ch

dust

150

26

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. Box. Pkgs.

N ame.

lb.

c. !

[Messrs, Forbes

& Walker.]

22

303 4 do

red leaf

360

14 1

26 Gonavy

311 2 hf-ch

pek fans

160

32 1

Lot.

Box.

Pkg.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

27

313 1 ch

dust

100

27 1

29 Panilkande

317 4 hf-ch

or pek

280

41

1 D B

582

3 ch

dust

240

25

30

319 5 do

SOU

300

27 1

2 Kakiriskonde

584

4 do

bro pek

360

47

34 Callander

327 2 do

fannings

104

31

4

588

2 do

pek sou

160

31

36

329 3 do

dust

117

28

5

590

1 do

SOU

80

26

29 Oakfleld

337 2 ch

dust

250

27

6

592

1 do

pek dust

70

28

58 Poilakande

389 6 hf-ch

fannings

392

28

9 Ellekande

598

8 hf-ch

bro pek

360

60

62 Logan

397 3 ch

bro tea

222

26

16 Radella

612

2 ch

dust

260

31

63

399 1 hf-ch

pek fans

70

26

23 Gonawella

626

2 do

fans

240

28

64

401 2 ch

dust

300

27

24

028

1 do

dust

150

26

76 Keenagaha

29 Choughleigh

638

3 hf-ch

dust

237

26 bid

Ella

425 1 ch

do

150

25

37 R M T, in estate

77

427 1 do

red leaf

90

19

mark

054

1 ch

SOU

90

26

80 Esperanza

433 4 hf-ch

dust

320)

38

656

1 do

dust

140

28

81

435 2 do

congou

92 1

49 N ugagalla

678

4 hf-ch

dust

340

29

88 Orangetield

449 2 do

bro fans

210

20

56 Northcove

692

4 ch

SOU

360

27

89

451 1 do

dust

160

26

60 Napier

712

2 hf ch

dust

176

27

94 Lenawatte

461 1 do

pek sou

100

24

71 IJdabage

722

2 do

bro mix

110

14

95

463 1 lif-ch

pek dust

85

25

72

724

6 do

dust

360

27

100 R

473 2 ch

bro mix

2<X)

16

81 Nahaveena

742

2 do

congou

100

28

101

475 4 hf-ch

dust

320

29

85 Dambagalla

750

3 hf-ch

pek sou

135

38

86

752

2 do

sou

90

31

87

754

1 do

dust

85

28

j

91 Rowley

766

4 do

pek sou

200

32

Messrs. Somerville & Lo.

1

104 Farnham

783

2 do

dust

180

27

113 Errow>llwood

806

5 do

bro tea

300

34

Lot

Box. Pkgs.

Name

lb.

c. I

122 Barkindale

824

1 ch

pek sou

85

36

1 SLG

201 5 hf-ch

SOU

275

22

131 Langdale

842

3 do

pek sou

285

39

4

204 6 do

red leaf

330

26

132

844

1 hf-ch

pek sou

58

23

17 California

217 1 ch

bro nek dust 180

20

loo

846

1 ch

fans

140

29

1 hf-ch

134

848

1 do

dust

170

28

24 Mahatenne

224 1 ch

dust

100

26

139 Lyegrove

858

2 do

dust

200

28

28 Ukuwella

228 1 do

bro pek fans

70

33

140 C L, in estate

31 Koorooloogalla

231’ 2 do

dust

300

29

mark

860

2 do

pekoe

140

29

35 Marigold

235 4 hf-ch

bro mix

200

32

141

862

4 do

pek sou

340

25

36

236 3 do

bro nek fans 213

39

145 New Peacock

870

2 ch

bro mix

90

21

40 Burnside

240 1 do

dust

60

26

148 Springkell

876

3 do

pek fans

210

30

49 Paradi.se

249 1 ch

dust

159

26

151 Matale

882

2 ch

fans

260

28

60

250 2 do

red leaf

204

16

152

884

1 do

dust

85

26

95 NT

255 1 hf-ch

pekoe No. 2

50

30

163 Morlands

906

3 ch

SOU

SOO

33

56

256 1 do

broken

50

21

164

90S

4 hf-ch

dust

320

32

60 Citrus

260 4 ch

fans

396

29

165

910

2 do

fans

120

30

61

261 1 do

liust

160

27

167 Doonevale

918

4 ch

fans

38C

27

62 H A

262 1 do

fannings

71

20

170

920

1 do

dust

140

26

63

263 1 do

bro tea .

87

22

171 Peacock Hill

922

6 hf-ch

bro mix

270

23

64 PDA

264 1 do

unassorted

100

29

173 Hope

926

2 ch

bro pek

200 !

74 R T in estate

174

928

3 do

or pek

300 f

mark

274 2 do

dust

240

28

176

932

4 do

bro pek sou

360

29

75

275 2 do

bro mix

180

24

177 Pooiiagalla

934

1 do

red leaf

no

26

80 Allakolla

280 3 hf-ch

dust

225

26

182 UPAS

944

3 do

bro pek

300

43

81 Marymount

281 5 do

bro pek

250

37

184

948

3 do

pek sou

255

30

83

283 7 do

pek sou

3.50

20

185

958

1 hf-ch

pek dust

65

27

84

284 2 do

dust

130

25

189 Geragama

958

3 ch

congou

300

28

92 Hatton

292 3 do

dust

240

30

190

960

1 do

fans

130

28

93

293 1 do

bro tea

50

20

198 W A

996

2 ch

94 S

294 4 do

dust

320

28

1 hf-ch

bro mix

254

26

95

295 1 do

bro tea

50

20

208 8t. Heliers

996

4 ch

dust

320

28

96 A

296 3 do

dust

240

28

216 Knavesmire

12

5 do

pek sou

350

27

97

297 1 do

bro tea

50

19

217 N

14

1 do

unas

90

35

101 Ketadola

1 1 ch

SOU

84

22

222 Midlothian

24

4 hf-ch

fans

320

30

102

2 2 do

pek fans

212

28

231 Heeloya

42

2 do

dust

168

28

103 GA, Ceylon

3 4 do

pek sou

328

29

235 Galphele

50

1 do

SOU

50

27

105 Aadneven

5 1 do

bro pek

110

61

236

52

1 do

dust

80

28

106

6 2 do

pekoe

200

46

246 Killarney

72

2 ch

dust

190

27

110 D M R

10 3 do

SOU

285

29

265 MahaUva

110

1 hf-ch

congou

56

28

111

11 2 do

dust

260

29

277 Ruanwella

134

1 do

congou

53

23

117 Providence

17 7 hf-ch

pokoe

350

34

278

136

2 ch

red leaf

1.50

20

118

18 2' do

pek sou

100

28

291 Dea Ella

162

1 do

pekoe

50

31

119

19 1 do

dust

42

26

292 L, in estate

121 Malgamoya

21 7 do

pekoe

300

33

mark

164

1 box

bro pek

20

37

128 Monrovia'

28 1 ch

pek dust

75

26

301 Middleton

182

2 do

pek sou

180

37

129 MorawaTotum 29 5 hf-ch

bro or pek

275

44

310 D K

200

2 ch

pekoe

180

30

131

31 7 do

pekoe

350

34

311

202

2 do

pek sou

170

27

136 E P in estate

312

204

2 hf-ch

dust

150

28

mark

36 3 ch

bro pek

300

34

313

206

4 do

■ fannings

240

28

145 A G L

45 2 do

or dust

220

33

314 D

208

4 do

sou

200

28

151 Ukuwela

51 1 do

bro tea

9J

14

316 M

210

7 ch

sou

385

32

162

52 3 do

bro pek fans 210

34

316 M M

212

3 do

pek sou

308

31

163 OT

53 3 do

bro pek

360

31

317

214

2 do

SOU

164

25

154

54 1 hf-ch

pekoe

53

29

318 R

216

3 ch

or pek

270

38

165

55 2 ch

pek sou

190

2‘»

319 M L

218

7 hf-ch

bro pek

350

42

156

56 4 hf-ch

dust

330

20

320 W

220

3 ch

bro pek

251

38

169 Eilandliu

59 2 ch

in-o tea

144

26

321

222

2 do

pek sou

210

24

163 Illukettia

63 2 do

bro tea

200

20

322

224

2 do

pek dust

300

17

164 Earlston

64 2 do

congou

180

32

326 (/'astlereagh

232

2 hf-ch

pek fans

140

38

168 DBG

68 2 do

bro mix

200

18

327

234

3 dc.

dust

240

31

175 Yellebende

75 2 hf-ch

dust

160

26

331 BTN

242

2 do

SOU

120

27

189 Vilpita

89 1 ch

sou

90

24

332

244

4 do

bro mix

200

20

190

90 3 do

red leaf

255

22

340 G

260

4 ch

SOU

320

24

195 P

95 2 do

bro mix

230

18

341

262

1 do

pek dust

140

27

1 hf-ch

343 G

266

1 do

bro pek

84

38

204 Ingeriya

104 6 do

bro mix

265

26

366 Downside

292

6 do

pekoe

300

35

205 Beverley

106 5 do

pek dust

376

35

358

296

2 do

SOU

100

24

209 F A in estate

369

298

1 do

dust

80

25

mark

109 1 ch

dust

150

27

381 Denmark Hill 342

2 do

pek fans

322

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA. AND CARDAMOM SALES.

NO. 24.]

Colombo, June 29, 189(>. .[Pkice:— 12| cents each 3 copies

i 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[MESSR.S. A. H. THOMP.SON Co.— 63,413 Ik]

Lot.

Box

jikgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

G

1

91

h.f-ch

dust

765

24 bid

3

A E

3

9

do

peko.’

450

47

6

J F

0

5

ch

bro pek

500

42 bid

7

Elston

7

49

do

pe sou No.

2 3920

32

8

8

5

do

bro mix

.500

30

9

9

20

do

COilf^OU

1800

31

10

.S

10

5

do

bro tea

600

22

11

D

11

7

do

bro mix

605

out

12

.S T

12

4

ch

pek sou

400

20

14

St, Leonard

on

Sea

14

n

ch

bro pek

1100

45

15

Bouiiria

15

8

do

dust

1224

23

10

Osirigton

10

15

ch

br.j pek

1050

48

17

17

30

do

pekoe

3000

35

18

18

do

pek sou

1700

31

20

Manickwawe

20

13

do

bro ])ek

1300

45

21

21

6

do

pekoo

600

85

24

Katnatenne

>4

12

do

i)ro pek

1080

44

2.5

2)

Is

do

pekoe

1620

34

28

A T

28

4

cli

brti pek

500

41 bid

-29

29

0

do

pekoe

>-24

31 bid

36

Sapitiyagoda

30

25

do

bro pek

2700

56

37

.37

25

ch

pekoe

2250

49

38

38

37

do

pek .sou

3700

42 bid

39

39

8

(lo

SOU

800

31

41

D

41

!if-ch

dust

475

26

42

47

.Spring wood
Henegaha

42

47

18

7

ch

do

bi'o urix
sou

1800

633

22

20

58

Victoria

58

17

do

bro pek

1700

42

59

59

41

do

pekoe

3485

34

GO

Mahanilu

60

22

cii

SOU

1700

30

61

Laboodoown

01

20 hf-ch

bro nek

1000

30 bid

62

62

20

do

poltoe

1000

25 bid

83

03

20

do

pek sou

1000

21 bid

65

K G H

05

14

do

bro pek

7C0

31 bid

66

GO

20

ch

pekoe

1900

30

67

67

0

do

SOU

570

21

68

Battalgalla

68

12 hf.ch

pek sou

1260

36

09

69

5

do

fans

450

27

70

II

70

8

cli

1 lif-ch

bro pok

945

28

71

G

71

20

ch

pek dust

1000

out

73

R W

73

10

do

dust

1500

12 bid

[.\lEssr,.s. Eorbe.s & Walker.—

38.3,319

lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

7

G 0 IV

362

6

do

pek sou

710

14

8

364

5

1

hf-ch-

bro mix

4S0

14

13

Avoca

374

5

ch

pek sou

500

50

IS

Ritni

384

0

llf-cll

pekoe

450

40

19

51acaldenia

,380

40

do

bro pek

2195

58

20

388

19

ch

pekoe

1900

47

21

390

19

do

liek No. 2

1900

37

22

H A T, in estate

mark

392

i3

cll

1

lif-ch

bro pek

1485

30

24

.390

8

do

dust

592

29

25

Mukulana

398

12

ch

fans

1500

30

26

40U

13

do

dust

2080

27

27

402

5

do

SOU

500

27

35

Che.sterford

418

22

ch

bro pek

2200

45 bid

30

420

24

do

pekoe

2400

36

37

422

21

do

pek sou

2100

33

38

Goneygar

424

21

hf ch

I)ro pek

1260

66

39

426

11

ch

pekoe

1100

58

40

428

9

do

pek sou

810

49

42

Blackstone

432

34

(lo

bro pelc

3400

nl

43

434

2.5

do

nr pek

2250

42 bid

44

4.36

19

do

pekoe

1710

35 bid

45

Blackstone

438

21

ch

pek sou

2100

32

46

410

11

do

bro tea

IlOO

31

47

442

0

do

pek dust

720

31

48

I E

444

6

do

bro pek

000

44

49

440

8

do

pekoe

720

88

50

448

6

do

pek sou

610

31

58

A

464

5

do

dust

750

17

59

Dunl>ar

400

20

lif-ch

or pek

840

72

60

468

20

do

bro pek

1000

54

61

470

17

ch

pekoe

1360

41

62

472

26

do

pek son

2210

37

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

63

Daphne

474

5

ch

bro pek

500

43

64

476

5

do

bro pek

525

42

65

478

10

do

pekoe

1009

35

06

480

12

do

pek sou

1080

32

67

482

4

do

fans

400

32

73

Yatiyana

494

7

ch

bro pek

420

44

74

4!)6

11

do

pekoe

605

34

SO

Polataganvi

503

47

ch

bro pek

4700

53

81

510

29

do

pekoe

2900

36

82

512

18

do

pek sou

1800

S3

514

11

do

fans

1100

.35

84

BioomKeld

516

41

do

tiowery pek 4100

58

85

518

33

do

pekoe

3300

41

80

520

17

do

pek sou

1530

35

87

522

40

do

unas

4000

35

88

524

13

do

pek fans

975

30

89

Il;>,yes

526

103 hf-ch

bro pek

5150

4 5

90

528

70

do

pokoe

3150

30

94

.530

75

do

pek sou

2375

32

92

.532

8

do

dust

400

•21

93

Cl lines

.534

35

ch

iu-o pek

3150

43

94

536

37

do

pekoe

33S0

34

95

538

35

do

pek sou

2040

32

96

540

4

(.lo

f.uis

440

30

98

.544

7

do

1 lif-ch

dust

1 120

27

100

Pailagiidile

.516

12

ch

In-o pek

1200

60

101

5.50

41

do

pekoe

900

49

102

.552

13

do

pek s)u

1235

38

103

.Sandringhsm

,554

64

ch

liro pek

7040

7(5

104

556

42

do

or psk

4200

59 !)i.l

105

558

66

do

pekoe

5940

50 bill

106

560

10 hf ch

dust

900

3'J

107

Goskiii/iBU

662

11

ch

unas

1100

34

108

Heelnya

564

24

do

bro pok

2109

51

109

566

27

do

])ekoe

2700

3i)

110

568

27

do

pek sou

2700

35

112

Mayfair

572

3

ch

bro mix

No. 1

420

v> ■>

119

Bandar,. •

wella

586

39 hf-ch

iiro or pek

2535

77 i,i,l

120

588

56

do

or pek

2270

54 bid

121

B D V'

590

IS

ch

fans

1870

25

122

592

15

do

dust

182 i

23 bid

1-23

Taige.swolia

594

2.3

ch

bro pek

1170

5.)

124

596

10

do

pekoe

900

35

125

598

17

do

pek .sou

1445

33

128

S E M

694

5

ch

pek sou

480

17

134

Taval.uiiteime

616

10

cll

bro psk

1100

52

135

\

618

0

do

peko'e

045

SO

136

620

1

do

pek .sou

65.5

34

137

Amblakandu

022

15

do

bro pek

1350

52

138

024

18

do

pekoe

3620

38

139

026

10

do

pek sou

1000

35

143

If, in c.state

mark

634

4

ch

1 lif-ch

un.as

475

25

145

M R .s

6.38

S

ch

dust

763

19

1.53

Scrubs

654

12

ch

or pek

1200

80

154

6.36

19

do

bro pek

2090

62

155

0.58

23

do

pekoe

2185

53

156

660

12

do

pek sou

1140

42

1,57

C B

602

15

ch

bro pok

1500

54

158

664

IS

do

pekoe

1800

46

166

ElJaoya

080

27

cll

or pek

2599

47

167

682

21

do

pekoe

1890

33 hid

108

Middleton

634

30

do

'oro pek

3540

54 bid

169

680

is

do

pekoe

1710

47

172

(’airnforth

692

52 lif-eh

bro pek

2860

55

173

694

46

do

pekoe

2530

51

174

096

23

do

pek sou

1932

38 bid

175

698

8

ch

sou

720

31

178

.stisted

704

61 lif-ch

bro pek

3315

52

179

706

27

do

pekoe

1620

37

180

708

18

do

pek sou

900

35

181

710

10

do

dust

800

29

182

Tuni.sgalla

712

43

do

bro pek

2370

48

183

714

76

do

pekoe

3300

36

184

716

89

do

unas

4450

34

185

BiUidaraeliya

718

30

do

bro pek

ISOO

63 !)id

186

720

18

do

or pek

1(180

O'j tid

187

722

22

do

pekoe

3 540

40

188

1 24

30

do

pek sou

1800

44 )>id

189

726

7

do

pek fans

5G0

.30

190

Verulupitiya

728

9

ch

bro pok

900

45

191

730

/

do

pekoe

630

35

192

732

5

do

pek sou

4.50

33

393

734

17 liLch

sou

850

37

194

736

8

do

bro mix

400

30

196

Atheitield

740

10

ch

bro pek

1000

■12

197

742

i

do

pekoe .

630

35

200

748

11 hf-ch

sou

550

31

1

2

CEYLON PRODUCE hALES LIST.

Lot.

PI

:os.

Name.

Ih.

C.

Lot

Bo.k. I’

ko-s.

Name.

lb.

C.

203

»' D M. in estate

44

Agra Ouvah

75 54

l.t-ch

br or pek

3510

77

mark

754

S cli

son

610

33

45

77 29

do

or peic

17-10

55

204

AtheifieUl

756

63 hf-cli

sou

3150

32

46

79 14

cl.

l<ekoe

1400

48

205

758

16

do

bro nuK

SOO

34

47

Claremont

81 IS

hf-cli

bro pek

990

.54

^'0

700

IS

do

pek dust

lOSO

30

48

S3 22

ch

pekoe

1980

37

207

702

9

do

dust

720

28

49

85 12

do

pek sou

1080

34

208

Melrose

764

18

ch

bro pek

1980

44

52

Orange Field

91 7

do

pekoe

700

33

209

766

14

do

pekoe

14C0

36

56

Ksperauza

99 50

hf-ch

or pek

2600

44

210

70S

11

do

pek sou

1100

32

57

101 94

do

pekoe

4324

35

213

Castlereagli

774

12

do

bro pek

1200

65

no

New Tuni-sgalia 107 15

ch

pekoe

750

34 bid

214

V <u

12

(lo

or pek

1080

46 bid 1

66

K 1.

119 0

do

bro pek

990

46

215

778

20

do

pekoe

1800

43 1

67

121 C

do

pekoe

450

35

216

( 80

10

(lo

pek sou

SOO

36 1

70

Yahalakela

127 10

do

pek fans

900

34

223

15 D IV G

794

13 hf-eli

dust

1170

31

71

129 3

do

dust

405

27

225

B I) VV A

798

10

do

bro tea

1120

33

74

Aliioor

135 3.1

hf-ch

bro pek

17.50

46

226

Meddetenne

800

23

do

Ijro pek

1265

46

75

137 26

do

pekoe

1300

35

227

802

12

ch

pekoe

1200

35

76

139 21

lie

pek sou

1050

32

228

S04

13

do

pek sou

1170

32

77

141 7

(it»

fannings

490

32

231

Agraoya

810

50 lif-cli

bro pek

2750

50

83

Dickapittia

153 so

ch

bro pek

2200

46

232

812

19

ch

pekoe

1615

37

84

155 20

do

pekoe

2000

43

233

814

8

do

pek sou

760

32

85

1.57 G

(io

j)ek sou

600

35

235

Clioughleigli

SIS

17

do

bro pek

1785

47 bid

87

Acra watte

101 12

do

bro or pek

1320

51

236

820

12

do

pekoe

1140

37 bid

88

163 so

(hi

pekoe

1800

40

238

.Sinnapitiya

824

6

ch

bro mix

450

27

89

165 15

do

i'ek sou

1500

30

255

Galapita-

91

H S in estate

kande

S58

13

ch

bro pek

1G6,1

66

mark

ICO' 25

<io

SOU

2125

28

256

860

24

do

pekoe

2400

4t>

92

171 10

dust

850

26

257

S02

2

do

pek sou

400

38

94

Brownlow

iTj 25

ch

bro pek

3S50

55

259

Pedro

S06

27

llo

bro or pek

3105

90

95

1“7 47

do

or pek

■1935

43 bid

260

868

18

(lo

pekoe

1710

59

96

170 24

do

pekoe

2400

45

261

870

10

(lo

pek sou

750

47

97

181 13

(lo

jiekoe

1300

36

262

S72

5

(io

dust

800

34

98

1 G

do

SOU

570

32

265

Patiagaina

878

16

ch

bro or pek

1760

61

99

185 9

do

fannings

511

32

266

880

11

do

bro pek

1100

5(5

100

Blackburn

187 IS

do

bro pek

1980

37

267

882

12

do

pekoe

1200

45

101

183 13

do

pekoe

1960

32

270

Sorana

888

21 hf-di

Iji'o pek

1050

48

102

Ottcry & .Stan.-

271

890

16

ch

ford Hill

19'. 2t

do

bro ])ek

2400

78

1 hf-ch

pekoe

1490

36

103

193 27

do

or pek

1785

68

272

892

8

ch

1C4

195 44

do

pekoe

3960

49

1 lif-ch

pek sou

730

31

106

Nartnel

199 8

hf-ch

br pe No. 2

400

21

291

ICllakande

930

39 hf-ch

pekoe

1872

37

lOS

203 10

do

pek sou

450

21

292

932

37

ch

pek sou

2590

33

109

iSiiriakande

205 1,<

ch

pek sou

1620

47

293

931

0

do

unas

552

33

no

267 19

do

SDU

1615

48

297

Nilloomally

912

8

do

pekoe

SOO

43

111

209 4

do

dust

600

28

SCO

T

048

7

(io

l)ro pek

770

47

126

G leu tilt

220 20

Cll

bro pek

3045

52

301

950

8

do

pekoe

760

46

127

141 15

do

pekoe

pekoe

1600

42

302

952

7

do

pek ! oil

560

30

134

I’. 1 K

273 3:;

lif-ch

1050

30

305

G 0, m estate

135

275 9

do

dust

720

29

mark

956

13

if-ch

SOU

585

37

142

Ben Nevis

289 5

ch

bro tea

500

14

306

Lilia watte

960

12

ch

sou

1200

2.5

143

Agar’s Land

291 26

I’.f-ch

bro pek

1300

47

307

Neddumpara

962

14 hf ch

dust

1050

25 bid

144

293 C.1

do

(to

3160

47

808

Munamal

CCl

5

145

296 50

do

pek sou

2500

35

1 hf-ch

unas

500

29

140

297 18

do

dust

900

29

312

Clyde

972

05

ch

bro pek

6500

43

147

290 09 l'r>xe.-.

i>ro pek

1380

48

313

074

50

do

pekoe

4750

3.5

148

301 25

hf-ch

or pek

1125

59

314

976

40

do

pek sou

4140

31

149

Caihindei

303 23

do

br or pek

1426

00

315

978

10

do

du.et

1400

29

150

365 15

(lo

l>ekoe

780

■53 bid

151

367 12

ih.

pek sou

600

42 bid

[Mr. E.

John.-

-i’10,‘227 lb.]

[Messrs.

Somerville

cN' Co., 14-2,763 lb ]

Bo

p).g.

Name

ib.

Lot.

Box. Pk"s.

Name.

lb.

C.

Lit.

f.

1

Keniiington

Ill 15

ch

SOU

1426

30

4

T & T Co. in

3

113 Shf-cb

dust

640

28

estate mark

195

41

ch

b) o ook

4100

30

4

I. B K

114 8

dll

red leaf

720

16

5

497

35

do

pekoe

3160

31

5

Vspa
\V. Ten lie

115 6

do

jiek dust

900

29

6

499

0

do

pek sou

540

27

8

118 7

do

bro pek

630

.55

7

1

4

do

bro pek fan 500

25

9

119 9

do

pekoe

810

35 bid

8

3

5

do

pek dust

TOO

18

10

120 18

do

pek sou

1620

32

11

Ardlaw and

14

Labiigama

124 20 hf-i b

bro pek

1100

48

Wishford

9

16

do

b or p No. 1 1840

67

15

12.5 20

ch

pekoe

1800

37

18

11

16

do

pekoe

1520

44

10

126 15

do

pek sou

1350

32

13

0

13

6

(io

unassortei

600

34

17

Arslciia

127 40 hf-ch

bi-o pek

2000

48

14

15

9

do

b or o No. 2 1125

48

18

12b 49

do

pekoe

2450

37

ii’

Glanrhos

17

22

do

bro pek

2090

50

19

129 36

do

pek .sou

1-800

34

10

19

51

do

pekoe

3825

40

20

Loiiaeh

13C 59

do

bro pek

2950

51

17

21

22

do

pek .sou

1650

35

21

131 32

ch

pekoe

3010

37

18

IVliyddon

23

13

do

bro pek

1300

58

22

132 1:

<!:.

pek sou

1530

33

10

25

12

do

pekoe

1200

46

I 23

Nugawela

133 21 iif-ell

or pek

1260

48

20

29

12

do

})ek sou

1200

40

24

134 25

dr^

pekoe

1375

37

21

Teniplestowe

29

35

do

or pek

35C0

51 bid

25

135 12

ch

pek sou

1020

34

31

40

do

pekoe

36C0

40 bid

27

Zuliil.ind

137 4

do

bro pek

400

46

23

33

21

cio

jiek sou

1785

37

28

1.38 10

(lo

pekoe

1000

32

26

Coslauda

39

79

do

bro p-.k

7900

45 bid

29

139 7

do

pek sou

700

29

27

41

33

do

pckoc

3SC0

30 bid

45

Jlalvei'ii

156 9

do

bro pek

495

41

28

43

19

do

pek toil

1900

33 bid

46

156 27

(io

pekoe

1435

31 bid

29

45

4

do

i>ro ir.ix

400

24

47

157 10

(io

pek sou

650

29

30

47

10

(io

pek 'iust

1500

30

49

159 8

(io

fans

440

29 bid

34

B K

55

18

hf-ch

dust

1763

26

51 Newl^eradoniy

a 161 27

do

bro pek

2970

62

35

M T

57

1

ch

1 52

102 31

do

pekoe

2480

39

1

hf-ch

bro prk

503

35 bid

1 63

103 45

do

pek .sou

3375

33

38

63

5

ch

jiek funs

575

15 bid

' 55

Roseneath

165 48 Iif-ch

bro pek

2640

40

39

05

15

do

pek lust

2250

21

66

166 15

ch

pekoe

1350

30

41

Ag a Ouvali

69

54

iif-cli

bro or pek

3510

79

1 57

167 10

do

pek sou

1710

32

42

71

20

do

or pek

1740

56

58

llapugasmiilla 108 7

do

bro i>ek

735

50

43

73

14

ch

pekoe

1400

49

69

169 6

do

pekoe

582

37

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

]jOt.

Box.

Pkgs.

Names.

lb.

C.

CO

170

12

ch

pek sou

1140

34

cu

Penrith

174

40

do

bro pek

4000

50 bid

G5

175

26

do

pekoe

2080

36 bid

eo

176

24

do

pek .sou

2160

32 bid

70

Alutkelle

ISO

10 hi-ch

bro pek

000

out

71

ISl

16

do

pekoe

800

31

72

182

12

do

pek sou

600

28

7C

Glenalla

186

16

ch

bro or pek

1600

44

187

16

do

or pek

1440

53

7i?

188

32

do

pekoe

2880

34

70

1S9

38

do

pek sou

.3120

32

£0

190

6

do

fans

600

31

SI

191

3

do

du.st

450

28

83

Bittiicy

193

29

do

bro pek

£900

.32

84

194

19

do

pekoe

1710

40 bid

92

Rnyif^ain

202

24

do

bro pek

2100

46

93

203

13

do

pekoe

1105

38

94

204

10

do

pek son

850

34

95

205

9

do

sou

720

31

96

Benveula

206

34 hf-cli

bro pok

1700

41

97

207

20

do

pekoe

1000

32 bid

98

208

10

ch

pek sou

1000

2Sj

99

Bollagalla

209

30

do

bro pek

2700

•t<

100

210

IS

do

pekoe

1440

37

101

211

7

do

pek sou

COS

33

104

I'da

214

15

do

bro .sou

1575

26

105

215

13

do

sou

1345

23

106

(i

216

IS

do

bro pek

1890

38

107

K o\v

217

IS hf-di

or pek

900

66

lOS

218

8

do

bro or pek

464

SO

109

219

18

do

bro pek

lOSO

53

110

220

34

ch

pekoe

3128

54

111

221

14

do

pek sou

1330

42

112

lie

\’ in estate

222

8 hf-ch

rlust

O.SO

30

mark

226

12

ch

bro pek

1200

43

117

227

20

do

pekoe

2000

33

118

228

6

do

pek sou

575

31

119

229

4

do

fans

420

28

121

Ifatdowa

231

57

do

bro pek

2850

39

122

232

55 hf-ch

pekoe

2750

34

123

233

61

ch

pek sou

463.5

30

124

126

II in estate

234

S

do

bro mix

400

29

127

mark 230

T E in e.state

8 hf-ch

(lust

655

27

mark

237

10

do

bro pek

500

35

12S

Ovoca, -AI

238

23

ch

bro or pek

2300

02

129

239

13

do

pekoe

1235

40

130

240

18

do

pek fun.s

1350

34

SMALL LOTS.

[Messes. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot. -

Box

.

Pkgs. Name

lb.

C.

it

A E

2

7

hf-ch

or pek

392

75 bid

4

A E

4

3

do

sou

174

36

5

5

3

do

pek dust

228

32 bid

13

S T

13

2

ch

sou

200

26

19

Ossington

19

1

do

dust

177

22

42

Manikwatte

22

1

do

dust

110

25

20

M F

26

4 hf-ch

dust

300

24 bid

27

27

1

do

sou

SO

32

30

A T

30

2

ch

pek sou

200

26

31

31

1

do

bro mix

130

17 bid

32

32

1

do

dust

75

24 bid

40

S.apitiyagodde

40

2

do

red leaf

200

17

43

Henegaha

43

1

ch

1 hf-ch

bro or pek

ICO

44

44

44

4

do

or pek

224

43

45

45

3

do

bro pek

ISO

32

40

46

3

ch

pekoe

31.5

21 bid

48

48

2

do

faans

217

14

49

49

4

do

dust

380

L5 i)id

50

60

4 hf-ch

dust

302

14

51

C R E

51

1

ch

or ))ek

104

40

62

Crea

52

2

hi-ch

pek sou

110

20

53

53

3

do

sou

148

25

54

54

1

ch

bio tea

85

14

56

55

2

do

dust

300'!

1

5C

.56

1

do

dust

125 1

57

57

4 hf-ch

dust

320 1

^ OUl.

64

Laboodoowa

64

2

do

fans

100 J

1

72

S.S

72

1

ch

bro pek

126

32 bid

Messrs. Somerville & Co.

Lot

Box.

PkgR.

Name

lb.

c.

2 Kennington

112

7 hf-ch

bro tea

350

21

6 RMN

116

1 do

bro pek

50

30

7

117

1 do

pekoe

50

25

Lol.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

11

W. Tonne

121

4

ch

conijou

337

26

12

12-T

1

do

pek dust

133

28

13

123

1

do

dust

120

28

26

Nugawela

136

2

lif-ch

dust

170

30

SO

(lastle

140

2

do

bro pek

100

44

31

141

2

do

pekoe

100

32

32

142

1

do

pek sou

50

28

33

143

1

do

fans

44

27

34

Kranavdsi

144

2

do

bro pek

120

36

35

145

6

do

pokoe

300

32

36

146

1

do

pek sou

32

25

37

147

1

do

fans

41

25

38

148

1

do

dust

60

20

MO

K OS

140

1

do

bro pek

66

40

40

150

6

do

pekoe

311

31

•50

Malvern

160

4

do

dust

220

2C

54 New I’eradoniva, 164

3

cll

SOU

210

28

61

Ilapusrasinnlle

171

O

ft

do

sou

270

39

C2

172

1

do

fans

105

25 ■

63

173

1

do

dust

150

28

67

Penritli

177

•2

do

ciust

320

26

Co

178

1

(lo

pek tans

ISO

28

69

179

1

do

bro tea

85

16

7.3

Alutkelle

183

2

hf-ch

fans

112

26

82

Glenalla

192

2

ch

congou

ISO

21

85

llittacv

195

4

do

pek sou

360

36

S6

196

O

do

dust

255

28

102

Bollagaila

212

2

do

bro tea

240

29

103

213

1

do

dust

140

27

120

V ill c.state

mark

2S0

1

do

dust

160

26

125

Hatijowa

235

5

do

dust

325

25

[Mr.

E. John.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb,

C.

1

C N

489

4

ch

bro tea

SSO

22

!:>

p K r

493

4

do

congou

356

18

TTA'Co. ill

est. mark

f)

4

do

sou

360

16

10

Ardlaw A M'ish-

ford

t

4

do

or pek

380

GS

24

3.5

2

do

dust

280

32

25

Templestowe

37

1

do

bro mix

100

Hi

36

■M T

59

.3

do

pekoe No.

1 285

it'l

37

61

3

do

pek sou

270

2;',

40

67

2

do

bro mix

200

is

50

Orange Field

87

1

do

or pek

95

:!4

.51

89

1

do

bro pek

100

27

Oo

93

2

do

pek sou

210

26

54

95

2

do

sou

200

20

55

97

2

do

bro sou

200

15

58

Esj'eranza

103

4 hf-ch

dust

320

2G

CO

105

2

do

congou

92

26

(53

R L

123

r>

do

pekoe sou

365

29

69

125

1

do

dust

150

26

SO

Lawrence

147

1

do

bro mix

100

23

81

149

1 hf-ch

dust

85

17

82

151

2

do

fluff

160

11

86

Dickapitia

L59

1

oil

du.“t

1.5.5

i’'6

90

Acra watte

167

2

hf-ch

pek dust

150

‘JS

93

11 .S in estate

mark

173

4

bag.s

red leaf

280

13

10.5

Otterv and

.Stamford Hill

197

1

ch

sou

94

30

107

Nartnel

201

8 hf-eli

pekoe

376

18

112

Suriakaiide

211

2

ch

bro mix

200

19

113

Temple.stowe

213

1

do

dust

140

20

128

Glentilt

243

1

ch

pek sou

270

36

152

Galauder

309

2

qr.-ch

dust

78

26

[JMessrs. Forbe.8

& Walker.]

Lot.

Box.

Pko-.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

3

GAS

354

2

hf-cli

bro pek

100

40

4

3-=^6

4

do

pekoe

200

31

.5

358

3

do

pek sou

141

26

6

G O \V

360

1

ch

1 hf-ch

pekoe

150

27

0

M E, in estate

mark

366

1

cii

bro pek

85

31

10

.368

1

do

pekoe

65

2.5

11

370

2

do

sou

ISO

18

12

372

2

do

bro tea

314

withd’n.

14

Avoca

376

4 hf cli

bro pek fan 300

41

1.5

D E C

3

do

pek dust

150

30

16

sso

.5

do

I'cd leaf

250

17

17

Ritni

382

6

do

bro pek

390

48

23

II A T , in estate

mark

394

1

ch

pek sou

100

27

2$

L, in estate

mark

■104

1 hf-ch

bro pek

69

38

29

406

O

do

pek sou

134

29

41

Cioiieygar

430

2

hf-ch

fans

160

0

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box.

V

’ktr.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

63

I E

454

2 hf-ch

red leaf

170

17

54

456

1

do

unus

33

‘Z2

55

458

3

do

pek No. 1

285

60

56

A

400

2

ch

pek sou

174

•23

57

462

4

do

SOU

348

10

68

I'aphne

484

2

<lo

congou

170

20

C9

486

•>

do

dust

270

26

75

Yatiyana

4 98

5

do

pek sou

2-25

27

76

500

2 hf-ch

unas

100

22

77

K B

502

3

ch

dust

390

26

78

Pingr.avia.

504

3 hf-ch

dust

276

28

79

R A IV

506

2

do

dust

140

27

97

Chines

542

1

ch

bro mix

120

22

99

546

1

do

1 1

hf-ch

red leaf

110

17

111

Heeloya

570

*2

do

dust

160

•27

113

Playfair

574

3

ch

bo mix No. 2

■240

16

114

576

1

do

dust

185

17

115

oiS

2

do

Huft

160

11

126

.S E -M

600

2

ch

bro pek

‘244

33

127

602

1

do

pekoe

100

•26

129

606

1

do

bro fans

117

25

144

H, in estate

mark

036

1

ch

dust

100

•2.5

159

CB

606

3

do

l>ek sou

300

88

100

66S

•>

O

i)f-ch

bro pek dust

2-2.5

30

170

Middleton

688

1

ch

pek sou

75

37

171

000

2

do

dust

300

■27

176

Cairnforth

700

3

hf-ch

fans

210

29

177

702

5

do

dust

385

25 bid

195

Verulapitiya

738

3

do

pek dust

ISO

27

198

AtberKeld

744

4

ch

Iiek sou

360

28

199

746

3

hf-ch

bro mix

1.50

25

2C1

750

3

do

pek dust

180

30

202

7.52

1

do

dust

80

29

211

Melrose

779

3

ch

SOU

270

29

212

772

do

du.st

•240

28

217

Castlereagli

782

1

hf-ch

pek fans

70

36

■218

784

1

do

du"2t

SO

•28

224

BDW G

796

1

do

rad leaf

50

IS

229

Meddetenue

806

1

ch

fans

120

•2.4

230

808

1

do

dust

150

27

234

-Vgraova

810

4

do

dust

300

26

237

Choughleigh

822

o

do

dust

237

•29

239

Sinnapitiya

826

4

hf-ch

pek sou

280

26

250

Galapitakand;

l 864

o

ch

dust

180

35 •

263

Patiagama

884

•J

<lo

pek .sou

•220

40

269

886

1

do

dust

ICO

28

•273

Sorn na

894

2

hf-ch

red leaf

91)

10

274

s

896

1

do

bro tea

42

18

•275

K .1

898

5

do

bro jrek

348

38

276

900

2

do

pekoe

100

35

294

KlU-kande

936

5

do

SOU

325

29

•295

938

3

lifch

red leaf

150

17

296

940

3

do

du.st

■240

■25

298

Nilloonially

944

1

cli

pek sou

HO

35

299

946

1

do

dust

1.50

30

300

T

954

3

do

sou

240

33

304

9.50

2

hf-ch

dust

100

26

309

Munamal

966

1

ch

fans

88

27

310

968

1

do

dust No. 1

125

26

311

970

1

do

dust No. 2

150

27

CEYLON CARDAMONf SALES IN
LONDON,

{From Our Commercial Corre^poiidciit.')

Mincing Lane, May 2;t, 1896.
Ex “Clan McXab” Duckwaii, Ic 3s 4d: 2c 3s 3d; lc2s ld;
2c 2s 7d: 4c 2s 6d; 2c 2s Id: 2c 2s 4d; 2c 2s 3d: 2c 2s 4d; 3c
2s 3d; 4c Is lid; Ic seeds 2s Id. HJ in estate mark, Mylore
cardamoms, 2c 2s 4d; 3c 2s 3d. II.I, Mysore cardamoms,
nclslld. H.T, Pera cardamoms 4c 2s 2d; Ic Is 9d. KAS &
Co., 6c 2s 4d; Ic Is lid: Ic Is 9d; Ic 2s 2d: Ic Is lOd.
Knuckles, Ic 3s; 2c 2s 6d; 3c 2s 3d; Ic 2s; 2c 4s lid.

Ex “Clan Campbell”— Vicarton, Ic 2s 4d; 2c 2s 2d; Ic 2s;
Ic Is 9d.

Ex “Ncrite”— M in estate mark, Altwood, Mysore, 4c 2s
3d; 4c 2s.

Ex “Clan Mackinnon”— AL 1, Malabar cardamoms, 2c Is
lid. AL, Malabar seeds, 2c .seeds 3s Id; 4c seeds 3s 2d.

CEYJ.ON CINNAMON SALES
IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Corresjjondenl ) .

Mincing Lane, June 5.

Ex “Clan McLean” — ASGP in estate mark, K.ader.ane, 22b
Is Id; 17b lOid; 5b and 1 parcel 9id; 10b 9d; 12b 8jd; 1 box
broken, 94d; 1 bag broken pieces 9d; 12 bags clpgs. 8d.
CHdeS, Kuruwitte, 6b 10^1; 3b lOd, 12b lOd; 9b9id; 12b
9|d; 6b 9d; 8b 8id; 1 parcel 8.Jd; 1 bag 9jd; 11 bags ctgs.

9d. CHdeS, Kandevalle 4b lOd, 9b 9Jd; £b 9}d 3b Sjd.
CHdeS Ratmalane, lb lO^d; 2b 9jd; 4b 9d; IbSjd. CHde.S,.
TPW in estate mark, lb lOd; 2b 9^d; lb 9d.

Ex “Lancelot”— ClldeS Innegaltuduwe, 3b lOd; 2b 9J-d;
lb 9d- Glides, DWK in estate mark, 2b 9jd; 4b lOd.
CHdeS, Movotto, 10b 10.id; 10b 9jd; 8b 9jd; 3b8Jd. CHdeS,
Salawa, 12b 10', d; 9b bjd; 5b 9jd; 3b S^d. CHdeS, Ka.le-
vane, 10b lOjkl; 7b lOd: 6b 9^1; 3b 8^1. CHdeS, PKW, 2b
lOld: 6b 9]d; 4b O^d; 3b 8jd. CHde.S, Kiripittiya, 3b lOj-d;
3b 9^1; lb 9d.

Ex “Ben Lomond”— FSWS in estate mark, Kaderane
7b Is Id; lib Is; 6b ll.jd; 4b lid; ib 9jd; lb 9d: 1 box
broken 9d. FSK in estate mark, Kaderane, 5b Is Id; 8b Is;
12b lljil 2b Old; Sb 9d; lb Sjd; 1 l>ox liroken 9d. APJtCo.
in est:ite mark, lb and 1 parcel 9d; lb and 1 parcel Ssd;
lb and 1 parcel 7^d; lb and 1 parcel 7jd; 3 bags bark 3d;
1 parcel 8id; 1 parcel 9d; lb Sd; 1 p:ircel 7d; 14 bags and
cliips 3d; 1 bag dust IJd.

Ex “N;i.irnshire”— FSWS iu e.state mark, Kaderane 4b
is Id; 9b Is; 11b lid; 3b O^d; 6b 9d; 1 bag brokan 9^1;
1 bag ctgs. 9|d; 9, bags clpgs. oil d;im. Sd; 1 bag broken
and chii)S Old; 2 liags clpgs. O^d. FSK in estate m:irk,
Kaderane, 1 iiarcel and lb Is Id; 4b Is; 5b lid; 2b OJd; 7b
9d; 1 bag broken 9d; 1 bag broken and liuills 9jd; 3 bags
clpgs. 9, d; 2bagscli>gs, oil dam. 8d; 1 bug clpgs. O^d.

Ex “Diomed”— Ekelle Plantation, UUiue.stiite mark, 23b
lOd; 34b 9|a;93bSl-d.

Ex “Ncrite” — Korahena estate, JDSB in estate mark,
Kaderane Plantation, 6b Is Id; lb and 1 parcel Is 2d; 6b Is;
4b Hid; lb lid; 1 bag broken Old. .ID.Sll in estate mark
Kaderane, 7b is lii; 13b Is; lldllid; 9b and 1 parcel lid:
2b and 1 parcel .Old; 1 parcel O^d; 1 b.sg broken 9d. .1 in
estate mark, Kaderane 2b lid; 2b lOld: 5b lUd; 3b O^d;
lb and 1 parcel 81d; 1 bag broken 9d. .ID.Sll in estate
mark, 1 bag broken pieces Old; i3 bags etgs. 8pl; 2 bags
O ctgs. 84 d.

Ex “Clan .Mackinnon”— GDC, Ekelle, 22b lid; 17b lOld;
6b lid; 30!> lUd; 11b 9d; Hb 81d; 1 box 9d. MAC, 26b Spl;
2b 7d; :1b Sd.

Ex “Clan Maclean” — .MAC, 18b 7^d; 3b 7d.

Ex “Belloropiion”— 2.1AC, 7b 7d; 2b 3d.

Ex “Clan Campbell” — DA in estate mark, 2b 9d; 13b 8ld,
D, in estate mark, 15b 9d; 8b Sjd; 5b sd; 7b 7^d.

E “xBuluwayo” — Ekelle Plantation, DB in estate mark,
60b lOi'd; 1.30b 9id: 30b S^d.

Ex “Ciieshire,”— B 314 in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation,
12b lOid.

Ex “Stafford.shire”— F in estate m.ark, Ekelle Plantation,
Ob 9id.

Ex “.Malta"— SS in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation,
50b 9jd.

Ex “Pei.sia'’— BitCo., Ekelle Plantation, 20b lOjd.

Ex ••Simla”— DB in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation,
Gb lOd.

Kx “Benalder”— .\&S 1043 in estate mark, Ekelle Planta-
tion, Ob 10}.

Ex “Vorksliire”— CP 307 J in estate mark, Ekelle Planta-
tion, 4^2b H'd. CHde.S, Koottariavalle, 12b lod.

Kx “Gtenartney” — B ;107 in estate mark, Ekelle Planta-
tion, 8b lOjd. F in estate mark, Ekelle, 6b lod.

Ex “.Shropsliire”— CP 27 .1 in estate mark, Ekelle Planta.-
tion, Ob lOd.

Ex “Glamorganshire” — CP 380 .1 in estate mark, Cb lOd.

Ex “Kai.sow”— SS&Co. in estate mark, Ekeile Plantation,
20b K }d.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN
LONDON.

{From Our Commercial Correspondent)

Mincing Lank, June .5, 1896.
Ex “Statesman”— Kadella, 32 bags 52s. Oangaroow.a,
6 bags 37s.

I Ex “Nerite”— Morankande, 19 bags 53.s; 0 bags 43s; •20
bags 40s 6d. Meegama, 2 bags 30s Od; 3 bags 39.s. MLM,
0 Irags 34s.

Kx “Borneo”— 11 K in estat * mark, 1 bag 37s; 1 bag 42s;
3 bags 4'is Od; 1 bag 38.

Ex “Clan Campbell”— Morankande, 11 bags 37s Od; 8 bags
3.5s Od; 5 bags 35s; 3 b.ags 22s; ‘22 bags 34s.

Ex “Nerite” — Belgodde, 2c 40s 6d.

Kx “Lancashire”— Uelgodde, 3c. 46s 6d.

Ex “Musician”- Horankande, 17 bags ,52s.

Ex "Glenorchy”— Beredewelle’ 14 bag.s ,53a Cd.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 25.]

CoLOMBOj'JuLY 6, 1896.

I Price : — 12| cents each 9 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO

SALES OF

TEA.

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

N ame.

lb.

c.

47

287

18

ch

pe sou No 1

1800

33

48

288

6

do

pe sou No 2

670

30

LARGE LOTS.

51

55

G \V
Surrey

291

295

13

18

do

do

sou

bro or pek

1040

1980

30

■^O

56

Harangalla

296

21

do

bro pek

2310

■>0

5<

297

23

do

pekoe

2185

42

[Messrs. A.

H. Thomp-son «!c Co.—

63,091 lb.]

58

60

Dunkeld

298

300

9

17

do

do

pek sou
bro pek

900

1870

30

48 hid

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

61

62 Koorooloogilla

1

O

C

14

do

do

pekoe
bro pek

600

1400

:18 hid

Kalkande

1

11 hf-ch

bro pek

550

53

63

»>

15

do

pekoe

1500

■12

1

2

16

do

pekoe

800

47

64

4

8

do

pek sou

800

30

-

3

12

do

pek sou

600

37

65

5

8

do

bro pek A

800

51

3

4

12

do

pek No. 2

GOO

43

06

6

5

do

pek fans

511

34

4

5

8

do

bro mix

400

25

69

AH

9

8 hf-ch

bro pek

400

41

5

Vogan

6

24

ch

hro pek

2400

50 bid

70

10

8

do

pek sou

400

27

6

i

28

do

pekoe

2520

41 bid

71

Allakolla

11

50

do

bro pek

3000

44

7

8

23

do

pe sou

2070

35

72

12

36

do

pekoe

1800

37

9

9

14

do

sou

1120

31

73

13

15

ch

pek sou

1425

31

10

10

16

do

unas

1360

34

76

Ukuv.ela

16

24

do

bro pek

2400

43

12

Dehiowita

12

0

do

dust

725

26

vv

17

18

do

pekoe

1800

j3

14

A T

14

4

do

bro pek

500

30 bid

78

18

14

do

pek sou

1330

31

15

15

6

do

pekoe

024

24 bid

80

G A Ceylon

20

6 hf-ch

(lust

480

26

16

AGC

16

15

ch

pek sou

1350

31

83

Kew

23

9

do

bro pek

540

53

17

17

8

do

COllffOU

720

28

84

24

10

do

or pek

500

68

18

18

3

do

dust

430

24

85

'Jo

14

ch

pekoe

1283

M

20

D

20

ch

pek fans

600

27

86

20

6

do

peh. sou

570

42

21

21

5

do

dust

475

26

S7

27

6 hf-cn

fans

438

29 bid

S2

Woodend

22

20

do

bro pek

2000

40 bid

88

Maligatenne

28

7

cil

bro pek

700

42

23

23

13

do

pekoe

1300

36 bid

89

29

8

do

pekoe

800

33

24

24

13

do

pek sou

1170

30 bid

90

30

8

do

pek sou

720

28

31

A K

31

16

do

or pek

1440

54

93

Salawe

33

7

do

bro [lek

700

44

32

32

12

do

bro pek

1200

43 bid

94

34

6

do

pekoe

570

35

33

Rakwana

33

21

ch

bro pek

2142

40

95

35

20

do

pek sou

1800

32

34

34

20

do

pekoe

1900

31 bid

96

36

11

do

unas

J1

35

36

10

do

pek sou

1000

29 bid

98

38

3

do

dust

460

26

36

36

11

do

SOU

1100

20 bid

99

Kelani

39

01 hf-ch

bro pek

3355

58

37

37

25

do

dust

3750

26 bid

100

40

32

ch

pekoe

2880

37

38

38

28 hf-ch

fans

1940

29 bid

101

41

6

do

pek sou

540

31

43

K D

43

6

ch

l^ro pek

600

30 bid

102

42

10 hf-ch

fans

600

33 bid

48

Engumkande

48

55 bo-X

pekoe

770

30

104

Orion

44

30

ch

pek sou

285U

32

49

Elston

49

37

cli

pe sou No.

2 2775

31

105

45

13

do

dust

975

•27

50

Court Lodge

60

12

do

bro pek

1320

68

106

Gampolawatte 46

15

do

pek sou

1425

31 bid

51

51

12 hf-ch

bro pek

76S

OS

107

47

8

do

dust

600

27

52

52

14

ch

pekoe

1260

60

lOS

NIT

48

26

do

unas

2340

27

53

53

30 hf-ch

pekoe

1560

62

109

Vincit

49

16

do

bro pek

lUOO

45

54

54

11

ch

pek sou

990

46

110

50

14

da

pekoe

1400

36

56

55

24 hf-ch

pek sou

11.52

46

111

Zululand

51

5

do

bro pe’<

500

42

56

56

11

do

dust

924

30

112

52

12

do

pekoe

1200

33

57

Hornsey

57

10

ch

pek sou

10.50

35

113

53

s

do

pek sou

800

29

59

K

59

14 hf ch

bro pek
bro mix

700

37

114

Chetnole

54

7

do

pek sou

700

34

60

D

60

7

ch

655

18

115

55

8 hf-ch

dust

600

27

61

G

61

10 hf-ch

pek dust

800

16

110

56

9

ch

red leaf

500

■26

64

-X Y

64

11

do

pek sou

1100

28

117

Sirisanda

57

13 hf-ch

bro pek

780

60

R6

G \V

66

5

ch

bro tea

476

out

118

58

27

do

pekoe

1350

35

68

H

68

10

do

pek dust

800

15 bid

119

59

24

do

pek sou

1200

31

69

P A

69

9

do

dust

755

23 bid

129

M R in estate

mark

69

10

ch

bro tea

1050

16

130

Penrith

70

32

do

bro pek
pekoe

3200

53

131

71

20

do

1600

38

[ME.SSKS.

132

7-’

17

do

pek sou

1530

32

Somerville

c'c Co., 208,056 lb ]

134

Yarrow

74

59 hf-ch

bro pek

3304

49

Lot.

Box.

Pk^s.

Name.

lb.

C.

135

136

Y

75

76

50

6

do

do

pekoe

dust

2800

420

39

27

1

Mahagodde

241

9

ch

bro pek

950

40

137

Narangoda

77

17

ch

bro pek

1700

42

2

242

20

do

pekoe

2000

31

138

78

32

do

pekoe

3040

38

4

S in estate

139

79

15

do

pek sou

1350

32

mark

244

23

do

bro tea

2300

24

140

Wariatenne

80

38

do

bro pek

4240

41 bid

5

246

6

do

fans

660

30

1 hf-ch

6

246

18 hf-ch

dust

1440

25 bid

141

81

13

ch

or pek

1105

38 bi4

11

Ukuwella

251

30

do

bro pek

3000

43

142

82

30

do

pekoe

3000

36 bW

12

252

22

do

pekoe

2200

33

143

83

7

do

pek sou

700

29 bid

13

253

14

do

pek sou

1330

31

144

84

34 hf-ch

dust

2550

26 bid

16

RCTF in est.

145

85

27

do

pek fans

1800

32 bid

mark

256

17

do

bro pek

1700

38

149

Morowa Totum 89

29

do

bro pek

1450

42

17

257

17

do

pekoe

1530

32

156

90

12

ch

pekoe

1080

35 bid

18

258

24

do

sou

1920

29

151

91

10 hf-ch

dust

750

20

20

Arslena

260

32 hf-ch

bro pek

1600

49

159

Crohamhurst 98

25

do

bro pek

2750

46 bid

21

261

37

do

pekoe

1850

39

160

99

21

do

or pe t

2100

40 bid

22

262

27

(lo

pek sou

1360

32

161

100

32

do

pekoe

2933

3(1 bid

26

Mahawatte

266

12

do

,bro or pek

720

40

1

hf-ch

27

267

18

do

or p^-k

.990

36

165

Deniysgama

104

18

do

bro pek

1980

39 bid

28

268

11

do

pekoe

605

33

166

1C5

14

do

pekoe

1400

witbd'n

31

Pelawatte

271

17

ch

bro pek

1876

42

167

106

26 hf-ch

pek sou

1300

•20

32

272

14

do

pekoe

1470

34

168

107

5

do

sou

505

18 bid

36

Kehelwatte

276

13

do

bro pek

1300

43 bid

173

H T

112

8

do

fans

440

30

37

277

17

do

pekoe

1530

33 bid

175

H J S

114

12

do

pekoe

600

30

38

278

8

do

pek sou

729

32

176

115

19

do

pek sou

950

40

280

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1200

42 bid

178

Lyndhurst

117

20

ch

bro pek

2000

46

41

281

33

do

pekoe

1660

36 bid

179

118

24

do

pekoe

2040

39

•45

Jlorningside

285

20

ch

bro pek

2000

45 bid

180

119

29

do

pek sou

2320

32

46

286

14

do

pekoe

1400

38 bid

181

12C

5

do

SOU

425

27

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

[Messrs. Porbes

& Walker.— 352,518 lb.]

Lot

Box.

PkoS.

Names.

lb.

e.

I^ot. Box.

Pk«s.

Name.

lb.

C.

138

139

D M

254

266

10

5

ch

tlo

dust

bro or pek

1000

550

43

5 Huttuwappa

988

5 ch

bro pek

5£0

35

140

258

7

do

pekoe

700

36

7

992

4 do

pek sou

405

25

141

Dunkeld

•260

15

ch

bro pek

1650

58

11 V

1000

11 hf-ch

fans

880

27

142

262

27 hf ch

or pek

1350

51

12

2

11 ch

bro mix

I ‘210

25

143

264

13

ch

pekoe

1300

40

la

4

8 hf-ch

dust

760

25

114

Polatagaiua

266

32

do

bro pek

3200

50

14 Walton

6

40 do

bro pek

•2400

49 bid

145

268

24

do

pekoe

2400

35

l.i

8

12 ch

pekoe

1200

39

146

270

11

do

pek sou

1100

30

IT

12

12 do

pekoe

1*200

34

147

272

21

do

fans

£100

40

19 .St, Helen

16

43 hf-ch

bro pek

2570

42

148

274

do

dust

450

•28

20

18

27 do

pekoe

1350

37

154

Erracht

280

.5(1

do

1)1-0 pek

4250

53

21 (ila.iendon

20

6 eh

bro pek

600

4t

155

•288

35

do

pekoe

2975

30

22

5 do

pekoe

500

40

156

Sandi'ingham

2>3

38

ch

l)ro pek

4180

70 bid

24

5 do

pek sou

500

38

lf)7

292

-23

do

or pek

2300

59

•26

6 do

SOU

600

32

158

•294

33

do

pekoe

2970

48 bid

To

28

5 do

fans

500

34

159

St. Columf)-

■M 1' Jaeodit

34

17 do

bro pek

1785

38

kUle

206

10

cli

bro pek

1100

50

29

36

26 do

pekoe

2600

31

160

‘298

IS

do

pekoe

1710

40

30

38

6 do

pek sou

570

28

161

800

n

do

pek sou

1045

34

3? Brechin

42

30 do

bro pek

3300

64

163

Tomiuagoiig

3C1

47

if-ch

bro pek

28-20

84 bid

33

44

19 do

pekoe

1995

40 bid

164

306

52

ch

pekoe

3990

01 bid

34

46

5 do

pek sou

500

34

165

3£'8

31

do

pek sou

•2945

56

30 Cheat Valley
37

50

21 hf-ch

bro pek

1150

62

166

Chines

310

73 hf-ch

bro pek

3650

44

52

16 do

or pek

880

42

167

312

3(1

cl)

pekoe

•2700

34

3B

54

39 clj

pekoe

3510

36

168

314

10

do

pek sou

900

30

39

56

19 do

pek sou

1615

33

169

Lochiel

310

30

ch

bro pek

•2850

52

40

58

5 do

dust

425

27

170

»18

11

do

pekoe

935

45

41 Ooranakande

60

17 do

bro pek

1700

58

171

S-20

r

do

pek sou

450

34

42

62

5 do

or pek

500

40

172

«-tt» *

4

do

dust

560

26

43

64

17 do

pekoe

1530

3.5

173

Arapola-

•

44

66

14 do

pek sou

1190

30

kande

3-Jt

55

cli

I'l'o pel:

8800

44

49 Dunbar

08

27 hf-ch

bro pek

1350

56

174

•2-2(.

102

do

pekoe

8160

36 bid

40

70

•23 do

or pek

966

70

175

328

26

do

pek sou

•2600

31

47

72

17 ch

pekoe

1360

40

176

3;;o

G

do

dust

660

25

4B

74

•27 do

pek sou

2295

37

178

Lochiel

334

30

ch

bro pek

•2850

50

49 1) B R

76

8 do

bro mix

SCO

28

179

330

10

do

pekoe

850

45

.Ol U.ulella

80

23 ilo

bro pek

2300

64 bid

181

340

o

do

(lust

420

27

.02

82

15 do

pekoe

1350

45 bid

183

Weyuugii.-

53

84

10 do

pek sou

900

34 bid

watte

344

if-ch

bro pek

1 05

48

.09 f oheKalle

88

121 hf-ch

bro pek

0050

50

184

340

25

ch

I>ek No. 1

•2-250

43

.00

90

.12 do

pekoe

5040

40

185

34.8

15

ilo

pek No. 2

1-275

35

67

92

9 do

congou

450

33

186

350

5

do

pek sou

475

32

6S it K N 0. in est.

ISO

Oxford

356

30

oh

l.'vo pek

3000

44

mark

94

15 ch

pek sou

1-280

2.5

190

338

do

pekoe

2660

3;'-

59

96

10 do

red leaf

860

20

191

SCO

3G

do

pek sou

2880

31

00

98

5 do

dust

600

•’5

194

306

7 hf-ch

dust

560

25

01 farnhain

100

36 hf-cli

bro pek

1980

46 t id

195

Cairn Hill

368

U

ch

bro pek

1400

30

02 -B D W M K

102

68 do

bro pek

3400

35

196

370

17

do

pekoe

1530

28

03

104

60 ch

pek sou

4!75

25

197

10

(lo

pek sou

800

24

64 (1 T N

106

19 hf-ch

pek son

950

28

198

Udal) ige

37 4

27

bl-ch

))i o pek

ia-20

48 bid

80 A

138

6 ch

bro pek dust

199

370

30

do

pekoe

1650

38 bid

No. 1

000

•26

200

87S

36

do

pek sou

1080

33

31

140

5 do

dust No. 1

750

25

201

'33ii

is

do

SOU

990

30

82

142

3 do

dust

450

•20

202

Tonacowt'e

382

31

ch

or pek

3400

56

83 A O

144

6 (to

bro pek

525

out

203

384

•iO

do

bro pek

31‘20

50

88 AOS

154

10 do

pek sou

900

20

204

386

60

do

pekoe

6000

45

01 .St. Helen

100

76 hf- 'll

bro pek

4160

44

205

388

16

do

l)ek sou

1520

36

92

162

.06 do

pekoe

-25-20

37

206

til.*'.*

r»

hf-ch

‘lust

450

27

93

164

52 do

pek sou

•i080

30

207

Kurundu-

91 Itewley
90

166

01 box

bro pek

1880

58

watte

s:»2

“

ch

l>ro pek

050

36

ICS

30 hf-ch

pekoe

1500

42

209

3%

7

do

pek sou

590

26

90 'tonkswood

170

IS ch

1)10 pek

•2070

77

212

Knave.smire

402

i'S

do

bro pek

4730

42

97

172

do

or pek

3153

05

213

404

75

do

pekoe

6240

34

98

174

16 do

pek sou

1440

48

214

406

34

do

pek sou

•2380

30

99 liowlands

170

11 e.n

bro pek

IICO

37

215

4CS

7

do

SOU

490

27

100

178

13 do

pekoe

1170

29

217

412

5

hi-cli

dust

425

25

101

180

8 do

pek sou

640

27

218

414

OO

-d<J

oh

pek .‘ ou

1840

30

103 Eiirnhaui

184

35 hf-cli

bro pek

2100

46 bid

220

l’utui).>ula

418

3C

do

bro pok

3780

54

101

180

22 cii

or pek

09U

40

221

4-2'.'

40

cli

I)ekoe

4000

37 bid

100

188

21 do

pekoe

1050

37

222

4-lu

18

dt)

pek sou

1620

31

100

190

23 do

i>ek sou

1035

31

223

4'24

4

(lo

pek fans

600

27

107 AiiniiiEkande 192

38 oil

bro pek

4180

50

224

ErroHwood

426

i

ch

103

194

31 ilo

pekoe

3100

41) bid

1 hf-ch

lu’opek

495

77

109

196

13 do

pek sou

1300

33

225

B D W 1*

4-rs

10

do

bro pe No.

2 950

46

110

193

4 do

congou

400

26

220

4 VO

18

do

funs

1080

36

111

200

6 do

dust

450

26

227

4--V

8

do

dust

696

•26

112 I eaculla

202

20 do

pek sou

1950

36

»2S

Dimblau.) in-

114 • Tyinawr

‘206

•25 hf-ch

1)ro pek

1250

82

voice Nt). 7,

110

208

34 do

pekoe

1.130

69

1896, Ceylon

110

•210

•2.5 do

pek sou

11-25

43

in est. mark

434

49 hi-cli

)))'o or pek

3430

46 bid

in •

212

32 ^lo

congou

1600

35

220

436

29

ch

bro pek

3480

54 bid

118

‘214

9 do

bro pe dust 630

32

230

4-38

do

pekoe

‘2300

43 bid

119

210

13 do

dvist

1040

27

231

440

r<)

do

pek fans

1300

28 bid

122 flliddlet'jii

•22-2

5 ch

‘lust

755

28

232

4‘* C

1.5

hf-ch

pek dust

900

26 bid

123 St. Helier.s

V/U

28 hf-c!’

bro or pek

1540

54

242

Hurstpie' -

121

2-26

13 ch

pekoe

1300

40

point

40-J

14 hf-ch

bro pek

095

34

120

2-28

6 do

pek sou

600

34

213

464

11

do

pekoe

550

•27

120 Stafford

230

15 do

bro pek
pekoe
pek .sou

1650

64

127

128-

•232

234

16 do
5 'lo

1440

450

64

40

[Mr

. £.

John.—

-iTo.-jyg lb.]

122 V.'attagalla

‘i-12

21 eh

bro or pek

‘2310

61

Lot.

Bo

K,

n-gs

Name

lb.

0.

214

49 do

pekoe

4165

41

Fe;ndale

It

134

240

25 do

pek sou

2125

.34

»> 1.*

ch

lu'o or pek

17G()

46

136 Da muieria

24S

70 I'll

bro or pel

7700

56

•J

.115

11

do

l>ro pek

1100

4-2

81 do

pekoe

8100

48

i

1 it

do

pekoe

1400

38

137

•2.V2

7 t|.j

pek sou

700

40

3 . •

'

do

pek sou

630

34

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

a

Lot. Box,

PkoS.

Name.

lb.

c.

SMALL LOTS.

Hiiiuigalla

323

9

ch

pek sou

900

30

1

s

325

3

do

fannings

480

26

[MES.SKS. A.

H. Thompson & Co.]

13

Gonavy

337

28

do

bro ))ok

3136

59 bid

Lot.

Box. Pkfirs

Name

lb.

C.

15

339

17

do

pekoe

1734

46

11

Deliiowita

11

3 ch

congou

24(»

24

IG

341

15

do

pek sou

1350

41

13

M F

13

4 hf-ch

dust

300

25

19

Kila

347

95

do

bro pek

8075

43 bid

19

D

19

1 ch

red leaf

65

14

20

349

63

do

pekoe

5355

34 bid

25

39

Woodend
K. Dola

25

39

3 do
2 hf-ch

bro mix
bro pek

256

103

15

39

21

35

43

do

pek sou

31

40

10

3 do

pekoe

150

30

*22

Kanangaina

353

47

do

bro pek

4700

42

41

41

1 do

pek sou

50

26

23

355

30

do

pekoe

2700

33

42

42

1 do

fans

45

28

24

357

13

do

pek sou

1170

30

44

E S

44

3 hf-ch

bro or pek

159

48

25

359

9

do

lannings

855

30

45

45

2 do

pekoe

106

33

26

361

4

do

dust

.300

25

46

46

1 do

SOU

65

22

2S

■Stinsfovd

365

53

hf-ch

bro pek

2650

08

47

Horn.sey

47

2 do

bro sou

187

22

29

367

62

do

pelcoe

279U

43

58

58

4 ch

fan

360

25

30

369

28

do

pek sou

1260

33

65

N

65

5 hf-ch

fans

325

26 bid

34

Ivies

377

33

do

bro pek

1050

46

67

G G

67

2 ch

bro pek

200

out

35

379

19

ch

pekoe

1710

34

36

381

11

do

nek sou

990

31

37

40

1’ 11 P in es-

385

*8

hf-ch

fannings

480

30

[Mr. E. John.]

taie mark

389

13

ch

br or pek

1305

64

Lot.

Box.

Pko-S.

Name.

lb,

C.

41

391

12

do

or pek

1980

47

Ferndale

dust

42

393

27

do

pekoe

2100

40

6

321

2 do

200

29

43

New Tunissralla 395

12

hf-ch

bro pek

720

^(y

17

Gonavy

343

1 do

pek fans

80

26

44

397

63

do

pekoe

3150

IS

Kannngama

345

X ch

dust

100

26

45

399

29

do

SOU

1450

31

27

363

2 do

congou

180

18

48

Murravthwaite 405

5

ch

sou

4Uii

27

31

,s F r>

371

4 hf-ch

pe fans

■240

33

51

St. John’s

411

13

do

bro or pek

1560 R1.07

32

373

3 do

dust

255

27

52

413

28

hf-cii

or pek

1,508 Itl.OO

33

[vies

375

3 do

congou

135

26

53

415

9

do

pekoe

1 008

73

38

385

1 ch

130

24

54

417

8

do

pek sou

84s

55

30

1 hf-ch

congou
red leaf

61

Mocha

431

26

do

hro pek

64

3S7

1 ch

70 withd n

02

433

19

do

wekoe

1900

59

40

rsew Tuuisgalla 401

3 hf-ch

congou

135

26

03

435

15

do

pek sou

1350

48

47

403

4 do

du.st

328

29

04

Ilondura

437

10

do

bro pek

1680

43

49

ftlurraythwaite 175

1 ch

dust

05

439

30

do

pekoe

2700

33

Anamallai

2 hf-ch

300

26

OG

441

29

do

pek sou

-4G5

31

50

409

2 do

dust

170

27

67

443

10

do

bro tea

1000

23

74

Clontarf

457

1 ch

sou

65

2i

68

445

15

do

dust

1200

25

75

Cruden

459

2 do

dust

280

24

G9

Arillaw and

70

461

3 hf-ch

bro mix

180

28

IV i hford

447

IG

do

bro or pek

1920

65 bid

77

463

1 do

pek fans

50

38

70

449

12

do

1 iro pek

12Go

47

78

Logan

465

1 do

dust

50

26

71

O

451

6

do

unassorted

090

35

87

483

1 do

bro tea

45

27

72

Clontarf

453

38

do

nekoe

3420

36 bid

88

Nahavilla

485

2 do

dust

ICO

27

73

455

28

do

nek son

2380

33

98

5

2 hf ch

dust

180

26

79

iirownlow

467

19

do

bro i>ek

2090

57

116

ewesse

41

3 do

fannings

180

44

SO

469

21

do

or pek

2205

48

120 G

49

2 ch

dust

SI

471

do

pekoe

700

42

1 hf-ch

323

18 bid

S2

473

(5

do

jiek sou

GOO

35

126 rsartnel

01

8 do

pekoe

384

19

S3

475

G

hf-ch

dust

ISO

27

12s

65

2 do

fannings

112

18

S4

liOgan

477

24

do

bro peif

2280

43

479

do

pekoe

1350

34

80

481

11

do

pek sou

935

29

89

Turin

487

13

do

br or pok

1130

42

Messes.

.Somerville Lo.

91

.

491

27

do

or pek

2700

60

92

93

493

495

53

32

do

do

pelcoc
pek sou

5300

3290

41

S3

Lot

Box

Pkgs

Name

lb.

c.

94

497

6

hf-ch

dust

540

26

3

Maliagodde

243

1 ch

fans

110

27

95

Naliavilla

499

16

ch

liro pek

1680

01 bid

14

Ckuwela

254

2 do

bro tea

190

27

90

1

29

do

pekoe

2900

43 bid

15

255

2 hf-cli

bro pek fans

140

37

97

3

5

do

uck sou

500

37

19

R C T F in

99

Glasgow

7

38

do

i)v or pek

2904

56

est. mark

2.59

3 do

dust

225

27

IC'O

9

27

do

or pek

1020

54

23

Arslena

263

C do

dust

300

■26

101

11

19

do

;)ekoe

1805

47

24

K

204

4 do

dust

3^20

27

102

A

13

4

do

dust

5C(»

20

25

265

6 do

congou

300

26

103

Pusselawa, II

15

17

do

bro pek

1700

36

29

Mahawatto

269

2 do

dust

160

26

104

Flint in estate

30

270

4 dn

SOU

280

■26

mark, Ceylon

17

21

do

bro pek

2100

46

33

H X X X

273

2 ch

bro pek

205

36

105

19

14

do

bro p Xo. 2

1470

33 bid

34

274

1 do

pokoe

100

32

106

21

17

do

pekoe

1445

37 bid

35

•275

1 do

pek sou

100

27

107

23

11

do

pek sou

IttjO

29

39

Keliel watte

279

2 do

dust

200

25

108

25

32

do

hro tea

3040

IS bid

42

■282

5 hf-di

pek sou

256

3?

199

V

27

4

do

dust

5GU

20

43

283

6 do

SOU

300

28

110

Madiiltenna

29

13

do

bro pek

13u0

47

44

■284

2 do

dust

100

26

111

31

12

do

br p Xo. 2

12iXt

38

49

Morningside

289

2 cli

fans

220

■29

112

E

33

4

do

dust

500

21 bid

50

290

1 do

red leaf

95

21

113

Wewesse

35

34

hf-cli

bro pek

1810

50

52

G W

292

1 do

red leaf

80

17 .

114

37

29

do

pelcoe

15S5

42

53

293

6 do

fans

360

o(>

115

39

30

do

pek sou

1.500

34

54

294

5 do

dust

340

28

117

Eadella

43

9

c)l

tiro pek

900

38

69

Harangalla

290

3 ch

dust

255

■27

118

45

11

do

pekoe

900

■29

67

B

7

2 do

bro tea

200

19

119

47

7

do

pek sou
bro pek

5b0

27

6i>

8

2 do

dust

■260

27

121

Alnoor

51

32

hf-ti)

1600

43

74

Allakolla

M

4 hf-ch

dust

300

■26

122

53

22

d<'

jiekoe

noo

34

75

15

3 do

red leaf

150

14

123

55

17

d».»

DC* SOU

SoO

31

79

Ukuwela

19

3 do

bro pek fans

210

36

124

57

s

do

fannings

560

31

81

Roseneatli

21

2 ch

red leaf

ISO

IG

125

A’artnel

59

8

d.r

br pc S'o. 2

400

21

82

22

2 hf-ch

dust

180

21

127

63

8

d-

pc sou

4C(/

19 bid

91

Maligateune

31

3 cli

bro sou

270

2'>

129

Blackburn

67

14

ch

bro pek

1.540

37

92

32

1 do

du.st

110

27

130

09

10

do

pekoe (B)

1000

30

97

Salawe

37

3 do

bro mix

315

29

131

B B

71

7

do

pekoe

770

•25

103

Kelpiii

43

3 lif-ch

du.st

240

26

132

73

4

do

bro tea

400

15

120

Sirisanda

60

2 do

bro pek fans

100

37

133

75

5

hi

d>!St

100

23

121

61

4 do

fans

188

29

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box.

pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C,

122

62

3 hf-ch

congou

152

29

128

63

4

do

bro mix

179

20

124

64

5

do

dust

397

25

125

M R in est.

mark

65

5

do

bro pek

325

40

126

66

3

do

pekoe

159

32

127

67

3

do

pek sou

138

29

128

68

3

do

dust

203

27

133

Penrith

73

1

ch

dust

170

27

146

RVK

86

1

do

bro pek

150

30

1

hf-ch

147

87

1

ch

pek

92

23

148

88

3

do

pek sou

334

20

1 hf-ch

169

H

1

X

108

1

do

bro pek

60

37

170

109

1

ch

pekoe

70

31

171

110

1

do

pek sou

. 150

26

1 hf-ch

172

111

1

do

du.st

80

25

174

H J S

113

7

do

bro pek

350

42

177

116

4

do

dust

300

24

182

Lyndhurst

121

8

ch

dust

255

27

[MESSR.S. Forbes

& Walker.

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Hopewell

980

2

ch

bro pek

200

60

2

982

1

do

pekoe

101

38

3

984

1

do

1 hf-ch

pek sou

154

35

4

986

1

ch

congou

93

27

6

Muttu Wappa

990

3

do

pekoe

345

28

8

994

2

do

fans

260

23

9

996

2

do

congou

190

23

10

998

1

do

sou

95

19

16

Walton

10

1

ch

pekoe

112

38

18

14

3

do

du.st

240

26

26

Carendon

30

2

do

cougou

160

29

27

32

1

do

dust

143

27

31

iTdagoda

4t

1

ch

pek fans

120

30

35

Brechin

48

3

do

dust

300

31

50

D B R

78

2

do

dust

300

27

54

Radella

86

2

ch

dust

260

28

65

M

108

2

do

bro pek

220

29

66

110

1

do

pekoe

98

26

67

112

1

do

pek sou

91

21

68

114

1

do

fans

123

25

69

116

2

do

dust

300

13

70

118

2

do

red leaf

178

14

71

L, in estate

mark

120

1 hf-ch

bro pek

35

37

72

122

1

ch

pek sou

64

30

73

124

1 hf-ch

dust

54

26

74

126

3

ch

bro pek

301

26

75

328

3

do

pek No. 1

300

32

76

130

1 hf-ch

pek No. 2

60

22

77

132

2

do

pek sou

168

15

78

134

2

ch

fans

212

18

79

136

1 hf-ch

fans No. 2

60

14

84

AO

146

2

ch

pekoe

202

24

85

148

1

do

son

100

18

86

150

1 hf-ch

congou

42

21

87

152

2

ch

red leaf

176

14

89

AOS

156

3

do

bro tea

261 1

14

90

158

1

do

congou

90 1

102

Lowlands

182

1

do

fans

114

27

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

113

Deaculla

204

2

ch

bro mix

150

30

120

Middleton

218

2

do

1 hf-ch

bro pek

240

57

121

220

2

ch

pekoe

190

45

129

.Stafford

236

3

do

fans

240

31

130

238

1

do

du.st

90

27

131

240

1

do

bromix

120

31

149

Polatagama

276

3

ch

pek fans

300

22

162

N

302

2

<lo

nnas

180

&

177

Koladenia

332

4

do

red leaf

300

13

180

Lochill

338

4

do

pek sou

360

32

182

Lunugalla

342

2

ch

red leaf

150

26

187

Weyunga-

watte

352

2

ch

dust

160

27

188

Oxford

354

6 hf-ch

bro or pek

360

45

192

362

2

ch

sou

160

25

193

364

1 hf-ch

pek dust

60

31

202

Kurundu-

watte

394

4

ch

pekoe

360

29

210

398

2

do

■SOU

140

21

211

400

1

do

pek fan

100

25

216

Knavesmire

410

1

ch

bro tea

70

22

219

416

4

do

•SOU

280

i?

238

Wolley field

454

3

ch

bro pek

315

41

239

456

3

do

pekoe

270

31

240

458

2

do

pek sou

190

26

241

400

2

do

sou

186

19

244

Hurstpier-

point

466

1 hf ch

congou

40

24

245

468

1

do

dust No. 1

58

29

246

470

1

do

dust No. 2

55

20

254

Munamal

486

4

ch

bro pek

394

45

255

488

3

do

1 hf-ch

pekoe

316

33

25C

490

3

ch

congou

267

24

257

G

492

1

do

bro tea

100

29

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

From our Commercial G orre.spondait) .

Mincing Lane, June 12,

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 12th June : —

Ex “Shropshire” — Cabragalla, Ic It lIOs dd; 3c 107s; It 74s;
1 bag 94s.

Ex “Clan Campbell”— Kotiyagalla, 2c lb 113s; Ic lb 106s;
lb 95s; lb 127s; 1 bag (sweepings) 60s. KTG, lb 85s; lb 8Ss
6d; lb 109s; 4 bags 64s; 1 bag tOs.

CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON,

{From Our Commercial Correspondent.')

Ex “.Shropshire” — Katooloya, 9c 2s 2d; 2c Is lOd; 6c Is
lid. Galaha, Ic 2s 9d; 3c 2s 4d; 2c 2s 2d; 2c 2s; 2c Is lOd.
Vedehette, 3c 2s 7d; 5c 2s 5d; 3c 2s Id; 4c 2s; 3c Is 9d.

Ex “Clan MacNab”— OBEC in estate mark, Naranghena,
7c 2s 2d: 3c Is lid; Ic Is 9d. Duckwari, 2c 2s 7d.

Ex “Clan Gordon,” — Delpotonoya, 2c 2s lid; 3c 2s 7d; Ic
2s 6d; 5c 2s Id; 2c 2s 3d; Ic Is 9d.

OB.SERVER PRINTING WORKS,

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

NO. 26.]

Colombo, July 13, 1H96.

’Prica: — 12J cents each 3 copies
* 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO

SALES OF

TEA.

Lot

Box.

Pkg.s.

Name

lb.

C.

57

199

34 llf-ch

pekoe

1700

36.

58

201

22

do

pek sou

1100

32

T.ATtriF. T.OT.«;

60

Eadelb

205

29

do

or pek

1450

42

65

66

215

217

21

19

ch

(?.0

bro pek
pekoe

2100

1710

49

35

67

219

12

do

pek sou

966

30

[Messes. A. H. Thompson vV; Co.—

■39,625 lb.]

68

Glanrho t

221

26

do

bro pek

2340

58

Lot. Bo.v.

Pk"S.

Name.

lb.

c.

69

70

223

225

20

13

do

do

pekoe
pek sou

1400

1350

45

S6

1

St. Leonards

71

227

10

do

sou

70IJ

3’2

on Sea

1

15

ch

bro pek

1506

65

72

229

14

do

bro pek fans

1400

42

2

2

14

do

pekoe

1260

33

73

231

4

do

dust

560

27

3

Nahaveena

3

2C hf-ch

bro pek

1000

53 1

74

St. Alban’s

233

25

do

bro pek

36-25

44

4

4

9

do

pekoe

450

47 1

75

335

42

do

pekoe

4180

37

b

5

11

do

pek sou

550

39 1

76

237

9

do

pek sou

810

31

7

W E

7

7

ch

red leaf

630

15 1

86

EttapolLa

257

14 hf-Ul

bro pek

784

44

10

10

15

do

bro mix

1275

19

ST

239

33

uo

pekoe

184$

36

11

12

AGO

11

12

11

6

do

do

pek sou
congou

990

540

32 !

30

16

X

16

5

do

bro mix

425

18

17

18

Woodend

17

18

5

16

do

ch

red leaf
bro pek

450

1600

18 1

45 !

[Messr.s.

Somerville

ix Co., 181,848

lb ]

19

20

R. Dola

19

20

13

8

do

do

pekoe

du.st

1300

1224

36

22

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

S2

Elston

22

46

ch

pe sou No.

3450

31

2

Deniyaya

123

14

ch

bro pek

1510'!

withd’n

24

24

4

do

dust

520

25

3

124

8

do

pekoe

800 }

25

25

16

do

congou

1440

28

4

125

4

do

pek sou

400 j

26

AK

26

12

do

bro pek

1200

44

6

A G L

127

30

tlo

bro or pek

3001

45 :

27

Pinwatte

27

10

ch

pek dust

1.500

20 bid

7

128

20

do

or pek

1700

46

29

Nildakande

29

3

do

dust

420

out

8

129

50

do

pekoe

4250

34 bid

34

Ahamud

34

13 hf-ch

pek sou

660

28

9

50

do

pekoe

4250

36

38

U V

38

16

ch

pek sou

1520

32

10

130

10

do

pek sou

850

30

39

K T Y

39

9 hf-ch

bro tea

630

18

11

131

10

do

fannings

1000

34

41

Knockholt

41

32

do

bro pek

1760

58

12

132

7

do

dust

980

27

42

42

37

ch

pekoe

3700

45 bid

13

Carney

133

14 Lf-ch

bro pek

700

55

43

43

40 hf-ch

pek sou

2600

35

14

134

23

do

pekoe

1150

42

45

C M

45

4

ch

15

135

16

do

pek sou

800

34

1 hf ch

bro mix

476

12

16

136

9

do

fans

4-50

34

46

Engurankande 46

4

ch

bro pek

500

39

17

Lonacli

137

49

do

bro pek

2450

60

47

47

6

do

pekoe

624

31

18

138

27

ch

pekoe

2565

43

48

Nugathana

48

6

do

bro pek

600

45 bid

19

139

15

do

pek sou

1360

35

49

49

7

do

pekoe

700

31 bid

20

Benveula

140

25 hf-ch

bro pek

12,50

44

50

50

4

do

dust

420

26 bid

21

141

15

do

pekoe

750

34

23

24

Nugawttla.

143

144

8

11

do

do

bro mix
bro pek

800

6601

.(

25

145

29

do

pekoe

1593

withifn

[Mr. E.

John.

-119, .380 lb.]

28

29

Irex

148

149

7

12

do

ch

bro pek fans
bro pek

455)

1200

50

Lot.

Box.

Pigs. Name

lb.

0.

30

31

150

151

9

8

do

do

pekoe
pek sou

855

800

39

33

1

T & T Co., ;n

34

White Cro.ss

154

27

do

bro pek

2700

49

estate mark

77

70 hf-ch

bro pek

8500

37

35

155

19

do

pekoe

1900

36

2

79

27

ch

pekoe

2430

32

36

156

10

do

pek sou

950

33

V

85

3

do

bro pek fans 420

26

39

Kelani

159

54 hf-ch

bro pek

2970

59

7

Hiralouvah

89

3

do

40

160

19

do

pekoe

1710

40

1 hf-ch

bro pek No. 1 402

40

41

161

7

do

pek sou

630

31

9

103

12

ch

bro mix

1020

37

42

162

9

do

fans

540

37

17

Bvoadlands

119

59 hf-ch

bro pek

2950

46

44

Ivanhoe

164

19

do

bro pek

950

58

18

121

50

do

bro pek

2760

45

45

165

22

ch

pekoe

1980

53

19

123

26

ch

pekoe

2080

39

46

160

1-2

do

pek sou

1030

40

20

125

24

do

pek sou

1680

33

49

169

8 hf-ch

fans

640

37

21

127

7

do

bro tea

490

31

60

170

10

do

dust

700

28

23

P H P, in est.

1 51

G L A

171

25

ch

pek sou

2125

30

mark

131

13

do

br or pek

1326

57 bid

52

172

12

do

SOU

1200

28

24

133

21

do

or pek

1785

49

53

173

8

do

bro mix

720

18

25

13.5

26

do

pekoe

2080

41

55

Kudaganga

175

13

do

bro pek

1450

53

26 Bandarawatte

137

25 hf-ch

bro pek

1600

42

56

176

6

do

pekoe

600

35

27

139

17

do

pekoe

850

34 bid

57

177

10

do

pek sou

1000

33

28

441

17

do

pek sou

SCO

32

58

178

8

do

unas

800

33

29

Glasgow

113

25

ch

bro or pek

1950

75

59

179

4

do

bro tea

440

40

30

145

18 hf-ch

or pek

1080

62

61

L L in estate

31

147

12

ch

pekoe

1140

45 bid

mark

ISl

18

do

pek sou

1800

26

32

Digdola

149

33 hf-ch

bro pek

1650

66

: 62

Matar.a

132

12

do

bro pek

1224

40 bid

33

151

25

ch

pekoe

2000

35

, 63

1S3

30

do

pekoe

2700

31 bid

34

l.'-3

12

do

pek sou

1170

32

1 64

1S4

30

do

pek sou

2737

27 bW

35

155

5

do

dust

650

27

: 65

185

15 hf-ch

<lust

1125

36

Oakfield

167

31

do

bro pek

3400

37 bid

1 66

Monrovia

136

26

do

bro pek

1300

f4

37

159

23

do

ppkoe

2300

36 bid

67

187

29

ch

pekoe '

2755

38

38

161

17

do

pek sou

1500

32 bid

i 67a

187a

12

do

pek sou

1200

:n

39

HS

163

15

do

soil

1275

30

i 68

188

10

do

fans

1000

31

44

GT

173

9

do

congou

900

32

> 70

Morowaka

190

14

do

bro pek

1470

4J bkl
36 '

45

Maddagedera 175

50

do

bro pek

.5000

62

! 71

191

30

do

pekoe

2400

46

177

27

do

pekoe

2665

39

! 72

192

18

do

pek sou

1476

30

47

179

21

do

pek sou

1785

36

i 73

193

6 hf-ch

dust

460

25

48

Pati Rajah

181

10

do

bfo pek

1100

62

1

Walahandu

194

47

ch

bto pek

4700

58

49

183

18

do

pekoe

1800

40

75

195

27

‘ do

pekoe

2680

39

61

K

187

10 hf-ch

pek sou

400

19

76

196

19

do ’

pek sou

1710

34

62

Tientsin

189

52

do

bro or, pek

2600

76 "

78

193

4

ch

fails

400

31

63

191

32

ch

pekoe

2880

46 bid

79

199

3

do

pek dust

510

27

64

193

6

do

p^k sou

540

40

80

L

200

6 lifch

du.st

510

27

65

195'

6 hf-ch

du.st •

420

.30

81

201

6

ch

bro mix

670

66

AJlington

197

26

do

bro pek

1480

42

S2

Waduwa

20‘>

15

do

bro pek

1530

35

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST

Lob

Box.

Pkgs,

Names.

lb.

C.

Hi

203

19 hf-ch

pekoe

950

33 bid

84

204

19

do

pekoe aou

950

38 bid

85 RjitWrtttO

Cocoa Co.

205

24

do

bro pek

2400

45

8<

206

21

do

pekoe

2100

35

87

207

19

do

pek sou

1805

31

80 1

Etayigam Co.,

Limited

209

19

do

bro pek

1900

55

!>()

210

12

do

pekoe

1020

39

91

211

10

ch

pek sou

640

34

92

212

0

do

sou

720

34

9G

Ke.tton

216

27 hf-eh

pek

1350

34

103

Cliingford

223

29

do

pek sou

2150

31 bid

104

TT in est.

mark

224

36 hf-ch

bro pek

2160

43

105

Frierne

225

22

ch

bro pek

2530

44

107

227

37

ch

or pek

3700

44

103

22S

21

do

pekoe

2100

43 bid

100

229

32

do

pek sou

■2000

38 bid

111

231

10

do

fans

1150

32 l)id

113

Wallalla

233

5

do

bro pek No.

1 550

44

114

234

6

de

bro pek No.

2 625

34 bid

nr.

235

5

do

.sou

450

25 bid

117

Mahateime

237

17

do

bro pek

1700 1

113

238

12

do

pekoe

1200/

‘ >V ILIHI II

1*1

I P

240

34

do

pek .sou

2584

32

m

241

16 ;

hf-ch

dust

1280

27

Ingeriya

242

19

do

bro pek

950

59

12S

243

12

do

pekoe

576

40

124

244

26

do

pek sou

1170

34

125

245

7

do

dust

420

41

12^

Deniyaya

247

25

ch

bro pek

2750

60

128

248

14

do

pekoe

1400

42

129

249

7

do

pek sou

700

35

132

Nugawela

252

16

h^ch

bro pek

900

64

133

253

45

do

pekoe

2475

43

134

254

8

ch

pek sou

680

36

13G

256

14

do

bro pek fans 890

46 bid

137

.Jumboowatte 257

5

do

bro pek

520

37 bid

1S8

268

7

ch

pekoe

644

29

139

259

9

do

pek sou

841

23

140

260

6

do

fans

645

20

UO

Ai'duthie

269

18

hf-ch

bro pek

900

54

150

270

20

do

pekoe

1000

42

151

271

17

do

pek sou

850

35

154

Glencoe

274

62

do

bro pek

3120

53

156

275

22

ch

pekoe

1980

43

150

276

24

do

pek sou

2160

36

158

278

7

do

dust

560

29

160

Reygill

280

53

do

bro pek

5830

38

161

Ovoca

281

30

hf-ch

bro or pek

1650

65

162

282

21

do

pekoe

1050

48

105

283

12

ch

pek sou

1140

37

[Messrs, Forbes & Walker.— 435,744 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

Z

M W

608

4

ch

dust

615

18

10

Trewardena

514

4

do

bro pek

420

46

11

516

10

do

pekoe

1000

31

15

Kosgalla

524

31 hf-ch

bro pek

1960

44

10

526

35

do

pekoe

1750

34

17

528

34

do

pek sou

1700

31

18

A ugusta

530

22

ch

bro pek

2420

50

19

532

19

do

pekoe

1900

42

20

634

17

do

pek sou

1530

37

22

638

4

do

dust

560

27

23

Harrington

54t

17

ch

or pek

1955

65

24

542

12

do

pekoe

1260

46

25

544

4

do

pek sou

400

37

27

548

3

do

dust

480

29

28

Helliersett

550

63 hf-ch

bro or pek

3717

64

29

552

13

ch

or pek

1248

70

30

554

19

do

pekoe

1786

59

31

556

11

do

pek sou

924

50

33

M.rtale

560

17

ch

bro pek

1700

45

34

562

19

do

pekoe

1710

39

o :

M E

568

12

ch

1 hf-ch

dust

1650

20

3C

Baudarawella 570

28

do

bro or pek

1820

72 1 id

39

572

23

do

or pek

1266

60

40

574

, 28

do

do

1680

59

41

T.xlgaswelo

576

20

ch’

bro pek

1800

54

42

578

9

do

bro pe No. 2 990

44

43

580

16

do

nekoe

1440

36

44

682

25

(lo

pek sou

2126

32

45

584

6

do

dust

700

27

40

Blairgowrie

586

9

ch

bro pek

972

56 bid

4T

588

10

do

pekoe

890

48

48

590

7

do

pek sou

686

36

.50

Rock side

594

27

do

pek Ne. 2

2700

54

5)

590

24

do

pek sou

2400

45

598

4

do

Pro mix

400

30

5«

000

12

do

pek fans

1560

41

Lot. Box.

Pkg8.

Name.

lb.

C.

54

Nahaveena

602

74 hf-ch

bro pek

3700

53

55

604

33

do

pekoe

1650

49

56

606

41

do

pek sou

2050

43

59

0 M

612

9

ch

mixed

656

withd’n.

61

W F, in estate

mark

616

9

ch

bro mix

810

29

62

618

5

do

pek fans

450

39

65

Pantiya

624

6

do

dust

780

26

71

Melrose

636

40

do

bro pek

4400

42

72

638

80

do

pekoe

3000

36

73

640

8

do

pek sou

800

33

74

Shannon

642

14

hf-ch

bro pek

700

49

75

644

11

ch

pekoe

770

34

79

Ascot

652

39

do

bro pek

3900

43

80

654

32

do

pekoe

2720

35

81

656

8

do

pek sou

760

36

84

Deaculla

662

30 :

hf-ch

bro pek

1800

74

85

664

24

ch

pekoe

1800

50

90

Agraoya

674

21

do

bro pek

2100

53

91

676

17

do

pekoe

1445

41

92

678

do

pek sou

665

34

93

S E M

680

5

do

pek sou

No. 1

515

20

95

Naseby

684

20

hf-ch

bro pek

1100

76

96

686

16

do

pekoe

800

56

99

Roebery

692

35

ch

bro pek

3500

50

100

694

40

do

pekoe

4000

44

101

696

15

do

pek sou

1500

37

103

700

7

do

sou

560

32

104

Amblakancle

702

13

ch

bro pek

1170

53

105

704

13

do

pekoe

1170

44

106

706

7

do

pek sou

700

37

108

Arapolakan-

de

710

35

ch

bro pek

3800

45 bid

109

712

48

do

pekoe

3440

35

no

714

8

do

pek sou

800

31

112

Doomba

718

1

do

bro tea

882

28

113

720

0

do

red leaf

500

18

117

Dromoland

728

13

do

pek sou

1105

34

118

730

3

do

dust

435

*»6

120

Ingurugalla

734

10

ch

bro tea

1200

29

125

Labookelle

744

4

do

bro tea

400

18

126

COBB

746

22

hf-ch

dust

1760

26

127

W HR

748

7

ch

bro pek

805

46

128

750

6

do

pekoe

540

43

129

752

12 :

hf-ch

pekoe

660

43

131

756

11

ch

dust

1760

27

133

Oodewella

760

0

do

bro mix

480

16

134

Torwood

762

30

do

bro pek

2940

53

135

764

65

do

pekoe

5525

36

136

766

23

do

pek sou

1840

32

137

768

6

do

sou

510

27

138

770

10

do

dust

1200

27

139

Vellaioya

772

20

ch

bro tea

2000

25

140

Beausejour

774

25

do

bro pek

2500

46

141

776

36

do

pekoe

3150

35

142

778

5

do

fans

475

28

143

780

3

do

du.st

420

25

144

Carlabeck

782

9

do

pek aou

945

55

145

784

8

hf-ch

bro pe fans

600

42 bid

149

Doonevale

792

14

ch

bro pek

1400

44

150

794

24

do

pekoe

2160

33 bid

153

M B 0, in est

mark

'800

8

ch

bro mix

760

18

155

Kirimettia

804

7

do

unas

630

37

156

IVeyunga-

waite

806

25

hf-ch

bro pek

1375

51

157

808

23

ch

pek No. 1

2870

47

158

810

15

do

pek No. 2

1275

42

159

812

7

do

pek sou

665

36

161

Tanawatte

816

41

ch

pek fans

3690

21

162

A P K

818

20

do

bro pek

2000

42

163

820

18

do

pekoe

1440

35

164

822

4

do

pek sou

400

30

165

Denmark Hill 824

40

ch

bro or pek

2360

67

166

826

8

do

or pek

760

72

167

828

11

do

pekoe

1035

58

168

830

7

do

pek sou

588

61

170

Fairfa.\

834

36

ch

bro pek

3636

34

171

836

17

do

pekoe

1630

36 bid

172

838

13

do

pek sou

1170

32

173

Radella

840

23

do

bro pek

2300

73

174

842

15

do

pek sou

900

39

175

Maha Uva

844

7

ch

14

hf ch

bro or pek

1400

51

176

846

27

do

or pek

1620

66

177

848

23

ch

pekoe

2300

60

178

850

27

do

pek sou

2295

46

179

Hayes

852

107

hf-ch

bro pek

6350

45

180

854

67

do

pekoe

3015

38

181

856

38

do

pek aou

1710

33

182

858

8

do

dust

400

28

183

High Forest

SCO

141

hf-ch

bro pek

7890

61

184

802

no

do

pekoe

6500

56

185

804

36

do

iwk sou

1800

40

180

Ruiinwella

806

31

do

bro or pek

1860

45

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

187

pkgs.

868

38

hf-ch

Name.

bro pek

lb.

2280

C.

42

188

870

57

ch

pekoe

5130

39

189

872

8

do

pek sou

720

30

190

874

6

do

dust

510

26

191

Kirklees

876

30 hf-ch

bro or pek

1800

77

192

878

40

do

or pek

2000

74

193

880

24

ch

pekoe

2160

61

194

882

22

do

pek sou

1980

46

195

Sandringham 884

38

do

bro pek

4180

73

196

886

33

do

pekoe

2970

55

197

■\Valpita

888

14 hf-ch

bro pek

840

44

198

890

10

ch

pekoe

1000

32

199

892

9

do

pek sou

900

28

203

Caxton

900

15

do

bro pek

1500

40

204

902

18

do

pekoe

1440

35 bid

206

904

8

do

pek sou

720

29 bid

206

Castlereagh

906

12

ch

bro pek

1200

70

207

908

12

do

or pek

1080

50

208

910

17

do

pekoe

1530

40

209

912

8

do

pek sou

640

34

212

C P H GaUe,
in estate
mark 918

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1440

44

218

920

20

do

pekoe

1000

30

214

922

8

do

pek sou

400

28

216

A 0

926

5

ch

bro pek

525

23

224

Weoya

942

80

ch

bro pek

8000

47

225

944

do

pekoe

6130

34

226

946

52

do

pek sou

4680

31

227

948

7

do

fans

735

33

228

950

4

do

dust

600

26

233

Galkadua

960

15

ch

bro pek

1500

46

234

962

13

do

pekoe

1300

33

235

964

9

do

pek sou

900

30

239

Scrubs

972

8

ch

pek sou

760

49

241

976

4

do

dust

600

28

245

Tonacombe

984

23

do

or pek

2300

69

246

986

18

do

bro pek

2160

55

247

988

41

do

pekoe

4100

54

248

990

12

do

pek sou

1080

40

249

992

8 hf-ch

dust

720

28

250

Farnham

994

56

do

bro pek

2520

50 bid

251

996

22

do

or pek

924

47

252

998

37

do

pekoe

1554

39

253

1000

35

do

pek sou

1400

35

254

2

11

do

bro tea

440

27

260

Halton

14

12

ch

bro pek

1200

54

261

16

12

do

bro pek

1200

62

262

18

17

do

pekoe

1615

39

203

20

6

do

pek sou

570

34

269

Munamal

32

5

ch

unas

450

29

270

Geragama

34

4

do

bro pek

440

53

271

36

4

do

or pek

400

42

272

30

12

do

pekoe

1200

40

273

40

7

do

pek sou

700

36

276

Patiagama

46

13

ch

bro or pek

1430

65

277

48

8

do

bro pek

800

62

278

60

11

do

pekoe

1100

50

281

A-M B

56

17

ch

bro pek sou 1394

24

28?

58

8

do

fans

896

18

283

60

6

do

red leaf

640

18

284

Langdale

62

17

ch

bro pek

2040

70

285

64

19

do

pekoe

1900

57

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs. A.

H. Thompson

O

p

Lot.

Box. Pkgs. Name

lb.

C.

6

W E

6

1 ch

fans

100

18

8

8

2 do

dust

300

25

9

9

1 do

congou

90

19

13

AGO

13

2 do

dust

300

23

14

XXX

14

1 do

unas

120

16

15

X

15

1 ch

congou

90

21

21

G

21

4 hf-ch

bro pek

180

30 bid

23

Elston

23

3 ch

bro mix

300

29

28

Nildankande

23

3 do

pek dust

396

25

30

30

2 do

dust No. 2 300

15

31

C

31

2 do

bro pek

200

29 bid

32

Ahamud

32

6 hf-ch

bro pek

300

44

33

33

6 do

pekoe

800

33

35

35

3 do

fans

200

15

36

36

2 do

congou

115

20

37

N T

37

5 do

fans

326

26

40

D

40

4 ch

fans

320

28

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot. Box. Pkg.s. Name.

lb, c.

8 T & T Co., in

estate mark 81 4 ch pek sou

860 25

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

4

83

1 ch

sou

90

21

6

87

1 do

pek dust

140

25

8

Hiralouvah

101

1 do

tans

136

37

10

105

2 do

2 hf-ch

unas

328

24

11

107

1 do

dust

72

26

15

Cataratenne

115

2 ch

dust

170

26

22

Broadlands

129

4 hf-ch

dust

320

26

40

H S

165

4 do

dust

340

24

41

167

5 bags

red leaf

360

17

42

169

1 bag

fluff

7"

11

43

GT

171

4 hf-ch

dust

380

20

60

Pati Rajah

185

4 ch

pek sou

360

29

59

Allington

203

3 hf-ch

dust

240

27

61

207

1 do

red leaf

55

18

88

Osburne

261

3 ch

bro tea

306

14

Messrs. Somerville & Co.

Lot

Box

Pkgs

. Name

lb.

C.

5

Deniyaya

126

1

ch

dust

130

withd’n

22

Benveula

142

1

do

dust No.

1

100

27

22a

142a

1

do

dust No.

2

100

25

23

148

8

do

bro mix

800

24

26

Nugawela

146

4

do

pek sou

340)

- ,,

27

147

4

do

bro mix

360)

withd n

31

Irex

152

2

do

dust

200

24

38

White Cross

158

1

do

fans

140

28

43

Kelani

163

2 hf-ch

dust

160

27

47

Ivanhoe

167

2

ch

sou

180

34

48

186

4

do

bro mix

360

25

54

T C A in est.

mark

174

1

do

red leaf

112

16

60

Kudaganga

180

1

do

congou

92

26

69

Monrovia

189

2

do

pek dust

270

25

88 Ratwatte Cocoa

Company

208

1

do

dust

80

26

92

Rayigam Co. ,

Limited

212

3

do

sou

240

29

2

do

bro pek fans

160

26

93

Cholankandei 213

1

do

bro mix

no

21

94

214

3

do

fans

210

26

95

215

1

do

dust

100

26

96

Eston

216

27

do

pek

1350

34

97

Kosgaliahena 217

3

do

bro pek

170

44

98

218

6

do

pokoe

360

32

99

219

2

do

pek sou

120

27

100

220

o

do

congou

95

24

101

221

1

do

fans

55

26

102

222

1

do

bro tea

50

25

110

Frierne

230

4

ch

sou

360

33 bid

112

W

232

2 hf-ch

unas

103

28

126

Ingeriya

246

2 hf-ch

dust

176

25

130

Deniyaya

250

3

ch

dust

390

23

131

251

1

do

unas

100

28

135

Nugawela

255

4

do

bro mix

360

24

141

Jumboo watte 261

3

do

dust

240

23

142

262

1

do

pekoe A

89

27

143

263

1

do

fans A

73

20

144

C M in estate

mark

264

1

do

pekoe

74

26

145

265

1 hf-ch

dust

37

25

146

M W in estate

mark

266

1

ch

bro pek

109

66

148

AG

268

1 hf ch

red leaf

48

17

152

Arduthie

272

2

do

sou

no

20

153

273

3

do

dust

225

26

157

Glencoe

277

3

ch

red leaf

270

15

159

279

3

do

sou

270

24

[Messrs, Forbes

& Walker.

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

1

M IV

496

1 hf-ch

pekoe

55

25

2

498

1

ch

pek sou

100

24

3

500

1

do

sou

no

18

4

502

1

do

bro sou

no

14

5

504

3

do

bro tea

300

14

6

506

1 hf-ch

fans

60

26

8

M

610

3

ch

pek No. 1

271

46

9

Trewardena

512

3

do

or pek

300

37

12

518

2

do

pek sou

210

27

13

520

2

do

bro tea

180

18

14

K H L

522

3

ch

bro mix

270

22

21

Augustii

536

2

do

sou

180

30

26

Harrington

546

1

ch

sou

100

33

32

Hethersett

558

2

do

pek fans

340

28

35

L C, in estate

mark

564

3

ch

bro tea

360

18

36

566

4

do

red leaf

360

14

49

Blairgowrie

592

1

do

dust

141

26

67

Nahaveena

608

3 hf-ch

dust

225

26

68

610

1

do

cougou

40

30

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box.

Pkg.S.

Name.

lb.

C.

60 OM

614

1 ch

fans

71

withd’n.

66 RagaJla

626

3 do

bro mix

360

34

67 J H S, in estate

mark

628

1 hf-ch

or pek

56

44

68

630

1 do

pekoe

58

42

69

632

3 ch

unas

300

34

76

634

1 hf-ch

dust

44

26

7« WOP

646

2 ch

bro pek

224

45

77

648

2 do

pekoe

180

36

78

650

1 do

pek sou

80

34

82 Ascot

658

5 hf-ch

pek fan

350

27

83

660

3 ch

dust

270

26

S4 S E M

682

2 do

dust No. 1

274

23

97 Naseby

CS8

3 hf-ch

pek sou

150

45

N

690

2 do

dust

184

28

102 Roebery

698

3 ch

fans

300

28

107 Amblakande

708

2 do

fans

240

29

111 .4,rapolakan-

de

716

3 ch

dust

330

26

114 Dromoland

722

1 do

bro or pek

105

45

116

724

1 do

or pek

95

40

116

726

1 do

pekoe

90

34

119

732

1 do

red leaf dust 155

withd’n.

121 L, in estate

mark

736

3 ch

bro tea

330

18

122 AG

738

3 do

bro tea

300

22

123

740

1 do

dust

120

26

124 C, in estate

mark

742

3 ch

bro tea

300

18

130 WHR

754

1 do

pek sou

85

37

132

758

3 do

dust

300

27

146 Norwood

786

1 do .

pek sou

97

38

147

788

1 do

sou

100

32

148

790

1 do

bro tea

88

18

151 Wevekellie

996

3 do

bro tea

330

25

152

798

2 ch

dust

240

26

154 MB 0, in est.

mark

802

1 hf-ch

dust

77

26

160 Weyunga-

watte

814

2 do

dust

160

27

169 Denmark Hill 832

2 ch

pek fans

340

30

200 Walpita

894

1 do

.sou

100

19

201

896

2 do

fans

220

24

202

898

1 do

mixed

100

27

210 Castlereagh

914

3 hf-ch

Irro fans

210

35

211

916

2 do

dust

160

27

215 CPHGaUe,

in estate

mark

924

6 hf-ch

congou

301

23

217 Muttu Wappa 928

1 box

2 hf-ch

bro pek

123

40

218

930

3 ch

pekoe

313

28

229

952

2 do

bro pek

200

37

230

954

3 do

pekoe

270

27

231

956

1 do

pek sou

ICO

21

232

958

1 do

fans

130

16

236 Galkadua

966

2 hf-ch

dust

1.50

25

237 GS

968

2 ch

sou

200

16

238 .Scrubs

970

3 do

or pek fans

390

37 bid

240

974

2 do

bro tea

220

34

255 D R, in estate

mark

4

1 hf-ch

pekoe

47

36

Lot.

Box

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

256

6

1

do

congou

46

33

264

Halton

22

2

ch

bro mix

190

25

265

24

6 hf-ch

dust

375

27

266

Munamal

26

3

ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek

350

46

267

28

3

ch

pekoe

270

34

268

30

2

do

sou

170

39

274

Geragama

42

1

ch

congou

100

28

275

44

1

do

fans

130

27

279

Patiagama

52

2

do

pek sou

220

35

280

54

1

do

dust

160

28

286

Langdale

66

3

ch

pek sou

285

40

287

68

1

do

dust

155

28

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

{From Our Commercial Correspondent).

Mincing Lane, Jane 19, 1896.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 19th June : —

Ex “Duke of Argyll"— Kirkoswald, lb 110s; Ic 99s; Ic lb
104s; lb 125s; lb s d 86; 1 bag s d 93s. T KO, lb 80s:.
KO, lb 88s; lb s d 95s. Bridwell, lb 112s; Ic 113s 6d; Ic It
108s 6d; lb 87s; lb 125s; 2 bags (s d) 97s. T B\V, lb 80s.
BW, lb 85s.

Ex “Karamania”— Gowerakellie, Ic 106s; 3c 97s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON,

{From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

Mincing Lane, June 19.

Ex “Clan Sinclair”- - KK, 1.57 bags 45s.

Ex “Benvenue”— North Matale, 72 bags 52s.

Ex “Oolong” — Yattewatte, 133 bags 63s 6d; 5 bags 36s Od.
Boss, 33 b.Tgs 60s; 2 bags 35s.

Ex “Shropshire”— Maousava, 19 bags 49s; 10 bags 54s 6d;
1 bag 38s; 4 Dags 27s 6d.

Ex “Cheshire”— Old Haloya, 8 bags 48s; 1 bag 38s; 1 bag
27s. Kepitigala, 4 bags 51s: 6 bags 50s; 1 bag 42s; 6 bags
52s 6d; 4 bags 46s 6d; 9 bags 52s 6d; 1 bag 43s; 2 bags 33s Od.
Lower Haloya, 6 bags 50s 6d; 2 bags 34s.

Ex “.Shi opshire”—Bajawella cocoa, 33 bags 62s; 4 bags 44s;
3 bags 37s.

Ex “Ben Lomond”— Eadella, 47 bags 45s.

CBSERVKR PRINTING WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CI^JGHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

1 Price : — 12J cents each 3 copies
^ cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

NO. 27.]

Colombo, July 20, 189G.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs.

Lot.

1 Craiiley
•>

3

4

Lot.

1 Kalkancle

O

3

6

7

11 Warwick

13 K W

14 Kirimittia

16 A, in estate

mark

17 .IF

18 B & D

19 K

A. M. Gepp & Co.— 9,3.50 lb.]

ikgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

l' 40 ch

1)1-0 pek

4400

71 bid

3 35 clo

pekoe

3150

49 bid

5 15 do

pek sou

1350

44

7 6 hf-ch

(lust

450

32 bid

1. Thomp-son & Co.-

-60,918 lb.]

}o.\'. Pk"8.

Name.

lb.

C.

1 14 hf-ch

bro pek

700

53

2 15 do

pekoe No.

1 750

43 bid

3 n do

do No.

2 550

39 bid

6 12 do

sou

600

32

7 11 do

bro mix

605

28

11 7 hf-ch

pek sou

4-20

44

13 15 ch

pekoe

1500

34

14 8 do

pekoe

576

28

16

17

18
19

23 Lower Dikoya 23

24

24

42 SapitiyagocUle 42

43 43

44 44

45 Elston 45

46 V K N, in estate

in rlc 46

47 47

48 48

49 A B C, in estate

mark 49

■56 V G 56

.57 57

58 58

59 59
Thiasliola

(Nilgiri)

62 ST

<34 SpringwooJ

30 hf-ch
8 do
6 ch
6 do
36 hf-ch

25 do
34 do
51 do
24 do
48 ch

6 ch

7 do
4 do

13 hf-ch

7 do

26 do
16 ch

8 hf-ch

pek dust
liro pek
dust
hro pek
hro pek

Eekoe
ro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek sou No

bro pek

pekoe

dust

pek sou
congou
bro tea
pek fans
pek dust

60 31 do unas

2400
400
900
600
1980
1509
3440
5100
2160
2 3360

609

709

420

769

630

2340

1760

720

1550

27

40

25

29 bid
47

34 bid
53

43 bid
37 bid
33

37 bid

31 bid

23 bid

20 bid
25

32

24

25

37

[Mr.

Lo*.

1 Faithlie
•>

6

7

8
0

14

Poilakande

Ardlaw & Wisli
ford
15
10

17

18
10

•21 Ottery & Stam-
ford Hill

Ilunugalla

23

25

26
■2/
28

29

30
;-'3

34

35
3-3

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47
49

Eila

Ivies

Whyddoii

Glcntilt

Kaiiangama

Lameliere

St. John’s

Lot.

Bo.x.

Pktrs.

Name.

lb.

C.

50

361

.54 hf-ch

or pek

2484

RlTl

51

363

12

ch

pekoe

1-260

81

52

365

12

tlo

pek sou

1020

65

59

SUN

379

5

(lo

dust

5Q0

24 bid

61

Anclior, in est.

mark

383

28

do

bro or pek

2809

69

6-2

385

16

do

or pek

1232

55

63

387

12 hf-ch

dust

1080

•20

64

Pati Rajah

389

10

ch

bro pek

900

51

65

391

8

do

pekoe

576

38

66

393

11

(lo

pek sou

79-2

35

68

Maryland

397

6

do

bro pek

660

44

69

399

6

(lo

pekoe

630

35

Agra Oiivah

Agra Ouvah

405

407

409

411

413

Invoice No. 38.

60 hf-ch hro or pek

29

10

10

13

do

ch

do

do

or pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek fans

77 Agra Ouvali

78

79

80
81
82
86

Invoice No. 39.

415 63 hf-ch hro or pek
31 do

Logan

Chapelton

417

419

421

423

425

433

ch

do

do

do

(lo

87

89

90
101
102

103

104

105
1U6
107
110
111
112
IIS

119

120
121
122

Rangbodde

435
439
441

Bandarawatte 463
465

Birnam
Turin

2 hf-ch

Kotnagedera

Mocha

467

469

471

473

475

481

483

483

497

499

1

3

9

35

13

24
12

8

12

12

12

12

31

28

25
31
29
19
18

6

do

do

clo

ch

do

clo

do

clo

do

clo

clo

clo

clo

clo

(lo

(lo

clo

do

or pek
pekoe
bro pek
])ekoe
[lek sou

bro mix
dust
dust
congou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
iu'o pek
pekoe
pvk sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

390 >
1740
1000
1000
1196

4225

1705

1100

1652

1710

765

710
755
4200
975
2280
1080
560
1320
1200
1200
1200
3100
2800
2575
3255
■2755
17 0

pe sou No. 2 16'20
fans 810

87

63

5-5

45

34

85

61

55

47

37 bid

■24

23

•80

31

46

33 bid

51
44
57

47

34

52
39
33
71
54
49
41

30 bid

6-2

5 ch

.sou

435

25

64

5 do

bro mix

475

■24

E.

John.-

-181,310

lb.]

Box.

Pkgs

. Name

lb.

0.

263

IS

ch

sou

1710

35

265

d

do

bro tea

600

29

273

6

do

dust

480

30

‘275

48 hf-ch

bro pek

■2855

00

277

40

ch

pekoe

3600

43

279

45

do

pek sou

3600

36

289

15

do

bro or pek 1650

75

■201

13

do

bro pek

1391

52 bid

293

5

do

pekoe

500

47

•205

22

do

bro pek

2200

45

•297

9

do

pekoe

900

36

•299

s

do

pek sou

800

32

303

‘22

do

1)1-0 pek

2-200

81

305

18

do

or pek

1530

74

307

34

do

pekoe

3000

54

311

40

(lo

bro pek

3910

no

313

30

do

l)ekoe

■25.50

38 bid

315

In

do

pek sou

1275

34

317

18

lif-ch

bro pek

900

61

319

15

ch

pekoe

13.50

38 bid

3-2 1

10

do

pek SQU

00)

31 bid

8-27

1-2

do

bro pek

1-260

73

,3'29

12

do

pekoe

12l'0

55

331

1-2

<io

pek sou

1200

47

333

41

do

bro pek

4305

63

335

23

do

pekoe

2 >7.'.

48

3-;o

t

do

fans

680

2-S

311

45

<lo

bro pek

4.500

4-2

34 5

2^

do

pekc'c

2160

3-2 bid

315

5

do

pek sou

4.')0

■28

347

6

do

tans

.570

■26

319

4

do

(lust

.560

21

351

23

ch

bi o pek

■2478

r.4

353

21

do

pekoe

1954

.so

355

16

do

pek sou

1430

4-2

359

13

do

br or pek 1.560

RI-11

1-23

Westhall

7

9

do

l)i'o mix

810

•20

1^24

Orinidale

9

25

hf-ch

or pek

1250

Rl-08

125

11

55

boxes

hro or pek

1100

Rl-35

126

13

33

hf-ch

pekoe

1650

75

127

15

13

do

pek sou

650

70

128

17

7

(lo

dust

5‘25

54

1-29

H S, in estate

mark

19

13

ch

bro pek

1365

30 bid

130

21

7

do

pekoe

700

31 bid

131

‘23

8

(lo

pek sou

7-20

31

13-2

25

14

do

SOU

1190

30

133

27

8

hf-ch

dust

.680

*25

134

29

8

do

red leaf

684

20

135

N

31

11

ch

SOU

1100

32 bid

141

Wewesse

43

■21

hf-ch

1)10 ))ek

1155

O )

142

45

22

do

pekoe

1210

53

143

47

20

do

pek sou

10' 10

45

144

49

6

(lo

dust

480

28

[ME.SSRS.

Somerville

cN Co., 20.3,53.3

lb]

Lot

Bo.v

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

0

6

13

14
1.5

15

25

26

32

33
3 1

41

42
4 5
41

45

46

47

48

Bogahagode-
watte
Patulp ^na

California

B-ittag.xlla
Mahatenne

Inehstelly &
Woodthorpe

1

6

6

13

14

15
IS

25

26

Minna

Burnside

33

34

41

M

42

43
41

45

46

47

8 ch
15 hf-ch
11 clo
4 eh

I hf-ch
7 ch

7 do
50 hf-ch
17 eh
42 di

10 do
1-5 do
15 do
52 do
52 do
69 ch
28 ch

II do

11 hf-ch
17 d)
25 do

bro pek
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek

pekoe
pek sou
cl li st
bro pek
pekoe

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
luo pek

pekoe
pek sou
bro mix
dust
bro pek
pekoe

880

S25

550

450

700

700

3750

1700

12110

1900

lOiO

HI50

31-20

31-20

48-50

2520

1100

990

850

1250

41

42
33
45

35

80

30
•50

38

55 bid

41 bid

35 bid

68

67

50

44

31
•26
.5 5

39

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Bo.\-

. Pks8,

, Name.

11).

C,

51 Miiisanui

50 24 ch

bro pek

2140

41 bid

52

51

16 hf-ch

bro uek Xo 2

800

32 bid

53

52

13 do

pekoe

540

32 bid

51

53 ‘

i2 do

pek sou

3820

28

55

54

12 do

dust

960

24 bid

55 11

; in estate

mark

55 i

30 i'll

bro pek

3000

47

57

19 do

pekoe

1710

35 l)id

oS

57

26 do

pek sou

2600

31 bid

Cl T

H IV in est.

mark

63

12 do

bro pek

1-200

45

C.'<

04

20 do

pekoe

2000

35

C(i

65

12 do

pek sou

1185

29

C!* Alutaama

68

13 do

lu'o pt-k

1340

35 bid

70

09

2t do

pekoe

1070

31 bid

73 M V

77

13 hf-ch

dust

10,53

20 bid

79 Xeuchatel

78

27 ch

bro pek

2700

51

to

79

25 do

pekoe

1875

40

81

SO

IS do

pek sou

1260

34

82 New Perade-

niva

81

20 do

bro pek

2100

60

83

82

26 do

pekoe

2080

42 bid

81

83

35 do

pek sou

2625

36

87 C

dtrii.s

86

8 ch

bro pek

SOO

43

S3

87

10 do

pekoe

967

36

03 Mousakande

92

IS <lo

))ckoe

1670

38

03 1

•'or., St Hill

97

9 do

bro pek

951

62

93

98

7 do

pekoe

672

39

100

99

6 do

pek sou

545

S3

IOC

X K

105

12 do

bro tea

1080

25

103

Castlemilk

107

7 hf-ch

dust

595

29

lOD

108

7 do

fans

511

27

111

Penrith

113

43 ch

bro pek

4300

53

Ho

114

34 do

pekoe

2720

40

110

115

29 do

pek sou

2465

35

119

Maria

118

6 do

bro pek

000

48

120

119

13 do

pekoe

1300

35

125

K

124

0 hf-ch

unas

COO-

35

12s

Wattesama

127

14 ch

bro orpek

1400

43 bid

129

128

15 do

bro pek

1500

48

120

129

22 hf-ch

or pek

924

48 bid

131

130

32 ch

pekoe

2720

38

132

131

31 do

pek sou

2790

32 bid

130

Koseneath

135

52 do

1)10 pek

2800

49

137

136

15 ch

pekoe

1350

39

138

137

19 do

petv sou

1710

32

HO

.Sirisanda

139

18 hf-ch

bro pek

1080

55

111

140

32 do

pekoe

1600

37

112

141

51 do

pek sou

2550

34

115

144

6 do

dust

438

28

140

M P in est.

mark

Its

20 do

bro pek

1120

45

117

146

11 do

pekoe

594

35

151

Mahatenne

150

8 ch

bro pek

800

49 bid

152

151

5 do

pekoe

500

41

153

152

14 do

pek sou

1400

35

IGl

Kananka

163

24 do

bro pek

2520

49

105

104

32 do

pekoe

3200

leo

165

29 do

pek sou

2465

32

107

166

26 do

fans

2600

dV

108

107

3 do

dust

402

27

170

Kew

169

10 lif-ch

bro or pek

500

90

171

170

14 do

or pek

700

86

172

171

12 do

bro pek

720

07

173

172

27 ch

pekoe

2484

53

171

173

11 do

pek sou

1045

44

175

174

5 do

you

600

31

176

175

4 do

bro tea

400

13

178

Labusama

177

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1320

49 bid

179

178

20 ch

pekoe

2000

37

ISO

179

20 do

pek sou

1800

£3

182

Alpitikande 181

17 do

bro pek

1700

49

183

182

26 do

pekoe

2080

4i

181

183

16 do

pek sou

1200

36

15:! »

tiiutota

188

6 do

pekoe

540

35

190

189

15 hf-ch

or pek fans

1060

29 bid

191

Bolin p;al la

190

27 ch

bro pell

2430

43

192

191

15 do

pekoe

1200

49

193

182

7 do

pek sou

635

33

190

PaiyaKulla

195

43 do

pekoe

£840

33

197

196

12 hf-cli

(lust

960

24 bid

199

Malvern

198

23 do

bro pek

1205

42

SCO

199

42 do

pekoe

2310

34

203

Kumbiifiama 202

; 12 do

dust

900

24 bid

201

!•’ F in estate

mark

203 S ch

bro tea

920

33

205

201

3 do

dust

450

29

[Messrs. J

b’ORRES &

Walker.—

.302,772

lb.]

Lot.

Box. Pkg

8. Name.

lb.

C.

13

Ckesterford

94 35 cll hi'O pek

3500

55

14

90 30 do pekoe

3000

43

15

98 29 ilo pek sou

2900

35

2:>

Great Valley .1

14 17 do 1)10 pek

935

75

3:4

lib 10 do orpek

880

09

Lot

Box,

Pk-S.

Name.

lb.

C.

25

118

45

ch

pekoe

4050

43

20

120

20

dn

pek sou

1700

34

27 Ranawel'a

12-2

0

do

bro pek

GOO

63

28

124

7

do

pekoe

560

49

29

126

9

do

pek sou

630

36

31 Kiriucli

ItO

14

ch

bro pek

1400

66

32

132

19

do

pekoe

1520

51

35

134

25

do

pek sou

1750

35

42

Pansalatenne

152

31

do

bro pek

3255

49 bid

43

1.5.4

41

do

pekoe

4100

40

44

150

5

do

pek sou

475

34

46

3t. Kildi

160

30

ch

bro pek

2700

46 bid

47

102

18

do

pekoe

1440

36 bid

48

164

7

do

pek sou

665

34

49

100

5

do

(lust

475

26 bid

50

B D W A

168

6 hf-ch

mix tea

4-20

42

51

170

9

do

congou

450

30

55

Crathie

178

12

ch

pek sou

1080

37

57

182

7

do

(lust

770

33

69

Stisted

180

40 hf-ch

bro pek

2930

54

60

188

33

do

pekoe

2115

52

61

190

28

do

pek sou

1400

37

62

Cratliie

192

11

ch

pek sou

990

37

61

Concordia

190

40

do

bro pek

4600

94

65

198

38

do

pekoe

3800

62

66

200

20

do

pek sou

2600

54

69

200

3

do

dust

5J4

38

70

C II, in estate

mark

230

12

ch

sou

1200

33

71

CH

210

15

ch

dust

1200

29

72

212

12

do

red leaf

1-200

25

75

Springkell

218

7

do

dust

560

33

77

Matale

222

15

ch

bro pek

1500

49

78

224

18

do

pekoe

1620

40

82

Hylton

232

11

do

bro pek

1100

51

S3

234

13

do

Dekoe

1170

40

85

St. lleliers

218

41 hf-ch

bro or pek

•2245

54

86

240

14

ch

pekoe

1400

41

87

242

4

do

pek sou

400

36

9,)

Dunbir

253

15

ch

pek sou

1350

•i5-

99

AmblangocMa

260

11

do

bro pek

llOJ

43

100

263

16

do

pekoe

1440

SO-

101

270

7

do

pek sou

630

BS

103

P D M, in est

mark

’274

U

ch

sou

sso

33

101

276

7 hf-ch

dust

490

29

107

Kllaoya

282

8

ch

bro pek

896

0(1

108

284

17

do

or pek

1682

C-8

109

230

19

do

pek sou

1710

40

110

288

8

do

pek fans

920

36

111

Errolhvood

290

13

ch

bro pek

1430

78

112

292

14

if-ch

or pek

560

79

113

291

28

ch

pekoe

2800

62

114

296

10

lif*ch

pek sou

800

42

1-24

Dunkeld

310

19

ch

bro pek

1995

63

125

318

•28

hf-ch

or pek

1400

65

1'20

320

10

ch

pekoe

1600

39

123

H KD

3-24

8

do

bro pe No 2 1000

4-2.

129

320

0

do

unas

720

35

131

330

5

do

red leaf

550

24

132

332

0

do

dust

960

29

138

High Fore.st

344

67

if-cli

bro i)e.k

375-2

61

139

310

48

do

pekoe

2100

55

140

348

23

do

pek sou

1150

42

141

Ilea Ella

360

48

do

bro pek

2640

44

142

352

38

(lo

pekoe

1900

SO-

143

351

12

do

pek sou

COO

BS

14)

Chines

358

54

ch

bro pek

5400

49

146

360

47

do

pekoe

4-230

37

1.7

362

12

do

1

lif-ch

pek sou

1130

£2

148

3(i4

4

do

dust

560

27

150

Err. cht

368

03

hf-ch

bro ])ek

3400

54

151

370

52

ch

pekoe

4160

89

152

372

30

lif-cii

pek sou

1200

34

153

374

22

ch

fans

889

37

151

376

9

do

dust

1370

28

155

378

4

ilo

bro mix

40 )

20

150

TC4

380

16

do

j)ek sou

1501

33

101

H

390

7

do

(lust

1010

14

102

Ereds lluhe

392

32

ch

ino pek

3200

64

1(3

391

30

do

pekoe

27l0

39

1«1

W A

393

16

do

pek sou

14 iO

35

105

398

6

(io

pekoe

600

36

108

Horanakande

404

12

ch

bro j)ek

1200

01

109

400

12

do

pekoe

1080

39

170

408

12

do

pek sou

1020

33

371

410

11

hf-ch

fans

6(;0

38

17-2

Chalmers

412

7

ch

sou

500

33

174

410

5

do

dust

7(0

26

175

418

0

hf-ch

dust

510

27

180

G.inapalla

428

182

do

bro pek

out)

45

ISl

430

47

ch

pekoe

8700

36

182

432

20

do

I)ok sou

lOlO

32

183

434

15

do

fans

1500

34

184

436

10

hf-ch

dust

800

24

185

Killarnoy

433

45

do

)n'o or pek

2925

£9 bid

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot

Box.

rk

"S.

Name

lb.

C.

ISC

440

22

hf-ch

or pek

1166

04

1ST

442

17

do

pekoe

884

53

ISS

Masseiie

444

30

do

01’ JK'k

1500

44

189

416

30

do

pekoe

1500

38

192

Ireby

452

43

do

bro pek

2580

75

193

454

13

ch

pekoe

1170

56

194

456

7

do

pek sou

630

40

196

460

5

hf-ch

dnst

400

33

20 1

Talgaswela

470

13

ch

hro pek

1170

49 bid

202

472

4

do

do No. 2

1 440

37 bid

203

474

10

do

pekoe

9C0

39

204

47B

24

do

pek son

2040

34

203

Niigngalla

478

19 hf ch

hro pek

950

64

20C

480

64

do

pekoe

2700

49

209

Vaitaliiwa

486

48

do

hro pek

2400

04

210

488

79

do

pekoe

3950

48

211

490

15

do

pok sou

7.50

34

212

492

5

do

dust

425

28

215

Lochiel

498

17 hf-ch

dust

1190

30

210

500

5

ch

congou

540

29

217

Doonevale

502

15

do

bro pek

1500

45

218

504

14

do

pekoe

1260

34 bid

219

.506

8

do

funs

760

28

2^2

E H

512

10

ch

dust

1500

30

224

Moiikswoocl

616

20

do

bro pek

2300

86

225

518

02 hf-ch

or pek

3100

60

226

520

14

ch

pek sou

1260

50

227

522

11 hf-ch

fans

G82

54

228

524

5

ch

hro mix

600

42

526

10 hf ch

dust

780

34

2.30

Necldmiipara

528

24

do

pek sou

1080

31

232

Ganipjha

532

08

do

hro or pek

3740

70

233

.534

60

ch

or pek

4500

69

234

536

20

do

pekoe

2000

54

237

East Holy-

53 bid

rood

542

25

ch

hro or pek

2750

238

544

25

do

hro pek

2125

59

239

546

26

do

pekoe

2340

48 bid

249

Sandringham

560

6

ch

1 hf-ch

hro pek fan

770

41

2jS

Ellekande

604

71 hf-ch

or pek

2840

51

269

606

20

do

hro or pek

1100

56

270

608

48

do

pekoe

2160

38

271

640

15

ch

pek son

975

34

272

Tommagong

612

74 hf-ch

bro pek

4440

79

614

10

ch

pek sou

1050

49

274

616

29 hf-ch

dust

2320

37

230

A, in estate

mark

628

5

ch

fans

580

23

281

M, in estate

mark

630

3

ch

dust

427

25

V285

Munamal

633

5

do

hro mix

475

42

288

Sorana

644

32

hf-ch

hro pek

1600

62

289

646

32

ch

pekoe

2880

37

290

648

14

do

pek sou

1190

33

293

D, in estate

mark

654

4

ch

pek dnst

400

25

294

Ella watte

656

22

do

bro pek

2310

C5

295

658

37

do

pekoe
pek sou

3700

50

296

6C0

7

do

700

29

298

Dambagalla

664

58 hf ch

hro pek

3190

62

299

666

20

do

pekoe

900

51

3C0

008

12

do

pek ! ou

480

46

303

Elfindale

674

18

ch

SOU

1800

32

COl

070

17

do

fans

1700

26

o05

078

10 hf-ch

dust

900

26

306

C41encorse

680

04

ch

hro pek

6080

fS

307

682

30

do

pekoe

2700

40

303

684

40

do

pek sou

3200

34

686

3

do

dust

525

27

310

688

3

do

pek fans

414

33

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot.

Box

Pkgs. Name

lb.

C.

4

Kalkande

4

5

hf-ch

dust

350

27

5

5

2

do

fans

100

34

8

8

6

do

pek .sou

300

33

9

Biackwater

9

1

ch

hro or pek

100

50

10

10

1

do

bro pek

98

35

12

Warwick

12

3 Iif-ch

dust

240

27

15

Kirimittia

15

1

ch

pek sou

75

25

27

1)

27

3

ch

son

289

19 bid

28

Agrakaiule

28

1

do

pek sou

70

32 hid

29

29

1

do

son

100

29 bid

30

M F

30

3

do

son

240

30 hid

31

31

4

do

dust

340

20 1 id

50

A B C, in estiite

mark

50

1

ch

un.as

70

27 hid

51

51

2

do

dnst

200

20 hid

62

52

1 hf-ch

red leaf

40

13

01

.SX

01

4

d

pek sou

368

26

63

63

1

d

red leaf

86

13

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot.

Box.

PkerS.

N ame.

lb.

C.

3

Faithlie

267

1 ch

bro pek fans 115

41

4

269

1 do

pek fans

115

SO

5

271

2 do

unas

212

33

10

Poilakande

281

4 hf-ch

dust

310

27

11

283

5 do

fans

270

30

12

0-S

285

3 bags

fluff

255

12

13

287

4 eh

bro mix

364

24

20

Ferndale

301

4 do

red leaf

380

20

24

Ottery A- Stam-
ford Hill

309

1 do

dust

161

28

31

Ivies

323

5 hf-ch

fans

275

30

32

325

4 do

dnst

240

25

38

Glentilt

337

4 ch

pek son

380

40

48

La meliere

357

3 do

pek fans

255

28

69

S H N

381

1 do

unas

117

34

67

Pali Rajah

395

1 do

red leaf

60

15

70

Marakona

401

1 lif-ch

dnst

86

25

71

Farm

403

3 do”

dnst

240

26

S3

Logan

427

2 ch

bro tea

160

24

81

429

2 hf-ch

dust

170

25

85

431

2 do

unas

100

28

88

Troup

437

1 ch

red lea

95

out

91

W R

443

1 hf-ch

hro or pek

43

77

92

445

1 do

or pek

35

54

93

447

1 ch

bro pek

88

50

91

449

1 do

pekoe

76

43

95

451

1 do

pek .sou

105

36

96

453

1 hf-ch

pek fans

51

37

97

455

1 do

dust

48

27

93

457

1 do

hro mix

47

28

99

L, in est. mark 459

5 do

unas

275

SO

103

Turin

477

1 ch

bro mix

110

25

109

479

2 hf-ch

dnst

180

26

113

Kotnagedera

487

2 do

dust

155

26

136

Kandenuwara

33

3 hf-ch

bro mix

330

26

145

Wewesse

51

2 do

red leaf

90

15

146

53

1 do

fans

65

39

147

Murray thwaite 55

1 cli

bro pek sou

95

26

143

57

2 do

sou

160

2t

149

09

1 do

dust

■ 1.50

26

AIessrs. Somerville & to.

Lot.

Box.

Pksfs

. Name.

lb.

C.

2

Bogaliagode-

watte

2

3

ch

pekoe

30 hid

3

3

4 hf-ch

pek sou

200

26 hid

4

4

1

ch

hro mix

1.50

25

7

Patulpana

7

7

hf-ch

pek sou

350

30

8

8

1

do

sou

45

25

9

9

(

do

hro pek

385

41

10

10

5

do

pekoe

250

33

11

11

3

do

pekoe son

150

29

12

12

1

do

■son

50

24

18

California

16

1

ch

bro pek dust

112

26

17

17

1

do

hro mix

95

16

19

R T in estate

mark

19

3

ch

dust

360

27

20

20

2

do

hro mix

180

28

?7

Mahatenne

27

3

ch

pek sou

300

31

28

Primrose Hill 28

4 hf-ch

hro pek

200

57 hid

29

29

4

do

pek

180

42 hid

30

30

5

do

pek sou

200

33 hid

31

31

1

do

sou

37

CM

35

Inchstclly &

Woodthorpe 35

1

do

sou

7o

27

36

36

1

do

red leaf

54

15

49

Burnside

48

0

do

pek sou

300

32

50

49

1

do

dust

60

26

59

Castle

58

2

do

hro pek

100

45

60

59

2

do

pekoe

100

32

61

60

3

do

pek sou

150

2!)

62

61

1

do

in-o mix

50

22

63

62

2

do

dust

110

17

67

T H IV in est.

mark

66

1

cli

hro mix

93

14

68

67

1

do

dust

1.50

25

77

M V

76

2

ch

red leaf

188

17

85 New PeradeniyaSi

3 Iif-ch

sou

210

29

86

85

2

do

dust

160

28

89

Citrus

88

4

do

pek sou

359

29

90

89

3

do

fans

300

30

91

90

2

do

dust

269

20

92

Mou.sakande

91

3

do

hro pek

318

52

94

93

2

do

pek sou

ISO

32

95

94

4 hf-ch

dust

360

27

96

95

2

ch

congou

166

27

97

96

1 hf-ch

reiLleaf

50

15

101

Forest Hill

100

1

cli

dust

90

20

102

101

1

do

red leaf

84

15

103

102

2

do

congou

166

27

104

N K

103

1 hf-ch

hro pek

6.3

40

105

104

1

do

dust

56

26

107

Castlemilk

106

3

ch

bro mix

234

20

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Box.

fk“S.

Name.

lb.

C.

110 1

S in estate

mark

109 1

do

or pek

89

36

111

no 1

do

bro pek fans

77

41

112

111 1

do

pek fans

128

40

113

112 2

do

dust

202

28

117

Penrith

116 1

ch

dust

100

25

118

117 1

do

lanuiniis

125

28

121

Mount

Pleasant

120 5 hf-cli

bro pek

276

43

122

121 5

do

pekoe

250

34

123

122 5

t‘h

SOU

240

”8

124

1-23 1

do

fans

90

20

126

E

125 2

do

SOU

120

20

127

120 1

hf-ch

dust

48

25

139

Sirisande

138 23

boxes

bro or pek

253

Rl-lO

143

142 6

hf-ch

fans

284

33

144

143 4

do

bro mix

177

18

148

M P in est.

mark

147 7

do

pek sou

322

30

149

148 5

do

bro pek fans

320

29

150

149 3

d(j

dust

240

24

154

Mahateune

153 1

ch

dust

100

24

169

Kananka

168 1

cll

bro tea

95

14

177

Kew

170 31

lif-ch

dust

255

27

181

Labugama

180 1

dr

liekoe fans

100

33

194

Bollagalla

19.3 1

do

bro tea

120

29

195

194 1

do

dust

112

25

198

S

197 2

do

pek sou

230

26

1

hf-ch

201

Malvern

200 2

do

fans

no

27

202

201 2

do

dust

no

25

[Messrs Forbes

cS: AValker.

Lot

Box.

Pko.

5. Name.

lb.

C.

1

Kellebokka

70

3 ch

SOU

800

25

2

Radaga, G I

1 H 72

1 hf-ch

bro pek

50

41

3

74

1 do

pekoe

50

33

4

70

1 do

pek sou

50

25

5

G O W

78

3 do

bro pek

1.50

37

0

80

4 do

pekoe

200

31

7

82

0 do

bro mix

2.15

18

8

84

b ch

pek .sou

205

10

16

Chesterford

100

3 ch

bro tea

300

20

17

102

2 do

dust

SoO

25

18

Gorak.a

104

2 do

bro pek

200

.m

19

100

2 do

pekoe

200

38

20

108

2 do

pek sou

200

33

21

no

1 do

con^^ou

100

27

22

112

1 do

dust

100

25

30

Ranawella

128

1 ch

SOU

67

28

34

Kirindi

130

2 do

sou

140

28

35

138

1 do

dust

80

25

36

140

1 do

red leaf

72

14

45

Pans,alateune 158

3 ch

COUffOU

300

28

52

B D IV A

172

3 hf-ch dust

270

25

53

174

5 do

fairs

350

24

54

Ciathie

170

2 ch

pekoe

190

37

50

ISO

2 do

SOU

ISO

28

58

184

1 do

fans

10.5

31

63

Crathie

194

2 ch

dust

240

27

67

Concordia

202

1 do

SOU

74

42

68

204

■2 do

fans

280

50

73

Hpringkell

214

5 hf-ch sou

250

30

74

210

1 ch

bro tni.x

90

76

220

1 do

pek fans

SO

31

79

Matale

22(i

2 do

SOU

180

28

80

2-28

1 hf-cl

li dust

85

2>

81

230

3 ch

fans

300

28

84

Hylton

230

1 do

unas

105

35

88

Ht. Ileliers

244

1 do

bro tea

no

15

89

216

3 hf-cl

li dust

22)

20

90

ftoraka

248

1 ch

liro tea

100

20

90

K

200

1 do

bro mix

92

23

97

G

202

1 do

4 lif-cli red leaf

284

15

204

3 ch

1 hf-cl

li congou

291

25

102

-Aniba'angodda 272

3 ch

dust

300

20

105

P n M, in

est.

mark

278

4 hf-c

h bro pek fans 200

42

106

290

5 do

bro ini.x

325

24

115

Errol, wood 298

2 do

bro tea

no

32

110

300

3 do

dust

240

2

li7

E

302

2 ch

bro toa

230

27

127

Dunkeld

322

1 do

tiiitf

61

witlid’ii.

130

1) K U

328

3 cll

pek .sou

315

33

144

Dea Ella

350

5 hf-C

h dust

37.)

26

149

( luncs

300

4 cll

red leaf

300

16

1^7

.M .M

382

2 do

hro pek

221

30

158

384

1 do

pekoe

lOJ

29

159

380

2 do

pek sou

194

21

Lot

Box.

Pkcfs.

Names.

lb.

c.

160

M

388

2 ch

pekoe

184

27

160

5V A

400

2 do

1 hbeh

bro mix

260

26

167

402

3 do

dust

270

27

173

Chalmers

414

3 ch

unas

240

35

176

Beauvais

420

1 hf-ch

bro pek

50

.‘5

177

422

1 do

pekoe

5G

43

178

424

1 do

pek sou

60

S9

179

426

1 do

dust

62

£6

190

E

448

2 ch

pek sou

200

36

191

450

1 do

dust

190

28

195

Ireby

458

3 hf-ch

fatrs

210

42

207

Nugagal'a

482

7 do

pek sou

350

208

484

3 do

dust

255

•26

213

D

494

3 ch

bro mix

315

15

214

Lochiel

496

5 hf-ch

pek sou

225

32

220

E H

508

2 ch

peks ou

202

34

221

510

2 do

red leaf

152

22

231

:m

530

4 hf-ch

bro pek sou

244

so

250

.Hamlringiiam

66S

1 do

pekoe

50

46

251

570

1 do

pek sort

50

41

252

572

2 ch

unas

244

33

2S>

Rangalla

632

1 ch

bro pek

103

40

283

634

1 do

dust

159

25

284

N F

636

2 do

sou

196

29

286

Munamal

640

2 ch

pek son

200

30

287

642

3 do

unas

270

35

291

Horana

650

2 do

red leaf

150

24

292

652

1 do

1 hf-ch

dust

200

25

297

Ellawatte

662

3 do

dust

270

25

301

Dambagalla

670

5 do

SOU

225

34

302

672

1 do

dust

85

28

311

Glencorse

690

2 ch

SOU

224

19

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent)

Mincing Lane, June 26, 1896.

Marks ami prices of CEVLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 26tli J une

Ex "Liincashire"— Pittarat Malle, lb 107s; lb 104s; 4c 103s;
Ic 93s; lb 129s; It S4s. Gonaniotava, Oc It llos; 10c It
105s; lb 88s; It lb 129s 6d; Ic 118s; 2c lb 65s 6d; 5 bags
103s 6d.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON,

Mincing Lane, June 2G, 1896.

Ex “Duke of Argyll”— Nortli Matale, 107 bags 65s; 10 bags
(s d) 43s. Alloowiliarie, 46 bags 60s; 1 bag 45s; 2 bags 36s;
5 bags 80s 6d. Dickeria, 8 bags .58s 6d.

Ex “India"— Mukalane A, 32 bags 57s; 3 bags 30s. Vic-
toria A, 6 bags 52s 6d.

Ex “Ping Huey” — Yattawatte, 73 b.ags 02s; 13 bags 35s 6d.
Palli, 47 bags 56s. 7 bags 34s.

Ex “Oolong” — Palli, 42 bags 5Ss; 2 bags 31s. Amba, 24
b.ags 60s; 1 bag 34s.

Ex “NeriteC— Bcredewelle COC, 37 b.ags 56s: 1 bag 45s;
2 bags 44s; 2 bags 37s; 2 bag 25s.

Ex “Clan Campbell” — Beredewelle COC, 12 bags 57s, 1

bag 2Ss.

Ex “Clan Ross” — MAC 2, 5 bags (s d) 23s.

Ex “Yorkshire” — Kandekelle, 25 bags 42.s.

E.x “Lancasiiire” — Kandekelle, 7 bags 42s.

CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON,

Mincing Lank, June 26, 1696.
Ex “Cl.an Druinuiond”— F in estate mark, 2c 2s; ;;c Is lid;
Ic Is 7d; Ic .seeds 2s 8d.

Ex “India” — Gallantenne, 3c 2s lOd; 6c 2s 7d; Ic 2s 2d; 6c
2s; Ic 2s 6d. Gonawolla, 18c 2s 2d; 2c 2s; 6c Is lod; sc

^'^Ex ‘.Hliropshire”— Midlands, Ic 2s Od; .5c 2s 3d; 2c 2s; 2c
2s lOil; 3c Is 8d. Wariagalla, 7c 2s 6d; 9c 2s; 3c Is 9<1;
2c Is 7d.

Ex “Clan Gordon”— OBEC in estate mark, Naranghena,
Ic Is 8d: 1 bag seeds 2s 9d. OBEC in estate mark, Nilloo-
mally, 2c Is lOd; 3c Is 9d. Knuckles, Ic 2s lOd; 2c 2s 6d ;
4c 2s 2(1; 4c Is lod; Ic seeds 2s 8d.

CU.SEKVKB ritlNTING WOHKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 28.]

Colombo, July 27, 1896.

Phice : — 12g cents each 3 copies
30 cents ; 6 copies ^ mpee.

COLOMBO SALES OF

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thomp,son & Co.
Lot. Bo.\. Pkgs. Name.

1

Glengaviffe

1

12

cb

3

3

4

do

dust

4

Vogan

4

34

ch

hro pek

i

o

40

do

pekoe

6

6

34

do

pek sou

7

Peria Ganga-

watte, Invoice

No. 4

7

14

hf ch

bio or pek

8

S

10

ch

or pek

9

9

b

do

)iek sou

11

11

5

hf-ch

dust

12

Peria Ganga-

watte. Invoice

No. 5

12

28

hf-ch

bro or pek

13

13

17

ch

or pek

14

11

10

do

pek sou

15

15

10

hf-ch

fans

16

16

6

do

dust

17

Handvood

17

IS

ch

bro pek

18

IS

LS

do

pekoe

19

19

13

do

pek sou

23

Horn.sey

23

4

do

pek sou

25

M L C, in estate

mark

25

(

do

24

Ilf ch

SOU

27

OM

27

9

<lo

fans

29

St. Leonards on

Sea

29

9

ch

bro pek

30

30

11

do

pekoe

33

M C

33

5

do

bro pek

34

Vog.n

34

14

ch

bro or pek

35

35

21

do

h>'0 pek

36

36

23

do

pekoe

37

37

20

ilo

pek sou

38

38

22

do

SOU

39

39

25

hf-ch

dust

49

A B C, in est.

mark

40

13

hf-oh

pek sou

43

Manickwatte

43

10

ch

bro pek

44

44

5

do

pekoe

46

Regulas

46

4

ch

dust

49

P

49

10

do

pek fans

51

D

51

5

do

pek fans

52

AGO

52

12

ch

pek sou

54

54

7

do

congou

OD

IVoodend

55

12

do

petoe

50

56

12

do

pek sou

59

Engurankan-

lie

59

25 ;

hf-eh

pekoe

63

D L

63

3

ch

pek fans

65

K, in estate

mark

85

1

ch

7 i

hf-ch

pekoe

06

66

3

ch

3 i

hf-ch

SOU

68

Diknuikalane

68

8

do

dust

70

N

70

30

ch

bro pek

71

S S, in estate

mark

71

4

ch

fans

72

70

11

do

bro mix

73

Battalgalla

75

12

»lo

pek .sou

75

Z, in estate

mark

75

15 i

iif-ch

hro pek

76

70

20

do

pekoe

77

12

do

pek son

78

N G

7&

10

do

bro pek

79

79

&

do

pekoe

81

VG

SI

10

ch

pek fans

82

J F

82

9

do

liekoe

84

Ro.semount

84

7

do

pekoe

85

Court Lodge

85

9o hf-vh

\>r pek pek

86

86

40

do

or pek

87

87

24

do

bro pek

88

88

15

ch

jie.koe

89

^9

12

do

))ek sou

90

90

1

do

6 ilf-ch

pek fads

[Mr.

E.

John.-

-237,048 H

Lot.

Box.

Pbgs

. Name

1

D N D, in e.st.

mark

61

15

ch

SOU

2

4

do

{.ins

8

13

ch

dust

4

67

9

hf-ch

liro tea

TEA

• A-

Lo

t. B IX,

.5

Thei-esia

69

6

71

9

Kolapatna

77

83,047

lb.]

10

11

71

81

lb.

c.

12

T & T Co., in

960

34

estate mark

83

600

20

3230

63

13

85

3600

44

14

87

3060

SS

16

91

17

Oaktield

93

18

95

938

57

19

97

820

54

21

Weymouth

101

402

36

22

103

450

28

23

105

25

Peakside

109

26

111

1870

66

21

113

1394

64

28

115

197

35

32

Agar's Land

123

630

38

33

125

630

29

34

127

1800

43

35

129

1500

34

33

-Madultenna

131

1300

31

37

133

400

38

38

Templestowe

13.5

39

137

,40

139

1675

32

41

Kila

141

655

14

42

143

43

145

900

49

44

147

990

35

45

149

633

45

46

Kanangama

151

1400

46

47

153

1S90

65

48

155

2070

44

49

ir7

1700

38

51

161

17C0

34

58

Kanangama

175

1760

2.8

59

177

60

179

760

18 bid

62

183

1-I0(»

46

03

185

500

39

65

Stinsford

189

480

25

66

199

1300

28 bid

67

193

400

32 bid

08

.S F D

19.5

1080

35

09

199

630

32

83

Claremont

231

1200

39

87

233

lOoO

34

90

239

91 New Tunisgalla

241

1500

33 bid

92

243

414

22 bid

93

245

94

llunugalla

247

95

249

459

43

96

251

98

255

409

27

99

Yahalakele

257

4('0

26

100

259

3300

45

101

261

103

26.5

495

30

111

Brownlow

281

995

17 bid

112

2S3

1260

40

US

23.5

114

287

340

43 bid

117

293

2000

35 bid

US

205

1110

30 !)id

123

P T E

305

500

37 bi<l

124

307

44‘J

31

12'.

Vthan.side

309

1760

22

120

Cloiitarf

311

900

33

127

313

420

38 bid

130

G 13

319

5760

74

ISl

3>l

2000

75 bid

132

Goodwood

323

1440

67

133

325

1220

55

134

327

9C0

49

1:35

329

1:39

Callander

337

C4C

35

140

339

14 1

341

142

Razeen

343

•1

lt:3

345

lb.

c.

144

347

118

-Madultenna

355

1.850

36

149

357

4S0

31

15*

B .\ B

359

1040

26

1.54

■V S T Co., in

920

21

estate mark

307

N .TKf .

ib.

c.

5

ch

pek sou

4.50

39

8

hf-ch

<lu:st

6S0

28

4

ch

bro pek

410

6.1 hid

7

ilo

j'okoe

595

52 bid

6

do

pek sou

570

44 bid

60

hf-ch

15

ch

b.o pek

4500

23 bid

36

do

pekoe

3210

29

6

do

pek sou

540

20

4

do

tn-o pek fan.s 480

withd’n

12

do

bro pek

1200

48

15

do

peiroe

1500

39 bid

10

do

pek son

lOUO

35

16

hf-ch

iiro pak

800

53

9

ch

pekoe

810

38

10

do

i>ek sou

750

3.3

17

hf-ch

bro pek

1020

61

S

do

or pek

400

63

33

do

pekoe

16.59

51

12

do

pek sou

600

36

62

do

bro puk

3100

52 bid

25

do

or p-ik

1125

64

61

do

puk sou

3050

40

38

do

or pe.k fans

1900

5)

14

ch

peitoe

1400

38

13

do

TJek sou

1300

34

34

(10

or pek

3230

68

43

do

pekoe

3440

46

23

do

pek .-ioii

1840

38

69

(Id

b-o pek

5865

50

68

do

pekoe

5780

38

44

(lo

pek sou

3740

33

20

do

son

1500

30

14

do

fans

1190

35

22

(lo

(lust

.5040

28

47

(lo

bro pek

4700

40

8

do

pekoe

720

30

6

do

pok fans

570

28

6

do

(Inst

840

26

11

do

bro pek

1045

39

33

do

pek(ie

2970

31

14

do

pek son

1260

28

5

do

fans

475

23

3

do

(lust

420

24

65

hf-ch

bro pek

3.575

56

77

do

pek(ie

3850

43

42

do

pvk son

1890

30

8

do

pek Ians

4"0

35

6

do

(lust

420

25

47 ,

hf-ch

bro or pek

2585

53

16

ch

pekoe

1.520

39

5 i

hf-ch

(lust

400

26

16

do

bro pek

880

64

29

do

pekoe

14.50

46

1.5

do

pek Sou

750

37

13

ch

bro pek

1300

45

9

do

pekoe

000

36

9

do

pek sou

900

30

4

do

fans

530

26

14

(lo

pek fans

1120

39

11

do

unas

935

33

10

do

bro tea

700

31

3

clo

(lust

435

27

34

do

bro pek

3740

61 bid

41

do

or pek

4305

50 bid

16

do

pekoe

1600

43 bid

15

do

pek son

1425

38

16 hf-ch

fans

1200

34

17

do

(hist

1530

30

5

(lo

(lust

425

26

7

do

fans

490

42

6

ch

red leaf

540

26

36

do

pekoe

3210

41 bid

13

do

pek sou

1105

35

7

ch

.sou

630

35

1.0 ht*ch

bro mix

075

10

do

fan.s

900

2t4

12

do

bro pen

660

5S

27

do

pekoe

1350

46

21

do

pe's sou

10,50

39

43

do

bro or pek

2666

70

26

do

pekoe

1.352

61

19

do

pek .sou

950

r,.»

27

do

bro pe

1296

47

43

do

pekoe

1849

38 t)i(I

24

do

pek Sou

108

34 bid

17

Cll

bro pek

1700

49

13

do

br pe No.a

1300

43

3

do

(lust

450

25

40 hf-ch

bi‘0 or pek

2360

ro

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Bo.x.

Pkf»s.

Names.

lb.

C.

Lot.

Box.

Pk-.S.

Name.

lb.

e.

18G

369

26

ch

pekoe

2370

49 bid

82

Bloomfield

854

37

ch

flo\»erv pek 3700

64

16C

Olanrhos

371

21

do

bro pek

1890

54 bid

S3

850

9

do

pekoe No.

1 600

48

157

373

29

do

pekoe

2030

41

84

838

10

do

do No.

2 1000

46

108

375

13

do

pek sou

910

35

85

SCO

26

do

pekoe

2600

48

1G9

377

S

do

SOU

560

32

8G

862

17

do

pek sou

1700

44

ICO

379

5

do

hro pek fans 500

36

8/

Maha Uva

864

12

do

pek fans

900

31

1C2

ICadelLi

383

13

do

bro pek

1300

46

88

806

20 hf-ch

bro or pek

1820

55

1C3

385

12

do

pekoe

1080

35

89

868

31

do

or pek

1860

64

1«4

387

8

do

pek sou

640

32

90

870

30

ch

pekoe

3000

55

ICO

Glasgow

389

34

do

bro or pek

2560

71 bid

91

Gampaha

872

20

do

[.ek sou

1700

49

16G

391

25

do

or pek

1.500

56 bid

93

876

33

ch

pek sou

3300

48

1C7

393

18

do

pekoe

1310

50

94

Batta watte

878

12

do

pek fans

1080

33

170

Dartry

399

5

do

bro tea

580

29

90

882

G6

do

bro pek

6600

54 bid

171

Uickapittia

401

29

do

bro pek

3190

54

97

884

44

do

pekoe

4400

43 bid

172

403

28

do

pekoe

2884

48

98

886

23

do

pek sou

2300

37

170

40.1

8

do

pek sou

SOO

40

99

888

4

do

dust

400

26

170

Nahavilla

4U

17

do

lu'o pek

1785

66 bid

100

Ba.tta watte

890

4

do

bro pek fan 400

32

177

414

28

do

pekoe

2800

53

101

892

54

ch

bro pek

5400

55 bid

178

415

5

do

pek sou

500

44

103

896

40

do

pekoe

4000

43 bid

180

0 lassaugh

419

45 hf-ch

bro pek

2475

72 bid

104

898

17

do

pek sou

1700

36

161

421

28

ch

pekoe

2520

61

105

Dea Fdla

900

4

do

dust

400

27

182

423

14

do

pek sou

1190

50

107

904

36 hf-ch

bro pek

1980

48

183

425

7

hf-ch

du.st

.525

30

108

906

24

do

pekoe

1200

37

167

Lancllands

433

51

ch

bro pek
hr pe X0.2

5630

41

109

Ruanwella

908

11

do

pek sou

550

33

188

435

12

do

1226

31 bid

111

912

20

do

bro or pek

1200

46

169

437

72

do

pekoe

7200

36 bid

112

914

17

ch

bro pek

1700

46

100

439

23

do

pek sou

2075

32

113

910

40

do

pekoe

3600

37 b

191

Alnoor

441

31 hf-ch

bro pek

1550

44 bid

110

Pallegodde

922

5

(lo

dust

425

25

192

443

22

do

pekoe

1100

36 bid

118

920

21

ch

bro pek

1995

66

193

445

10

do

pek sou

SOO

34 bid

ll^

928

20

do

pekoe

2340

62

194

447

9

do

fans

630

32 bid

120

93u

00

do

pek sou

2090

39

121

122

932

14

(.lo

SOU

1190

1680

34

41

Thus

[Me.ssrs. Forbes & Walker.— 384, 2G7

lb.]

123

124

Caskieben

930

93S

19

11

do

ch

dust 1615

flowery pek 1100

28

60

Lot.

pkffs.

Name.

lb.

c.

125

127

940

1H4

7

20

do

do

pekoe

uiias

7o0

2000

44

43

3

Tavalamten-

129

Che.sterford

948

41

ch

bro pek

1400

64

lie

096

5

ch

bro pek

550

52

130

950

14

ilo

pekoe

1400

42

4

698

0

do

pekoe

630

45

131

952

13

(lo

pek sou

1300

30

0

702

4

do

dust

600

26

138

N

900

17

do

bro tea

2210

27

11

Al.botsleigh

712

8

do

red leaf

SOO

23

139

I K V

908

0

ch

bro mix

672

25

12

P

714

8

do

bro pek

800

68

141

(.'one};gar

18

do

bro pek

1080

72

13

716

19

do

pekoe

1990

47

142

974

9

ch

pekoe

900

62

14

718

9

(lo

dust

1170

28

145

Arapolakan-

15

Rcckside

720

20

ch

pekoe

2000

54

de

930

4a

ch

bro pek

4560

51

10

722

18

do

pek sou

1800

48

140

982

59

do

pekoe

4720

36

17

724

0

do

pek fans

Vi.iy

45

147

1)34

10

do

pek sou

1600

33

18

10

(lo

dust

1500

33

148

980

4

do

dust

440

26

19

R;. della

728

15

do

bro pek

1500

68

151

Morland

992

13 hf-ch

bro pek

780

71

20

730

8

do

pekoe

720

50

152

994

<

ch

pekoe

700

51

21

732

7

do

pek sou

630

42

154

998

4

do

SOU

400

42

23

Andradeniya

736

14

ch

bro pek

1400

60

159

Tor wood

8

45

ch

bro pek

4275

49 b:d

24

7o58

9

do

pekoe

900

38

160

10

19

do

pek No. 1

1710

38

20

Oambagalla

742

30

hf-ch

bro pek

1650

.59

101

12

38

do

pek No. 2

2850

36

27

744

10

do

pekoe

450

50

162

14

13

do

pek sou

936

31

34

Grove Hill

7oS

11

ch

bro pek

1001

49

163

16

5

do

dust

000

27

35

700

26

do

Ihskoe

1975

38

165

t^airn Hill

20

13

ch

bro pek

loOO

44

30

762

4

do

dust

550

30

166

22

12

do

pekoe

1080

34

37

Brechin

704

25

do

J)ro pek

2750

08

107

24

0

do

pek sou

720

30

38

76(5

IS

do

pekoe

1890

49

171

Kabragalla.

32

46 hf-ch

bro tea

2300

22

41

Augusta

772

21

ch

bro pek

2400

50 bid

172

A P K

34

5

cli

bro pek

475

43

42

774

21

do

pekoe

1800

40

173

36

5

do

pekoe

400

33

43

770

2;->

do

pek .sou

2070

37

174

t^astlereagh

38

15

do

bro pek

1500

08

45

780

4

<io

dust

500

20

175

4U

12

do

or pek

1080

61

40

TS R

782

14 lif-ch

fans

788

33

170

42

19

do

pekoe

1710

40

47

Stafford

784

11

ch

bro pek

1210

so

177

44

10

do

pek son

800

34

48

780

10

do

pekoe

9011

02

180

Y

.'0

ch

bro tea

735

25

.52

Rambodde

794

59

do

bro or i>ek

3245

181

52

23

do

pek fan

2645

32

53

796

50

do

pekoe

2500

49

183

Tonacon.be

50

32

do

or pek

3200

06

54

7U8

29

do

j.ek sou

1305

40

184

58

23

do

bro pek

2700

60

55

soil

5

(lo

fan.s

450

29

185

00

31

do

pekoe

3100

54

50

I'dabage

£02

2

hf-ch

bro pek

1200

50

180

02

10

(.lo

pek sou

900

44

67

804

35

do

pekoe

1925

41

193

Cottaganga

70

5

(lo

fan.s

600

37

58

800

38

do

pek sou

2090

38

194

5

do

dust

750

28

59

803

17

do

SOU

935

30

19.5

C

80

10

ch

SOU

950

30

00

Ingurugalla

810

15

do

bro pek

1500

59

201

Piiigarawa

92

5 hf-ch

dust

4.50

28

01

812

16

do

pekoe

1520

47

200

Atherfield

102

12

ch

bi-o pek

1200

47

02

814

26

do

pek .sou

2340

3(5

207

104

0

do

pekoe

540

37

03

1 M G, ill e.statu

209

108

57

do

SOU

2850

33

mark

810

4

do

bro nu.x

400

27

210

110

9

do

bro mix

4.50

34

04

S18

5

do

fans

500

39

211

112

17

do

dust

1360

28

or.

820

17

hf-cli

dust

1275

28

212

Verulapitiya

114

41

ch

bro pek

4100

47

Oil

Barkiiidalc

822

24

do

bro pek

1440

07 bid

213

no

21

do

pekoe

1890

40

07

824

8

ch

pekoe

720

62

214

118

12

do

pek .sou

1080

3G

09

G O

828

14 hf-ch

SOU

630

35

215

120

3.3 hf-ch

SOU

1050

33

70

Polatagama

830

5 4

ch

bro p.?lc

5100

fcO

217

Tyniawr

124

10

<lo

dust

800

28

71

832

32

do

pekoe

3200

35

218

120

IS

do

bro pek

900

SO bid

72

834

23

(lo

pek sou

2300

33

219

128

1^0 hf-ch

pekoe

900

64

73

830

30

(io

fans

3600

44

220

130

13

do

Pek sou

585

50

74

838

4

do

pok fans

400

34

224

1. owl amis

i3S

9

ch

l.ro ))ek

900

43

7o

840

4

do

i)ro mix

404

31

225

140

9

do

pekoe

810

34

77

M'eoya

844

37

ch

bro t ek

3700

40 bid

220

142

f,

(lo

I)ck sou

401)

30

78

.540

29

do

pekoe

2010

34 bid

234

Kllaoya

inn

21

do

or pek

2016

67

79

048

22

(lo

pok sou

1700

30

235

100

10

do

pek son

900

38

80

850

7

do

bro pek fans 7U0

28 bid

230

102

4

do

pek fans

460

37

81

852

3

tio

pek uust

450

20

237

104

r,

ilo

dust

SOO

22 bid

CEYLON PKODLX’E SAI.ES LIST

3

Lot

lio.x. Pktrs.

Name.

lb.

C.

Lot.

liox.

Pkj<8

Name.

lb.

C.

K(ler.\ polio

170

37 cli

bro pek

3700

46

38

HenveuLt

248

82 lif-cli

bru pek

1600

4(1

241

172

6.5 do

pekoe

5200

38

39

249

16

do

pekoe

800

85

242

174

36 do

pek sou

■2380

34

40

250

10

cl)

pek sou

lOOT)

31

243

17C

0 do

hOU

4.50

31

42

•253

4

do

red leaf

400

244

17s

6 hf eh

dust

480

27

53

H G L

•263

6

do

dust

750

245

Middleton,

54

Kelani

264

50 hf-ch

bro p«*k

2760

58

\V, in estate

65

265

87

ch

pekoe

3880

36 bid

mark

ISO

14 ch

56

266

7

do

sou

mns

630

33

1 hf-ch

bro or pek

1445

54

57

267

18 hf-ch

780

41

24C

1B2

8 ch

60

WAPS

270

11

do

bro pek

606

41

1 box

bro pek

007

54

61

271

11

do

pekoe

496

36

247

134

•26 ch

2043

70

White Cross

280

35

ch

uro pek

3600

47

2 hf-ch

jiek No. 1

43

71

231

25

do

pekoe

2600

36 liid

243

136

12 ch

72

282

11

do

pek sou
bro pek

1045

82

1 hf-ch

p.*k No. 2

10-29

38

75

Wilpita

285

5

do

500

48

251

Middleton

192

•27 ch

Dro pek

2700

72

76

•286

6

do

pekoe

600

36

194

SO do

pekoe

3706

62

77

287

10

do

pek sou
bro pek

950

32

2«0

ArdrosH

210

•23 ch

bro pek

2300

57

81

Ixmacii

291

56 hf-ch

.3300

55 bid

201

212

26 do

pekoe

•2340

37

82

292

27

oil

pekoe

•2.565

41

262

214

19 do

pek sou

1.520

3;5

83

293

16

do

pek sou

1440

35

2CU

.Scrubs

224i

12 do

or pek

1-200 •

77

85

D G in estate

201)

228

24 tlo

bro pek

•2640

65

mark

295

10 hf-ch

dust

8St)

25

270

230

*25 do

pekoe

2375

54

86

Malveni

296

17

eh

bro pek

1700

45 bid

271

Carla beck

232

6 cli

pek sou

060

.»5

87

297

23

do

pek sou
bro pek

2300

34

272

2.34

6 hf-ch

bro pek faa.s 450

44

88

Galkulua

298

40

do

4200

50

273

11, in estate

44 bid

89

299

23

<lo

pekoe

1923

45

mark

230

13 ch

pekoe

1000

90

300

49

do

pek sou

4405

89

274

K 1’, in e.state

91

1

5

lio

SOU

440

30

mark

2 is

9 ch

pek sou

740

31 bid

95

liittacy

5

82

do

bro pek

S‘200

67

279

(Ihoitgldeicb

243

15 do

bro pek

1575

51 bid

96

6

16

do

pekoe
bro pek

1275

48

2SO

250

10 do

pekoe

900

42

mo

\ arrow

10

65 lif-ch

3080

62

231

252

9 do

pek sou

»10

37 bid

101

11

67

do

pekoe
bro pek

2850

39 bid

191

Black.stone

272

29 do

bro pek

2900

52 Idd

102

llaUlowa

12

20

ch

2000

51 bid

292

•274

30 do

or pek

2700

50

lUi

13

23

do

pekoe

1840

38 bid

293

270

17 do

IHikoe

1530

41 bid

104

14

29

do

pek sou

23‘20

33

294

■27s

20 do

pc!k sou

1800

36

107

Weywclta-

295

•2W)

9 do

bro tea

9liU

26

I.cwa

17

8 hf-ch

bro tea

4(X)

30

290

•2S2

t> do

pek dust

Ttau

28

11)3

18

Is

do

dust

1440

26

297

I.yegrovo

■2s4

12 ch

or pek

1-20.I

49

ur.)

Diyanilakelle

19

"7

do

bro or pek

483

7(’)

293

17 do

bro |K‘k

1870

60

no

■20

34

do

l»ro pek

2312

ou

299

23S

9 do

IH’kiH;

9<S)

40

111

21

26

ch

IH'koe

2360

55

300

290

10 do

nek sou
icro pek

lOOO

35

112

22

8

do

pek sou
bro pek fans

760

52

302

Asraoyi

•294

13 ch

1800

53 bid

116

26

6

do

64.5

38

303

200

12 do

pekoe

itr.st

41

117

N I T

27

5

do

iiniiH No 1

600

:<o

315

Deaculla

320

47 hf-cli

bro pek

2820

67 bid

113

28

15

do

timis

18.50

28

310

322

31 ch

pekoe

2.325

51

1^2

Peria Kande-

317

S24

18 do

pek sou

1350

44

kettia

32

47

<Io

bro |H-k

6875

4t

319

S23

3 do

dust

480

28

123

33

84

do

p»?koe

3536

37 bid

320

Stisted

;<3o

31 hf-ch

bro pek

201,5

64

124

34

10

do

ju-k sou

1000

84

321

:«2

19 do

l>ekoe

1235

49

1:’6

36

9

do

dust

675

81

322

:134

15 do

pek .sou

7.50

37

127

Yspc

37

6

do

pek dust

900

29

22.*?

Clyde

2-«l

60 ch

bro pek

0600

45

129

It in estate

324

3;i3

43 do

pekoe

403.5

37

mark

39

24

do

liro pek

•2100

46

32f»

340

.S2 do

pek sou
i>ro mix

2330

34

ISO

40

27

do

jK-koe

2430

34 bid

320

342

S do

700

28

131

41

3f)

do

pek .sou

2737

t>9 liid

327

344

3 do

du.st

1120

•2.5

132

I, n K

42

11

tlo

red leaf

9tK)

18

333

Tomnuipong

350

•23 lif-ch

bro pek

1330

31

135

Glenalhc

45

15

do

l>ro or pek

1500

49 liid

S3 4

253

•23 ch

pekoe

•2300

75

136

46

17

<io

or pek

1630

5 • bid

IT)

•

;«io

17 do

j>ek sou

15-'0

63

137

47

31

do

pekoe

2790

8.5 bid

31)6

llavilland

302

11 ch

l)ro mix

990

•26 l.id

138

48

31

lio

pek sou

‘2790

34 liid

337

5 hf-ch

dust

400

•25

143

O W

5.3

6

do

SOU

480

31

349

M'olletieUl

4 oil

bro ]K>k

420

36

147

U.ayi|;pim

57

20

tlu

bro pek

•2000

62

354

Meemoraoya 39s

39 hf cii

bro pek

1.560

41

14a

58

11

<lo

pekoe

9i5

44

355

04 ilo

pekoe

2.560

35

149

59

u

(lo

pek sou

76.5

84

352

Jdlla w:\tte

410

3 ch

SOU

Sts)

26

150

Scarborough 60

IS hf-cli

l>ro pek

780

66

1.51

61

cll

p<-koe

2210

49

152

62

do

|H.-k sou

760

41

[Mkssrs.

SO.MtRVILLE

iV Co., lb

•28.3,04(.t ]

1.53

165

Ci

63

13 do
S hf-ch

or pek
fans

1040

560

45

Lot

Jl'.x. Pk};js. Name

lb.

C.

1.56

157

Penrith

66

67

•20

14

ch

do

liro pek
pekoe

•2000

1120

.58 bid
38 bid

1

Depedene

211

.55 hf-ch

bro jiek

3023

46

153

68

13

do

pek sou

1105

35

O

212

03 do

or pekoe

3150

40

159

New Perade-

3

213

i2 do

pekoe

3600

34 bid

niya

C9

21

do

liro [jek

2100

58 bid

4

214

4 4 do

pek sou

2200

33

100

70

26

(lo

pekoe

2080

41 bid

5

215

0 do

ilust

480

23

ICl

71

S7

do

i>ek sou

•269<J

36

Kennington

217

10 ch

SOU

950

32 bid

16.5

rkuwela

40

2.S

do

bro pek

2500

49

8

213

2 ch

dust

460

25

166

70

21

do

pekoe

2100

34 bid

4 hf-ch

167

4

14

(lo

pek sou

1400

33

9

Ukuwella

219

40 cli

bro pek

4600

.53

173

A G L

83

9

do

or pek No. 1

765

50

10

220

do

pekoe

3500

36 bid

175

85

24

(lo

bro or pek

2400

47

11

221

20 do

pek sou

•2000

33

176

86

35

do

pekoe No. 1

2975

37

13

H.atton

2-23

•20 hf-ch

bro pes

1430

82

177

87

21)

(lo

pekoe No. 2

24C.5

14

•2->4

2!' ch

pekoe
bek sou

2610

M hid

178

83

10

do

wk sou
fans No 1

8.50

15

22.5

17 do

153t)

42

179

89

4

(lo

400

23

Allakolla

233

0.) do

Im) jiek

4140

47 bid

182

92

6

do

dust

840

26

24

2tU

27 ch

pekoe

2700

37 bid

183

S in estate

25

:iSo

23 do

pek .sou

2135

;14

mark

93

20

do

i>ro tea

2000

•31

23

.MarigoM

2.1S

24 hf-ch

bivi jtek

1440

75 bid

• 131

94

4

do

fans

700

a

29

•iw

S3 do

pekoe

1782

53 bid

1.S5

9.5

9 hf-ch

du.st

720

35

30

‘24 1)

26 do

pek sou

1?(S.)

46 bid

183

r. F

98

8

do

Ijro mix

528

St

31

■241

4 do

SOU

636

40

190

lot)

5

do

pek fans

460

34

HarangaILt

•244

27 ch

bro pek

3025

51 bid

191

G B

101

n

tlo

bro tea

6tXi

2S

1 hf-ch

192

102

67

(lo

dust

3&VI

35

24.5

30 ch

pekoe

■2350

41 bid

193

r p

103

20

do

pek sou

1.500

24

30

240

6 do

pek sou

600

32 bid

196

U X

106

5

lifs-h

dust

4.50

37

247

6 hf-ch

dust

43t)

27 bid

200

no

6

do

bro j>ek fan.s

420

32

4

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

Bo.x.

Pkgs. Name.

lb.

C.

203

A BL

113

5

ch

pekoe

700

16

211

T in estate
mark

(121

7

do

bro pek

770

40

216

Tallegalle-

kande

126

12

do

dust

720

32

218

AA MC in
est. mark

128

11

do

or pek

550

66

219

129

27

do

bro pek

1360

58

221

131

6

do

dust

480

26

225

RCTFin est.
mark 135

22

cli

bro pek

2200

38

226

136

19

do

pekoe

1710

34

*>27

137

16

do

pek sou

1440

30

233

Scarborough 143

6

do

red leaf

510

34

234

Lyndhurst

144

28 hf-ch

bro pek

1400

53

235

145

30

do

pekoe

1710

41

236

146

36

do

pek sou

1620

34

239

Lyndur

149

51

do

liro pek

2550

53

240

150

54

do

pekoe

2430

39

241

161

53

do

pek sou

2385

34

242

152

10

do

soti

460

29

243

153

6

do

dust

510

27

244

Salawa

154

14

ch

bro pek

1400

53

245

155

9

do

bro pek No 2

855

45

246

156

14

do

pekoe

1260

37

247

157

16

do

pek sou

1360

34

2:')0

Sirisauda

il60

12

hf-ch

bro pek

720

59

251

161

15

do

pekoe

750

37

252

162

29

do

pek sou

1450

34

256

166

8

do

dust

583

26

257

Narangoda

167

8

ch

bro pek

800

42

258

168

11

do

pekoe

1045

36

259

169

10

do

pek sou

900

33

260

170

9

do

SOU

810

30

261

171

12 hf-ch

dust

960

26

SMALL LUTS.

[Messrs. A.

H. Thomp-son

& Co.]

Lot.

Box

. Pkgs.

. Name

lb.

c.

2

Gleng-<i-iffe

2

2 ch

red leaf

160

16

0

Peria Ganga-

watte, Invoice

No. 4

10

4 hf-ch

fans

252

41

20

Handroo

20

2 ch

dust

260

25

21

21

1 do

bro mix

100

13

22

E2

1 do

bro tea

70

14

24

Hornsey

24

3 ch

fans

228

25

26

M L C, in esi.

mark

26

1 ch

red leaf

05

13

28

OM

28

1 do

bro mix

71

12

31

St. Leonards on

Sea

31

2 ch

bro mix

200

31

32

32

1 do

dust

70

25

41

A B C, in estate

mark

41

1 do

pekoe

70

30

42

42

2 do

dust

200

25

45

Manickwatte

45

1 ch

dust

95

25

47

Relug 4S

47

1 hf-ch

red leaf

57

18

48

D

48

3 ch

SOU

289

20

50

P

50

4 do

red leaf

340

16

53

AGO

53

2 do

dust

300

22

57

Woodend

67

2 do

red leaf

180

16

58

58

4 do

bro mix

340

18

60

Ingurankande

60

3 ch

pek sou

240

29 bid

61

Mahanilu

61

4 do

red leaf

320

15

62

D L

62

3 ch

1 liGch

pek son

339

28 bid

64

K, in estate

mark

64

2 ch

bro or pek

228

66

67

07

2 hf-ch

dust

116

withd’n.

69

nikmukalane

69

2 do

red leaf

100

15

74

Battalgalla

74

4 ch

fans

360

25

80

Elston

fO

1 do

pekoe

80

40

91

O M

91

1 ch

2 hf-ch

dust

201

out

92

92

1 do

red leaf

44

12

[^[R. E. John.]

Lot.

Box.

Pk-KS.

Name.

lb.

C,

7

Tlieresia

73

1 ch

bro mix

90

withd’n

8

Kolapatna

75

2 do

SOU

ISO

60

15

T & 1’ Co., in

est. mark

89

2 do

sou

180

17

20

Gakfield

99

2 do

dust

190

27

24

Weymouth

107

1 do

dust

85

23

29

Peakside

117

2 hf-ch

fans

120

37

30

119

4 do

dust

240

26

31

121

6 do

red leaf

300

20

60

Kanangama

159

4 do

fans

320

26

Lot

Box.

Pk

"S.

Name

lb.

c.

61

181

2

ch

pek fans

196

22

64

187

3

ilO

congou

270

15

69

S F D

197

o

hf-ch

congou

no

30

71

201

4

do

red leaf

300

withd

77

Cleveland

213

4

do

bro pek

240

75

7S

215

3

do

or pek

138

78

79

217

9

ch

pekoe

190

62

80

219

3

do

pek sou

285

50

81

221

1 hf-ch

dust

30

25

82

G, in est. murk 223

1

ch

bro pek

100

out

83

225

1 hf-ch

pekoe

50

out

84

227

1

ch

fans

91

out

85

329

3

do

red leaf

270

15

88

Claremont

235

4

do

pek sou

360

32

89

237

4

do

bro tea

360

19

97

Hunugalla

253

1

do

•SOU

100

25

102

Vahalakele

263

3

do

red leaf

270

26

104

Anamallai

267

2

hf-ch

dust

170

25

115

Bvownlow

289

4

ch

sou

380

35

no

291

1

do

congou

85

22

119

Kehagalla

297

2

do

sou

190

27

120

299

3

do

bro mix

285

15

121

301

2

h^ch

fans

ISO

25

122

PTE

303

3

ch

bro mix

300

18

128

Clontarf

315

3

do

dust

360

25

129

Culloden

317

3

do

red leaf

270

18

136

Goodwood

331

6 hf-ch

bro or pek

360

4s

137

333

1

do

bro mix

62

26

138

335

3

do

dust

270

26

145

Rit/.een

349

2

do

fans

144

27

146

351

3

do

bro tea

120

18

147

353

1

(lo

dust

100

25

161

Glanrhos

381

3

ch

dust

420

26

161a

1

do

dust

140

24

174

Eickapittia

407

2

do

sou

190

32

175

4b9

9

(lo

dust

290

25

179

Nahavilla

417

3

hf-ch

dust

270

27

184

W H B, in est.

mark

427

3

ch

red leaf

327 \

185

429

1 hf-cli

fans

70 -

withd’i

186

431

1

do

tiuff

78)

Messrs. Somerville & Co.

Lot.

Box.

Pk^rs,

, Name.

lb.

C.

6

Depedene

216

2

hf-ch

red leaf

116

13

8A

Kennington 218

4

do

brii tea

209

19

12

Ukuwela

222

3

do

bro pek fans

210

32

16

H

226

1

do

<lust

80

26

17

227

1

do

bro tea

50

20

20

Allakolla

530

4

do

dust

300

26

?7

237

1

do

red leaf

50

18

32

Marigold

242

5

do

bro pek fans

350

49

33

243

1

do

pek dust

86

28

41

Benveula

251

2

ch

<lust No 1

200

27

43

K

253

7

hf-ch

nnas

353

32

44

H L G

254

1 lif-ch

sou

50

23

45

255

3

do

sou No. 2

156

21

46

256

2

do

dii.st No 2

160

24

47

255

1

do

dust

90

26

48

H

258

3

(io

dust

240

25

49

259

1

do

bro tea

50

22

50

A

260

1

do

dust

SO

26

51

261

1

(lo

bro tea

50

21

52

H G L

262

2

ch

.sou

220

out

58

Kelani

265

2

hf-ch

bro mix

100

16

69

269

2

do

dust

100

25

62

W A PS

272

4

do

pen sou

•^00

26 bid

73

White Cross

283

2

ch

bro tea

199

14

74

284

1

do

fiins

140

26

78

Wilpita

288

2

do

sou

ISO

27

79

289

3

(lo

fans

375

25

SO

290

4

do

bro mix

340

21

84 DG in estate

mark

294

1

do

red leaf

75

15

92

Galkolua

2

2 hf-ch

dust

247

2.5

!)3

3

3

ch

red leaf

310

19

94

4

1 hf-ch

unas

00

34

97

Bittacy

7

S

ch

pek sou

270

42

98

8

2

hf-ch

dust

170

26

99

9

\

ch

bro mix

100

15

105

Hafdowa

15

3

do

dust

240

25

106

16

9

do

bro mix

200

16

113

Iliya nilakelle 23

3 hl-ch

dust

270

29

114

24

2

ch

bro tea

240

32

115

N 1 T

25

4

do

dust

360

25

1 lif-ch

119

29

1

ch

red leaf

140

12

1 lif-fh

120

H G

30

4

do

.son

340

30

121

31

o

do

congou

225

24 bid

125

Peria Kande-

kettia

35

3

cli

bro mix

300

22

133

B G

43

1 l)f-ch

bro pek

36

43

134

44

1

do

or pek

60

43

CKYI.OX PRODUCE SALES UST.

Lot.

Bo.x.

. Name

lb.

G.

130

Glenalla

49

1

ch

conp;ou

90

25

U,i

50

2

do

dust

300

25

141

51

2

do

faunin^i'

200

33

142

52

2

do

red leaf

200

14

144

t; \v

54

Ihf-oh

red leaf

50

14

14.5

55

4

ch

fans

240

31

146

56

4

do

dust

272

20

3.54

.'Scarboroug

h 64

4 Jlf-cil

dust

380

28

162

Xew Para"

deniya

72

3

ell

.son

210

30

103

73

1 hf-til

dust

SU

2.5

164

74

1

do

red leaf

50

15

16S

I’kuwela

78

1

do

bro tea

90

25

169

79

4

do

bro pek fans

280

34

174

A G L

84

2

do

or pek No. 2

170

46

ISO

90

2

do

fans No. 2

200

32

131

91

2

do

or dust

240

34

189

BF

99

3“

do

dust

30(s

24

194

1 P

104

5

do

dust

375

25

195

R X

105

1

do

bro t-a

73

30

197

198

4

do

un;'..s

224

36

19S

108

4

do

pekoe

206

37

199

109

4

do

SOTl

200

28

2C1

A B L

111

2

ch

fans

200

out

202

112

1

do

una >

50

out

204

OhetMole

3

do

pek SOU

30

30 bid

205

1

5

do

dust

375

26

206

Kapuhena

11(1

2

do

l«'o pek

190

37

207

117

2

do

pekoe

204

29

20S

118

1

do

pek soil

87

23

200

119

2

do

fans

124

26

210

120

1

do

dU't

95

24

212

T iu esRite

mark

122

3

do

bro tea

210

21

213

223

1

dt>

unas

90

21

214

Moncriett'

124

1

do

pekoe

6u

43

21.5

Tallegalle-

kancle

12.5

4 hf-c-li

liro p*'k

040

47

217

127

1 llf-eli

dust

8e

15

202

AA M C in

est. mark

130

9

do

pekoe

li'O

35

228

R C T F iu

estate mark

13S

1

do

fans

112

18

220

130

4 hf-cii

du.st

32c

24

230

R V IC

140

1

cii

bro pek

195

36

2

iifcii

231

141

1

do

pekoe

05

30

132

142

4

do

pekoe sou

395

24

237

Ljndhurst

147

3

hf-ch

souchong

300

30

23S

148

2

do

dust

142

27

24S

Salawa

158

»>

ch

du.st

300

26

240

sirisande

369

12 boxe>

or pek

1S2R1-15

253

163

4 hf-ch

faniiings

183

34

254

164

3

do

congou

1G3

27

255

105

5

do

iiro nu.v

219

22

Messes. Foebes &- Walker.

Lot.

Box.

Pk-8.

Name.

lb.

C.

5

Tavalamten-

ue

700

3 ch

pek .sou

285

38

7

704

1 hf-cli

cougou

56

25

8

A B

706

1 ch

bro pek

no

36

9

708

1 do

pekoe

100

33

10

Abbotsleigli

710

3 do

congou

300

36

22

Radella

734

2 do

dust

260

25

25

Andrnndeniya

740'

2 ch

pek sou

200

34

28

I’ambagalla

746

6 hf-ch

pek sou

240

40

29

748

3 do

dust

270

26

30

A

750

1 box

bro pek

IS

47

31

752

1 hf-ch

pek sou

70

35

32

764

1 do

pek fans

47

31

33

756

1 box

red leaf

13

13

39

Brechin

768

3 ch

pek sou

300

47

40

770

3 hf-ch

dust

255

30

44

Augusta

778

3 ch

sou

270

33

49

Stafford

7SS

3 do

pek sou

270

53

50

700

2 do

fans

160

41

51

792

1 do

dust

90

26

65

Barkindale

826

1 cli

pek sou

90

48

75

Polatagama

840

2 do

du.st

SOO

26

92

Maha Uva

874

3 ch

dlist

255

27

05

Battavratte

880

2 do

bro or pek

200

55

102

894

3 do

l.u'o or pek

300

52

106

902

3 do

bro pek fans 300

29

no

Dea Ella

910

4 hf-ch

bro tea

200

27

114

Ruanwella

918

4 ch

pek sou

360

33

115

920

1 do

bro tea

90

28

117

924

1 do

congou

99

24

120

Caskieben

942

3 do

pek si.m

285

43

128

946

2 hf-ch

pek fans

130

132

S

954

3 ch
1 hf-ch

peltoe

350

29

Lot.

Bo.x.

i'ko-.s

Name.

ib.

c.

133

956

3

ch

•SOU

250

17

134

958

1

do

du.st

150

15

135

51 51

960

3

d('

bro pek

357

HI

130

902

UU

.pekoe

105

25

137

0(4

1

do

pek sou

9.3

20

143

Gciieygar

976

3

do

pek sou

270

40

144

97b

1

hi-ch

fan s

80

27

153

.Morlauds

996

3

ch

pek sou

300

38

155

1000

2

hf-ch

dust

170

28

156

i>

1

ch

fans

90

29

157

4

•>

do

red leaf

176

21

lot

Lunugalla

18

2

do

red leaf

160

27

16S

C'aim Ilill

23

•s

Cll

fairs

240

32

109

28

1

do

dust

140

25

170

^Poongalla

30

1

ch

red leaf

120

24

178

Castlereagli

46

0

hf-ch

pek fans

210

38

179

48

3

do

dust

240

26

182

\

54

2

ch

red leaf

230

14

187

Ci

64

4

do

sou

330

26

1S8

66

2

do

pek dust

270

25

189

68

2

do

dust

290

25

190

K G

70

2

do

red leaf

202

19

101

Gottaganga

72

4

cll

pek .sou

360

40

192

Galaba

72

1

do

bro tea

100

14

196

82

1

do

bro pek

73

47

197

Hauteville

84

1

do

unas

90

41

198

86

2

do

1

h^ch

fairs

282

41

199

K B

88

1

ch

Middlands

1

hf-ch

dust

200

26

200

90

3

do

pek dust

115

27

202

Ragalla

94

0

ch

bro mix

360

36

203

R A W

90

4

hf-ch

sou

300

23 bid

204

98

1

ch

205

1

hf-ch

fairs

180

33

Atliertield

100

4

do

dust

280

26

208

106

3

ch

pek sou

27C

34

216

Verulapitiya

122

6

hf-ch

bro mix

300

33

221

Tyiiiawr

132

1

do

sou

50

42

■ 222
223

134

1

do

bro pek dust 70

34

Lowlands

130

1

do

dust

80

26

227

144

1

ch

fans

120

35

228

IV 0 P

140

1

do

dust

140

24

229

148

3

do

red leaf

212

19

230

K W i», in est.

231

mark

150

1

:if-ch

bro dust

62

62

24

152

1

do

dust

24

232

233

Ellaoya

154

150

1

3

ch

do

bro tea
bro pek

100

336

28

65

238

51 A U

166

2

do

bro mix

160

17

239

168

1

do

congou

100

25

249

Middleton,

5V in etate

250

mark

188

1

hf-ch

pek sou

67

30

27

190

3

do

bro tea

225

253

Middleton

196

1

ch

dust

1.50

26

259

A, in estate

263

mark

208

1

ch

pekoe

100

40

Ardross

216

4

do

sou

280

27

264

218

3

do

fans

270

31

265

W L

220

4

if-ch

dust

320

26

260

222

1

ch

bro pek

87

43

267

Chouleigh

224

2

do

pekoe

176

33

2S‘>

254

4

ch

sou

340

33

283

Lyegrove

256

3 hf-ch

dust

225

27

SOI

292

1

do

dust

150

25

304

Agraoya

298

4

do

pek sou

360

37

305

300

3

do

bro mix

270

18

300

302

4 hf-ch

dust

330

26

318

Deaculla

326

3

ch

bro mix

240

30

338

Radaga, G .

4

339

.S

366

1 hf-ch

bro ]iek

50

34

368

1

do

pekoe

50

30

340

G 0 W

370

1

do

pek sou

50

25

341

342

372

374

1 do
ch

bro pek

50

27

1 hf-ch

pekoe

130

26

343

376

2

do

bro mix

100

14

344

R \V

378

1

ch

pek sou

SO

IS

345

380

1

do

pekoe

70

28

346

382

2

do

sou

200

15

34"

A L R M

384

1

do

congou

90

15

348

386

1 hf-ck

pekoe

50

25

350

IVolleyfield

390

3

ch

pekoe

259 1

351

392

4

do

pek sou

380

-28

352

394

2

do

sou

173

353

396

1 hf-ch

dust

64

350

Meeraoraoya

402

7

do

sou

280

29

357

404

6

do

dust

380

27

359

Lillawatte

408

1

ch

lUrst

100

25

G

OEVJ.ON PEODnCE SALES LlS'i’.

CEVl.ON COFFEE SAl.ES IK T.OKOOK.

From Onr Commercial Con e^jwndcnl)
Mincing Lank, July ;i,

Maikf. and pvlces of CKYI-ON COFKI' l'. sold in MiiK-ins;
l^nc up to 3id July

Ex ‘‘Golconcla’’— Guweuikellie, 4c 1); iIlsO!; ye iK t<'0s;
le lb 97s; Ic 13oS. OKKT in estate in.ii'k, ! ■ ySs. CKE,
If 4ys; S bafts 104s. NialKHUla, it ll-.’s; 4o it I0s.s; 7c 103s
(;d; Ic 120s: 2 bags 103s. NBT in est.ito in:u k, 2c S4s (id.

f.leeiiabeddo, It 114s; 2c I12s Gd; 3c l"usCd; ib Ms; lb 120s
ed; 1 bag 100s. MBT in estate n.aik, lb y.'i (s'. MB. lb
IWs. Mabakande, lb 109s ; 2c lo7s Od; 3c It Kj.ls; lb 92-.;
Jb l‘?0s cd; 1 bag 100s. MKT in estate n‘.:u k, i( t>o.s.

CEYLON COCOA SAl.ES IX LOxVDOK,

(From Our Commercial Corre.^pomlenf !.

Mincing Lank, July J, iisDO.

Kx “India”— 'NVarriapolla, 12 bags 57s; 37 bags 71s; 0
bags; 40s 6d. WP, 9 bags 44s (id. Suduganga, 72 bags 71.s;
2 bags (sd) 4.5s; 3 bags 40s; 2 bags 39s; 7 bags 30s Od.

Pitakand(3roup, 1, 5 bags 4Ss.

Ex ‘ Liincashirc'’— Asgeria A, 40 bags Gls Gd. Mujagalla,
20 bags 54s; 1 bag (.scl) 3Ss; 2 bags 35s; 1 bag (s d) 27s.
Alloo'vihare, 37 bags O-t.-.; 1 bag (s U vpkd.) 39.s (id. Fan-
ilajipc, 1 bag (s d) 39s od; 1 bag 37s. Katidekelle, 20
liags 28.S.

Kx “Idzumi Marti’”— Dynevor, 41 bags 45s Cd: 20 bags
40s Gd; 2 bags 35s (id. Marakona. 1 bag SGs.

K.x “India” — The Bandavapolla Ceylcn Ce., 25 bags

17...; 2 bags 36s; 1 bag 41s.

Kx “Ping Suey”— Battagolla, 17 bags 55.s; 4bjgs;j7s. U,
4 bags 14s; 1 bag 3Gs.

oaslCllVKI! PBINTINO WOKK.s.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 29.1

Colombo, August 3, 1896.

(price:— 12^ cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies | rupee.

COLO .MHO SM.ES OF TKA.

LARGE LOTS.

[.Messrs. A. li. Thompson >.'c Co.— 3S,2S4 lb.]

Lot. Rox.

Pkg.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Springwood

1 15 1

ch

bro mix

1425

23

Balgo ie

2

9 do

bro pek

900

44

3

3 ;

14

do

])ekoe

1120

34

4

4

6

do

pek son

450

30

5

5 ;

13

do

bi'o mix

1105

25

7

Elston

7 t

il ch

pek son No 2

3)70

33

s

N C

8 10 hf

'-eh

bro pek

500

37

9

IMandara

56

Newara

9 11 cli

[} 5k oe

1100

13

1.3

8 hf-ch

pekoe

440

■29 bid

14

8 8, in estate

mark

14

5

ch

bro tea

425

16

15

L5

6

do

bro mix

570

IS

30

Hoolo

3 )

0

ch

du.st

480

24 bid

33

D

31

7

do

dust

635

25

34

C— 0

3 1

0 hf-ch

bre or pek

4-20

41 bid

35

35

7

do

pekoe

4-20

34 bid

37

37

13

do

SOU

760

IS bid

46

Dehiowita

40

0

ch

congou

510

20

48

D L

3

do

pek fans

414

out

49

OT

49

8

ch

9 hf-ch

br-' pek

12.50

36

50

D C E

51

15

do

dust

1275

22 id

8apitiva2odde

51

17

ch

liro pek

1650

51 bill

52

52

14

do

or pek

1400

46 bid

53

8T

53

5

do

pek sou

435

22 bid

[Mr.

E.

John.-

-133,656 lb

L3t.

Box.

Pkgs

. Name

lb.

c.

1

iM

449

4

ch

bro pek

420

36

0

459

6

do

bro mix

642

14

401

3

do

dust

460

20

8

K

40-2

11

hf-ch

pek sou

440

«i

9

Glasgow

464

16

ch

pe son (B)

1600

4 1

10

466

11

do

dust

1100

29 bid

U

Gonavy

468

31

do

bro pek

3472

63

12

4U)

22

do

pekoe

2112

51

13

472

19

do

pek sou

1.596

45

15

Ardla.w and

bro or pek

13-20

€8

M'ishford

476

12

do

16

478

14

do

bro pek

1498

50

H7

Suriakande

480

00

hbch

bro pek

3300

70

IS

482

43

do

or peK

408.)

5S

19

481

13

do

pek sou

1170

46

•23

Tientsin

493

31

lif-ch

bro or pek

1550

75

■24

495

20

ch

pekoe

ISOO

50

•2.1

497

5

do

pek sou

450

44

26

Rondura

499

14

do

bro pek

1100

43

■27

1

27

do

pekoe

2430

32 bid

28

3

20

do

pek sou

1700

30 bid

■29

Coslanda

5

47

do

bro pek

4700

53

30

7

30

(lo

pekoe

3000

42

31

9

24

(lo

pek sou

2400

37

33

13

8

do

pek dust

MOO

35

34

Allington

15

14

hf-ch

bro pek

770

41 l)id

35

17

22

do

pekoe

1100

:-'4 i)id

36

19

12

do

pek sou

600

30 bid

37

21

19

do

or pek

940

39

40

Ivies

27

15

do

pekoe

13.50

38 l)id

41

29

10

do

pek sou

900

33

42

Anchor, in es-

bro or pek

1870

63

tate mark

31

34

do

43

33

13

ch

or pek

975

50

44

3t

18

hf-cli

pekoe

900

48

45

Eila

37

30

ch

pekoe

2550

38

46

N K T Co.

39

14

ch

bro pek

1400

6L bid

47

41

30

hf-ch

pekoe

16.50

48

4S

Kanangaraa

43

24

ch

pekoe

2160

33 bid

49

Orange Field

45

6

<lo

or pek

600

37

tO

47

5

do

bro pek

525

46

51

49

9

do

pekoe

900

32

65

Keenaiiaba Ella 67

9

(io

bro mix

810

31

57

Agra Ouvah

61

02

lif-ch

1 lu o or pek

4030

79 bid

58

01

31

do

or pek

1705

65

■ 59

05

11

ch

pekoe

1100

53

63

A 8 T, in eS'

tate mark

7 >

20

ch

pekoe

2340

43 l)id

64

Turin

75

12

do

1)10 pek

1200

43 bid

65

77

31

do

pekoe

3400

44

'66

79

16

do

pek sou

1600

3.5

■69

M R

85

6

hf-ch

1 dust

510

25

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

71

Cloiitarf

89

27

cll

bro pek

2565

40 bid

72

91

38

do

pekoe

3420

37 bill

73

W H G

93

3

do

Huff

420

12

74

Maddagedei'a

95

41

do

bro pek

4160

53 bid

75

97

27

do

pekoe

2505

40 birl

76

99

22

do

pek sou

1870

35

79

Henegama

105

13

lif-ch

dust

975

lio

31

H S in estate

mark

109

13

ch

bro pek

1365

so bid

8-2

111

7

do

pekoe

700

30 bid

83

Eila

113

36

do

bro pek

3060

60

84

115

32

do

pekoe

2564)

40

85

117

11

do

pek sou

SSO

33 bid

87

121

7

do

faniiiugs

630

36

S8

123

4

do

dust

ISO

25

93

B K

133

18

hf-ch

du.st

1699

24

07

Logan

141

19

ch

bro pek

lOfjO

52

98

143

18

do

pekoe

1620

38 bid

99

145

7

do

pek sou

630

34

101

P H K

149

8

do

bro mix

616

20

102

Blackburn

151

19

do

bro pek

2090

42 bill

103

153

17

do

pekoe

1700

32 bid

104

Eerndale

155

15

do

1

hf-ch

bro or pek

1710

52

105

1.57

n

ch

1

hf-ch

bro pek

1155

63

106

159

18

ch

pekoe

ISOO

.OO

109

Invercauld

(Travancore)

165

14

hf-cli

or pek

770

51

110

167

37

do

pekoe

1665

40

[Messrs. Somerville oc Co., lb 182,078.]

Lot

Box

.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

c.

2

K

173

10 hf-ch

congou

500

26

8

Penrhos

179

10

do

pekoe

600

44

0

ISO

13

do

pek sou

715

34

13

J

184

9

do

bro pek

4,50

48

14

185

14

do

pekoe

700

38

15

186

23

do

pek sou

1150

33

16

187

9

do

sou

450

28

18

Eilandhu

189

12

do

bro pek

1320

55

19

190

12

do

pekoe

1260

34

21

Ukuwela

192

20

ch

bro pek

2000

53

22

193

18

do

pekoe

1800

37

23

194

12

do

pek sou

1200

32

25

Koorooloogalla 196

12

do

bro pek

1184

60

26

197

8

do

pekoe

797

43

27

198

4

do

pek sou

400

36

31

Arslena

202

35 hf-ch

bro pek

1750

66

32

203

39

do

pekoe

1950

43

33

35

Peria Kande

204

23

do

pek sou

1150

34

kettia

36

37

39

40 Hagalla

41

42

43

49 E P D yv in

est. mark

50 Annandale

51

52

54

55

56

57 Oiion
5S

59 Gainpola-
watte

60

New Perade-
niya

231

21

ch

bro pek

2-20.5

.55 bid

61

232

20

do

pekoe

2(80

42

62

233

26

do

pekoe

2080

42

63

234

44

do

pek sou

3300

34

6.5

W G

236

15

do

pek sou

1275

30 bid

66

Frome

237

17

do

bro pek sou

1394

25 bid

CS

239

36 hf-ch

l)ro pek

1980

44

69

White Cross

240

21

do

pekoe

li'50

36

72

243

20

ch

bro pek

2100

44 bid

73

74

244

13

do

pek(.e

ISOO

36

Wentwortii

245

9

do

pek sou

8.55

;io

75

240

28

do

bro pek

3130

60 bid

70

247

30

do

pekoe

3000

46 l)id

77

.Arslena

248

20

do

pek sou

1700

36

78

249

32 hf-ch

bri) pek

1600

49 bid

79

250

3S

do

pekoe

1900

(O

SO

251

Oi

do

pek .sou

17L0

35

206

34

ch

207

20

do

208

10

do

210

8

do

211

46 1

hf-ch

212

38

do

213

14

do

214

7

do

220

6

do

221

15

ch

222

28

do

2-23

15

do

2-25

7

do

■226

12

do

227

12

do

282

96 hf-ch

229

7

do

230

15

do

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
ok sou
vo mi.\

sou

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
faniiings
red leaf
pekoe
dust

pekoe

42.50 4.5

2080 39

1000 34

600 27

2760

1900 41

1400 3.-;

840 2.7

402 20

1200 54

238.) 42

1350 36

644 26

816 46

1020 30

4800 41

525 26

750 41

CEYLON produce SALES LIST.

Lot.

Bo.x

Pkws.

Name.

lb.

C.

si Kllatenne

252

27 hf-ch

bro pek

1620

52

82

253

30

do

pekoe

1650

42 bid

83

254

17

do

pek sou

855

34

S'! Velawatte

255

4

ch

brc ek

440

46

80

257

15

do

pek sou

1500

33

SO A

rslena

200

8 hf-ch

dust

400

25

■K) G

L A

261

21

do

or pek

1200

52 bid

!)) Avsleua

262

30

do

bro pek

15U0

56

02

263

38

do

pekoe

1900

43

03

264

31

do

pek sou

1550

36

04 S

Ai-rey

265

31

ch

bro pek

3400

43 bid

05

266

23

do

pekoe

2300

38 bid

00

267

17

do

pek sou

1500

33 bid

SS 1

Cell el watte

209

0

do

dust

643

25

1 hf-ch

0!) KillebecUla

270

6

ch

bro pek

730

32

1 hf-cli

100

271

0

do

unas

600

32

102

llarangalla

273

25

do

bro pek

2750

51 bid

103

274

27

do

pekoe

2565

41

104

275

SO

do

pek sou

2850

42

108

Minna

279

45 hf-ch

bro pek

2700

65

100

2SO

29

ch

pekoe

2030

45 bid

110

281

12

do

pek s u

1080

36 bid

111

282

6

do

bro mix

600

20 bid

110

Jlonrovia

287

20

do

bro pek

1000

48 bid

117

283

24

ch

pekoe

2280

38

118

289

8

do

pek sou

860

32

110

290

7

do

fans

700

30

121

Morninesiile 202

20

do

bro pel

2000

45 bill

122

Glenulla

293

15

ch

bro or pek

1500

52 bid

123

294

17

do

or pek

1530

63

124

295

31

do

pekoe

2790

30 bid

126

296

31

do

pek sou

2790

34 bid

120

S in estate

mavk

297

20

do

bro tea

2000

22 bid

128,

Karl.ston

299

5

do

dust

400

',ii

130

Moi'owo

40

Totum

1

17

do

bro pek

1921

131

2

25

do

pekoe

2250

37 bid

132

3

20

do

pek sou

1780

33

133

4

7

do

pek fans

560

29 bid

134

Irex

5

10

do

bro pek

1000

5t

135

0

5

do

pekoe

605

35

130

5

12

do

pek sou

1200

33

138

.Sirisiinda

9

11

hf-ch

bro pek

660

51 bid

130

10

2

do

pekoo

1050

39

140

11

25

do

pek sou

1250

l>i

114

iNIatara

15

30

ch

bro pek

3280

39 bid

145

16

13

do

pekoe

1105

39

140

17

8

do

pek sou

rsj

34 1)iil

147

IS

11

do

sou

990

28 bid

152

Nebocla

23

50

ch

bro pek

5390

out

153

24

47

do

pekoe

4230

38 bill

154

25

20

do

pek sou

1700

155

24

7

do

dust

490

j- out

150

S Maskeiij

■a

pek fans

39

in est. mark 27

30

hf-ch

2520

157

Penritli

28

14

ch

pekoe

1120

42

158

K \1

29

10

do

dust

1500

11

[llEssR.s. Forbes & Walker.— 319,588 lb.]

Lot.

pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

1

R

410

9

ch

sou

945

33 bid

ij

412

11

do

dust

1540

26

3

414

4

ilo

dust

680

25

9

M K N

426

3

do

dust

400

24

14

G M G

430

11

do

dust

1545

21

15

13 G, in estate

mark

433

10

do

1 hf-ch

bro mix

895

22

14)

R M T, in est.

mark

440

5

ch

bro pek

530

46

21

Midlothian

4 0

15 hf-ch

bro pek

975

61

22

452

26

do

or pek

1560

61

23

454

23

(lo

pekoe

1265

53

24

456

13

do

pek sou

715

45

30

Great Valley

468

IS

do

oro pek

990

70

31

470

15

do

or pek

825

57 bid

32

472

15

ch

pekoe

1350

42

33

474

10

do

pek sou

850

35

34

Lochiel

470

47

hf-ch

bro pek

2350

55

35

478

11

ch

pekoe

990

41

Weyunga-

\\ atte

4S2

28 hf-ch

bro pek

1540

50

38

484

27

ch

pokoe No.

1 2430

46 bid

39

480

10

do

do No. 2 1360

40 bid

40

488

6

do

pek sou

570

34

42

I'dabage

492

48 hf-ch

bro pek

2880

48

43

494

63

do

I>ekoo

3405

39

44

496

49

do

pek sou

2695

36

45

498

27

do

sou

1485

31

48

L L

504

10

do

bro pek

490

46

51

K

510

5

ch

fans

450

16

53

G 13 A

514

25

do

bro or pek

2750

05

Lot.

Bo.x.

PkRS.

Name.

lb.

C.

54

516 27

cll

pekoe

2700

52

55

620

4

lo

pek sou

400

43

60 St

Helen

528 118 hf-ch

bro pek

7080

43

61

530 51

do

uekoe

2550

38

62

532 26

do

pek sou

1300

33

63

534 10

do

pek dust

800

25

t>4 Harrington

536 16

ch

or pek

1840

66 bid

65

538 10

do

pekoe

1050

49 bid

t)S Patiagama

544 14

dobro

or pek

1510

60

69

546

9

do

or pek

900

57

70

548

1

do

pekoe

1100

48

74 H

ayes

550 7

0 hf-ch

bro pek

3500

60

75

558 44

do

pekoe

1980

39

76

560 30

do

pek sou

1350

34

82 High Forest

572 112 hf-ch

bro pek

6272

64

83

674 68

do

pekoe

3400

59

84

576

28

do

pek sou

1410

45

85 D

ainmeria

573

61

ch

bro or pek

0710

90 bid

86

580

67

do

pekoe

6700

bid

87

582

8

do

pek sou

800

46

89

586

8 hf-ch

dust

800

27

90

5S8

4

ch

bro or pek

440

46

91

590

4

do

pekoe

400

37

92 Erracht

592

41

do

bro pek

3690

61

93

594

31

do

pekoe

2480

37

94 G

alphele

596

17 hf-ch

bro pek

1020

56

95

598

22

do

uekoe

1100

46

96

600

U

do

pek sou

700

37

97 G

auapalla

002 160 hf-ch

bro pek

8000

44

98

604

60

ch

pekoe

4800

32

99

6C6

23

do

pek sou

1840

29

100

60S

8

do

dust

1120

24

101

Wattagalla

610

21

ch

bro or pek

2310

54

102

621

70

do

pekoe

0400

47 bid

1U3

614

36

do

pek sou

3060

40

104

016

7 hf-ch

pek dust

630

27

105

Ileeloya

61S

12

ch

bro pek

1200

55

106

620

11

do

pekoe

1100

44 bid

107

622

10

do

pek sou

1000

34

109

lluiibar

626

24 hf-ch

or pek

1008

73

110

628

25

do

)jro pek

1250

01

111

030

19

ch

pekoe

1520

47 bid.

112

632

13

do

pek sou

1170

34

113

D li K

634

5

do

bro mix

500

27

114

liethersett

636

13

do

bro or pek

1430

68 bid

115

638

5

do

or pek

480

78

110

IVevagoda

040

8

do

pekoe

736

55

119

646

16

ch

bro pek

1280

41

120

648

16

do

pekoe

1120

32

121

650

16

do

pek sou

1040

28

128

Dooml)a

664

4

do

bro i)ek

400

46

132

G O K B

672

4

ch

pek sou

700

3-1

133

Hromolaud

674

9

do

pek .sou

705

34

135

Beausejour

078

16

do

bro pek

1000

46

136

680

19

do

pekoe

1710

32

137

682

8

do

fans

700

29

140

P

688

10

ch

sou

1680

33

141

690

6

do

dust No 2

1020

24

144

Amblakaude

696

10

do

bro pek

900

62

145

698

13

do

pekoe

1170

42

146

700

6

do

pek sou

000

35

148

East Holy.

rood

704

14

ch

bro or pek

1540

61

149

706

19

do

bro pek

1615

63

150

708

16

do

pekoe

1440

50

151

Polwatta

710

7

do

bro pek

605

45

152

712

8

do

pekoe

640

34

171

Gleucorse

750

20

ch

bro pek

1900

58

172

752

12

do

pekoe

1080

37

173

754

12

do

pek sou

960

33

178

Climes

764

43

do

bro pek

2150

53

179

766

25

ch

pekoe

2250

38

ISO

708

7

do

pek sou

630

31

181

Verulapitiya

770

20

do

bro pek

2000

40

182

772

10

do

pekoe

900

36

183

774

6

do

pek sou

540

32

184

776

10

hf-ch

.sou

509

30

187

Shauuon

782

7

ch

bro pek

630

57

188

784

14

do

pekoe

980

38

189

786

12

do

pek sou

672

32 bid

197

Auuingkande 802

34

do

bro pek

3740

53

198

804

26

do

pekoo

2600

42

210

SOS

hf-ch

dust

450

26

201

Ascot

810

15

ch

bro or pek

900

51

202

812

25

do

bro pek

2500

44

203

814

22

do

pekoe

1980

38

208

Rowley

824

71

box

bro pek

1420

71

209

Gallawatte

826

22 hf-cl

pekoe

1100

55

213

834

31

ch

bro pek

3100

45

214

836

14 do

pekoe

1260

36

215

838

10 do

pek sou

1000

32

216

Talgaswela

840

U

do

bro pek

1440

66

218

844

1:

do

pekoe

1020

38

219

846

10 do

uek sou

850

34

220

Daphne

848

0 do

uro pek

615

52

221

850

10 do

pekoe

050

36

222

852

U do

pek sou

990

31

CftYtON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

Bo.\.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

223

854

5 ch

congou

420

27

231 Horagaskelle S70

9 hf.eh

bro pek

552

42

233

874

14 do

pek sou

790

31

235 Arapolakan

de

878

40 ch

bro pek

3800

55

236

880

50 do

pekoe

4000

37

237

882

17 do

pek sou

1700

32

238

884

5 do

dust

550

25

239 Torwooil

886

29 ch

bro pek

2697

59

240

888

15 do

pekoe

1245

34

243 Castlereagh

894

23 do

bro pek

2300

66

244

896

15 do

pekoe

1350

40

248 B D W P

904

25 ht ch

bro pe No 2 1250

48

219

iK)6

21 do

bro pek fan 1260

43

250

908

8 do

dust

690

26

251 BDWA

910

9 do

mix tea

630

41

252 Gallawatto

912

15 ch

bro pek

1350

51

253

914

9 do

or pek

810

45

254

916

1 3 do

pekoe

1170

36

200 Cairiiforth

928

15 ch

bro pek

1650

55 b'd

261

930

29 do

or pek

2610

53 bid

262

932

18 do

pekoe

1670

40

263

934

8 do

fans

500

27 bid

264 Ruanwella

936

10 ch

pekoe

3600

37

265 Ellekaiule

938

26 hf-ch

pekoe

1170

37

266

940

21 cli

unas

1785

33 bid

267

942

38 do

pek sou

2660

33

26 >

944

10 do

SOU

600

30

270

948

3 do

dust

450

25

2(1 Munanial

950

6 ch

1 Ilf ch

bro pek

652

43

273

954

4 ch

1 hf-ch

pek sou

439

32

277 B D W

902

26 ch

SuU

2580

29

278 Ellaoya

964

5 do

dust

800

23

280 JI, in estate

mark

968

5 ch

pekoe

476

31

281 Agraoya

970

1 8 do

bro pek

1800

53

282 M A

972

39 eh

bro tea

2145

28

283

974

19 hf-cli

dust

1520

25

SMALL LUTS.

[Messrs. A.

H. Thompson <S:

Co.]

Lot.

Box. Pkgs. Name

lb.

C.

6 Balgow’.iie

6

1 ch

dust

130

25

10 Maudara

Newera

10

1 do

pek .sou

100

39

11

11

1 do

red leaf

100

22

12

12

3 do

dust

300

27

16 S T

10

2 hf-ch

bro or pek

100

61

17

17

2 do

bro pek

106

43

18

18

1 do

pekoe

50

36

29 Hooloo

29

1 ch

bro tea

112

18 bid

31 K. G K

31

4 do

bro mix

384

16 bid

32 D

32

1 hf-ch

red leaf

40

19

36 C-D

36

3 ch

pek sou

300

29 bid

44 R, in estate

mjrk

44

2 hf-ch

unas

100

28

45

45

1 do

dust

36

24

47 Dehiowita

47

2 ch

dust

290

24

ST

54

1 do

SOU

85

19

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

2 M

451

1 ch

pekoe

95

27

3

453

1 do

pek sou

87

26

4

455

1 do

SOU

93

22

5

457

1 do

fannings

120

21

14 Gonavy

474

1 hf-ch

pek tans

80

26

20 Suriakande

486

4 ch

SOU

340

40

21

488

1 do

bro mix

100

22

22

490

3 hf-ch

dust

270

24

32 Coslande

11

3 ch

bro mix

300

25

38 Allington

23

2 hf-ch

red leaf

no

19

39

25

2 do

dust

160

25

52 Orange Field

51

2 ch

pek sou

210

26

63

1 do

dust

150

25

54

55

2 do

bro tea

200

17

56 Keenagaha Ella 59

1 do

dust

150

24

67 Turin

81

2 do

dust

180

26

68 M R

83

1 ch

bro mix

100

19

70

87

5 hf-ch

fannings

350

39

77 Maddagedera

101

1 ch

fannings

no

28

78 Henegama

103

2 hf-ch

bro mix

120

21

80 Troup

107

1 ch

red leaf

95

15

36 Eila

119

2 do

SOU

160

28

H Happy Valley

135

4 do

bro pek

240

56

15

137

1 do

pekoe

60

47

Lot Box.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

96

139

1 ch

pek sou

60

40

100 Logan

147

1 do

dust

150

26

107 Ferndale

161

3 do

1 hf-ch pek sou

325

36

108

163

2 ch

dust

230

27

111 Invercauld

(Travancore'

169

2 hf-ch dust

160

25

Messrs.

Somerville &

Co.

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

Ib.

C.

1 K

172

5 hf-ch

dust

390

22

3 I)

174

2 do

SOU

no

26

4

175

1 do

congou

50

26

5

176

2 do

dust

140

23

6 Penrhos

177

5 do

or pek

250

54

7

178

5 do

bro pek

325

55

10

181

1 do

dust

78

25

11 R C in estate

mark

182

do

pekoe

100

31 bid

12

183

5 do

bro mix

275

18 uiu

17 .1

188

6 do

pek funs

360

31

20 Eilandlui

191

1 ch

bro tea

90

27

24 Ukuwella

19.'^

1 hf-ch

bro pek fans 70

29

28 B

199

1 ch

bro tea

103

23

29

200

1 do

fans

122

29

30

201

1 do

pek dust

150

26

34 ASA

205

4 hf-ch

dust

200

24

38 Peria Kande-

kettia

209

3 ch

bro mix

300

19

44 Hagalla

215

3 hf-ch

dust

240

24

45

216

3 do

pek fans

150

36

46 C'holandkande

217

2 ch

fans

160

27

47

218

1 do

dust

90

24

48

219

1 do

bro mix

95

27

53 Annandale

224

5 do

ov pek

360

48 bid

64 New Perade-

uiya

235

5 do

SOU

350

27

67 IV G

238

4 do

congou

332

26 bid

70 Frome

241

8 hf-ch

pek sou

300

30

71

242

2 do

dust

160

24

85 Pelawatte

256

3 ch

pekoe

315

36

87

258

3 do

.“OU

274

26

88

259

2 do

dust

176

24

97 Kehehvatte

268

1 do

unas

95

34

101 Killebedda

272

3 do

bro tea

330

10 bid

105 Harangalla

276

3 do

pek sou

300

29

106

277

2 hf-ch

fans

130

30

107

278

2 do

dust

320

25

120 Monrovia

291

1 ch

pekoe dust

135

24

127 Earlston

298

1 do

congou

100

31

129

300

3 do

fans

180

37

137 Irex

8

1 do

dust

100

24

141 Sirisanda

12

3 hf-ch

fans

150

31 bid

142

13

2 do

bro mix

87

19

143

14

1 do

dust

160

25

159 Beverley

30

5 hf-ch

dust

375

28

160

31

5 do

red leaf

225

16

Messrs, Forbes

& Walker.

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

6 M K N

420

4 do

bro pek

353

39

7

422

3 do

pek sou

184

25

8

424

1 do

tans

82

22

17 R M T, in est.

mark

442

4 ch

pekoe

360

38

18

444

3 do

pek .sou

270

33

19

446

1 do

SOU

95

28

20

448

1 do

dust

109

27

25 Midlothian

458

4 hf-ch

fans

320

26

26 Ritni, in estate

mark

460

5 ch

bro pek

300

51

27

462

7 hf-ch

pekoe

350

42

28

464

1 do

pek sou

46

32

29

466

1 do

dust

81

25

36 Lochiel

480

2 ch

pek sou

180

31

41 Weyunga-

watte

490

3 do

dust

240

25

46 Udabage

500

5 hf-ch

bro mix

250

20

47

602

6 do

dust

360

25

49 L L

506

8 do

pekoe

384

35

50

508

6 do

pek .sou

288

32

52 K

512

1 ch

bro or pek

107

52

56 G B A

520

3 do

dust

300

26

57 Galatota

522

2 hf-ch

brc nek

no

55

58

524

3 do

pekc !

150

30

59

526

3 do

pek •.

150

28

66 Harrington

540

2 ch

pek sou

200

38

67

542

1 do

SOU

90

32

71 Patiagama

550

2 do

pek sou

220

33

72

552

2 do

dust

320

26

73 Q L

554

2 do

pekoe

180

34

77 Hayes

562

4 hf-eh

dust

200

26

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Bo.x.

Pk<,'S.

Names.

lb.

C.

S3 Damtneria

5S4

3 hf-ch

sou

180

30

108

Heeloya

624

2

do

dust

160

26

117

llethevsett

612

4

ch

pek .sou

320

45

118

644

2 hf cli

bro fans

172

34

122

Wevagoda

652

2

cli

pek dust

220

25

123

New Galway

054

4 hf ch

bro pek

220

77

124

056

7

do

pekoe

350

56

125

038

1

do

pek sou

45

43

126

(.60

1

do

du.st

75

26

127

Dooinba

602

1

do

bro or pek

50

69

129

006

2

ch

or pek

170

41

130

668

4

do

pekoe

310

35

131

670

3

do

pek sou

285

:l!

133

Drotnoland

670

1

ch

red le,af

150 w

itluVn.

138

G

081

3

do

))ro tea

270

21

139

OSO

2

do

du-t

240

26

143

ICol denia

091

3

ch

bro tea

378

25

147

Ainblakande

702

do

dust

270

28

1.53

Polwotta

7!4

2

do

pek sou

ISO

26

154

710

T

1 1 f-ch

dust

CO

25

255

L. in testate

mark

713

1

hf-ch

bro pek

37

40

1.56

720

1

ch

pek sou

03

‘29

167

722

1 hf-ch

dust

52

2.3

135

Verulapitiya

778

1

(!o

bro mix

50

31

1S6

730

1

do

dust

SO

25

190

Shannon

788

1

ch

duG

116

40

199

.Anninnkande

806

1

ch

red leaf

100

2)

204

Ascot

816

5 lif-cli

pek fan

350

28

210

Rowley

828

5

do

pek .Sou

2.50

42

211

830

1

do

red leaf

fO

2 1

212

832

2

do

dust

100

27

217

Taiga swela

812

3

ch

bro pek No.

2 330

40

224

Daphne

856

4

do

fan

380

3i)

225

858

2

do

dust

236

26

232

Horaga.skelle

872

7

hf ch

pekoe

3‘0

31

234

876

1

do

bro mix

GO

25

241

Tonvood

800

3

ch

sou

210

23

242

892

:1

do

dust

360

26

245

Castlereagh

898

4

ch

pek sou

320

32

240

9( 0

3

li^ch

pek fans

‘210

4)

247

902

3

do

dust

240

25

255

Gallawatte

918

2

ch

pek sou

200

3.1

256

920

1 hf-ch

S lU

60

22

257

922

1

do

pek fan.s

50

30

Lot,

Box.

Pk"s.

Name.

lb.

C,

258

994

2

(h

fans

210

26

259

920

2

do

dust

200

•25

269

Rllekande

910

3

do

red leaf

285

24

272

Munainal

952

1

ch

un.as

90

36

274

956

3

do

congou

270

23

275

9.5S

1

do

fans

122

26

276

279

M, in e.state

WO

1

do

dust

140

25

mark

966

3

ch

bro pek

312

38

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

From Our Commercial Coirenpondent)

Mixcixci L.wk, July 10, 1896.

Marks and price.s of CI'^YLON COFFER .sold in .Mincing
Lane ii]i to lOtli .Tuly : —

Rx “Historian” — isarnia, '2c It lOrs; lb 7Cs; 1 bag 80s. PB,
Ib 93s. T, Ic 95.S.

CEYJ/JN COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Conuncrcial Correspondent J.

Min’CIXG L.\ne, July 10, 1896.

Rx “l.ancashire”--KRDG 1. 20 bags 54s.

Rx “Idzumi .Mani”-.Si igalla, 2 bags 30.

CEYLON C-VKDA^IOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Mincing Laxic, July 10, 1896.

From cur L'omme/cial CorrespondtHtJ.

T'3x ‘ Idzumi Mara” — Xella Colla, Ceylon, 2e 2s 5d: Oc 2s
Id ; 2c Is Sd ; Ic 2s 9d.

CliSRIIVKH I'HINTING WOKKS.

TEA, COFEEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 30.]

Colombo, August 10, 1896.

I Pbice : — cents each 3 copies
^ 30 cents ; 6 copies | rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs, A. H. Thompson & Co.— 30,666 lb.]

ot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Battalgalla

1

10

ch

pek sou

1000

38

3

Oolloowatte

3

6

do

bro pek

600

42

4

4

8

do

pekoe

720

31 bid

7

Vogan

7

22

ch

bro pek

1980

63

8

8

25

do

pekoe

2250

43 bid

9

9

22

do

pek sou

1980

37

10

Millagaha-

lande

10

8

ch

4 hf-ch

pekoe

1000

29 bid

Wooclend

11

22

ch

bro pek

2200

44 bid

12

14

do

pekoe

1400

42

Ugieside

16

14

do

bro mix

1330

28

AGO

17

6

do

pek sou

540

31

18

18

5

do

congou

450

29

9

19

3

do

dust

450

25

1

Hoolo

21

6

ch

dust

480

25

23

Ossington

23

16

do

bro pek

1760

49 bid

24

24

34

do

pekoe

3400

36 bid

25

25

20

do

pek sou

2000

31

30

B B

30

12 hf-ch

pek .sou

760

20

31

F, in estate

mark

31

17

do

bro tea

875

20 bid

32

K G A

32

5

ch

bro pek

525

45 bid

33

33

10

do

pekoe

1000

33 bid

34

34

8

do

pek sou

760

29 bid

36

35

7

do

sou

655

25

[Messrs. Eorbes & Walker.— 337,764 lb.]

Lot. pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

12

IM

998

5

ch

bro pek

510

37

16

6

5

do

dust

750

21

17

8

5

do

sou

430

20

19

Macaldenia

12

33

ch

bro pek

1815

66

20

14

16

do

pek No. 1

1600

57

21

16

13

do

do No. 2

1300

44

22

H A T, in est.

mark

18

7

ch

bro pek

770

30

25

Carendon

24

6

do

bro pek

600

59

26

26

5

do

pekoe

500

44

28

30

4

do

sou

400

32

29

32

4

do

fans

400

40

31

Langdale

36

15

ch

bro pek

1800

61

Si

-

38

20

do

pekoe

2000

5 )

36

Elfindale

46

17

do

pek sou

1700

27

37

48

13

do

pek fans

1300

18

39

Walton

52

46

do

bro pek

2760

64

40

64

29

do

pekoe

1740

41

44

Udagoda

62

19

ch

bro pek

1995

41

45

6t

29

do

pekoe

2900

32

46

66

6

do

pek sou

570

29

49

Dehegalle

72

46

ch

bro pek

2300

66

50

74

63

hf-ch

pekoe

3510

50

.51

76

14

do

congou

700

35

53

Dehegalle

80

47

ch

bro pek

2820

65

54

82

46

do

pekoe

2760

49

59

Pansalateiine

92

19

do

bro pek

1995

46

60

94

17

do

pekse

1700

42

61

96

18

do

pek sou

1710

34

62

92

10

(lo

congou

1000

29

63

100

9

hf-cli

dust

675

26

04

Che.sterford

102

19

ch

bro pek

4900

57

65

int

41

do

pekoe

4300

42

66

106

33

do

pek sou

3300

.34

70

K K G n

114

11 1

[\f-ch

sou

550

32

71

•S K

116

30

ch

bro pek

2700

50

72

Meddetenne

118

18

hf-ch

bro pek

lOSO

52

73

120

9

ch

1

hf-ch

pekoe

9.55

41

74

122

6

ch

pek iou

540

35

79

Waltrira

132

21

ch

bro or pek

2100

48

80

134

25

do

pekoe

2250

38

SI

Napier

136

12

ch

bro pek

1288

66

82

13S

15

do

pekoe

1370

52

83

140

11

do

pek sou

944

38

85

Polatagam i

144

52

ch

bro pek

5200

51

86

140

41

do

nekoe

4100,

34

87

14S

2.1

do

piek sou

2300

30

88

150

38

do

fans

3800

42

89

Weoya

152

42

do

bro pek

4200

50

90

154

34

do

pekoe

3060

34

91

156

23

do

pek sou

2070

30

Lot

Box. Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

92

153

18

ch

fans

1800

38

93

160

4

do

pek dust

600

25

94 Dunkeld

162

14 hf-ch

bro pek

1540

62

95

164

24

do

or pek

1200

54

96

166

14

ch

pekoe

1500

42

97 D K D

168

4

do

bro pe No 2

480

41

98 Dea Ella

170

46 hf-ch

bro p«k

2530

48

99

172

37

do

pekoe

1850

36

100

174

13

do

pek sou

650

32

102

Ruanwella

178

20

do

bro or pek

1200

45 bid

103

180

20

ch

bro pek

2600

44

104

182

35

do

pekoe

3150

36

106

186

5

do

dust

425

25

107

Morankande

188

34

ch

bro pek

3400

47 bid

108

190

47

do

pekoe

4700

37

109

192

47

do

pek sou

4700

33

111

Carfax

196

38

do

unas

3800

34

112

W

198

6

ch

bro or pek

672

66

113

200

9

do

or pek

792

66

116

•06

4

do

pek sou

400

43

117

CRD

20S

5

ch

dust

500

26

132

Ederapolla

238

39

do

bro pek

3800

43

133

240

71

do

pekoe

5325

36

134

242

47

do

pek sou

3760

32

135

244

7

do

sou

525

30

136

246

8

do

bro mix

784

22

137

248

7 hf-ch

dust

560

26

138

EUaoya

250

4

ch

bro pek

448

C4

139

252

18

do

or pek

1728

52 bid

140

.Stisted

254

19

do

pek sou

1710

35

141

256

27 hf-ch

bro pek

1755

58

142

258

19

do

pekoe

1235

47

143

260

13

do

pek sou

715

35

144

262

6

do

dust

480

28

146

G P M, in est.

mark

266

22

ch

bro or pek

1320

51 bid

147

268

21

do

or pek

1176

66 bid

148

270

64

do

pekoe

3520

49 bid

149

272

74

do

do No. 2

4070

47

150

274

52 hf-ch

sou

2860

42

151

276

7

do

pek fans

595

32

152

278

11

do

red leaf

605

20

153

Katooloya

280

31

ch

bro tea

2480

withdn.

158

Pantiya

290

12

do

red leaf

1020

21

159

292

6

do

dust

780

24

160

Tonacombe

294

15

ch

or pek

1500

78

161

290

12

do

bro pek

1440

77

162

29S

36

do

pekoe

3600

59

163

SOO

12

do

pek sou

1200

49

164

Galapitakan-

de

302

12

ch

bro pek

1260

65

165

304

19

do

pekoe

1900

£1

171

St. Heliers

316

28 1

lif-ch

bro or pek

1540

49 bid

72

318

7

ch

pekoe

700

8

177

K S

328

4

do

bro pek

400

36

181

Coreen

336

12

hf-ch

dust

88

28

182

Doramakande

338

18

ch

bro pek

1800

57

183

340

12

do

pekoe

1080

35

184

342

12

(lo

pek sou

1020

30

186

DK

346

4

do

bro pek

400

35

191

Naseby

356

22

hf-di

bro pek

1210

88

192

358

18

do

pekoe

810

72

194

Oxford

362

46

ch

bro pek

4600

44 bid

195

364

35

do

pekoe

3325

36 bid

196

366

34

do

pek sou

2720

32

198

370

6

do

dust

720

25

199

M B 0, in estate

mark

372

8

cli

sou

640

20

200

374

9

do

bro mix

810

20

202

Tonvood

373

41

do

bro j>ek

3608

48 bid

203

380

16

do

pekoe No. ;

1 1376

38

204

382

25

do

do ,, i

1 212.5

36

205

3S4

24

do

pek sou

1920

3!

208

SS s

390

4

do

bro tea

416

31

210

Doonevale

304

10

ch

bro pek

leoo

45

211

3PC

24

do

pekoe

2160

32 bid

212

398

8

do

funs

7G0

27

213

400

6

do

dust

700

“’S

215

Yoxford

404

5

do

pek fans

600

42

216

4'iG

4

do

fans

4S0

31

217

408

o

do

dust

420

30

219

Knavesmire

412

30

ch

bro pek

3780

40

220

414

no

do

pekoe

8250

00

221

416

89

do

pek son

f 785

32

222

418

12

do

pek sou

720

32

223

420

33

do

sou

1050

29

225

Deiiuiaik Hill 421

6

ch

bro or pek

660

72

229

Pedro

432

16

do

bro or pek

1840

89

230

434

5

(lo

bro pek

660

00 bid

132

436

13

do

pekoe

1170

CO bid

232

438

17

do

pek sou

1360

52 bid

233

440

5

do

fans

800

43

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name. lb.

C.

236

St. Neot.s

446

23

ch

bro or pek

2645

47 bid

237

448

18

do

or pek No 1 I860

55 bid

238

4(0

26

do

do „ 2

2340

49 bid

239

432

19

do

bro pek

2090

43 bid

240

454

24

do

pekoe

2160

42 bid

241

X

4.36

10

ch

red leaf

900

19

242

Farnhaui

458

38 hf-ch

bro pek

1824

55

243

460

26

do

or pek

1154

45

244

462

29

do

pekoe

1305

36

24,‘i

464

23

do

pek sou

1035

32

248

(iampaha

470

501

hf-ch

bro or pek

3080

70 bid

249

472

4n

ch

or ))ek

4050

62

250

474

10

do

pekoe

1000

56

251

476

18

do

pek sou

1800

46

253

Clyde

490

35

ch

bro pek

3150

51

259

492

60

do

pekoe

5100

37

260

494

8

do

pek sou

720

30

261

496

6

do

dust

840

25

262

Clioufihleigh

498

9

ch

pek sou

810

35 bid

263

M’Kelle

500

27

do

bro or pek

2700

50

264

502

40

do

or pek

4000

50

265

504

30

do

pekoe

3009

33 bid

L-?*

[Mr.

E. JOHN.-
Bjx. Pl(gs.

-105,334 lb.]
Name lb.

C.

7

R U P, in estate
mark 183

4

ch

dust

4S0

34

9

Esperanza

187

13 hf-ch

bro or pek

676

49

10

189

20

do

pekoe

920

38

12

Aliioor

193

33

do

bro pek

1650

54

13

105

20

do

pekoe

1000

37 bid

14

197

10

do

pek sou

800

33

15

199

6

do

fans

420

34

18

Razeen

205

43

do

pekoe

1849

38

19

207

24

do

pek sou

1050

33

20

Pati Rajah

209

9

ch

bro pek

990

60

21

211

15

do

pekoe

1.500

43

22

Oonavy

213

25

do

bro pek

2800

63

23

215

15

do

pekoe

1440

64

24

217

13

do

pek sou

1692

44

27

N K, in estate
mark

223

31

do

bro tea

2805

18 bid

28

Mocha

225

21

do

bro pek

2203

67 bid

29

227

21

do

pekoe

1995

to bid

30

229

16

do

pek sou

1360

45

31

Olentilt

231

19

do

bro pek

1993

63 bid

32

233

IS

do

pekoe

1800

48 bid

33

235

5

do

pek sou

430

42

33

St. .lohn’s

239

25 hf-ch

bro or pek

1400

Rl-15

36

241

24

do

or pek

1152

U.15

37

243

25

do

pekoe

1250

85

38

245

18

do

pek Ians

1368

53

30

Ivies

247

25

do

bro pek

1125

o7

4(1

249

13

ch

pekoe

1170

38

41

251

10

do

pek sou

960

32 bid

45

C N

259

5

do

bro tea

500

25

46

Ulasgow

261

36

do

bro or pek

2700

78

47

263

20 hf-ch

or pek

1200

55 bid

48

265

15

ch

pekoe

1425

50

49

Kotuagedera

267

29

do

bro pek

2600

52

50

209

21

do

pekoe

2100

30 bid

51

271

17

do

pek sou

1700

32

53

Talawakellie

275

5

do

bro mi.x

525

26

58

T & T Co., in
estate mark

2S5

32

do

bro pek

3200

34

59

587

29

do

pekoe

2610

29

62

Dambadeniya

293

27

do

Oro pek

3117

40 bid

63

295

11

do

br pek No. 2

14.59

29 bid

64

297

27

do

pekoe

2750

33 bid

65

Anchor, in est.
mark

290

19

do

bro or pek

199.5

64

66

301

21

do

pekoe

2100

50

67

303

11

do

pek sou

10J5

44

68

305

8

do

pek fans

960

42

69

St. Neot’s

307

24

do

bi o or pek

2760

49 bid

70

309

19

do

or pek No.l

I960

55 bid

71

311

27

do

or pek No.2

2430

49 bid

72

313

19

do

bro pek

2000

43 bid

73

3!5

27

do

pekoe

2430

40 bid

74

A .S T Co., in
estate mark

317

60 hf-ch

bro pek

2800

57 bid

75

319

35

<lo

or pek

1750

62 bid

70

tihuirhos

321

17

ch

bro |iek

1530

50

323

28

do

pekoe

1960

44

78

325

15

do

pek sou

1050

37

79

327

4

do

you

490

33

80

I> T 1„ A

329

SC hf-ch

bi'o pek

1750

46 bid

81

331

39

do

pekoe

1950

37 bid

82

Ardlaw & Wish
ford

333

27

do

or pek

1080

57 bid

83

33.)

8

ilo

br or pe No.l

400

R1-U6

84

337

19

cll

bro or jiek

2090

59

85

339

0

do

pekoe

670

52

86

P T 1-, R

341

22 lif-ch

bro pek

1160

57 bid

.87

343

38

do

pekoe

I960

45 bid

88

Cla.sgow

345

11

ch

dn.st

1100

30

[Messrs. Somerville ix Co., lb 133,310.]

Lot

Box.

Pkgs. Name

lb.

C.

1

Muligatenne

32

5

ch

bro pek

525

42 bid

2

33

6

do

pekoe

600

36

3

34

7

do

pek sou

630

29

7

Illukettia

38

U

do

bro pek

1210

48

8

32

6

do

pekoe

900

34

9

40

7

do

pek sou

030

30

16

H J S

47

10

do

bro pek

500

49

18

49

21

do

pek sou

1050

32

20

W’tenne

51

6

ch

bro pek

540

5S

21

52

9

do

pekoe

810

40

2.1

52

13

do

j)ek sou

1170

34

23

Uda

54

20 hf-ch

or pek

1200

57

25

A G L

56

22

ch

pekoe

1870

34 bid

28

White Cross

59

13

do

bro pek

1495

45 bid

29

60

14

do

pekoe

1232

38

30

61

7

do

pek sou

700

33

33

Malvern

64

14

do

bro pek

770

46

34

65

43

do

pekoe

2365

34

38

Moolgama

69

9

do

fans

68.5

36

40

Benveula

71

30

do

bro pek

1560

48

41

72

17

do

pekoe

850

35

42

73

6

ch

pek sou

600

30

45

Attabagie

70

36 hf-ch

bro or pek

1980

51

46

77

18

do

or pek

SIO

48 bid

47

78

48

ch

pekoe

40S0

37

48

79

9

do

pek sou

765

33

49

SO

10 hf-cli

fans

650

35

51

H in estate

mark

82

20

do

bro pek

1430

44

52

S3

27

ch

pekoe

2430

34

53

84

30

do

pek son

2737

30

54

Rothes

85

18 hf-cli

bro pek

9U0

60 bid

59

Cosgahawella

90

7

do

bro pelt

4-20

42

65

Deniyagama

96

7

ch

bro or pek

770

41 bid

Id

97

27

do

bro pek

2430

54

67

98

16

do

pekoe

1360

42 bid

68

Wattegama

99

56

do

bro pek

5600

41 bid

67

100

25

do

pekoe

2250

37 bid

70

Penrith

101

33

do

bro pek

3300

59

71

102

34

do

pekoe

2720

40

72

103

30

do

pek son

2550

34

75

T Matale in

est. mark

106

10 hf-ch

pek fans

1150

31 bid

76

Kelani

107

64

do

bro pek

35-20

54 bid

77

108

36

ch

pekoe

3240

37

78

109

10

do

pek sou

900

34

81

Maharagode

112

38

do

bro pelc

37S(-I

38

82

Mahagoda

113

5

(lo

bro pek

550

40 bid

83

114

15

do

pekoe

1500

33

85

Piayagama

116

27

do

bro pek

2700

39 bid

86

A T in est.

mark

117

19 hf-ch

or ])ek

950

30 bid

87

Rayigam

118

21

ch

bro pek

2100

58

88

119

17

do

pekoe

1445

40

89

120

22

do

pek sou

1870

33

91

M'Kande

122

23

do

bro pek

2576

37 bi<l

92

Goouambil

123

11 hf-di

bro pek

755

40 bid

1 box

93

124

30 hf-cli

pekoe

1793

35 bid

94

125

22

do

pek sou

1210

32 bid

95

126

21

do

pelt fans

1400

36

1 box

96

127

14 hf-cii

bro mix

947

19 bid

1 box

98

Vincent

129

12

ch

1)1-0 pek

1200

48

99

130

12

do

])ekoe

1-200

34 bid

100

N I T

131

4

ilo

unas No. 1

400

33

101

132

16

do

unas

1440

23

107

Kew

138

8 hf-ch

bro or pek

448

95 bid

108

139

14

do

or pek

700

76 bid

109

140

12

do

bro pek

7-20

61

110

141

23

ch

])ekoe

2116

53 bid

111

142

9

do

pek sou

855

41 bid

112

Dolo.sbagie

143

20

do

bro pek

1970

45

113

144

41

do

I'ekoe

3280

39 bid

114

Ccmillah

14.5

12

do

bro pek

1260

47 bid

115

146

6

ilo

pekoe

600

39

116

147

7

do

pek sou

700

22

122

New Pera-

deuiya

153

21

do

bro pek

2205

50 bid

123

Dotala

154

IS hf-ch

or i)ek

810

60

124

1 55

IS

do

V

■ p

1080

62

125

1.(6

9

ch

pekoe

S55

47

134

llarangalla

165

25

ilo

bro pek

27.50

61 bid

136

Romeria

107

12

do

sou

1-288

18

139

1 J‘

170

IS

do

pek .son

1380

33

140

171

9 lif-ch

dnsl

684

26

142

R G

173

5

cll

bro tea

425

20 bid

113

174

6 hf-cli

dust

640

25

144

175

12

do

fans

780

34

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

3

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs

Lot.

. A. H. Thompson
Box. Pkgs. Name

& Co.]
lb.

C.

2

Battalgalla

2 3

ch

fans

270

26

5

Oolloowatte

5 3

do

bro mix

270

24

6

6 2 hf-ch

dust

120

24

13

Woodend

13 1

ch

dust

150

25

14

X

14 1

do

red leaf

90

19

15

Ugieside

15 2

do

dust

300

25

20

XXX

20 1

do

red leaf

120

17

22

K G K

22 4

do

bro mix

384

14 bid

26

Ossington

26 1

do

bro mix

105

15

27

27 2

do

dust

305

24

28

0

28 1

do

unas

77

28

29

D

29 5

ch

pek fans

360

34

Messes. Fokbes

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

3

Hopewell

980

1

do

4

982

1

do

5

984

1

do

6

986

1

do

13

M. ill esc. mark 1000

3

ch

14

2

2

do

15

4

2

do

15

10

2

do

23

11 A T, in est.

mark

20

4 bf-ch

24 BBB, in est. mark 22

2

ch

27

Carendon

28

3

do

30

34

3

do

33

Langdale

40

3

do

34

42

1

do

35

44

1

do

33

Elfindale

50

4

do

41

Walton

56

6

do

42

58

7

do

43

60

2

do

47

Udagoda

08

1

ch

48

70

1

do

52

Dehegalle

78

2

hf-ch

55

84

3

do

56

86

1

ch

57

E, in est. mark

. 88

1

ch

58

90

1

do

67

K K G H

108

3

hf-ch

68

110

7

do

09

112

6

do

75

Meddetenne

124

1 hf-ch

76

126

1

ch

77

128

1

do

1 hf-ch

78

130

1

ch

84

Napier

142

3 hf-ch

101

Hea Ella

176

4

do

105

Ruanwella

184

4

ch

110

Morankande

194

3 hf-ch

114

202

2

ch

115

204

4

do

145

D, in est. mark 264

3

ch

154

Debatgama

282

1

do

155

Midlands

284

1

do

150

286

1

do

157

2S8

4 hf ch

160

Galapitakan-

de

306

3

ch

167

308

1

do

168

G

310

3

do

169

312

1

do

170

314

1

do

173

M M

320

3

ch

174

322

3

do

175

324

2

do

176

326

1

do

178

K S

330

3

do

179

332

2

do

ISO

334

3

do

185

Doranakande

344

4 ht-ch

187

1) K

348

2

ch

188

350

2

do

189

Avoca

352

2

ch

190

354

3 hf-ch

193

G C

300

3

ch

197

Gxford

368

1

do

201

M B O, in estate

nurk

376

1 lif-ch

206

Torwood

386

2

ch

207

388

1

do

209

ss s

392

4

do

214

Hewalakande

402

1

ch

218

Yoxford

410

2

do

224

Knavesmire

422

4 hf-ch

220

Denmark Hill 420

3

ch

227

423

4

do

228

430

2

do

246

Farnham

466

3 hf-ch

247

468

3

ch

& Walker.

Name.

lb.

C.

bro pek

104

61

pekoe

101

46

pek sou

100

36

congou

91

30

pekoe

264

30

fans

240

36

dust No. 1

280

25

red leaf

160

20

dust

320

25

dust

18

22

pek soH

300

35

congou

242

28

pek sou

270

40

fans

120

32

dust

180

26

dust

360

25

pek sou

360

36

pek sou

385

33

dust

16)

26

pek fans

115

27

bro tea

105

23

dust

160

24

congou

180

34

dust

100

25

bro mix

102

20

pek dust

117

25

bro pek

165

63

pekoe

378

41

pek sou

300

35

fans

60

28

dust

150

26

congou

135

25

red leaf

80

22

dust

252

26

fans

240

34

pek sou

360

29

pek fans

240

27

bro pek

232

42

pekoe

360

47

pek dust

300

24

dust

140

25

sou

99

34

red leaf

70

19

dust

300

26

pek sou

300

39

dust

90

25

sou

255

23

dust

150

24

bro sou

91

29

bro pek

339

32

pekte

300

29

sou

200

18

dust

140

withd’n

pekoe

276

27

fans

220

24

sou

249

18

dust

300

26

pekoe

180

31

pek sou

170

28

pek sou

210

55

bro pek fan

225

44

red leaf

345

18

sou

80

26

dust

60

18

sou

160

25

dust

120

26

red leaf

296

20

pekoe

80

36

(lust

300

28

dust

320

25

or pek

288

72

pekoe

368

62

pek sou

160

44

bro pek fan

216

28

dust

300

27

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, c,

6 P H P, in est,

mark

181

2 ch

bro mix

130

31

8 Warleigh

185

2 hf-ch

or pek

86

withd’n

11 Esperanza

191

2 do

dust

160

25

16 Marguerita

201

4 do

red leaf

224

30

17

203

3 do

dust

270

26

25 Gonavy

219

1 do

pek fans

80

31

26

221

1 do

dust

100

25

34 Glentilt

237

3 do

unas

120

33

42 Ivies

253

5 do

fans

225

31

48

255

3 do

dust

180

25

44

257

3 ch

congou

255

28

52 Kotuagedera

273

2 hf-ch

dust

160

25

54 Sumtravalle

277

1 do

SOU

40

31

65

279

1 do

fans

60

37

S6

281

3 do

dust

240

30

57 ELG

283

3 ch

red leaf

240

13

60 T & T Co., in

estate mark

289

3 do

pek sou

270

19

61

291

1 do

SOU

90

21

Messrs.

yOMERVILLE &

Co.

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

4 Maligatenne

35

3 ch

bro pek

240

20

5

36

1 hf-ch

dust No. 1

61

25

6

37

1 do

dust No. 2

70

20

10 Illukettia

41

3 ch

bro mix

800

22

11

42

1 do

dust

120

26

17 H J S

48

4 hf-ch

pekoe

200

38

19

50

4 do

red leaf

200

15

24 AG L

55

1 ch

or pek

85

42

26

57

2 hf-ch

dust

150

26

27 PG

58

2 ch

unae

163

36

31 AVhite Cross

62

2 ch

bro tea.

180

20

32

63

1 do

fannings

150

25

35 Malvern

66

3 hf-ch

SOU

165

28

36 Moolgama

67

3 do

red leaf

135

20

37

68

1 do

unas pek

54

36

39

70

2 do

congou

102

27

43 Benveula

74

1 ch

dust No. 2

100

23

44

75

2 do

bro mix

200

20

1 50 Attabagie

81

2 hf-ch

dust

150

26

55 Rothes

86

5 do

pek sou

200

39 bid

56

87

2 do

SOU

80

32 bid

57

88

2 do

dust

140

28

58 A ife FL

89

2 do

pek sou

180

withd’n.

60 Co.sgahawella

91

4 do

pekoe

200

33

61

92

5 do

bro tea

265

16

62

93

2 do

dust

132

25

63 M R

94

1 ch

bro or pek

100

47

64

95

2 hf-ch

bro pek

120

45

73 Penrith

104

2 ch

pek fans

230

29

74

105

1 do

dust

155

25

79 Kelani

110

6 hf-ch

fans

360

36

80

111

3 do

dust

240

25

84 Mahagoda

115

1 ch

pek .sou

110

•22

90 Rayigam

121

3 do

JjOU

240

29

97

128

3 hf ch

dust

250

25

102 HT

133

1 hf-ch

bro pek

36

41

103

134

1 ch

bro pek A

80

40

104

135

1 do

pekoe

80

34

105

136

2 do

pek sou

2t0

27

106

137

1 do

dust

100

25

117 B

148

2 do

f.vns

200

12

118

I'tO

1 do

unas

50

29

126 Dotala

157

3 do

pek sou

300

33 bid

127

158

1 do

pekoe fans

130

33

128 R T N .S

159

1 do

bro pek

90

40

129

160

1 hbeh

pekoe

35

34

130

161

1 ch

pek sou

80

30

131

162

1 hf-ch

unas

30

30

132

163

1 do

red leaf

25

20

133

164

1 ch

du.st

142

24

135 G V

166

1 hf-ch

or pek

55

37

137 G

168

2 ch

dust

290

25 bid

138 K

169

3 do

bro tea

330

16

141 Beverley

172

4 hf-ch

SOU

200

30

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Corres2)ondent J .

Mincing Lane, July 17, 1890.

E.X “Glenshiel”— Palli, 150 bags 58s; 28 bags 37s; 2 ba"<
44s 6d. Aiuba, 31 bags 60s; 2 bags 31s. MedagoiUle, 3bi-
37s 0(1; 1 bag 39s. Yattawatte, 145 bags 58s; 15 bags 36s t ,

1 bag (s d) 31s.

Ex “Historian”- Rajawelle cocoa, 24 bags 63s;
bags 37s.

Ex “Idzumi Mam”— Hylton 00, 53 bags 54s 6d. HYLS
> 17 bags 46s 6d. Sirigalla, 0 bags 50s. ’

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

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«%1

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 31.]

Colombo, August 17, 1896.

I Price 12^- cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[ME.SSRS. A. R. Thompson «& 00.-38,541 lb.]

Lot.

Ro.v.

Pkg.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

3

-Ahamucl

3

S ht-cli

pek sou

400

29

5

F 11 .M, in est.

mark

Ft

6 ch

hro pek fan

COO

25

0

0

5 do

pek fans

500

24

7

St. LeonariLs

on

Sea

7

13 ch

hro pek

1300

50 hid

8

8

10 do

pekoe

900

34

11

Victoria

11

1 5 ch

hro pek

1350

44 hid

12

12

26 do

pekoe

2080

36

13

13

(i do

pek sou

540

28

10

Nahaveena

16

20 hf-c!l

hro pek

1300

58

17

17

8 do

pekoe

400

46

IS

18

13 do

pek sou

050

38

•20

Court Lodge

20

54 <lo

hro or pek

3-210

60 bid

21

Os.singt'jii

21

34 ch

pekoe

3400

34 l)id

22

Coinar

22

•20 hf-ch

i)ro pek

3430

45

23

23

10 ch

pekoe

1120

34 hid

21

24

9 lif-ch

])ck sou

540

19

■2S

Elston

28

60 ch

pek sou

4500

.32

29

29

4 do

liro mix

440

31

30

30

4 do

(lust

520

2b

31

31

11 do

CUllii-OU

1100 ■

30

32

Ketapola

32

5 ch

1 Iif-ch

h o pek

004

48

33

33

0 ch

pekoe

537

32

Carleton

aS

2' iif-ch

hro pek

1305

38 l)id

39

Oaklauds

39

29 ch

.SOU

•2630

17 liid

10

Vatadola

40

38 do

hro pek

3770

39 hid

[Mu. E. John.

—99,101 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

0

Madultfiina

373

12 ch

bro pek

1200

59

7

37.'i

16 do

pek sou

1000

32 bid

8

Whyddon

377

12 do

hro pek

1200

72

9

379

12 do

pekoe

1200

54

10

•381

1 2 do

pek sou

1200

49

10

Glentilt

393

■' 1 do

hro ])ek

2-205

65

395

U do

).>ekc>c

1100

51

-20

-Agar’s Land

401

68 hf-ch

hro pek

2610

51 hid

2L

103

14 do

or uek

030

56 hid

o >

405

77 do

pekoe

357.0

40 hid

23

407

98 do

pek sou

4900

35 hid

2i

•

409

50 do

.sou

2800

3 4 hid

411

12 do

dust

72<J

27 hid

.2 ■

Digdola

415

15 ch

hro pek

1600

49 i'id

2 !

417

32 do

pekoe

2560

35 bid

9 1

419

11 hf-ch

hro pek fans 660

34

31

Blackburn

425

9 ch

hro pek

990

37 bid

31

427

13 do

pekoe

1310

33 l>icl

33

Doonhinda

433

10 do

bro pek

1030

06

37

435

1 1 do

pekoe

1100

54

31

437

6 do

pek sou

576

47

E T K

411

26 hf-cii

pekoe

1300

38 bid

41

443

9 do

dust

7-20

■28

42

H S in estate

mark

445

10 ch

SOU

850

•29

43

447

5 hf-ch

dust

4-25

25

44

449

12 bags

red leaf

840

10

46

Tientsin

453

32 iif-ch

hro or pek

1760

73

47

455

23 ch

pekoe

2070

40 hid

48

457

5 do

pek sou

450

44

40

459

5 hf-ch

pro pek fans

500

44

57

Lameliere

475

21 do

hro pek

2'205

00 bid

.58

477

■20 do

pekoe

1800

48 hid

59

479

10 do

pek sou

1360

39

02

A

485

1-2 <lo

pekoe

1200

42

63

487

4 do

unas

400

32

64

Dartry

489

8 do

l>ro mix

7-20

31

00

Eadella

493

13 do

bro pek

1300

47

67

495

12 do

pekoe

1080

36

03

497

7 do

pek sou

.560

31

09

G P

499

0 do

dust

762

23

70

Kolapatna

1

7 hf-ch

pekoe

595

40 bid

7f>

M

11

3 ch

pek dust No.l 5.50 j

withd’n.

76

13

0 do

pek dust

900)

77

N K . in estate

mark

15

69 iif-cli

hro tea

3770

18 hid

78

Maryland

17

17 cii

bro pek

440

42 hid

79

19

4 do

pekoe

4 'll)

30 hid

SO

S T-N

33

82 hf-ch

hro tea.

3815

19 hid

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Names.

lb.

C.

87

Logan

35

11 ch

1)ro pek

1100

60

88

37

11 do

pekoe

!9)

35 hid

89

39

8 do

pek sou

720

33

93

Ormidale

47

38 boxes

hro or pek

700R1-41 Cts.

94

49

16 hf-cli

or pek

800111 -nets.

95

51

19 do

pekoe

950

75

96

Ormidale

53

9 hf-eli

pek sou

450

65

[Messrs. Eorbes & Walker.— 231,352 ib.]

Lot. Jikgs.

Nai44e.

lb.

C.

1 Springkeil

506

8 lif-ch

son

400

45

4 Cl oca

612

10

hf-cli

1)40 pek

500

44

5

514

8

do

pekoe

400

34

0

516

9

do

pek sou

405

32

12 C 11

5--'8

10

do

I'ed leaf

lOOj

23

17 Car berry

i.38

25

do

Irro pek

2500

54

18

540

25

do

pekoe

2250

39

19 Yatiyaiia

542

9

ch

hro pek

540

49

20

544

13

do

pekoe

71.5

30

33 'j'hadden

570

11

do

pek sou

99(.i

32

35

574

4

do

(Inst

OiO

24

30 Ardross

670

20

do

hro pek

2000

67

37

578

20

do

pekoe

4800

37

38

5&0

24

do

pek .sou

1920

33

4U

5s4

4

(io

Ians

40U

31

42 Nahaveena

•588 118 lif-ch

hro pek

69o0

59

43

590

36

do

pekoe

1800

44

44

592

01

do

))ek sou

3050

40

40

596

a

do

(lust

075

29

4 / Augusta

598

27

ch

hro pek

■2700

52

48

000

20

do

pekoe

2000

41

4 '9

6(2

16

do

peii sou

4440

30

50

004

4

do

(lust

50U

29

ai Alidiand

bOO

10

ch

In’o tea

16(0

22

-52

108

4

do

I'.nis

4jU

2-3

53

008

0

do

(lust

480

20

57 .Ambiangodda

018

4

do

hro pek

440

06

5s

620

15

do

pelme

1350

4u

5J

022

10

do

pelc .sou

760

41

oa Deaculia

034

aU

hf-ch

uro peK

1800

7 1

00

636

24

ch

pekoe

IsOO

48

67 Ascot

628

27

do

hro pek

2700

40

08

640

20

(io

pekoe

1800

37

09

042

17

do

pek sou

1530

34

1 0 Melrose

044

21

ch

hro pek

2. do

46

71

646

17

do

peiioe

17(0

37

72

048

14

do

pek sou

1400

33

73 Kieuuuia

650

8

ch

pek sou

800

34

74

652

0

do

sou

480

32

75

054

5

do

1 hf-ck

fans

570

29

77 Siiannon

058

12

Cil

pekoe

840

38

78

060

8

do

pek sou

448

30

81 Middleton,

W in esta,te

mark

060

5

ch

1 hf-ch

bro or pek

585

61

S3

070

i-

ch

pek No. i

96(4

02

87 R C W, in est.

mark

678

41 hf-ch

tiro or pek

2140

63 bid

SS Galkadua

0;0

11

ch

hro pek

1100

47

89

682

8

do

pekoe

SOO

34

90

684

8

do

pek sou

800

30

98 Ganapalla

700

103

do

bro pek

5160

44

9J

702

3-5

do

pekoe

■2975

33

100

704

21

do

pek sou

1600

30

101

706

15

(lo

bro pek fan 1600

29

H'2 Kirklees

7(i8

35 hf-ch

hro or pek

2100

80

103

710

23

ch

or pek

2300

80

104

742

24

do

pelvoe

2-280

59

105

714

28

do

pek sou

2520

48

107

718

8

do

dust

080

31

108 High Forest

720

37 hf-ch

hro pek

2072

68

109

7-22

30

do

pekoe

1500

54

110

724

20

do

pek sou

1000

46

111

726

16

ch

pek dust

1280

30

112 Hayes

7-28

70 hf-ch

hro pek

3500

48

113

730

4 4

do

pekoe

1935

39

114

732

29

do

pek sou

1305

33

110 Ranawel'a

736

5

ch

hro pek

525

57

117

738

6

do

pek(»e

480

39

118

740

8

do

pek sou

0t«4

34

121 Kirin.Ii

746

16

ch

hro pek

1080

58

122

748

19

do

pekoe

15-20

41

123

750

24

do

pek sou

1800

30

127 Wevagoda

768

11

ch

bro pek

1060

40

R2S

760

7

do

pekoe

580

31

129

702

5

do

sou

430

25

130

764

12

do

pek fans

900

25

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot

Box. rk<js-

Name

lb.

C.

Lot. Bo.k.

Fk{rs.

Name.

lb.

133

C L, in estate

33

White Cross

208

28

ch

bro pek

2940

40

mark

770

10

ch

sou

1000

31

34

509

23

do

pekoe

2024

30

134

772

12

do

red leaf

1080

28

35

210

11

do

pek sou

990

33

135

Court Lodge

774

33

ch

1)10 or pek

3630

76 bid

39

Carney

214

23

hf-ch

pekoe

11.50

39

130

770

28 lif-cll

or pek

1450

7G

40

215

12

do

pek sou

600

34

137

778

15

ch

pekoe

1260

69

41

210

13

ilo

bro fans

650

43

138

78(1

5 hf-ch

pek fans

450

36

42

Utbr

217

20

do

bro or pek

18-20

50

139

Ellekande

782

S3

do

or pek

3320

56

43

218

2f

do

or pek

1-200

55

140

784

IS

do

bro or pek

990

64 bid

44

D K, in estate

141

7SC

31

do

pekoe

1364

30

mark

219

8

ch

bro pek

SSO

51

14-2

788

7

ch

unas

630

3/

45

Oya

220

20

hf-ch

(•r pek

1200

57

113

Dunkeld

790

10

do

pekoe

1000

38

40

Marigold

221

14

do

bro i>ek

890

81

144

Castlereagli

792

21

do

bi'o 1 ek

2100

59

47

222

21

do

pekoe

1050

57

145

794

12

(lo

or pek

1080

47

48

223

18

do

l)ek sou

9.50

50

140

7fi0

18

do

pekoe

1620

40

49

224

8

do

sou

4110

44

147

798

0

d(»

pek sou

480

35

51

Paradise

226

11

do

bro pek

005

54

iri4

Cairn Hill

812

11

cli

bro pek

1110

41

52

227

IS

ch

pekoe

1740

34

1.55

814

11

do

pekoe

990

34

53

228

7

di>

pek sou

703

30

1'6

816

7

do

pek sou

500

32

55

P, in estate

ICO

Beausejour

821

12

ch

bro pek

1200

45

mark

220

5

do

161

820

15

do

pekoe

13.50

33

1

hf-ch

una.ssorted .'94

28

162

.Scrubs

828

11

ch

or pek

IK 0

78

65

Lonach

240

.5.5

do

l)ro pek

2750

50

163

SiO

19

do

bro pek

•2090

67

06

241

21

ch

pekoe

1995

41

164

832

10

do

pekoe

1805

54

07

242

11

do

pek sou

9?0

34

167

Meddecoom-

08

Iiichstelly and

bra

838

5

ch

red leaf

425

14

Woodthorpe

243

8

do

bro pek

840

57

168

840

10

do

congou

9.50

26

09

244

10

do

pekoe

800

41

109

V ()

842

12

do

bro tea

1200

22

70

245

12

do

pek sou

900

35

170

W’Bedde

844

35

do

bro or pek

3110

ob bid

73

Ivanhce

248

13

)if-ch

bi'o pek

050

70

171

Knavesmire

840

21

ch

bro pek

220.5

45

74

249

17

ch

pekoe

1.530

45

172

848

49

do

pekoe

307:5

35

75

250

0

do

i)ek .sou

540

37

173

850

14

do

pek sou

840

31

78

Morowa Totum -2o3

18

hf-cli

bro pek

900

11

174

8.52

8 hf-ch

sou

4(>0

28

79

254

30

do

br pek No

2 1800

39

176

Amblakande

860

10

ch

bro pek

£00

50

83

Narangoda

2:18

9

do

bro pok

900

44

177

858

14

do

pekoe

1200

40

84

259

12

do

pekoe

1140

37

178

860

7

do

pek sou

700

01 t

34

/H-t Ui<1

85

560

9

do

pek sou

810

31

ISO

181

182

18:i

185

18G

190

191

192

193

194

198

199
202
203
206
207
20S
209

217

218

219

220

225

226
227
223

231

232

233

234

235

237

238

242

243

244

861
806
868
870
874
870

Bainlarawella 8^4

IValtrim
Ederapolla
E

Ervolhvood

47 t-li
8 lif-ch
8 ch
10 do
8 do
.58 llf-c-ll

pek sou
bro pek
bi'o pek
pekoe
pek sou
bi o or pek

3700

400

SsO

1520

720

3248

Walpita

Uolton

Kelaneiya

Talgaswela

Great Valley

CRD

Inguru"alla

S

Udabage

M tole
Danibagalla

880

10

ch

or pek

1000

Ss8

11 hf-cli

bro pek

(60

890

lO

ch

pekoe

IOpO

892

9

do

pek sou

900

900

IS

do

bro pek

1800

0

do

iiro pek

(iOO

902

14

do

pekoe

l:130

90S

32

eh

liro pek

2720

910

28

do

pekoe

2s00

010

22

do

bro pek

1980

918

4

ilo

do No.

2 440

920

13

do

pekoe

1 105

922

7

do

pek sou

.595

938

18 1

lif-cll

bro pek

990

940

10

do

or pek

880

942

15

do

pekoe

13.50

941

10

do

pek sou

8.50

954

6

ell

dust

000

5

do

dust

500

9.50

9

do

bro pek

9(0

9.58

10

do

pekoe

1440

960

20

do

pek sou

1800

906

18

ell

bro te.a

1494

90S

21 :

hf-ch

bro pek

1260

970

34

do

pekoe

1870

972

2.5

do

pek sou

1375

974

19

do

dust

1045

978

22

ell

bro pek

2200

980

•28

do

pekoe

2240

988

73

hf-eh

bro pek

4380

900

24

do

pekoe

1-200

992

10

do

pek sou

450

24 bid
80
53

40

05 bid
57

45

32 bid
30
00
42

38
57

46
62

41
40
34
71
.56
45

34 bid
20
27
.'2
40
34
16

47
37
32
29
47

39
00
49
45

80 W G

261 11 do

1100

87

•262

H

hf-ch

dust

990

88

263

11

ch

br pek sou

902

89

Panapitiya

204

7

lif-ch

bro pek

420

90

265

9

do

pekoe

540

91

Cosgaliawella

260

7

do

bro pek

420

92

267

10

cli

pekoe

1000

96

271

4

dt»

bro tea

400

97

Reygill

•272

2:5

do

bro or pek

2970

98

273

30

do

bro pek

3930

99

274

18

do

pekoe

16(0

K 6

Mirigama

281

41

do

bro pek

4070

107

282

33

do

pekoe

2970

108

P T P, in es-

tate mark

283

24

do

pekoe

2400

109

Bogahiigoda-

watte

284

4

do

bro pek

440

111

E G 1., Dim-

bill:!,, est. mark

: 286

24

do

or pek

2400

112 Matara 287 29 lif-eh

113 288 17 do

115 JIaria 290 8 cli

117 392 30 do

119 Maria 294 14 do

121 Kumhugama ‘^96 18 do

122 Waduwa 297 21 do

298 34 hf-ch

bro or pek
bro pek
bro jiek
pek sou
pekoe
bro iiek
bro pek
bro pek

1740

1850

800

3000

1400

1800

2331

1870

[ME.SSRS. Somerville eV Co., lb
Lot: Bo.v. Pkgs. Name

2-22,842.]
lb. c.

? California 177
0 Citrus ’81
7 182
11 Dessford Ceylon ISO

13 Ckuwela

14

15

21 Ellatenne

22

23

24 \Voo<lland

25

26

29 .Surrey

:-;o
: 1
32

188

189

190
190

197

198

199

200
201

204

205

206
207

7 ch

8 do
11 do

4 do
1 hf-ch
40 ch
35 do
20 do
00 do
18 do
15 do
10 tlo

9 do

6 do

7 lif-cli
29 do
50 do
31 ch

pekoe
bro pek
pekoe

pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
l)ro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek .sou
bro or pek
bro ])ek
pekoe
pek sou

665

800

1107

34

48

34

422 33 bid

1-24

299

42

do

or pek

2100

125

300

48

do

pekoe

2400

120

1

31

do

pek sou

1550

127

*2

.5

do

dust

400

134

Yarrow

9

44

hf-ch

bro pek

2464

135

10

.53

do

pekoe

2900

130

11

10

ch

dust

700

137

Galkolua

1-2

13

do

1

lif-ch

bro pek

1415

138

13

8

ch

pekoe

075

139

14

10

do

pek sou

1440

143

Moragalla

18

12

do

l)ro pek

1200

144

19

10

do

pel;oe

1000

145

20

5

do

pek sou

500

140

21

4

do

dust

448

147

Romania

22

0

do

bro pek

COO

148

149

151 Ovoca, A I

152

157 Annandale

23 13 do
21 8 do

26 ro do

27 12 do

32 9 do

pekoe
pek sou
liro or pek
pekoe
pekoe

bid

1300

800

3300

1200

810

31 bid
20 bid

25 bid

39

32

40
29
14

41 bid

42

36 bid

41 bid

33

42

29 bid

51 bid

39 bid

40 bid
47

30

32 bid

37 bid
37 bid

41 bid
41

35
81

26

51
41
28

49

36 bid
35

50
35

31
35

52
35
28
06
50

39 bid

4000

CO

1.59

Pussetenne

34

14

do

bro pek

1470

61

3500

so

160

35

15

do

pekoe

1600

41

2000

33

161

30

7

do

pek sou

720

34

3000

33 bid

163

38

10

(lo

or pek

950

64

16-20

30 liid

167

Scarborougli

42

5

hf-ch

pekoe

496

57

1350

•26 I'id

168

43

0

ch

pek sou

552

45

1000

46 bid

171

Alpitikande

40

27

do

bro pek

27001

S55

35 bid

172

47

28

do

jiekoe

2240 t

out

670

09 bid

173

48

8

do

pek sou

600 J

420

65 bid

170

Neuehatel

51

•20

do

pro pek

2000

60

1.595

50 bid

178

.53

24

(lo

pekoe

1800

39

2500

.50 bid

179

54

IS

do

pek .sou

1-260

34

2035

40 bid

181

50

3

do

dust

480

27

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box.

Pk»s.

Ncanie.

lb.

C.

Lot. B

Fkgs.

N IOTP.

lb.

c.

184

Ingeriya

59

21

bf-cli

bro pek

10.55

54

24

552

1

ch

pekoe

50

28

18-5

on

IS

do

pekoe

864

39 bid

25

554

1 hf-ch

pek sou

50

20

186

36

do

pek sou

1656

33

26

AL R M

556

2

do

bro pek

100

36

187

02

12

do

pek fans

720

41

27

558

3

do

pekoe

150

31

189

Lvndhurst

64

16

ch

bro pek

1600

50 bid

28

560

2

ch

pek sou

160

16

190

65

21

do

pekoe

1785

38

29

562

1

do

unas

80

17

191

66

23

do

pek sou

1840

33

30

564

3

do

197

Bolings 11a

72

17

do

bro pek

1.530

46 bid

1 hf-ch

bro mix

295

17

198

73

14

do

pekoe

1120

35

31

Thadden

566

2

ch

bro pek

200

50

199

74

5

do

pek sou

47.5

32

32

568

2

do

pekoe

200

4f>

214

Hatdowa

80

28

do

bro pek

2800

47 bid

34

572

3

do

sou

300

IS

215

90

17

do

pekoe

1360

35 bid

39

Ardross

582

5

do

sou

350

2^

216

91

16

do

pek sou

1280

30 bid

41

586

3 hf-ch

dust

240

26

21s

93

10

do

bro mix

1000

24

45

Nahaveena

594

1

do

cong;ou

20

29

221

Ambalagala

95

45

do

bi n pek

4950

46

54

B T N

612

1

<lo

sou

60

27

222

97

.39

do

pekoe

3850

35 bid

55

614

t>

do

bro mix

150

19

223

98

35

do

pek sou

1740

30

56

616

4

do

dust

380

25

224

Attabagie

99

IS

hf-ch

or pek

810

48 bid

60

Amblangodda

624

1

ch

dust

80

26

225

AG L

IPO

22

ch

pekoe

1870

35

61

626

1

do

bro pek

100

45

220

B G H

101

7

do

bi-n pek

095 i

62

028

2

do

pekoe

180

33

227

102

6

do

pekoe

5(0]

63

630

1

do

nnas

83

31

229

ROSE, in es-

64

G32

1

do

dust

60

27

tate mark

104

12

do

bro pek

1200

42

• 6

Sliannon

0,56

3

ch

bro pek

300

5S

230

105

■21

do

pekoe

isoo

32 bid

79

66-2

2

do

dust

1)30

SO

231

106

15

do

sou

13.50

29 bid

82

Middleton,

W in estate

SMALL LUTS.

mark

668

3

ch

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lo

r

i..

Box

Pksra. Name

lb.

C.

1

Ahamud

1

6 bf-ch

bro pek

300

44 bid

■2

n

6

do

pekoe

300

32

4

4

2

do

fans

1-25

22

9

St Leonards

on

.Sea

9

2

ch

bro mix

200

27

10

10

1

do

fans

100

27

14

Victoria

14

1

do

fans

106

26

15

A & FL

15

2 hf-ch

fans

ISO

25

19

Nahaveena

19

2

do

dust

1.50

28

2.5

Comar

25

2

ch

dust

200

25

26

D

20

3

do

sou

2S3

17 bid

27

.M F

27

2

do

sou

160

29

34

Ketapola

34

3

do

pek sou

312

29

35

AGO

35

4

ch

pek sou

.360 'j

36

06

3

do

congou

270 ■

out

3:

37

2

do

dust

300 I

[xMr.

E.

John.]

Lot.

B >x.

Pig

•!. Name

lb.

e.

1

Caledonia

363

3

ch

bro pek

27t

45

365

3

do

pekoe

270

34

3

367

4

do

pek sou

340

30

4

369

1

do

red leaf

90

16

5

371

1

ch

dust

100

23

18

Glentilt

397

4

ch

pek sou

360

40

19

'

399

3

do

fans

330

27

2fi Agar’s Land

30 Digdola

31

413

421

423

34

3.')

39

45

60

61

B B

429
431

Doonhinda 439

H S, in estate

mark 451

Lameliere 481

Ardlaw & Wish-

4 hf-ch
2 do
1 box

6 hf-ch
4 do
1 ch

red leaf
dust

flowery pek ^
golden tips
pek sou
dust
dust

240

180

r

1 bag pluff

2 ch pek fans

360

320

113

90

170

17

25

R7

26
25
27

10 bid
30

ford
Maha
M

65

71

72

73

74

90

91

97 Onnidale

L"'gan

483

491

3

9

41

43

55

lif-ch

ch

do

(lo

do

do

ch

do

hf ch

or pek
bro tea
bro pek
pekoe
fans
sou

bro tea

dust

dust

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

Lot.

Box.

Pk<(S.

Name.

lb.

C.

2

Springkell

508

3 hf-ch

dust

240

26

3

510

1 do

pek fans

80

29

7

DEC

518

3 hf-ch

fans

150

26

8

5-20

1 do

pek fans

50

22

9

522

2 do

bro tea

110

17

13

Kalupahana

530

5 do

pekoe

250

34

14

532

1 do

pek sou

50

30

15

534

1 do

sou

50

29

16

536

4 do

pek fans

•200

27

21

Yatiyana

546

5 hf-ch

pek sou

250

29

22

548

1 do

dust

72

26

23

Rsdagas, G
S

A

530

1 hf-ch

bro pek

50

37

84 672

85 674

86 676

91 Galkadua 686

92 G nss

106 Kirklees 716
1 1 5 Hayes 734

1 19 Ranawella 742

120 744

124 Kirindi 752

135 754

126 756

131 Wevagoda 766

132 768

148 Oastlereagh 800

149 802

150 Katooloya 804

151 806

152 808

153 810

157 Cairn Hill SIS

158 S20

159 Poonagalla 822

165 Meddecoom-

bra S34

166 836
175 Knavesmiie 854
179 Amblakande 862
184 Errollwood 872

187 878

188 880

189 E 882

195 Walpita 894

196 896

197 W, in estate

mark 898

199a Holton

200 904

201 9. 6

204 Kelane'ya 912

205 914

210 Blairgowrie 924

211 926

212 Boraluketiva 928

213 " 930

214 932

215 931

216 936

221 A 942

222 B 948

223 C 9.50

224 D 952

229 Wellington 962
236 Udabage 976

239 Matale 982

240 984

241 986
245 Danibagalla 994

4 cli

1 hf-ch

2 do
2 do

1 ch

2 ch
4 hf-ch

do
do
cli
do
do
do

1 do
3 ht-cii

2 do
1 cli
1 do

1 hf-ch

1 ch

2 do
1 do
1 ch

4 ch
1 do
1 hf-ch
1 ch
8 hf-ch
1 do
1 do

1 do

2 ch

1 do

2 ch

3 do

3 do

3 do
2 do
2 do

1 hf-ch
1 do
1 ch
1 do
1 hf-ch
1 ilo

1 do

2 ch

4 do

3 do
2 do
1 ch

4 hf-ch
1 ch

1 hf-ch

2 ch

2 hf-ch

pekoe No. 2
pek sou
bro tea
dust
sou

pek sou
dust
sou
dust
sou
dust
red lea f
pek dust
red leaf
pek fans
dust
bro pek
pekoe
Jiek sou
bro tea
fans
dust
red leaf

bro or pek

pekoe

dust

sou

or pek

sou

dust

bro tea

fans

sou

mixed
pekoe
pek sou
dust
sou
dust
sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek .sou
bro mix
dust
red leaf
red leaf
red leaf
red leaf
red leaf
dust
sou
dust
fans
sou

278

300

46
118
150
100
250
200

41

80

210

ISO

71
100

60

210

160

72
52
40
64

240

140

70

360

90

90

90

320

40

80

55

220

100

200

380

285

225

200

230

25

64

81

68

45

47
35
22

240

150

180

iin

240

SO

85

240

90

Lot.

Messrs.

Box.

Somerville & Oo.

1- California

3

4

5

3 Citrus

4

178

179

180
183

Pk-cfS.

ch

do

hf-ch

do

ch

do

Name.

bro pek

lb.

390

pen sou 340

bro pek dust 75
bro mix 80

fannings 300

68

45

31
28
27

15
48-
26
27
26
27
26

16
26
20
36
27
43

32
oO-

15

29

25

23

39

33

24

26
84
33

27
20-

25
20

28
35

31
26-

30
25
25

25
42

32
29
20
18

16
16

15
21

16
24

31

26
28
uS

c.

43

28

28

19

03

1

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot

Box.

PkffS.

Name.

lb.

C.

9

184

1

«lo

(lust

153

27

10 :

H A

185

1

do

fannings

100

21

16

L'kuwela

191

2

do

bro tea

200

22 bid

■27

Woodland

•202

3

do

red leaf

300

15

28

203

1

do

dust

120

28

36

White Cross

211

1

do

bro te.a

00

15

37

212

1

do

tannings

1.50

29

3S

Carney

213

4 1

hf-ch

bro pek

200

55

50

Marigold

225

4 hf-cli

bro pe fans

280

44

54

Paradise

229

1

ch

dust

lO'J

•24

56

P, in estate

mark

231

3

hf-ch

red leaf

153

19

57

D

2:32

4

do

br<) pek

208

50

58

233

5

do

pekoe

‘2.50

35

.59

■231

•S

do

pek sou

384

31

60

235

9

do

sou

396

29

61

R T, in estate

90

21

mark

2.36

1

ch

bro mix

62

•237

2

do

dust

360

24

63

•238

4

do

red leaf

:160

17

04

K

‘239

3

do

bro tea

330

13

71

Inchstelly and

70

150

25

25

72

Woodthorpe

■24 G
217

1

2

do

(lo

sou

dust

76

Ivanhoe

■.'51

.3

do

sou

270

31

77

252

4

do

bro mix

ISO

22

93

Cosgaliawella

2ti8

4

iit-ch

dust

380

■21

94

269

*2

do

fa nniugs

116

25

26

95

270

2

(lo

uuas.sorted

100

110

Bogahagodit-

watte

285

1

do

pek sou

100

27

116

Maria

291

1

do

pekoe

100

3'2

IIS

Maria

2!)3

14

do

bor pek

100

48

12C

295

1

do

dust

100

•24

1-2S

Bepedene

3

1

hf-ch

1 ed leaf

55

15

140

Galkohia

15

1

ch

sou

90

25

141

16

1

do

red leaf

100

16

142

17

1

hf-ch

dust

•SO

23

25

150

Romania

25

1

ch

dust

100

153

A

28

2

hf-ch

bro pek

i:i8

67

1.54

29

1

ch

pekoe

103

55

155

30

1

do

sou

94

47

156

Annadale

31

4

hf-ch

bro pek

350

56

158

33

3

ch

pek .sou

2-25

34

162

Pussetenne

37

1

do

dust

100

26

164

39

o

.J

h^ch

fannings

180

36

165

Scarborough

40

5

do

bro pek

3;5

65

160

41

5

do

or pe ■

220

71

109

44

2

box

dust

54

23

170

45

1

box

red leaf

4:l

15

174

175

Alpitikaude

49

50

2

1

ch

do

fannings
or pek dust

200 \
120 )

out

177

Neuchatel

52

4

do

or pek

3'20

50

ISO

57

3

do

Vii'o pek fas

345

37

182

Natal

57

4

do

pekoe

340

36

183

53

4

(lo

I>ek sou

2S0

27 bi(

188

Ingeriya

63

3

hf- h

unassorted

150

33

192

Lyndhurst

67

68

3

3

ch

do

sou

dust

240

25.5

20

26

Castle

09

3

hf-ch

bro pekoe

150

43

70

3

do

pekoe

150

—

Lot.

Box.

VkiXH.

Name.

lb.

c.

196

71

3

do

pek sou

150

28

217

92

2

(lo

dust

257

•24

219 Hatdoiva

94

1

do

red leaf

80

14

232 RCSF, in
tate mark

es

107

2

do

dust

170

22

233

108

2

ch

fannings

224

18

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

From Our Commercial Correspondent)

Mincing L.vne, July 2-1, 189G.

Marks ;uuj,prices of CEVLON COEEEE sold in Miiuiiip;
Lane up to :ilth July ; —

J'lx “sitaffoi-dshire”— Pittarat Malle, lb 108s; 2c lb lOCs;
Ic lb 90s; lb 120s; lb 80s.

Ex -‘Jiarrister”— Lra/igawella, 2c 10 s; 5c 102s Cd; lb S5s;
! lb 101s.

Ex '‘Orient”— Kahagalla, Ic lb 11 is; 4c lOGs; Ic 96s.

CEYLON COCOxi SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial CorresjmndentJ.

Mincing Lane, July 24, 1890.

Kx “Historian”- - AVarriapolla,i31 bugs 58s Od; 12 bags 70s
Od; 1 bag (s d; 44s; 7 bags 4os Od; 3 bags 40s.

Ex “Land Carriiige”— VG in j:.state mark, 5 bags
54s 6d.

J'ix “Orient”--Palli, 3o0 bags 59s Od; 13 bags (s d) S7s Gd;
17 bags (s d) 37s Gd; 43 bags 34s Gd.

Ex “Larrister”- Hylton OO, J5 bags 50s; 5 bags (s dl 37s.
HVL «, 1 bag 32s.

Ex “I’eenkai” — Aiiiba, 0 bags 34s. Vattawatte, 200 bags
58s; 25 bags 33s.

CEYLON CYKDAMUM HALES Rs
LONDON.

From our Commercial CorresponduU).

Mincing Lane, July 24, 1S9G.

Ex “.Statt'ordshire"— Delpotonoya, 3 bags 2s lOd; 4 bags 2s
Cd; 9 bags 2S ic; 1 bag 2s; l bag 2s 9il.

Ex “Teenkai”— Gavatenne, 14c '.'s3d; 4c 2s; 4c Is lOd: 2c
Is 9d; 1 bag seeds '2s Gd. Nawanagalla, Ic 2s lid: 4c 2s Od;
Ic Is lid; 8c 2s Id; Ic Is 9d; 3c 2s id, Ic seeds 2s 9d. Heva
nella, 2c Is 8d; ic 2s lOd.

Ex “Cla:i CSordon”— Knuckles Group C, 2c 2s 2 d.

(,li.SEUVKK I’KINTING WoKKs,

TEA, COEEEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 32.]

Colombo, August 21, 1896. J Price :—12J cents each 3 copies

30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Tao.-viPSON &: Co.— 66,311 lb.]

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

B & D

1

4 ch

dust

600

2)

2

VORiUl

2

24 bf-ch

bro or pek

1320

46

3

3

21 ch

bro pek

1890

67

4

4

27 do

pekoe

2430

47

5

5

20 do

pek sou

1700

37

6

6

25 do

SOU

2000

33

12

Vilgoda

12

9 ch

dust

1350

22

14

0 U I>, in est.

mark

14

7 ch

fans

720

20

20

B P C

20

10 hf-ch

pekoe

430

23 bid

21

Manickwatte

21

7 ch

bro pek

781

46

22

22

5 do

pekoe

435

36

23

Myraganga

23

26 do

bro or pek

2300

53 bid

24

21

16 do

or pek

1520

43 bid

25

2.5

26 do

bro pek

2600

50

26

23

17 do

pekoe

1530

40

27

27

17 do

pek son

1445

35

29

29

7 do

pek fans

910

34

30

Sapitiyagodde

30

16 hf-ch

bro or pek

1040

55

31

31

31 ch

or pek

3200

52

32

32

16 do

bro pek

1568

54

33

33

21 do

pekoe

1890

45

31

34

18 do

pek sou

1620

41

35

35

3 do

dust

465

27

41

Warwick

41

12 lif-ch

pek sou

600

47

43

Maiulara

Newera

43

5 ch

pekoe

.500

54

43

Court Lodge

46

35 hf-ch

or pek

17.50

65 bid

47

R.itnateime

47

8 ch

bro or pek

410

42

48

48

10 do

pekoe

550

33

51

S T

61

4 do

pekoe

400

31 bid

52

52

6 do

1 hf-ch

pek sou

600

23 bid

.55

A D

55

9 do

pekoe

445

29

56

B.ittalgalla

53

11 ch

pek sou

1155

36

53

N D

58

10 do

1 hf-ch

SOU

1010

20 bid

-59

59

5 do

dust

424

22 bid

60

Arra Tenne

GO

5 ch

bro pek

500

35 ' id

61

61

5 do

pekoe

400

28 bid

62

62

5 do

pek sou

400

25 bid

70

El.ston

70

57 ch

ek .sou No. 2

4560

33

75

Bogahawatte

75

5 ch

dust

823

21 bid

[Messrs. Eorbes (& Walker. — 234,934

lb.]

Lot.

Box. Pkgs. Name

lb.

c.

4

M

2

3 ch

dust

450

19

7

New Peacock

8

17 do

pek fans

1276

25

11

Kakiriskande

16

6 do

bro pek

600

55

12

18

6 do

pekoe

540

37

16

Knavesmire

26

30 hf-ch

pek sou

1800

53

17

Waitalawa

28

31 do

bro pek

1650

63

18

30

52 do

pekoe

2600

41

19

32

10 do

pek sou

500

37

21

N ugagalla

36

20 do

bro pek

1000

68

22

38

51 do

pekoe

2550

43

2.4

40

10 do

pek sou

500

36

29

Pansalatenne

52

27 ch

bro pek

2835

65

31

54

9 do

pekoe

900

41

31

56

10 do

pek sou

950

30

36

G B A, in estate

mark

66

18 ch

bro pek

1800

67

37

68

14 do

pekoe

1100

61

38

70

11 do

pek sou

990

42

42

Munamal

78

4 do

bro pek

400

42

47

R .della

88

25 ch

bro pek

2.500

6.3

48

90

21 do

pekoe

1390

48

49

92

12 do

jjck sou

10 iO

45

. 51

K II L

96

4 do

bro mix

410

23

54

Oolapans

1U2

30 ch

bro peK

3000

46

55

104

28 do

pekoe

2660

42

56

103

30 do

pejt sou

2400

34

68

no

5 hf-ch

dnst

400

27

59

Freds Ruhe

112

25 cli

bro pek

2500

60

114

29 do

pekoe

2ol0

40 bid

61

lie

12 do

pek sou

lo8J

62

W A

118

5 do

oekoe

500

35

' 65

I K V

124

5 ch

bro mix

560

29

69

G O, in estate

mark

132

14 hf-ch

bro mix

630

33

71

Stafford

136

8 do

bro pei

880

78

.72

138

8 do

pekoe

7.0

02

Lot. B ix.

PbRs.

6

Amblakande

146

11

ch

77

148

13

do

78

150

6

do

88

Tavalamtenne

170

5

do

89

172

4

do

91

Blackstode

176

19

ch

92

178

19

do

93

180

12

do

94

182

13

do

95

184

7

do

97

Atherfield

188

12

ch

98

190

6

do

99

192

5

do

100

194

43

bf-ch

101

196

8

do

102

198

12

do

106

Lowlands

206

9

do

107

208

11

do

103

210

6

do

111

INI A H

216

6

do

112

lleaculla

218

37

ch

113

220

21

do

114

222

18

do

116

Verulapitiya

226

12

ch

117

228

7

do

118

230

5

do

119

232

11

hf-ch

120

234

5

do

121

Middleton

236

28

ch

122

2J8

27

do

121

Killarney

242

30

lif-ch

125

244

20

do

126

246

19

do

127

248

10

do

129

Caskieben

252

16

ch

130

254

10

do

131

256

4

do

134

Letchemy

262

IS

hf-ch

136

.norlands

263

9

do

137

2GS

5

ch

144

Weyunga-

Watte

232

22

hf-ch

145

284

22

ch

146

286

14

do

147

2s8

5

do

149

Waverlcy

292

6

ch

150

Oxforil

294

26

do

151

296

21

do

152

298

i9

do

155

Arapolakan-

de

304

35

ch

156

306

60

do

157

308

7

do

158

310

4

do

1.59

Torwood

312

31

ch

160

314

7

do

161

3!6

14

do

164

Lillawatte

322

13

do

165

324

14

do

167

N N

328

4

ch

179

B. in estate

mark

352

10

ch

180

E P, in estate

mark

354

9

ch

181

Glencoi'se

356

19

do

182

358

12

do

183

360

13

do

186

Lyegrove

366

10

ch

187

368

14

do

188

370

9

do

189

372

9

do

194

Polatagama

382

30

ch

195

384

2J

ilo

196

3S6

19

do

197

388

8

do

198

390

9

do

199

392

6

do

2"0

Maha Uva

394

29

iLch

201

396

37

do

L02

398

36

ch

20.3

400

30

do

2"6

1 ea El

466

33 hf-ch

207

408

28

do

208

410

12

do

210

Clunes

414

54

do

211

416

24

ch

8i2

418

5

do

213

Ranawelia

42'J

19 lif-ch

214

422

IS

ch

215

424

51

do

217

428

6

do

2i.y

Tomcombe

462

10

ch

N tme.

lb.

bro pek

990

pekoe

1170

pek sou

600

bro pek

550

pekoe

420

bro pek

1900

or pek

1710

pekoe

1080

pek sou

1170

bro tea

630

bro pek

1200

pekoe

640

pek sou

4.50

sou

2150

bro mix

400

dust

930

bro pek

900

pekoe

990

pek sou

480

congou

600

bro pek

2220

pekse

1675

pek sou

13 0

bro pek

1200

pekoe

630

pek sou

450

sou

550

dust

400

bro pek

2800

pekoe

2565

bro or pek

1800

or pek

1000

pekoe

950

pek sou

900

flowery pek 16o0

pekoe

1000

pek sou

400

dust

1440

bro pek

540

pekoe

500

bro pek

1320

pek No. 1

2090

do „ 2

1190

pek sou

475

fans

720

bro pek

2000

pekoe

1995

pek sou

1520

bro pek

3325

pekoe

4000

pek sou

7 00

dust

420

bro pek

3883

pekoe No. 1

616

do No. 1

: 1190

pekoe

1300

sou

1400

bro mix

480

pekoe

1000

pek sou

740

bro pek

18u5

pekoe

1020

pek sou

975

or pek

980

bro pek

1652

pekoe

810

pek sou

792

pro pek

2850

pekoe

2470

pek sou

1710

f'.ius

SOO

pek fans

810

dust

700

bro or pek

1740

or pek

2072

pekoe

3600

pek sou

2550

bro pek

1815

pekoe

1400

pek sou

609

bro pek

2700

pekoe

2160

pek sou

450

t)ro or pek

1140

bro pek

1800

pekoe

4590

dust

425

or pek

19j0

c.

57

41

31
51
40
66
44

39

34

25
44

35
34

32

32
28
47

33
33

26
70

49
44

40 bid
39

33

32

72

50

64 bid
67 bid

49 b.d
46

65

50

41
31

63 bid
50

53

51

40

34

32

47 bid

40

34

68

40

32

29

51
40

36

33

30
18

33,bid

2S bid

67

38

34

45

46

37

34

66

36

53

38
32
27

52
06
56

46

47

37

32

54
40

33
43
42
37
24
<8

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box.

Pk^s.

Name.

lb.

c.

220

434

10

ch

bro pek

1200

74

221

436

26

do

pekoe

2600

60

222

438

12

(lo

pek sou

1209

51

224

Putu])aula

442

50

do

bro pek

.5000

58

223

444

40

do

pekoe

3000

38 bid

220

446

17

do

pek son

1530

33

227

Fiiruluun

448

30

hf-ch

bro pek

1020

52

223

450

23

do

or pek

900

46

220

4.2

29

(io

pekoe

1305

37

230

454

19

do

pek sou

798

33

234

Xeclumpara

462

25

do

pek sou

1125

29

23S

Daphne

470

0

ch

bro pek

610

40

239

472

8

do

pekoe

800

35

240

474

8

do

pek sou

720

31

242

478

4

do

fans

400

32

246

B, in estate

mark

486

5

ch

bro tea

500

19

247

Temptestowe

488

8

do

or pek

800

46 bid

24S

M T, in estate

mark

490

20

ch

pek sou

1789

32

249

B 19 \V

492

22

do

dust

1760

26

251

Kllekaiule

496

54

hf-ch

pekoe

2430

39

252

498

35

cli

pek sou

2150

35

253

500

17

do

sou

1190

32

254

502

10

hf-ch

pek fans

720

30

260

.Sorana

514

40

do

bro pek

2300

04

201

516

36

3

hf-ch

pekoe

3190

40

262

518

13

ch

9

hf-ch

pek sou

1510

34

267

Ireby

528

57

do

bro pek

2850

73

26S

530

14

ch

pekoe

1260

54

260

.532

7

do

pek sou

560

44

271

M'Kelle

530

16

(lo

pekoe

1600

33

272

W

538

14

do

pekoe

1400

32

273

Wattawella

540

3

ch

dust

450

27

275

Geragama

544

18

do

bro pek

1800

54

270

546

21

do

pekoe

1890

40

277

548

9

do

pek sou

810

33

[Messrs. Somervili.e Co., 209,065 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkfrs.

Name.

lb.

c.

1

L

in

6 hf-ch

dust

510

27

•>

112

5

ch

bro mix

475

19

3

Sirisanda

113

17 hf ch

bro pek

1026

54

4

114

32

do

pekoe

1608

37

.5

115

57

do

pek sou

2850

34

9

119

8

do

dust

635

27

10

Deniyaya

120

23

ch

bro pek

2530

61

11

121

13

do

pekoe

1300

41

12

122

10

do

pek sou

1000

36

10

Arslena

126

23

hf-cli

bro pek

1150

54

17

127

29

do

pekoe

1450

41

IS

128

23

do

pek sou

1150

35

20

Ukuwela

130

29

cli

bro pek

2900

37 bid

21

131

21

do

pekoe

2100

34

22

132

12

do

pek sou

1200

33

24

Rosneatii

134

54

hf ch

bro pek

2970

48 bid

25

135

17

ch

pekoe

1530

86 bid

26

136

21

do

pek sou

1890

33

29

Labugama

139

20

do

bro pek

1100

48

30

140

20

cli

p«.-koe

1800

37

31

141

17

do

pek sou

1360

32

32

Ilarangalla

142

30

ch

bro pek

3300

54

33

143

29

do

pekoe

2755

39

34

144

5

do

pek sou

500

32

37

Alpitikande

147

27

do

bro pek

2700

50

38

148

28

do

pekoe

2240

40

39

149

8

(lo

pek sou

600

33

42

Benve\ila

152

36 hf-ch

bro pek

ISOO

46 bid

43

153

15

do

pekoe

750

35

44

152

6

ch

pek sou

600

30

47

Malvern

157

24

hf-ch

bro pek

1320

43

43

158

26

do

pekoe

1430

35

49

159

9

(lo

pek sou

495

29

51

Nugawella

101

20

do

bro or pek

1200

45 bid

52

102

20

do

or pek

1100

49 bid

53

163

63

(lo

pekoe

31.50

40

54

101

11

do

pek sou

935

35

55

165

0

do

dust

480

28

57

Mahatenne

167

18

ch

bro pek

1800

42 bid

53

108

12

do

pekoe

1200

35 bid

59

169

12

do

pek sou

1200

31

61

Wilpita

171

4

do

bro pek

400

62

172

4

(lo

pekoe

400

J-out

63

173

5

(lo

pek sou

475

J

08

Burnside

178

12 hf-ch

pekoo

600

47

73

B G II

188

7

ch

bro pek

695

38 bid

79

189

6

do

pekoe

670

out

81

White Gross

191

6

do

brc ijek

600

46 bid

82

192

4

do

bro or pek

440

47 bid

83

193

8

do

pekoo

760

84

194

8

do

pek sou

720

? out

85

New Perade

niya

195

21

do

I'ro pek

2206

59

Lot

Box

. PkirS.

Name

lb.

C.

86

196

26

ch

pekoe

20S0

42

87

197

38

do

pek sou

2850

35

90

Kilandhu

200

12

do

bro po<

1320

46 bid

91

201

12

do

pekoe

1260

35

93

Forest Hill

203

12

do

bro pek

1303

52

94

204

22

do

pekoe

2024

39

96

206

5

hf-ch

bins

410

30

97

]\Iousakaude 207

9

ch

bro pek

963

52

98

208

15

do

pekoe

1380

39

101

Hapugas-

mulle

211

9

do

bro pek

£90

51

102

212

5

do

pekoe

500

50

103

213

12

(lo

pel: sou

1200

40

107

Rothes

217

18

hf-cli

bro pek

9C0

65 bid

108

218

23

do

pekoe

920

52

111

A T in est.

mark

221

19

do

or pek

9,'0

35

116

E

226

7

(lo

iinas

850

32 bid

119

Kinniugton

2-29

10

ch

sou

900

27

120

230

4

do

bro tea

400

20

121

231

4

do

dust

600

23

122

Glenalla

232

13

do

bro or pek

1300

48 bid

123

233

17

(io

or pek

1530

45 bid

124

234

27

do

pekoe

2430

35

126

2o5

19

(io

pek sou

17m

32

130

Glencoe

240

32 lif-ch

bro pek

1920

131

211

20

ch

pekoe

1800

132

242

18

do

pek sou

1620

rOUt

134

244

5

Iif-ch

dust

4(H)

J

135

Kanauka

245

10

ch

Ijro pek

1050

4(3 bid

136

246

17

do

pekoe

1700

36 bid

1'67

247

9

do

pek sou

600

33

138

248

14

(io

fans

1400

41

141 Kos^>cihahena 251

7 hf ch

bro pek

420

147

Hatton

257

17

do

bro pek

935

77

14S

258

IS

ch

pekoe

1620

53

149

2:9

13

do

pek sou

1170

42

156

Koorooloo-

galla

266

10

do

bro pek

1000

62

157

267

5

do

pekoe

500

44

161

Monrovia

271

21 hf-ch

bro pek

1050

47 bid

102

272

24

ch

pekoe

2280

37 bid-

163

2/3

8

do

pek sou

800

28 bid

164

274

5

do

fans

500

30

166

Ovoca, A1

276

20

(io

bro or pek

2200

107

277

13

(io

pek sou

1235

42

168

F A

278

4

do

bro tea

460

172

5\ oodlands

282

10

(io

bro pek

ICOO

48 bid

283

9

(io

pekoe

855

174

Penrith

284

34

do

bro pek

3400

54

175

285

30

do

pekoe

2400

38

170

286

24

do

pek sou

2040

33

179

Pine Hill

2s9

19 hf-ch

dust

1425

29

180

Yspa

290

4

ch

dust

600

28

181

Hooloogas-

totte

291

29

do

bro pek

2900

62

182

292

24

(io

or pek

2420

60 bid

183

293

37

(io

pekoe

3300

48 bid

105

295

3

do

dust

450

29

190

Salawa

£00

11

do

bro pek

1100

50

191

1

10

(io

bro pek No. 2

950

42

192

2

10

(io

pekoe

900

36

193

3

14

(io

pek sou

1190

34

195

Ambagamda 5

21

do

bro pek

2310

33 bid

196

6

3

(io

dust

450

22 bid

197

7

5

do

pek dust

650

20

198

Yallabedde

8

22

hf-ch

bro pek

1305

41 bid

199

9

12

ch

pek sou

1065

27 bid

200

10

29

do

SOU

2639

21

201

11

8

(io

dust

1120

21 bid

202

12

10

do

pek dust

1300

203

Mahawatte

13

12

lif-ch

bro ))ek

720

44 bid

204

14

20

do

or pek

1100

34 bid

205

15

9

do

pekoe

49.5

out

N B

13

6

ch

dust

600

2(3

210

Orion

20 113 hf-ch

br.> pek

50.'^0

51

211

21

101

do

pekoe

3050

41

212

22

34

ch

pek sou

3400

35

213

23

6 hf-ch

dust

420

27

214

Gampola-

watte

24

14

do

bro pek

700

51

215

25

12

do

pekoe

600

41

210

26

8

ch

pek sou

800

35

218

K ^

23

7

do

fluff dust

9S0

219

29

7

do

do

980

I

220

30

7

(io

do

980

1-20 bid

221

31

7

do

do

980

222

32

6

(io

do

840

J

224

Chorleigh

34

52

do

bro pek

6200

38 bid

225

35

S3

(io

pekoe

60^0

220

Kestou

36

24

do

lire pek

2448

42 bid

[Mr. E. John.-

-173,551 lb,

.]

Lot.

Box.

1‘kfr.S

• Name.

lb.

c.

4

Hiralcuvah

63

11

Ch

pek sou

9.^*5

40

7

Lena watte

69

8

1 do

l)ro pek

1175

46

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

Box

Pkss.

Name.

lb.

C.

8

71

7

ch

pekoe

591

35

12 N K. in estate

79

7

do

du.st

047

22

13 Oakflekl

81

10

do

bro pek

1060

46

83

14

do

pekoe

1260

38 bid

15

85

11

do

pek soil

1012

35

17 Poilakande

89

41

hf-ch

1

box

bro pek

2476

^4

IS

91

30

ch

1

hf-ch

pekoe

3272

39 bid

19

93

36

ch

1

hf-ch

pek sou

2925

33

22 Callander

99

20

do

bro or pek

1612

70

23

101

17

do

pekoe

884

60

21

103

16

do

pek sou

800

.51

27 Mocha

109

13

ch

bro pek

1365

74

111

11

do

pekoe

1045

53 bid

29

113

10

do

pek sou

8.50

44 bid

30

115

4

do

fanniiigs

540

35

31 Eila

117

39

do

bro pek

3315

61

32

119

33

do

pekoe

2640

40

33

121

10

do

pek sou

800

34

34

123

8

do

fannings

7-20

41

35 Broadlands

125

39

hf-(di

bro pek

19.50

43 bid

30

127

17

ch

pekoe

1360

35 bid

37

129

17

do

pek sou

1105

32

46 Templestowe

147

30

do

or pek

2850

65

47

149

39

do

pekoe

3120

47

43

151

20

do

pek sou

1600

35 bid

49 Maddegedera

153

49

do

bro pek

4900

55

50

155

32

do

pekoe

2880

40

51

157

25

do

pek sou

2125

35

54 Ilenegama

1G3

7

hf-ch

dust

525

27

55 N

165

8

do

pek sou

800

31

57 E T K

169

27

hf-ch

pekoe

4350

44

5S

171

6

do

dust

480

30

59

173

20

do

pekoe

1300

37

fiO Bandarawatte 175

14

do

bro pek

770

43 bid

Cl

177

22

do

pekoe

1100

34 bid

62

179

12

do

pek sou

600

31

63 Agra Oiivah

181

Cl

do

bro or pek

3965

82

64

183

23

do

or pek

1540

57 bid

185

31

do

pekoe

1705

51

60

187

18

do

pek sou

990

47

67

189

12

ch

pe fans

1104

34

68 Ashdean

191

14

do

bro pek

1400

57

eo

193

26

do

pekoe

2340

43

77 Oxdown

209

50

hf-ch

bro pek

2800

50 bid

83 Marguerita

221

11

do

red lea

616

28

8i

223

6

ch

dust

745

25

93 Alnoor

241

28

hf-ch

bro pek

1400

46

94

243

10

do

pekoe

800

38

95

245

14

do

pe sou

700

32

96

247

6

do

fannings

420

33 bid

97 A

249

35

do

bro pek

1750

48 i'id

98 F & K

251

11

ch

pro pek

1100

48 bid

99

253

16

hf-ch

pekoe

8(0

39 bid

100 Galtopa

255

19

ch

bro pek

2100

40 bid

101 '

257

17

do

br pe No. 2

1830

34 bid

102

259

16

do

pekoe

1630

35 b d

103

261

17

do

pe sou

1615

30 bid

107 AVewesse

209

17

hf-ch

bro pek

935

46 bid

108 A\’

271

21

ch

bro pek fans

2100

40

109 S T, in estate

mark

273

33

hf-ch

bro pe

1495

50 bid

110 H S

275

13

ch

bro pek

1365

32

111

277

7

do

pekoe

700

28

112 Brownlow

279

39

do

luo pek

3900

63 bid

113

281

42

do

or pek

3990

48 bid

114

283

23

do

pekoe

2070

46

115

285

18

do

pe sou

1530

39

122 Mariana

299

61

do

bro pek

6675

40

123

301

77

hf-ch

pekoe

4235

32 bid

124

303

79

do

pek sou

3930

28 bid

125 Stinsford

S05

72

do

iiro pek

3960

65

126

307

82

do

nekoe

4100

39

127

309

33

do

pek sou

1485

34

131 Agras land

317

58

do

bro pek

2610

53 bid

132

319

77

do

liekoe

3575

41 bid

133 Nartnel

321

12

do

1)1' pe No. 2

600

out

134

323

22

do

pekoe

1056

24 bid

135

325

17

do

pe sou

782

22 bid

SMALL

LUTS.

[Messrs. ^

L. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot.

pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

^1 A'ilgoda

11

C hf-ch

bro tea

360

14

13 O R D, in est.

mark

13

3

ch

bro mix

270

15

15 D

15

3

do

SOU

283

20

16 AGO

10

4

do

pek sou

360

30

17

17

3

do

COUfJOU

270

28

18

18

2

do

dust

300

24

Lot.

Box.

PkffS.

Name. lb.

c.

19

B P C

19

5 ch

bro pek

270

36

28

Myraganga

23

3 do

red leaf

255

15

38

Relugas

38

2 do

sou

136

so

39

39

1 hf-ch

red leaf

57

13

40

40

3 ch

dust

339

24

42

AA'arwick

42

4 do

dust

320

30

44

Mandara

Newera

44

1 ch

pek sou

100

34

45

45

3 do

dust

3C0

31

49

Ratnatenne

49

6 ch

pek sou

3-SO

28

50

ST

50

1 do

bro pek

ICO

37 bid

53

53

2 hf-ch

pek dust

190

25

54

AD

54

6 do

bro pek

300

33 bid

57

Battalgalla

67

4 ch

fans

360

25

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot

Boj

Ptgs

, Name

lb.

c.

1

Farm

57

3 hf-ch

dust

231

27

2

IMurraythwaite 59

3 ch

SOU

•240

27

3

61

1 do

dust

150

25

5

Hiralouah

65

1 do

fannings

H5

33

6

67

3 hf-ch

dust

231

31 bid

9

Lenawatt

73

3 ch

pek SOU

270

28

10

75

1 hf-ch

dust

52

25

11

77

2 ch

1)1-0 mix

168

23

16

Oakfield

87

1 do

dust

155

27

20

Poilakande

95

4 hf-ch

bro pek fans

256

33

21

97

3 do

dust

270

28

25

Callander

105

2 do

fannings

T20

36

26

107

4 do

dust

140

29

38

Broadlands

131

6 ch

luo tea

330

29

39

133

4 hf-ch

dust

320

26

52

IMaddagedera 159

2 ch

bro pek fans

230

33

53

Henegama

101

1 hf-ch

bro mix

65

20

56

P T E

167

3 do

dust

240

28

86

Yahalakella

227

4 do

pek fans

340

3'3 bid

116

Brownlow

287

5 hf-ch

fannings

375

30

117

289

4 do

dust

360

28

118

Lawrence

291

1 ch

bro mix

100

26

119

293

1 hf-ch

1 dust No. 2

SO

15

120

295

1 do

red leaf

50

14

121

297

1 do

fluff

65

out

128

S E D

311

4 do

pek fans

240

32

129

313

4 do

dust

3-20

28

130

315

3 do

con<*ou

120

25

136

Nartnel

327

2 do

fannings

116

18

Messrs.

ISOMERYILLE i& UO.

Lot

Box

. Pk"s. Name

lb.

C.

6

Sirisanda

116

7 hf-ch

fannings

350

31

7

117

5 do

cougou

272

25

8

118

7 do

bro mix

312

21

13

Deniyaya

123

1 ch

SOU

95

29

14

D M R

124

2 do

unassorted

220

3-2

15

125

2 do

dust

260

32

19

129

2 do

dust

100

24

23

Ukuwela

133

2 do

bro tea

200

23

27

Roseneath

137

2 do

led leaf

ISO

18

28

138

1 do

dust

150

24

35

Harangalla

145

2 do

fannings

260

29

36

146

2 do

dust

170

25

40

Alpitikande

150

2 do fannings

200

33

41

151

1 do or pek dust

120

28

45

Benveula

155

1 do

dust No. 1

100

28

46

156

1 do

dust No. 2

100

23

50

Malvern

160

1 hf-ch

tannings

55

29

66

Niigawella

166

2 do

bro mix

180

23

60

Mahatenne

170

2 do

dust

200

22

64

AVilpita

174

1 do

sou

90

A

65

175

3 do

fannings

375

lout

66

176

4 ch

bro mix

320

j

67

Burnside

177

7 hf-ch

bro pek

350

60

69

179

2 do

pek sou

100

32

70

GO

ISO

2 hf-ch

bro pek

100

50

71

181

5 do

pekoe

215

35

182

7 do

pek sou

303

29

73

183

2 do

fannings

110

25

74

184

1 do

red leaf

40

20

75

A in estate

mark

185

2 do

bro pek

110

42

76

166

2 ch

pekoe

180

36

77

187

2 do

pek sou

270

32

SO

B G H

190

4 hf-ch

dust

338

19 bid

88

New Pera-

deniya

198

3 ch

sou

210

27

199

3 do

dust

240

26

92

Eilandbu

202

1 do

bro tea

70

27

95

Forest Hill

k205

4 do

pek sou

S64

33

99

Mousiikanue 209

3 do

pek sou

373

33

leo

210

3 hf-ch

fannings

246

28

104 Hapugasmulle 214

1 ch

SOU

96

29

105

215

1 do

fannings

110

29

106

216

1 do

dust

1.50

27

109

Rothes

219

5 hf-ch

pek sou

200

42

4

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box. Pk“s.

N.mies.

lb.

C.

110

2'20 2 hf-ch sou

80

34

112

St. Leys

222 1 do

red leaf

1 ..-ili.l’n

113

22 J 1 s.ack

tiUif

96 J ■

lit

Evalgoila

224 1 hf-cli

fans

80

27

115

22.) 1 do

dost

91

26

117

E

227 1 ch

dust

'6b

25

118

228 1 do

S.)U

60

27

126

Gleualla

236 1 <lo

dust

150

26

127

237 2 do

Congou

181

24

128

238 2 do

fans

200

3 )

129

239 1 do

red leaf

100

15

133

Glencoe

243 3 do

SOU

270

out.

139

Kananka

249 1 do

congou

75

•24

140

250 3 do

dust

396

26

142

Kosgahahena

252 7 lif-cli

pekoe

3-50

29

143

255 3 do

pek sou

1.50

24

144

254 2 do

fans

120

20

145

255 2 do

SOU

100

20

146

256 1 <lo

bro tea

60

15

150

H

260 2 do

dust

160

28

151

261 1 do

bro tea

50

13

154

A

263 1 do

dust

80

26

155

265 2 do

bro tea

lOO

21

158

Koorooloo-

galla

263 2 ch

pek sou

260

35

157

263 2 do

fans

212

29

I6l

270 1 do

pek dust

150

28

165

Monrovia

275 1 do

do

135

2d

169

F A

279 2 do

dust

280

out.

170 Cholankande

280 1 do

fans

120

2S

171

281 1 hf- h

dust

90

25

177

Penrith

287 1 cli

dust

1,50

27

178

•288 1 do

pek fans

125

29

184

Hooloogas-

totte'

294 2 do

fans

280

32

186

II T N S

29i3 1 hf-ch

bro pek

35

31

1.87

297 1 do

pek sou

35

25

18S

298 1 do

dust

45

22

189

293 2 ch

unassorted

ISO

withd'

194

Salawa

4 2 do

dust

300

>7

206

Maha watte

16 2 do

dust

130

25

207

17 1 do

SOU

70

15

209

A N E K in

est. murk

19 1 hf-ch

dust

70

23

217

Gampolawatte 27 1 hf-ch

dust

75

26

227

AlLikolla

37 3 do

dust

225

?4

Messrs. Forbes

& AValker.

Lot.

Box. Pkf'.S

. Name.

lb.

c.

1

M

996 2 ch

1 ht-ch

bro pek

252

39

2

998 1 do

pekoe

48

28

3

1000 1 ch

1 hf-ch

fans

ISO

27

6

4 2 cli

red loaf

130

15

u

New' Peacock 6 4 lif-ch

bro mix

loO

20

8

Goraka

10 3 ch

bro pek

336

44

9

12 3 do

pekoe

315

34

10

14 2 ilo

pek sou

210

30

13

Kakriskande

20 2 do

])ek sou

180

30

14

22 1 hf-ch

dust

40

29

P

24 2 ch

pekoe

200

26

20

Waitalawa

34 3 hf-ch

dust

270

31

24

N ugagalla

42 3 do

dust

210

23

23

N, in estate

mark

44 1 ch

pekoe

300

35

26

46 4 Uf ch

do

200

31

27

Deltota

48 1 cli

bro mix

no

28

28

50 1 do

bro tea

no

23

32

Pansal.atenne 58 3 do

congou

300

28

33

60 2 do

fans

220

31

34

62 5 hf-ch

dust

375

28

35

S B A. in estate

mark

64 1 d-u

bro or pek

60

50

39

72 4 ch

SOU

360

34

•JO

74 1 do

fans

luo

33

41

76 2 do

dust

220

•28

43

Munamal

80 2 ch

jiekoo

188

36

44

82 3 do

pek sou

261

29

84 1 do

unas

90

23

46

86 1 hf-ch

dust

72

27

60

R idel la

94 2 ch

dust

260

29

.52

Mutthmvappa 98 5 hf-ch

pek sou

250

30

53

Uolap ,ne

100 0 tlo

bro or pek

360

45

57

108 1 ch

SOU

80

26

63

W A

120 2 ilo

bro mixed

200

20

61

122 3 hf-ch

dust

270

28

66

L, ill estate

murk

126 1 ch

br.o pek

76

36

67

123 2 do

pek sju

1'2S

26

68

G O. in estate

ni irk

130 7 hf'Ch

SOU

315

37

70

Weligoda

134 5 <lo

lu'o te.a

;^oo

14

73

Stafford

140 3 ch

4>ek sou

270

54

74

142 1 do

fans

120

38

75

144 1 do

dust

90

29

Lot.

Box.

Pk"s.

Name.

lb.

C.

90 Tavalamtenne

174

3

Ch

pek sru

285

34

96 Blackslone

186

3

do

pek tlust

360

27

109

Lowlands

212

1

do

fans

120

31

no

214

1

do

dust

140

25

115

Deaculla

•224

4 lif-ch

dust

3-20

33

123

-Middleton

•24 1

3

ch

pek sou

285

42

1-28

Killarney

2.-0

2 hf ch

dust

196

20

132

Caskieben

258

3

ch

uuas

300

37

133

260

3 hf-cli

pek fans

210

31

135

Letcbemy

204

5

do

bro mix

250

19

138

Merlands

270

3

ch

pek sou

300

39

139

272

3

do

sou

300

32

140

274

1 hf-cli

dust

81

28

141

276

1

do

fans

60

23

14-2

Peacock Hill

278

4

do

bro mix

180

20

113

280

5

ch

pek fans

375

28

148

AVeynnga-

watte

290

2 hf-ch

dust

160

28

153

Oxford

300

0

ch

sou

160

22

1.54

302

3

do

dust

300

27

162

Torwood

318

1

do

dust

1-20

26

163

Lilia watte

3-20

3

do

1)1-0 pek

300

44

166

326

do

dust

200

26

178

P, in estate

mark

350

1

ch

bro mix*

93

21

1S4

Glencorse

362

2

do

pek fans

260

31

185

364

1

do

dust

160

28

190

Lyegrove

374

1

do

dust

155

27

191

Pauailkande

376

4 hf-ch

bro pek

2110

44

192

378

4

do

pekoe

203

33

193

380

4

do

sou

•260

28

204

Maha Uva

402

1

ch

congou

53

21

205

404

4

do

dust •

20

28

•209

Do.i Elba

412

4

do

dust

360

27

216

Riiaiiwella

2-26

4

do

pek sou

360

30

218

l'.S

1

do

010 te;i,

95

20

223

Tona combe

440

3

ch

dust

270

31

231

Faniham

456

3 ht-ch

bro pek fan

201

33

232

458

3

do

bro mix

156

21

233

460

1

ch

dust

100

28

•241

D.iphne

476

2

do

Congou

180

21

243

480

1

do

dust

108

•28

244

II, in estate

mark

4S2

3

ch

1 hf-ch

unas

314

30

245

Oakffeld

4S4

1

ch

1 hf-ch

dust

250

26

2.50

R, in estate

mark

494

3

ch

pek fan

300

•26

255

Ellekande

504

2 hf-ch

red le.af

100

20

250

IVolleyffeld

500

3

cli

bro pek

865

42

257

508

4

do

pekoe

380

30

250

610

2

do

pek sou

200

27

259

612

2

do

sou

2 5

23

263

.Sorana

5-20

2

ch

1 lif-ch

red leaf

203

29

264

522

3

do

dust

2:8

25

•265

G 0

524

3

do

■SOU

135

30

266

N

5‘26

2

ch

bro tea

260

20

2:0

Irehy

534

3 hf-ch

dust

240

84

274

Wattawella

542

1

ch

pek fans

125

40

278

Geuigama

550

4

do

SOU

310

27

279

552

3

do

fans

390

23

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

From Our Commercial Correspondent)

Mincing Lane, July .31, 1896.

Marks and price.s of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincinj?
Lane up to 31st July :

E.n; “Clan Macali.ster’’ Craig, 3c 104s; Ic S8s; Ic 7Is.

Ex '•Teenkai” — O, 2c lb 92s DC, I bag 53s Od; 3 bags. 548
Gd. Blackwood, 2c 104s; Ic It 98s; lb 89s; b U9s BKiV T,
It 72--. BKWI, lb72s.

Ex “Orient”— Niabodda, lb 116s; 3c 114s; 6c 107s; Ic 98s:
Ic 126s. NBT in estate mark, Ic lb 88s; 1 bag 106s.

Ex •‘Karramauia”— Gowerakellie PB, It 110a.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

( From Our Commercial Correspondent ).

Mincing Lane, July 31, 18)6.

Ex “Staffordshire”— Keenakellie, 2 bags 28s. Patlierg.olla,
1 bag 28s. Kumaradola, 35 bags .58s; 2 bags 29s 6d.

ICx “Orient”— Maismore, 14 bag^ 34s 6d. OEC in estate
m.ark Maliaberia, Ceylon, 2 bags vs d) 42s; 6 bags 50s Cd;
4 bags 23s.

Ex “ Teenkai”— OBEC in estate m.ark, Komlesalle, Ceylon,
1 bag 2i)s. Palli, 20 bags 6(»s; 220 bag.s ,59.s; 80 bags 59s;
25 bag 61s; .51 b.igs 40s. Monerakelle 3 bags ;:0s 6d; 1 Ixur
338 I.\1K, GbagsSGsfGd.

OnSKllVKI! rilINTING WUltKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CI^TCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

NO. 33.]

Colombo, August 31, 1896.

I Price: — 12| cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson &, Co.— 60,279 lb.]

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

K

1

20 hf-ch

l ed leaf

linn

20

4

9

do

dust

765

25

5

Sprin"wood

5

16

ch

bro mix

1440

19

6

Kalkande

6

13 hf-ch

bro pek

650

49

7

7

13

do

pek No. 1

050

40

10

10

9

do

„ „ 2

450

38

11

11

8

do

SOU

400

31

13

M L 0, in estate

33

mark

13

6

ch

sou

480

16

Myraganga

16

26

do

bro or pek

2356

54 bid

17

17

16

do

or pek

1520

4 1 bid

18

Pambagama

18

19

ch

pek fans

2090

30

19

19*

23

do

dust

2070

27

22

23

Sapitiyagodde

22

23

21 hf-ch
25 ch

bro or pek
or pek

1385

2500

52

42 bid

21

21

9

do

bro pek

918

46

25

2.')

10

do

pekoe

930

41

26

26

12

do

pek sou

1030

36

27

27

4

do

pek fans

500

33

30

Ingurankande

30

5

ch

or pek

500

out

31

31

15

do

pekoe

830

out

32

32

5

do

pek sou

400

28

33

A

33

6 hf-ch

bro pek

300

32

31

Kandalwewe

34

25

ch

bro pek

2775

33 bid

35

35

52

do

or pek

5200

33 bid

■36

36

32

do

pekoe

2860

33 bid

37

37

8-1

do

pek sou

6610

33 bid

38

Mountpaya

38

9

ch

bro pek

1025

36

39

39

7

do

pekoe

665

'6H

40

40

21 hf-ch

pek sou

1050

28

41

41

6

ch

bins

525

24

42

42

7

do

dust

762

25

44

K D

44

4

do

pekoe

400

37

45

45

6

do

26 bid

1 hf-ch

pek sou

600

46

Arra Tenne

46

6

ch

pekoe

400

43

48

48

5

do

pek sou

500

20 bid

49

49

5

do

SOU

500

25 bid

51

Hiragalla

51

21

do

bro or pek

1260

41 bid

52

52

45

if-ch

or pek

2025

45 bid

•53

53

22

do

peV'oe

1056

out

54

54

17

do

pek sou

782

26

55

KIston

55

51

ch

pe sou No. 2

4010

33

[Mr

. E.

John,-

-124,873 lb.]

Lot,

Box. Pkgs

Name.

lb.

C.

2

Orange Field

231

7

ch

bro pek

735

42

3

333

13

do

pekoe

1300

30 bid

8

Allington

343

9

hf-ch

bro pek

495

33 bid

9

345

14

do

pekoe

700

34

10

347

9

do

pek sou

450

26 bid

13

353

15

do

or pek

750

36 bid

14

Kanangatna

355

62

ch

bro pek

6200

42 bid

15

357

35

do

pekoe

3150

36

16

359

14

do

pe snx

1260

31

18

363

11

do

pe fans

1045

27

19

365

5

do

dust

700

24

21

Ottery & Stam-

bro pek

3500

ford Hill

269

35

do

70 bid

22

371

27

do

or pek

2295

69

23

373

48

do

pekoe

4320

49 bid

26

Gonavy

379

20

do

bro pek

2240

69 bid

27

381

13

do

pekoe

1248

45 bid

28

383

11

do

pek sou

924

38 bid

29

Glasgow

385

35

do

bro or pek

26’5

67 bid

30

387

18

do

or pek

1080

54

31

389

15

do

pekoe

14-25

46

35

Yahalakela

397

16

do

unassorted

1300

30

38

403

5

do

dust

750

25

39

Ferndale

405

7

do

br or pek

7.50

93

40

407

7

do

bro pek

700

77

41

409

12

do

pekoe

1200

40

44

Claremont

415

44

hf-ch br or pek

2420

48

45

417

7

do

pekoe

605

35

46

New Tunis-

galla

419

10

do

bro pek

55)

62

47

421

17

do

pekoe

850

43

43

423

8

do

pek sou

4(0

33

:62

Hunugalla

431

ch

fans

420

24

53

Coslande

43.1

17

do

br or pek

1955

60

54

435

6

do

or pek

540

58

55

437

23

do

pelvoe

23'jO

41

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name,

lb.

C.

56

439

35

ch

pek sou

3500

35

57

441

5

do

bro mix

500

25

58

59

T & T Co., es"
tate mark

443

5

do

pek dust

750

28

445

10

do

bro pek

1000

34

60

447

22

do

pekoe

1980

29

61

Homadola

449

47

hf-ch

bro pek

2360

40 bid

62

451

20

ch

pekoe

1800

34

64

Agra Ouvah

455

28

lif-ch

or pek

1540

57

66

Agrawatte

459

12

ch

br or pek

1320

04 liid

67

461

16

do

pekoe

1360

47

68

463

13

do

pek soil

1235

40

69

Chapelton

465

6

do

bro mix

,570

26

70

467

7

hf-ch

(lust

.595

25

71

Dickapitiya

469

28

ch

bro pek

3080

59

72

471

22

do

pekoe

2200

47

73

473

"4

do

pek sou

400

37

75

Nahavilla

477

15

do

bro pek

1575

f8 bid

76

479

22

do

pekoe

2200

46 bid

77

481

”5

do

pek sou

500

36

80

G T

487

9

do

congou

900

29

81

Glentilt

489

23

do

bro pek

2450

67

82

83

L, in estate

491

13

do

piekoe

1300

45 bid

mark

493

8

hf-ch

unassorted

499

ont

84

Eadella

495

12

ch

bro pek

1200

44 bid

85

497

12

do

pekoe

lOSO

37

86

499

7

do

pek sou

560

33

87

1

10

do

faiinings

1200

30 bid

88

R A

3

19

do

br tea

1740

20

89

94

Anchor, in

5

6

do

dust

743

out

estate mark

15

16

do

bro or pek

1600

66

95

17

14

do

or pek

1050

.50

101

M F

29

30

do

bro tea

2715

20

102

N B

31

9

do

sou

990

43

103

33

8

do

dust

1280

34

104

Eswatte

35

15

do

bro pek

1.500

43

105

37

12

do

pekoe

1080

37

106

39

6

do

pek sou

.540

33

107

C L I

41

39

do

bro tea

4185

20

108

0

43

30

hf-ch

pek dust

2100

24 bid

109

45

33

do

pek fans

1980

out

[Messrs. Somerville Co., 149,872 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

4

Depedene

44

21 hf-ch

bro pek

1155

38 bid

5

45

33

do

or pek

1650

35

6

40

31

do

pekoe

1650

31 bid

7

47

8

do

pek sou

400

24 bid

13

H G L

53

15

ch

pekoe

1275

33 bid

15

Attabagie

55

44 hf-ch

bro or pek

2420

47

16

£0

20

do

or pek

900

47

17

57

41

do

pekoe

3485

36

18

58

13

ch

pek sou

1105

33

19

£9

0

do

fans

600

32

21

61

9

do

(lust

675

28

22

Bittacy

62

11

do

bro pek

1100

66

23

63

7

do

pekoe

595

48

30

F'rome

70

20

do

bro pek

1200

46

31

71

11

do

pekoe

550

36

33

White Cross

73

12

ch

bro pek

1260

46

34

74

8

do

pekoe

760

30

35

75

7

do

pek sou

630

32

37

G

77

12

do

(lust

1632

14

39

New Pera-

deniya

79

20

do

bro pek

2100

53

40

80

25

do

pekoe

2000

19 bid

41

81

31

do

pek sou

2325

35

43

83

5

do

fans

475

29

44

Irex

84

14

do

bro pek

14U0

52

45

85

10

do

pekoe

950

36

46

86

10

do

pek sou

1000

33

48

Ukuwela

88

22

do

bro pek

2200

47

49

89

16

do

pekoe

1600

30

50

90

12

do

pek sou

1200

33

52

Kelan

92

55 hf-ch

bro pek

:3025

55

.53

93

28

ch

pekoe

2520

37

54

94

7

do

pek sou

630

33

67

Ilatang.a la

97

7

do

bro or pek

770

4.5

58

98

17

do

or pek

1615

57

.59

99

25

do

pekoe

2375

38

60

100

4

do

pek S(/U

400

31

63

S V in estate

mark

103

5

do

(lust

760

27

64

104

6

do

fans

'I'M

33

65

105

7'

do

red leaf

770

20

60

Sirisanda

106

8

hf-ch

bro pek

480

55

67

107

15

do

pekoe

760

18

68

108

39

do

pek sou

ItSQ

35

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Let.

B.,x.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

TO MovowaTotum

112

30

ch

hro pek

3300

41

73

113

33

do

pekoe

2940

33

74

114

12

do

pek sou

1003

20

75 Mntava

115

18

do

1)10 jjek

1710

42

7G

no

19

do

pekoe

1520

38

i 1

117

29

do

pek .sou

2405

33 bid

78 ]

[ P

118

SS

do

pek sou

2850

33

7i) DBG

119

7

do

bro niix

700

20

80

120

9

(lo

bans

000

34

SI

121

13 hf-ch

(lust

1040

26

bO Katadola

122

i

ch

hro pek

735

44 bid ■

83

123

S

do

pekoe

800

35

84

124

11

(lo

pek sou

I'OO

30

85 :

Mivigama

125

22

do

bro pek

2170

42

bC

120

29

(lo

or pek

2320

SO

87

Uila

127

20hf-r!i

or pek

1200

49 bid

88

1)

128

S

eh

hro pek

880

48 bid

$)4

M’kande

134

23

do

hro pek

2300

38

05

Deniyagama

135

27 hf-ch

hro or pek

IGIO

47 l)id

90

130

22

ch

hro pek

1320

54 bid

97

137

14

do

pc-koe

1100

41 bid

98

M .S

138

5

(lo

bro pek

520

42

90

139

13

do

pekoe

1300

35 bid

100

140

9

do

pek sou

841

27

101

141

0

do

fans

045

20 bid

102

Rayigam

142

28

do

bro pek

2660

54

103

143

29

do

pekoe

2405

S9

104

144

8

do

pek sou

GSO

34

105

145

5

(lo

pek fans

475

34

100

tngrogalla

140

8

do

hro pek

800

02

1C7

147

11

do

pekoe

909

43

lOS

148

13

(lo

pek sou

1170

35

109

Revgill

149

58

do

pek sou

4750

33 bid

110

Ella

150

50 hf-ch

bro tea

2500

24 bid

111

X X X in

•

csb. mark

1.51

46

ch

SOU

2300

20 bid

112

1. P K

152

7

do

unassorted

630

30

113

153

(

do

red leaf

630

IS

114

1.54

4

do

faus

440

30

115

1.55

9

do

dust

13.50

26

110

L P G

1.50

12

do

hro pek fans 1320

37

117

157

9

(lo

dust

1520

20

121

Mahawatte

101

12

lif-ch

bro pek

720

45

122

102

20

do

or pek

1100

34

123

103

9

(lo

pekoe

495

SO

128

B T W

108

23

ch

pek sou

2''0U

33 bid

129

L'kuwela

109

29

do

bro pek

2900

46 bid

132

A P \V in est.

mark

172

4

do

hro pek '

400

39 bid

133

173

4

do

or pek

400

30 bid

134

174

5

(lo

pekoe

475

30 bid

138

Benveula

178

SO

hf'ch

bro pek

1800

4.5 bid

142

\V D S

182

10

cli

bro pek

ICOO

43 bid

143

183

9

do

pekoe

815

34 bid

144

M P in est.

mark

184

20

hfwh

bro pek

lOSO

42

145

185

10

do

pekoe

500

SI

149

illahater.ne

ISO

18

cii

bro pek

1800

45 hid

152

Ovoca A1

192

17

ch

bro or pek

1783

04 bid

153

193

12

do

■ pekoe

1200

■ 40 bid

[xMessrs. jb'ORBK.s t& Walker.— 332,830 lb.]
Lot. Box. Pk^s. Name lb. c.

1

A

554

4

ch

hro pek

410

27

2

5.59,

13

do

pekoe

1276

23

4

660

.5

do

fan.s

500

24

5

562

13

do

dust

2.520

29

11

Kagalia

571

4

ch

bro mix

480

£5

12

.570

4

do

fans

4S0

43

13

678

0 hf-cli

fans

4 SO

41

14

580

0

do

dust

540

• 20

ir.

Galpliele

582

19

ell

bro pek

900

53

10

.584

22

do

pekoe

1100

42

17

586

15 hf-ch

pek sou

750

30

20

Jambugaha

592

8

do

pek sou

400

30

21

504

8

do

sou

4C0

25

23

Downside

098

17

do

l)ro pek .

850

45

24

000

10

do

l)ckoe

600

38

25

002

8

do

pek .sou

490

32

28

Ifethersett

008

12

(lo

in o or pek

1314

70

29

010

14

(lo

or pek

1274

80

30

(U2

7

do

pekoe

058

.02

31

014

0

(lo

pek sou

604

55

33

Kelaneiya ■

018

45

ch

bro pek

3825

57

34

020

44

d(.i

pekoe

4400

. 40

37

Great Valley

O'O

12

ell

pek sou

1020

30

38

028

10

do

sou

1360

31

39

630

10

do

pek sou

850

.30

43

.Stisted

038

39 hf-cli

bro pek

253.1

07.

41

040

24

do

pekoe

1500

48

45

0)2

20

do

pek sou

1190

42

,54

Palmer.stc ii

COO

28 hf ch

bro pek

1540

73

55

002

17

ch

pelcoe

1275

52

50

00 1

12

do

pek sou

900

43

57

Uoeberry

000

8

do

tro pek

2800

00

Lot

Box.

rkiJS.

Name

lb.

C.

5S

068

25

ch

pekoe

25(0

47

59 Goneygar

070

22 hf-ch

bro pek

720

76

00

072

17

ch

pekoe

700

00

03 Brediin

07s

1

do

1)10 j)ek

2015

08

04

6-;0

b«

do

pekoe

1020

50

0.5

082

27

(lo

pek sou

406

42

78 B, ‘n e.state

mark

70S

10

cll

(lust

1400

28

79

710

0

do

•SOU

5;o

28

80 ]

East Ilclyrood

712

20

do

bro pek

3190

0.5

81

714

20

(lo

or pek

1700

59

82

710

16

do

pekoe

1440

50

83 (

D 0 E B

718

9

(lo

pek sou

900

SO

84

720

10 hf-cli

(bust

1280

28

to ]

\ew Galway

724

8

do

pekoe

400

50

88 Choughleigh

728

13

ch

bro pek

1300

47 bid

89

730

8

do

pekoe

700

87 bid

90

732

1

(lo

pek sou

030

35 bid

91

734

9

do

do

810

34 bid

ICO

Polatagama

7-52

37

do

bro pek

3700

58

101

754

:o

(lo

pekoe

2850

37

102

750

18

do

j)ek sou

1710

34

103

758

22

do

fans

22(0

41

104

700

5

do

pek fans

475

33

101

Weoya

702

45

ch

fno pek

450(

58

100

704

31

do

pekoe

2790

38

107

700

23

do

pek sou

2070

33

108

708

21

do

fans

2100

40

no

Maha Uva

772

7

ch

bro or pek

420

52

111

774

10 :

ijf-ch

or pek

560

05

112

770

9

ch

pekoe

900

57

113

778

7

do

l)ek sou

595

46

114

Gampaha

780

25

ch

bro or pek

27.50

75

115

782

39

do

or pek

3.510

58 bid

no

7S4

11

(lo

pekoe

nto

53

117

7SG

20

do

pek sou

2000

50 .(

ns

Balta watte

788

40

ch

bro pek

4000

03

119

790

0

do

bro or pek

000

05

120

792

11

do

pekoe

lUO

45

121

704

11

do

i)ek sou

noo

40

122

Dammeria

7 99

44

ch

bro oi pek

4840

70

123

798

30

do

pekoe

3000

54

124

800

5

clo

pek sou

£00

48

125

802

4

do

dust

4(0

SO

128

Hayes

tos

18

hf-ch

bro pek

900

40

129

810

45

do

or pek

2250

49

130

812

20

(lo

pekoo

1170

39

131

814

28

(lo

pek sou

1200

34

133

Jirracht

818

51

ch

bro pek

4590

53

134

820

49

(lo

pekoe

3920

39

135

822

27

do

pek sou

2100

35

130

824

24

do

fans

2100

41

137

820

10

hf-ch

(’lust

800

20

138

Kirkleos

8-23

45

hf-ch

bro or pek

27(0

75 bid

139

830

15

ch

or pek

1.500

74 bid

110

832

31

do

pekoe

294 5

56

141

834

20

do

pek sou

22(0

48

144

JSt.Columbkille 840

9

cii

bro pek

990

53

145

842

SO

do

l>ekoe

2850

4-2

146

844

1.5

do

pek sou

1425

£6

li7

840

0

do

sr.ucliong

570

S3

148

848

28

(lo

pek fans

ICSo

40 ■

149

850

0

(lo

dust

450

28

150

Talgaswela

852

32

ch

bro pek

2880

62

151

8.54

4

(lo

br pe Xo. £

! 440

40

152

8.50

9

do

pek oe

705

42

L53

868

(1 0

pek sou

59.5

35

10

lloeloya

804

19

ch

1)10 pek

1900

54

157

809

18

do

pekoe

ISCO

44

158

808

18

do

pek sou

ISCO

30

100

Gdiiapalla

872

87

hf-ch

br() pek

43.50

40

161

874

44

cli

pekoo

3520

34

102

870

IS

do

pek sou

1140

32 -

1(3

878'

16

(lo

brpek fan

1000

34

104

SSO

12

hf-ch

dust

900

24

165

Jlidlothian

882

7

hf-ch

bro pek

4.55

00

160

884

17

do

or pek

935

67

107

880

12

do

))ekoe

000

47

Its

888

8

do

pek sou

440

43

170

Castlereagh

892

20

ch

bro pek

2000

00

171

894

12

do

pek or

1080

47

112

890

18

do

■pekoe

lo-.o

41

173

898

7

(lo

j)ek sou

500

87

170

AVeyungawatte f:0 4

18

hf-ch

■1) 0 or pek

1080

00

177

900

20

ch

or pek

1800

55

178

908

14

do

pekoe

1190

41

179

910

O'

do

pek sou

570

35

181

Ascot

914

17

ht-ch

bro or pek

1020

50

182

910

IS

ch

hi'o pek

1800

54 .

183

918

18

do

pek(’o

1530

37'

184

920

7

lif-ch

pek fans

490

34

180

Galla watte

924

23

cli

bro pek

2070

49

187

920

21

do

or pek

itoo,

40

188

928

12

do

pekoe

1080

33

190

t.'hestei ferd

93-2

41

ch

bro pek

4100

67 •

191

934

32

do

pekoe

3200

42

192

930

32

do

i)ek .sou

3200

30

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST

3

Lot.

lai

200

203

200

212

213

215

21G

217

223

224

225
223

229

230

231

232

234

235

236

237

238

239
210

Box. Pk^s Names. lb.

s.

A S

Sci'xibs

Lochiel

Agraoya

H N
M O B
CBN

Baudara Eliya

940

052

963

970

970

978

932

9S4

936

998

lOtO

IValton

Anningkanda

Meddetenne

8

10

1-2

14

16

20

22

24

26

23

30

32

3 ch

4 do
8 ch
6 ch

22 c!i
21 do

31 hf-ch

10 ch

5 do
4 ch

6 ch

7 ch
SO hf-ch
34 do
27 do

32 hf-ch
14 do
27 ch
20 do
13 do

6 hf-ch
24 hf-ch

11 ch
4 do

1 hf-ch

246

G

44

32

hf-ch

247

40

20

ch

248

48

18

do

258

C M’Kellya,
in estate
mark

68

39

ch

259

70

Sr

do

dust
pek
dust
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
bio pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
dust
pek fans
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe

pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

450

400

1200

570

2200

2040

1705

850

450

400

599

695

1300

1700

1350

1920

840

2970

2t0)

1300

460

1440

1100

41.5

1920

1300

1620

260

261

232

263

2C4

67

271

272

273

274

275

276

B D W A
B D W P

ACBS

K’galla

N, in estate
mark

72
74
76

73
80
86
01
96

98
100

Denmark Hill 102
194
106

12 hf-ch
63 do
22 - do-
18 do.

7 do

5 ch

6 ch
6 do

5 ch

8 do
8 do

do

do

2S0

Freds Ruhe

112

29

ch

283

Clyde

118

33

do

2S4

1-20

44

do

•>85

12-2

5

do

2'6

124

4

do

2SS

Verulapitiya

128

12

ch

29B

bunhar

132

10 ht-eli

201

134

20

do

292

136

16

ch

293'

1-38

IS

do

299

K, in estate

mark

150

12

ch

300.

Putupaula

152

86

do

301

1.54

37

do

302

156

12

do

303

168

IS hf-ch

bro pek
or pek
mix tea
bro pek
do No.
fans
dust
dust
bro pek
pekoe

bro sou
bro tea
bro or pek
or pek
pekoe
pekoe
Irro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

bro mix
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust

, agoo

3330
840
3400
2 1100
1030
609
1185
620
600

500

784

896

728

470

2610

2970

3740

450

560

1200

793

1000

1-2S0

1410

1200

3780

3700

1140

1260

SMALL LOTS.

Lot.

2 K

[Messrs. A.
pkjrs.

a

8

n

12

Kalkande

2
3
8
9

12
estate

5 bf-ch

2 do
5 bf-ch

3 do
5 do

bro pek fans

fans

pek .sou

dust

bro mix

375

140

250

180

275

27

24

18

46

.'■•9

43

58

40

32
27
27
27
67

71 bid
45 bid
55

39
63
45
37
27
48
36

33

55 bid

40 bid
36

67 bid
46 bid

41

54
45
42.

27

14

51

35

24
23
75
80

57 bid

42

55

37

33

25

45 bid
73

63

46

38

21

56

38 bid

34
29

H. Thompson & Co.]

Name. lb.

30

30

30

25

20

mark

14

4

ch

red leaf

380

22

15

Mahanilu

15

•>

O

do

sou

270

30

28

Sapitiyagodde

23

1 hf-ch

red leaf

60

15

29

Engurakan-

de

29

5

do

bi'o pek

270

37 bid

43

K D

4.3

1

c)i

hro pek

100

37

47

Arratenne

47

3

do

pekoe

300

33 bid

50

60

1

do

dust

100

23

[Mr. E. John.]

frit.

1 Anamallai
4 Orange Field

11

12

17

20

Allington

ICanangama

Bj

X •

P!fg<

Name

lb.

0.

9

10

KB

Pingaraiva

570

.572

1

O

o

do

hf-cli

329

1

hf-ch

dust

85

25

IS

Jambugaha

688

2

do

cli

pek sou

2C0

25

10

5P0

2

do

3o7

1

do

bro fans

110

18

22

596

1

do

331)

1

do

dust

155

20

26

Downside

084

1

do

3U

o

(io

bro tea

200

10

27

GOO

4

do

S49

1

hf-ch

dust

80

24

32

Ilethersett

010

2

Oil

35i

1

do

l ed leaf

65

17

35

Kelaiieiya

022

2

do

SOI

2

ch

fannings

17u

19

36

024

2

do

c07

1

do

congou

22

/ •

40

Stisted

644

9

hf-ch

Lot.

Box.

Pk-^.

Name.

lb.

c.

34

Ottery & Stam-
ford Hill 375

1 cil

SOU

100

32

25

377

1 do

rlust

135

27

32

A

301

3 d )

In-ir or pek

330

59

33

393

3 do

jrskoe

300

44

34

Yahalakella

395

4 do

pekoe

300

o5

30

399

4 do

pek fans

340

32

37

401

3 do

l)r tea

225

25 bid

42

Ferndale

411

3 do

pelv sou

270

39

43

413

1 do

dust

80

27

49

New Tunis-
galla

42.5

2 hf-ch

Snu

100

26

50

427

3 do

dust

217

25

51

Hnnmralla

420

1 ch

SOU

80

21

03

Homadola

4.53

4 rlo

pek sou

300

25

74

Dickapitiya

475

1 ch

dust

140

25

78

Nahavilla

4S3

2 hf-ch

dust

180

25

79

G T

835

4 do

dust

372

26

Messrs.

Lot Box,

yOMERVILLE & tO.

. Pko's. Name lb.

C.

1

JD M

41

3 ch

Ih’o pek

150

42

2

42

3 do

pekoe
pek sou

150

36

3

43

4 do

200

30

8

Depedene

48

2 hf-ch

dust

100

24

9

40

2 do

red leaf

110

20

10

ABB

50

3 do

fans

300

il

11

51

3 do

dust

210

14

12

AGE

.52

2 ch

or ])ek

170

38

14

54

2 hf-ch

dust

150

28

20

Attabagie

60

2 ch

or du.st

130

49

24

Bittacy

64

3 do

pek sou

270

38

25

65

1 hf-ch

dust

85

28

32

Frorae

72

6 do

pek sou

270

31

36

White Cross

76

1 ch

bro tea

90

19

33

Wattekelly

7'S

1 do

congou

110

21

42

New Pera-
deniya

82

3 do

sou

210

2S'

47

Irex

87

1 do

dust

100

20

51

Ukuwela

91

2 do

bro tea

180

24

55

Kelani

95

0 hf-ch

bro pek fans

360

35

50

06

2 do

du.st

160

24

01

Harr ngalla

101

2 ch

fans

240

28

62

102

1 do

pcd dust

160

26

09

Sirlsanda

109

0 hf-ch

fans

300

29

70

110

4 do

bro mix

188

10

71

111

4 do

dust

320

26

so

L S G

129

1 do

bro pek

63

39

90

130

1 ch

pekoe

90

29

91

131

2 do

SOU

ISO

23

92

132

1 do

bro pek dust

118

22

93

133

1 do

dust

101

14 bid

118

R V K

158

1 hf-ch
1 ch

bro pek

133

35

119

1.50

1 hf-ch
1 cil

pekoe

70

28

1-20

ICO

3 do

nek sou

280

24

121

Marymount

164

3 hf-cli

bro pek

150

32

1-25

165

0 do

pekoe

349

28

126

163

1 ch
1 hf-ch

iinas

50

23

1-27

167

1 do

dust

67

IS

135

A P W

175

4 do

pekoe sou

310

21 bid

136

176

1 do

SOU

90

25 bid

13/

177

3 do

fans

375

25 bid

.139

R T in est.
mark

179

1 do

bro mix

100

24

140

ISO

1 do

dust

120

24

141

181

2 do

red leaf

200

19

146

M P in est.
mark

ISO

5 llf-ch

pek sou

210

29

147

187

4 do

bro pek fans

240

27

148

188

1 do

dust

80

24

Lot.

A

Tunisgalla

C

Messrs. Forbes

Box. Pkcrs.

568 4 ch

564 2 bf-ch

566 1 ch

568 1 do

& M^ALKER.

Name.

pek sou
I'ekoe
pek sou
do
dust
dust
ijro pek
pekoe
dust
dust
sou

pek fans
sou
dust
dust

lb.

360
100
70 ,
67 (
130
270
110
100
70
75
200
182
200
230
160

c.

26

31

37

25

28

49

38
15
25
25
£9
cO
24
28

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

Box.

rkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

61 Coneygar

074

3

ch

pek sou

270

52

62

676

1 hf-ch

fans

80

28

60 ■

Brechin

684

2

ch

(lust

200

27

67 ■

SVoodslee

6S6

6 lif-ch

bro pek

300

40

68

688

6

do

pekoe

300

33

69

690

7

do

pek sou

350

28

70

692

2

do

sou

100

26

71

694

1

do

fans

50

26

72

696

2

do

dust

140

25

73

R M T, in est.

mark

698

3

ch

bro pek

324

42

74

700

3

do

pekoe

285

35

75

702

3

do

pek sou

270

30

76

704

1

do

sou

90

27

77

706

1

do

dust

92

24

85

New Galway

722

4 hf-ch

bro pek

;20

72

87

726

1

do

pek sou

45

33

92

Choughleigh

736

0

ch

sou

255

28

93

738

3

do

dust

225

27

94

M.in esv. mark 740

o

ch

bro pek

200

32

95

742

2

do

pekoe

180

28

96

744

2

do

pek sou

180

24

97

746

2

do

sou

180

24

9S

748

1

do

pek fans

130

2o

99

750

2

do

red leaf

200

20

lu9

Wenya

770

2

ch

dust

300

25

126

O M

804

2

do

bro or pek

220

50

127

806

2

(io

pekoe

200

37

132

Hayes

816

4 hf-ch

dust

200

25

142

Kirklees

836

3

cn

congou

300

27

143

8.38

2

do

j>ek fans

230

44

159

Heeloya

870

1 hf-ch

dust

80

25

169

Midlothian

890

4

do

fans

320

26

174

Castlereagh

900

3

do

pek fans

210

41

175

902

3

do

dust

240

24

180

Weyungawat

te

912

2 hf-ch

dust

170

26

185

Ascot

922

4

do

dust

360

27

189

Gallawatte

930

o

ch

pek sou

200

28

193

Chesterford

933

2

do

bro te.a

200

25

195

M M

944

3

do

bro pek

330

39

196

945

2

do

pekoe

180

28

1.97

946

1

do

congou

90

23

193

948

1

do

pek sou

90

23

199

s

9.50

2

ch

bro pek

200

25

201

954

2

do

sou

174

20

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

e.

202

A S

956

3 do

bro pek

330

26

203

958

1 do

pekoe

100

25

204

960

1 do

pek sou

65

23

205

962

1 do

congou

67

23

206

964

1 do

fans

98

15

207

966

1 do

fans No. 2

95

11

210

Scrubs

972

2 ch

bro tea

220

24

211

974

2 do

dust

300

28

214

Lochiel

930

3 ch

pek sou

255

33

218

Agraoya

988

4 do

unas

360

19

219

990

2 hf-ch

dust

150

26

226

I) N

4

2 ch

dust

205

25

227

M C

0

4 do

dust No. 2

386

20

233

Walton

18

5 hf-ch

pek sou

275

33

241

Meddetenne

34

1 do

fans

70

31

242

36

1 ch

dust

150

25

249

M

50

1 do

fans

100

26

250

C

52

1 do

pek sou

100

34

265

M

82

4 ch

congou

328

33

266

A C B S

81

1 do

unas No. 1

100

30

278

Denmark Hill 108

4 do

pek sou

336

50 bid

279

110

2 do

pek fans

182

40

287

Clyde

126

1 ch

pekoe

60

withd'n.

294

Munamal

140

2 do

bro pek

200

46

295

142

1 ch

1 hCch

pekoe

144

33

296

144

2 ch

pek sou

174

30

297

146

1 hf-ch

unas

43

28

293

148

3 ch

congou

225

26

301

Putupaula

160

3 do

congou

270

26

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

From Our Commercial Correspondent).

Mincing Lane, August 7, 1896.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 7th Aug. : —

Ex “Senator”— Haputale, ftc lb 109s; 15c 104s; 3c lb 93s 6d;
Ic llos; Ic 65s; 6 bags 102s 6d. Roehampton, 3c lOSs 10c
103s 6d; Ic 93s; Ic 16 114s: Ic 70s; 1 bag 99s. Thotulagalla,
2c 100s: 6c 191s 6d; 7c 102s; 2c 94s 6q; Ic lb 121; Ic 80s;
2 bags lOls; 1 bag (sweepings) 48s.

OBSEEVKR PRINTING WORKS,

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 34.]

Colombo, Septembeb 7, 1896.

' PiucE : — 12i cents each 3 copies
* 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ ruj.ee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LAllGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson <Sc Co.— 31,836 lb.]

Lot. Box.

, Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Balgownie

1

13

ch

l)vo pek

1300

45

‘2

2

15

do

or pek

1200

35

3

3

10

do

pek sou

900

30

4

4

8

do

bro mix

680

23

6

Yogan

0

23

do

br.> pek

2070

62

7

28

do

pekoe

252(1

44 bid

8

8

21

do

pek sou

1890

39

13

Sapitiyagodde

13

20 hf-ch

oro or pek

1300

64

14

14

25

ch

or pek

2500

48

15

15

18

do

bro pek

ISOO

62

10

16

20

do

pekoe

1800

44

17

17

20

do

pek sou

1810

42

23

Elpaha

23

1

do

bro pek

164

24 bid

1 hf-ch

31

31

i

ch

pekoe du.st

480

24

32

Kt tapola

32

7

do

bro pek

735

38

33

33

5

do

pek sou

555

27

31

34

5

do

dust

450

23

Lot.

1 Eila

2

3

4

.5 MaJultenna

e

7

8

9 BAB

10 Lanieliere

11 Ulamhos

12

13

14

[Mr. E. John.-

Box. Pk"s.

47 41

49

51

53

55 12
57 12
6i) 12
61 20
03 4

6.5 18
67 17
69 31
71 15
73 11

ch

do

do

do

do

do

do

hf-ch

ch

dp

do

do

do

do

-114,135 lb.]
Name. lb,

bro pek 348-5

pekoe 2160

pek sou 720

dust 1080

bro pek 12U)

pekoe 1200

pek sou 1200

bro pe No. 2 1000
bro or pek 500

bro pek 1800

bro pek 1530

pekoe 2170

pe sou 1050

sou 825

15

75

13

do

bro pek f.ans 1235

16

77

4

do

dust

660

18

Gonavy

81

27

do

bro pek

2862

19

S3

19

(io

pekoe

1596

•20

85

17

do

pek sou

1224

21

Ilomadola.

87

28

h^ch

bro pek

1400

22

89

22

ch

pekoe

1980

23

91

7

do

pe sou

630

24

Digdola

93

32

do

pekoe

2560

26

Invercauld

05

15

hf-ch

or pek

825

26

97

41

do

pekoe

1845

58

Uondura

101

15

ch

bro pek

1500

59

103

25

do

pekoe

2250

cO

105

IS

do

pek sou

1530

31

107

13

do

bro tea

1300

32

109

3

do

fannings

550

33

34

R in estate

111

9

do

dust

720

mark

113

9

do

pekoe

900

35

Ivies

115

23

hf-ch

bro pek

1150

36

117

17

ch

pekoe

1530

37

119

13

do

pek sou

1170

41

,St. John’s

127

32

hf-ch

bro or pek

1792

C.

52 bid
36
33
21

52 bid

36

32

42

35

59 bid

.53 bid

41

c4

12

45

27
CO
49
40
45

• 36

31

35 bid
’ withd’n

47 bid
.3.5 bid

32
23

33
26

28
56

36
33

42

43

44

45 Bro.adlands

46 Faithlie

47

129 45
131 22

1.33 21

135 39
137 16

130

do

do

do

do

ch

do

or pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
sou

bro tea

2161 Ul. 12

1100

966

1950

1600

GOO

87

64

42 l)id

37

27

£0

C in estate

84

mark

284

44 hf-ch

mark

147

5

hf-ch

pek dust

495

27

85

Roseneuth

285

50

do

52

Glasgow

151

30

ch

bro or pek

2250

77

86

286

13

ch

£3

153

33

do

do

2625

69 bid

87

287

19

do

155

19

do

or pek

1140

56

89

N’Galla

2i0

59 hf-ch

65

157

17

do

pekoe

1615

51

90

K

290

5

ch

66

Agra Ouvah

1.59

55

hf-ch

bro or pek

3575

82

91

291

S

do

57

161

32

ch

or pek

1600

58

92

292

6

do

68

163

12

do

pfekoe

1140

54

93

New Valley

293

20

do

60

Agra’s Land

167

21

hf-ch

or pek

1050

61

94

•294

29

do

61

169

34

do

bro pek

1700

61

95

295

25

do

62

171

31

do

pekoe

1395

45

96

2C6

13

do

63

173

30

do •

pek sou

1500

40

97

Ilagalla

•297

27 hf-ch

64

175

20

do

sou

1000

36

98

208

21

do

C5

Brownlow

177

21

ch

bro pek

2205

66

99

290

7

ch

16

179

25

do

or pek

2375

62

100

Peria Kande

67

181

10

ilo

pekoe

850

47

kettia

300

22

do

68

183

7

do

pek .sou

595

39

101

1

19

do

09

Kotuagedera

1S5

26

do

bro pelc

2000

46 bid J

102

2

do

Lot.

Box,

PkfrS

Names.

Ib.

C.

70

187

22

ch

pekoe

2200

38

71

189

16

do

pek sou

1600

33

73 Ayr

193

Co

hf-ch

bro pek

3260

69

74

195

3.-)

ch

pekoe

3U0

37

75

197

21

do

pek sou

1575

34

77 Talawakello

201

9

hf-ch

br or pek

490

/2

78

203

13

do

bro pek

744

67

79

205

13

do

pekoe

644

60

86 Alnoor

219

22

hf-oh

do

1100

49

87

221

15

do

pekoe

7C0

37

88

223

12

do

pek sou

COO

36

90 Belmont

227

8

ch

br or pek

800

43 bid

91

2?9

12

hf-ch

or pek

600

54 bid

[Messes. Somerville iNj Co., 165,862 Ib.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkir?.

Name.

lb.

e,

1

G W

210

6

cll

sou

480

34

5

Morningside

205

8

do

bro pek

8(.'0

47

6

206

6

do

pekoe

6C0

37

7

207

7

do

pek sou

700

34

12

Ca rney

212

16 hf-ch

pekoe

800

35

13

A P Godnlle

213

14

do

pek sou

700

35

14

214

16

ch

unas

1609

30 1

IG

Benveula

•216

29 hf-ch

bro pek

14.50

47

17

217

16

do

pekoe

800

34

18

218

ch

pek sou

700

32

White Cross

21
22
23
26
26

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

40

41

42

45

46

47

48

49

50

52

53

51

55

56

57

64 Amblagalla

65

66

67 Kud.iganga

68
60
70

73 Ko.«goda

75 Dundee

76 M’Kande

81 Bidbury

82
S3

D A in est.

Malvern

Minna

New Perade-

niya

Allakclla

Y T E
Wattegaraa

H, Dikoya in
est. mark
Kew

Maharagodde

221

222

223

225

226

230

231

232

233

234

15 do
11 do
6 do
10 bf-ch
35 do
65 do
43 cii
22 do
9 do
6 hf-ch

235 21 ch

236 27 do

237 29 do
2f0 57 hf cli

241 17 ch

242 12 do

245 13 do

246 44 ch

247 37 do

248 26 do

249 26 do

250 1 0 hf-ch

252 14 do

253 12 do
2£4 25 ch

255 12 do

256 31 do

1 hf-ch

257 45 ch
204 23 do
265 34 do
260 23 do

267 11 do

268 6 do

269 11 do

270 4 do

273 22 do
275 10 Ilf eh
f'76 29 ch

251 18 hf-ch

282 20 do

283 14 do

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro mix
dust

bro pek
pekoe
nek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek fans
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou

pek fans
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek

pek sou
iiro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro tea
bro pe <
or pek fans
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

157.'^

1045

540

880

1925

3900

3010

1080

9C0

G40

2205

2160

2176

3420

1700

1140

780

4400

3330

2000

2440

600

700

720

2300

1140

3340

4515

2775

3035

2660

1210

600

1045

440

2332

600

2485

990

900

7C0

dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pekoe sou
fanniiigs
sou
dust

bro or pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek son

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

3720

2750

1170

1710

20.55

475

800

600

2200

2900

2250

1105

1620

10.50
700

27.50
1976

800

48

37

32
44
34
64
48

40

28 b'.d
26

57

42

36
48

37
34

29 bid
60

46 bid

38
34

28 bid
85

54 bid
53

41

33

28

40 bid

33 bid
28

51

36

34

35

38 bid

29 bid

31 bid
61

48

40

26

47

36 bid
34

34

32

25 bid

26
69
68
51

42
45
38

33

48
38
33

9

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box. Pkfi;s.

Name.

lb.

C.

lOi

4

6 hf-ch

dust

450

31

105

KandeRaraa

.5

25

ch

bro pek

2750

35 bid

106

6

20

do

pekoe

2470

30

107

W G

7

5

do

fannings

5(X)

31

108

8

7

do

sou

840

28

109

9

8

do

dust

680

26

110

B G

10

8

do

brc pek

880

out

117

D M

17

6

do

pek sou

POO

26 bid

1 lif-ch

120

Nahakettia

20

25

ch

bro pek

2500

58

121

21

50

do

pekoe

5000

47

122

22

15

do

pek sou

1350

37

123

R'lj’ig.atn

23

17

do

bro pek

1700

50 bid

12i

24

15

do

pekoe

1275

37 bid

125

Penrith

25

24

do

bro pek

2400

53 bid

126

26

21

do

pekoe

1680

38 bid

127

27

15

do

pek sou

1273

34

129

Ukuwela

29

29

do

bro pek

2900

46 bid

130

Patulpana

30

9 hf-ch

bro pek

495

34 bid

134

Lyndhurst

34

15

ch

bro pek

1500

50

135

35

20

do

pekoe

llOfr

37 bid

136

36

22

do

pek sou

1650

34

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 179,596 lb.]

Lot

Box.

Pk^s.

Name

lb.

C.

V

P

174

12 1

hf-ch

bro pek

600

30

14

Kosgalla

188

27 1

hf-ch

bro pek

1512

43

15

190

26

do

pekoe

1300

34

16

192

24

do

pek sou

1200

30

26

Rockside

212

25 ;

hf-ch

bro pek

1250

40 bid

27

214

5

ch

bro mix

500

25

28

216

3

do

dust

450

29

29

218

12

do

br pe fans

1560

48

30

Norton

220

8

ch

bro pek

800

44 bid

31

222

11

do

pekoe

1012

34 bid

35

P G M, in estate

mark

230

12

hf-ch

bro or pek

720

61

36

232

15

do

or pek

840

65

37

234

42

do

pekoe

2352

48

38

236

62

do

do No. 2

3472

45

39

233

28

do

sou

1512

39

40

240

7

do

bro pek fans 504

34

41

242

10

do

pek fans

870

29

42

Augusta

244

22

ch

bro pek

2310

53

43

248

17

do

pekoe

1615

45

44

248

14

do

pek sou

1260

40

46

252

4

do

dust

560

28

47

Gre.a Valley

254

26

hf-ch

bro pek

1430

68 bid

48

256

20

do

or pek

1100

68

49

258

20

ch

pekoe

1800

47

50

260

13

do

pek sou

1170

36

51

202

7 :

hf ch

dust

595

26

52

Udabage

264

20

hf-ch

bro pek

120C

46

53

266

26

do

pekoe

1430

37

54

268

31

do

pek sou

1705

33

55

270

13

do

sou

715

28

56

Pansalatenne

272

31

ch

bro pek

3255

53

57

274

13

do

pekoe

1300

40 bid

68

276

16

do

pek sou

1520

35

€2

Galpitakande

284

11

ch

bro pek

1155

63 bid

63

286

16

do

pekoe

1600

48

66

Ainblangoda

292

7

ch

bro pek

700

60 bid

67

294

8

do

pekoe

720

48

63

296

6

do

pek sou

480

41

69

Melrose

298

17

ch

bro I ek

1870

50

70

300

13

do

pekoe

1300

40 bid

71

302

14

do

pek sou

1400

34

73

CRD

306

4

ch

red leaf

400

20

78

Ellaoya

316

18

ch

or pek

1728

55 bid

79

318

14

do

pek sou

1260

37

SO

320

8

do

pek fans

920

36

81

Rowley

322

25

hf-ch

bro pek

1260

65

82

324

18

do

pekoe

909

49

83

C

326

6

ch

sou

570

25

87

Dunkeld

334

19

ch

bro pek

1995

67

88

336

10

do

or pek

1440

•5 1 bid

89

338

15

do

pekoe

1.575

43

90

D K D

340

7

ch

un.as

770

36

92

344

4

do

red leaf

440

18

93

346

3

do

dust

480

28

94

348

6

do

br pe No. 2 720

46

95

Dainineria

3.50

25

ch

br or pek

2750

73

96

352

22

do

pekoe

2200

51

104

High Forest

368

56

hf-ch

bro pek

3136

75

105

370

34

do

pekoe

1700

57

106

372

18

do

pek sou

810

60

107

Ruanwella

374

21

hf-ch

br or pek

1260

43

108

376

38

do

bro pek

2090

43

109

378

44

ch

pekoe

3960

36

110

Kirklees

380

15

ch

or pek

1.500

78

111

Ma.ssena

382

19

hf-ch

or pek

9.50

47

112

384

18

do

pekoe

900

34

111

Peria Ganga

Watte, in est.

1710

mark

336

15

ch

or pek

68 bid

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

]b.

C.

114

388

46 hf-ch

br or pek

3082

63 bid

115

390

14

ch

pek sou

1344

34

116

3.92

9 hf-ch

Ians

5S5

38

117

394

9

do

dust

810

29

118

Randarawella 396

£0

boxes

br or pek

800

03

119

Iiigurucalla

898

5

ch

bro pek

600

40

120

4fl0

5

do

pekoe

435

33

127

Labookellie

414

5

ch

bro pek

525

60

129

418

11

do

pekoe

1001

33

131

L, in estate

mark

422

4

ch

bro tea

420

19

133

Norwood

426

4

ch

dust

eos

30

134

Ingoya

428

13

ch

dust

1820

25

130

Semba watte

432

10

ch

dust

1400

24

137

434

6

do

bro tea

670

10

138

C 0 E B

436

16

ch

bro mix

1410

22

139

Doonevale

438

10

ch

bro pek

1000

4S

140

440

15

do

pekoe

1350

34

145

Vellaioya

450

10

ch

bro tea

1000

20

146

Roe berry

4.52

20

eh

bro pek

2900

68

147

454

22

do

pekoe

1980

61

148

456

6

do

pek sou

540

43

153

Brunswick

46S

12 hf-ch

young hyson

600

58

154

468

14

do

hyson

TOO

60

155

470

17

do

hyson No. 2

850

38

156

472

8

do

young hyson

fannings

4S0

36

157

474

7

do

twankey

455

25

158

Naseby

476

20 hf-ch

bro pek

1100 R1

159

478

17

do

pekoe

765

74

161

M.S

482

10

ch

sou

1000

15

163

486

4

do

dust

560

15

165

M M

496

7

ch

pekoe

700

24

166

Tonacombe

492

30 hf-ch

or pek

1650

78

167

494

20

do

)>ro pek

1310

73

168

496

24

ch

pekoe

2400

60

169

498

12

do

pek sou

1200

44 bid

170

Harrington

500

14

ch

or pek

1680

63

170

602

12

do

Ijekoe

1260

45

172

604

5

do

pek sou

500

39

173

506

3

do

dust

450

28

176

Ella watte

512

IS

ch

bro pek

1S£0

62

177

514

30

do

pekoe

3000

48

178

516

6

do

pek sou

600

39

ISO

Meemoraoya

520

16 hf-ch

bro pek

640

45

181

522

29

do

pekoe

1160

34

184

Knavesmire

528

24

ch

bro pek

2520

46

185

530

46

do

pekoe

3680

36

186

532

34

do

jrek sou

2210

33

189

P

638

33

ch

br pek sou

3610

22 b

194

]M P, in est.

mark

548

9

di

pek dust

1340

26

197

A R X

554

5

cil

or pek

600

38 b

198

650

8

do

pekoe

700

31 b

199

558

5

d)

pek eou

500

28 bi

200

500

5

<lo

SOU

£00

•25

202

B P

564

10 hf-ch

pekoe

430

30

SMALL LOTS.

[Mr.

E. John.]

Lot

Box.

Pkgs,

. Name

lb.

C.

17

Dal key

79

7

hf-ch

pekoe

350

30

38

Ivies

121

1

ch

congou

85

27

39

123

4

hf ch

fannings

180

29

40

125

2

do

dust

150

25

48

Faithlie

141

5

do

or pek fans

300

46

49

143

2

do

dust

160

23

51

C in estate

mark

119

1

ch

1

hf-ch

dust

224

18

59

LAX

165

2

ch

bro mix

168

19

72

Kotuagedera

191

2

hbch

dust

160

20

76

Ayr

199

4

do

do

340

26

83

R

213

1

do

fannings

70

46

84

215

2

do

dust

170

‘26

89

Alnoor

225

5

do

fannings

350

34

[Messb

IS. A.

. H. Thompson

Co.]

Lot.

l)k"s.

Name.

lb.

C.

T)

Balgownic

5

1

ch

dust

130

25

9

V R

9

2 lif ch

or pek

100

38

10

10

1

do

dust

£0

25

11

Ugieside

11

2

ch

dust

330

25

12

12

4

do

bro mix

380

‘24 bid

18

Sapitiyagodde IS

3

do

pek fans

390

‘29

19

19

2

do

dust

310

20

20

Maliaousa

20

1

do

or pek

100

41)

21

21

1

do

pekoe

100

43

22

^2

1

do

pek sou

lOO

30

24

Eljraha

24

1

do

pekoe

53

30

25

25

1 hf-ch

sou

107

19 l)id

26

20

2

ch

bro mix

207

16

1 l)OX

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Box.

PkRs.

Name.

lb.

e.

27

27

1 cli

red leaf

79

15

28

28

1 do

unassorted

90

0 bid

30

SO

2 do

bro pek dust

300

25

35 KetapoJa

35

1 do
1 hfch

pekoe

161

19

Messrs. Somerville & to.

Lot

Box.

Pk,£rS.

Name

lb.

G w

203

1 ch

red leaf

72

203

3 hf-eh

fannings

ISO

204

2 do

dust

140

8

Morningside

208

209

5 eh
1 do

dust
red leaf

130

95

10

11

15

19

20
24

Carney

210

211

5 do
7 hf-ch

bro or pek
bro pek

250

350

A P Godalle
Benvuela

215

310

22J

2 do
1 ch

3 do

dust

dust No. 2
red leaf

142

100

300

■White Cross

224

1 do

bro tea

90

27

iUalvern

227

228

1 hf-ch
4 do

SOU

fan.s

55

220

29

229

4 do

dust

220

38

36

43

51

Mew Pera-
eniya

238

239

3 ch

4 hf-ch

SOU

dust

210

320

Allakolla

Kew

243

621

3 do
7 do

dust

bro or pek

225

392

71

72

Kudaganga

271

272

1 ch
1 do

congou

dust

82

145

74

R C in estate

3 hf-ch

bro mix

165

mark

274

77

SK in estate
mark

277

1 do

bro pek

60

78

278

1 ch

pekoe

70

79

279

1 do

pek sou

150

1 hf-ch

70

80

83

280

1 do

dust

Roseneath

288

2 ch

red leaf

160

103

111

112

Peria Kande
kettia
Cbetnole

3

11

12

2 do

3 do

3 hf-ch

sou

pek sou
dust

230

300

22.5

D

13

1 ch

dust

108

114

DM

14

1 do

or pek

252

3 hf-ch

115

116
118
no

15

2 ch

bro pek

170

16

2 po

pekoe

200

18

4 hf-ch

bro pek fans 200

19

2 ch

pek dust

•221

128

131

132

133

Penrith

Patulpana

28

31

32

1 do

7 hf-ch

2 do

dust
pekoe
pek sou

155

350

100

Batgodde

33

4 ch

fans

340

320

255

137

138

Lyndhurst

37

38

4 do
3 do

dust

Messrs. Forbes
Lot. Box. Fkgs.

& AValker.
Name. lb

1 M, in estate

mark

2

3

4

5
-C

162

1

ch

bro pek

125

164

2

hf'Ch

pekoe

91

166

1

ch

fans No. 1

1'25

168

2

do

red leaf

129

170

1

do

bro tea

90

172

1

do

dust

hf-ch

dust

2'20

C.

20

31

27

26

19

40

53

13

25

15

15

25

38

25

27

26
25

Rl-09

23

23

16

40

33

28

25
18

23

32

26

18 bid
38 bid

38

30

out

25

25

32

27

35

29

29

C.

38

31

30

15

14

25

Lot Box.

PI.

:"s.

Name

lb.

C.

8

P

176

o

hf-ch

pekoe

100

28

t)

IM K N

178

3

ch

bro pek

209

•31

10

180

3

do

pek sou

215

25

11

182

1

do

bro tea

69

19

12

184

2

do

dust

287

22

13

Mutthuwnppa

186

3

ch

SOU

320

19 bid

17

Radaga

194

1

hf-ch

bro pek

50

41

18

196

1

do

pekoe

50

30

19

193

1

do

pek .sou

50

24

20

A L R M

200

1

hf-ch

bro pek

50

33

1

202

1

ch

2

hf-ch

pekoe

ISO

28

22

204

2

ch

1 hf-ch

pek sou

210

19

23

206

1

ch

2 hf-ch

bro mix

180

19

24

R W

208

2

ch

SOU

200

19

25

210

2

do

congou

180

24

45

Augusta

2.50

1

ch

sou

90

33

59

Pansalatenne

278

2

ch

fans

220

36

00

230

3

do

congou

300

29

61

282

4 hf-ch

dust

300

20

64

Galpitakande

288

3

ch

pek sou

300

39

65

290

1

do

dust

90

26

84

Debatg.ima

328

1

ch

dust

140

25

85

Midlands

330

3 hf-ch

pek dust

225

28

86

Pantiya

332

‘>

ch

dust

260

25

91

D K D

342

1

ch

pek sou

100

34

97

Dammeria

354

3

ch

pek sou

300

45

98

356

3

do

dust

300

•28

1-21

Ingurugalla

402

3

ch

red leaf

270

18

122

AG

404

4

ch

bro tea

360

2G

123

406

1

do

dust

105

2t5

124

Kabragalla

408

3

hf-ch

pekoe

150

38

125

Doomba

410

3

ch

bro tea

378

27

1-20

Dromoland

412

2

ch

dust

2S0

27

128

Labookellie

416

4

cil

or pek

364

44

130

Koladenia

4-20

3

ch

bro tea

378

24

132

Norwood

421

2

ch

bro tea

108

2(t

135

I-goya

430

2

ch

bro tea

190

17

141

Uoonevale

442

2

ch

fans

190

29

142

444

1

do

(lust

140

26

113

446

1

do

bro tea

85

19

144

Lunugalla

448

1 hf-ch

red leaf

80

25

149

Roeberry

458

2

ch

fans

200

27

160

M S

480

2

ch

bro pek

220

22

162

484

1

do

fans

120

24

164

M M

488

2

ch

bro pek

227

26

174

Lillawatte

503

1

ch

red leaf

100

15

175

610

3 hf-ch

dust

300

27

179

Ella watte

518

2

hf-ch

dust

180

26

182

Meemoraoya

.524

4 hf-ch

pek sou

160

29

183

526

1

do

dust

70

25

187

Knavesmire

534

2

ch

pek fans

210

•29

188

536

2

do

dust

170

25

190

GW

540

1

ch

bro pek

09

50

191

K

542

1

cli

pek sou

79

25

192

M P, in est.

mark

544

1

ch

unas

100

193

646

5 hf-ch

br pek fans

345

32

195

W W

5.50

1

ch

bro mix

95

32

196

552

2

hf-ch

fans

170

24

201

B P

562

5 hf-ch

bro pek

270

36

203

G

566

O

ch

pek dust

390

25

204

BC

568

1

ch

pekoe

100

42

20.J

B B

570

-

ch

pekoe

155

37

OBSEKV'EU I’KIN’TING WORKS.

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1 -.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA. AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 35.]

Colombo, September 77, 1896.

] Price : — 12j cents each 3 copies
I 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 36,502 lb.]

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

9

K

9

8 lif-cll

red leaf

480

16

14

Elston

14

37 ch

pe sou No. 2

2960

34

16

16

4 do

dust

5-20

26

17

17

10 do

1 hf-ch

sou

1040

22

18

18

5 do

dust

424

20 bid

19

P

19

8 do

pekoe

440

31 bid

34

Vilgoda

34

5 do

pek dust

7.50

24

45

Hornsey

54

13 ch

pek suo

1365

44

46

46

5 do

fans

450

31

[Mr.

E.

John.—

■103.227 lb

'.]

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

3

Keenagaha

Ella

235

13

ch

pek sou

1105

4

237

5

do

bro mix

475

6

Esperanza

241

9

hf-ch

bro or pek

468

7

•..43

24

do

pekoe

not

14

Poilakande

257

37

hLch

bro pek

2207

15

259

31

ch

1

hf-ch

pokoe

2837

16

•261

33

ch

pe sou

•2640

19

TBT D, in es-

tate mark

267

60

hf-ch

bro pek

3000

20

269

18

ch

pekoe

16-20

21

Mocha

271

21

do

bro pek

2205

22

273

18

do

pekoe

10-20

23

275

15

do

pe sou

1200

24

Tientsin

277

31

hf-ch

bro or pek

15-50

25

279

19

ch

pekoe

1710

26

•281

6

do

pek sou

540

27

P

283

12

ch

fannings

1080

30

Agra Ouvab

•289

08

hf-ch

bro or pek

3596

31

291

32

do

or pek

1600

32

293

12

do

pekoe

1140

33

Blackburn

295

21

ch

bro pek

2310

34

•297

23

do

pekoe

2300

36

B B

301

4

do

bro tea

40J

38

Turin

305

13

do

1

hf-ch

bro pek

13.50

39

307

14

ch

pekoe

1400

40

309

12

do

pek sou

1-200

42

Maddagedera

313

50

do

bro pek

5000

43

315

32

do

pekoe

2880

44

317

25

do

pek sou

21-25

47

Ilenegama

323

6

hf-ch

(lust

450

48 a Jligdola

327

a

do

bro or pek

485

49

329

6

ch

bro pek

640

50

331

38

do

pekoe

3010

51

333

7

do

br pe fans

700

53

Ettapolla

357

12

hf-ch

bro pek

672

54

359

•21

do

pekoe

1176

55

V C, in estate

mark

361

31

ch

bro pek

3100

56

363

11

do

pekoe

990

57

T 0 L

365

45

do

bro tea

3825

58

.J T

367

4

do

(lust

440

64

Rayigam

379

16

do

bro pek

1680

65

L 0 L

381

29

do

bro mix

3032

72

M

.395

16

do

bro pek

1600

73

Glassaugh

397

39

hf-ch

bro pek

21 45

74

399

21

do

pekoe

2160

75

401

9

do

pek sou

765

76

Ormidale

403

30

l)Oxes

pro or pek

600 :

77

405

14

hf-ch

or pek

7i'0 .

78

407

18

do

pekoe

900

79

81

409

8

do

pek sou

400

F W

413

8

do

or pek

400

85

Yahalakelle

421

4

do

(lust

600

88

Goodwood

4-27

14

tlo

pekoe

700

50
33

47 lid
40

57

4-2

36

out

out

71 bid
59

46

72

51

46

19 bid
78
63
56

40
33

19

53

44

36

58

41

36
26

59

47

37

33

42

34

40 bid
34 bid

20
20

43 bid
20

40 bid
84
65
50
.•41

^'01 bid
76
65
37
29

44

[Messrs.

Somerville

^ Co.,

162,316

lb.]

Lot.

Box. Pk^.

Name.

11).

C.

1 Monrovia

41 10 hf-ch

bro pek

500

53

[Messrs.

•2

42 23 ch

pekoe

2185

37

Lot.

3

43 6 do

pek sou

600

32

4

44 6 do

tans

600

29

2 Ellekande

6 White Cross

46 15 do

bro pek

1575

48

3

7

47 11 do

jiekoe

1045

37

4

8

48 9 do

pek sou

810

34

5

Lot.

Box

Pkgs.

11

Arslena

51

35

hf-ch

12

52

43

do

13

53

36

do

15

Lonach

55

59

do

16

56

56

ch

17

57

11

do

IS

Yarrow

53

67

hf-ch

19

59

81

do

21

Ivanhoe

. 61

19

ch

22

62

6

do

24

64

8 hf-ch

25

G

65

16

do

26

66

11

ch

32

Annandale

72

12

do

33

73

24

do

34

74

8

do

35

75

9

ht-ch

30

Ratwatte Cocoa

Co. Ltd.

70

25

ch

37

77

21

do

38

78

16

do

40

Pussetenne

80

13

do

41

81

9

do

42

82

14

do

43

83

8

do

46

AA MC ill

86

23

lif-ch

47

est. mark

87

12

do

48

88

31

do

49

89

5

do

50

HH

90

6

ch

67

Ukuwela

97

31

do

58

93

25

do

59

99

14

do

62

Nugawella

102

20

iDch

63

103

14

do

64

104

34

do

65

105

9

do

68

Bavenscraig

108

20

if-ch

69

109

33

<lo

74

Morningside

144

20

ch

75

Glenalla

H5

15

do

76

116

13

do

77

n7

17

do

S3

Ellatenne

123

14

hf-ch

84

125

21

do

85

125

17

do

86

Penrith

1-26

19

ch

87

1-27

20

do

88

1-28

17

do

90

I P

130

19 hf-ch

91

G

131

5

ch

92

132

4

do

93

GA Ceylon

133

5

do

94

rda

134

8

do

95

135

23

do

96

Yincint

130

12

do

97

137

12

do

99

Weluwa

1.39

22

do

100

140

29

do

106

Keston

146

25

do

107

147

9

do

111

Frierne

151

15

ch

112

152

45 hf-ch

113

1.53

24

ch

114

154

29

do

122

Yellabedde

162

65 hf-ch

123

163

28

do

124

164

56

do

125

165

8

cli

126

liabngama

166

•2-5 hf ch

127

li7

18

ch

1-28

168

16

do

130

Deniyagama

170

23

do

131

171

37

do

1.32

172

35

do

133

173

35

do

1 hf-ch

134

174

78

ch

135

Mirigaraa

175

32

do

136

176

36

do

137

Dehigahawell

177

7

do

138

178

6

do

Name,
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pekoe
pek sou
dust

bro or pek

Eekoe
ro pek
pekoe
pek sou
fans

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
bro pek
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
dust
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
or pek
do

pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
bro pk
bro or pek
bro or pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bi o pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro tea
pek dust
bro pek No.
bro pek
pek sou
bro pek
sou

bro pek
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
1)10 pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe

pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek dust
dust

lb.

17.50

2150

1800

2950

2185

990

3752

4050

1710

540

.<;60

960

990

960

1920

680

585

2500
2100
1600
1305
855
1400
720
1150
600
1550
400
570
3100
2500
1400
1100
770
1700
765
1000
1650
2000
1500
1300
1530
784
1050
0.35
1909
1600
1445
1463
475
400
2 420
880
2300
1200
1200
2330
2465
2750
900
1650
2025
2400
2175
3575
1400
2795
1120
1250
1620
1280
2668
3330
3861)
3035

6995

32.50

3060

1035

9-36

C.

51

40

34

59

41

35

50

39

60
44
30
66
48

54

42
37
44

46
37

33

51 bid
48 bid

43
35

58
65

40 bid
26
out

47
37

34

59
57

44

35

48

36

46 bid

48

49 bid

45 bid
44

35 bid
.31 bid

55
44

36
28
32
26
35

48 bid

35 bid
48

34

out

32 bid
35, bid

30 bid
48 bid
51 bid

41 bid

36 bid
39 bid

37 bid

31 l)id
15 l)id
51

41

33

47 bid
37 bid
41 bid

34

39 bill
34
oi.t
out

Eokbes & Walker.— 270,407

Box. Pk^s.

574 78 hf-ch
576 16 do
578 77 do
580 ch

'•J

Name

lb.

c.

or pek

3120

62

bro or pek

880

69

pekoe

346)

41

pek .sou

21C0

o6

•2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

I

Lot. Box.

Pkcs.

Name.

lb.

C.

7

584

11

hf-ch

pek fans

792

31

9

Thedtlen

588

11

ch

bro or pek

1100

52

10

590

5

do

bro pek

450

45

11

592

22

do

pekoe

I960

40

15

G B A, in est.

mark

600

8

ch

bro pek

829

69

16

602

7

do

pekoe

666

50

17

604

6

do

pek sou

540

42

20

Macalilenia

610

24

hf-ch

bro pek

1320

06

21

612

13

ch

pekoe

1300

51

22

614

13

do

do No. 2

: 1300

43

23

H A T, in es4.

mark

616

5

ch

bro pek

550

31

25

Langdale

620

18

do

bro pek

2160

66

26

622

18

do

pekoe

1800

50

43

Carberry

656

41

ch

bro pek

4100

56

44

658

31

do

pekoe

3060

40

45

Kankunagalla

600

9

do

sou

740

30

46

G B, in estate

mark

662

6

ch

dust

900

23

47

St. Helier’s

664

29

hf-ch

bro or pek

1505

68

48

606

7

ch

pekoe

700

41

49

008

4

do

pek sou

400

35

50

Amblakande

670

10

do

bro pek

900

55

51

672

13

do

pekoe

1170

42

52

'

674

0

do

pek sou

600

35

54

Patiagaraa

678

13

do

bro or pek

1430

65

65

680

5

do

or pek

500

63

56

682

7

do

pekoe

700

47

59

Monk.swood

688

38

hf-ch

bro or pek

19041

60

690

33

do

bro pek

1980 }

withd’n.

61

692

62

do

or pek

3100 1

62

Berragalla

694

36

ch

pek No. 2

3600

33

63

698

9

do

sou ,. 2

810

29

64

•M M

698

6

do

bro pek

654

39

65

700

0

do

pekoe

600

27

67

704

6

do

mixed

540

16

69

Walpita

70S

7

ch

pekoe

700

37

70

710

7

do

pek sou

700

33

74

Sinnapittia

718

30

do

bro mix

1800

29

79

Deaculla

728

32

do

l)ro pek

1920

09

80

730

24

do

pekoe

1800

51

86

B D W A

742

10

hf-ch

dust

900

25

38

746

7

do

fans

490

20

90

Talgaswela

750

33

ch

bro pek

3135

56

91

752

5

do

do No. 5

i 650

42

91

751

9

do

pekoe

810

42

93

750

7

do

pek sou

595

36

94

758

5

do

dust

700

28

97

Arapolakande

764

51

ch

bro pek

4845

55

98

760

5

do

pek No. 1

425

37 bid

99

708

55

do

pekoe

4400

38

100

770

20

do

pek sou

2000

35

101

772

4

do

dust

440

25

102

Carlabeck

774

6

do

pek sou

660

56

103

776

8

do

bro pek fan

600

56

104

Torwood

778

24

ch

bro pek

2160

46

105

780

14

do

pekoe

1118

34

106

782

14

do

pek sou

1050

31

112

Kelaneiya

794

11

do

bro pek

935

03

113

798

11

do

pekoe

1100

43

116

Oxford

802

16

ch

bro pek

16L0

46 bid

117

804

15

do

pekoe

1425

36 bid

118

806

13

do

pek sou

1040

33

120

Castlereagh

810

35

hf-ch

bro pek

1750

63

121

812

22

ch

pekoe

1980

42

122

814

11

do

pek sou

880

36

126

Hayes

822

17

hf-ch

bro pek

850

45

127

824

37

do

or pek

1850

48 bid

128

826

24

do

pekoe

1080

37

129

828

12

do

pek sou

540

33

140

dunes

850

12

hf'Ch

b, 0 or pek

600

63

141

852

25

ch

bro pek

2375

62

142

854

20

do

pekoe

1800

40

143

856

8

do

pek sou

720

35

144

858

15

hf-ch

bro pek fans 825

48

145

860

6

do

dust

450

29

146

Polatagama

862

38

ch

bro pek

3800

57

147

864

39

do

pekoe

3705

37

148

866

22

do

j)ek sou

2090

34

149

868

18

do

fans

1800

43

151

Pallagodde

872

22

do

bro or pek

2200

57

152

874

17

do

bro pek

1615

01

153

870

19

do

pekoe

1710

45

154

878

20

do

pek sou

1900

38

155

High Forest

880

45

hf-ch

bro pek

2520

78 bid

156

882

50

do

pekoe

2500

66

157

884

20

do

pek sou

900

57

167

Udabage

904

21

do

bro pek

1260

44

168

906

24

do

pekoe

1320

37

109

908

21

do

pek sou

1155

33

170

910

10

do

sou

f50

28

172

CPU, Galle

in estate

mark

914

18 1

lif-ch

bro pek

1030

46 bid

173

916

31

do

pekoe

1550

31

174

918

16

(lo

pek sou

800

30

Lot

Box.

Pl<

:£?s.

N ame

lb.

C.

176

L C

922

20

hf-ch

bro pek

1100

40 bid

177

924

6

ch

pekoe

570

33

178

926

11

do

pek sou

1045

29 bid

179

E

928

27

hf-ch

bro pek

1620

42

180

930

17

ch

pek sou

1615

27 bid

181

Doranakande 932

24

do

bro pek

2160

60

182

934

15

do

pekoe

1350

35

183

930

13

do

pek .sou

1105

33

186

942

9

do

bro pek

900

36

187

ART

944

8

ch

pekoe

700

32

188

940

5

do

pek sou

500

28 bid

169

Glengariff

948

7

ch

unas

581

20

190

Ellaoya

950

19

do

or pek

1728

55

191

Galkadua

9 2

14

do

bro pek

140'J

43 bid

192

954

10

do

pekoe

1000

33 bid

193

956

8

do

pek sou

800

30

195

G

960

4

do

bro pek

400

33

200

M’uva

970

25

do

bro or pek

2500

SO-

201

972

21

do

pekoe

2100

SO

202

976

9

do

pek sou

900

46

204

P G M in est.

mark

978

13 hf-ch

bro or pek

780

65

205

980

17

do

or pek

935

72

206

982

32

do

pekoe

1728

51

227

984

44

do

pekoe No. 2

2420

46

208

986

22

do

sou

1100

38

209

Crathie

988

7

do

pek fans

630

30

211

992

5

ch

sou

450

34

214

Farnham

998

4

do

du.st

480

29

215

1000

31

do

bro pek

1705

54

216

2

18 hf-ch

or pek

756

47

217

4

35

do

pekoe

1575

40

218

Bderapolla

0

22

do

pek sou

924

35

221

12

39

do

bro pek

19.50

46 l)id

222

iMilliapoo

14

40

ch

bro pek

4000

35 bid

223

16

63 lif-ch

pek

3465

34 bid

224

18

49

do

pek sou

2695

32 bid

225

BDW B

20

27

do

sou

1185

29 bid

226

22

24

(io

bro pek

1320

44 bid

227

Killarney

24

32

do

pekoe

2880

36

228

o

<M

22

do

or pek

1100

73b id

229

28

39

do

br or pek

2.340

66

230

Hewaheta

30

21

do

pelcoe

1050

54

231

32

42

ch

bro pek

4480

52 bid

232

34

21

do

pekoe

1470

45 bid

233

Glencor.se

36

20

do

pek sou

1800

41 bid

238

40

28

do

bro pek

2300

59

280

48

14

do

pekoe

1100

41

240

Holton

50

IS

do

pek sou

1440

35

243

56

17

do

bro pek

1695

54

244

Cairnhill

58

12

do

pekoe

1140

39

248

66

9

do

bi'o pek

900

48

249

68

9

do

pekoe

810

35

250

IMunamal

70

6

do

pek sou

480

31

253

70

5

do

bro pek

501

42

SMALL LUTS.

[Messrs. A.

IT. Thompson e'c

Co.]

Lot.

pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

10

D c

10

2

do

bi'o pek

ISO

55

11

11

4

do

pekoe

280

39

12

12

4

do

pek sou

31

15

Elston

16

3

do

bro mix

330

30

31

R, in estate

mark

31

2 hf-ch

unas

116

26

32

32

1

do

dust

24

SG

[Mr.

E. John.]

Lot.

Box

•

Piigs.

Name

lb.

0.

1

Theresia

231

2

ch

pek sou

150

45

2

233

3

hf-ch

dust

255

25

5

Keenagaha

Ella

239

1

ch

dust

160

27

8

Esperanza

245

1

hf-ch

conp[Ou

40

28

9

247

1

do

dust

80

29

17

Poilakande

203

4

hf-ch

dust

303

31

18

265

3

do

br pe fans

190

41

28

Aadneven

285

1

do

dust

90

29

29

287

1

ch

red leaf

110

15

36

BB

299

2

do

pek sou

200

29

37

303

4

lif-ch

dust

310

26

41

Turin

311

2

do

dust

180

27

45

Maddagedera

319

2

ch

bro pe fans

230

41

46

Henegauia

321

1

hf-ch

bro mix

65

30

48

Kinagoda

325

1

ch

red leaf

80

20

52

Digdola

335

2

do

du.st

280

30

66

N K, in e.state

mark

383

1

do

I'ed leaf

80

21

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

.3

Lot

80 Ovmidale
82 FW

86 Ooodwood

87
89

91

Box. Pkp-s. Name.

411 2 ch dust

7 do peksou

3 ilo bro 01- pek
7 do bro pek

6 tio pek sou

1 do bro mix

X do dust

415

423

425

429

431

433

lb.

140

350

180

363

300

34

90

Messrs. Somerv

Lot.

Jloiivovia
White Cross

5

9

10

14

20

23

27

28

29

30

31
39

44

45

51

52

53

54

55

56
60
61
66
07

70

71

72

73
98
129

139

140

141

142

Arslena

Ivanhoe

Ct

Ratwatte Cocoa
Co. Ltd.
Pussetene

HH

T in est. mark

Ckuwela

Nugawella

O X in estate
mark

Vincit

Labugama

Castle

Box

Pkoi

45

1

ch

40

1

do

50

1

do

54

6

hf-ch

60

6

do

63

3

ch

67

3

do

68

o

do

69

1

hf-ch

70

1

do

71

2

do

la

79

1

hf-ch

84

2

hf-ch

85

1

ch

91

4

do

ILLE <& to.

. Name lb.

92

93

94

95

96
100
101
106
107

no

111

112

113

138

169

179

180
181
182

do
3 ch
3 do
1 hf ch

1 do

2 ch
2 do

2 hf-ch
1 ch

1 hf-ch
1 do
1 do
1 do
1 do
1 do

3 hf-ch
3 do

5 do
1 do

dust
br tea
dust
dust
bro pek
sou

pek sou
sou

pek fans

fans

dust

dust
fans
dust
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek ci
bro mix
bro tea
bro pek fs
dll' t
bro mix

bro pek

pekoe

pek sou

dust

dust

fans

bro pek

pekoe

pek sou

fans

130

90

150

300

SCO

270

300

200

65

70

170

165

267

62

Lot.

Messrs. Forbes

Box

& Walker.

1 T M K. in est.

6

8

12

13

14

15

19

24

27

28

mark
Ellekande

Theddcn

iO

33 Hopewell

34

39

40

41

42

572
582
586
594
596
598

G B A, in estate
mark 606

60S

H A X, in estate
mark 618

Langdale 6|4

636

638

640
642
644
646
648
650
652
654
676
684
686
702
706
712

;7 Carendon

Amblakanda

Patiagama

M

Walpita

Fkgs.

Name.

4

ch

unas

1

do

un s

1

do

red leaf

3

do

pek sou

2

do

sou

1

do

dust

o

ch

sou

1

do

dust

3 hf-ch

dust

3

ch

pek sou

1

do

dust

1

ch

bro pek

1 hf-ch

1

cn

hf-ch

pekoe

1

ch

pek sou

1

do

congou

3

ch

bro pek

2

do

pekoe

1

do

pek sou

3

do

sou

1

do

fans

2

1

do

ch

congou
red leaf

1

do

pek sou

1

do

dust

3

do

congou

6

do

bro pek

1

do

sou

c.

50

32

43

52

39

19

30

c.

27

19

20
22
69

37

38
34
41
27
25

lb.

340

102

60

270

190

1.50

180

120

240

270

150

31

27

27

27

40

19

32
22
25

33
29

27
44

28

159 57

158
99
85

300

200

100

300

100

159
100
no
100
285
360
100

45

38

29
56
45
38

30

31
26

19
44
29
27
48

20

Lot.

72

73

87 B D W A
89

95 Xor

96
107

114

115
119

123

124

125
130
150
171
175

Xorwood

Kela.neiya

Oxford

Castlereagh

Box.

714

716

744

748

760

762

784

798

800

803

816

818

820

830

870

912

Pkgs.
2 do
1 do
1 hf-ch

184

185
194

196

197

198

Hayes
Polatagama
Udabage
C P H, Galle
in est. mark 920
Doranakande 938
946
958
960
904
966

do
ch
do
do
do
do
do
4 hf-ch

3 do
1 do

4 hf-ch
4 ch

3 do

4 hf-ch

Galkadua

G

do

do

ch

3 do
2 do
1 hLch

Name,
fans
dust
cougou
bro mi.x
bro pek
pekoe
dust
sou
dust
dust
pek fans
dust
bro mix
dust
pek fans
bro mix

congou
dust
fans
bro pek dust

lb.

220

160

50

330

285

276

240

100

115

360

280

240

80

200

380

105

192

300

300

pekoe
pek sou
dust

10

286

170

53

e.

30

28

26

20

39

29
28
24
26
28
41

27
19

28
35
17

24
26
32
26

30

25

26

80

140

25

33

199

968

1 ch
1 hf-ch

! s

166

15

100

28

203

D, in est. mark 976

2

ch

pek dust

200

28

338

22

210

P G M, in est.

20

150

43

mirk

990

5

iif-ch

red leaf

2.50

300

36

211

Hopton

994

3

ch

bro mix

255

24

300

29

213

996

2

do

fans

200

39

75

26

219

Farnham

8

4 hf-ch

bro pek fans

272

34

50

16

2-20

10

-1

ch

dust

200

20

190

20

‘234

Wolleyfield

38

3

do

bro pek

315

41

140

30

235

40

2

do

pekoe

285

32

150

28

236

42

•2

ch

pek sou

■200

28

85

20

237

44

1

do

sou

90

•24

241

Glcncorse

52

2

do

pek fans

‘260

39

50

40

242

54

1

do

dust

160

28

50

33

24.5

Holton

60

3

ch

pek sou

285

34

60

27

246

62

3

do

dust

225

28

50

28

347

64

1

do

bro mix

95

‘26

100

36

251

Cairnhill

72

1

ch

fans

1-20

29

120

25

252

74

1

do

dust

140

•20

195

40

254

Munamal

78

3

do

unas

280

28

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

From Our Commercial Correspondent)

Mincixg Lane, August, 21 1890.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE .sold in Mincing
Lane up to 21st August : —

Ex ‘'Yorkshire” — Mau.sagalla, 4c It .106s; 3c 101s; 3c
9'2s; It lb 113s 6d; 2t 7isGd.

Lx “Mahratta” — Craig, 2c It 95s 6d; 5c lb 104s 6d; 2c lb
9Ss ed; lb 106s; It lb 81s Cd.

Ex ‘ Xeenkai”— DC in estate mark, 1 bag sivxigs. 55s.

Ex “Yorkshire”— Goiiamotava 13c it 104s; 2c lb 91s 6d;
2b 121s 6d; It lb 117s 6d; Ic It 2b S4s 6d; 6 bags 106s;
1 bag S2s; 3c 104s 6d; 7c 99s 6d; Ic lb 100s; It 87s; It 110s.
It 107s; Ic S3s; 3 bags 101s 6d.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON,

Ex “Clan Macalister”— .Sundry Marks, 75 bags 51s; 20 bags
41.S. Warriapolla, 10 bags .5Ss; 23 bags 69s 6d; 4 bags 46s;
3 bags 37s; 8 bags 27s. ILijawelle Cocoa, 32 bags 64s; 1 bag
40s (sd); 3 bags 30s.

Ex “Clam”— Delgolla, 47 bags 5Ss Gd; 14 bags 44s 6d;
1 bag 40s.

Ex “Yorkshire”— HK in estate incH'k, 8 bags -46s; 2 bags
26s;. Pitakande, 5 bags 49s; 1 bag 36s; 1 bag 32s. Kumani-
dola, 20 bags 61s; 14 bags 61s; 3 bags 37s 6d. Asgeria \.
34 bags 61s. Maragalla, 33 bags 60; 5 bags 37s. Kepiti-
galla, 21 bags 5,5s 6d; 4 bags 37s Od.

° Ex “Staffordshire”— Kepitigalla lA, 4 bags 45s.

Ex “Idzurai Maru”— Sirigalla, 10 bags 53s.

OBSERVER RHINXING WORKS.

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TEA., COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

Colombo, September 21, 1896. | Price; — 12k cents each 3 copies

‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies § rupee.

NO. 36.]

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.
LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. TiiOxMpson & Co. — 87,18.3 lb.]

Lot. lio.N. Plvjf.s. Name. lb. c.

1

Nahaveena

1

O

21 hf-ch

bro pek

1150

57

2

2

11

do

pekoe

550

43

3

3

10

do

pek sou

500

40

9

Vogan

9

26 ht-ch

bro or pek

1439

50 bid

10

10

27

ch

bro pek

2565

66

11

11

32

do

pekoe

2830

43 bid

12

12

24

do

pek .sou

2160

30 bid

16

Sapitiyagodde

10

20

ch

b'l'o or pek

1300

54

17

17

48

do

or pek

4800

47

18

IS

17

do

bro pek

1734

55

19

19

24

do

pekoe

2232

39 bid

-20

20

28

do

pek .sou

2520

37

24

Wooden d

24

13

do

bro pek

1300

47 bid

25

25

14

do

pekoe

1400

40 hid

26

26

16

(lo

pek .son

1440

31 bid

28

Comar

28

13 hf-ch

bro pek

975

45

29

29

13

do

liekoe
pek .son

815

34

30

34

Leonards on

SO

9

do

510

29

Sea

34

11

ch

brn pek

1100

58

35

37

Bambi'.o kelly

35

6

do

pekoe

540

u/

and Del

37

55

hf-ch

bro pek

3025

08 bid

38

38

29

ch

pekoe

2755

47 bid

39

39

6

do

pek sou

000

37

42

Myraganga

42

23

ch

bro or jiek

2530

54

43

43

16

do

or pek

1520

45

44

44

53

do

bro pek

5300

53

45

45

.36

do

pekoe

3240

38 bid

46

46

34

do

pek sou

2890

34 bid

47

49

Mandara Newe

47

5

do

fans

050

29

56

ra

A T, in estate

49

4

ch

pekoe

400

48

mark

56

4

ch

pekoe

400

32 bid

57

57

5

do

pek son

500

28

63

A G C

63

4

do

(lust

600

25

64

Ossington

64

10

do

bro pek

1100

46 bid

65

65

17

do

pekoe

1700

36 bid

66

66

11

do

pek sou

1100

31 bid

74

Elston

74

37

do

pt sou No, 2

2960

33 bid

75

Sapitiyagodde

75

39 hf-ch

bro or pek

2750

57

76

76

45

do

or pek

2025

45 bid

77

77

27

ch

bro pek

2700

50 bi(l

78

78

24

do

pekeie

2400

45 bid

79

79

30

do

pek sou

2700

33 bid

[Mr. E. John.— 137,065 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pk<r,S.

N ame.

lb.

C.

5

Oakfield

443

4

ch

bro pek

432

37 bid

6

445

19

do

pekoe

1710

36 bid

7

447

6

do

pek sou

540

32 bid

9

N W M

451

22

do

bro tea

2600

19 bid

10

W G L

453

21

do

bro mix

1755

19 bid

11

12

455

Ottery <t Stain-

5

do

dust

593

18 bid

ford Hil

457

26

do

bro pek

2fi00

70

13

459

16

do

or pek

1360

69

14

461

40

do

pekoe

3600

50 bid

17

D M

467

11

do

pek sou

990

33

18

469

10

do

f.amiings B

1000

32

19

Gonavy

471

13

do

pekoe '

1248

46

220

Glentilt

473

20

do

bro pekoe

2100

66

21

475

12

do

pekoe

1200

46 bid

22

477

6

do

pek sou

540

41

24

Lameliere

481

26

do

bro pek B

2730

66

25

483

24

do

pekoe

2)60

51

26

485

21

do

pek sou

1785

43

33

S J

499

6

do

bro pek

672

:17 bid

34

1

9

do

pekoe

810

32 bid

42

Mocha

17

17

do

bro pek

1785

71

43

39

12

do

pekoe

1140

55

44

21

12

do

pek sou

1020

46

45

46

Anchor in es-

23

5

do

fanniugs

600

40

tate mark

25

19

do

bro or pek

1900

63

47

27

13

do

pekoe

1235

47

48

29

10

do

pek sou

950

42

49

31

12

hf-ch

(lust

1044

30

50

Wiiyddon

33

12

ch

bro pek

1200

66

51

35

12

do

pekoe

1200

50

Lot.

Box.

PktfH.

Name.

lb.

C.

52 Stinsford

37

65

hf-ch

lu'o pek

3575

70

53

39

02

do

nekoe

100

40

54

41

10

do

nek sou

855

37

66 S K D

45

5

do

(lust

400

27

58 H

49

14

ch

T)0k sou

1400

35

(0 Mariawatte

73

11

do dii icest ceylou

No. 3 oolong

473

39 bid

71 Callander

To

25

do

bi-o or pek

15.50

70

72

i i

19

do

pekoe

988

62 bid

i3

79

17

do

pek sou

850

47 bid

(6 JIaryland

S5

4

ch

bro pek

440

40

77

87

4

do

pekoe

420

33

79 Agra Ouvah

91

0

do

pe sou

570

43

SO

93

12

hf-ch

pelc fans

972

42

85 H ,S in estate

mark

10.3

16

ch

SOU

1360

31

SG

105

7

lif-ch

dust

595

26

87

107

6

la gs

red leaf

420

21

89 Turin

111

8

crT

bro or pek

880

42

90

113

15

do

pekoe

1490

43

91

115

7

do

1

hi-ci:

pe sou

75S

34

96 N.Thavilla.

125

15

do

tiro pek

1575

$0 bid

97 Glasgow

127

33

do

liro or pek

2475

6S

98

129

18

do

or pel;

lOSO

f.9

99

131

16

do

pekoe

1520

47

100 Old Made-

Kama

133

54

lif-ch

bro pek

3240

43 bid

101

135

36

(!u

pekoe

1800

37

104 D N D, in es-

tate mark

m

12

ch

SOU

900

34

105

143

9

do

bro mix

900

18

107

147

8

hf-ch

dust

720

26

108 Pati Rajah

149

20

ch

bro pek

2200

60

109

151

16

do

pekoe

1600

•13

110

153

10

do

pek sou

000

36

112 Alnoor

157

19

hf-c!i

bro pek

950

49

113

169

11

do

pekoe

650

38

114

161

10

do

pek sou

.500

34

117 Eadella

107

12

ch

bro pek

1200

46

118

169

12

do

pekoe

1\=0

30

119

171

6

do

pek sou

48t(

33

128 Madulteune

ISO

14

do

bro pek

1100

63

129

191

12

do

pekoe

1200

37

UO

193

12

do

pek sou

1200

33

131 Peuryhn

19.^,

26

do

bro 4 ek

2902

41 bid

132

197

1.0

do

pekoe

1805

34 bid

133

199

26

do

pek sou

2640

30 bid

134 Weymouth

201

21

lif-cli

bro pek

1050

35

135

203

6

ch

pek No. 1

.510

35

1S6

205

4

do

pek No. 2

400

32

137

2L0

5

1

hf-ch

pek sou

480

32

IJO Eswatte

213

15

ch

bro pek

1.500

47 bid

141

21.5

12

do

pekoe

1080

37

142

217

7

do

pek .sou

630

32

143 Birnam

219

13

hf-ch

tiek .sou

910

38 bid

146 Dartrv

225

26

ch

bro pek

2860

f.8

147

227

24

do

pekoe

2400

47

148

229

14

do

pek sou

1330

38

[xMessrs. Eorbf.s & Walker.— 352,173

lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Name

lb.

C.

2 M, in estate

mark

82

1

cll

pekoe No. 1

680

33

5

8S

3

do

dust

450

25

11 Banawella

100

6

ch

bro pel;

COO

£8

12

102

7

do

pekoe

560

41

13

104

7

do

pek sou

525

34

15 Kirindi

103

20

do

bro pek

2000

58

16

110

23

do

pekoe

1840

40 bid

17

112

24

do

pek sou

1800

34

25 Nahaveena

123

80 hf-cli

bro pek

43C0

57

26

130

41

do

pekoe

2050

43

27

132

37

do

pek sou

1850

41

28

134

6

(lo

(lu.st

4.50

27

29 Great Valley

136

12 Iif-ch

bro pek

600

70

30

138

10

do

or pek

550

50

31

140

8

ch

pekoe

800

45

32

142

8

do

pek sou

720

35

33 Tavalamteuue

144

5

ch

bro pek

550

47

34

146

4

do

pekoe

420

39

30 Elfiudale

150

6

do

pek sou

000

34

37

152

6

(lo

fans

600

23

39 St. Helen

1.50

.59 hf-cli

bro pek

3.540

48

40

158

32

do

])ekoc

1600

40

41

160

17

do

pek sou

765

S3

42

162

7

do

dust

560

27

43 Rambodde

164

42

do

br or pek

2310

52

44

166

33

do

pekoe

1650

40

45

168

18

do

pek sou

810

34

‘2

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. Bov.

rk-8.

Name.

lb.

C.

47

Hylton

172

9

ch

bro pek

9i0

45 bid

4S

171

12

do

pekoe

960

36 bid

;■)!

Mat.ale

IS!)

10

do

bro pek

1600

48

.'■>2

182

22

do

pekoe

1760

38

f)l

Coneygav

200

9 hf-ch

bro pek

540

81

C2

202

6

ch

pekoe

600

03

04

BarkiiuliUc

200

10

do

bro pek

UOO

71

C.)

2GS

8

do

pekoe

640

48 bid

08

Springkell

•211

10 iii-cli

sou

500

42

72

Agraoya

2-22

IS

do

bro pek

900

Cl

74

2-20

11

do

pekoe

935

41

76

Ellaoya

2S0

7

ch

bro pek

784

09

77

232

15

do

or pek

1440

50

78

23-1

10

do

pek sou

9C0

35

71)

Lyegiove

2:'.0

4

do

or pek

400

48

to

2-3.S

6

do

bro pek

7(8

46

SI

210

do

pekoe

460

41

S2

•24-2

6

do

nek sou

540

37

S4

MeiUleteime

‘240

.3*3

hf-cli

bro pek

1800

49

85

‘248

10

ch

pekoe

1000

40 bid

92

iv ( ' \V. in ost.
mark

262

8

ch

bro or pek

SOU

45 l)id

!)j

Pemberton

268

0

do

pek sou

5,40

33

100

Walton

•27b

20

do

bro pek

1200

46

101

•280

Cl

do

pekoe

540

35

lOi

Lowlands

288

8

cU

bro pek

860

47

100

200

8

do

pekoe

720

c /

107

20'1

5

do

pek sou

4C0

oi

no

North Cove

208

5

do

congou

400

39

1 :o

Hayes

sTo

17

hf-ch

bro pek

850

44 bid

117

312

3"

do

or pek

13.50 1

43

us

314

37

do

(lo

1850 f

119

316

24

ilO

pekoe

1080

39 bid

1-0

318

12

do

pek sou

540

33 bid

122

High Forest

322

45

hf-cli

bro pek

25-20

78

12;!

Hea Ella

324

52

hf-ch

bro pek

•2860

46 bid

124

326

41

do

pekoe

2050

36

125

328

13

do

pek sou

900

33

127

Maha I'va

.332

24

do

bro or pek

4410

54 hid

12s

334

29

do

or pek

16-24

60 bid

12.)

330

10

ch

pekoe

‘260U

54

130

338

19

do

pek sou

1615

43

13d

Polatagama

350

SO

ch

pro pek

3009

53

13'

352

31

do

pekoe

2945

36

138

351

24

do

jiek sou

•2280

32

lio

350

31

do

tans

3100

38

111

I'.rracht

3Cu

•22

ch

bro or pek

2090

53

112

302

Is

dv»

bro pek

1620

66

113

36’1

IS

ilo

pekoe

1260

41

114

369

13

do

do No. 2

1040

42

145

30S

13

do

V>ek sou

910

37

1.50

Pallagodile

378

13

Cil

bro or pek

1300

49 bid

151

380

11

do

bro ‘pek

13S0

60

152

3S2

13

do

pekoe

1620

40

153

384

13

lio

pek sou

ITH)

36

154

Morankaiuie

•780

22

ch

bro pek

•2200

57

155

388

•21

do

pekoe

2100

41

150

390

25

do

pek sou

2510

35

163

Cieragania

404

Is

d

i)ro pek

1800

57

lOl

400

1-;

(lo

pekoe

1-235

39

1C5

408

Q

do

pek sou

810

34

1C7

Freds Rulie

412

33

ch

bro pek

3300

62

108

414

35

do

pekoe

3150

41

ICO

410

IS

do

pek sou

1620

33

171

Venture

420

12

ch

bro pek

1030

46

172

422

14

do

pekoe

1120

37

173

Neddumpara

421

lu

hf'ch

pek sou

450

32

25

174

420

•20

do

dust

1500

175

Verulapitiya

4-28

23

ch

bi'O pek

2300

47

176

430

14

do

pekoe

1-260

41

177

4:i2

9

do

pek sou

810

34

17s

434

11 hf-ch

sou

550

32

IbO

438

<

do

dust

.560

27

ISl

iVthertield

440

ch

bro pek

700

47

184

410

25 :

lif-ch

sou

1-250

32

1S6

450

11

do

dust

8S0

•28

ls9

Tlieydon Bois 456

5

ch

pekoe

400

39

190

458

6

do

pek sou

480

33

191

Piilmer.ston

460

24 hf ch

bro pek

1320

74

195

408

13

ch

pekoe

975

49

108

tjueensland

474

12

do

bro pek

1080

72

199

470

14

do

or pek

1400

61

•200

478

53

do

pekoe

4505

47

‘201

480

13

do

pek sou

1049

40

‘203

Harlow

4S4

2S

ch

bro pek

•2912

48 bid

•201

V K K, in est.
mark

4SC

‘20

ch

bro pek

14‘26

48 bid

‘209

Morlands

496

9

do

bro pek

450

75

210

498

6

do

pekoe

600

48

214

Vellaioya

500

H

ch

fn-o tea

IHO

19

215

Weyunga-

watte

503

IS hf-ch

bro or pek

1080

55

•210

510

19

ch

or pek

1716

55

217

512

13

do

pekoe

1105

44

•218

514

5

(lo

pek sou

475

32

‘220

Dromoland

51s

8

do

pek sou

680

35

47

‘221

Beausejour

5‘2u

13

do

bro pek

1300

222

522

17

ch

pekoe

1530

34

223

5‘24

6

do

fans

570

35

225

528

3

(io

(lust

420

26

227

Dooneya’e

632

10

ch

Ijro pek

1000

47

228

534

14

d>

pekoe

1-26U

34

229

536

7

do

fa ns

66.1

35

233

Y

544

11

ch

pek fans

1265

34

238

Tommagang

554

48

do

br or pek

'2880

82 bid

239

556

26

ch

or pek

2.J40

80 bid

240

558

29

hf-ch

bro pek

2320

56 bid

241

560

25

ch

pekoe

2375

63 bid

242

Pedro

562

1-3

hf-ch

fans

910

50 bid

243

564

19

ch

bro or pek

2090

76

244

566

17

do

or pek

1445

80

245

568

10

do

pekoe

9 0

65

246

570

8

do

pek sou

640

.51

247

572

11

do

fans

1650

39

248

Damliagalla

574

40

hf-ch

bro pek

2-30O

64

249

076

19

do

pekoe

855

41

253

C H, in estate

584

11

Cli

pek fans

660

38

254

mark

580

0

ch

son

900

34

255

V 11

.583

8

ch

reel loaf

800

24

257

CP H, Galle

in e.st mark

502

18

hf-ch

bro pek

1080

43 bid

258

Ilurstpier-

267

IJoint

594

9

lif-ch

bro pek

44.5

41 l)id

Weoya

612

u8

ch

bru pek

5250

57

‘26 S

614

37

do

pekem

2775

36

269

CIG

15

do

pek sou

105-0

33

270

6 8

13

do

fans

1300

38

271

620

3

do

(lust

4-20

26

273

Tonacombe

624

28

hf-ch

or pekoe

1.540

67 bid

274

626

24

do

l>ro pek

15C0

72

275

Ireby

628

40

cl)

pkoe

4000

53

276

630

47 1

lif-ch

bro pek

2 '50

69

277

632

13

ch

pekoe

1170

52

*278

034

7

do

pek sou

560

46

281

N

OiO

18

ch

bro mix

2310

‘28

283

A S

644

8

do

pek sou

790

32

‘284

Melrose

646

14

cli

l)r(j pek

1540

48

235

643

10

do

pekoe

1000

40

230

Fkuwella

650

9

do

pek .sou

COO

3.5

‘288

654

48

ch

bro pek

4800

out

289

Jfnavesmire

656

35

ch

bro jjek

3500

47 bid

290

058

54

do

pekoe

43-20

35 bid

201

660

48

do

pek sou

33C0

32 bid

292

Putiipaula

662

4

do

bro pek fan

460

30

293

604

45

ch

bro pek

4560

58

294

COG

38

do

pekoe

liGlO

37 bid

295

668

‘20

(lo

pek son

1800

33

297

.Scrubs

072

n

ch

or.ange pek

1100

74

208

074

20

do

bro pek

2-210

61

‘299

Carfax

676

22

(lo

pekoe

2090

51 bid

300

678

40

hf-ch

bro or pek

2200

58

30 1

680

27

ch

orange pek

2700

54 bid

:-'02

682

5

do

bro pek

550

40

303

Middleton

684

23

do

pekoe

2lt5

37 bid

312

702

10

ch

bro or r(?k

16U0

75

.313

704

.'5

do

bro pek

2.500

GO

314

7f6

20

do

pekoe

1980

53

3)5

7(18

8

do

pok sou

769

46

316

710

10

do

orange pek

900

59

3-22

Brecliin

722

14

ch

bro pek

1540

65

323

7-24

10

do

pekoe

1000

44

3‘26

A

730

5

ch

faimings

£06

22

[Mkssks. Somerville iSc Co., 242,018 Ib.]

]-.Ot.

Box.

Pk-S.

Name.

Ik

c.

1

P

191

3 ch

4 bf-ch

hro pek

500

42

2

19

1 ch
9 hf-ch

pekoe

640

33 bid

3

193

4 ch
6 lif-ch

pek sou

ceo

32

4

Citrus

194

9

ch

hro pek

875

45

5

0

R C T F in

195

est.

10

do

pekoe

1000

33 bid

mark

199

19

do

hro pek

1900

42

10

‘200

17

do

pekoe

1530

36

11

‘201

13

do

sou

1170

32

13

Benveula

‘203

28

hf-ch

hro pek

1400

53

14

•204

17

do

pekoe

8,50

37

15

205

7

ch

pek sou

700

30

10

Walahanduwa 209

84

do

Ino pek

3400

65

20

210

26

do

])ekoe

•2000

41

21

‘211

a

(io

pek sou

810

34

22

SPA

212

3

do

(lust

450

30

23

213

4

do

faimings

400

33

•24

214

5

do

unas

£00

34

26

Neucliatel

216

18

do

ino pek

16-20

5‘2

27

217

22

do

pekoe

1650

37 bid

29

Blairavon

219

14

do

hro pek

14C0

41

30

220

- u

(io

pekoe

2090

67 bid

31

34

2-n

Woodlhorpe and

10

do

pek sou

tsto

40 hid

Inchstelly

224

9

do

bro pek

soo

59

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

33
30

40

41

44

45
4(3

49

50

51
53
59
63
()5
67

70

71

72

75

76

77
79

50

51
85
S6
88
Si)

90

91

92

93
91

95
90
99

101

102

103

lot

105

106

107

108

109

110
111
112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120
121
122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

140

141

142

Box. Pkirs. Nains.

lb.

c.

22.5

10

ch

pekoe

800

40

226

10

do

pek sou

75.)

34

Charlie Hill

230

8 hf-ch

pekoe

400

37

231

12

do

])ek sou

600

32

A'pitikaudo

234

7

ch

bro or psk

500

45 bid

235

6

do

bro pek

570

47 bid

236

12

do

pekoe

900

37 bid

Hatton

239

IS llf-cil

bro pek

991

84

2411

1 3

ch

pekoe

1620

50

241

U

do

pek sou

999

45

Malvern

248

21 hf-ch

bro pek

1155

35 bid

218

32

do

pekoe

1760

32 bid

Yspa

25i

4

ch

pek dust

609

27

Galkolua

2.55

11

do

bro pek

11.50

44 ))id

cf.r

9

do

pek sou

810

34 bid

Ukuwela

269

26

do

bro psk

2600

46 bid

2dl

20

do

pekoe

2000

34 bid

262

12

do

pek sou

1205

32

White Cross

26.5

14

il.)

bro pek

1470

46 bid

266

11

do

pekoe

1015

36 bid

267

10

do

pek sou

900

32 bid

Koorooloogalla 269

8

do

bro pek

774

65

270

6

(lo

pek

5S5

45

Hatdowa

264

21

do

bro pek

1905

5.1

275

14

do

pekoe

1120

";6

276

14

do

pek sou

1120

33

lugrogalla

27.8

7

do

ino pel:

700

53

279

10

do

pekoe

09.)

41

2i0

23

do

pek sou

1170

31 bid

I N G in est.

mark

281

5

do

bro mix

.500

27

282

\)

do

dust

67 5

28 bid

283

4

(lo

fau.s

400

40

New Perade-

Iliya

284

20

do

bro pok

2500

45 bid

285

16

do

pekoe

1664

36 bid

286

6

do

pek sou

GOO

32 bid

F A in estate

mark

289

13

do

bro tea

149.5

36 bid

R lyigam

291

22

do

bro pe !

2200

58

292

27

(JO

peko-l

2295

37 bid

293

11

do

pek sou

93.3

33 bid

294

6

do

bro pek fau.=

510

37

29 5

3

do

dust

405

26

Hagalla

296

2.5

hl'-ch

bro pek

1.50 )

4.5 bid

2)7

19

do

pesos

95!)

37 bid

293

6

ch

j.ielc sou

600

3 ! bid

Great Hall

299

31 Ilf ch

l.ro pek

20 iO

33 bid

300

3C

do

pekoe

1500

31 bid

Northbrooks

Matara

7 Hai-angalla

17 eh
63 Iif-L'h
42 do
57 ilu

bi'O pek
bco pek
pekoe
pek .sou

1690
34 n
2109
2795

51 bid
37 bid
wiMid’n
31 bid

Kelani

Moi'owa Totum 20
21

Ambagamuwa

.5

99

ch

sou

S550

out

6

20

(\o

dusi

i!) 0

2: hid

7

IS

do

hr or i>ek

1890

48

8

1.5

do

or pek

3350

63

9

33

do

p koe

3135

39

10

5

do

pek sou

500

33

11

5

do

dust

700

28

12

23

do

l.ro pek

2668

42 bid

13

46

do

or pek

5050

45 bid

14

10

do

pekoe

1805

36 bid

15

29

do

pek sou

2175

32 bid

16

50 hf-ch

bro pek

2750

59

17

47

ch

ifekoe

2350

36

IS

6

do

pek sou

510

33

19

10 hf ch

fans

600

39

Wattagoda

29 do

26 do
40 ch
29 do

27 hf-ch
21 do
20 ch

8 bf-ch

bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pek sou
bi-o pek
pekoe
pek sou

14.50

1070

4000

2405

1620

1470

1800

670

40

34 bid
S6 bid
32 bid
54 bid
50

41 bid
29 bid

143

144

146

147

148

149

150

152

153
l.'C
157
168
168

169

170

Mey Mulgatna

30

33

do

l.ro pek

1848

45 bid

[Mr.

E. JOHN.l

R in estate

31

58

do

pekoe

2500

30 bid

Li

B jx.

Pkgs.

Name

mark

32

29

do

l)ro pek

1 585

47 bid

1

Osborne

435

ch

bro tea

33

35

(lo

pekoe

17.50

39 bid

2

437

do

du.st

34

31

do

pek sou

1550

34

3

A

4:9

3

do

unassorted

B in estate

4

441

2

lU’-ch

fa.nnings

mark

30

4

do

dust

400

26

8

Oakfield

449

1

ch

dust

W G

37

9

ch

pek sou

900

29 bid

15

Ottery & Stam

38

6

do

,red leaf

540

24 l)id

ford Hill

463

1

do

sou

39

9

do

(lust

765

25 bid

10

405

2

do

bro mix

G

40

8

do

sou

800

26 bid

23

Glentilt

479

2

do

faiinings

Wipilta

42

4

do

bro pek

400

40 bid

27

L'lmeliere

487

2

hf-ch

pek fans

43

12

do

pekoe

1200

31 bid

3.5

Allington

3

4

do

bro pek

M N

46

IS hf*ch

dust

1440

26 l.id

36

3

do

or pek

WT

47

18

ch

l.ro or pek

1980

4') bid

37

7

7

do

pekoe

Monrovia

43

10 hf-ch

bro pek

500

45 bid

38

9

5

do

pek .sou

Maguranwelle

39

11

1

(lo

pe sou No. 2

Kelley

58

23 hf-ch

bro or pek

1150

52 bid

40

13

1

do

dust

59

31

do

or pek

1»50

40 bid

41

15

1

do

bro mix

CO

24

do

pekoe

1200

32 bid

55

SFD

43

4

do

fannings

Lob. Bo.x.

Pkfr.S.

177 Warriatenne

67

27

hf-ch

178

08

39

do

179

69

31

do

ISO

70

30

ch

183 Graceland

73

14

do

184

74

5

do

185

75

10

do

186

To

9

do

189 NIT

79

5

do

190

80

23

do

192 Ingeriya

82

20

hf-ch

193

S3

30

do

194

84

11

do

19) A

84a

11

do

l!>5 Morowaka

85

33

ch

196

86

30

do

197

87

30

do

203 ALA, Dolosbage

mark

93

32

do

204

94

hf-ch

208 R miania

98

11 iif-ch

209

9!)

19

do

210

100

12

(to

211

lOi

7

do

214 Lyudhur.st

104

26

do

215

105

do

210

106

35

do

219 Mahateuue

109

20

(iO

220

110

11

do

221

111

14

do

224 Siris:inda

1!4

40 boxe.s

2-25

115

20 hf-ch

226

116

27

do

227

117

27

({(»

232 Beiiigahawella

122

(

ch

233

123

0

da

234 H

124

10

do

Name.

bio pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
unas No 1
do do
bro pek
pekoe
pok sou
pek fans
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

liro pk
or pek
l>ro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek fans
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek dust
du.st
uuas

lb.

2700 'i

2760
1400
425
1000

000 j
740 j
450
1953
1300
1440
506
638
3465
3000
2700

3520

1500

660

1015

600

420

1300

1575

1400

2000

1100

3400

440

1200

1350

1350

1039

9J6

960

L.i

SMALL Lois.

[MKSSR.S. A.
LuC. pkg.8.

4 Nahaveena i
Maiiickwatte 13

14

15

Sapitiyagodde 21

13

14

15
21
22
23
27

31

32

33
36

40

41
48

50

51

52

53

54

55

58

59
61
62

67

68

IVoodend
C mar

D

St. Leonards
on Sea
Bambrakelly
& i/'eli

23

27

32

32

33

II.

1 hf-ch

2 do

2 do
1 do

1 do
5 ch

3 do

2 do

1 hf-ch
1 do

3 ch

TM0.5IPS0N &
Name,
dust
bro pok
pekoe
dust
red leaf
pek fans
dust
dust
unas
du.st
sou

Myraganga
M.inclara Newe-
ra

Black water

40

41
48

1 ch

2 do
5 hf-ch

3 cli

bro ini.x

dust
bro pek fans 325
red leaf 255

Co.]

lb.

75

220

180

90

60

360

255

309

SO

110

270

100

320

W.U'wick

A '1, in
mark
M F

AGO

Ossington

est.

50

51

52

53

54

55
58
69
61
62

67

68

ch

do

do

do

do

3 ch
1 hf-ch

ch

do

3 do
1 do
1 do

dust

bro or pek
pekoe
pek sou
du.st

bro ))ek

dust

sou

pelc sou
congou
bro mix
dust

200

100

235

90

1.50

360

85

SO

270

270

81

120

lb.

210

160

3.30

124

90

100

ISO

330

2.5

220

150

3.50

2.50
50
80
50

240

ithd’n.

35
23

47 bid.

37
32

36

43 bid

38

32 bid
41 bid
44
35

32

28 bid

51

38

33
47

35 bid

32

82 bid
58 bid
38

33
22
20

32 bid

P.

26

40

35
26
19
28

27
26
31
25
19

31

25

36
19

28
62

38
44
28

39 bid
25

33

31

27

16

24

0.

17

29

37

S3

27

37
19

29

30
40
36
32
30

28
26
16

38

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box. Pk"S.

Name.

lb.

C.

67

47 2 hf-ch congou

80

29

•61

P H P, iu estate

mark

55 2 ch

bro mix

190

28

62

57 2 do

dust

240

32

68

Mariawatte

09 1 1 boxes clioioest Ceylon

No. 1 oolonc

198

67 bid

69

71 0 hf-ch do No. 2 do

300

53 bid

74

Callander

81 2 tir-ch dust

70

31

78

Farm

89 2 do

dust

192

27

81

PTE

9.1 2 ch

bro mix

200

19

82

97 3 hf-ch dust

255

29

83

99 1 do

fannings

70

41

84

Chapelton

101 4 do

dust

340

27

88

H S, in estate

mark

109 1 bag

fluff

72

13

92

Turin

117 2 hf-ch dust

ISO

27

93

Kahagalla

119 1 do

SOU

38

28

94

121 T ch

bro mix

95

18

”95

123 2 hf-ch fannings

108

25

102

Old JIade-

Siima

137 2 do

pek sou

106

29

103

139 5 do

dust

382

28

106

D N D, in es

tate mark

145 3 ch

fannings

360

28

111

Pati Rajah

155 3 do

fannings

300

41

115

Alnoor

163 4 hf-ch

fannings

280

28

116

165 2 do

unassorted

128

31

120

W, in estate

mark

173 1 pakge pekoe (401b

and 204 lb pakts

50

45

138

Weymouth

2f9 1 ch

fannings

94

27

139

211 ] do

dust

148

26

144

Mahagalla

221 1 do

bro mix

70

18

145

2-23 1 hf-ch

dust

90

27

149

Dartry

231 4 do

dust

320

30

Messrs. fSoMF.RVir.LE »& Lo.

Lot.

Box. rkj,',s. Name

lb.

C.

6

Citrus

196 3 ch

f.ans

300

28 bid

7

197 1 do

dust

156

26

8

PDA

19 1 do

uuas

100

31

12

RCTF, in est.

rnark

202 2 hf-ch

dust

ISO

26

16

Benveula

206 1 ch

dust No 1

100

26

17

207 1 do

bi’o mix

110

18

18

K

208 2hfch

unas

100

33

25

SPA

216 1 ch

red leaf

100

23

32

Blairavon

222 2 do

bro tea

190

18

33

223 1 do

dust

120

27

37

Woodthorpe

2-27 1 do

SOU

70

28

38

228 1 do

red leaf

65

17

39

Charlie Hill

229 .6 hf-ch

bro pek

250

44 bid

42

232 5 do

SOU

250

28

43

233 3 do

pek fans

ISO

38

47

.•^Ipitikande

237 3 ch

pek sou

235

33

48

238 2 do

fans

240

28

52

H

242 1 hf-ch

dust

SO

27

53

243 1 do

bro tea

50

21

54

S

244 2 do

dust

160

27

55

245 1 do

bro tea

50

20

56

A

246 2 do

dust

160

27

57

247 1 do

bro tea

50

20

61

Malvern

251 1 do

SOU

55

25

62

252 1 do

fans

55

34

64

M X

254 2 do

bro mix

180

19

66

Galkolua

256 4 cli

pekoe

340

39

68

258 1 do

SOU

90

30

69

259 1 do

red leaf

75

19

73

Ukuwela

263 2 do

bro te<a

190

20

74

264 2 do

bro pek fans

140

28

78

White Cross

268 1 do

bro tea

90

19

81

Koorooloo-

galle

271 3 do

pek sou

300

35

82

272 1 do

fans

97

85

83

B

273 2 do

bro tea

212

22

87

Ilatdowa

277 1 do

dust

145

20

97

Peria Kande-

kettia

287 1 do

SOU

110

25

98

288 4 do

dust

300

30

100

F A in est.

mark

290 2 do

dust

300

26

138

Barnagalla

28 1 do

pekoe

90

37

139

29 1 do

pek sou

08

32

145

M K N

35 3 ilo

nek sou

215

28

151

O

41 3 do

dust

240

23 bid

154

Wilpita

44 4 do

bro mix

380

22

165

45 1 do

dust

110

26

176

W

66 2 1)1 -ch

unas

105

28

187

Derby

77 2 do

dust

160

27

188

78 2 do

SOU

130

18

191

N I T

81 2 hf-ch

red leaf

140

15

212

Romania

102 1 do

dust

SO

25

213

103 1 do

congou

55

25

217

I.yndhnrst

107 4 do

sou

180

28

218

108 3 do

dust

255

29

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

N amo.

lb.

C.

322

Mahatenne

112

2

ch

dust

200

24

223

113

1

do

red leaf

100

15

227

Sitisanda

117

1

if-ch

son

67

25

2-28

118

3

do

congou

165

21

229

119

3

do

dust

226

27

230

120

3

do

bins

150

28

231

121

2

do

bro mix

138

19

235

D

125

1

di

SOU

90

25

Messrs.

Forbes

&. Walker.

Lot.

Box

Pk-.s

Name.

lb

0.

1

M, in estate

mark

80

1

ch

bro pek

85

37

3

84

2

do

pek sou

174

26

4

so

o

do

fans

240

‘28

6

90

1

do

red lefif

66

15

14

Ranawella

1C6

1

do

SOU

61

28

18

Kii'indi

114

o

do

sou

140

28

19

116

2

do

dust

168

27

20

118

1

do

red le:if

70

IS

2

Yatiyana

120

1

hf-di

or pek

50

31

122

4

do

bro pek

2-24

49

23

124

6

do

pelcoe

330

33

24

126

3

do

pek sou

150

31

35

javalaintenne 14S

2

ch

pek sou

190

33

38

Eltindale

1.54

3

do

dust

270

26

46

Riunbodde

170

3

hf-ch

fans

270

28

49

Hylton

176

1

ch

.sou

80

30

50

178

1

do

dust

85

■26

53

Matale

184

1

ch

SOU

80

31

54

186

1

do

fans

120

31

55

188

1

do

dust

85

27

56

B T N

190

1

)f-ch

bro pek

30

48

57

192

1

do

pekoe

35

40

58

194

1

do

sou

55

SO

59

196

3

do

bro )))ix

145

•21

60

198

3

do

dust

255

28

63

Coneygar

204

3

ch

pek sou

270

53

66

Barkindale

210

1

do

pek sou

70

38

07

M, P in est

mark

212

7

if-ch

unas

358

33

69

Springkell

216

3

ch

bro )i)ix

240

12

70

218

2

do

dust

100

26

71

220

2

do

pek fans

ICO

S3

73

Agraoya

224

6 lif-ch

brc pe No.

2 360

50

75

228

3

ch

pek sou

270

35

83

Lycgrove

244

1

do

dust

150

withd’n.

86

Meddetenne

250

4

ch

pek sou

SCO

33

P3

Pemberton

264

6

if-ch

bro pek

300

48

94

266

4

cll

pekoe

360

37

96

270

1

do

fans

no 1

97

272

1 hf-ch

fans

70 1

35

98

274

1

ch

dust

150

27

99

276

1 hf-ch

red leaf

55

15

102

Walton

282

6

do

pek sou

330

31

103

281

3

ch

dust

240

20

104

S B & C,

391

in est. mark

286

1

ch

bro pek

100

41

108

Lowlands

294

2

do

fans

240

.38

109

296

1

do

dust

140

withd’n.

114

K

304

3 hf-ch

bro tea

135

•29

112

Hayes

320

3 lif-ch

dust

160

•20

1-20

Dea Ella

330

.6

do

bro tea

300

•28

131

•'’aha Uva

340

2

ch

dust

174

20

140

Polatagamii

358

4

do

pek fans

380

29

157

S

392

4

ch

unas

360

31

166

Mousakelle

410

2

ch

b.-o mix

160

22

170

IV A

410

1

do

bro ))iix

95

24

179

Verulapitiya

436

4

if-ch

bro mix

240

26

182

Atherfield

442

4

ch

pekoe

360

39

183

444

4

do

pek sou

360

32

185

448

5 hf-cli

bro mix

300

27 .

187

452

1 box

golden tips

6 R3-60

188

Theydtn Bois

454

3

ch

bro pek

279

48

191

460

1

do

congou

03

•25

192

462

5 lif-cli

red leaf

300

withd’n.

193

464

2

ch

dust

192

‘26

196

Palmerston

470

3

do

j)ek sou

2-25

43

197

472

2

do

dust

160

30

202

Queensland

482

4 lif-ch

dust

300

•28

205

PGA

488

3

do

bro pek

1.50

45

206

490

2

ch

pekoe

210

34

207

492

1

do

pek sou

100

30

208

Poonagalla

494

1

ch

red le;if

80

25

211

Morlands

500

2

do

pek s u

200

35

212

502

1 hf-ch

bins

55

•27

213

601

1

do

dust

so

27

219

Weyungii-

watte

510

2 hf-ch

dusi

170

28

2-26

Kol.adenia

530

2

do

bro tea

•28

230

Doonevale

538

4

ilo

bro tea

340

24

231

540

2

do

dust

280

26

232

Y

642

1

cl)

bro tea

115

‘25 bid

250

Dambagalla

578

7 lif ch

)iek sou

280

43

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

5

Lo t

Box.

Pk

c;s.

Name

lb.

C,

2ol

580

3

hf-ch

sou

120

41

252

582

1

do

tiust

85

28

256

P, in estate
mark

590

6

do

pekoe

300

32

250

Hurstpier-

point

596

7 hf-ch

pekoe

350

32

260

598

1

do

con«:ou

45

27

261

600

1

do

dust

48

25

202

602

1

do

red leaf

60

21

272

O

622

1

ch

bro mix

100

30

279

Ireby

636

4 hf-ch

fans

280

48

280

A T, in estate
mark 280

1

cli

iinas

95

26

232

AS

642

4

ch

bro pek

395

40

287

Melrose

652

3

eh

SOU

270

29

296

Putiipaula

670

2 hf-ch

dust

100

26

324

Brechin

72 i

2

ch

pek SOU

200

43

325

728

2

do

dust

150

27

327

Mutthu-

wiippa

732

3

ch

SOU

320

19

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

From our Commerctul Coi-respondcnt).

Mincing Lane, August 28, 1896.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 2Stli Aug. :

Ex “Dictator”— Alnwick, It If O.s; 5c 98s; le lb 90s 6d; lb
9Ss; lb 7C.s; 1 bag 9ls.

Ex “Historian” — Sarnia, 2c lb 92s.

Ex “Orotava”— Gordon, ic 109s; 2c It 104s; 2t 9Ss; lb
116s: 1 bag 99s. GOT in estate mark, lb 81s.

Ex “Gleugarry”— Pingaraw'a, ic It 103s Gd; 5c It lb 95s
Cd; It 82s; lb Ofs 6d; It 7.-s; 2c lb 93s 6d; 3 bags 67s.

Ex “.Simla” Mahakande, Ic lOOs; 2c it 106s; Ic 94s; lb
116s. Idulgashena, lb 106s: Ic lb 103s 6d; It 96s; lb 117s.
Neodwood, It llO.i; 2c It 106s 6d: Ic 94s; lb 116s.

Ex “Yorkshire”— Broughton, lb 106s; 4c 103s 6d; Ic 95s:
It 117s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

{From Our Commercial Correspondent)

Mincing Lane, August, 28 1896.

Ex “Clam” — OBEC in estate mark, Mahaberia, Ceylon,
66 bags 47s; 15 bags .50s; 3 bags 35s.

Ex “Teen Kai” — OBEC in estate mark. Kondesalle, IF,

9 ba gs 39s

Ex “Dictator” — Palli, 28 bags 32s. P, 16 bags 53s; 2 bag.s
27s. Amba, 20 bags 64s; 25 bags 63s 6d; 3 bags 33s.
Monerakelle, 9 bags 30s 6d; 3 bags 30s 6d. Elmshurst, 20
bags 57s; 4 bags 31s. Victoria, 20 bags 60s 6d; 36 bags 60;
6 bags 293. Glenalpin, 19 bags 56s; 4 bags 59s. Yattawatte,
45 bags 58s 6d; 10 bags 37s; 15 bags 30s; 10 bags 37s 6d.

Ex “Clan Mac.alister” — Uikipolla, 23 bags 52s; 52 bags 53s:
4 bags 34s 6d: I bag 36s.

Ex “Mahiatta”— Sirigalla, 65 bags 58s; 4 bags (s d) 38s 6d;
3 bags 34s.

Ex “Clan Ma.ckay”— North Matale, Ibag(sd) 36s. KK,
20 bags 35s; 19 bags 35s; 3 bags (s d) 40s; 3 bags (s d) 25s.

Ex “Yorkshire” — Alloowiharie. 13 bags 36s 6d; 10 bags 45s;

10 bags 30s 6d. Dickeria, 1 bag S9s; 3 bags 32s. Owella,
1 bag 37s. Bssebury, 48 bags 60s6d; 2 bags 34s; 2 bags
38s 6d. Meegama, 17 bags 55s; 1 bag 35s; 1 bag 38s 6d.
Mukalane, 16 bags 5.5s 6d; 1 bag 35s; 1 bag 37s.

Ex “Benvenue” — North Matale, 70 bags 69s 6d.

Ex “.Staffordshire” — Armagh, 11 bags 54s 6d; 1 bag 31s
Mukalane. 3 bags (s d) 40s 6d; 1 bag (s d) 31s; 2^ bags
54s 6d; 11 bags (s d) 41s 6:1.

Ex “Glenorchy”- Beredewelle, 14 bags 5S.s.

CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Corresj>ondent ) .

Mincing Lane, August 28, 1896.

Ex “Clan Sinclair” — M in estate mark, Ic 3s; 2c 3s; 2c
2s 7d; 7c 2s Sd; 2o 2s 4d; 1 bag seeds 2s 6d.

Ex “Staffordshire”- Katooloya D, Lebanon, 2c seeds 3s;
1 bag 3s.

Ex “Orient” — Duckw'ari, 2c 3s 6d; 5c 2s lid; Ic 2s 7d: 6c
2s 9d; 3c 2s 4d.

Ex “Ningchow” — Delpotonoya, Ic 2s 7s,

Ouoi‘..ji V liU POINTING W'UKivS.

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'-I

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 37.

Colombo, September 28, 1896.

] Price : — 12^ cents each 3 copies
^ 30 ctn 8 ; 6 copies § rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 61,407 lb.]
Lot. Ro.\. Pkgs. Name. lb. c.

1

Dvomore

1

12

eh

bi-o pek

1200

2

2

14

do

pekoe

1400

3

3

13

do

pek sou

1300

5

V ogan

5

27

ch

b'-o pek

2565

6

6

32

do

pekoe

2880

7

7

32

do

pekoe

2880

8

8

28

do

pek sou

2520

9

9

24

do

pek sou

2160

Relugas

10

5

ch

sou

425

20

Sapitiyagodde

20

13

do

bi'o ov pek

845

21

21

48

do

or pek

2640

22

22

n

ch

bro pek

1100

23

23

39

do

pekoe

3627

24

24

18

do

pek sou

1656

32

Myraganga

32

36

do

pekoe

3210

33

33

34

do

pek sou

2b90

34

Malianilu

34

5

ch

sou

425

35

Banibrakelly &
Dell

35

29

ch

pekoe

425

38

Dehiowite

38

3

do

dust

435

39

Springwood

39

13

do

bro mix

1330

40

Mukelana

40

10

ch

bro pek

1100

41

41

16

do

pekoe

1600

42

42

12

do

pek sou

1100

44

ATE

44

4

do

pekoe

400

45

Oollooawatte

45

18

ch

bro pek

1800

46

46

20

do

pekoe

1800

62 bill
54

44

63

42 bid
42 bid
37

36
28
.56
42
62
41
35

37

34

35

45 bid
27

20

44

35 bid
31

33

47 bid

36 bid

[Mr.

E.

JOHN.-

-74,426 lb,

Lot. Box.

Pkg.s.

Name.

lb.

c.

1

V

233

20

ch

sou

1600

30

bid

2

235

22 hf-ch

(lust

1540

27

3

237

21

ch

unassorted

1680

34

4

Homadola

239

52 1

hf*ch

bro pek

2600

45

5

241

49

do

pekoe

2205

36

6

213

21

do

pek sou

1050

32

8

247

29

do

bro pek fns

1885

28

9

St. John’s

249

35 :

hf-ch

bro or pek

1890 R1

•07

10

251

41

do

or pek

1804 R1

•00

11

253

30

do

pekoe

1440

80

12

255

18

do

pek sou

1224

50

bid

13

Kanangama

267

34

ch

bro pek

3400

38

14

259

19

do

pekoe

1710

33

16'

233

6

do

pek fans

600

18

20

Coslanda

271

10

do

bro or pek

1100

oO

21

273

5

do

or pek

450

f8

22

275

10

do

nekoe

1000

40

23

277

18

do

pek sou

1800

S3

bid

24

279

4

do

bro mix

400

21

25

281

3

do

pek dust

450

27

bid

26

Broadlands

283

43

hf-ch

bro pek

2150

43

27

285

18

ch

pekoe

1440

32

bi(l

28

287

15

do

pek sou

975

31

bid

31

Clonliffe

293

34

hf-ch

bro pek

2078

42

32

295

45

do

pekoe

2439

33

bid

33

297

32

ch

pek sou

3018

30

bid

35

Orange Field

301

6

do

bro pek

630

34

bid

36

303

12

do

pekoe

1200

•28

bid

40

New Tunisgalla

311

12

hf-ch

bro pek

660

53

41

313

22

do

pekoe

1100

39

bid

45

Hunugalla

321

26

ch

bro pek

2600

43

48

323

21

do

pekoe

2100

36

47

325

16

do

pe sou

1555

31

49

329

3

do

fans

420

28

50

Claremont

331

26

hf-ch

bro or pek

1430

46

bid

51

333

6

ch

pekoe

570

31

52

335

7

do

pek sou

630

32

53

337

12

do

lu'o tea

960

20

bid

55

B B

341

19

do

bro pek

2095

42

56

343

17

do

pek. e

1690

out

57

Tientsin

345

37

hf-ch

bro or pek

1850

70

bid

53

347

25

ch

pekoe

2250

44

59

319

6

do

pek fans

540

36

61

V P

353

8 hf-ch

bro mix

400

28

bid

62

S W M, in estate

mark

355

19

ch

bro tea

18.52

19

bid

64

Yahalakelle

359

9

do

fans

810

37

68

H V S, in estate

mark

367

20

ch

21

hf-ch

pek sou

3050

31

bid

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 304,837 lb.]

Lot.

Box,

. Pk<rs.

Name

lb.

C.

2

G 0, in estate

mark

736

14 hf-ch

sou

570

34

3

738

11

do

bro mix

495

33

7

Udagoda

746

22

ch

bro pek

2310

36 bid

8

748

33

do' ..

pekoe

3300

31

9

750

6

do

pek sou

570

28

14

Ardross

760

7

do

sou

490

25

16

764

8 lif-ch

fans

480

31

19

Clove

770

8

do

pekoe

400

37

21

G K

778

13

ch

(lu.st

18-20

26

24

780

16

do

liro tea

1600

28

29

Kikiriskande

790

6

do

bro pek

600

66

30

792

.5

do

pekoe

4.50

39

32

Boralapitiya

796

10

ch

bro pk

1100

42

34

800

14

do

pek sou

1400

28

35

802

6

(lo

6 hf-ch

sou

900

19

38

M V

SOS

12

do

fans

990

29

39

810

7

do

dust

630

27

40

812

10

do

bro mix

1000

24

42

Radelle

816

25

ch

bro pek

2500

61 bid

43

818

23

do

pekoe

2070

48

44

820

10

do

pek sou

900

40

46

Augusta

824

33

ch

bro pek

3300

53

47

826

21

do

pekoe

1995

42

48

828

15

(lo

pek sou

13.50

39

49

830

4

do

dust

500

28

50

Clyde

332

30

ch

bro pek

•2700

63

51

834

31

do

pekoe

2790

40

52

836

10

do

pek sou

1000

33

.'3

838

4

do

dust

600

27

51

Choughleigh

840

13

ch

bro pek

1300

46 bi':l

55

842

6

do

pekoe

570

38 bid

56

844

8

(lo

pek sou

6S0

34

59

Waitalawa

8.50

37 hf-ch

i)ro pek

1850

6-2

60

852

57

do

pekoe

2850

44

61

854

13

(lo

pek sou

650

35

63

Nugagalla

858

16 hf-ch

bro pek

800

02

61

8(G

51

do

pekoe

2550

45

65

862

9

(lo

pek sou

450

35

67

Neddumpara

866

33

(lo

pek sou

1485

28 bid

69

Galphele

870

18 1

hf-ch

bro pek

900

57

7J

872

24

do

pekoe

1080

47

7t

874

15

do

pek .sou

675

30

74

Talgaswela

880

25

ch

bro pek

2375

58

75

882

5

do

pekoe

4.50

32

76

884

5

do

pek sou

450

37

77

Kekunagalla

886

18

hf-ch

bro pek

925

iz bid

78

888

10

ch

pekoe

950

33 bid

80

Melrose

892

12

do

bro pek

13-20

51

81

£94

8

(lo

pekoe

800

41

82

R ST

896

5

do

pek sou

500

34

81

898

6

ch

dust

715

19

81

Anningkande

900

22

do

bro pek

2120

57

85

Ascot

904

16

do

pekoe

1600

47

86

904

27

ch

bro pek

•2700

50

87

900

26

do

pekoe

2210

38 bid

88

908

12

do

pek sou

1080

34

8)

Malvern

910

7

hLch

pek fans

455

33

90

912

30

do

bro pek

1800

67

91

914

22

ch

pekoe

16.50

49

92

916

10

do

pek sou

750

38

93

Gallawatte

918

5

do

dust

400

23

95

922

17

do

bro pek

1530

48 bid

98

9-24

18

do

or pek

1670

40

97

9-26

6

do

pekoe

540

36

107

S N

916

8

ch

(lust

739

20

108

Q F, in estate

mark

948

7

ch

pek (lu.st

782

27

109

BN

9£0

6

do

dust

.572

26

no

Gonawella

9 2

24

do

bro pek

2400

4o

111

Ederapolla

9.54

6

(lo

pekoe

540

35

123

978

7

do

pek fan

770

37

121

Dunkeld

980

18

ch

bro pek

1800

€4

1-25

982

17

do

or pek

1300

53 bid

126

Bloomfield

984

14

do

pekoe

1400

42

1-27

9S6

49

Cll

fiowery pek 4 )00

CG

1 ; 8

988

38

do

pekoe

3610

40

12U

£90

15

(lo

pek sou

11 -25

38

131

Battawatte

992

9

do

pek fans

630

31

Ibl

994

25

hf-ch

liro pek

1250

58 bid

133

998

32

do

pekoe

1600

43 bid

134

Gampaha

1000

10

do

i»ek sou

500

38 bid

133

8

21

(lo

bro or pek

2310

80

10

36

do

or pek

3-210

6i

140

12

10

do

pekoe

1000

52

]4l

dunes

14

19

do .

pek sou

19j0

40

112

16

13

hf-ch

bro or pek

71.5

OO

143

18

80

do

bro pek

1500

02

144

20

19

ch

pekoe

1710

4')

145

•>o

26

hf-ch

bro pek fan 1560

42

o

CEVLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box.

Pk^s.

Name.

lb.

c.

Lot.

Box.

Pkfis.

Name.

lb.

C.

140

High Forest

24

45 hf ch

bro pek

2520

83

273

Jiunamal

278

30

ch

or pek

3220

44

147

14.5

ir.o

26

2S

32

26

12

do

do

f*ch

pekoe
i»ek son
pekoe

1300

.540

1080

53

43

39

279

290

0

do

bro pek

464

Haves

24 h

153

L;it>ooken!e

3S

8

ch

pekoe

728

31

Messrs, somervh.le &; Lo.— ibS,7/0

lb.

155

Fast Holy-
rood

42

46

ch

bro pek

5060

69

Lot.

Box

. PK-.S.

Name

lb.

c.

1.56

44

23

do

or pek

1955

(iO

1

K 1’ B

131

10

ch

SOU

1000

28

1.57

46

2.3

do

pekoe

2070

53

4

H .1 ,S

134

9

hf-ch

hro pek

450

47

1.5b

Ingunigalla

4?

6

do

pek sou

540

28

6

136

15

hf-ch

pek sou

7.50

32

i:o

50

6

(lo

bro tea

720

31

9

Zululand

139

8

ch

bro ))ek

800

50

103

Norwood

5S

3

ch

dust

468

27

10

140

11

ch

pekoe

1100

36

164

Loehiel

60

17

do

bro pek

1700

52 bi<l

11

111

7

ch

pek sou

700

32

165

62

22

do

pekoe

1870

44 bid

12

S L G

142

8

hf-ch

sou No. 2

400

21

167

66

5

do

dust

700

27

13

143

91

do

.sou No. 1

480

22

16?

Condegalla

6S

6 hf-ch

bro pek fans 504

29

14

144

6}

do

dust No. 2

400

20

169

C, in estate

21

Fkuwela

151

23

ch

bro pek

2300

47 bid

ra.ark

70

4

ch

bro tea

420

15

22

152

17

eh

pekoe

1700

36 bid

170

Castlereagh

72

28

ch

bro pek

2800

60

23

153

12

ch

pek sou

1200

31 bid

171

74

12

do

or pek

1080

46

29

Avslena

1,59

28

hf-ch

bro pek

1400

51

173

76

21

do

pekoe

1890

39

30

160

31

hf-ch pekoe

1.5.50

39

173

7S

10

do

pek sou

800

35

31

161

27

hf-ch

pek sou

1350

34

17S

Ganpalla

88

92 hf-ch

bro pek

4600

55

32

New Pera-

179

90

35

ch

pekoe

2800

37

deniya

162

25

ch

bro i>ek

2500

54 bid

Ibu

92

22

do

pek sou

1760

33

33

163

28

ch

])ekoe

2240

41 bid

Ibl

94

17

do

pek fans

1700

40

34

104

34

ch

pek sou

2550

33 bid

1S2

Stafford

96

5

Cll

bro pek

550

/ /

37

Killin in estate

157

Amblankande 106

10

do

bro pek

900

55

mark

167

17

hf-ch

bro pek

850

43 bid

ISb

108

13

do

pekoe

1170

41

38

368

S

ch

pekoe

760

35

loO

110

5

do

pek sou

500

30

39

169

n

(!h

pek sou

630

31

191

Patiagama

114

11

cll

bro or pek

1210

6.')

42

Irex

172

13

ch

bro pek

1300

50

19-2

116

7

do

or pek

700

61

43

173

8

ch

pekoe

760

38

193

IIS

s

do

pekoe

StW

47

44

174

7

ch

pek sou

700

32

195

Hylton

122

9

ch

iiro pek

900

48

47

Deniyaya

177

17

ch

bro i)ek

1870

62

190

124

12

do

pekoe

960

39

48

178

11

eh

pekoe

1100

41

197

Galapaiia

126

21 box

bro or pek

420

50

49

179

G

ch

pek sou

600

35

19S

128

11

ch

bro pek

1109

48

50

D M R

ISO

C

ch

uiias

660

30

199

130

14 hf-ch

or pek

6.30

52

52

Glenalla

182

10

ch

or pekNo. 1

900

2™

132

10

ch

pekoe

900

42

53

183

24

do

bro or pek

2400

51

201

134

8

do

pek sou

640

54

54

184

17

(lo

or pek

1530

48

205

Monkton-

55

1S5

23

do

pek sou

2070

37

wyld

142

G

cll

bro pek

600

48

56

186

18

do

pek sou

1620

34

207

146

5

do

pekoe

^50

42

61

St. Catherine 191

18

hf-ch

bro pek

1010

44 bid

214

Kelaneiya

100

23

ch

bro pek

19.55

61

63

193

20

(lo

pekoe

900

36

215

162

20

do

pekoe

2000

44 bid

64

191

12

do

pekoe sou

480

33

210

Arapolakan-

07

Hapugas

de

170

37

cll

bro pek

62

mnlle

197

7

ch

bro pekoe

770

50

220

172

55

do

pekoe

4400

39

69

199

9

ch

pekoe sou

882

3.5

221

174

13

do

pek sou

ISOO

34

73

Nahakettia

203

20

cll

bro pek

2000

55

222

170

5

(lo

dust

525

74

204

37

(lo

pekoe

3700

45

223

Oxford

178

11

ch

bro pek

1100

47

75

203

15

(lo

pek sou

1350

30

224

180

10

do

pekoe

900

37

76

H in estate

225

182

0

(lo

pek sou

720

32

mark

206

15

ch

bro pek

1500

41 bid

22s

Torwood

188

26

do

bro pek

2470

50

77

207

2-2

ch

pek

1980

34

229

190

14

do

pekoe No. 1 1260

37

78

208

9

ch

pek sou

900

30 bid

2.10

192

14

do

do 2

1260

35

79

Kunnington

209

10

ch

souchong

900

30

231

194

9

do

pek sou

792

26

80

210

2

ch

232

C 0 B

196

10

ch

pek sou

1000

34

2

hf-ch

dust

460

25

233

V K K

193

42

do

bro pek

4387

40 bid

82

Snrrev

212

65

boxes pek

1300

43

234

T \V S

200

17

do

pekoe

1555

35 bid

83

W N

213

18

hf-ch

dust

1440

27

235

Kiiavesmire

202

27

do

bro pek

2505

44 bid

84

Penrith

214

31

ch

bro pek

3100

62

236

264

66

do

pekoe

4950

37

85

215

23

ch

pek

1840

39

237

206

30

do

pek sou

1950

32

86

216

19

ch

pek .sou

1615

34

23S

208

10

do

SOU

600

26

89

B T \V

219

23

ch

pek sou

300

34 bid

240

212

6 hf-ch

dust

430

26

90

Wilpita

220

4

ch

bro pek

400

40

241

iM A

214

20

ch

bro tea

1200

24

91

221

12

ch

pek

1200

30 bid

242

216

8 hf-ch

dust

640

20

92

Ingeriva

222

26

hf-ch

bro pek

1300

49

243

Bandara

93

Ella

223

38

ch

pek sou

2600

33 bid

Eliya

218

40 hf-ch

bro pek

2400

69 bid

101

Glencoe

2-29

26

ch

bro pek

1560

62

244

220

76

do

or pek

3800

Cl bid

102

230

15

ch

pek

1350

40

245

222

50

do

pekoe

2500

49 bid

103

231

12

ch

pek sou

1080

34

240

B E

224

49

do

pek sou

24.50

28 bid

108

Chetnole

236

6

ch

pek sou

COO

33

347

226

16

do

pek fans

1250

29 bid

109

DBG

227

4

ch

bro mix

400

20

24S

228

13

do

(lust

1040

26

110

I P

238

33

ch

pek sou

2608

32

249

I K V

230

5

ch

bro mix

560

24

113

R X

241

9

hf-ch

bro pek fans 540

32

250

P T E

232

15

do

pek sou

1425

25

120

Northbrooks 248

30

ch

orange pek

2580

42 bid

251

Bangdale

234

14

(lo

bro pek

1680

05

121

Goonambil

349

15

hf-ch

bro pek

976

47

252

2.36

10

do

pekoe

1600

48 bid

122

250

30

hf-ch

pek

1800

30

254

K, Boganwai

-

123

251

27

hf-ch

pek sou

1485

32

talawa

210

45 lif-ch

bro pek

2475

55

124

253

8

do

pek fans

520

29

255

242

7’S

do

or pek

4035

02 bid

125

Gampola-

256

U V s

244

8

ch

bro 2)ek

800

39

watte

253

17

hf-ch

bro pek

8.50

50

257

246

13

do

pekoe

1235

33

126

2.54

12

hf-ch

pekoe

COO

41

259

.Sorana

250

69 hf-ch

bro pek

3450

66

129

Orion

257

71

hf-ch

bro pek

3550

55

200

252

48

ch

130

258

68

hf-ch

pekoe

3400

41

1 hf-ch

pekoe

4370

37

131

269

10

hf-ch

261

254

28

ch

7

ch

pek sou

1260

34

1 hf-ch

I»ek sou

2425

33

132

260

5

hf-ch

dust

400

27

204

Cranston

200

47

do

bro pek

2820

60 bill

133

Ovoca A 1

20 1

10

ch

bro or pek

1760

61 bid

26.)

262

23

cll

or pek

2070

60 bid

134

26-2

13

cll

pek

1300

46 bid

263

264

21

do

pekoe

1995

43 bid

135

203

2-2

hf-ch

pek fans

1430

38

267

260

18

do

pek sou

1620

39 bid

136

Ballagalla

264

20

ch

bro pek

1900

45

26?

Burnsiile

268

14 hf-ch

bro pek

700

50

137

265

11

ch

pekoe

880

35

269

270

22

do

pekoe

1100

38

138

266

5

ch

nek sou

475

31

272

Caxton, Kalu-

141

Depedene

269

12

hf-ch

bro pek

660

40

tara, in est.

142

270

18

hf-ch

or pek

900

36

mark

276

32 hf-cli

bro pek

1920

41 bid

143

271

18

iif-ch

pekoe

900

33

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot

.

Box.

Pkirs.

Name.

lb.

C.

144

272

13

lif-ch

pek sou

650

30

147

B’Oya

275

32

hf-ch

bro pek

1940

55

bid

148

276

27

di

or pekoe

2700

63

bid

149

Rivkwana in

estate mark

277

23

ch

bro pek

2290

46

bid

150

T 1 T T in

estate mark

278

16

hf-ch

bro pek

880

33

bid

151

279

15

do

pek

720

31

bill

157

Horbury

2S5

48

ch

bro pek

5280

41

bid

15S

285

48

do

bro pek

5280

41

bid

l.'iO

280

82

do

souchong

7380

29

bid

160

286

82

ch

1

hf-ch

sou

7430

29

bid

161

DeniyaKama

287

S3

ch

bro pek

3230

44

SMALL LUTS.

[Messes. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot. Pk"S.

Name.

lb.

C.

4

Dromore

4

1 cli

dust

100

26

11

Relugas

11

2 ch

dust

250

25

12

12

1 hf-ch

red leaf

66

16

26

D

25

3 ch

pok fans

216

31

26

26

2 do

dust

180

26

27

27

1 hf-ch

bro mix

52

34

36

Dehiowita

3t>

1 do

bro pek fans

125

30

37

37

4 do

conejou

340

19

43

ATE

43

2 ch

bro pek

360

42

[Mr. E. John.]

Box. Pies

. Name

lb.

e.

7

llomadola

245

5 do

SOU

251

24

15

Kanangama

261

3 cli

pek sou

270

26

17

265

2 do

fans

180

17

18

267

2 do

dust

280

25

19

269

1 do

congou

85

23

29

JJroadlands

2S9

5 hf-ch

bro tea

300

22

30

291

3 do

dust

240

26

34

Anamallai

299

1 do

dust

85

26

37

Orange Field

305

2 ch

pek sou

210

26

38

307

1 do

bro fans

100

21

39

309

2 do

bro sou

200

19

42

New Tunisgala

315

7 hf-ch

pek sou

350

32

43

317

1 do

SOU

60

22

41

319

1 do

dust

66

27

48

Ilumigalla

327

1 ch

SOU

100

20

54

Claremont

339

3 hf-ch

du.st

240

27

60

Tientsin

351

5 do

bro pek fans

350

43

63

A L

3.57

5 do

pekoe

222

19 bid

65

Yahalakelle

301

2 ch

red leaf

160

21

66

363

3 do

bro tea

225

25

&7

365

t do

dust

150

26

[MES.SES. Somerville A Co.]

Lot.

Box.

Pk-u'S.

O

Name.

lb.

C.

2

K T B

132

2

ch

bro mi.x

170

29

3

133

5

hi-ch

pek dust

375

27

5

II J .S

135

5

tlo

pekoe'i

250

35

7

137

1

do

red leaf

50

20

8

lc8

2

do

dust

KO

20

15

S LG

145

5

do

fans

400

26

16

146

3

do

dust

270

witl

24

Ukuwela

154

2 lif-ch

bro } kfans

140

30

25

G W

155

3

ch

sou

240

30

26

156

1

h^ch

red leaf

53

20

27

157

2

do

fans

120

29

28

158

2

do

dust

140

27

35 NewPerade’nyal65

4

ch

Sou

280

28

30

40

K, in estate

166

2

do

red leaf

140

19

mark

170

1

do

bro mix

85

15

41

171

1

hf*ch

dust

73

27

45

Irex

175

1

ch

red leaf

100

18

40

176

1

do

dust

100

23

51

D M R

181

2

do

dust

260

30

57

Glenalla

187

1

do

dust

150

27

58

188

1

d6

fans

100

29

59

180

1

do

congou

90

26

60

190

1

do

red leaf

1(0

20

62

St. Catherine 192

3

hf-ch

or pek

135

53

65

195

1

(lo

dust

80

27

66

190

1

do

unas

52

34

68

HapugasmTlo 193

3

ch

pekoe

270

41

70

200

1

do

sou

882

28

71

201

1

do

fans

105

32

72

202

o

do

dust

290

27

81

Kennington

211

2

do

bro tea

ISO

22

87

Penrith

217

1

cli

dust

160

27

88

218

1

do

pek fans

125

38

Lot

Box.

Pk-S.

Name.

lb.

C.

104

Glencoe

232

3

hf-ch

dust

240

30

111

RX

239

2

hf-ch

s uchong

100

25

112

127

Gampola-

240

3

hf-ch

dust

270

27

wa If e

555

1

ch

pek sou

100

33

128

256

1

hf-ch

dust

80

27

139

Bollagalla

267

2

ch

bro tea

130

25

140

268

1

ch

dust

100

26

145

Depedene

273

2

hf-ch

dust

160

27

146

274

1

hf-ch

red leaf

55

19

152

Chois nkanda 280

1

ch

f innings

110

27

153

281

1

ch

dust

90

25

1.54

155

282

B G in estate

1

cli

bro mixed

lUO

22

mark

2a3

3

hf-ch

fannings

213

37

156

162

R T in estate

284

o

eii

dust

188

30

mark

2S8

2

ch

bro mixed

200

27

163

289

3

ch

dust

3(x0

27

Messes.

Fop.bes

& Walker.

Lot.

Box

. Pklf-S.

Name.

lb.

0.

1

M K

734

3

ch

red leaf

210

15

4

MK N

740

2

do

pek sou

109

21

5

742

■2

ch)

dust No. 1

204

27

6

P

744

3

clo

du.st

330

27

10

Udagoda

7.52

1

ch

pek fans

120

29

15

Ardross

762

2

do

bro mix

180

19

17

766

3 hf-ch

dust

240

27

18

Clove

708

7

do

bro pek

350

44

20

772

7

tlo

pek sou

315

33

21

774

1

do

bro tea

50

20

22

770

1

clo

pek fans

50

22

31

Kakiriskande

794

1

ch

1 hf-ch

pek sou

116

32

33

Borahipitiya

798

3

ch

pekoe

309

32

36

804

1 hf-ch

pek fans

51

24

37

806

1

ch

dust

145

20

41

M V

814

2

do

congou

190

24

45

Radella

822

2

do

dust

260

27

57

Choughleigh

846

4

ch

sou

320

29

58

848

3 hf-cli

dust

228

27

02

Waitalawa

850

3

do

dust

270

28

66

Nugagalla

864

3

do

du.st

240

28

68

Nedduuipara

868

8

do

pek sou

360

28 bid

72

Galphele

870

2

do

dust

150

27

73

878

1

do

son

45

26

70

D C

890

4

Cll

unas

390

26 bid

91

Malvern

920

1

do

bro mix

75

28

98

Gallwutte

928

3

do

pek fans

300

28

9J

930

3

do

dust

300

27

100

L, in estate
mark

932

2

ch

bro pek

69

38

101

934

1

do

pek sou

101

23

102

936

1 hf-ch

dust

52

27

10 J

K M

938

2

ch

bro pek

200

34

104

538

3

do

pekoe

270

28

105

942

o

do

congou

261

20

106

944

1

do

sou

95

17

112

Gonawella

956

3

ch

pek sou

270

29

113

958

1

do

fans

130

29

114

Mutthuwap-

pa

960

2

ch

pekoe

226

27

115

962

3

do

pek sou

309

25

116

964

3

clo

sou

281

20

117

966

2

clo

bro tea

200

18

118

Goraka

968

1

ch

bro pek

112

49

119

970

3

do

pekoe
pek sou

315

34

120

972

1

clo

105

32

121

Ederapolla

974

4

do

sou

320

29

122

976

4

do

dust

320

27

132

Battawatta

990

7 hf-ch

b 0 or pek

350

55

151

Labookelle

34

3

ch

bro pek

315

40

152

30

2

do

or pek

132

S4

154

Lunugalla

40

2 lif-ch

red leaf

132

22

160

Labookellie

52

1

ch

bro pek

105

50

161

Norwood

54

2

do

bro tea

172

21

162

56

T

clo

sou

102

23

166

Lochiel

64

2

clo

pek sou

170

31

174

Castlereagh

80

3 hf-ch

pek fans

2!0

41

175

82

3

do

dust

240

27

176

K

84

1

cll

pek sou

100

26

177

86

1

do

d ust

150

26

183

Stafford

08

4

clo

pekoe

380

62

18,4

loo

1

clo

pek sou

90

52

185

102

1

clo

dust

90

26

1.-6

104

1

do

bro mix

120

39

190

Amblakande

112

1

ch

sou

100

29

194

l^atiagama

120

1

do

dust

150

28

202

Oolapana

136

1

clo

sou

SO

28

203

138

4 hf-ch

dust

320

28

204

Mon'- ton-

wyld

140

IS box

bro or pek

360

53

200

144

8 hf-ch

or pek

360

52

208

148

4

ch

pek sou

320

33

4

CEYLOX PEODUCE SALES LIST.

200

150

1

ch

.sou

80

28

210

152

2

hf-ch

dust

160

28

210

Kelaneiya

104

1

ch

sou

100

34

217

160

1

do

red leaf

100

20

218

ICS

1

do

ilust

115

27

220

Oxford

184

1

do

sou

80

26

2-7

186

2

do

dust

240

28

i‘5»

Knavesmire

210

3

ch

bro pekfans 330

36

253

Langdale

238

3

do

l)ek sou

270

36

358

H &'■ H

2.48

S

h^ch

pek sou

368

34

262

Sorana

250

2

ch

1

!if-ch

red leaf

240

22

233

258

1

ch

1

hf.cli

dust

225

27

270

Burnside

270

5

hf-ch

pek sou

250

31

271

274

1

do

dust

60

27

280

Munamal

292

3

do

pekoe

261

26

281

294

4

do

un <s

359

25

242

290

1

do

dust

140

27

2S3

298

2

(lo

congou

154

22

CEVLOX COFFEE SALES IX LOXDOX.

[From Oi<r Commercial Correspondent.)

Mixcing Laxe, 2^11896. 1

Marks ami prices of CKVLOX COFFKKsold iu Mincing I
Lane im to 4tli Sept.

Fx “llectcr”— GA Oiivah, 2c llSs; 5c lb lOl.s; Ic SOs;

Ic Ills.

Kx “Cheshire” — Kahasalla, Ic 102s: It 94s. Oonaniotava,
It 110s; 5c lb 104s ed; 3c 95s 6d; Ic IbSlsCd; lb (sd)77s;
3 bags 100s 6d.

CEYLOX COCOA SALES IX LOXDOX.

Ex “Benledi”— Snduganga, OBEC in estate mark, 74 bags
7Ss; 4 bags 44s; 4 bags 36s. Kondesalle, Ceylon, 20 bags C3s
Gd; 23 bags G3s Cd; 37 bags 53s 6d; G bags 32s; 13 bags 28s.
Ra.iawelle cocoa, 102 bags GSs; S bags 35s Gd.

Ex “Statesman”— OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle,
Ceylon, OF, 20 bags 57s.

Ex “Yorkshire”— Uatwatte cocoa, London, 28 bags 5Ss'Gd;
North Matale, 6 bags 54s: 11 bags 54s Gd; 27 bags 30s Cd.
KK, 1C bags 22s.

Ex “Shropshire”— Middlemarch London, Ceylon cocoa, 15
bags 50s Gd.

Ex “Port Victor” Warriapolla, 25 bags ,5Ss Cd.

Ex “Agapanthus” — Marakona, 20 bags 56s.

Ex “Lancashire” - Kepitigalla, Criollo, 8 bags 5Ss.

Ex “Borneo”— HYLS, 8 bags 45s Cd. HK I in estate
I mark, 8 bags 53s.

Ex “Clan (bmpbell”— lilorank.ande, 5 bags 4Bs; 4 bags 45s.
Ex “.Staffordshire”— Kepitigalla, 13 bags 49s; 2 bags 44s Gd.
j Ex “.Arabi.a”— DBA‘Co., in estate mark, London, IS bags 51s.

I Ex “Glenshiel” — Medagodde 1, 14 bags 52s.

OH.8EHVEB PRINTING WOBIC.s.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Colombo, October 5, 1890. j Price: 12^ cents each 3 copies

* 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

NO. 38.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Mes-srs. a. H. Thompson & Co.— 45,200 lb.]

Lot. Ro.'c.

Pk.vs.

Name.

lb.

c.

9

Battiilgalla

9

11

ch

pek sou

1155

41

10

10

rj

do

fans

030

20

11

Ilalloowella

11

9

do

or pek

855

52

12

12

15

do

pekoe

1050

37

13

13

10

do

pek sou

1280

34

14

14

5

do

sou

400

29

15

15

4

do

dust

500

25

1C

10

12

do

fans

1230

39

18

T, in estate

mark

18

17

ch

pek sou

1015

29

19

Kalkande

19

10

hf-ch

bro pek

.500

50

20

20

8

do

pekoe No. 1

400

42

27

Ugieside

27

3

do

dust

450

27

28

28

7

do

bro mix

005

30

34

AGO

34

10

cli

pek sou

900

32

30

30

3

do

dust

450

20

38

Mukelana

38

10

ch

bro pek

1100

49

39

39

17

do

pekoe

1700

34

42

Sapitiyagodde

42

18

do

bro or pek

1170

54

43

43

40

do

or pelt

2200

40

44

44

13

ch

bro pek

1320

52

4.5

45

21

do

pekoe

1932

47

40

40

20

do

pek sou

1800

37

52

Handroo

52

9

ch

bro pek

900

48

S3

53

11

do

pekoe

1100

30

54

.54

10

do

pek sou

1440

25

00

M C L

00

14

ch

sou

1400

21

01

Kirimetia

01

10

do

pekoe

1010

34 bid

Messrs. Somerville & Go.— 138,439 11).

Lot.

Box.

rk

o's. Name

lb.

c.

1

AB I

1

56

ch

pek No. 1

4826

3-5

1

hf*ch

2

2

30

cli

pekoe

2550

32

3

3

14

do

pek sou

1190

30

4

4

12

hf-ch

dust

900

28

5

.5

G

do

dust No. 2

480

20

0

0

20

(lo

fans

1100

31

10

Attabagie

10

51

do

bro or pek

2805

42

11

) }

50

do

do

2750

42

12

12

37

do

or pekoe

1005

45

13

13

25

do

pekoe

2125

36

14

25

do

pekoe

2125

30

15

15

1

ch

or dust

425

34

6

li^ch

16

16

7

do

dust

595

27

17

Forest Hill

17

11

ch

bro pek

3144

53

18

18

20

do

pekoe

1800

38

19

19

8

do

pek son

720

33

20

Mousakande

20

11

do

lu'o pek

1144

62

21

21

21

do

peko«

1890

38

22

22

8

do

pek sou

720

32

23

Lonach

23

55

hf-ch

bro pek

2750

69

24

24

24

ch

pekoe

2280

39

25

25

11

do

pek sou

990

33

20

Benvenla

26

27

hf-ch

bro pek

1350

60

27

27

12

do

pekoe

600

35

28

28

4

ch

pek sou

400

31

32

Ukuwela

32

33

do

bro pek

3800

47

33

33

29

do

pekoe

2900

35 bid

34

34

14

do

pek sou

1400

29 bid

36

White Cross

36

20

do

bro pek

2100

49 bid

37

37

13

do

pekoe

1235

36 bid

38

38

0

do

lek sou

540

31 bid

40

GA, Ceylon

40

5

do

pek sou

430

24

41

41

5

do

bro mix

400

17

42

Roseneath

42

55 lif-eh

bro pek

3025

48

43

43-

18

ch

pekoe

1620

36

44

44

22

do

pek sou

1980

31

48

Ellatenne

48

G hf-ch

bro pek

402

36 bid

49

49

21

do

pekoe

1050

36 bid

50

50

17

do

pek sou

935

30 bid

52

Dankettia

52

10

ch

pelsDe

1000

28 bid

1 hf-ch

54

54

7

do

dust

620

16 bid

65

White Cross

16

Id

ch

bro pek

1760

45 bid

66

56

10

do

pekoe

1025

36

1 box

57

57

8

ch

pek sou

786

30

1 box

59

M M in est.

48 bid

mark

59

20 hf-cli

or pek

1200

Lot.

Box.

Pk"s. Name.

lb.

C.

00

Rayigam

60

21

ch

bro pek

2100

51

61

61

17

do

pekoe

1445

37

02

62

15

do

pek sou

1275

33

03

Vincit

63

12

do

bro pek

1200

50

04

64

12

do

pekoe

1200

33 bid

05

65

12

do

pek sou

1200

30

06

Elston

06

50

do

pek sou

3500

30 bid

67

Mukulane

67

22

do

bro pek

1980

56

68

63

34

do

pekoe

3400

37 bid

09

69

16

do

pek sou

1600

32 bid

70

70

4

do

sou

440

23

71

71

5

do

fans

625

37

72

72

9

do

dust

1260

26

73

73

4

do

red leaf

400

16

74

Amkaude

74

15

do

pek sou

1545

18 bid

75

G L A

75

4

do

bro tea,

448

35

70

70

9 hf-ch

dust

765

23

77

Minna

77

72

do

bro pek

43-20

73

78

78

41

ch

pekoe

2870

44

79

79

20

do

pek sou

1800

38

81

81

10

do

bro mix

1000

26

82

Uda watte

82

IG hf-ch

bro pek

880

44

83

83

11

ch

or pek

990

42

84

84

22

do

pek sou

1760

30 bid

85

Bittacy

85

10

do

bro pek

1000

71

80

86

6

do

pekoe

510

49

90

X

90

11

do

bro mix

1100

27 bid

91

91

11 hf-ch

dust

990

26

92

Kew

92

8

do

bro or pek

448

93

93

93

17

do

or pek H

850

71

94

94

14

do

bro pek

840

58

95

95

20

ch

pekoe

2392

55

90

96

19

do

pek sou

1045

40

97

97

6 hf ch

dust

510

27

100

A.A MC in est.

mark

100

17

do

pekoe

850

34 bid

101

101

38

do

sou

700

withd’n

1 02 Kurundwa tte 102

80

do

pekoe

4000

35 bid

105

H

105

18

do

bro pek

10 ;o

43 bid

106

11 in estate

mark

100

15

do

bro pek

1.500

out

107

107

9

ch

pek sou

900

108

IMP in est.

mark

108

17 hf-ch

bi'o pek

918

109

109

9

do

pekoe

468

30 bid

111

111

7

do

bro pek fans

420

27

114

W

114

12

ch

pekoe

1200

30 bid

115

D C in est.

mark

115

3

do

pek fans

1273

29 bid

11 hf-ch

lie

Moraukiuda 110

19

ch

1)1-0 pek

1995

42 bid

J17

117

23

(10

pekoe

2185

35 bid

118

118

24

do

pek sou

2280

31 bid

[ME.SSRS. Eorbes & Walker.— 188,866 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkffs. Name.

lb.

c.

5

Bickley

303

7

hf-ch

sou

4-20

32

6

310

6

do

dust

420

27

7

Andradeniya

312

8

ch

bro pek

800

54

8

314

6

do

pekoe

600

39

10

SS

318

12

do

1 hf-ch

sou

1221

21 bid

13

Ritui, in estate

mark

324

7 hf-ch

bro pek

420

57

14

326

10

do

pekoe

500

39

15

Brechin

328

14

ch

bro pek

1540

65

16

Horag.iskelle

330

8 hf-ch

bro pek

504

42

18

334

11

do

pek sou

604

30

19

Hai-riugton

336

14

ch

bro or pek

1610

08

20

338

12

do

pekoe

1200

48

2,

340

5

do

pek sou

450

40

22

Dunbar

342

24 hf-ch

or pek

1008

68

23

344

19

do

bro pek

950

70

24

346

16

ch

pekoe

1488

49

25

348

11

do

pek sou

935

37

27

Court Lodge

352

■26

ch

bro or pek

2t00

75

28

354

34- hf-ch

or nek

1700

70

29

366

9

ch

pekoe

730

59

30

358

7

do

pek fans

588

36

31

Great Valley

360

29

do

bro peK

1595

64

3-3

362

24

do

or pek

IS-'O

33

364

20

do

pekoe

2000

44

3

366

15

do

pek sou

1350

35

35

368

5

do

dust

425

28

36

Macaldeniya

370

11 hf-ch

bro pek

605

69

37

372

6

ch

pekoe No. 1

600

54

33

374

8

do

do No. 2

800

45

42

Ellawatte

382

13

do

bro pek

1365

66

43

384

20

do

pekoe

2000

46

44

386

5

do

pek sou

600

39

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c. I

46

Stisted

390

31 hf-ch

bro pek

2015

62

47

392

17

do

pekoe

1020

48

48

394

16

do

pek sou

880

38 1

55

Udabage

408

15

do

bro pek

900

47 bid

66

410

26

do

pekoe

1430

38 1

57

412

28

do

pek sou

1640

32

58

414

15

do

sou

825

29

<61

Pansalatenne

420

28

ch

bro pek

2940

52 '

62

422

19

do

pekoe

1900

1

63

424

17

do

pek sou

1615

30

64

426

7

do

congou

700

27

4)5

428

7

do

fannings

770

37

■66

430

6

do

dust

450

28

67

Carberry

432

63

cb

bro pek

6300

57

434

40

do

pekoe

3600

37

73

Kurunduwatte 444

4

do

pro pek

400

36

84

Killarney

466

19 hf-ch

or pek

912

70

85

468

35

do

bro or pek

2100

66

86

470

12

do

pekoe

624

48

87

472

7

ch

pek sou

700

40

89

Polatagama

476

44

do

bro pek

4180

53

90

478

42

do

pekoe

3780

36

91

480

32

do

pek sou

3040

30

92

482

33

do

fans

3135

40 1

98

484

6

do

pek fans

670

29

94

486

6

do

dust

870

26

95

Batta watte

488

19

ch

bro pek

1900

59

96

490

15

do

pek No. 2

1500

36 bid

97

492

5

do

pek sou

600

37

[Mr. E. John.— 161,695 lb.

98

99

100
101
102

103

104

105

106

107

108
U5
116

117

118
119
121
122

123

124

131

132

133

134
131
136
139

Clun s

Erracht

Ederapolla

MAH
B D W P

C, ill estate
mark
I unedin

Weyunga-

watte

494
496
498
500
502
504
606
608
610
612
614
628
630
532
534
5 ;6
540
542
644
646

560

662

664

566

568

570

20 do
12 do

17 do
22 do

18 ch

14 do
26 do

15 do
12 do

6 do
36 ch
22 do

do

(lo

140

141

142

145

146

147

148

149

150

153

154

158

159

160
161
162

163

164
166
168
168
170

173

174

176

177

178

179
181

182

186

186

191

192
194
196

196

197
205

576
578
680
682
588
690
592
594
•'.96
A'8
604
606
614
616
6 8
620
622
624
626
630
634
636
638
644
646
648

7 Amblangoda 652
664
656
66 0
662
668
670

Kitkunagalla 680
682

Vellaioya

Labookellie
St, Heliers

Rowley

Ellaoya

Kirklees

Doomba

C'arendon

M M

715
10('0
1080
1530

bro pek fan 1320

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

.MP R

688

690

692

708

11 hfch
5 ch

16 hf ch
14 do

5 do

11 ch

20 hf-ch
23 ch

113 hf-ch

10 ch

11 do

19 hf-ch

21 ch
21 do

5 do

5 do

18 do
8 ch

33 hf-ch
13 ch
4 do
29 hf-ch

21 do

19 ch

13 do

7 do
36 hf-ch

12 ch
28 do

14 do

6 do

13 ch

8 do
6 do

17 hf-ch

17 ch

8 do

6 ch
10 do

7 do
13 ch

6 do

9 ch
4 do

18 hf-ch
10 ch
12 ch
23 do

22 do
6 do
9 hf-ch

bro pek
bro or pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek fans
dust
pek sou
pekoe
sou

bro mix
fans
congou
bro pe No. 2
bro pek fans 840
dust 435

1710

1260

2080

1200

1080

900

2700

1760

526

400

605

500

750

pek sou 1045
bro or pek 1100

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek fans

bro or pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro tea
pekoe
bro or pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
or pek
pek sou
pek fans
bro or pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
bro or pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust

23l;0

4520

760

1100

1140

1890

1785

475

600

1800

728

1683

1300

400

1450

1050

1'24

1170

805

2160

1200

2660

1260

510

1235

720

570

1020

1700

720

660

900

660

1300

670

1044

400

925

950

1200

2630

2090

670

676

65
63

41
36
46

63
48

42
36

36

27

34

38
31

22 bid

37
24

48
46

28

27

58

57

36 bid
31 bid

37

57

51

42 bid

35

27
18
SO
56

39
33
73
61
62

37

40

85 bid

67 bid

64
45
30

49 bid

38
33
81

49 bid
42

68
48

36

44 bid
38

26 bid
22 bid
out

28 bid
70

70

61

44

27

t.

Box.

Plc«.s.

Name.

lb.

C,

Homadola

373

19

Ch

bro pek

1900

42

375

15

do

or pek

1200

42 b

377

16

do

pekoe

1360

3

379

8

do

pek sou

688

31

Orange Field

383

6

do

bro pek

630

38

Gonavy

385

27

do

bro pek

2862

61

387

19

do

pekoe

1634

48

Eila

389

16

do

pek Sou

1200

37

395

37

do

bro pek

314

58

397

18

do

pekoe

144

37 bid

399

6

do

pek sou

48

33

Anchor, in est

401

5

do

fans

450

38

,

mark

403

21

do

bro or pek

2100

67

Templestowe

405

20

do

or pek

1500

52

407

34

do

or pek

3230

67

409

38

do

pekoe

3230

411

21

do

pek sou

1680

Glentilt

413

7

do

dust

980

417

26

do

bro pek

2730

6

Gonavy

419

16

do

pekoe

1600

47

427

26

do

bro pek

2756

61

429

17

do

pekoe

1462

46

Peakside

431

13

do

pek sou

975

36

433

33 hf-ch

bro pek

1980

66

Lot.

3

4
6
6

10

11

14

15

16
17

19

20
21
22
23

25

26

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

38 Nahavilla

39

42 C B

43

44

45 Avr

46

47

49 Brownlow
60

51

52

Meeriatenna

56

57

59 Bidsford

60
61

62 Turin

63

64

66 C'hapelton

67 Lickapitiya

68
69

71 Elston

72

73

437 41 do
439 18 do
443 13 ch
445 21 do
5
7

447

451

do

do

H S, in estate
mark

463 13 hf-ch
435 6 do

457 54 do
459 36 dh
461 26 do
465 30 do
467 33 do
469 18 do
471 7 do

477 15 hf-ch
479 10 do
481 9 do

485 24 do
487 65 do
489 36 do
493 25 ch
495 23 do
24 do
6 hf-ch
3 27 ch
5 19 do
7 4 do

11 43 do
13 15 do

497

1

74

75

76 Uda Pusselawa G 21 23 hf-ch

15 10 do
17 6 hf-ch

19 8 bags

( !
78

Murraythwaite 23 13 ch

25 17 do

80 Razeen 29 26 hf-ch

81 31 41 do

82 33 20 do

86 ON 41 8 ch

87 Glasgow 43 10 do

88 4 5 8 do

89 Belmont 47 14 do

91 M L, in e tate

mark

98 Esperanza

99 Bloomfield

100 Wariatenne

101 Kebelwatte

102

103 Eadella

104

105

lu6 B

107 Ferndale

108
109

112 Suduganga

113

116 Blackburn

117

118 N B

119

120 Warripolla

121
122

19 do
65 50 do
67 33 ch
69 38 do
1 hf-ch
71 13 ch
24 hf-ch
1’’ ch
15 do
77 12 do
79 7 do

81 16 do

61

73

88

85

9 do
9 do
87 15 do
93 17 hf-ch
95 7 ch

101 16 do

103 18 do
105 11 do
107 10 do
109 28 hf-ch
111 10 ch
113 6 do

pekoe
uek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
sou

bro mix
fans
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
bro j)ek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

800

2050

900

1365

2100

500

525

910

480

2700

3240

1950

3360

3531

1890

679

930

520

450

1439

3575

1786

2500

2300

2460

420

2835

1900

400

pe .sou No.2 3655
congou

sou
dust
red leaf
bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro tea
pek sou
dust
bro pek

bro pek
bro or pek
pekoe

1350

850

510

560

1265

1300

1360

1250

1-45

800

800

1000

800

1400

1895

2600

3300

bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro sou
bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe

■SOU

dust
b o pek
pekoe
pek SOU

2500

1530

1500

1080

560

1520

900

900

1630

935

030

1760

1800

1100

1500

1.540

900

540

61

46

36

63

50
41

35
24
28
69

38

31
60

51
46

39
65

52

45

40 bid

36 bid
33 bid
56.bid

46

33 bid
27

51 bid
45

38

32
29

31

25

20

61 bid
45
35
64

39
31
27
44
29

56 bid

44 bid

45 bid
43 bid

bro pek 4240 43 bid

46 bid

35 bill

49

34 bid

30 bid
72 bid
68 bid

47

50
38

38 bid
33

48
30
54

39

36

CEYl^ON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs,

. A.

H. Thompson &

Co.]

Lot. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Airy Hill

1

1 hf-ch

bro pek

50

39

2

2

5

do

pkoe

250

28

3

3

1

do

Lans

50

23

4

4

1

do

dust

50

25

5

K

5

1

do

bro or pek

65

61

6

6

4

do

bro pek

240

50

7

7

4

do

pekoe

200

42

8

8

4

do

pek sou

200

42

17

Halloowella

17

4

ch

red leaf

360

15

21

Kalkande

21

6 hf-ch

pekoe No. 2

300

38

22

22

7

do

pek sou

350

32

23

23

6

do

sou

300

30

24

24

2

do

bro pek fans

100

34

■25

25

3

do

bro mix

165

20

26

26

2

do

dust

140

28

35

A G C

35

2

ch

congou

180

29

37

XXX

37

1

do

unas

120

18

47

4

do

dust

360

26

48

48

1

do

pek fans

360

29

55

Handroo

55

2

ch

bro tea

160

15

55a

55a

1

do

dust

130

20

56

Alla

56

2

do

pekoe

200

26

57

E’Oya

67

1

ch

or pek

96

39

58

Glasgow

58

3 hf-ch

or pek

180

44

59

Great Valley

59

4

do

or pek

225

57

[Me. E. Johv.]

Lot.

Box,

, Pkgs.

Name

lb.

0.

1

Happy Valley

369

3 hf-ch

bro pek

180

61

2

371

1 do

pekoe

60

40

7

Homadola

381

2 ch

sou

172

23

12

Gonavy

3.11

1 do

pek fans

154

27

13

393

1 do

sou

68

20

24

Templestowe

415

3 do

bro mix

300

18

37

Peakside

441

5 hf-ch

bro pek fans 300

40

-41

Nahavilla

449

2 do

dust

180

27

48

Ayr

463

4 do

dust

340

25

53

Brownlow

473

4 hf-ch

fans

380

31

54

475

4 do

dust

310

27

58

Meeriatenna

483

2 do

dust

70

27

65

Turin

499

4 do

dust

360

27

70

Dickapitiya

9

1 ch

dust

145

27

79

Murray thwaite

27

2 do

son

160

29

83

Razeen

35

5 hf-ch

bro tea

225

19

84

37

3 do

fans

204

28

■85

39

1 ch

dust

100

26

90

K

49

6 hf-ch

pek sou

240

22

110

Ferndale

89

3 fh

pek sou

270

39

111

91

1 do

1 hf-ch

dust

140

28

114

Snduganga

97

4 ch

pek sou

360

34

115

99

2 hf-ch

dust

160

27

123

Warriapolla

115

1 ch

sou

90

28

124

117

2 hf-ch

dust

160

28

[Messrs. Somerville & Co.]

Lot.

Bo.\.

pkgs.

Name.

Ib.

c.

7

A G L

7

2 ch

or pek

170

32

8

8

3 hf-ch

fans

165

19

9

9

3 do

dust

210

16

29

Benvenla

29

1 ch

dust No. 1

ion

26

30

30

2 do

bro mix

200

20

31

Beverley

31

4 hf-ch

pek dust

300

29

-35

Ukuwela

35

3 do

bro pek fans

210

29

39

White Cross

39

1 ch

bro tea

95

17 bid

45

Roseneath

45

1 do

red leaf

92

18

46

46

2 hf-ch

dust

150

20

47

47

1 big

fluff

90

withd’n

51

Hankettia

51

5 hf-ch

bro pek

262

31 bid

53

53

2 do

pek sou

100

24

58

White Cross

58

1 ch

bro tea

86

17

80

Minna

80

3 hf-ch

dust

270

26

1 ch

pek sou

100

36

88

88

1 hf-ch

dust

85

27

89

89

1 do

bro mix

55

20

■98

TCA

98

1 ch

red leaf '

97

17

.90

AA MC in est.

mark

99

6 hf-ch

orange nek

300

' 60

103

Vincit

103

2 ch

red leaf

200

-r 17

104

104

1 de

bro tea

100

22

104a

105

1 do

dust

100.

£^.20

dlO

MP in est.

mark

110

5 hf-ch

pek sou

230

26 bid

112

112

2 do

dust

160

25

113

E

113

3 do

or pek

135

44 bid

119

Morankinda 119

1 ch

fans

100

26

120

120

3 do

congou

285

24 bid

121

121

2 do

dust

300

25

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

. Name.

C.

1

O B E C, in est.

mark

300

3

ch

pek fan

300

35

2

302

1

do

bro mix

90

19

3

304

1

do

dust

135

27

4

Buckley

306

6

hf-ch

pek sou

360

33

9

Andradeniya

316

2

ch

pek .sou

200

29

11

S S

320

4

do

dust

320

20

12

s

322

1

do

dust

89

20

17

Horagaskelle

332

7

hf-ch

pekoe

378

33

26

D B R

350

3

ch

bro mix

315

25

39

H A T, in estate

mark

376

3

ch

bro pek

330

29

40

378

1

do

pek sou

80

25

41

380

2

h^ch

dust

160

27

45

Ellawatte

388

2

do

dust

180

28

49

Stisted

396

2

do

dust

160

28

50

398

1

do

unas

47

32

51

R M T, in est.

mark

400

3

ch

bro pek

3.30

40

52

402

3

do

pekoe

291

34

53

404

3

do

pek sou

291

29

54

406

1

do

sou

130

26

59

Udabage

416

4

hf-ch

bro pek fans 240

30

60

418

4

do

dust

240

26

74

Kurunduwatte

446

3

ch

pekoe

230

27

75

448

5

do

pek sou

390

24

76

450

3

do

sou

245

20

77

Radaga GAS

452

1

hf-ch

bro pek

5J

35

78

454

1

do

pekoe

50

29

79

456

1

do

pek sou

50

23

SO

A LR M

4.58

2

hf-ch

bro pek

100

33

81

460

1

ch

2

hf-ch

pekoe

190

25

82

462

3

ch

pek sou

255

18

S3

464

3

ch

1

hf-ch

bro mix

230

19

88

Killaruey

474

3

iio

dust

255

26

1-20

CRD

538

3

ch

red l.-af

300

19

12S

Pantiya

554

2

ch

dust

260

25

129

Ragalla

556

2

do

bro mix

240

35

130

Robgill

558

3 hf-ch

dust

240

28

137

Dandukela-

wa

572

4

ch

or pek

344

41

138

574

3

do

pek sou

270

28

113

Weyunga-

watte

.584

2

hf-ch

dust

170

26

144

Vellaioya

686

i>

ch

pek sou

180

28

151

St. Heliers

000

3

hf-ch

dust

219

28

152

S, in estate

mark

602

4

do

fans

30-

30

155

Rowley

608

4

do

pek sou

200

37

156

610

3

do

dust

150

28

157

012

1

do

red leaf

.50

22

165

Kirklees

628

2

ch

jiek fans

210

40

167

Doomba

632

6 ,

hf-ch

bro or pek

300

171

640

3

ch

fans

330

172

642

2

do

bro tea

252

30

176

Clarendon

650

2

hf-ch

sou

100

35

180

Amblangoda

653

1

ch

dust

80

28

183

H L

664

2

do

1

hf-ch

bro pek

242

34

184

666

2

ch

1

hf-ch

pek sou

246

25

187

M M

672

1

ch

pek sou

100

18

188

674

2

do

dust

265

22

189

676

4

hf-ch

dust

340

25

190

678

1

ch

congou

95

18

193

D C

684

4

ch

unas

390

24

198

Wolleyfleld

694

3

do

bro pek

300

38

199

696

3

do

pekoe

285

27

200

698

3

do

])ek s u

200

25

201

700

1

tlo

sou

90

20

206

M P S

710

2

hf-ch

red leaf

100

20

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

From our Commercial Correspondent).

Mincing Lane, Sept. 11, 1890.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing;
Lane in to 11th .Sept.

Ex “Bengal”— Jjj Ouvah, Ic lb lOOs; 8c lb 97s Gd; 2c SGs.
Tulloes, lb Iclt 101s; Ic 89s; lb 109.s. TLT in estate m.ark,
lb 7.is. Gordon, Ic It lO.is Cd; 2c 9Ss; lb 120s; 1 bagOSs.
GDT in estate mark, lb 73s. Morar, Ic 92s; Ic S8s; lb 76s;
lb 91s. MET in estate mark, lb 67s 6d. MR, lb 67s 6d.

Ex “Cheshire”— St. Leonards, 4c lb 101s; 5c lb 97s 6d;
It 113s; 1 bag 98s; 1 bag (s d) 94.s. SLT in estate mark.
It 77s.

4

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST.

Kx “Moyiine” — Avnhall, lb 96s; Ic lb 93s Cd; Ic lb S2s
lb 90s. I'AH in estate mark, lb 53s. Ampittiakande,
It 93s; 3c 96s 6d; lb 87s: lb 95s. TAK in estate mark, lb
.ons. Tliotulagalla, Ic 105s; 6c lb 100s 6d; Ic lb 90s 6d;
Ic 119s; 1 bag 100s. ITG in estate mark, Ic 75s. TG, It
68s Od.

ICx “Simla” — Gowerakellie, Ic lb 89s. Niabedda, Ic 110s;
6c 105s 8d; 5c 97s; Ic 120s.

Kx “Cheshire” — Wiharagalla, Ic Ills; lb 120s. Niabedda,
:ic 104s; 5c 96s 6d: Ic 112s,

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

{From Oitr Commercial Correspondent)

Mincing Lane, Sept. 11, 1896.

Kx “Hector”— Marakona, 1 bag 33s.

Kx “Yorkshire” — Nortli Matale, 56 bags 75s.

Ex “India”— North ISIatale, 14 bags 57.s.

Kx “Glenearn”— DMA&Co. LO in e.state mark, 5 bags 43s;
27 bags '2s 6d- ,

Kx “Dunera”— OBRC in e.state mark, Kondesalle, Ceylon,
IF, 30 bags 53s Cd. ,

Ex “Cheshire” Knmaradola, 24 bags 60s: 1 b.ag (s d) 41sj
4 bags 35s Kepitigalla, 6 bags 40s; 7 bags 36s 6d; 7
b.ags '35s.

CEYLON C.YEDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Kx “Benleili”— Knuckles, Ic 3s 3d; 2c 2s lid; Ic 2s 7d; Ic
2s 3d; Ic seed 3s Id; Ic seed 2s 9d.

Kx “Cheshire”— Vicarton, Ic 3s; Ic 2s 8d; Ic 2s 5d; Ic 2s
Id; 1 pocket 3s Id.

Kx “Clan Macalister”— Delpotonoya, Ic 3s.

Kx “Clan Gordon” Helpotonoya, 2c 3s.

Ex “Idzumi Maru”— Nella Oola, Ic 3s 4d.

Kx “Arabia” — A, IVewelmadde, 2c 2s 6d.

Kx “India”- Gona walla. Id ysore cardamoms, 2c 2s 9d.

CEYLON CINNAMON SALES
IN LONDON.

Ex “Maliratta”— ASGP in estate mark. Kaderane, 14b
Is 4d: 27b Is 2d; 18b Is Id; 4b Is: 6b lid; 18b lOJd; 12b
lOd; 6b 9Jd; 1 box lOd; 9 bags clpgs. 8^d.

Ex “Glengarry”— Ft) W.S in estate mark, Kaderane, 1
parcel Is 2d; 6b Is 2d; lb Is Id; 11) entry and mouldy Is;
28b Is Id; 5b Is; lb entry and mouldy lljd; 3b lid; 7b lOd;
3b 9d; 1 box lOd. FSK K.aderane. lb Is 3d; 7b Is 2d; 18b
Is Id; 15b Is; lb entry and mouldy lOpl; 4b lid; 6b lOd;
lb entry and mouldy 9pl; lb 9d: 1 box 9Jd. TDSK in es-
tate mark, Kaderane, lib Is 2d; lb entry and mouldy Is Id;
16b Is Id; lb entry and mouldy Is; lOb Is; 2b anO 1 parcel
lid; lb lOjd; 1 bag lOd. JRKP in estate mark, 5b Is; lb
entry and mouldy, lid; 9b lid; 8b lO^d: 6b lOd; 4b 9d;
1 parcel 8{d; 1 bag lOd.

Ex “.Slirop.shire”-CP(272)3 in estate Kark, lOb lOjd.

Ex “.Simla”-— GDC, Kkelle, 10b lid.

Ex “Bullraouth”— F.SK, Kaderane, 3b lid.

Ex “Glenartney”— JRRP in estate mark, 8b lOd.

Ex “Oruba”— AISGIP in estate mark, 5b Is 2d; 6b lOjd.
FISWIS in estate mark, 5b Is.

Ex “Dioraed”— DR in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation,
30b 9id.

Ex “Cheshire”--Kkelle Plantation, DR in estate mark, 13b
lOld; 30b lOd; 43b Ogd; 6b 9d; 4b 8id. D in estate laark,
Ekelle Plantation 2b llpl; 20b lOd; 16b 9jd; 10b 9d.

Ex “Neslor”— AP&Cs. in estate mark, lb 9d; 27 bags
chips 3d; 3 bags bark and chips 3^d; 5 bags bark 3jd.

Ex “Clan Mackay” — CHdeS, Kandev.alle, 12b lOjd; 6b
lOd; 15b 9jd. CHde.S, Rustoora, 5b lOjd; 6b lOd; 12b 9sd.
Glides, Ratmalane, ob lOjd; 7b lOd; 5b 9^d. t'HdeS,
Koottariava 5b lOJd; Sb lOd; 4b- 9^d. Cllde.S, Morotta,
4b lO^d; 6b lOd; 3b 9jd. CHdeS, Kiripittiya, lb P^d.

Ex “Agapanthus” ASD DD, Kaderane Plantation, 5b Is
Id; 6b llfd; 4b lid; 6b lUjd; 2b 9^d. A&Co., Ekelle, 18b
Is Id; ISb Is; 5b Is Id; 9b lOGl; 3b Ojd. R, Kaderane
Plantation, 12b lOd; 13b Ojd; 4b 9d, D, Kaderane Planta-
tion, lb lO^d; 2b lOd. 2b 9^1; lb 9.

ObSEllVKR PRINTING WORKS.

TBA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALE3

NO. 39.

Colombo, October 12, 1896.

|Price:— -12^ cents each 3 copies
' 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Tuo.mpson Co.— 49,143 lb.]

Lot. Box.

Pkcrs.

Name.

11).

C.

1

Newry

1

25 ch

bro pek

2500

62

2

2 '

23 do

pekoe

2300

45 bid

3

3

24 do

pek sou

2400

36

4

Nahalma

4

58 ch

SOU

5220

26 bid

5

5

20 do

dust

1600

24

6

X, in estate

mark

6

20 ch

SOU

1720

28

7

7

28 hf-ch

dust

2240

24

11

M C

11

14 hf-ch

bro mix

770

20

14

Htrnsey

14

9 ch

SOU

945

41

15

15

6 do

fans

460

27

16

K

16

10 do

pekoe

1010

33

17

KDG

17

5 ch

2 hf-ch

SOU

555

21

18

Castlereagh

18

5 ch

bro pek

608

55

29

Vogan

29

27 ch

bro pek

2565

60

30

30

28 do

pekce

2520

43 bid

31

31

21 do

pek sou

1890

36

32

A, in estate

mark

32

5 ch

bro pek

600

37 bid

.33

33

4 do

pekoe

400

28 bid

34

31

6 do

pek sou

600

24 bid

35

Kirimettia

35

9 do

pekoe

648

30 bid

S6

Aharaud

36

11 hf-ch

bro pek

550

41

37

S7

8 do

pekoe

400

28 bid

38

38

9 do

pek sou

450

24 bid

40

O, in estate

mark

40

6 ch

pek fans

690

20 bid

42

42

6 ch

bro tea

630

15 bid

[Mr.

E.

John.-

-111,959 lb.

l.,ot. Box.

PkRS.

N ame.

lb.

C.

1

G

119

16 ch

SOU

1440

24

4

ADC, in estate

mark

125

24 do

bro mix

2320

17 bid

5

Ally Addy

127

9 do

bro pek

900

63 bid

6

129

15 do

pekoe

1350

47 bid

131

11 do

pek sou

880

35 bid

8

Castlebar

133

24 hf-ch

or pek

1320

46 bid

9

135

34 ch

pekoe

3400

37 bid

10

137

16 do

nek sou

1600

33 bid

11

Eila

139

33 do

bro pek

2806

54

12

■*

141

19 do

pekoe

1520

36 bid

13

143

8 do

pek sou

640

34

14

Ivies

145

24 hl-ch

bro pek

1200

55 kid

15

147

33 do

pekoe

1485

36

16

149

24 do

pek sou

1080

32

17

1.51

8 do

fans

400

37

20

St. John’s

167

24 do

bro or pek

1320

Rl-20

21

159

30 do

or pek

1320

Rl.cO

22

161

20 do

pekoe

960

85

23

163

27 do

pek sou

1242

65

24

Broadlands

165

51 do

bro pek

2550

43

25

167

21 ch

pekoe

1680

35

26

169

19 do

pek sou

1235

31 bid

27

171

8 do

bro tea

4S0

22

29

Mocha

175

20 do

bro pek

2200

73

30

l77

17 do

pekoe

1700

59

31

179

13 do

pek sou

1170

46

32

Bridgewater

181

26 hf ch

pekoe

1430

38 bid

33

183

15 do

pek sou

825

29 bid

34

Agra Ouvah

185

69 do

bro or pek

3540

S3

35

187

39 do

or pek

1950

70

36

189

13 ch

pekoe

1235

57

37

Glasgow

191

61 > do

bro or pek

4500

74

38

193

31 do

or pek

i860

62

39

195

18 do

pekoe

1710

60

40

Fathlie

197

10 do

SOU

1000

33

47

Blackbuni

211

16 do

bro pek

1700

37 bid

48

M, in estate

mark

213

18 do

pekoe

1620

28 bid

49

M L, in estate

mark

215

19 do

bro pek

1895

46

50

W D B

217

6 do

1 hf-ch

dust

S23

26

62

G BST

221

7 ch

bn- pek

749

34 bid

53

223

10 do

pek sou

909

out

65

A D, in estate

murk

277

7 do

1 hf-ch

dust

1135

out

56

A

229

3 ch

dust

400

19 bid

67

Maddagedera

231

49 do

bro pek

4900

55

58

233

31 do

pekoe

3060

36 bid

59

236

23 do

pek sou

1955

32 bid

Lot.

Box. Pkffs. Name

lb.

C.

62

Henegama

241

7 hf-ch

dust

625

29

63

CRAB

243

38 cli

bro pek

3801

35 bid

72

Agar’s Land

259

22 hf-ch

pekoe

990

38 bid

73

261

21 do

pek sou

1050

34 bid

74

263

15 do

SOU

750

30 bid

75

265

12 do

dust

720

27

77

W H G

269

4 ch

SOU

400

42

80

Hiralouvah

275

37 hf-ch

bro pek

1961

60

81

277

28 ch

pekoe

2380

48

82

279

15 do

])ek sou

1275

39

85

G, in est. marl

t 285

9 do

fans

747

out

86

O, in est. mark 287

20 do

fans

1696

out

87

L, in est. mark 289

18 do

fans

1528

out

88

Alnoor

291

35 hf-ch

bro pek

1250

52

89

293

16 do

pekoe

800

38

90

295

12 do

pek sou

600

34

91

H V S, in est.
mark

297

20 ch

pek sou

2000

28 bid

Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 150,437

lb.

Lot. Box.

Pkos.

Name

lb.

c.

1

L

131

7 hf-ch

dust

595

28

2

132

5 ch

bro mix

475

19

3

Barlston

133

6 hf-ch

dust

480

31

5

Leighton

135

27 ch

bro pek

2835

53

6

136

19 do

pekoe

1900

45 bid

7

Kelani

137

76 hf-ch

bro pek

3800

55

8

138

80 do

pekoe

3600

37

9

139

13 do

pek sou

650

31

10

140

16 do

fans

880

36

11

141

5 do

dust

400

27

12

Ovoca AI

142

23 ch

bro or pek

2530

64

13

143

15 do

pekoe sou

1500

41

14

Pine Hill

144

52 hf-ch

bro pek

2912

51 bid

15

Harangalla

145

43 ch

pekoe

3360

38 bid

16

146

24 do

bro or pek

2520

46

17

147

18 do

or pek

1620

54

18

148

36 do

pekoe

3420

33 bid

19

•

149

5 do

pek sou

500

31

20

150

5 do

dust

700

29

21

Comra

151

25 hf-ch

bro pek

1250

44

22

White Cross

152

10 ch

pekoe

1000

33

26

156

12 do

bro pek

1260

48

27

157

9 do

pekoe

855

35

28

158

6 do

pek sou

540

30

29

Arslena

159

40 hf-ch

bro pek

2000

51

30

160

42 do

pekoe

2100

40

31

G L A

161

28 do

pek sou

1400

31

32

162

4 ch

bro tea

400

36

38

Uda

168

7 hf-ch

bro or pek

420

55 bid

39

Bogahagoda-

watte

169

7 ch

bro pek

830

40

40

170

1 hf-ch
12 ch

pekoe

1070

31 bill

43

Morankinde

173

19 do

bro pek

1995

52

44

174

23 do

pekoe

2185

37

45

r75

24 do

pek sou

2280

34

51 Morawa Totum

181

49 do

bro pek

5390

39 bid

52

182

58 do

pek sou

5220

26 bid

65

G B

185

15 do

dusl

2250

26

57

Alutkelle

187

9 hf-ch

bro pek

604

38 bid

58

188

10 do

pekoe

.AOO

30

69

189

9 do

SOU

432

25 bid

62

Warriatenne

192

56 do

bro or pek

3080

52 bid

63

193

27 do

bro pek

1500

47 bid

64

Yarrow

194

66 do

bro pek

3696

65

65

66

195

»

50 do
50 do

pekoe

pekoe

2500

2500

1 39

67

Y in estate
mark

197

12 do

dust

840

28

68

PAR Co. in
est. mark

198

50 cll

bro pek

5000

37

69

Penrith

199

55 hf-ch

bro pek

2875

87

70

200

32 ch

bro pek

3200

60

71

201

24 do

pekoe

1920

40

72

K

202

18 do

pek sou

1530

33

iO

20.)

5 do

fannings

460

30

so

Alahagodde

210

17 do

pekoe

1700

28 bid

S3

MM in estate
mark

213

30 ch

bro pek

3040

34 bid

84

FF Avisawela

214

1 hf-ch
12 ch

pekoe

1200

31 bill

86

216

17 hf-ch

bro pe t

913

37 bid

87

Rayigam

2l7

9 do

pekoe

46S

33

89

219

14 ch

bro pek

1400

90

220

14 do

pekoe

1190

36

91

221

6 do

pek sou

510

33

92

222

5 do

bro pek fans

600

93

223

4 do

dust

480

26

94

Pussetenne

224

15 do

bro pek

1575

49 bid

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot-

os

96

97

101 Lyndhurst

102

103

104

107 Salawe

108

109

110

112 Ukuwela

113

114 Kosgahahei

115

116

124 Northbrool

125 XXX

Box

.

Pk^s.

Name.

lb.

C.

225

10

ch

or pek

900

58

226

17

do

pekoe

1615

39

227

17

do

pek sou

936

33

231

36

hf-ch

bi'o pek

1800

53

232

46

do

pekoe

2070

38

233

55

do

pek sou

2200

31

234

11

do

sou

440

25

237

10

ch

or pek

1050

45

238

13

do

bro pek

1300

40

239

15

do

pekoe

1425

35

240

14

do

pek sou

1190

30

242

29

do

pekoe

2900

36

243

14

do

pek sou

1400

30

, 244

4

do

bro pek

400

35

245

4

do

pekoe No 1

400

28

246

5

do

pek No. 2

500

24

254

30

do

or pek

2580

38

255

115

ch

pek sou

1034

32

fiMESSRS. Forbes & Walker.— 262,383
Lot. Box. Pkss. Name. lb.

716 35 ch
722 17 do
726 25 hf-ch
728 11 ch

lb.]

3 M
6 SL

8 Walton

9

12 Old Made-

gaiua

13

14

15 Thedden
17

21 Rockside

23

24 St. Helen

25

26
27

29 Ederapolla

30 B D W G

33 Berragalla

34

pek sou 3000
bro dust 2380
bro pek 1500
pekoe 660

Agraoya

Pedro

Tonacombe

G

KS

Dunkeld

Dammeria
D M

Ruanwella

Clyde

734 7 do

736 5 do

738 6 do

740 10 do
744 18 do
752 20 ch
756 5 do

7.58 23 hf-ch
760 19 do
762 43 do
764 29 do
768 39 do
770 6 hf-ch

776 16 ch
778 7 do

780
782
786
788
790
804
806
808
810
812
814
816
818
822
830
850
852
854
856
862
864
866
872
874
884
886
888
890
892
894
896
898
900
926
928
930
932

Dambagalla 942
944
946
950
9 2
954
956
958
968
970
972
976
978
980
982

Doranakande 988

3.5
36

38

39

40

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54
56
60

70

71

72

•73 D K D

76

77

78
81
82

87 High Forest

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95
108
109

no
111
no

H7
118
120
121
122

123 IngurugalLa

124

129 Kirriinettia

130

131

133

134

135
130
139

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek fan

Naseby

Castlercagh

805

525

600

1000

1620

2000

65C

1380

950

1935

1450

1950

450

4 do

5 do

4 do
26 hf-ch

13 ch
24 ch

14 do

11 do

6 do
18 ch

12 do
40 do

10 do
3 ch

3 do
18 ch

15 do
14 do

11 ch

5 do

21 ch
20 do

4 do

6 do
40 do
26 do
10 do
42 ch
58 do
14 do
10 do
14 do

8 do

34 ch
00 do

22 do
3 do

67 hf-ch
39 do
20 do
18 do

35 do

22 do
6 cli

5 do

9 do

6 do
6 do

29 ch

23 do
29 do

9 do
23 do

bro pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
dust
pekoe No. 2 1600
pek sou
No. 2

fans
red leaf
dust
bro pek
pekoe
bro or pek
pekoe
pek sou
fans
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek dust
dust
bro pek
or pek
pekoe

630

540

500

600

1430

1105

2640

1330

880

900

1800

1440

4000

1000

405

450

1800

1200

1400

brope No 2 1265
dust

bro or pek
pekoe
bro or pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
fans No. 1
dust

fans No 2
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

775

2310

2000

440

500

2240

1300

450

4200

4640

1260

1000

1190

800

3230

4250

2090

420

3350

1560

800

bro pek fan 1080

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro tea
bro mix
fans
unas
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek

1925

990

540

600

900

720

540

2900

2070

2610

760

2070

C.

16

27

53

36

53

41

32

53

38

49

46

61

68

41

32

44

37
26

21

28

16

26

59

38
76

67
53
36
73

68
56

45
26
14
66
6.3
42
42
28
66
56
49
36
76

60
47

44

34 bid
29 bid
36

27
36

55 bid

38
32

28
65

46
42

45
96
73

27

28
27
27
36
61
49

39
32

61 bid

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

140

990 14 ch

pekoe

1260

34 bid

141

992 13 do

pek sou

1105

30

144 Ilethersett

998 19 do

bro or pek

2128

73

145

1000 16 do

or pek

1456

76

146

2 10 do

pekoe

980

62

147

4 11 do

pek sou

946

48

149

Holton

8 10 ch

bro pek

950

54

150

10 8 do

pekoe

780

36

153

16 18 do

l)ro pek

1710

54

154

18 11 do

pekoe

1045

36

155

20 5 do

pek sou

475

30

164 Talgaswela

38 44 ch

broipek

3960

57

165

40 13 do

do No.

2 1430

40

166

42 11 do

pekoe

990

38

167

44 7 do

pek sou

630

35

168

Polatagama

46 42 ch

bro pek

3990

52

169

48 25 do

pekoe

2250

33

170

50 24 do

pek sou

2160

28 bid

171

52 37 do

fans

3515

40

173

Battawatte

56 2 ch

29 hf-ch

bro pek

1660

66

174

58 10 ch

24 hf-ch

pekoe

2200

44

175

60 6 ch

pekoe No.

2 600

41

176

62 3 do

19 hf-ch

pek sou

1250

37

177

64 6 cn

dust

596

27

178

66 8 do

bro pek fans 800

42

ISO

70 5 do

8 hf-ch

pekoe (b)

900

39

181

Dea Ella

72 44 do

bro pek

2420

46

182

74 35 do

pekoe

1750

36

183

76 16 do

pek sou

800

31

185

Middleton

80 16 ch

bro pek

1600

71

1S6

Ascot

82 16 do

bro or pek

1760

43

187

84 24 do

bro pek

2400

48

188

86 28 do

pekoe

2380

37

189

88 6 do

dust

510

27

190

Old Madagama 90 21 ch

bro pek

1260

47

191

92 20 hf-ch

pekoe

1000

36

196

M M

102 9 do

bro pek

1044

25 bid

197

■S S

104 12 ch

1 hf-ch

SOU

1221

17

200

Amblakande

no 12 ch

bro pek

1080

54

201

112 17 do

pekoe

1530

39

202

114 5 do

pek sou

600

34

203

Roeberry

116 17 ch

bro pek

1700

65

204

118 20 do

pekoe

1800

59

205

120 10 do

pek sou

900

40 bid

207

Dehegalla

124 70 hf-ch

bro pek

3500

63

208

126 60 do

pekoe

3000

46 bid

209

Avondale

128 41 ch

bro pek

4130

.53 bid

210

130 31 do

pekoe

2480

46 bid

211

132 18 do

pek sou

1800

19 bid

212

134 45 hf-ch

pek fan

2895

37 bid

1 213

D A, in estata

1

mark

136 23 hf-ch

pek sou

1150

28

1 214

Caxton Kalu

1

tara, in estate

1

mark

138 41 ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek

3825

41

215

140 n ch

pekoe

1100

31 bid

216

142 16 do

pek sou

1440

27

217

144 14 hf-ch

dust

1120

25 bid

218

Weyunga-

watte

146 20 hf-ch

bro or pek 1200

59

219

148 22 ch

or pek

2090

53

220

150 20 do

pekoe

1700

41 bid

1 221

152 5 do

pek sou

500

34

1 227

Templestowe

164 8 do

or pek

800

48

i 228

Rayagama

166 16 ch

bro pek

1680

out

1 229

Denmark Hill 166 11 do

bro or pek 1232

73

! 230

170 10 do

or pek

910

76

j 231

172 6 do

pekoe

588

62

1 232

174 7 do

pek sou

602

50

! 234

Court Lodge

178 33 hf-cli

Ijro or pek 1980

6 ) bid

1 239

MF

188 5 ch

dust

654

19

240

W.inest. markl90 13 ch

bro pek

1300

36

249

Munamal

208 5 do

1 hf-ch

bro pek

523

33

250

210 9 ch

unas

782

27

253

Deneyaya

216 4 do

pekoe

400

34

254

Knavesmire

218 27 do

bro pek

2565

46

255

220 40 do

pekoe

3000

35

256

222 29 do

pek sou

1740

29

259

JIaha Uva

228 26 hf-ch

bro or pek 1820

61 bid

SMALL

LUTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson

& Co.]

Lot. Bkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

12

M G

12 4 hf-ch

pek fans

280

29

I'i

26 4 do

dust

300

28

19

Tomagong

19 3 do

pekoe

1.50

60

20

Ossington

20 1 ch

pekoe

67

^5

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

Ib.

C.

22

22

1 hf-ch

bro pek

40

38

2a

23

2 do

pekoe

140

26

24

24

1 box

unas

25

18

26

Woodencl

25

1 ch

congou

90

25

26

Hoolo

26

2 do

bro mix

180

23

27

27

1 do

fans

130

31

28

Vogan

28

4 hf-ch

1 box

bro or pek

250

50

39

Ahaniud

39

2 hf-ch

dust

175

14

41

G, in est. mark 41

2 do

dust

200

25

60

K

50

3 do

pekoe

216

25

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot.

Box. Pkgs

. Name

lb.

0.

2

G

121

2 ch

bro tea

212

20

3

123

1 do

red leaf

72

17

18

Ivies

153

2 hf-ch

dust

160

28

19

165

5 do

congou

200

24

28

Broadlands

173

4 do

dust

320

27

41

Faithlie

199

3 ch

bro tea

300

20

42

201

1 do

bro pek fans 105

42

43

203

3 hf-ch

dust

240

27

44

M R

205

1 ch

bro mix

100

18

46

207

2 hf-ch

dust

160

28

46

209

2 do

fans

140

38

61

M

219

1 do

dust

85

25

64

GBST

225

2 ch

dust

206

23

60

Maddegedera

237

2 do

bro pek fans 230

30

61

Henegama

239

1 do

bro mix

110

26

76

Agar’s Land

26?

2 hf-ch

red leaf

130

18

78

W H G

271

3 do

dust

255

28

79

273

3 do

fans

255

35

83

Hiralouvah

281

2 do

dust

154

27

84

283

4 ch

unas

395

20

[Messrs.

Somerville & Co

•]

Lot. Box.

pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

4

Earlston

134

4 hf-ch

fanns

240

37

23

Comar

153

3 ch

pek sou

270

25

24

154

1 do

dust

160

26

26

155

3 sacks red leaf

120

14

33

GL A

163

3 ch

dust

240

24

34

G

164

1 do

bro pek fans 110

35

35

165

1 do

fans

90

32

36

166

1 hf-ch

dust

48

28

37

LSG

167

1 ch

dusc

164

16

1 hf-ch

41

Bogahagoda-

watte

171

4 ch

pek sou

320

27

42

172

2 do

fans

200

27

46

Morankinde

176

3 do

congou

285

25

47

W

177

1 hf-ch

bro pek

60

40

48

178

1 ch

pekoe

70

33

49

179

2 do

pek sou

170

25

60

180

1 hf-ch

dust

80

27

53

P

183

5 do

pek fans

473

27 bid

54

G B

184

2 do

bro tea

200

18

56

S

186

2 ch

dust

300

22 bid

60

Alutkelle

190

3 hf-ch

fans

160

29

61

191

1 do

dust

74

27

73

Penrith

203

1 ch

dust

160

26

74

204

1 do

pek fans

126

31

79

Mahagodde

209

2 do

bro pek

220

40

81

211

1 do

fans

110

26

82

212

1 do

dust

160

26

85

MM in est.

mark

215

2 do

dust

300

26

88

FP Avisawela

, 218

5 hf-ch

pek sou

230

27

98

Pussetenne

228

3 do

fans

210

31

99

229

2 do

dust

150

26

100

230

1 ch

bro mixed

120

29

1 hf ch

105

Lyndhurst

235

4 do

dust

340

27

106

Salawe

236

1 ch

flowery pek

125

75

111

241

3 do

bro mix

324

26

117

Kosgahahena

227

3 do

sou No. 1

300

21

118

248

1 do

sou No. 2

150

18

1 hf-ch

119

249

1 ch

bro tea

120

16

120

250

1 do

fens

175

20

1 hf-ch

121

Bibulgodella 251

2 do

bro pek

100

32

122

252

1 do

pekoe No 1

50

24

123

253

2 do

pekoe No. 2

100

22

Messrs.

Forbes

& Walker.

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

.s

712

3 ch

pekoe

316

22

2

714

1 do

sou

100

19

4

SL

718

2 do

bro pek

200

35

5

720

3 do

bro fans

330

34

7

C

724

4 hf-ch

pekoe

200

28

Lot. Box.

Pkg.3.

Name.

lb.

C.

10

Walton

730

3

ch

pek sou

165

33

11

732

1

do

dust

80

27

16

Thedden

742

4

ch

bro pek

360

49

18

746

2

do

pek sou

180

29

19

748

2

do

sou

160

19

20

750

1

ch

dust

150

28

22

Rockside

754

3

ch

bro mix

SOO

21

28

St. Helen

766

2 hf-ch

dust

160

26

31

New Galway

772

4

do

bro pek

220

87

32

774

6

do

pekoe

300

56

37

Berragalla

784

3

ch

bro mix

300

18

41

Agraoya

792

4

do

pek sou

360

35

42

794

1

do

bro mix

90

19

43

796

4

do

du.st

320

29

55

G

820

2

ch

sou

160

24

57

K S

824

3

do

bro pek

300

25

58

826

2

do

pekoe

190

22

59

S28

1

do

sou

90

14

61

Galatota

832

4 hf-ch

bro pek

220

38

62

834

7

do

pekoe

385

26

63

836

5

do

pek sou

275

20

64

838

1

do

dust

55

14

65

A, in estate

mark

840

2

ch

pek dust

235

33

66

F, in estate

mark

842

2 hf-ch

dust

193

20

67

NF

844

2

ch

dust

268

22

74

D K D

858

3

do

red leaf

270

19

75

860

2

do

pek sou

170

36

79

Dammeria

868

3

ch

pek sou

300

46

80

870

8

do

dust

300

31

96

Ruanwella

902

2

ch

red leaf

200

20

97

P, in estate

mark

904

1

do

bro mix

98

30 bid

98

Ambawella

906

1

do

1 hf-ch

pekoe

134

53

99

NN

908

3

ch

pekoe

300

39

100

910

1

do

pek sou

100

34

101

912

2

do

dust

300

28

102

914

1

do

bro mix

120

19

103

D, in estate

mark

916

2

ch

pek dust

200

27

104

Kelvin

918

1

do

congou

60

23

105

920

1

do

red leaf

100

17

106

922

1

do

do

75

18

107

Debatgama

924

1

do

dust

140

26

119

Dambagalla

948

6 hf-ch

sou

240

42

125

Ingurugalla

960

3

ch

red leaf

270

19

126

Kirrimettia

962

1

ch

bro pek

90

36

127

964

1

do

pekoe

90

32

132

Beaumont

974

3

do

red leaf

309

28

137

Castlereagh

984

4 hf-ch

pek fans

280

32

138

986

3

do

dust

240

27

142

Doranakande

994

5

do

dust

375

• 27

143

996

8

do

fans

360

29

148

Hethersett

6

3

do

fans

258

34

151

Holton

12

2

ch

pek sou

190

31

152

14

2

do

dust

150

29

156

22

2

do

bro mix

190

25

157

24

2

do

dust

150

28

172

Polatagama

54

3

ch

pek fans

279

27

179

Battawatta

68

1 hf-ch

pek No 2 (b)

50

45

184

Dea Ella

78

5

do

dust

375

28

192

Old Made-

gama

94

2 hf-ch

dust

100

28

195

Harrington

100

2

ch

dust

300

29

198

SS

106

4

do

dust

320

withd’n.

199

s

108

1

do

dust

89

do

206

Roeberry

122

3

ch

fans

300

34

222

Weyunga-

watte

154

2 hf-ch

dust

170

27

223

G C

156

2

ch

red leaf

182

18

233

Denmark Hill 176

2 hf-ch

dust

172

35

237

0 F, in est.

mark

184

1

ch

bro sou

106

17

2.38

186

1

do

dust

113

25

241

Riidaga, G A

S

’ 192

1 hf-ch

bro pek

41

37

242

194

2

do

pekoe

97

27

243

196

1

do

pek sou

44

22

244

ALRM

198

1 hf-ch

bro pek

50

38

245

200

2

do

pekoe

100

26

246

202

2

do

pek sou

170

18

247

204

1

ch

1 hf-ch

unas

130

15

248

206

1

do

bro mix

50

14

251

Munamal

212

2

ch

congou

157

17

252

214

1

do

dust

230

26

257

Knavesmire

224

3

ch

bro pek fan 180

33

258

226

2

hf-ch

dust

160

27

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

CFA^LON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

From our Commercial Correspondent).

Mincing Lane, Sept. 18, 1896.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 18th Sept.

Ex “Ben Lawers” — OBEC in estate mark; Delmar, lb
103s; 4c 102s 6d; 4c It 96s; It 100s. Ic 84s; 2 bags 93s.

Ex “Moyune” - lloehampton, lb 101s; 2o 96s 6d; Ic 90s;
lb 96s; lb 71s.

Ex “Musician”— Haputale, Ic It 107s 6d; It lO.'is; Ic 74s;
3 bags 97s. HPT in estate mark, 11 bags 56s. HT in estate
mark, 7 bags 38s. Leaugawella. Ic 101s; 5c 9Ss; 2c lb 98s;
2c 89s; lb 97s; 3 bags 95s 6d. LGWT in estate mark, ic 74s.
L in estate mark, 6bags 67s; 7 bags 58s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

Mincing Lane, Sept. 18, 1896.

Ex “Moyune”— Ross, 67 bags 58s; 9 bags 36s; 4 bags 42s
5 bags 29s 6ds.

Ex “Asia”— Dynevor, 10 bags 54s; 10 bags 37s; 3 bags 35s.
Ex “Ben Lawers”- OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle.
Ceylon, 78 bags 57s 6d; 38 bags 49s; 1 bag (s d) 32s; 3 bags
i 28s; 2 bags 54s; 1 bag 44s: 7 bags 40s.

' Ex “Yorkshire’’— Keenakelle, 5 bags 25s; 2 bags 24s 6d.
Patheragalla T, 2 bags 24s 6d.

OB.S..BVKK PRINTING WORK.S.

TEA, COI’FEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

NO. 40-

Colombo, October 19, 1896. ] cents each 3 copies

‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies § rupee.

COLOMBO .SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[ME.SSRS. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 58,939 lb.]

Lot. Box. Pk".?.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Dehiowit.a

1

0

ch

pekoe No.

2 540

17

3

Bottalgalla

3

11

ch

pek sou

1155

40

4

4

5

ch

fans

450

27

5

Balgownie

5

12

ch

bro pek

1200

41

6

6

19

do

pekoe

1.520

32

7

7

0

do

pek sou

540

23

8

8

5

do

bro mix

425

18

10

H S

10

5

do

dust

550

28

11

Nahalma

U

58

do

sou

5220

25 bid

12

Pambagama

12

14 lif-ch

dust

1120

25

14

Sapitiyagodde

14

19

ch

bro or pek

1200

58

15

15

45

do

or pek

3125

49

16

10

21

do

bro pek

2205

61

17

17

25

do

pekce

2300

49

18

IS

22

do

pek sou

2002

43

23

Nahayeena

23

21 hf-eh

bro pek

1050

56

24

24

9

do

pekoe

450

48

25

25

11

do

pek sou

550

40

27

Tliiasliola

27

8

do

bro pek

408

40 bid

28

23

11

do

pokoe

550

32 bid

29

29

12

do

pek sou

600

30 bid

31

Nelampathy iu
estate mark 31

20 box

pekoe

650

30

34

A

34

5

ch

bro pek

000

38

35

35

4

do

pekoe

400

28

36

36

5

do

pelc sou

600

23 bid

37

A M

37

8 hf-ch

pekoe

400

27

38

38

0

do

pek sou

450

28

39

M L C

39

15

cii

sou

1275

28

54

G

54

6

do

pekoe fans

690

out

55

55

6

do

bro tea

630

14 bid

56

St. Leonards
on sea

56

7

do

bro pek

700

49

61

D N

61

8

do

bro pek

800

40 bid

62

62

13

do

pekoe

1235

32 bid

■09

K 0 S

69

8

do

pekoe

423

30 bid

[Messrs. Torres & Walker.— 338,214 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pksrs. Name.

lb.

c.

2

New Peacock 232

14 hf-ch

pek fans

1050

30

11

Rockside

250

50 hf-ch

pek No. 1

2500

54

12

ilarrington

252

50

do

pek No. 2

2500

49

15

2.58

11

ch

or pek

1232

57

16

260

9

do

pekoe

900

51

18

AVeyungawatte 264

13

do

pekoe

1105

40 bid

24

Great Valley

270

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1320

CO bid

25

278

18

do

or pek

990

50 bid

26

280

17

ch

pekoe

1700

42

27

282

0

do

pek sou

540

36

28

Maskeliya

284

45 hf ch

bro or pek

2250

59 bid

29

286

39

ch

or pek

3900

53

30

288

20

do

pekoe

2000

42

31

29J

37

do

pek sou

3330

38

32

292

10 lif-ch

dust

750

29

34

Palmerston

296

29

hf-ch

bro pek

1595

73

35

293

22

ch

pekoe

1760

54

36

300

7

do

pek sou

525

42

37

Neddumpara

302

22 hf-ch

pek sou

990

28

38

Sunnycroft

304

11

ch

pek sou

990

30

40

308

4

do

dust

600

26

41

Blairgowrie

810

2.3

d>

or pek

2254

CS

42

312

12

do

pekoe

960

53

43

314

6

do

pek sou

688

41

44

Carberry

316

26

do

bro pek

2600

57

45

318

24

do

pekoe

2160

37

46

320

15

do

pek sou

1350

31

47

Langdale

322

20

do

bro pek

2400

63

48

324

22

do

pekoe

2200

53

49

326

5

do

pek sou

450

46

51

Glengariff

330

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1200

54 bid

52

332

25

do

or pekoe

1075

50 bid

53

334

16

ch

pekoe

1040

38 bid

54

336

40

do

pek sou

2120

30 bid

66

340

9 hf-ch

dust

675

30

57

Matale

342

9

ch

bro pek

900

45

58

344

10

do

pekoe

800

37

61

N

350

15

do

bro tea

1950

29

€2

Torwood

3.52

22

do

bro pek

2090

51

63

354

29

do

pekoe

2610

36

64

350

12

do

pek sou

1080

30

65

358

5

do

dust

600

29

Lot.

Box. Plv!r.s. Name

lb.

09

Arapolakande 366

44

ch

70

363

5£

do

71

370

1C

do

72

372

4

do

71

M B 0 in est.

mark

376

16 do

77

Oxford

332

32 do

78

384

li

do

79

386

S

do

SO

388

3

do

85

A1

393

ilo

87

402

7

do

90

403

11

do

102

AVeoya

432

SC

do

103

434

43

do

104

436

33

do

105

433

3-.I

do

106

440

4

do

107

Hayes

442

13

hf-ch

103

444

37

do

109

■446

23

do

111

(.'limes

450

14

hf-cli

112

452

2]

do

113

454

22

do

114

450

15

Cll

115

458

13

do

116

460

1

diO

118

Battawatte

404

28

hf-kh

119

466

45

do

120

Massena

468

10

hf-ch

121

470

10

do

127

Killarney

482

12

hf-cli

123

484

33

tlo

134

B FB

496

21

hf ch

135

493

12

do

136

Beaculla

600

20

ch

137

502

21

(io

133

Gallawatte

504

IS

(lo

139

506

IS

do

140

503

20

do

141

510

1_3

do

142

B n \V

512

do

147

Hllaoya

522

6

do

148

524

12

do

149

526

S

do

150

Vellaioya

523

20

do

151

R C \V in est.

mark

530

33

do

152

B D

532

30

do

153

534

15

do

154

.5.86

6

do

1.55

538

27

do

157

W'bedde

542

13

do

158

Galpliele

544

27 hf-ch

159

54-i

37

do

160

543

24

do

163

C

554

11

ch

164

Coneygar

556

7 hf-ch

165

553

5

ch

168

Nahaveena

564

80 hf-ch

ICS

536

32

CIO

170

563

41

do

180

Freds Ruhe

533

34

do

181

590

30

do

182

592

U

do

188

A

604

5

do

191

610

19

do

194

Morlaiids

616

15 hf-ch

195

618

11

cll

196

620

i

do

201

MC

630

10

do

202

632

13

do

203

Clyde

634

34

do

204

Y

636

14

do

205

Lowlands

638

8

do

206

640

8

do

207

642

5

do

210

•Atherfield

660

10

clo

217

662

6

do

219

668

24 h

f-ch

221

570

10

do

222

V'eruluplttiya

672

19

ch

223

672

13

do

224

670

11

do

225

678

16 hf-ch

22s

liirindi

684

23

ch

229

686

23

do

230

688

82

do

234

Ranawella

696

t

do

235

093

7

do

230

700

0

clo

240

Maligateune

70S

4

do

bro pek

3900

pekoe

4720

pek sou

ICOO

(lust

440

hro mix

1440

bro pek

3200

pekoe

1530

pek sou

640

dust

450

hro pek

464

pek sou

590

dust No. 1

1430

hr.) pek

7200

pekoe

3000

pek sou

2660

f.ms

3000

dust

600

bro pek

900

or i)ek

1850

pek

1035

br orpk No 1 770

.. No 2

1155

bro pek

1100

pekoe

1350

i)0k sou

1170

dust

595

bi'o pek

1400

pekoe

2250

or pek

500

pekoe

50i)

or pek

579

bro or pek

li'SO

dust

1575

unas.sorted

600

bro pek

1209

pekoe

1575

bl-o pek

162(1

or pe'x

1020

pekoe

1800

l>ek sou

1300

bro bans

930

bro pek

672

or pek

11.52

pek sou

720

sou

1991

bro or put 39.50
l)n) pek 3150

bro or pek 157.i
or pak 570

pek sou 14S5

bro or pek 11.55
bro pek 1485

pekoe 1665

pek .sou 1080

sou 104.5

bro pek 420

pekoo 500

bi'o pek 4000

pek 1600

pek sou 2050
bro pek 34C0
pekoe 2700

pok.sou 990

cek No. 1 449

rlust No. 1 2900

bro pek 750
pekoe 1100

pek sou 400

bro or pek 1710

pekoe 1105

bro ])ek 3230

pek fans lOSO

bro pek SOO

pekoe 720

pek sou 400

bro pek looo

pekoe 540

sou 1200

dust 800

bro pek 1900

pek 1170

pek sou 990

•sou 800

bro pek 2.3O0

pekoe 1840

pekoe 2400

bro )3ek 700

pekoe 560

pek sou 750

bro pek 40U

c.

52 bill
3G

29
2,5

13

44

36

30

25

26 bi.l
out
23

47 bill
34

29

38

27
44
46
34
62

331>:il

56

35bi(l

33

27

03

48
52
33
71
02
27
25
03

51

52

43
33
30
24
52

44
30

20 bill
41

33 I.irl
30 liiil
52

27 iiiil
52

57
52
30

24
SO
01

58

50
40

51
35

30
26

IS bill
70

43

37

2!) bill
22 l.iil

5S

25 bill

44

33 bid

28 bid
51

38

29
28
51
37
33

29
58

39

31
55
39

30

50 bid

9

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box. Pki'.?.

Name.

lb.

C.

Lot Box. Pk"s.

Name

lb.

C.

•241

710 5 eh

pekoe

400

36 bid

GO

417 23 ch

pekoe

1978

45 bid

24->

712 6 do

pek sou

450

30

61

419 21 do

pek sou

1575

36

21 r>

A, in estate

61

Maryland

425 5 do

bro pek

550

43

mark

718 11 ch

pek sou

1064

19 bid

05

427 5 do

pekoe

525

32

246

726 4 do

fans

481

14 bid

66

Glentilt

429 31 ch

bro pek

3-25S

50 bid

■247

B C

722 22 do

bro pekoe

1980

39 bid

67

431 22 do

pekoe

2-100

47

21S

Pansrla

08

433 8 do

pek sou

7-20

39

tenne

724 31 do

bro pekoe

3255

55

, 69

435 4 do

fans

660

29

219

726 24 do

pekoe

2400

39

{

Tientsin

447 14 hf-eli

bro or pek

2200

68

2rKl

728 20 do

))ek sou

1900

34

1 76

449 32 ch

pekoe

2880

43 bid

•27.1

730 6 do

fans

660

40

1 i

451 9 do

pek sou

810

39

2o2

732 5 do

congou

500

25

: 7S

B N

453 4 ch

dust

405

27

253

734 7 lif-ch

dust

625

26

79

\V F

455 5 hf-cli

dust

475

25

254

Ireby

736 47 do

bro pekoe

28-20

68 bid

80

ETK

457 11 ch

pekoe

1210

45

255

738 17 ch

pekoe

1530

65

1 82

Brownlow

461 29 ch

bro pek

3-248

58 bid

256

740 9 do

pek sou

810

45

; 83

463 28 do

or pek

2996

48 bid

25S

S N in estate

1

465 16 do

pekoe

1000

45

mark

744 11 do

pekoe

1045

32

46< 6 do

pek sou

582

38

259

Earlscourt in

1 bi

471 6 hf-ch

dust

.504

30

estate maric

746 9 hf-ch

In'o or pekoe

540

50 bid

ss

Kotuwagedere

473 27 ch

bro pek

2700

40 bid

260

748 16 do

or pek

8!0

73 bid

89

475 24 do

pekoe

2400

35

261

750 11 ch

pekoe

8-25

51

! 90

Logan

477 16 do

pek sou

1600

29

202

752 11 do

pek sou

880

33 bid

481 -26 ch

bro pek

2600

48 bid

203

Ilarsteacl

754 9 do

or pekoe

9C0

50

' 93

483 19 do

pekoe

1710

35 bid

•204

756 14 do

bro pekoe

1400

5-2

i 94

485 20 do

pek sou

1800

29 bid

205

758 8 do

pekoe

615

45

1 90

G T

489 3 do

dust

4-20

27

206

760 36 hf-eh

pek sou

1800

31 bid

I 99

495 9 ch

congou

900

34

270

Geragama

768 24 do

bro pek

•2400

57

1 100

P

497 32 ch

bro pek

3200

out

271

770 17 do

pekoe

1700

40

1 101

Ketawela

499 7 ch

bro pek

749

32 bid

272

772 8 do

pek sou

720

34

1 102

1 10 do

pek sou

909

out

•275

Cairn Hill

778 7 do

bro pek

700

43

i 103

Ukuwella

3 12 do

bro mix

1180

16 bid

276

780 7 d.)

pekoe

630

32

1 104

5 40 ch

bro psk

4000

40

•2sl

Alton

790 25 hf-ch

SOU

1150

26

105

L A C, in estate

2*9

K It G H

806 10 lif-ch

bro pek

500

52

mark

7 20 ch

293

Horaua

814 23 do

bro or pek

1150

67

1

lOG

M O, in estate

1 hf-ch

bro pek

1845

41 bid

294

816 11 do

or pekoe

550

40

295

818 33 do

pekoe

1485

35

107

mark

9 23 cll

pek sou

218-2

29

•298

820 9 ch

pek sou

765

28

Medetenne

11 12 ch

pekoe

1'200

36 bid

29S

Sorana

8'24 11 hf-ch

bro or pek

108

Sorana

13 16 ch

Xo 2

550

47

Behegalla

16 1 hf-cli

pekoe

1490

34 bid

300

328 13 do

pekoe >'o. 2

585

30

109

15 112 hf-ch

pekoe

5600

42

3u5

P’riasranea-

110

Cairnhiil

17 17 ch

pekoe

1530

30 bid

watte in es-

111

Pellewatta

19 14 ch

pekoe

1470

35

mark

834 21 ch

or pekoe

2499

58 bid

112

Ukuwella

21 14 ch

pek sou

1400

28

SOI

836 42 hf-cli

bre or pek

3150

52 bid

113

Narangoda

23 15 ch

pek sou

1350

28 l)id

oOf)

838 15 ch

pek sou

1440

3.5

114

Logan

25 15 ch

pekoe

1350

3.3

306

840 19 hf-ch

fans

1387

40

115

S 1C s

27 25 ch

bro tea

3000

26

307

842 11 cli

dust

1100

28

IIG

A K

29 42 ch

pekoe

4125

29

SOS

Middleton

844 16 do

pekoe

144

57

117

Onuidale

31 68 bo.xes bro or pek 1160

RLo bid

309

846 21 do

pek sou

1995

42

118

33 20 hf-ch

or pek

1000

92 bid

311

P, in estate

no

35 30 do

pekoe

1500

62 bid

mark

850 5 do

unassorted

474

27

1-20

1'22

123

N

37 16 do
41 29 ch
43 39 ch

pek sou
bro mix
pe souXio.

800
2900
2 3315

62 bid

29

29

Elston

124

li tV; H

45 18 ch

bro mix

1930

15 bid

[Mu

E. Jonx.-

-184.-289 lb.

125

Ghapelton

47 5 ch

bro mix

500

22

1-ot. Box. l’k<i;'S.

Name.

lb.

C.

127

O N, in estate
mark

61 57 ch

pek sou

6676

28 bid

5

I'ahalakelle

307 3 cli

dust

4.50

20

10

Lena watte

317 7 cli

bro pek

680

42

11

15

W G 11

319 6 do

327 5 ch

pekoe

dust

540

594

36

10 bid

Messrs. Somerville &

00.-168,524 lb.

17

18

lligdola

331 15 cll
333 21 do

bro pek
pekoe

1350

1680

51

38

Lot. Box. Pkg.s.

Name

lb.

c.

19

22

335 17 do

pek sou

1530

30

1

E

261 13 ch

unas

1300

30

Ilomadola

341 17 cii

or i)ek

1360

42

10

Rothes

270 18 hf-ch

bro pek

861

81

23

343 7 do

bro pek

700

31 bid

11

271 18 do

pekoe

7-20

50

2t

Dartry

345 30 ch

bro pek

3960

57

1-2

272 8 do

pek sou

360

47

25

347 33 do

pekoe

3300

45

13

Benveula

273 31 hf-ch

bro pek

1550

48

26

349 21 do

pek sou

1995

40

14

274 21 do

pekoe

1050

35 bid

27

351 6 do

bro tea

630

32

15

275 8 cn

pek sou

800

27

29

D H L

355 13 ch

pek dust

1936

out

19

Marigold

279 36 hf-ch

bro pek

2232

77

30

N K M. in estate

18 bid

20

280 44 do

pekoe

2200

52

mark

357 41 ch

bro pek

4305

21

281 30 do

pek sou

1600

49

31

Uda

359 18 hf-ch

bro ])ek

1080

30 bid

22

282 14 do

SOU

700

44

361 21 ch

pekoe

1800

30

25

285 6 do

bro pe fan

408

46

33

Kondura

363 12 ch

bro or pek 1260

40 bid

26

Lonach

286 76 hf-ch

bro pek

3800

55

34

365 16 do

or pek

1520

40 bid

27

287 33 ch

pekoe

3135

37

35

367 30 do

pekoe

2700

33

28

Ivanlioe

283 16 do

pek sou

1440

31

36

Lameliere

309 32 di

bro pek

3360

60

20

289 13hf-cli

bro pek

650

71

37

371 27 do

pekoe

2430

46

30

290 25 ch

pekoe

2250

60

38

373 21 do

pek sou

1785

39

31

291 14 do

pek sou

1-200

47

40

Tientsin

377 25 di

pekoe

2250

40 bid

32

292 7 hf-cli

dust

500

29

41

Poilakande

379 38 hf-di

l.'i o pek

2261

56 bid

33

Neuchatel

293 19 do

bro mix

950

31

42

3S1 37 ch

34

294 10 cll

bro pek

1440

51

1 lif-ch

pekoe

3370

40

35

295 25 do

pekoe

2000

37

43

383 28 di

pek sou

2233

33

30

296 34 do

pek sou

2380

30 bid

46

Agra Ouvali

389 72 lif-di

bro or pek 4320

83

37

Natal

297 15 do

fans

1500

43

47

391 44 do

or i>ek

2200

00 bid

39

299 5 ch

pek No. 2

450

393 14 ch

pekoe

1330

65

41

Kananka

1 15 ch

bro pek

16.0

40

.53 1

» H, in estate

30 bid

42

2 24 do

pekoe

2400

34

mark

403 24 hl'-di

bro or pek

1680

43

3 10 do

pek sou

950

28

54

405 41 do

pekoe

1845

36 ))id

44

4 18 do

fans

1800

35

nr>

Doonliinda

407 10 di

bro pek

1093

00 l)id

46

Koorooloogalla

6 3 do

dust

450

27

56

409 1'3 do

pekoe

1233

51

47

7 16 ch

bro pek

1600

61

57

411 5 do

]K‘k rou

478

43

48

Allakolla

8 10 do

pekoe

900

45

5.9

Gonavy

415 30 ch

bro pek

3816

65 bid

49

9 031if-cli

bro pek

3780

48

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

3

Lot

60

51

53

54

56

57
59

Citrus

Paradise

P, in estate
mark

Box. Pkp;s. Name.

10 20 ch pekoe

11 13 do pek sou

13 9 ch bro pek

14 10 do pekoe

16 llhf-ch bro pek

17 10 ch pekoe

19 19 eh unas

lb.

c.

Lot.

Box

Pkgs

Name.

lb.

C.

2000

38

20

Nahaveena

26

1

hf-ch

dust

75

26

1235

28 bid

30

Thiashola

20

1

do

gun powder

60

out

900

43

32

Nelampathy

1000

31

in est. mark 32

12

boxes sou

300

24 bid

605

45

33

33

2

boxes pek dust 50

out

960

1995

94

95 Aiinandale

96

97

98

99

100 Cdstlemilk

101

10.3 Pedup:alla

111 41pitikande

112

114 Inchstelly and

Woodthorpe

115

116
120
121
122
123

125

126

129

130

54 14 do

55 14 ch

56 26 do

Monrovia

Wilpita

Mahagodda
Peria Kande-
kettia

57

58

59

60
61
62
71

74

75

76
SO
81
82
83

85

86
89

do
do
do
7 cli

7 do

5 ch

13 ch
17 do

10 ch
10 do

14 do
26 hf-ch
31 ch

8 do
7 do

6 ch
12 do
17 ch

131

132
134

90 2S ch

91 23 do

92 9 do

91 7 hf-ch

135

I P

95

20

ch

136

96

191

iif-ch

137

Ilatdowa

97

28

ch

138

98

11

ilo

139

99

12

do

144

R C T F, in es-

tate mark

104

22

ch

145

105

17

do

146

106

15

do

149

Maria

109

16

ch

150

110

21

do

151

111

10

do

152

Eilanditn

112

18

ch

153

113

18

do

unas
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
br pek fan
dust
fans
dust
bro tea
bro pek
pekoe

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
fans
bro pek
pekoe
pekoe

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
pek sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek

1190

12SS

2080

680

1020

595

770

560

425

1300

1360

1000

800

1050

1300

2945

880

700

595

1200

1700

3500

2392

900

525

1520

1444

2800

1120

960

2200

1530

1350

1600

2100

1000

1890

1800

34

02

California

22

4

ch

bro pek

400

40

63

23

6

do

pekoe

600

30

64

24

5

do

pek sou

650

26

07

Illukettia

27

14

ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek

1605

40

68

28

10

ch

pekoe

1010

27

69

29

7

ch

1

1 hf-ch

pek sou

755

24

TO

30

5

ch

bro mix

509

15 I

77

White Cross

37

29

ch

bro pek

3045

47 1

78

38

20

do

pekoe

1900

36 1

79

39

11

do

pek sou

990

29 i

83

New Valley

48

16

ch

bro or pek 1760

70

89

49

32

do

or pek

3200

57

90

50

30

do

pekoe

2700

48 1

91

51

17

do

pek sou

1445

41 !

92

NIT

52

5

ch

fans

600

34 1

40 MLC

57 St. Leonards

on sea

58

59

60

OS KOS

40 2 ch red leaf

67

58

59

60

68

do

do

do

do

do

pekoe
pekoe sou
bro mixed
fans
bro pek

170

380

270

100

89

65

[Me. E. John.]

SxMALL LUTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

18

56

40

37
48
28
32
28
14
50

40 I

a*

38

30 !

48 ]

37 I
26 :

29
37

28 I
23 j

46 I

39

30 !

27 I
30 !

27 i
48 I
36 I

28 I

25 I
22 bid 1
20 bid I
36 bid !
out I

„ i

44 I

29 bid I

Lot.

E

[Messrs. Somerville & Co.]
Box. pkg's.

155

B, in est. mark 115

9 hf-ch

bro pek

450

39

156

116

11

do

pekoe

495

29

159

Ingeriya

119

19 hf-ch

bro pek

950

50

160

120

22

do

pekoe

1056

36

161

121

16

do

pek sou

736

31

162

122

9

do

unas

450

34

163

123

11

do

pek fans

682

37

164

124

19

do

bro mix

1045

22

160

Labugama

126

41 hf-ch

bro pek

2050

60

167

127

28

do

pekoe

2520

38

168

128

30

ch

uek sou

2400

32

171

Sirisanda

131

39 hf-ch

bro pek

1950

45

172

182

35

do

pekoe

1750

34

173

133

26

do

pek sou

1300

31

176

H GL

136

8

ch

dust

1160

26

177

Romania

136

14 hf-ch

bro pek

770

43

178

137

18

do

pekoe

900

30

179

138

8

do

jrek sou

400

28

Lot.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

2

Dehiowita

2

2

ch

bro pek fans

250

25

9

Balgownie

9

2

do

dust

260

27

13

Pambagama

13

4

do

congou

360

20

19

D

19

2

do

dust

ISO

26

20

20

3

do

pekoe fans

216

28

2

3

4

5

6

7

8
9

17

18

23

24
38
40
45
52
55
58
60
61
65
68
71
80
81
82

83

84
93
102
113

117

118
119
124

127

128
133

140

141

142

143
147

262
263

Mount Pleasant 204
265
260

267

268

Dessfcrd, Ceylon 209
Benvuehi 277

278
283

Marigold

Neuchatel

Natal

Kananka

Allakolla

Citrus

Paradise

P, in est. mark

Illukettia
White Cross

Malvern

NIT
Castlemilk
Alpitikande
Inchstelly &
Woodthorpe

Monrovia

Wilpita

Peria Kande.
kettia
Hatdowa

RCT F

298

300

5

12

15

18

20

21

26

26

31

40

44

42

48

44

53

62

73

78

79
84

87

88

93

100

101

102

103

107

2 ch
1 do
7 hf-ch

6 do

4 do
1 do
1 do

7 lif-ch
1 ch

1 do

3 hf-ch

2 do

2 do

3 chest
1 ch

5 hf-ch

3 ch

6 hf-ch
1 ch

1 hf-ch
1 ch
1 do

1 ch

2 ch
1 do

5 hf-ch

6 do

7 do

4 ch

4 ch

5 ch

1 ch

2 do

1 hf-ch

2 ch

3 ch
1 do

ch

ch

do

do

do

ch

15

33 bid

26 bid
15

27
36

Lo

Box.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

c.

1

K

299

4 hf-ch

pek sou

160

14

2

Yahalakelle

301

4 ch

pek fans

340

29

3

303

2 do

bro tea

150

19

4

305

1 do

red leaf

85

15

7

Wanarajali

311

3 ch

or pek

226

'1

8

, 313

1 do

pekoe

87

> out

9

315

1 do

pek sou

90

J

12

Lenawatte

321

4 ch

pek sou

334

24

13

323

2 do

bro mix

122

20

14

325

1 hf-ch

dust

83

27

20

Digdola

337

3 ch

br pe fans

300

38

21

339

2 do

dust

280

26

28

Dartry

353

3 hf-ch

dust

255

28

39

Lameliere

3’^5

2 ch

pek fans

170

27

44

Poilakande

385

3 lif-ch

1 box

dust

285

26

45

387

5 hf-:h

br pe fans

300

34

58

Boonhinda

413

2 hf-ch

dust

160

28

62

Gonavy

421

2 ch

pek fans

296

28

63

423

1 do

dust

175

25

81

K T K

459

4 lif-ch

dust

320

28

86

Brownlow

■169

4 hf-ch

fans

300

29

91

Kotuwagedera

479

1 hf-ch

dust

80

26

95

Logan

487

2 ch

bro tea

170

20

97

491

2 do

br pe fans

300

38

98

G T

493

3 hf-cli

dust

285

25

121

Ormidale

39

4 hf-ch

dust

280

38 bid

126

Chapeltun

49

3 hf-ch

dust

276

27

Name.

lb.

c.

sou

185

dust

100

26

bro pek

385

43

pekoe

300

36

sou

192

congou

38

fans

60

26

congou

371

28

dust No. 1

100

26

dust No. 2

100

22

unas

1.59

43

bro mix

96

30

dust

300

28

pe so No. 2

195

27

congou

78

17

dust

375

25

fans

300

30

sou

280

23

dust

145

25

red leaf

43

14

br pe dust

140

27

bro mix

95

18

dust

140

25

bro tea

180

15

dust

160

26

pek sou

275

20

fannings

330

28

dust

385

25

unas No. 1

360

28

sou

320

26

nen sou

375

27

sou

70

23

dust

160

25

red leaf

39

15

pek dust

270

25

bro mix

285

15

dust

110

25

sou

220

24

dust

16')

26

bro mix

200

14

red leaf

160

14

unas

180

21

fans

300

14

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

108

3 hf-ch

dust

320

20

Eilanditii

114

1 ch

bro tea

90

20

B,-in est. mark 117

5 iif-ch

pek sou

240

2.5

118

2 do

fans

112

28

Ingeriya

125

4 lif-ch

dust

320

25

Labugaina

129

1 ch

fans

110

37

Sirisanda

130

22 boxes or pek

242

82 bid

134

4 ch

dust

320

26

G L

135

2 ch

br pe sou

220

20

omania

139

1 hf-ch

dust

SO

25

140

1 do

congou

55

18

Messrs

Forbes

& AValker.

Lot.

Box.

rkgs.

Name.

Ib.

C.

1

New Peacock

230

7 iif-ch

bro mix

315

18

3

Carendon

234

2 ch

bro pek

200

42

4

236

2 do

pekoe

200

39

5

238

2 do

pek sou

200

35

6

240

3 do

sou

SCO

29

7

242

4 do

fans

200

31

8

243

1 do

congou

91

20

13

K H L

254

4 ch

bro mix

340

IS

14

B B B

256

2 do

dust

ISO

26

17

Harrington

262

2 do

dust

300

30

33

Maskeliya

294

5 hf-ch

bro pek fans

300

33

39

Sunnycroft

306

2 ch

congou

180

20

56

Langdale

328

2 do

dust

3('0

30

65

Glengarift'

333

4 do

dust

380

15

69

Matale

346

1 do

sou

80

25

60

348

1 do

fannings

120

28

66

Koladenia

360

3 do

bro tea

378

28

67

Dewalakane

362

3 do

pek fans

225

28

68

364

3 do

bro tea

225

21

73

MB O in est.

mark

374

3 do

sou

270

14

75

378

3 hf-ch

dust

195

18

76

Labookellie

380

3 do

bro tea

315

12

86

M

400

4 do

pekoe

3G0

18

88

404

2 do

sou

172

24

1 hf-ch

91

410

3 cli

dust No 2

390

14

97

L in estate

mark

422

1 hf-ch

bro pek

38

34

98

424

2 ch

pek sou

127

21

99

426

1 hf-ch

dust

53

26

100

H D

428

2 do

dust

146

24

101

K W

430

1 ch

du.st

123

28

110

Hayes

448

4 hf-cii

dust

200

27

117

Battawatte

462

3 do

1)ro or pek

150

56

122

M F

472

2 do

dust

170

26

123

474

3 cli

sou

240

33

129

K

486

2 ch

du.'-t

300

27

133

Galkadua

494

4 hf-ch

du.st

285

26

143

BD W

514

4 do

pek dust

360

26

144

Erlsmere

516

4 do

bro pek fans

300

30

145

518

4 do

bro ))ek fans

304

29 bid

146

520

1 do

congou

95

26

156

B D W

540

2 hf-ch

dust

126

29

161

Galphele

550

2 do

dust

160

27

162

552

1 do

sou

45

22

166

Coneygar

560

3 ch

pek fans

270

66

167

562

1 hf-ch

fannings

160

30

171

Nahaveena

570

1 ch

dust

375

27

183

W M

596

1 hf-ch

bro pek

90

20

184

M M

598

1 hf-ch

bro pek

38

29

185

598

4 ch

pek sou

314

17

186

600

2 do

fans

176

15

187

A

G02

4 do

bro pek

341

30

189

609

1 do

pek No. 2

100

23

190

608

3 do

fans

305

24

102

S

612

2 do

bro pek

1.58

26

193

614

2 do

fannings

236

18

197

Morlands

622

2 hf-ch

dust

160

28

198

624

2 do

Lins

110

35

199

Peacock Hill

626

3 do

bro mix

135

17

200

628

5 do

pek fans

375

28

208

Lowlands

644

1 ch

Ians

120

28

208

046

1 do

dust

140

25

210

648

1 do

red leaf

100

12

218

Atherfleld

664

4 do

pek sou

360

33

220

668

2 hf-ch

bro mix

120

25

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

226

Verulapitiya

680

2 hf-ch

bro mix

120

25

227

682

4 do

dust

320

27

231

Kirindi

690

3 ch

.sou

210

24

232

692

3 do

du.st

255

27

233

604

1 do

red leaf

68

15

237

Ranawella

702

1 do

sou

70

24

238

701

1 do

dust

80

27

239

706

1 hPeh

red leaf

33

13

243

Maligatenne

714

1 ch

sou

70

24

244

716

1 do

red leaf

52

13

257

Ireby

Geragama

742

4 llf-cil

dust

320

28

273

774

1 ch

souchong

90

24

274

776

1 do

fans

130

27

277

Cairn Hill

782

4 do

pek sou

320

28

278

784

1 do

fans

120

28

279

786

1 do

dust

140

26

280

788

1 do

red leaf

90

12

282

Alton

792

0 hf-ch

red leaf

300

13

290

K K G H

808

6 do

pekoe

300

34

291

810

3 do

pekoe sou

150

31

292

812

3 do

souchong

150

26

297

Sorana

822

2 cli

red leaf

230

18

299

Sorana

826

1 hf-ch
7 do

or pek No. 2
pek sou No. 2

3,50

38

301

830

4 ch

340

26

302

832

2 do

dust

250

26

310

P, in estate
mark

848

3 do

bro pekoe

330

56 bid

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

From our Commercial Correspondent).

Mincing Lane, Sept. 25, 1896.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane iin to 25th Sept. : —

Ex “Chancellor”— Craig, It 100s; 3c S)7s; 3c lb 91s; It 96s;
Ic G7s. TMK, Ic lb .58s; It 62s; It ISs; 1 bag 2s.

Ex “Shropshire”— Sarnia, 2c lb 101s Gd; 2s lb 96s 6d; lb
82s; lb 103s; lb 92s; 1 bag 93s. ST&LC S in estate mark,
1 bags <57s. S'l’&LC S in estate mark, 6 bags 57s.

Ex “Bengal”— Gordon, 1 bag swpgs. 42s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON,

(From Our Commercial Correspondent)

Mincing Lane, Sept. 25, 1896.

Ex “Ben Lawera” - Warriapolla, 13 bags (s d 1st class)
fSsOd; 7 bags (s d) .51s 6d; 4 bags (s d 1st class) 51s; 9 bags
61s 6d; 3 bags (s d 1st class) 50s; 2 bags oOs: 2 bags (s d) 44s;
8 bags 55s; 1 bag (s d) 46s, 3 bags 37s 6d; 7 bags 28s 6d;
1 bag (s d 1st clas.s) 45s. Suduganga, 24s bags (s d) 60s 6d;
7 bags (sd)37s; 2 bags (s d) 2Ss; 8 bags 2Ss 6d; 5 bags (s d)
26s 6d; 4 bags (s d 2nd class) 45s; 1 b:ig (s d 2nd
class) 36s.

Ex “BenL.awers” — Palli, 7 bags 35s.

Ex “Dicta tor” B, Elmshurst, 2 bags 42s.

Ex “Asia” — Kandekelle, 9 bags 33s 6d.

Ex “Clan Mackay” — Kandekelle, 22 bags (s d) 26s 6d.
Hentimalie, 1 bag (s d) 30s.

Ex “Cheshire”— HGA in estate mark, 53 bags 41; 28 bag.s
(s d) 35s 6d.

Ex “Cowrie”— DMA&Co. in estate mark, 1 bag 35s; 4
bags 34s.

CEYLON CA.RDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

Mincing Lane, Sept. 25, 1896.

Ex “Cheshire”— N, 2c 2s lid; 2c 2s lOd; Ic 2s Sd Ic 2s
5d; Ic Is lOd.

OBSERVER PRINTING W0RK.8.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCIiONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

NO. 41.

|CoLOMBO, October 26, 1896.

I Price : — 122- cents each 3 copies
I 30 cents ; 6 copies | rupee.

COLOMIiO .SALES OF TEA.

LAIIGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. II. Thompson & Co.— 70,450 lb.]

Lot. 1

0.\'.

Pk,o-s.

Name.

lb.

C. i

1

B &D

1

9

ch

pek sou

900

33

2

.>

0

do

(lust

700

27

3

3

5

do

bro pek fans

690

33

5

Agra ElbeiUle

5

14 hf-ch

])ek sou

700

45 bid

G

6

34

do

pekoe

1700

55 bid

7

7

23

do

ino pek

1311

0? 1

8

8

14

do

bro or pek

798

i.6 1

13

Wooclend

13

24

ch

bro pek

2400

52 I

U

14

23

do

pekoe

2300

37 bid 1

15

Sapitiyagoddc

15

8

do

bro or pek

960

5S i

16

10

20

do

or pek

2600

49 1

17

17

11

do

bro pok

1122

53 1

18

18

19 hf-ch

bro or pek

1045

50 1

19

19

26

ch

pekoe

2392

43 ;

20

20

.39

;if-ch

do

1930

withd’n. i

21

21

17

ch

pek sou

15SL

30 '

26

Manickwatte

26

7

do

uro pek

784

43

27

27

5

do

pekoe

450

32

31

Belugas

31

4

do

dust

500

26

35

Myniganga

35

31

do

bro or pek

3410

51

36

36

22

do

or pek

2090

45

37

37

63

do

bro pek

6600

47 '

3S

38

40

do

pekoe

4140

38 1

39

39

37

do

pek sou

3145

36 1

40

40

8

do

fans

1040

36

42

Vogan

42

25

ch

bro pek

2375

56 Itid !

43

43

24

do

or pek

2160

42 bid j

44

44

16

do

pekoe

1440

41 j

45

45

12

do

pek sou

960

■nithd’n j

46

46

23

do

sou

1840

47

47

22 hf-ch

dust

1540

28 j

48

48

13

do

unas

1040

witlid’n.

49

49

10

do

bro pek fans

1000

41

S3

A, in estate

mark

53

5

ch

bro pek

GOO

38

54

54

4

do

pekoe

400

27 bid

56

Battalgalla

56

12

do

pek sou

1260

37

59

Maha Wela

59

11

hf-ch

pekoe

733

37 bid

60

60

0

ch

pek sno

570

18 bid

62

K

62

8

hf-ch

pekoe

423

27 bid

ME.SSES. Somerville & Co.— 181,717 lb.

Lot. ■

Box.

Pkgs.

Na'iie.

lb.

C.

1

Kennington

151

10

ch

sou

900

27

9

L B K

159

12

do

red leaf

1080

18

10

Hatton

160

2.') hf-ch

bro pek

1375

81

11

161

29

ch

pekoe

2610

54

12

162

18

do

pek sou

1170

46

15

New Pera-

deniya

165

23

do

bro pek

2)00

59

166

25

do

pekoe

2000

38

17

167

34

do

pek sou

2550

31

25 hf-ch

or pek

1375

57

170

39

do

hr or pek

2349

51

21

171

06

do

pekoe

3300

41

22

172

12

ch

pek sou

1020

33

^5

Ukmvela

175

29

do

bro pek

2900

46

26

176

26

do

pekoe

2600

30

27

177

14

do

pek sou

1400

29

29

Minna

179

45 lif-ch

bro pek

2700

71

30

180

22

ch

pekoe

2020

46

61

181

15

do

pek sou

13.50

40

32

182

6

do

bro mixed

600

21 bid

34

Killin in est.

mark

184

23 lif-ch

bro pek

1150

33

35

185

10

ell

pekoe

950

23

36

ISO

7

<lo

pek sou

630

28

.39

Moragalla

189

11

do

bro pek

1100

39 bid

40

190

9

do

pekoe

900

30

41

191

5

do

pek sou

500

28

43

192

7

do

pek dust
bro pek

784

25

44

Pelawatte

194

13

<lo

1430

38 bid

45

195

9

do

pekoe

945

35

47

Kew

197

18 hf-ch

or pek

900

74

48

198

14

do

bro pek

840

57

49

199

23

ch

pekoe

2110

GO

50

200

8

do

pek sou

700

45

51

201

6

do

bro tea

600

17

52

llarangalla

202

26

do

bro or pek

2730

41

53

203

17

(lo

or ))ek

1530

55

.54

204

48

do

pekoe

4560

39

Lot

Box.

rkjrs.

Name

lb.

C.

5.5

205

8

ch

pek sou

son

29

50

200

6

do

dust

870

28

57

L’ellisgalla

207

18

(lo

bro j)ek

1806

48

58

Mahatenne

20S

27

do

hro pek

270(1

45 L-i.l

59

209

18

do

pekoe

1800

35

60

210

18

do

pek sou

1800

29 l..jd

61

Wliite Cross

211

6

do

pek sou

540

28

03

H .J iS

213

16 hf-ch

bro pek

500

3S bid

05

21.5

24

do

pek sou

1200

39

05

ftalkolua

217

23

ch

bi'o iiek

2410

45

68

218

15

do

pciioe

1275

33

09

Ukuwela

219

•4 3

do

bro pek

4200

46

70

220

33

do

pekoe

3303

30

71

221

14

do

l>ek sou

1400

29

73

White Cross

223

13

do

bro pek

1305

46

74

224

10

do

pekoe

950

30

7.5

225

6

do

pok sou

540

28

77

Ovoca A1

227

19

do

bro pek

10:35

62

78

223

18

do

pekoe

1800

44

79

Hagalla

229

34 !if-ch

bro pek

2040

39 bi l

SO

230

28

do

pekoe

1400

37

81

231

11

ch

ijck sou

1100

29

82

2 32

4

do

bro mi.x

480

2:3

S3

233

5

do

fans

COO

31

84

Ingiogalia

2.54

19

do

bro pek

1900

53

85

23:5

27

(lo

pekoe

2430

42

SO

230

20

(lo

pek sou

2340

33

92

Deniya

242

23

do

bro pek

2530

53

93

243

13

do

pekoe

1300

39

94

244

6

do

pek sou

000

34

97

n Jd B

247

6

(lo

unas

660

24

98.5

24SA

10

do

f.UIUS

1200

28

99

F A in estate

mark

249

3

do

d'lst

4.50

o —
_ 1

100

Glenalla

250

12

do

bro or pek

1200

53

10 L

2b 1

10

do

or pek

900

55

102

252

14

(lo

pekoe

1260

49

103

2.53

19

do

pek sou

1710

34

107

G LA

257

22

(lo

pek sou

1760

30

112 Hapugasmulle 262

8

do

bro pek

sso

52

114

204

11

do

pek sou

1078

34

118

Battota

20S

6 hf-ch

br : pek

402

40

no

269

21

do

pekoe

1059

33

120

270

IT

do

pek .sou

9:30

29

1-21

Gr

271

4

ch

pekoe sou

401

41

123

Bayigam

273

21

do

bro pek

2100

53

124

274

21

ilo

pekoe

1785

3.)

125

Craigmount

275

20 hf-ch

bro pek

1200

48

126

Bollagalla

276

24

ch

bro pek

280

48

1-27

277

14

do

pekoe

1120

30

128

278

5

do

pek sou

475

28

129

.1 li P

279

7

do

pekoe

630

24

129.

279.\

5

do

sou

459

22

134

Tallegalle-

kaiide

284

7

do

bro pek

420

37

135

Narangoda

285

21

do

pekoe

1260

26

1 37

287

10

do

bro pek

950

50

138

288

12

(lo

pekoe

1030

33

139

289

9

(lo

pekoe sou

810

30

141

.S T

291

0

hf-ch

dust

510

25

142

Boseneath

292

46

do

bro pek

2530

48

143

293

18

ch

pekoe

lH-20

37

1-44

294

19

do

pek .sou

1710

30

145

Ellatenne

295

7

ch

bro pek

770

45 bid

146

P M

298

12

do

pekoe

1260

20

149

Waduwa

299

15

do

bro or pek

1.500

45

151

1

13

hf-ch

pekoe

585

31 bid

153

3

15

do

funs

1065

25 bid

154

•4

10

do

dust

700

25

155

D P

■ 5

7

ch

pekoe

735

26

106

T T

6

31

hf-ch

sou

1550

30 bid

157

P

7

10

cli

or pek

900

26

102

K

12

10

do

pek sou

909

22

103

Penrith

13

31

do

i)ro pek

3100

56

164

14

23

do

pekoe

1810

41

165

Matara

15

18

do

pek sou

1530

33

108

IS

18

(lo

l)ro pek

ISiiO

35 1)1 d

109

19

11

hf-ch

pekoe

495

oat

170

20

12

ch

pek sou

1180

18 bid

171

21

1.5

hf-ch

d list

1195

26

ISO

Yspa

30

5

ch

pek dust

800

27

182

Sirisanda

31

39

hf-ch

bro pek

1950

45 bid

[Messrs. Eorbes & W.^lker.— 345,006 lb.]

Lot.

1 G 0 in estate

Box

Pkirs.

Name.

Jb.

mark

852

30

hf-ch

sou

1200

2

854

21

do

bro mix

945

3 E'tindale

8 -.6

6

ch

funs

600

4

858

4

do

dust

400

y 11m villand

S60

17

do

bro mi.x

1530

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

Lot.

Box

Pk"s.

Name.

lb.

C.

7 A MB

864

31

ch

hro pek sou

2480

IS

155

Bloomfield

160

12 hf-ch

pek fans

900

30

8

866

13

do

fans

1365

20

150

Dammeria

162

23 ch

bro or pek

2530

69

868

9

do

red leaf

720

15

157

164

17 do

pekoe

1700

57

10 Bickley

870

54 hf-ch

bro pek

■2970

53

158

166

4 do

pek sou

400

47

11

872

26

do

pekoe

1820

4!)

159

168

4 do

dust

400

30

12 Augusta

874

34

ch

bro pek

3400

62

101

n iM

172

4 de

pekoe

400

34

13

876

25

do

pekoe

2375

38 bid

103

Hattawatte

176

38 hf-ch

bro pek

1900

65

11

878

13

do

pek sou

1170

33

166

Erracht

182

19 ch

bro or pek

1710

52

15

888

3

do

du.st

4-20

28

167

184

18 do

bro pek

1710

58

1C U«.l9goda

882

21

ch

bro pek

2205

37

168

180

43 do

pekoe

3225

39

17

884

•26

do

pekoe

•2600

29 bid

169

188

16 do

pek sou

1280

32

20 Kelaneiya

890

32

do

bro pek

2720

56 bid

170

Ruanwella

190

28 ch

bro pek

2800

38 bid

21

892

■27

(lo

pekoe

2700

44

171

192

44 do

pekoe

3520

32

•21 Eadella

80S

43

do

bro pek

4300

60

172

194

11 do

pek sou

990

28 bid

25

900

39

do

pekoe

3510

47

174

198

6 do

dust

510

25

■2(:

902

18

do

pek sou

1620

41

175

Galkadua

200

25 ch

bro pek

2500

40 bid

‘28 Kakiriskande

906

5

ch

bro pek

560

46

176

202

20 do

pekoe

2000

30 bid

32 Oolapane

914

23

do

bro or pek

23C0

47 bid

177

204

12 do

pek sou

1200

26 bid

33

916

18

do

or pek

16-20

57

179

Walpola

208

33 ch

bro ])ek

3465

55

9 8

14

do

pekoe

1260

42

ISO

210

32 do

pekoe

3040

37

35

920

6

do

pek sou

480

33

181

Choughleigh

212

12 hf-ch

bro pek

1296

46 bid

30

922

5 hf-ch

dust

400

27

182

214

7 ch

pekoe

665

36 bid

77 S B A, in est.

183

‘210

7 do

pek sou

630

35

mark

924

16

ch

bro pek

1760

63

ISC

H L, in est.

•38

9‘26

21

do

pekoe

2100

48

mark

222

14 eh

39

928

13

do

pek sou

1170

40

1 hf-ch

bro pek

1410

24 bid

40

930

7

do

sou

630

29

1S7

■224

6 ch

42 Glencor.se

934

36

ch

bro pek

3600

52 bid

1 hf-ch

pekoe

647

20 bid

13

936

19

do

pekoe

1710

40 bid

188

226

9 do

dust

795

out

44

938

24

do

pek sou

1920

34

189

Scrubs

228

13 ch

bro or pek

1300

71

46 Springkell

946

5 hf-ch

dust

400

•29

190

230

24 do

or pek

‘2640

65

50 Dea Culla

050

30

do

bro pek

1800

70

191

232

24 do

pekoe

2280

62

.51

952

H

ch

pekoe

825

50

193

M A, III estate

5-2

954

6

do

pek s,ou

450

44

mark

230

15 ch

bro tea

900

15

50 CRB

962

4

ch

red leaf

400

24

194

238

7 hf-ch

dust

560

26

57 Ederapolla

964

26

do

pek sou

1950

32

195

Garlabeck

‘240

7 ch

pek sou

770

57

59

968

11

do

pek fan

1100

33

196

242

8 hf-ch

bro pek fan

600

40 bid

GCi

970

8 hf-ch

dust

610

27

198

Lochiel

•240

25 ch

bro pek

2375

53 bid

01 Meddetenne

972

26

do

bro pek

1560

62

199

248

3‘2 do

pekoe

2720

43 bid

62

974

14

ch

pekoe

1400

40

203

Norwood

256

3 do

dust

456

28

63

976

7

do

pek .sou

630

32

■205

Doonevale

260

18 ch

bro pek

1710

45

65

980

3

do

dust

450

27

■206

262

17 do

pekoe

1530

33

66 Lyegrove

982

10

do

or pek

1000

42

208

266

0 do

lai s

580

30

67

984

13

do

bro pek

1534

47 bid

212

Weyunga-

63

986

8

do

pekoe

736

38

watte

274

14 hf-ch

bro or pek

840

58

69

988

8

do

pek sou

720

33

213

276

17 ch

or pek

1530

51

71 Agra Ouvah

992

22

[if-ch

bro pek

1210

58

214

•278

14 do

pekoe

1190

41

7^

994

13

ch

pekoe

1105

39

215

2S0

0 do

pek sou

500

36

75 Gallawatte

1000

15

do

bro pek

1500

50 bid

217

L, in estate

76

2

13

do

or pek

1170

42 bid

mark

284

6 ch

l>ro tea

630

14

79 Ellaoya

8

24

ch

or pek

2304

47 bid

‘218

tUstlereagh

■286

32 do

bro pek

3200

58

80

10

14

do

pek sou

1260

35

219

288

30 do

pekoe.

2700

43

81 Talagaswela

12

27

do

bro pek

2430

55 )>id

226

290

8 do

pek sou

640

34

82

14

6

do

do No. 2

660

42

2 ’3

Dorenakan-

16

6

do

pekoe

540

37

de

296

20 lif-ch

bro pek

1000

36

80 New Gallaway

22

9 hf-ch

pekoe

450

60

2-24

Downside

298

32 do

bro pek

1600

48

95 G M P in e.state

225

300

•23 do

pekoe

1150

36

mark

40

9

ch

bro or pek

540

67

226

302

14 do

pek sou

700

29

90

42

16

do

or pek

880

69

•229

Dunbar

308

19 do

bro pek

958

77

97

44

36 hf-ch

pekoe

1980

54

230

310

26 do

or pek

1170

72

98

46

48

do

pekoe No 2

2610

45

231

312

18 ch

pekoe

1710

56

1)9

48

32

do

sou

1760

40

232

314

13 do

pek sou

1170

40

101 Tavalamtenne 52

4

ch

bro pek

440

50

■235

D BE

320

3 ch

dust

405

•29

102

54

7

do

pekoe

735

36

236

Brechin

322

13 do

bro pek

1430

58

104

58

3

do

dust

450

28

237

324

8 do

pekoe

840

46

105 St. Helen

00

IS hf-ch

bro pek

1080

56

240

EST

330

4 ch

bro pek

410

out

106

02

‘23

do

or pek

1035

58

247

Patiagama

344

9 ch

bro or pek

990

64

107

64

60

do

pekoe

2700

40

248

340

7 do

or pek

700

C2

108

66

45

do

pek sou

•2025

29

249

348

8 do

pekoe

800

48

110 Harrington

70

14

ch

or pek

1568

5s

■251

Queensland

352

14 ch

or pek

1330

59

111

72

12

do

pekoe

1200

51

•252

354

48 do

pekoe

4080

51

1.1 4 Dapline

78

11

do

bro pek

1100

43 l)id

259

•St. Heliers

368

37 hf ch

bro or pek

1887

55

116

SO

15

do

pekoe

1445

‘260

370

20 cli

pekoe

1800

44

116

82

11

do

pek sou

990

•28

261

372

6 do

pek sou

540

37

118

86

8

do

fannings

800

30

263

S K

376

26 hf-ch

bro or pek

1820

52 bid

120 IVaitalawa

90

60 hf-ch

bro pek

3000

63

264

Atherfleld

378

24 do

sou

1-200

29

121

92

96

do

pekoe

4800

43

265

Chalmers

380

5 ch

pek sou

400

39

1‘22

94

•20

do

pek sou

1000

33

266

382

6 do

.sou

480

30

U3

96

6

do

dust

540

•28

267

384

1 do

124 Nugagalla

98

28

do

bro pek

1400

63

4 hf-ch

dust

425

•28

125

100

62

do

pekoe

3100

44

208

M C

380

10 ch

bro or pek

1710

31

120

102

8

do

pek sou

400

32

269

388

13 do

pekoe

1105

25

128 KM

106

5

ch

DI O pek

530

35

270

5'

390

14 do

pek fans

1680

30 bid

135 Eanibodde

120

34 hf-ch

or pek

1700

40

■271

Great Valley

392

30 lif-ch

bro pek

1650

54

136

1>2

40

<lo

bro or pek

2200

49

272

394

24 do

or pek

13-20

48

137

124

15

do

pek sou

675

30

273

390

18 ch

pekoe

1800

40

139 Udabage

128

17

do

bio pek

1020

48 bid

274

398

10 do

pek sou

900

38

140

130

36

do

bro pek

1980

36 bid

‘275

B B B

400

14 do

pek sou

1190

20 bid

141

132

32

do

pek sou

1760

30

270

Ascot

402

6 ch

bro or nek

600

42

142

134

11

do

sou

605

■25

277

404

33 do

bro pek

3300

46

143

133

8

do

fans

480

24

•278

406

34 do

pekoe

2890

36

145 Mecmoraoya

140

28

do

bro pek

800

40 bid

279

408

11 do

fans

1210

35

140

142

41

do

pekoe

1640

35 bid

•280

K, in estate

148 Hopton

146

14

ch

tiro pek

1540

67 bid

mark

410

7 lif-ch

fans

526

27 bid

149

148

17

do

pekoe

1700

51

281

M

412

4 ch

bro pek

464

32

15(1

150

9

do

pek sou

810

41 l)id

283

410

7 do

pek sou

590

14 bid

151

162

6

do

sou

540

.30

•28.'.

Ardross

420

9 do

sou

630

•25

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot,

Box.

Pk-s.

Name

lb

288

Haley

426

18

ch

pek sou

1980

290

Hoi on

430

18

do

bro pek

1710

291

432

13

do

pekoe

1235

294

A

438

19

cii

dust No. 1

2860

295

W W

410

13

do

som

1040

296

Bramley

442

11 hf-ch

bro tea

594

297

414

7

do

dust

686

298

ALB

446

5

ch

pek sou

425

307

Polatagama

464

47

do

bro pek

4465

308

466

49

do

pokoe

4410

309

468

33

do

pek sou

2970

310

470

32

do

fans

3040

oil

Pallagodde

472

33

ch

bro or p ik

3300

312

474

37

do

bro pek

3515

313

476

45

do

pekoe

4050

315

Trewardena

480

6

ch

bro pek

525

316

482

8

do

pekoe

800

323

Oolapane

496

14

hf-ch

bro or pek

700

324

498

29

do

or pek

1305

235

500

17

ch

bro pk

1700

326

502

17

do

pekoe

1500

327

504

13

do

pek sou

1040

328

330 Olengaviffe

331

332

333

334 Carney

506

510

512

514

516

518

6 hf-ch

24 hf-ch

25 ito
16 ch
40 hf-ch
14 do

dust
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek sou

480

1200

1075

1040

2120

700

cot.

3 A

[Mr. E. John.— 184,922 lb.
Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb,
57 8 hf-ch

4

5

6

7

8
10
11
12

14

15

16

17

22

23

24
26

27

28

29

30

31

32

37

38
40

43

44

45

47

48

49
57
68
60
61
62
66
67

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80
81
82

95

96

98

99

100
101
102

103

104

Oak field

Homadola

Ottery <fcStam-
ford Hill

Attabagie

A G L
Weymouth

Alnoor

Pati Rajah

Ferndale

Stinsford

Cleveland

Rondura

74 Mocha

Eila

M

Glasgow
Agra Ouvah

LAC

59 10 ch
61
63
65
67

4 do
■’ do
9 do
7 do
71 17 do
73 15 do
7 do
4 do

7

79

br or pek
No. 1
pekoe
unassorted
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust

81

46

do

bro pek

83 ;

32

do

1 hf-cli

or pek

85

70

ch

pek

95

17 lif-ch

bro pek

97

6

ch

pek

99

5

do

pek sou

103

10 hf-ch

fanings

105

11

do

du t

107

30

ch

pek

109

5

do

pek sou

111

11

do

bro pek

113

11

do

pek

115

7

do

pek sou

125

26

hf-ch

bro pek

127

16

do

pek

131

8

do

fans.

137

24

ch

bro pek

139

17

do

pek

141

6

do

pek sou

145

16

do

br or pek

147

12

do

bro pek

149

30

do

pek

165

15

do

pek sou

167

5

do

bro mix.

171

70

hf-ch

bro pek

173

57

do

pek

l75

21

do

pak sou

183

22

do

bro pek

185

36

do

nek

193

24

ch

pek sou

195

10

do

fan

480

900

412

781

837

630

1700

13,50

630

600

4600

2776

6300

918
540
400
550

919
2550

425

197

9 hf-ch
199 25 ch
201 20 do
203 13 do
205 7 do

207 40 do
209 17 do ■
211 13 do
213 8 do

215 10 ch
241 30 hf-ch
243 18 ch
247 60 do
24ft 26 do
251 18 do
263 12 do
255 20 hf-ch
257 5 do

259 20 ch
1 hf-ch

dust
bro pek
pek

pek sou
fan

bro pek
'pek
pek sou
fans
dust
bro pek
pek

bro or pek
orange pek
pek

pek sou
pek fan.
dust

bro pek

720

c.

Lob

Box.

Pk»s.

Name.

lb.

C.

out

106

263

3

ch

pek dust

4.50

12

48

107

Maddagedera

265

46

do

b 0 pek

4,600

52

36

108

207

28

do

pek

2520

37

24 bid

109

269

20

do

nek sou

1700

34

24

112

275

4

do

oust

560

26

26 bid

113

Blackt)urn

277

33

do

bro pek

3630

37

27

114

279

13

do

20 bid

10

if-cll

])ek

18.50

30

51 bid

116

Glassaugh

283

56

do

bro pek

3080

80

34

117

285

37

ch

pekoe

3330

58

28

118

287

15

do

pek sou

1275

47

39

119

289

6 hf-ch

dust

450

30

50 bid

120

H S

291

8

do

bro pek

840

33

56 bid

122

295

11

ch

fOU

935

23

39

123

297

5 hf-ch

dust

425

23

out

124

299

7 bgs

red leaf

490

14

26 bid

127

PTE

305

6 hf-cli

dust

480

28

62

132

315

9

cli

unassorted 782

16

57

133

H H

317

3

do

pek dust

450

16

47

134

H L

319

3

do

pek dust

4,59

15

bid

40

135

Frauklands

321

5

do

or pek

450

56

34

136

323

4

do

bro pk No

2 400

36

28

137

325

9

do

pek

765

32

56

138

327

6

do

pek sou

480

29

50

139

Rondura

329

12

ch

br or pek.

1260

42

38

140

331

16

ch

or pek

1 1--20

43

32

141

Gallander

333

29

lif-ch

bro or,pek

1,798

out

32 bid

142

335

18

do

pek sou

936

54

143

337

12

do

pek sou

624

47

bid

144

339

13

ch

bro pek

1300

57

145

341

15

do

pek

1200

28

bid

148

Eadella

347

17

do

bro pek

1700

43

bid

c.

149

349

13

do

pekoe

1170

30

bid

150

351

7

do

pek sou

560

28

bid

85 bid

154

359

30

hf-ch fan.

1500

25

60

1.56

.1 M R

363

6

ch

bro pek

630

39

bid

33

1.57

365

11

do

pekoe

1100

26

49

164

379

19

ch

bro or. pek 1900

65

165

381

14

do

pek

1330

46

33

166

383

8

do

pek sou

760

45

31bid

167

385

10

do

pek fan

1200

37

29

168

V in est.i te

27

mark

387

31

do

bro pek

3100

40

bid

26

169

B C R in es-

tate mark

389

40

do

pek sou

4236

26

bid

66

170

B C P

391

28

do

bro tea

2616

17

bid

171

Turin

393

17

do

or pek'

1870

45

08

172

395

8

do

bro pek

801

49

bid

48

173

397

52

do

pekoe

5200

33

bid

32 bid

174

399

0

do

pek sou

810

35

30
26

31

27

28 bid
24 bid

36

SMALL LUTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thomp.son Co.]

1100

880

46

32

Lot. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

525

27

4

Agr.a Elbedde

4

4 hf-ch

dust

300

31 bid

1300

50

22

Sapitiyagodde

22

1

ch

red leaf

116

15

800

36

23

23

1

do

bro tea

67

29

560

36

24

24

1

do

dust

164

24

2640

54

25

25

3

do

pek fans

234

30

1700

39

28

Manickwatte

28

1

ch

dusc

90

20

540

33

29

Relugas

29

2

do

SOU

170

•27 bid

1600

65 bid

30

30

1 lif-ch

red leaf

55

14

1-200

57

32

D

32

3

ch

SOU

267

19 bid

3000

46 bid

41

Myraganga

41

4

do

red leaf

360

16

1275

41

55

A, in estate

500

30

mark

55

2

cii

pek soil

200

2.1 bid

3850

60

57

Battalgalla

57

4

do

fans

360

27

2850

40

61

Maha VVela

61

1

ch

bro pek fans

103

25

945

35

63

Warwick

63

1

do

pek sou

90

40

1210

75

64

64

2

do

liust

300

28

1800

57

65

Mandara Newe

2040

29

ra

65

2

ch

pek sou

90

39

1000

30

66

66

3

do

dust

300

28

720

26

67

67

1

do

red leaf

90

21

2750

66

68

Woodend

68

2

ch

dust

280

27

2000

53

69

69

1

do

red leaf

90

14

1170

49

910

32

3400

55

[Mr.

E.

JeHN.]

1445

1235

38 ,

30

Lot.

Box.

Pk

gs. Name.

lb.

C.

P H P in estate

1200

27

mark

53

1

ch

bro pek mix 105

25

1.500

•26

2

55

2

do

dust

240

27

1620

24 bid

9

Oakfield

69

1

do

dust

90

26

4500

67 bid

13

Homadola

77

1

do

sou

90

l6

1560

62

18

Ottery and Stam-

1710

49

ford Hill

87

3

do

sou

282

36

1140

47

19

89

.>

do

dust

260

27

1560

38

20

RS

91

2

do

bro mix

188

15

470

28

21

93

1

ba/?

fluff

82

13

25

Attabagie

101

1

ch

bre mix

75

8

1845

41 liid

33

Weymouth

117

1

do

dust

174

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot Box.

Pk|

f s. :

N m".

lb.

C,

34

119

1

cll

mia.s

90

24

35

121

1

do

congou

76

18

36

123

1

do

fa ns

116

26

39 Alnoor

129

7

hf-cli

pek sou

350

29

41 Marakona

133

1

ell

pekoe

95

26

42 Anamallai

135

2

lif-cli

dust

170

27

46 Pati Kajah

143

3

cll

fans

300

32

60 Fermlale

151

2

do

dust

•J.'O

30

59 Keenajiaha Ella

169

i"

do

unas

S5

26

63 S FD

177

2

hf-ch

fans

120

25

64

179

4

do

dust

lO

26

65

181

2

do

congou

21

68 Cleveland

187

5

do

pek sou

250

3

69

189

1

do

reil leaf

60

14

70

191

3

do

dust

240

29

89 Allington

229

4 hf-ch

bro pek

220

34

90

231

5

do

pekoe

250

30

91

233

2

do

pek sou

100'

27

92

235

4

do

or pek

200

33

93

237

1

do

bro mix

50

14

94

239

1

do

dust

80

26

97 H

245

2

ch

pek

286

16

105 N E

261

2

do

dust

134

15

110 Maddagedera

271

2

do

liro pek fans

230

29

111 Henegania

273

1

do

1)10 mix

120

24

115 B B

281

4 hf-ch

du.st

320

25

121 H S in estate

mark

293

.>

ch

pek

200

25

126 P T E

303

3

ch

bro mix

300

14

128

307

4

hf ch

fans

280

37

159

309

1

ch

unas

100

28

130 Ythanside

311

4

do

red leaf

360

18

131 Farm

313

3 )if-ch

dust

255

29

146 Murraythwaite 343

3

ch

sou

240

26

147

345

1

do

dust

1.50

26

155 D

361

2

do

pek dust

300

15

158 .1 M R Field

367

1

ch

pek sou

105

20

159

369

2

do

bro tea

190

15

160

371

2

do

pek No. 2

210

23

161

373

2

do

Congou

185

18

162

375

1

do

unassorted

105

18

163

277

1

do

dust

155

20

175 'I'urin

401

4 hf-ch

dust

380

29

176

403

1

ch

bro mixed

100

18

177

405

2

hf-ch pek fan

174

32

[Messks. Somerville I'c Co.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

2

Kennington

152

2

ch

bro tea

140

22

3

163

4 hf-ch

•lust

300

27

5

S

155

2

do

(lust

160

27

6

156

1

do

bro tea

50

16

7

A

157

1

do

(lust

80

28

8

158

1

do

bro tea

60

16

13

H

163

1

do

(lust

80

27

14

164

1

do

i ro tea

50

16

18

New Pera-

deniya

168

3

ch

sou

210

23

23

Nugawella

173

5 hf-ch

(lust

375

28

24

174

1

do

bro mix

85

16

28

Ukuwela

178

2

do

br pek fans

140

30

33

Minna

183

4

do

(lust

360

28

37

K in estate

mark

187

1

ch

bro mix

SO

15

38

188

1 hf-ch

(lust

70

28

42

Moragalla

192

3

ch

mix tea

308

20

46

Kew

196

6 hf-cli

bro or pek

336

98

62

White Cross

212

1

ch

bro tea

95

14

64

U .1 .S

214

5 hf-ch

uekoe

250

33

66

216

1

do

red leaf dust

70

15

72

Fkuwela

222

4

ch

bro tea

280

30

76

White Cross

226

1

do

bro tea

90

16

95

Deniya

245

1

do

sou

100

26

96

D M R

246

3

do

dust

390

31

98

F A in estate

mark

248

1

do

bro tea

115

30

104

Glenalla

254

2

do

fans

200

29

105

255

1

do

dust

1.50

27

106

256

1

do

congou

90

20

113

Hapugamulle 263

3

ch

pekoe

285

36

115

265

1

do

sou

92

23

116

266

1

do

fans

105

33

117

267

1

do

dust

140

28

122

O

272

1 hf-ch

dust

90

27

136

'I'allegalle-

kande

286

1

do

dust

100

15

140

Nar.angodo-

290

3

do

bans

160

33

147

Ravenscraig

297

3

do

dust

225

26

148

R C in est.

mark

298

4

do

bro mix

220

15

L50

Waduwa

300

6

do

or pek

300

31 bid

152

2

2

ch

pek sou

230

21 bid

1 hf-ch

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

c.

158

U P Co.

in est.

mark

8

2

do

bro pek

120

31

159

9

3

do

jH'koe

150

28

160

10

5

do

pek sou

240

27

101

11

5

do

dust

370

20

166

Penrith

16

1

ch

dust

160

26

167

17

2

do

fans

250

31

172

R V K

22

1

<lo

bi o pek

100

28

173

23

1

do

pekoe

75

24

174

24

2

do

pek sou

200

20

174.\

24 .r

1

hf-ch

pek sou

SO

18

175

0 T in

.state

mark

25

2

ch

bro pek

126

37

1 76

20

1

hf-ch

pekoe

46

26

177

27

1

ch

pek sou

84

24

178

28

1

hf ch

scu

45

10

179

29

1

ch

dust

99

25

181

^'spa

31

3

cll

bro pek fans

390

30

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

Lot. Box.

r

kgs.

Name.

11).

C.

6

Havillaud

862

4 hf-ch

dust

320

20

IS

Udagode

886

4

ch

1' 'ksou

380

20

19

SSS

1

do

pek fan

130

20

22

Kelaneiy.a

894

1

do

sou

100

31

23

896

1

do

dust

115

26

27

Radella

904

3

do

dust

390

28

29

Kakiriskaiide

90S

4

ch

pekoe

335

31

30

910

1

do

jiek sou

100

27

31

912

1

do

dust

SO

30

41

S B A, in est.

mark

932

o

cii

• lust

360

27

45

Glencorse

910

3

do

pelt fans

360

32

46

942

2

do

sou

186

15

47

944

2

(lo

■lust

336

20

49

Springkell

948

1 llf-ell

pek fans

75

30

63

Dea Cu la

956

3

ch

dust

240

29

54

958

1 hf-cll

bro mix

SO

26

58

Ederapolla

066

2

do

bro mix

270

18

64

Meddetenne

978

2

do

bro pek fans 220

31

70

Lyegrove

990

1

ch

dii.-t

150

26

73

Agra Oya

996

4

do

pek sou

200

2!»

74

998

2

do

bro mix

180

18

77

Galla watte

4

2

ch

pekoe

180

33

78

6

3

do

pek s u

300

so

84

Taiga swella

18

4

do

))ek sou

360

.30

85

New galway

20

4 bf-cli

bro pek

220

74

87

24

1

do

pek fans

45

37

100

C P M, in est.

mark

50

4 hf-ch

du.st

360

28

103

Tavalamten-

ne

56

4

ch

pek sou

380

28

109

St. Helen

68

4 hf-cl)

dust

320

26

112

Harrington

74

.)

ch

pek sou

190

84

113

76

1

do

dust

150

29

117

Daphne

84

4

do

congou

339

21

119

88

2

do

dust

236

29

127

Nugagalla

104

4 hf-ch

dust

360

28

129

K M

108

2

ch

pekoe

170

26

130

no

1

do

bro mix

105

15

131

112

2

do

dust

300

18

132

B T N

114

1

hf-ch

sou

60

21

133

no

2

(lo

bro mix

100

16

134

118

2

(lo

dust

190

26

138

Rambodde

126

2

do

fans

170

29

144

Lhbibage

138

5 lif-ch

bro mix

275

14

147

Meeinoraoya

144

6

do

pek son

240

23

152

Hopton

154

3

ch

dust

360

28

153

156

3

do

fans

300

35

154

M R

153

3

do

dust

285

20

160

D M

170

3

do

bro or pek

330

46

162

Battawatte

174

3 hf-ch

bro or pek

150

61

164

178

4

do

pekoe

200

42

165

180

5

do

pek sou

250

38

173

Ruanwella

190

4

ch

fans

380

22

178

Galkadua

206

4 hf-ch

dust

285

26

184

Choughleigli

218

3

ch

sou

249

27

185

220

2

hf-ch

dust

154

27

192

Scrubs

234

2

ch

dust

3'0

29

197

Poonagalla

244

1 hf-ch

red leaf

50

24

200

Lochiel

250

2

ch

pek sou

180

34

201

Norwood

252

2

do

sou

194

27

202

254

1

do

bro tea

84

16

204

Lenuegalla

258

1

do

red leaf

no

22

207

Loonevale

2(i4

3

do

pek rou

285

23

209

268

1

do

dust

149

28

210

Dromolaud

270

o

do

dust

290

27

211

272

i

do

red leaf

155

16

216

Weyungawatte 282

2 hf-ch

dust

170

27

221

Castlerea|j:h

292

4

do

pek fans

280

31

222

294

3

do

d list

240

26

227

Downside

304

2

do

sou

150

23

228

306

3

do

dust

175

25

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

o

Lot

Bo.\’.

Pkgs.

N.aine.

lb

C.

-233

D BR

316

3

ch

bro mix

310

22

234

318

3

do

fans

345

31

238

Brechin

326

1

do

pek .sou

70

30

239

328

1

do

dust

100

28

211

R.S T

332

3

do

pekoe

280

17

250

Patiagama

350

3

do

pek sou

130

38

253

Queensland

350

1

do

unas

80

17

254

358

2

hf-ch

dust

150

23

20-2

St Heliers

374

3

do

bro tea

264

16

282

M

414

4

do

pekoe

300

25

-84

418

2

do

sou

172

10 bid

280

Ardrosi

4‘22

3

do

fans

300

32

287

4-24

3 hf-ch

dust

240

26

.280

N P

4-28

7

do

pek sou

315

19 bid

292

Holton

434

4

ch

pek .sou

380

27

293

436

3

do

dust

225

28

4303

L U K

450

4

do

pek sou

310

20

314

B V A

478

2

do

sou

200

10 bid

317

Trewardena

481

9

do

pek sou

210

22

318

480

3

do

bro tea

285

17

319

488

1

do

fans

105

27

3-20

490

9

do

congou

190

16

321

492

1 lif-ch

dust

GO

25

322

494

1

do

pekoe

50

27

.320

0 G A

503

1

ch

bro tea

91

27

CEYLON COFFEE S.VLES IN LONDON.

[From Ouv Commcvclnl Cot-respondent.)

Mincing I.anf, Sept. 26, 1896.

Al.^rka ami prices of C.iYLON COFFEE sold in Mine-in;?
Lane up to 2Gtli Sept.

E.'c “JKiitannia” — Idulpra.ahena, It 101s; It 94s; lb 104s. IHT
in e.state mark, lb 7os. Ilaldinnimilla, lb lOls; Ic 100s; lb
91s; lb 108s. HMT in estate mark, lb 7.1s. GA Ouvah, ic
102s; Cc 9;s; 3c 9.'s;lc 80s; Ic 99»; Ic 78s; 1 bag SO.s.

Kx “Shropshire”— Gonamotava, Ic 112s; Cc 103s 6d; -2c lb
91s (id; Ic 80s; 3 bags 100s.

Ex “Bengal” PB .JB Ouvath in estate mark, Ic 93s.

Ex “Dictator”— PB .JB Ouvah in estate mark, It 9Ss.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

J'lx “Chanceiloi-”— Beredewelle, COC, 47 b.igs 61s; 1 bag
40s; 2 bags 21s; Shags 31s Gd. Eriagastenne, 13 b.ags .55s;
2 bags 35s. Ka'ugalla, 28 bags .51s; S b.ags 33s; li bags b'Ss.
Sirigalla; London, 2-J bags 57s Cd; 07 bags 5Ss; 3 bags (s d)
34s Gd; 4 bags 21s.

Kx “.Merkava”— Moneiakelle, 7 bags 3'2s Cd; 1 bag 35s.
3IK, 4 bags 39s.

Ex “Barrister” — HYLS in estate mark, 5 bags 45s Cd.

Kx “Clan Macieod ’— Anniewatte, 9 bags (entry, darn.) 48s;
2 bags 44s.

Ex • ‘Benia wers”—Rija\velle coco.a, 7 bag.sCCs; 3 bags 4?s;
5 b.ags 30s Cd.

Ex “Shropshire” — Rorkhill, 13 b.ags 57s Cd; 1 b.ig.SCs;
5 bugs 32s. Maousava, 21 bagsClsCd; 1 bag SCs; 0 bigs 51s;
7 bags 2Ss 6d.

Ex “Idzuini Mani”— Siiig.alla, D, 9 bags 41s Gd.

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f

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

NO. 42.

Colombo, November 2, 1896.

j Price: — 12^ cent.s each 3 copiaa
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LAllGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 70,450 lb.]

Lot.

Bo.\'.

1

’kir.S.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Ratnatenne

1

11 hf-cli

bi n or pek

605

40 bid

2

2

12

do

pekoe

66u

34 bid

3

R)

do

pek son

500

26 bid

4

Springwooil

4

10

cli

hro mix

950

15

5

Kalkande

6

15 hf-ch

bro pek

750

48

C

«

15

do

pekoe

7,50

39

4

7

8

do

pekoe No. 2

400

35

S

Hornsey

9

10

ch

pek sou

1C5U

43

11

K D G

11

8

do

:i lif-ch

sou

8S4

17 bid

12

MM

12

9

do

1 hf-ch

bro mix

880

13 bid

13

Kromoro

13

20

do

iiro pelt

1000

60 bid

14

It

20

do

l>ekoe

leoo

44 bid

15

15

8

do

,jek .sou

400

37 bid

18

H C

18

9

e!i

pekoe

620

30 bid

22

IVoodencl

22

23

do

pekoe

23(.0

35 bid

23

V, in estate

iim-lf

23

f.

ch

bro mix

570

21

24

Mahaiisa

21

18

do

pek fans

2160

42

25

Mamlura

Newera

2.)

10

ch

pekoe

900

48

26

Vogan

. 2C

24

do

pekoe ,

2160

40 bid

27

27

42

do

1 hf-ch

pek sou

3820

30 bid

2S

O S

. 2S

8

do

pekoe

423

out

[Messrs. Forbes »& Walker.— 365,203 lb.]

Lot.

Box

. Name.

lb.

c.

1

IK V

.'^20

5

c-h

bro mix

660

21

2

522

10

do

pek fans

1200

25

3

Eockside

521

21

ch

pekoe No. 2

2100

49

4

526

23

do

pek sou

2200

41

a

523

10

do

tno pek fan

1 1300

40

6

530

5

do

bro mi.x

600

IS

7

532

6

do

(lust

900

28

8

Carberry

534

30

ch

\)ro pek

3900

65

9

536

28

do

pe’soe

2520

38

10

538

9

do

pek sou

810

33

11

G K

.510

17

ch

bro tea

1530

21

18

Kosgalla

5-jl

28

hf-ch

bro pek

1668

42

19

656

26

do

pekoe

1300

32

21

558

24

do

pek sou

120)

26

22

Langdale

562

22

ch

bro pek

2640

67

23

564

28

do

pekoe

2S00

50

25

Clyde

568

27

ch

ino pek

2565

68

26

670

32

do

pekoe

2720

39

27

.572

15

do

pek sou

1425

28

28

671

do

(lust

450

26

29

Bandarawella

676

58

do

bro or pek

3218

!7

30

BDW

573

38

ch

bro pek

3301

29

31

E M T, in est.

mark

.580

4

Cll

bro pek

412

53

36

B, in estate

mark

590

5

ch

dust

740

29

37

'51'2

0

do

s-u

.558

22

38

Tonacombe

691

20

do

or iiek

200'J

67

39

:90

15

do

bro pek

1300

66

40

698

30

do

pekoe

3000

52

41

pio

5

do

pek sou

500

42

43

Goraka

601

6

cll

pekoe

525

32

45

Great Valley

eo8

18

lit-ch

hro pek

lOSO

55

46

610

15

do

or pek

825

47

47

'

012

10

cll

pekoe

1000

39

48

611

0

do

pek sou

540

32

49

Ekolasound

616

^♦>

do

bro 1 ek

2420

57

50

618

St!

do

pekoe

3600

40

54

Munamal

620

9

do

imai

796

25

57

Pansalateniie

632

so

ch

bro pek

3150

53

63

634

10

do

pekoe

1600

39

69

636

16

do

pek sou

1520

32

60

638

4

do

fans

440

36

61

040

4

do

congou

400

20

62

Dunkeld

612

24

ch

bro pek

2400

69

63

044

22

do

or pek

1760

58

64

6)6

15

do

pekoe

1675

40

65

D K D

648

10

ch

bro pek

37

NO. 2

12C0

66

6,50

C

do

unas

660

31

67

Maha Uva

652

34

ch

bro or pek

2040

50

68

654

6

do

or pek

2576

61

Lot

B)x.

Pkps.

Name.

Ih.

C.

99

056

35

ch

pekoe

3500

49

70

658

24

do

pek sou

2040

42

73

Gampaha

601

26

do

bro or pek

2860

60 bid

74

666

47

do

or pek

4230

54

75

Battawatte

■ 60S

11

ch

7 hf-ch

bro pek

14.50

00

76

670

2

cll

13 bf-eh

pekoe

850

44

77

672

5

ch

27 hf-ch

pek sou

1850

39

78

Haye.s

674

17

do

bro pek

850

42 bid

79

676

36

do

or pek

1800

43

SO

678

23

do

pekoe

1035

36

81

630

15

do

pek sou

675

29

83

Kirklee.s

ost

25 lif-ch

bro or pek

1500

SO

84

686

10

ch

or pek

950

71

85

688

13

do

pekoe

1235

56

85

690

12

do

ptHt sou

1080

46

87

High Forest

692

61 lif-ch

bro pek

;3416

69

88

694

2a

do

pekoe

1250

62

89

690

17

(lo

pek sou

765

60

90

698

10

do

pek dust

Si'O

30

91

PallagotUla

700

30

ch

pek sou

3705

31

92

702

10

do

sou

850

27

9.3

704

18

do

(lust

1530

27

94

Ruanwella

7U6

H

ch

pek sou

990

20 bid

95

Oxford

703

32

d»

bro pek

3220

46

96

710

17

do

pekoe

1530

37

97

712

9

do

pelt .-!OU

720

29

98

714

5

do

(lust

600

21

102

V eBaioya

722

17

ch

bro tea

1700

18 bid

104

Beausejour

726

14

do

bro pek

1330

43

105

7-28

13

do

pekee

1170

33

lOG

730

6

do

pek .Hou

510

29

109

A G

736

15

ch

bro tea

1350

23

111

Castleroagh

740

31

do

bro pek

3 LOG

54

112

742

27

do

pekoe

2430

38

113

744

10

do

pek sou

800

31

116

Weoya

7.60

56

ch

bro pek

5040

45

117

752

39

do

pekoe

2925

35

118

754

27

do

pek sou

1890

27

119

756

22

do

fans

2200

39

120

758

3

do

dust

450

26

120

Rutherford

■ 770

5

ch

red leaf

450

13

128

Galkadua

774

20

do

pekoe

2000

29 bid

129

Bonaml estate;

in estate

mark, Travan-

-

core

776

25

ch

congou

2038

23

130

778

20

do

dust

3000

25

131

780

20 hf-ch

bro tea

1235

31

132

Coreen

782

5

do

dust

400

27

133

784

5

ch

fans

600

38

134

M >I

786

4

do

bro pek No 1 412

27

137

Shannon

792

7

do

bro pek

630

48

133

794

8

do

pekoe

660

34

143

CRB

804

4

ch

red leaf

40)

14

148

B 1) W A

814

19

do

bro pek

1900

55

140

Middleton

810

22

ch

bro pek

2200

72

150

818

3

do

41 bf-ch

or pek

2335

65 bid

151

820

43

ch

pekoe

3870

47 bid

152

Ellaoya

822

9

do

bro pek

lOiiS

46

15!

824

16

do

or pek

15:26

45

154

826

12

do

pekoe

1152

33

165

828

18

do

pek sou

1620

32

156

830

11

(lo

pekoe fans

1205

36

157

Agraoya

832

18

ch

bro pek

1800

58

153

S34

17

do

pekoe

1145

37

159

836

7

do

pek sou

6:30

30

161

Killar 0

840

15 bf-ch

or pek

075

69

162

812

42

do

bro or pek

2520

53 bid

183

844

21

do

pekoe

1071

47

164'

840

4

ch

pek sou

428

42

166

■ Carfax

8.60

39 hf-ch

bro or pek

2:240

55 bid

167

852

21

ch

or pek

2100

67 bid

168

854

0

do

bro pek

030

40 bid

169

858

16

do

pekoe

1620

47

170

858

5

do

(lust

800

36

171

Sunnyoroft

860

14

cll

pek sou

1400

30

173

861

5

do

dust

750

26

175

Hopton

868

9

do

pek sou

810

35 bid

173

Gelpitakan-

de

874

13

ch

bro pek

1365

06

179

376

20

do

pekoe

2000

46 bid

180

873

5

do

pek sou

600

35

182

Glendon

882

23 hf ch

or pek

1150

48 bid

183

884

27

do

bro pek

1435

47 bid

181

886

37

do

pekoe

3515

36 bid

185

883

15

do

pek sou

1350

32 bid

188

N, in estate

mark

894 120 box

pekoe

eoo

39

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Bo.v.

Pki^s.

Name.

lb.

C.

191 RST

900

4

ch

bro! jtek

440

23

192

\inblakiiiule

902

12

do

bro pek

1080

55

193

D04

18

do

pekoe

1620

38

194

906

6

do

pek sou

60J

33

19j

H, in estate

mark

908

10

ch

pekoe

1000

36 bid

196

K P, in est.

mark

910

9

ch

nek sou

740

22 bid

197

I'rewardena

9 2

5

do

bro pek

.525

36

198

914

8

do

pekoe

802

26

199

PatiuKama

916

11

do

bro or pek

1100

58

200

918

7

do

bro pek

700

53

201

9 0

8

do

pekoe

SCO

44

203

Palmersten

924

44 hf-ch

bro pek

2200

tOl.bid

204

926

12

do

pek sou

900

38

205

Queensland

928

12

cll

bro pek

1200

71

200

9.!0

14

do

pekoe

1190

51

207

9!2

13

do

pek sou

1010

38

2U9

Roeberry

9.16

20

ch

bro pek

2UX)

00

210

938

do

pekoe

1800

5 )

211

9 10

19

(lo

pek sou

900

40

213

Stafford

941

0

do

bro pek

6 0

71

214

946

6

do

pekoe

475

66

223

I re by

904

41 hf-ch

bro pek

2255

61 bid

224

900

13

cb

pekoe

1170

5o

225

9nS

6

do

pek sou

510

30

223

Augusta

974

33

do

bro pek

3600

4 ) bid

229

970

22

do

pekoe

2090

39

2b0

97S

12

do

pek sou

1080

3d

231

9.s0

4

llo

dust

560

27

242

IVevunsa-

watte

2

22 hf-cll

bro or pek

1320

56

243

4

31

ch

(■r pek

2790

43

214

0

26

do

pekoe

2210

40

215

8

7

do

pek sou

700

35

249

Polatogaraa

16

do

bro pek

3800

54

2„0

P CM, in est.

mark

18

7 lif-ch

bro or pek

455

67

251

20

9

do

or pek

495

72

252

22

IS

do

pekoe

990

54

253

24

42

do

i ek No. 2

2:J52

48

254

26

21

do

SOU

1265

40

256

30

8

do

red leaf

440

17

261

Udabage

40

17

if-ch

bro pek

1020

50

262

^lelrose

42

21

ch

bro pek

2.530

45

263

44

17

do

pek

1700

35

264

40

8

do

pek sou

800

31

270

Riiyagam

5S

16

ch

bro i>ek

1680

39 bid

271

Kelaneiya

to

30

do

bro pek

2550

52 bid

272

62

25

do

pekoe

2500

41

273

Midland

04

8

ch

fJln.^

800

28

274

60

8.

<lo

dust

640

25

275

OS

13

(lo

bro tea

1300

18

276

R C W

70

40

do

bro pek

4;“'0

39

277

L’kiiwella

72

4

llo

bro pek

SOU

37 bid

279

Wollevtield

70

4

do

pekoe

400

25

282

M

82

16

do

bro nek

1600

37

233

Sorana

81

32

lif-ch

bro pek

1600

00

284

86

18

ch

1

bi-ch

pekoe

1665

33

285

88

9

ch

1

if-ch

pek sou

810

27

237

Lyegrove

11

92

12

ch

bro nek

46

291

lOO

bf ch

bro pek

1320

35 bid

292

Horn gas-

kelle

102

S

bf-ch

brop ‘k

494

37

294

loc)

14

do

))ek sou

750

25

296

V

110

27

do

pek sou

1485

26

299

Panelkande

110

9

hf-cll

Oro pek

450

37

302

tiallawate

122

15

cb

bro pek

1500

49

303

Knavesliiire

1-6

48

do

bro pek

456 )

41 bid

304

128

11

(lo

No. 2

1 55

SO

305

130

98

(10

jieKoe

73wU

33

306

132

71

(lo

pek sou

4970

26 bid

308

116

9

bf-ch

dust

r 7.0

20

3U

Scrubs

142

15

cb

bro or pek

1500

f'S bid

312

144

do

or pek

3080

57 bid

313

146

25

do

pekiiO

2375

49 bid

314

148

8

do

pek sou

760

41

314

Polatagam i

i.tu

34

di

bro pek

32.i0

to

310

152

27

do

pekue

24aO

:-2

1 /

154

8

do

jiek SOU

720

2->

313

InO

25

(lo

f.ins

2375

35

319

1..8

0

do

lieii fans

57 u

30

[M

K. E.

John.-

-108,827 lb.

l^Ot.

’Ico.S.

^ ame.

lb.

C.

1

Tberesi i

407

4

cll

pek sou

435

44

o

R X ti in est.

Ill irk

411

48

do

pek sou

4640

22 bid

4

A

411

12

do

or pek

1U80

(>4

5

415

5

do

hr 1 or pek

625

57

<i

417

0

do

pekoe

OKI

46

7

419

4

do

111! issorted

443

34

8

V in estate

mark

421

31

do

bro pek

3100

37

Lot.

Bo.v.

I

kfjs.

Name

lb.

C.

9

Agra Olivah

423

70 bf-ch

bro or. pek

42(10

77

10

425

42

do

orange pek

2100

GO

11

427

13

cll

pekoe

1235

5-4

12

Kanangama

420

24

do

bro pek

2-280

38 bid

13

431

24

llo

pekoe

1260

33

15

435

7

do

fans

065

•24

16

437

3

do

(hist

420

25

18

tioslanda

441

20

do

bro pek

20(0

67

19

443

20

do

pek

18(K)

41

20

415

7

do

pek sou

630

40

22

Ivies

449

20 hf-ch

1)10 pek

1:60.9

58

23

451

37

do

pekoe

1850

36

24

4.53

42

do

pek sou

1890

•27 bid

25

455

10 hf ch

fa ns

.500

35

31

St. John’s

467

32 hf-ch

bro or pek

1700

Ul-10

32

409

32

do

or pek

1408

RO-98

33

471

21

d(^

fans

1470

48 bid

34

Udabage

473

18

do

.sou

990

24 bid

35

M aba watte

475

18

do

or pek

990

35

36

Kchelwatte

477

13

ch

bro pek

1300

40 bid

37

479

17

do

pek

15:60

34

38

Kudaganga

4Sl

10

do

pek .sou

1000

25 bid

39

Kadella

483

12

do

]iek sou

960

•26 bid

40

'•’algaswella

485

26

do

pekoe

1440

30

41

Sorana

487

16

do

pekoe

1490

33

1 hf-ch

42

Cairnhill

489

17

dh

pekoe

15 ',0

20 bid

43

Templestowe

491

38

ch

or pek

3010

.59 bid

44

496

44

do

pekoe

3740

47

45

49 'i

19

do

l)ek sou

15-20

34 bid

46

Tientsin

497

25

(lo

pekoe

22.50

47 bid

49

Gonavy

3

13

do

bro or pek

14(U

58

to

0

22

do

bro pek

2332

46 bid

51

7

36

do

bro pek

3816

45 bill

52

9

20

do

pekoe

17-20

41 bid

53

11

10

do

pek sou

1425

30

55

Allyaddy

15

19

do

bro pek

1900

59

56

17

26

do

pekoe

2170

43

57

19

8

(lo

pek sou

680

37

58

Glasgow

21

50

do

bro or pek

3750

64 bill

59

23

29

(lo

or pek'

1740

57

GO

25

18

(lo

peltoe

1710

48

61

Glasgow

27

6 1

(lo

bro or pek

4500

06

62

Peakside

29

33 hf-ch

bro pek

1980

58

63

31

12

do

or pek

COO

Cl

til

33

41

hf-ch

pekoe

2050

49

65

35

17

do

pek sou

S50

37

66

37

9

‘ o

bro pek fan

480

27

67

M

39

20

do

fans

149.5

30 bid

68

41

.5

ch

bro pek fans

600

80 bid

69

Claremont

43

39

if-ch

bro or pek

2145

51

70

45

10

ch

l>ekoe

900

34

71

47

6

do

pek sou

510

27 bid

73

Yahalakela

61

9

do

pek fans

765

20 .

7.5

55

3

(lo

ilust •

4.50

20

76

New Tuni.sgalla 57

23

hf-ch

bro pek

1-265

63

77

69

32

do

pekoe

1600

38

78

61

10

do

jiek sou

600

3:6

81

Esperaiiza

67

10

do

bro or pek

520

44

82

69

28

do

pekoe

1288

37

85

llunugalla

76

25

ch

pro pek

24 eO

42

SO

77

23

do

pekoe

2300

31

86

"9

21

do

pek sou

1995

29

89

S3

3

do

fans

4.50

'28

92

Tientsin

89

41

hl-ch

bro or pek

20.50

02

93

91

30

cll

pokoe

2760

45

94

93

11

do

pek sou

990

40

9)

95

4

lif-ch

bro pek fans 6 jo

35

98

Kadella

lot

17

do

bro pek

i7.K)

41 bid

99

H3

13

do

pekoe

1170

uub

100 Aadneveii

105

38

hf-ch

b. ek

2 MS)

(ai

10 1

107

19

ch

t ki.e

17iO

5 5

lu2

lv9

11

do

pek sou

1260

47

104 W in estate

mark

113

4

ch

bro tea

4 26

13

105 Ijiownlew

115

31

do

bro pek

o472

.50 bid

Ui6

117

32

do

or pek

:s42l

46

107

119

2o

do

pek

2000

88 bill

106

121

10

do

pek sou

9.50

36

109

123

7

hf-ch

Ians

611

31

110

125

6

do

llll.St

50 1

26

11

1 Turin

127

52

ch

pek'O

6'2oO

3i bid

113 N B

131

V

lif-ch

(lust

595

28

114 Biruain

13!

20

ch

j'ek .sou

1820

39

11

■> I.ogan

135

26

do

bro pek

26iK)

4-1 bill

1 10 l-v

loi

1 1

do

pekoe

IKK)

28

11

7 B B

139

42

do

Si u

3i80

•27 b (1

118 Hartry

141

30

(h»

bro pek

S3k1

47 bill

119

143

25

do

jiekoe

2., (HI

45

120

145

18

do

pek sou

102J

08

MliSRRS.

bUiVl K

HVII.I.K

A- t

.( »

ll2,it!)G

11).]

5

l.yuiUiurst

45

32 lif-ch

bro

pek

lO'O

oi

0

40

38 llo

pek'

i»o

1710

38

7

47

40 llo

p.-k

sou

1000

2.9

10

Depe.lene

f»0

y do

bi-.i

pek

ll55

46

11

61

26 ill)

j)ek

l.UJ

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3

Lot.

Bo.v

. Pkg8.

Name

lb.

C.

1‘i

52

28

hf-ch.

or pek

1400

30

IS

53

14

do

pek sou

700

28

19

Ai^lena

59

40

do

bro pek

2000

63

20

00

43

do

pek

2150

40

21

01

25

do

pek sou

1250 ■

33

23

I.onach

63

72

do

bro pek

3600

54

2i

O'!

34

ch

pek

3230

39

25

65

27

do

pek .sou

2430

30

26

Nahakettia

06

28

do

bro j>ek

280{)

48 bid

27

67

45

do

pek

4500

39 bid

28

68

22

do

pek sou

1980

35

29

69

25

do

fan

2000

3s

30

70

7

do

bro tea

630

13

31

Pine Hill

71

60

hf-cli

bro pek

3696

51

32

72

29

ch

pek

2320

40

33

73

16

do

pek sou

1040

32

34

New Valley

74

14

do

■ in' or pek

1409

64

35

75

17

oil

or pek

1615

52

36

76

16

do

pek

1440

39

37

77

10

do

pek sou

1360

36

39

N I. T

79

19

do

Una

1615

18

40

Oi'ion

80

58 hf-ch

bro pek

290')

55

41

59

do

bro pek

2958

54

42

81

56

do

pek

2800

38

43

) *

55

do

pek

275 )

38

44

82

29

do

pek sou

1G24

29

45

83

8

do

dust

640

26

46

Gainpolawatte 84

17 ;

hf-ch

bro pek

850

51

47

85

15

do

pek

750

38

to

A A M C in est.

mark

83

12

do

bro pek

600

09

51

89

12

do

pek fan

600

46

53

Cliolankamlei

91

12

ch

or pek

1200

49

:i6

Comar

94

22 i

hf-ch

bro pek

1160

45

57

95

6

ch

pek

60U

32

58

90

5

do

pek sou

450

24

60

Lebanon

Group

98

20 hf-ch

dust

1500

30

02

Woodlunds

100

11

cli

bro pek

1100

50

63

101

8

do

pekoe

760

35

07

M aha watte

105

24

do

br or pek

1440

44

68

106

31

do

or pek

I860

34

69

107

19

do

pekoe

1140

20 bid

70

108

7 hf-ch

dust

525

28

72

Blaivavon

110

16

ch

bro jjek

1600

62

73

111

23

do

pekce

2185

48

74

112

18

do

pek .sou

1530

40

77

White cross

115

19

do

bro pek

1995

45

78

110

13

do

pekoe

1235

36

79

1J7

0

(lo

pek son

540

28

80

Uknwela

118

32

do

bro pek

3200

45

81

119

27

do

pekoe

2700

S6

82

120

14

do

jjek sou

1400

28

87

Kelani

125

61 hf-ch

bro pek

3050

56

88

126

61

do

pekoe

2745

35

89

127

19

do

pek sou

950

28

90

128

11

do

fan

tO-i

38

92

Benveula

130

34 hf-ch

bro pek

1700

45

93

131

30

do

pekoe

1.500

36

94

132

7

ch

pek sou

700

28

96

Monrovia

334

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1200

47

97

135

22

ch

pek

2090

36

98

130

0

do

pek sou

600

27

99

137

4

do

failings

4C0

31

100

G A

138

15

do

bro pek

1650

37 bid

101

139

7

do

pekoe

640

32

102

140

(

do

pek sou

630

28

103

141

10 hf-ch

fans

650

29

106

DBG

144

7

do

dust

560

24

109

Irex

147

39

ch

bro pek

3000

49

110

148

15

do

pek

1425

35

111

149

15

do

pek sou

1500

29

115

CU in est. marl

G53

11 hf-ch

pekoe

733

30

116

1.54

6

ch

pek sou

570

20 bid

117

155

5 hf-cli

dust

445

out

118

G A Ceylon

156

5

ch

pek sou

400

20

319

157

5

do

dust

650

25

121

Kew

159

9 hf-ch

br or pek

504

84

122

160

25

do

or pek

1250

71

123

101

18

do

bro pek

1080

52

124

102

32

ch

pek

2944

.54

125

163

14

do

pek sou

1330

44

126

E K V

164

19 hf-ch

dust

1520

28

127

Chetnole

165

5

ch

pek sou

500

30

151

T T T in est.

mark

169

11

do

bro pek

1140

32

132

170

43

do

pek

3850

29

142

Patulpana

180

11 1

hf-ch

bro pek

605

36

146

W’beade

184

13

ch

pekoe

1300

28 bid

147

185

10

hf-ch

dust

945

22

160

Kndagan»a

198

lu

do

bro pek

1160

53

161

199

6

do

pek

630

31 bid

162

200

12

do

pek sou

1140

27 bid

163

2(d

4

do

bro tea

440

34

185

Bidbnry

203

20

hf-ch

bro pek

1100

53 bid

166

20 4

26

do

pekoe

1170

40 kid

167

205

18

do

pek sou

900

31 bid

*!

SMALL LOTS.

[ME.SSBS. A. H. Thompson &

Co.]

Lot.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

8

Kalkande

8

4 hf-ch

pek sou

200

28

10

Hornsey

10

4 ch

fans

360

27

16

Drotuore

16

2 hf-ch

dust

160

26

17

D C

17

4 ch

hro pek

360

89

19

19

3 do

pek sou

163

2I

29

R. in estate

mark

29

3 hf-ch

iinas

127

19

30

30

1 do

du.st

55

24

[Mr. p].

JeHN.]

Lot.

Box. Pkgs. Name.

lb.

C.

2

Theresia

409

4 hf-ch

dust

340

26

14

Kanangama

433

2 ch

pek sou

180

31

17

439

1 da

COU2,OU

80

14

21

Coslauda

447

1 do

dust

100

26

20

Ivies

457

3 hf-ch

du.st

225

23

27

459

3 <io

consou

135

17

47

RC

499

1 do

dust

85

23

43

L A

1

2 ch

dust

207

24

0/

Gonavv

13

2 do

SOU

136

16

72

Claremont

49

•2 ch

))ro tea

ISO

13

74

Yahalakela

5o

2 do

hro tea

1.50

13

79

New Tuuisgalla 63

3 hf-ch

SOU

158

28

80

Co

2 do

du.st

1.58

23

83

Esperauza

71

1 do

liusr

80

25

84

73

1 do

COU'l'OU

48

16

88

Huuiigalla

81

3 ch

sou

224

16

99

S5

1 do

unassorted

57

22

01

A M

87

2 do

dust

280

23

10.3

Aadneveu

111

3 hf-ch

dust

255

28

104

W in estate

mark

113

4 cli

br.v tea

426

13

112

N B

129

2 do

sou

206

32

121

Peak.side

147

1 hf-ch

bro mix

60

33

122

Laxapana

149

1 do

bro pek

65

54

Messes Forbes

& Walker.

Lot.

Box.

Fkg.s.

Na’ue.

lb.

C.

12

M, in e tate

mark

542

2 ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek

2.30

35

13

544

1 ch

pekoe

102

27

14

546

2 do

pek sou

IGO

20

15

.548

2 do

SOU

172

13

10

550

2 do

bro fans

242

20

17

552

3 do

dust

375

14

21

Ko.sgaila

560

3 hf-ch

dust

2.-0

24

24

Langdale

566

1 ch

dust

160

27

32

R VI T, in estate

mark

582

4 ch

pekoe

360

SO

33

084

3 do

pek sou

2.52

29

34

586

1 do

dust

84

28

.35

588

1 do

SOU

54

23

42

Gov.aka

602

3 do

bro pek

3.36

44

44

606

3 do

pek sou

315

26

51

Ekolsund

620

1 ch

congou

100

25

52

622

1 do

dust

165

25

53

624

1 do

red leaf

95

14

55

Munamal

628

3 do

congou

230

17

56

630

1 do

dust

lc5

25

71

iMaha Uva

660

2 ch

dust

156

27

72

662

1 hf ch

congou

60

19

82

Hayes

682

4 do

dust

200

25

100

Vellaioya

718

3 do

or pek

264

48

101

72)

4 do

pek sou

360

25

1"3

Wevekellie

724

2 do

bro tea

220

24

107

Peausejour

732

3 ch

fans

300

33

108

734

1 do

bro tea

85

20

110

A G

738

2 do

dust

202

25

114

Castlereagli

746

4 hCcli

pek fans

280

33

115

748

2 do

ilust

160

?5

127

Rutherford

772

1 ch

bro tea

80

16

135

M M

788

1 cli

pek No. 1

100

IS

136

790

4 do

pek sou

360

13

139

ShanOn

796

5 hf-ch

pek sou

280

26

140

79s

1 tlo

red leaf

70

13

lU

809

1 di

dust

100

41

142

() R D

802

2 do

dust

209

26

160

Agraoya

838

3 do

unas

270

14

165

Fillaruey

848

2 hf-di

1 dust

174

26

172

Sunuycroft

862

2 ch

congou

20'.J

20

174

XXX

S66

1 do

dust

140

16

176

Avoca

876

3 do

pek sou

315

44 bid

177

872

4 hf-cli

bro pek fau5 300

41

18 1

Galpitakaude 880

2 do

dust

ISO

25

186

G

890

1 ch

bro pek

92

43

187

802

1 do

pekoe

90

28

4

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST.

la>t.

Box.

rkg8.

Name.

lb.

C.

189

Nin estatd

mark

396

20 boxes

pekoe

200

35

190

898

3 do

bro pek

30

45

20-2

Patiagama

922

1 cli

dnst

160

26

208

(Queensland

934

1 hf-ch

du.st

75

26

212

Roeberry

942

2 ch

fanns

200

‘27

215

•Stafford

948

1 do

pek sou

90

47

216

950

2 do

fans

160

39

•217

Kalupahaiia

952

7 hf-ch

pekoe

346

30

218

954

2 do

pek sou

100

26

219

956

3 do

pek fans

150

23

220

958

1 do

bro mix

70

16

2-21

960

2 do

.sou

100

18

2-26

Ireby

970

3 do

fans

210

41

•227

972

2 do

dust

160

27

232

Augusta

982

1 ch

red leaf

95

15

216

Weyunga watte

10

3 hf-ch

dust

255

25

255

P (; M in est.

mark

28

4 hf-ch

pek fans

.344

‘27

257

Lil’awatte

32

3 cli

bro tea

300

14

2S8

34

1 do

dust

1-25

24

259

Hatherleigh

36

2 do

dust

256

25

260

D in estate

mark

38

2 do

pek dust

200

25

278

ivolleyfieid

74

4 ch

hro pek

396

3/

280

V.'olleytield

78

2 do

pek sou

176

22

281

80

2 do

sou

177

16

280

90

1 do

dust

225

‘25

1 hf-ch

‘203

Horagaskelle

104

7 do

pekoe

368

27

•295

108

2 do

bro mix

112

15

:ico

Panelkande

117

7 do

pekoe

350

‘27

301

120

4 do

sou

200

‘20

307

Knavesmire

134

7 ch

sou

385

20

309

138

2 do

br pek fans

‘240

35

310

140

1 hf-ch

bro pe fans

06

34

[MES.SRS.

Somerville & Co.

Lot .

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

G \V

41

4 ch

sou

3-20

27

2

42

1 hf-cli

Red Leaf

34

13

y

43

2 ch

Fannings

1‘20

33

4

44

3 hf-ch

dust

2‘22

20

8

Lyndhurst

48

7 do

souchong

280

20

0

49

3 do

dust

255

26

11

Depedene

64

2 do

dust

ICO

25

22

■Arslena

62

6 do

dust

3(!0

24

38

N IT

78

4 ch

un No. 1

360

30

48

Gampcla

watte

86

4 hf-ch

pek sou

224

26

49

87

2 do

dust

160

25

52

A A M C in est

mark

90

4 do

dust

S‘20

•25

54

92

1 do

br or pek

100

46

55

Oholankandei

93

1 ch

fa linings

115

26 bid

.59

( ’omar

97

1 do

dust

1.50

25

61

Moolgam.a

90

1 hf ch

red leaf

31

13

04

Wootllands

102

3 ch

pek sou

270

28

C5

103

1 do

dust

1‘20

26

00

104

1 do

red leaf

90

13

71

Af aha watte

109

3 hf-ch

souchong

105

16

75

Blairavon

113

1 ch

bro teti

95

13

76

114

1 do

dust

120

23

83

Ukuwela

Cross

121

2 hf-ch

bro pe fan

140

•2S

84

K T in est.

mark

122

3 ch

firo mix

270

21

85

123

4 do

red leaf

380

13

80

12t

3 do

dust

360

24

91

Ilnnugalla

129

3 do

souchong

240

22

95 K

133

3 hf-ch

Unassorte

IfO

26

104 G B A

142

4 do

dust

340

24 bit

Lot.

Box,

Pkg8. Name.

11).

C.

105

A A

143

4

do

dust

340

21 bid

107

R X

145

3

do

dust

240

25

103

146

1

do

souchong

45

21

112

P A

150

4

do

dust

340

22 bid

114

CU

152

5

do

bro pek

290

27

1‘20

R A

158

2

do

dust

160

16 bid

1-28

Ohetnole

166

3

cli

dust

2-.‘5

‘24 bid

129

167

2

do

red leaf

200

15 btd

130

P

168

4 hf-ch

dust

320

24 bid

139

N

177

4

do

dust

3-20

24'bid

140

178

4

do

fannings

320

24 hi

141

X X

179

4

do

dust

340

•24 oid

143

Patulpana

181

7

do

pekoe

356

30

144

182

7

do

pek sou

360

‘25

145

183

2

do

souchong

95

20

148

A

180

4

do

dust

232

27 oid

149

F D

187

£>.

do

du.st

3U0

21 bid

159

Mtenne

197

do

dnst

365

21 bid

104

Kudaganga

202

1

ch

dust

115

‘24

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

{From Our Commercial Correspondent)

Min’cixg Lane, Oct. 10, 1896.

Marks and price.s of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane no to lOtli Oct.

Ex “Britannia”— Brook.side, ?.c It 102s; 2c tb 97s Cd; lb
103s; lb 82s; 1 bag 9S.S. ET&LCB in estate mark, 1 bag .57s.
Alnwick, It 96s: lb 90s; 1 pocket 62s; 1 pocket 86s. STLC
A in estate mark, 1 bags and 1 pocket, 66s 6d. STALCA
in estate mark, 1 bog and 1 pocket 68s. STLCA in estate
mark, 3 bags ami 1 pocket .53s. Pingarawa, lb 97s; Ic 93s;
lb 83s; lb 106s; lb 62s. PA, 2D 2b 47s. FPA, 11 bags 5Ss.
PPA, -2 bags r.8s

CEYLON COCOA .SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “.Shropshire” I Mukalane, 1 bag 30s; 1 bag 33s. HK
in estate mark, 8 bags 48s 6d; 1 bag 30s; 1 bag 37s.

Ex “Merkara” Strathisla, 1 bag 27s.

Ex “Britannia”— Bollagalla, 3 bags 34s 6d.

CEYLON C.VEDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Ex “Brit.annia”--Gallantenne, 2c 3s 8d; 2c 2s lOd; 18c 3s;
4c 3s Id; ,5c 3s. Vedehette, 5c 3s 3d; 11c l-’s; 7c 2s lOd; 8c
2s 8d; 2c 2s 9d; 11c 2s 2d; 2c seeds 3s 4d. Delpotonoya, 2c
3s 7d; Ic 3.S 4(1; 3c 3s 3d; Ic 3s; 3c 3s; 2c 3s 2d; 5c2s8d;
Ic 2s 5(1: Ic2s2d. Wariagalla, My.sore, 3c 3s 4d; 3c 2s lid;
3c 2s lOd; 2c 2s 5d: 2c 2s Id; Ic 3s. Nagalla, 3e 2s 9d;
3c 3s 4d; Ic 2s od; Ic 3s 8d. Nella Oolla, Ic 2s 8d; Ic 2s 2d;
Ic 2s Id; Ic 3s Id.

Ex “Clan Gordon”— Delpotonoya, Ic 2s lid. Knuckles,
1 box 3s 5d.

Ex “Teucer” Delpotonoya, Ic 2s Sd.

Ex “.Staffordshire”— Laxapanagalla, A, 2c 3s- Ivatooloya,
A A, 4c 3s 2d.

Ex “Stat(: small”— Dnekwari. A 1, 2c 3s Sd.

Ex “Cl.an McNab”— Duckwari, A, Ic 3s 7d.

Ex “Shropshire” — Katooloya, 2c 3s 3d; 5c 3s; Sc 2.S lid;
3c -2s Cd; 6c 2s: 8c 2s 2il- 2c seeds 3s 5d.

OllSERVEB PRINTING MORK.S.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 43.

Cou M30, November I),

I

Price: — 12^ cents each 3 copiw
30 cents 5 6 copies ^ rupeo..

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson I'fe Co.— 42,01.3 lb.]

Lob. Box.

rk.L--3.

Name.

lb.

c.

1

Battulgalla

1

8

ch

nek sou

810

38

2

2

4

do

nro mix

400

12

8

R;ikwana

8

48

do

bro pek

4560

41 bid

9

9

IS do
1 hf-ch

pekoe

pekoe

1 1605 [

■ 31 bid

10

10

24 hf-ch

pek sou

1200

23 bid

11

U

15

cli

8<>U

1350

14 bid

14

UsiesiJe

14

5

do

bro mi.x

500

out

1.5

Myragaiig:a

15

20

cli

bro or pek

•2.300

40 bid

10

16

31

do

bro pek

SH 0

45 bid

17

17

20

do

pekoe

l&OI

38

18

18

18

do

pek sou

1530

31 bid

19

Hoolo Group

19

1)

ch

bro mix

810

20 bid

20

Vofiaii

20

42

do

bro pek

3780

54

21

21

36

do

pekoe

3060

34 bid

2i

22

24

do

do

2160

38 bid

23

23

22

do

pek sou

1870

31

24

21

42

(lo

1 hf-ch

pek .sou

3820

29 bid

23

D’Oya

25

10

ch

or pek

1048

•25 bid

[Messrs. Eorbe

;s & W

ALlvER.— 283,245 lb.]

Lob.

Box.

Pkc8

. Name.

lb.

C.

1

C L, in estate

mark

160

10

ch

sou

1000

29

2

162

16

do

red leaf

1440

13

3

G V

104

11

ch

SOU

935

2.3

4

166

9

do

l)ro mix

765

14

5

Walpita

168

13

hf-ch

bro pek

780 \

0

170

7

ch

pekoe

700 ■

withd'n

7

172

6

do

pek sou

600 )

9

Elfindale

176

11

do

fans

1100

23

10

ITS

4

do

dust

400

23

n

Dunbar

180

47 1

hf-ch

1)1-0 pek

2350

58 bid

12

182

17

ch

pekoe

1530

46 bid

13

1S4

15

do

pek sou

1350

37

14

D A. in estate

in . rk

180

10

ch

bro pek

1403

23 bid

188

1

do

pekoe

642

22 bid

16

190

9

hf-ch

dust

790

out

17

Glengariff

192

28

do

bro pek

1400

53

18

191

22

do

or pek

946

50

19

190

20

ch

pekoe

1300

41

20

198

34

do

pek sou

1802

29

21

200

6

hf-ch

dust

450

23

•22

Barkindalc

2(-2

11

ch

bro pek

1265

65

23 •

201

8

do

pekoe

6-0

50

25

Middleton

208

13

do

pekoe

3870

withd’n.

26

D C

210

G

ch

bro pek

540

38

27

212

12

do

pekoe

840

26 bid

28

2U

11

do

pek sou

616

23

39

.Sunnvcroft

226

10

do

pok sou

1000

•29

43

Anningkande

244

29

ch

1)10 pek

3190

51

41

240

21

do

pekoe

2100

40

218

16

do

pek sou

1600

36

46

2.50

7

hf-h

dust

525

25

47

252

5

ch

congou

500

24

48

Ambalangoda

254

5

do

bro pek

650

55

19

256

10

do

pekoe

900

43

52

PHD W

262

47

lif-eh

bro pek

2350

46 bid

5^

264

20

do

do No. 2

1000

41

'll

266

17

do

bro pek fan 1020

42

55

208

5

do

dust

435

26

59

B D IV A

270

19

ch

bro or pek

1900

50 bid

60

Middleton

278

35

do

or pek

3325

withd’n.

61

P C H Guile,

in estate

bro pek

mark

280

25

hf-ch

1500

37

6'^

2i2

34

do

pekoe

1700

26

284

1-2

do

pek sou

60j

20

65

Radella

28S

33

ch

bro pek

3300

56

69

290

26

do

pekoe

2340

44

67

202

14

do

pek .sou

1260

41

69

Harrington

290

10

do ^

or pek

1792

57 bid

70

298

12

do

pekoe

1200

51

77

Dunkcld

312

10

do

bro pek

1600

54 bid

7^

314

14

do

or pek

1120

63 bid

79

316

15

do

pekoe

1500

39

80

DK D

318

5

ch

dust

800

26

81

320

5

do

unas

550

31

8-2

Bloomfield

322

49

do

flow pek

4900

54

324

34

do

pekoe

3400

42

84

326

18

do

pek sou

1710

39

83

:i28

10

do

pekoe No 1

1900

35

86

3 0

9

do

pekoe No 2

900

26

Malui Uva

332

16 1

lif-ch

bro or pek

860

<j7

8i

334

22

do

c r pek

1232

58

89

336

16

ch

pekoe

1601

48

to

10

do

pek sou

850

43

Lot.

Box. Pk"9.

Name.

lb.

C.

91

Gampaha

340

14

ch

pekoe

1500

49

92

342

24

do

pek .sou

2400

39

93

Bammeria

341

21

ch

bro or pek

2310

61

94

346

‘22

do

pekoe

2090

50

93

Clunes

354

18 lif-ch

bro or pek

£-90

48 bid

99

3.-0

12

ch

bro pek

1140

53

100

3)8

18

do

pekoe

16-20

33 bid

101

3(0

9

do

pek sou

810

26 bid

102

302

12

ilo

bro pek fan 12.(0

37

103

Rnanwoll

364

11

ch

pek sou

990

24 bid

104

Bandara

Eliya

306

46 lif-eh

bio pek

2760

66 bid

105

363

46

do

or pek

2530

36 bid

106

370

84

do

pekoe

4-200

40 bid

107

.372

33

ch

])ek sou

2970

40 bid

103

102

10

do

pek fans

1030

33 bid

109

.St. Columb-
kille

376

6

ch

bro pek

630

69

110

378

19

do

pekoe

1805

45

111

380

16

do

l)ek sou

1440

30 bid

113

PG A

384

17

do

pekoe

1709

34

114

386

16

do

pok sou

1440

27 bid

115

Caskieben

388

32

ch

flowery pek 3209

55

116

390

21

do

pekoe

2-289

42

117

392

13

do

pek sou

1235

36

119

Morankande

396

30

do

bro pek

30(0

56

120

398

33

do

pekoe

3: 00

41

122

Killarney

402

42 :

hf-ch

bro or pek

2529

55

1-23

Caxteu

404

23

ch

bro pek

2806

40 bid

124

406

35

do

pek sou

2450

25 bid

1-25

C N, in estate
mark

403

36

ch

pek sou

•2523

25 bid

126

Talgaswela

410

40

do

bro pek

3600

51

127

412

4

do

do No. 2 440

39

1-23

414

7

do

pekoe

630

36

1-29

416

6

do

pek sou

540

. 29

130

Cotta ga,nga

418

5

ch

fans

650

31

131

420

5

do

dust

750

25

133

Pingarawa

424

5

hf-ch

dust

4f0

25

137

Yoxford

432

10

ch

bro tea

950

36

138

434

4

do

fans

4C0

35

140

r romoland

438

8

do

pek sou

680

32 bid

141

C O K B

440

17

ch

pekoe No 2

1700

29

142

442

21 hf-ch

dust

1680

26

143

Inguru galla

414

6

ch

bro pek

600

38 bid

144

446

6

do

pekoe

540

29

145

448

5

do

pek sou

4.50

20

146

4.")0

10

do

bro tea

1200

28

149

Ess X

456

17

ch

pekoe

1700

32

150

458

13

do

sou

1300

16 bid

1.51

460

10

do

duit

1303

25

152

Torwood

462

12

ch

bro pek

1-200

53

153

404

18

do

or pek

1584

.50

154

4G-3

14

do

pekoe

1-232

37

155

46S

1

do

pek sou

616

30

156

470

5

do

sou

425

19

157

Arapolakande 472

37

ch

bro pek

3330

50

158

474

54

do

pekoe

4320

30 bid

159

470

23

do

pek sou

2300

25 b.d

160

478

4

do

dust

440

23

163

K M

484

5

ch

pekoe

455

17 bid

172

Castlereagh

502

3.5

ell

bro (. ek

3500

51

173

504

27

do

pekoe

2430

38

174

500

12

d)

pek sou

960

28

177

Ellawatte

612

19

ch

bro pek

1995

65

178

511

25

do

pekoe

2500

47

179

516

6

do

pek sou

600

38

181

Stisted

520

31 hf-cli

bro pek

2ol5

68

182

622

10

do

jxikoe

900

44 bid

183

524

18

do

pelc sou

990

33

188

St. Ileliers

534

33 hf-ch

bro or pek

1683

52

189

036

18

ch

pekoe

1020

39

190

Tonaconibe

53S

10

d)

or pek

1600

62 bid

191

540

15

do

bro pek

1809

61 bid

192

512

35

do

pekoe

3500

50

193

514

8

do

dust

720

28

195

DC

648

6

ch

pekoe

420

23

190

550

11

do

pek sou

616

24

197

Walpita

552

17 1

lif-cli

bro pek

10-20

40 bid

108

551

10

ch

pekoe

1000

28

199

5.56

10

do

pek sou

1000

25

203

Dea Ella

604

6L iif-ch

bro pek

3355

42 bid

201

686

48

do

pekoe

2400

32

205

568

21

do

pek sou

1050

26

200

570

10

do

bro tea

500

15

207

Ellaoya

572

6

ch

bro pek

560

48

20S

074

7

do

or pek

672

52

•209

576

13

do

pekoe

1248

42

210

573

14

do

pek sou

1260

32

211

Rowley

580

34 hf-ch

))ro pek

1700

69

212

532

23

do

peKoe

1400

48

216

Langdale

590

20

ch

bro pek

2300

55 bid

217

592

2)

do

pekoe

2660

47

218

t04

ll

do

pek sou

1190

37

221

S B, in estate
mark

COO

15

ch

dust

1950

‘23

2-26

Tana watte

CIO

52

do

pek fans

44-20

14 bid

9

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

B

jX,

Pkos.

Nama.

lb.

C.

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

11).

C.

ch

2550

54

6 Carney

216

23 ilf-ch

bro pek

1,150

50 liid

007

elaiieiy.a

012

30

bro pek

7

217

23 do

piekoe

1,150

34 bid

iso

MoiikCoiiwykl

618

4

do

bro or pek

400

48

s

218

31 do

pek sou

1,550

29

232

622

6

do

pekoe

.510

32 bid

10 Koorooloo-

233

D E

628

29

ch

pek sou

2610

24

©alia

220

12 ch

bro pek

1,200

65

237

A. iuest. mark G32

4

ch

fans

484

13

11

221

8 do

pekoe

720

40

233

Ris^co

631

21 hf-ch

pekoe

1170

24 bid

12

222

7 do

pek .sou

630

33

239

Irtky

0 6

41

do

bro pek

2255

57

17 Lei).anon

227

20 cii

souciiong

2,0.S0

out

244

Bo.'4

646

12bf-ch

V)ro pek

1296

45

18 Minna

9-?S

49 hf-ch

bro pek

2,940

70

245

648

7

ch

pekoe

665

40

19

229

27 ch

pek

2,430

46

210

Court Lodge

650

11

do

pekoe

902

64

‘JO

230

15 do

pek .sou

1,350

38

247

052

7

ch

pek sou

5114

49

21

231

9 do

bro mix

900

22

218

654

7

do

pek fan

560

28

22 Yarrow

232

58 hf-ch

bro jiek

3,248

47 hid

249

Naseby

650

22 lif-ch

pekoe

990

CG

23

233

72 do

piekoe

3,000

35 bid

2.30

658

8

do

pek sou

400

.51

25 Charlie Hill

235

8 hf-ch

piekoe

400

31 bid

251

660

7

do

dust

.595

30

20

236

10 do

pek sou

500

27

232

Oxford

662

25

ch

bro pek

2.500

40

30 Beverley

240

7 ch

piek dust

625

27

253

664

11

do

pekoe

990

20

31 IVliite Cross

241

19 ch

bro pek

1,995

44

234

666

6

do

pek sou

480

25

02

242

13 do

pekoe

1,235

32 liid

33

243

8 do

pek sou

720

26 bid

36 Comillah

216

15 ch

bro pek

1,500

39 bid

[MB. l:.

JOHN.-

10.

37

247

10 do

pekoe

1,000

26 liid

Lot.

Box.

PkffS.

Name.

lb.

c.

38 Ravenscraig

248

15 hf-ch

bro pek

750

40 bill

1

C N

151

C

ch

bro tea

600

21

39

249

18 do

or pek

900

34 bid

A

1.33

6

do

unassorted

672

30

40

2.50

3o do

piekoe

1,800

82 bid

3

Nartnel

165

12 hf-ch

bro pek No 2 072

22

41

251

8 do

pek .sou

400

25 bid

4

157

17

do

pekoe

8.30

21

43 Mukulane

253

38 ch

bro pek

3,420

42 bill

5

159

IS

do

pek sou

828

22

44

254

33 do

pek A

3,300

32 bid

0

lloiiiadola

101

24

ch

bro pek

2400

35

45

2.55

5 do

pek 15

COO

23 bid

103

12

do

or pek

940

31 l)id

46

256

8 do

pek .sou

SOO

26 bid

s

165

20

do

pekoe

1720

25 bid

47

257

6 do

fa linings

700

31

0

167

9

do

pek sou

770

20 bid

48

258

6 do

dust '

840

23

12

Eadella

173

15

ch

bro pek

1500

43

19 D G

259

7 hf-ch

faiiiiings

455

27

13

175

23

do

pekoe

2250

30

50 AP, in est.mark 260

5 cil

red leaf

500

13

11

177

7

do

pek sou

600

24

51

261

7 do

pek fans

875

26

15

llaputale N

179

20

do

bro pek

2000

57

53 California

263

10 ch

pekoe

1,000

28

IG

ISl

25

do

pekoe

2500

46

54

264

4 do

liek sou

400

25 bid

17

1S3

22

do

pekoe No 2

1980

37

58 Glencoe

268

40 hf-ch

bro pek

2,400

1,800

69

IS

Agra 0 avail

1S5

69 hf-ch

bro or pek

4140

76

69

269

20 ch

piekoe

42

19

187

41

do

f)i' pek

20." 0

63

CO

270

15 do

piek son

1,350

23

20

1S9

14

ch

pekoe

1330

50

61

271

5 iif-cll

dust

400

33

21

22

191

10

do

])ek sou

950

43

t-2 Forest Hill

272

20 cil

bro pek

1,940

3,315

46

193

10 hf-ch

pek fans

1248

34

68

273

39 do

pekoe

34 bid

23

Anchor, in

61

274

5 Iif ch

faiiiiings

409

27 bid

estate maik

195

23

ch

bro or pek

23C0

64

G‘) V S, 111 est.mark 275

16 iif-eh

(illSt

1,300

25

24

197

IS

do

or i>ek

13.50

48

CO

276

5 ch

pek fans

600

26

25

Mocha

199

25

do

or pek

2375

04

0/

277

5 do

bro 111 X

600

13

26

201

28

do

pekoe

2380

55

68 Neboda

278

31 ch

1)10 pek

3,100

66 bid

27

203

29

do

pek sou

2l2 )

43

69

279

50 ilf-ch

piekoe

2,500

36 bid

28

Glentilt

205

58

do

bro pek

6090

55

70

280

53 do

pek sou

2,385

27 bid

29

207

32

do

pekoe.

32' 0

44

72 Ilarangalla

282

46 cil

bro pek

4,600

42 bid

50

Ella

209

33

do

bro pek

2i)70

54

73

283

44 do

piekoe

3,960

34 oid

31

211

16

do

pekoe

1360

3/

74

284

5 do

pek sou

5t.0

28

52

213

9

do

pek sou

855

31

75

285

7 do

dust

910

26

23

Kanangania

216

22

do

bro pek

2090

39

77 Graigmonnt

287

23 hf-ch

iiro pek

1,265

47 bid

84

217

21

do

pekoe

1890

32 t)ul

78

288

20 do

or pek

1,000

42 uid

5G

221

8

do

pek fans

800

28

7.)

289

31 do

pekoe

1,395

1,350

34 bid

33

22.3

s

do

dust

420

24

fcO

290

27 do

pek sou

28 bid

59

Vda

227

18 hf-ch

bro pek

1044

34

81 G P M, e.st.m.avk 291

7 hf-ch

bro or pek

420

51 bid

40

99H

18

ch

pekoe

1620

3.3

83 Ovoca

293

20 ch

liro or piek

2,100

65

41

.Stinsford

231

29 hl-ch

bro pek

1.595

59

14

294

20 hf-cli

or piek

],0«0

51

42

2S3

27

do

pekoe

1350

42

85

255

13 ch

piekoe

1,300

45

43

235

18

do

pek sou

810

32

86

296

12 do

pek sou

1,000

38

44

Rakwana, in

87 V, estate mark 297

7 cli

bro tea

630

13 bid

estate mark

237

33

ch

bro pek

8800

32 bid

83

298

7 ch

dust

630

24 bid

Elston

239

60

do

pek sou

4000

29

89 Mahawatte

299

19 hf-ch

pekoe

1,140

26 bid

46

241

5

do

bro mix

550

29

00 Penritli

300

30 ch

bro pek

3,000

57

47

243

7

do

dust

910

23

91

1

21 do

piekoe

1,920

41

IVeymouth

263

5

do

bro pek

600

41

92

2

18 do

piek sou

1,530

29

58

265

5

do

pekoe

425

27

55 F F, in estate

03

Marguei ita

275

5

do

dust

4.50

25

mark Avi-

70

Kttapolla

289

16 hf-ch

bro pek

896

39

sawella

5

16 ch

bro pek

896

33

7

291

33

do

pekoe

1848

2.S

96

6

10 do

pekoe

540

28 bid

Kotuw.icedera 2a9

32

do

uro pek

3200

42

93

8

8 do

bro pick fans 512

27

70

301

20

do

pekoe

2000

31 bid

100 Frierne

10

30 hf-ch

bro or pek

1,800

63 bid

77

303

IS

do

pek sou

1800

26 l)id

101

11

34 do

or pek

1,700

2,400

51 iiid

To

Nahavilla

307

19

do

bro pek

1993

t7 bid

102

12

48 do

pek sou

30 bid

80

309

25

do

pekoe

2; 00

46 bid

103

13

6 ch

souchong

000

22

SI

311

0

do

pek sou

(0 1

37

1 104

14

8 do

fannings

480

28 bid

S3

IVliyddon

315

20

do

bro pek

2000

63

1 105 IP

15

26 ch

pek sou

2,028

29

84

317

20

do

I>ekoe

2000

48

1 106

IG

13 hf-ch

dust

1,640

24

85

319

12

do

pek sou

1200

40

107 AV'.arriatenue 17

34 ch

83

Rlackbuni

321

16

do

bro pek

1700

34

1 hf-ch

liro pek

4,365

44 bid

87

323

18

do

jiekoe

I8U0

29

108

18

30 do

or pek

1,3.50

35 bid

8S

R B

323

4

tlo

jjek sou

440

18

109

19

42 do

pekoe

1,890

28 bid

89

Bickapittia

327

26

do

10 0 pek

2860

.51 bid

no

20

13 ch

pek sou

1,300

20 bid

■yo

329

2l

do

lielioe

2100

49

in A A M c,

331

4

do

pek sou

400

33

estate mark 21

84 ilf-ch

piekoe

4, -.00

} 86 bid

93

E T K

133

13

d.)

]>ek' c

1300

61

112

21

84 do

do

4,200

94

3i>7

7

hf-ch

dust

560

31

113 Deniyagama 22

13 ch

liro piek

1,040

42 bid

114

23

13 do

piekoe

910

35 bid

Messrs. SnMEi:vii.i,E

iK: (.(). — 15G,(|97

Il>.]

115

121 IVaduwa

24

30

17 do
39 cil

piek sou
bro pek

1,700

3,680

30 bid
36 bid

Lot.

Box.

1-Ugs

. Naiiio.

11).

c.

122

31

37 do

pek

3,480

29 bid

1

Wavatcnne

211

4

ch

47 bid

123 Morawa

1

hf-ih

pro p k

400

1 Totum

32

20 cil

or pek

2,985

SO liid

2

212

7

ch

pekoe

6(0

31

124

33

32 do

pekoe

3,040

30 bid

3

213

11

do

pek sou

950

27

1 125

34

20 do

pek sou

1,815

25 bid

CEYLON PPvODUCE SALES LIST,

3

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot. Pkf;s.

3 Pattagalla 3

4 Galatota 4

5 5

G 0

7 7

12 Rakwana 12

1 3 Ugieside 13

•2C D 26

4

2

6

4
2

5
2
o

Name.

ch tans

hf-ch bro pek
do pekoe

do pek sou

do dust
do dust

ch dust

hf-ch broken

lb.

SCO

no

300

220

130

360

28)

no

c.

24

29

20

15

14

19

23

12

[Mr.

E.

John.]

Lot.

I3ox,

, Pkj

"s. Name.

lb.

C.

10

Homadola

169

1

ch

soil

S3

10

11

171

2

do

dust

300

21

35

Kanangaina

219

4

do

pek sou

360

22

37

223

2

do

fans

190

24

43

Elston

245

4

do

congou

3:10

20

49

Galloola

247

1

do

1 hf-ch

dust

1S3

25

63

249

2

ch

congou

200

15

.59

Weymouth

267

6

do

pek sou

375

21

GO

209

1

do

unassorted

74

25

G1

271

1

do

fannings

94

20

02

273

1

do

dust

118

IS

04

Marguerita

277

6

do

red leaf

336

19

15S

Mahanilu

285

1

do

red leaf

89

13

C9

2S7

2

hf-ch

dust

170

24

7S

Kotuwagedera 305

1

do

dust

SO

25

S2

Nahavilla

313

3

do

dust

270

25

92

Dickapittia

333

1

ch

dust

165

25

[Mes.srs.

Somerville & Co

Lot.

Bo.x. Pkcfs. Name

lb.

C,

4

Wavatenne

214

1

ch

fannings

118

29

5

215

3

ch

1

hf-ch

confiou

286

10

9

Carney

219

4

hf-ch

fannings

350

31

13

B L, estate

mark

223

2

cil

pek fans

214

31

14

224

2

do

bro tea

187

15

15

225

2

do

fannings

216

SO

16

226

1

do

pek dust

147

26

24

Charlie Hill

231

6 hf. ch

bro pek

300

44

27

237

4

do

souchong

200

*22

28

238

2

do

fannings

120

28

29

239

1

do

red Ic.-tf

50

12

34

White Cro.- s

244

1

ch

bro tea

05

12

35

445

1

do

dust

160

24

42

Ravanscraig

252

3 hf-ch

bro mi.xed

165

12

52

California

2G2

3

ch

bro pek

300

39

55

265

2

do

fannings

190

30

56 ■

266

1

do

bro iieli dust

no

25

57

H, estate

mark

267

3

ch

pek dust

225

25

71

Nebod.a

281

4 hf-ch

dust

320

24

76

N, estate

mark

2S6

O

ch

souchong

200

17

82

Hiyanilakelle 292

1

eh

pek sou

90

35

93

Penrith

3

1

ch

dust

160

25

94

4

2

do

pek fans

240

29

97

F F, estate

mark, Avi-

sawella

7

4

ch

pek sou

184

25

93

9

3

do

dust

270

18

116

C LR

25

1

ch

uiias.sorted

100

20

117

H T

26

27 hf-ch

bro pek

60

39

118

27

1

ch

pekoe

70

30

119

28

1

do

pek sou

no

27

120

29

1 hf-cli

tlust

70

25

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

Lot.

Bo.x.

1

Name.

lb.

C.

8

Walpita

174

1

ch

pek fan

no

witbd’

24

Barkindale

200

1

do

pek sou

75

35

29

D C

216

1

do

dust

100

29

30

1

1

A ,S 218

2

hf ch

bro pek

100

31

31

220

2

do

^ pekoe

100

24

32

AL EM

222

1

do

bro pek

50

34

33

224

1

do

pekoe

50

21

34

220

1

do

pek sou

85

12

35

228

2

do

bro mix

100

12

36

A N

230

2

eh

pekoe

175

18

37

232

1

hf-ch

bro mix

50

13

38

234

2

ch

pek sou

ISO

12

40

Sunnycrof^

238

3

do

congou

300

16

41

240

2

do

dust

300

23

42

XXX

242

1

ch

dust

140

n

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

11).

C.

50

Amblangoda

258

4

ch

pek sou

320

33

51

260

1

do

(lust

SO

20

56

B D W 0}

270

4

hf-ch

(lust

300

27

57

272

1

do

red leaf

50

12

58

B F B

274

2

ch

uiias

G7

20

C4

P C 11 Galle,

in ests te

mark

286

5

hf-ch

congou

240

14

08

Radella

294

2

ch

(lust

260

2.5

71

Harrington

300

3

do

(lust

390

26

95

Dammerii

S4S

2

do

pek sou

200

39

96

350

2

hf-ch

•sou

112

33

97

352

3

ch

dust

300

28

112

PGA

382

2

do

bro pek

192

43

118

Caskieben

S94

5

hf-ch

pek fans

375

28

1.52

Pantiya

422

2

ch

dust

260

26

134

Riigalla

426

3

do

bro mix

360

28

135

.S S 8

4-23

4

do

or pek

380

42

133

430

4

do

pekoe

341

31

139

Yoxfprd

430

4

ch

pek sou

361

30

147

Ingurngalla

4.52

3

do

red leaf

270

12

148

Hoomba

454

2

do .

fans

220

42

161

APR

4S0

o

ch

bro pek

ISO

46

162

432

2

do

pekoe

160

29

164

K

4 88

3

do

pek sou

263

14 bid

165

4.S8

2

do

(lu.st No. 1

270

19 bid

175

Castlereagli

003

4

hf-ch

pek fans

230

32

176

510

3

do

dust

240

24

ISO

Ellaw.atte

513

3

do

(Inst

270

24

184

StBted

.'V20

do

dust

160

2-1

194

H 0

510

1

eh

bro. pek

90

44

200

M'alpita

558

2

do

fans

220

28

2ul

560

1

do

sou

100

18

202

562

1

hf-ch

dust

90

24

2i3

Rowley

584

2

do

r >ksou

100

42

214

536

•>

do

dust

100

27

215

588

1

do

red Kaf

60

IG

219

Langdale

508

1

ch

fans

125

31

2-20

59S

2

do

d list

260

2G

222

K 8

C02

3

do

bro pek

315

28

2 '3

cot

1

do

pekoe

100

19

224

COO

3

do

pek sou

265

14

‘ 225

608

3

do

sou

270

15

231

Monkton-

■

wyld

e-20

2

if-ch

or pek

SO

•Jt

233

624

3

ch

pek sou

240

31

234

626

1

do

dust

107

30

240

H

633

2 hf-ch

pekoe

lOO

30

241

B

640

2

ch

bro iiek

iOO

50

2)2

G

642

1

do

bro or pek

105

41

243

K

614

3

do

dust

320

19

255

Oxford

668

2

hf-ch

pek dust

160

27

256

670

-

do

dust

150

£5

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

{From Our Commercial Correspondent).

IMincing Lane, Oct. l(j, 189(5.

Mavk.s and pi ices of CEYLON COEEEE sold in Mincin
Lane up to Kith Oct. : -

Ex “Lancashire”— Gonamotava, lb ICus; 4c 101s: 3e It 94s
Gd; 2c S4s; 3 haKs 99s.

Ex “Panderer” Milnathort, 2c 93s Cd; Ic S2s; lb S7s; lb
5.'s 6d; 1 bag (» d) .55s Cd.

Ex “I’yrrhus”— Lnnwgalla, Ic 104s: Ic 95s; lb 10C«; lb
7/s. R.agalia, 3c lb 01s; CC It 9is; Ic lOLs; Ic S(!s: 2 b.''gs
97s- Brooksidc, lb 104s; 2c 102s; lb 110s; 1 pocket (s d cl P)
CSs. srALCB in estate mark, 1 bag 6.5.s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “Cheshire’’ — .■Ibda cocoa, 10 bags Si's Gd.

Ex “Chancellor”- Sunny.side, London, 8 bags (s d) 34s Cd;
1 bug 80s; 1 bag i4s.

Ex “Hen Lomond’— OEC in estate mark, IG bags
Mahabeiia, 5 bags 44s; 4 bags 27s.

OB-SERNER I'KlA'llAU \SuKK..'5,

a » *>

€

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TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

NO. 44.

Colombo, November 1G, 189G.

1 Price: — ISj ceuta each 3 copiea
30 c n s ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson <& Co.— 44,905 lb.]

Lot. Box.

PkffS.

Name.

lb.

c.

2

M 0

2

5 hf-ch

dust

4,50

25

3

3

1.5

do

red leaf

825

12

4

Riitnatenno

4

11

(io

bro or pek

605

out

5

5

12

do

pekoe

6G0

24 bid

6

6

10

do

pek sou

500

21 bid

S

Thiasho'a (Nil-

26 bid

givi)

8

10 hf-ch

pekoe

500

9

9

11

do

pek sou

700

20 bid

•11

jMandara Newe

va

11

10

ch

pekoe

900

S5

20

Nahaveena

20

19 lif-ch

hro pek

950

51

22

22

10

do

pek sou

500

40

25

D

25

10

Cll

or pek

1048

28 bid

26

K

26

8

do

13 bid

3 hf-ch

sou

881

27

;m

27

9

ch

1 hf-ch

bro mix

880

12 bid

28

Sapitiyagodde

28

12

ch

bro or pek

1140

50 bid

29

29

30

do

or pek

2850

4,5 bid

30

30

12

do

bro pek

1200

49 bid

31

31

33

do

pekoe

2S05

45

32

32

20

do

pek sou

2158

37

33

Ugieside

33

5

ch

bro mi.x

500

13 bid

36

Hoolo Group

cG

9

ch

bro mix

810

14 bid

38

A, In estate

30 bid

mark

38

9

ch

bro pek

1080

40

40

5

do

pek sou

500

out

41

Werekelle

41

55 hf-ch

bro pek

27,50

27 hid

42

42

39

ch

pekoe

3‘>10

26 bid

43

43

IG

do

pek sou

1110

>0 bid

44

44

5

do

fans

415 I

1

48

Handrokande

48

9

do

bro pek

9fi0 1

Lout

19

49

7

do

pekoe

Of'.S 1

50

50

10

do

pek sou

800 J

1

[Messrs. Eorbes & alker.— 240,‘297 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pka-.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

H L

672

30

ch

pek sou

2819

24 bid

KH

074

38

do

pek sou

3809

witlid’n.

11

Sinnapittia

692

20

do

bro mix

1320

17

14

O

G9S

4

do

pek dust

560

23

15

Nahaveena

700

90

l)t-ch

bro pek

4500

51

16

702

32

do

pekoe

1600

46

17

704

48

do

pek sou

2400

37

18

7uG

6

do

dust

450

25

25

Great Valley

720

14

ch

bro pek

1610

65

26

722

12

do

or pek

12.0

49

27

*

7f4

15

do

pekoe

1500

40

28

726

9

do

pek sou

810

31

29

P’riaganga Watte
ill estate
mark 728

21 lif-ch

bro pek

1612

48

30

730

16

ch

or pek

1792

53

31

732

16

do

pek .sou

1483

32

32

734

12 lif-ch

laimirigs

840

32

33

730

0

ch

dust

600

28

31

Holton

738

15

do

bro t ek

1520

51

33

740

6

do

pekoe

570

39

41

Pan.salatenue

758

£4

ch

bro pek

2520

43

43

760

17

do

pekoe

1700

39

46

762

29

ilo

pek sou

1805

31

47

76 1

4

do

funs

440

.31

49

768

6 hl-cli

(.lust

4.50

2 ’•

50

Munamal

770

5

ch

l)ro psk

500

3(5

55

Old Made-

780

22

hf-ch

bro i>e V

1320

38 bid

.'0

gama

782

9

ilo

or pek

540

33

57

7i4

31

do

pekoe

1550

30 bid

62

Dambagalla

791

99

hf-ch

bro p(dc

.5445

48 bid

63

796

42

do

pekoe

1890

42 bid

61

798

c9

do

pek sou

1500

34

65

800

10

do

sou

450

26

C6

802

8

do

(hut

■6S0

28

67

Carberry

804

43

ch

bro pek

430C

50

68

800

31

do

pekoe

2790

33

70

G K

810

10

do

(lust

1400

22

73

Napier

816

18

do

bro pek

IsOO

52

74

818

20

do

pekoe

1700

38

75

820

19

do

pek sou

850

34

77

Ascot

824

7

cti

bro or pek

700

43 bid

78

820

30

do

bro pek

1000

4 1 bid

79

828

32

do

pekoe

2720

33

80

830

10

do

pek sou

950

25

81

832

9

do

pek funs

990

29

S2

834

5

do

dust

7-5

25

Lot.

Box.

Bkgs.

Name.

11).

c.

83 Tymawr

836

35 hf-ch

hro pek

1750

57 bid

84

838

47

do

bro pek

2115

60

85

840

50

do

pek sou

2250

40

86

812

10

do

congou

500

28

89 Opalgalla

848

10

ch

red leaf

800

12

90 Polat.agama

8.50

40

do

bro pek

3300

43

91

852

36

do

pekoe

3240

28

92

854

22

do

pek sou

1980

24

93

856

2.5

do

fans

2375

35

94

8.58

7

do

Ijekoe fans

630

24

95 Ernicht

860

21

ch

bro or pek

1890

43

9'3

862

16

do

bro pek

1360

55

97

864

26

do

pekoe

19.50

34

93

866

10

do

pek sou

800

25

99 Sandringham

868

4

ch

fans

500

41

100 S

870

5

do

bro mix

450

20

103 Fred.s Ruhe

876

30

do

bro pek

3000

45 bid

104

878

23

do

pe'(oe

2070

33

105

880

9

do

pek .sou

810

28

103 Middleton

886

8

ch

1 lif-eh

bro pek

047

41 bid

109

SSS

27

ch

or pek

2.505

55 bid

110

890

43 lif-ch

or pek

2150

55 bid

111

802

21

ch

pekoe

1890

45

112

894

43

do

pekoe

3870

44 bid

113

896

32

do

pek sou

2880

34

114 M

893

5

do

bro pek fan

COO

33

115

900

20

do

fans

1495

28 bid

116 Knave.smire

902

27

ch

bro pek

2565

42

117

904

4

do

do No. 2

440

30

118

906

53

do

pekce

3975

30

120 M, in estate

mark

010

7

oh

pek sou

590

12

122 Doonevale

914

11

do

bro jiek

990

43

123

916

11

do

pekoe

990

30

124

918

3

do

pek sou

450

23

126 Tanawatte

922

15

cll

red leaf

1275

10

127 S .8 S

9-24

7

do

red leaf

500

12 bid

128 i\I B O

926

22

ch

bro mix

1980

12

131 .Sunnycroft

932

6

do

pek sou

600

25

135 Jlonkton-

wyld

940

6

ch

yrekoe

510

31 bid

136 Kudawewa

942

5

do

bro pek

540

27 bid

137

944

6

do

pekoe

030

22 bid

138

946

10

do

pek sou

870

20

113 A

956

4

ch

bro far s

400

24

144

958

11

do

b o dust

1050

20 bid

150 Munukettie

Gevlon, in est.

marlv

970

41 hf-ch

bro pek

2296

57

151

972

21

do

pekoe

1890

41

152

974

11

ch

pek sou

990

34

154 W-dpita

978

17 hf-ch

bi'o pek

1020

42

155 Blairgowrie

930

22

ch

or pek

2090

56 bid

156

982

14

do

pekoe

1176

46

157

934

7

(io

pek sou

700

35

160 JLitale

4190

10

ch

bro pek

1000

42

161

992

11

do

pekoe

880

37

164 Hylton

998

11

ch

bro pek

1100

41

165

1000

12

do

rekoe

930

3

169 Bandara

Eliya

8

46 hf ch

bro pek

2760

(K) bid

170

10

•J'>

ch

pek sou

2970

38 bid

171BDW A

12

14 hf-ch

mix tea

980

36

172

14

9

• do

dust

765

24

1 75 Udabage

20

21

ch

bro pek

1260

34 bid

170 U T T Co.,

in estate

mark

22

32

ch

bro pek

32^0

27 bid

177 Ct (jr, ill 6stiit6

mark

24

20

ch

bro pek sou 1690

12 bid

178 Castlereagh

26

16

do

bro pek

1600

52

179

23

16

do

or pek

1440

42

ISO

30

30

do

pe'voe

2700

36

181

32

14

do

pe.v sou

1120

26

184 li P, in estate

mark

33

18

ch

bro pek sou 1520

12 bid

185 C L O

40

12 hf-cli

bro or pek

496

32 bid

ISO Garlabeck

42

8

do

bro pek fan 60.)

41

183 Dromoland

46

8

ch

pek sou

680

28 bid

189 Iiigurugalla

43

6

do

pek sou

COO

30 bid

190 B D IV Y

50

15

do

bro or pek

1575

31

194

52

27

do

bro pek

28 45

22

192 Sorana

51

29 hf-ch

bro pek

1450

59

19;>

56

20

ch

pekoe

1800

36

194

53

8

do

pek sou

CSO

25

197 D C A, in estate

mark

04

24

cll

sou

2320

12 bid

199 Hupton

63

30

do

bro pek

3J00

50

200

70

23

do

pekoe

2520

41

201

72

20

do

pek sou

27 1

32

203

76

5

do

dust

COO

25

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. Box.

Pk<iS.

Name.

lb.

c. 1

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

•205 Duiikelil

SO

16 ch

bro pek

1800

47 bid

112

.59

14 hf-C'li

fa US

1120

21 bid

200 M G, in est.

1

117

Poilakaude

69

35

hf-cll

bro pek

1925

50

mark

82

10 ch

SOU

1575

out 1

119

73

31

ch

pekoe

2790

33 bid

207 D C

84

9 hf-eh

bro pek

440

25 l)id

120

75

27

do

pek SOU

2160

24 bid

•208

80

7 eh

pekoe

660

21 bid

1-23

A

81

14

do

or pek

990

.'8

211 Scrubs

92

13 do

Pro or pek 1300

67 !

1-24

83

16

do

bro or pek

2000

52 bid

212

94

20 do

or pek

2860

57 i

1-25

85

8

do

pekoe

800

42

213

90

21 do

pekoe

2280

49

1-26

87

10

do

unas

11-20

35

‘211

98

7 do

pek sou

665

38

1-27

Dartry

89

24

do

bro pek

2520

52

215

100

3 do

dust

450

•26

1-28

91

19

(io

pekoe

180.5

4-2

1-29

130

131

i)i

do

pek sou
dust
bro pek

10-20

610

550

30

24

46

[Mr.

E.

John.—

177,576 lb

Maryland

95

97

6 lif-eh
5 ell

Lot. Box.

Bko;.s.

Name.

lb,

C.

132

96

5

do

pekoe

525

28

4 Faithlie

5

S Castlebar

345

317

353

13 cti
4 rlo
12 do

sou

or pek fans
or pek

1170

44U

1-200

25

59

5S

MES.SUS. Somerville

(& Co.— 208,771

lb.]

i)

10 Otterv nml SUuu

355

15 do

pekoe

14-25

32 l)id

Lot.

Box.

rkfis.

Name

lb.

C.

ford Hill

357

19 do

bro pek

ISOO

56 bid

1

11. J. ,s.

41

11 hf-ch

bro i>ek
pekoe

550

37

11

359

IS <lo

or pek

1449

56 bid j

2

42

8

do

400

29

12

301

53 do

pekoe

3879

40 hid

3

43

20

do

pek sou

lOCO

26

13

303

11 do

pek sou

1100

32

5

Arslena

45

31

do

bro pek

15.50

52

15

307

5 do

bro mix

500

15

0

46

35

do

pekoe

1750

37

10 C 0 B

309

13 do

pek No. 2

ISOU

15 bid

7

47

•20

do

pek sou

1000

27

17

371

24 do

bro mi.x

2160

15 bid

9

Lonach

40

60

do

pro p-, k

3000

47

18 G onavy

373

11 do

bro or pek

1188

47 bid

10

50

34

ch

pekoe

3-230

33

ly

375

20 do

bro pek

21-20

42 bid

11

51

‘20

do

pek sou

1800

26

•20

377

10 do

pek

1376

35 bid

12

Labugama

52

20 hf-eh

bro pek

1000

50

t > 1

379

15 do

pek sou

H'25

32

51 bid

13

53

1-2

ch

pekoe

1080

34

25 G lentil t

387

37 do

bro pek

3885

14

54

16

do

pek sou

1280

27

2i

389

21 do

pekoe

•2100

43 bid

15

Comra

55

19 hf-eh

bro pek

950

4-2

z7 Teinplestowe

391

19 do

pek sou

1520

32 bid

10

.56

0

ch

pekoe

600

33

‘28 Kauaii'ama

393

'24 do

bro pek

2280

33 bid

17

57

5

do

pek sou

450

20

‘29 1) li

395

42 do

SOU

3780

17 bid

20

Pusseteune

60

17

ch

1)1-0 pek

1870

52

30 Aslidean

397

22 do

bro pek

•2990

out

21

61

14

do

or pek

1190

56

31

399

14 do

pekoe

1-200

24 bid

22

62

19

do

pekoe

1805

3.S

32 M, P, in eslate

22 bid

23

(53

11

do

pek .sou

SSO

34

mark

401

G do

p^k fans

780

20

Anandale

06

29

do

bro pel:

1566

48 bid

33 Acra Ouvali

403

45 hf ch

bro or pek

2700

79

27

()7

30

do

pekoe

2400

36

34

405

30 do

or pek

1810

59

‘28

68

8

do

pek sou

680

30

35

407

14 ch

pekoe

1330

49

‘29

69

9 hf-ch

bro pek fans

585

42

30 Claremont

409

33 hf-ch

bro or pek

1815

44

30

Pine Hill

76

47

ch

pek

3760

40

37

411

11 ch

pekoe

935

•28 bid

31

71

39 hf-cli

bro pek

•2184

47

38

413

5 do

pek sou

490

24

32

Ratwatte Cocoa

39 M N

415

18 hf-ch

du.st

1404

28

Co.

72

20

ch

bro pek

2000

43

40

417

9 ch

red leaf

093

13 bid

33

73

17

do

pekoe

1700

28

41 Alnoor

419

28 hf-ch

bro pek

1400

49

34

74

12

do

pek sou

1200

24

42

421

10 do

pekoe

890

34

37

N I T

77

35

do

unassorted

975

14

43

4'23

8 do

pek sou

4' 0

25

40

Rayigam

80

30

do

bro pek

3000

66

44 Pati Rajah

425

14 ch

bro pek

1540

51

41

81

30

do

pekoe

2550

31

45

427

13 ilo

pekoe

1300

25

42

82

13

do

pek sou

1105

27

48 Brownlow

433

27 do

bro pek

3024

43 bid

43

81

7

do

bro pek fans

700

36

49

435

33 do

or pek

3531

38 bid

44

Vinci t

84

24

do

bro pek

2400

41

50

437

18 do

pekoe

1800

35

45

85

12

do

pekoe

1200

14

51

439

10 do

pek sou

970

25 bid

40

Ilarangalla

86

23

do

iu'o j)ek

2l£5

41

52

441

11 lif-ch

bro pek fans 77u

32

47

87

46

do

bro pek

41,00

40

53

443

8 do

dust

672

24

48

88

20

do

pekoe A

1800

33

55 Ilencgama

447

8 do

dust

600

22

4)

89

23

do

pekoe It

‘2070

33

50 Maddagedera

449

46 cli

))i o pek

4600

42 bid

50

Mou.sakande

90

18

do

bro pek

1764

45

57

451

20 do

pekoe

2340

33 bid

51

91

40

do

pekoe

3480

34 bid

5i>

453

IS do

pek sou

1530

26 bid

52

Wliite Cross

92

27

do

bro pek

2835

43

SJ

455

5 do

)no pek fans 575

•20

53

93

20

do

pekoe

1900

33

00 Warriapolla

457

15 do

or pek

1350

49

54

94

13

do

pekoe

1-235

33

01

459

21 lif-cli

Ino or pek

1050

54

55

95

11

do

pek sou

990

27

02

401

22 cli

pek sou

19s0

30

56

90

8

do

pek sou

720

27

03

4t3

8 do

SOU

680

25

57

R in estate

35 bid

08 Chapelton

473

5 lif-ch

dust

485

24

mark

97

15

do

bro pek

1500

70 Siuluganga

477

11 ch

or pek

990

40

58

98

8 llf-cli

pekoe
pek sou

400

31

71

479

15 hf-ch

bro or pek

750

53

59

99

4

ch

400

21 bid

72

481

23 cli

lick sou

2070

32

GO

Forest Hill

100

39

do

pekoe

3315

34

73

481

5 do

SOU

4-25

25

01

101

5 hf-ch

fauiiings

400

27

75 Glassaugh

4S7

50 lif-ch

bro pek

SOSO

04 bid

62

S

102

10

ch

pek sou

1000

25 bid

70

489

35 ch

pekoe

3150

49 bid

68

Citrus

103

10

do

bro pek

lOOO

37

77

491

17 do

pek sou

1445

42

69

109

10

do

pekoe

1(00

25

80 IIS

497

5 do

bro pek

625

29

70

Walahandua

IIG

47

do

bro ])ek

4700

47

82

1

8 do

SOU

680

19

77

117

34

do

pekoe

3400

33

S3

3

7 hf-ch

dust

f95

21

78

118

10

do

pek sou

900

26

92 I'dadella

19

13 ch

bro pek

1300

38 bid

79

119

7

do

anas

700

25

93

21

10 do

80

1-.0

6

do

fauiiings

GOO

25

1 lif-ch

pekoe

1-1 90

SO bid

81

Kananka

121

20

do

bro pek

2200

35 bid

94

23

39 do

pek sou

1950

25 bid

82

1-22

36

do

pekoe

3600

27

90 Glasgow

27

30 ('ll

or iiek

1800

48 bid

83

1‘23

8

do

pek sou

700

22

97

29

18 do

pekoe

1700

45

84

124

20

do

faniiiugs

2600

‘25

98 Arncliff

31

32 lif-cli

liro or pek

1920

09 bid

85

1-25

5

do

dust

750

23

99

33

68 do

or pek

3400

60 bid

86

Ukuwel.a

120

45

do

bro pek

4500

44

100

35

‘27 cli

pekoe

•2440

42 bid

87

127

39

do

bro pek

3900

34

101

37

‘29 do

pek sou

2320

39 bid

88

123

13

do

pekoe

1300

20

102

39

9 do

SOU

900

out

89

129

6

do

pek sou

570

13

103

41

7 lif-ch

pek fans

f^CO

2-3 bid

91

Monrovia

131

25 hf-ch

hi'o ))ek

1-2,50

39

104 Klston

43

41 cli

pesouNo.2 3'280

25

92

132

24

do

pek

2-280

31

105 G B

45

9 do

SOU

075

32

93

133

6

ch

pek sou

600

•21

106

47

11 hf-ch

bro mix

8-25

18

94

134

4

do

fauiiings

400

IS

108 N C

51

•28 ch

bro mix

‘2934

■)

96

Bogahagode-

do

39

109 Moolookelly

53

51 do

bro iiek

6330

out

watte

1.36

7

bro pek

770

110

55

25 do

pekoe

2250

97

137

9

do

pekoe

810

30

111

67

9 do

pek sou

770

J

10-2

Allakolla

142

70 lif-ch

bro pek

4200

41

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

103

104

105
110
117
IIS
120

121

122

123

124

125
120

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

144

145

146

147

149

150

151

152
1.53

154

155

156

159

160
101
162

163

164

165

166
167

170

171
171a

172

173

Eox. Pk{!S. Name.

Castle

Eerapola

R T in estate

143

144

145
150

157

158

mark

Kew

Ivanhoe

160

161

102

163

18 llf-ch

18 ch
6 hf-ch

8 do
27 do

19 hf-ch

4 ch

9 hf-ch
21 do
14 hf-ch

Narangoda

Galkolua

Mousagalla

Ellatenne

G I. A
Hatdowa

Lebanon

Group

Mukulane

Earlston

Pelawatte

164

27

ch

165

12

do

166

9 hf-ch

167

26

do

108

43

ch

169

15

do

170

9 hf-ch

171

8

ch

172

13

d»)

173

14

do

174

11

do

175

18

do

176

24

do

177

24

do

1S4

18

ch

185

15

do

180

19

do

187

15

do

189

2

do

190

16 hf-ch

191

21

do

192

17

do

193

22

cll

194

27

do

195

11

do

193

9

do

199

20

do

200

38

do

201

33

do

202

5

do

203

8

do

204

1.5 hf-ch

205

18

do

206

36

do

207

8

do

210

5 1

hf-ch

211

6

ch

2lE

1 13

do

^.\

4

do

213

14

do

pekoe
pek sou
dust
tannings
pek sou
pek fans

dust

bro or pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro mix
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

souchong
bro pek
pek A
pekoe IS
pek sou
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek

pekoe
pek sou

lb.

1800

1710

450

608

2025

1045

480

504

1050

840

2484

1140

765

1350

3870

1350

720

720

1300

1330

990

1890

2280

2280

1890

1-275

1995

1275

310

880

1250

935

1760

2700

990

765

2080

3420

3300

500

800

750

900

1800

400

400

660

1430

4-20

1400

SMALL LUTS.

Lot.

[Messrs. A.
Pkgs.

H. Thompson
Name.

&

1

M G

1

5 hf-ch

fans

12

Mandara

Newera

12

4

ch

]iek sou

13

13

3

do

dust

21

Nahaveena

'21

7

hf-ch

pekoe

23

23

1

do

dust

37

M

37

1

do

bro pek

39

A, in estate
mark

39

3

ch

pekoe

51

Handrokanda

51

1

do

bro tea

52

52

1

do

dust

Co.]
lb. c.
350 33

360

300

3-50

73

105

300

SO

1-25

38

26

withdu.

23

51

out

10

21

Lot.

[Mr. E. John.]
Box. Pks;v

1

K

339

5 hf-ch

2

P II P, in estate

mark

341

2

ch

3

343

3

do

6

Faithlie

349

4 hf-ch

7

L, in est. mark

351

7

do

14

Ottery and Stain

-

ford Hill

365

1

ch

46

Pati Rajah

429

3

do

47

431

2

do

54

Henegama,

445

1 hf-ch

64

Warriaiiolla

465

3

ch

65

W P

467

1

box

66

469

1 hf-ch

67

Loughton

471

4

do

69

S G

475

1

do

74

Suduganga

485

2

cll

78

M R

493

2 hf-ch

79

495

3

do

Name

lb.

C,

pek sou

•200

12

bro mix

180

15

dust

360

24

dust

340

25

unas

353

12

dust

14-2

25

pek sou

270

29

ha.ns

200

30

bro mix

Co

12

dust

375

25

pek sou

25

21

sou

75

12

pek dust

200

24

or pek

44

33

dust

250

25

dust

170

23

fans

225

38

C.

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Natno.

lb.

C

36

81 H S

499

2 ch

pekoe

200

24

24

84

5

5 do

red leaf

350

10

20

107 G B

49

3 do

fans

240

23

10

118 Poilakande

71

2 hf-ch

bro pek No. 2 140

45

25

721

77

4 do

dust

3-20

23

27

122

79

4 do

fans

240

32

19

85

73

[Messrs.

Somerville & Co.

55

51

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

37

4 H J S

44

2 hf-ch

dust

150

1S>

25

8 Arslena

48

3 do

dust

150

18

63

IS Comal-

58

2 do

dust

150

21

50

19

59

2 sacks

red leaf

80

10

42

24 Pusseteime

64

1 ch

fanniiigs

130

23

28

25-

65

1 do

dust

120

09

28

35 Ratwette Cocoa

47

Company

75

1 do

dust

80

20

36 N I T

76

3 do

unas No. 1

270

23

30

38

78

4 llf-ch

dust

36'J

22.

5,3

39

79

2 do

red leaf

110

10

31

63 H K Estate

103

4 do

bro pek

208

31

27

64

104

8 do

pekoe

390

18

65

105

2 do

pek sou

89

12

06

106

2 do

dust

107

17

)

67

106

1 do

fans

47

17

- out

70 Citrus

110

3 ch

fans

300

23

)

71

HI

1 do

dust

150

22

out

72 HA

112

1 do

bro tea

92

11

34 bid

73

113

1 do

fans

100

12

25 bid

74

114

1 do

dust

1.50

22

25 bid

75 PDA

115

1 do

unas

100

18

43

90 Ekuwela

130

4 do

bro pek fans

280

27

28

95 Monrovia

135

1 do

pek dust

205

22

24

1 hf ch

98 Bogahagode-

12 bid

watte

133

3 ch

pek sou

255

20

44

99

139

2 do

pek sou

210

15

33 bid

100 Vineit

140

1 do

red leaf

HO

11

25 bid

101

141

1 do

dust

120

20

26

106 Castle

146

7 hf-ch

bro pek

392

31

42

107

147

6 do

pekoe

330

22

36 bid

lOS

148

7 do

pekoe sou

385

IS

32 bid

109

H9

3 do

fans

ISO

21

2-5 bid

111

151

5 do

red leaf

245

11

28

112

152

2 do

dust

ISO

19-

37

119 R T ill est.

37

mark

159

1 do

bro mix

90

16

20 bid

13S Morakinde

178

2 do

fans

200

20

24

139

179

2 do

du.st

300

23

140

ISO

2 do

coimou

200

15

Lot.

Box. Pkos. Name.

lb.

c.

157 Hatdowa

197

2 do

dust

238

23

158

193

3 do

bro mix

300

11

168 Earlston

208

1 do

COllf^OU

90

25

169

209

3 hf-cli

fans

ISO

20

Messrs, Forbes & 'Walker.

Lot.

Box.

ITvg-S.

Name.

11).

C.

3

Woodslce

076

6 hf-ch

bro pek

800

45

4

678

5

do

pekoe

245

29

5

6S0

0

do

pek sou

2!0

26

6

6S-2

5

do

unas

250

31

i

684

2

do

bro tea

100

17

8

D C

686

3

ch

bro pek

270

38

9

688

5

do

pekoe

350

24

12

Sinnapittia

G

694

1

do

dust

]12

23

13

696

3

do

sou

240

14

36

Holton

742

2

do

pek sou

190

28

37

744

2

do

du-st

150

26

48

Pansalatenne

766

3

ch

congou

300

15

51

Munanial

77-2

2

do

pekoe

200

25

52

774

2

ch

1 hf-ch

unas

228

20

53

776

3

ch

pek sou

270

19

54

778

1

do

congou

85

14

58

Old Made-

gama

786

1 hf-ch

sou

50

22

60

790

3

do

dust

•240

26

61

Mount

Pleasant

792

1

ch

bro pek

ion

49

69

Carberry

SOS

3

do

pek sou

270

23

71

Geddes

812

1

do

or pek

80

48

72

Frogmore

Napier

814

1

ch

pekoe

75

36

76

82-2

4 hf-ch

dust

3-28

24

87

C

844

4

do

red leaf

200

13

88

Erlsmere

846

1

ch

congou

98

27

101

MF

872

2

do

sou

ISO

26

102

874

2 hf-ch

dust

170

24

106

W A

88-2

1

ch

bro mix

95

12

119

Knavesniire

908

1

do

bro pek fan

125

29

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

I.ot,

, Box.

rktrs.

Name

lb.

C.

1-21

M, in estate
mark

912

3 ch

sou

188

10

125

Doonevale

9-20

1 do

bro tea

85

26

1-29

M B O

928

4 do

sou

340

10

130

9.30

3 lif-ch

dust

240

18

132

Sunnycroft ■

934

2 ch

congou

200

15

133

936

2 do

dust

300

24

134

XXX

938

1 do

dust

1.3G

8

139

K udawewa

948

C hf-ch

fans

330

15

140

9='0

1 ch

dust

140

withd’n.

141

A

952

2 do

bi'o ])ek

200

35

142

9)4

3 do

pekoe

300

23

153

Meddegodde

976

1 ch

pekoe

100

26

158

Blairgowrie

986

1 hf-ch

sou

27

20

159

9S8

1 ch

dust

120

24

162

Alatale

994

1 do

dust

85

23

163

996

1 do

fans

120

25

ICC

Hylton

.>

1 ch

sou

80

18

167

4

1 do

dust

80

24

168

C

1 do

una!i

73

20

173

B D AV A

16

2 hf-cli

b> 0 mix

110

11

174

18

5 do

fans

3.50

14

1S2

Castlereagh

34

4 do

pek fans

280

25

183

36

2 do

dust

ICO

23

187

Alton

44

2 l)OX

bro ]) ‘k

40

63

195

.Sorana

60

2 ch

red leaf

470

13

190

C2

1 hf-ch

bro pek fan

50

26

198

D, in estate
mark

GO

2 cli

pek dust

•200

19

202

Hopton

74

3 do

sou

270

24

204

78

'i (lO

fans

30

27

2o9

D C

88

3 hf-ch

pek sou

195

out

210

90

i cli

pek fans

132

23 b d

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

{From Our Commercial Correspondent)

Mixcrxa Lank, Oct. 23, 1893.

Marks and prices of CEVLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
L me up to 2:frd Oct.

E.\- “t*rometheus ’- .St. Leonards, 3c 102s; 4c 96s Cd; lb
99iOJ; 1 bag 102.S. KLT in estate mark, lb T9s. St L, lb
04s. .Standard Co., Liddesd,\!e, 2c lb 99s; 2c 93s (id; lb 99s
Cd; 1 bag 9,")s; 11) SOs. .Stamlard Co., I..SOT in estate mark,
lb T9s. Standard Co., LSD, lb Sis. ODF, in estate mark,
2t GSs.

Ex “Lancashire”--(1.\ Onvali, 2c 93s; Cc 93s Cd; Ic It S4s;
lb Sis; lc04s; lclb74sGd; 1 bag SGs; It 103s; 3c 97s Cd; Ic
£Cs; lb 94s; Ic 74s Cd.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “Britannia” Glenalpin, 42 bags 58s Gd; 5 bags 32s Cd;
2 bags 27s Cd. Filmshurst, 19 bags COs; 4 bags 32s; 3 bags
27s Cd. Bollagalla, 10 bags 51s.

Ex “Benlomond”— Udapolla, 11 bags 55s Gd; 3 bags 40 Cd;

4 bags 23s Cd; 1 bag 39s. Batagolla, 6 bags 55s; 4 bags 37s.
\V No. O OLT in estate mark, 1 bag 44s. AVAR OF in
estate mark, 17 bags 53s; 5 bags 40s. OC, 22 b((gs 52s;

5 bags (oil dam. C). l),o3;s Cd. No. 1 C, 5 bags 39s Cd; 1 bag
(oil dgd. C 2) 35s. No. 2 C, 5 bags 3Cs. No. 3 C, 3 bags
SOs Cd.

Ex ““Land Carriage” — CS, 3 bags 50s.

! Ex “Bullmouth Elmshurst C, C bags 23s Cd.

Ex “Ningchovv” KL Black, 5 bags 28s Cd.

I Ex “Yorkshire” — AT, Haiidine, C bags 23s Cd.

I Ex “l.ancashire”— iMaragalla, 02 b.igs C3s; 21 bags 58s Cd;
I 11 bags 3Cs.

I Fix •■Mahratt.a” — .Maousav.a A, 13 bags G3s Gd.

Ex “Clan Lindsay”— IIU A in estate mark, 54 bags
(s d) 41s.

Ex “Clan ^McLean” — NGA in estate mark, 2 bags
(s d) 40s

Ex “.Shat.el-Aiab” ■ M.A DMA&Co. K in estate mark, 27
1 ba "s 3Cs

! E ; “Clan Boss” — MA DM.4&CO. CN in estate mark, 28
bags 37r.

CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Ex “Wanderer” — Kitoolinoola, Ic ,3s 2d; 7c 3s; 4c 2s 3d;
Ic seeds Ss 4d. Amblamana, Ic ?s id; Ic 2s lid; 2c 2s 9dl
2c 2s 3d; 1 bag seeds 3s 4d. Midlands, Ic 2s lOd; Ic 2s 4d.
Cottaganga, Ic 3s 3d; Ic 3s 2d; ic 3s; 2c 2s lOd; 2c 2s Cd;
Ic seeds 3s 4d. Galaha, Ic 3s 3d; 2c Ss; Ic 2s lid; 2c 2s lOd;
3c 2s 5d; Ic 3s Id-

Ex “Lanca,sbire”— Daiigkande, OBEC in estate mark, Ic
2s lOd: Ic 2s 9d; Ic 2s 7d; 1 bag Seeds 3s 4d.

Ex “Britannia”— Delpotonoya^ ic 2s 7d. AA'ariagalla,
Mysore C, c 2s Cd.

OliSERVKl! FEINTING W01iK«.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA. COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

■NO. 45. Colombo, Novembek 28, 1S96. |Pi:ice; — 12J cents each 3 copies

‘ .80 cents ; 6 copies h rupee.

COLOM HU

SALES OE

■I’EA

Lot,

Box

. Pkofs.

Name.

lb.

ft

48

195

38

cll

pek

3230

42 bid

-

49

197

21

do

I)ek sou

1680

33 bid

liAKLHl, l.Ul.S.

60

199

5

do

du.st

700

26

[ME.ssns. A. H. T

IIO.MPSON eS: Co. —

51,569 lb.]

51

52

.Stinsford

201

203

39 hf-ch
39 do

bro pek
pek

2115

1950

60

45

Lot. Lox.

1

Name.

lb.

C.

53

69

Glentilt

205

217

17

21

do
do ,

pek .sou
pek

765

2100

28

40 bid

St. Leonavds

60

Gonaiy

219

36

do

bro pek

3816

53

on Sea

2

12

ch

bro p ik

1200

44

63

Bartry
G T

225

5

ch

bro tea

4.50

19 bid

3

7

do

pek

665

28 bid

65

229

11

do

congou

1100

27

Agra Elbciltle

7

6 hf-ch

dast

450

34

68

N

235

33

do

pek sou

3300

26

s

8

12

do

pek soa

600

48

60

237

14 hf-ch

dust

700

25

9

9

34

do

pek

1700

52

70

Blackburn

239

15

ch

bro pek

1650

31 bid

10

10

18

do

bro pek

1080

61

71

241

14

do

pek

1400

22 bid

11

11

18

do

bro or pek

1080

70 l)id

74

B B

247

6 hf-ch

dust

480

21

14

F II M

14

5

ch

pek fan

600

20

76

Kahagalla

251

3

ch

dust

450

26

10

M L C

16

6

do

bro pek

600

35 bid

77

Tientsin

253

33 hf-ch

bro or pek

16 0

59 bid

17

17

14

do

pek

1200

30

78

255

25

ch

pek

2250

42

18

18

16

do

pek sou

1280

23 bid

79

257

9

do

pek sou

720

37

19

19

8

do

SOU

680

15 bid

20

20

4

do

dust

340

23

30

Oollooawatte

30

18

do

bro pek

ISOO

49

Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 141.013 Ib.l

31

32

31

20

do

pek

1800

34

Kalkande

32

11

hf-ch

bro pek

.550

53

Lot. Box.

Pk-s.

Name.

11).

c.

33

23

do

pek

1150

38

Inchestly and

3 1

34

13

do

pek soa

650

28

1

cll

bro pek

cJ5

\v

35

11

ch

SOU

990

13 bid

Woodthrope

221

9

990

57

li & D

36

15

do

pek sou

1500

35

2

222

10

do

pekoe

800

39

11

do

dust

1G‘15

23

3

223

14

ch

pek .sou

ll‘92

27

38

11

do

bro pek fan 1265

34 bid

12

Neuchatel

232

20

do

bro or pek

2000

40

30

llaiulrokamla

39

9

do

bro pek

poo

30

13

233

29

do

bro pek

2()10

45

40

7

do

pek

005

23

14

234

35

do

pickoe

2625

33

1 1

41

10

do

pek soa

860

20

15

235

35

do

pek sou

2275

26

42

43

Myraganga

42

43

29

10

do

do

hvo pek
pek

3045

900

37

34

IS

21

Aniross 233

PT X, in estate

b

do

fans

5U0

19 bid

•14

44

do

fan

910

25

m.U’k

241

8

hf ch

bro pek

4 IS

37

47

I'uioside

47

7

do

bro mix

720

21

22

242

8

do

pekoe

4UJ

20

Woodeml

49

IS

do

bro pek

I860

46 bid

23

243

21

do

pek sou

10.50

23

50

.50

IS

do

pekoe

1800

36 bid

24

Maligatenne

214

10

ch

pekoe

1050

28

r.i

IV

51

8

do

SOU

800

19 bid

25

215

10

do

pek sou

1000

22

V c

52

S

do

pek fan

805

30 bid

29

219

6

do

pekoe

600

20 ■

53

T \v

53

hf-ch

31

White Cross

25 L

20

do

bro pek

2100

39

1

box

dast

592

18 bid

32

252

14

do

pekoe

1330

30

54

54

10

ch

pek sou

1050

37

33

Illukettia

253

10

do

pek sou

900

23

55

5

do

fun

450

25

34

254

10

hf-ch

bro pek

500

37

r.6

Mahaousa

56

20

do

pek fan

2400

30 bid

39

Alpitikande

259

12

ch

bro pek

1200

51

4 )

260

20

do

pekoe
I)i?k sou

IGvO

33

41

261

9

d •

675

2G

[Me.

E.

John.—

109,793 lb.

44

45

Mukulane

264

265

8

8

do

tlo

bro pek
pekoe

720

800

46

36

Lot. Box.

Pkft'S.

Name.

lb.

c.

52

5'J

Rothes

272

273

12

23

hf-ch

do

bro pek
pekoe

576

920

71

51

1

( laktteld

101

12

ch

bro pek

1272

41 bid

iO

Kiilin

270

18

do

bro jjek

900

43

2

103

15

do

pek

1290

36

57

277

11

ch

pekoe

1045

29

105

9

do

pek sou

720

27 bid

5S

278

8

do

pek sou

720

25

4

Digdola

107

17

do

bro pek
bro pek

15S0

47

07

Harangalla

287

52

do

bro pek

5200

42

109

20

do

1600

31

OS

288

27

do

pekoe

2430

33

(>

111

15

do

pek soa

13.)0

24

69

Uarangalla

289

9

do

pek sou

855

23

113

7

do

bro pek fan

680

24

TO

290

11

do

dust

1430

^4

8

115

15

do

bro or pek

15('0

57

71

Nahakettia

291

20

do

bro pek

2220

44 bid

9

117

13

do

or pek

975

44

72

292

26

do

or pek

21/0

42 bid

10

Lameliere

119

so

do

bro pek (B)

3780

38

73

293

20

do

pekoe

2465

34 bid

11

121

33

do

pek

2970

40

74

294

2;>

do

pek sou

1826

31 bid

i2

123

27

do

pek sou

2295

32

75

295

15

hf-ch

laiLs

106.5

out

14

K L

127

30

hf-ch

bro pek

1500

19 bid

76

Ingrogalla

296

’12,

ch

bro pek

2260

46 bid

15

129

18

ch

pek

1620

17 bid

i i

297

29

do

pekoe

2610

36 bid

10

F.lston

131

50

do

l)ek sou

3500

26

78

298

33

do

pek sou

2970

28

17

Otterv & Stan’..

bro pek

1900

79

I N G, in estate

ford Hill

133

19

do

.50

mark

299

5

do

bro tea

500

17

18

135

18

do

or pek

1470

57

SO

300

10

hf-ch

dust

750

25

19

137

35

do

pek

3080

4t

81

301

14

ch

fans

1400

40

23

Glasgow

145

.59

do

bro or pek

4425

63

82

A A M C, in

24

147

10

do

pek sou

leoo

42

estate mark

2

11

hf-ch

bro pek

550

54

25

149

15

do

dust

1500

26

83

3

17

do

pekoe

850

33

20

Agra O avail

151

85

hf-ch

bro pek

51U0

71

85

5

47

do

pekoe

2350

35

27

153

49

do

or pek

2450

58

80

0

5

do

dust

400

23

2S

155

23

ch

pek

2185

50

87

Wentworth

7

8

ch

bro pek

880

40 bid

29

157

6

do

pek sou

570

44

88

8

20 hf-ch

or pekoe

1000

39

31

161

7

hLch

da t

058

26

80

9

17

ch

pek sou

1500

26 bid

32

Cleveland

163

2-2

do

bro pek

1210

65 bid

9U

Bollagalla

10

20

do

bro pek

2470

37 bid
32

33

105

39

do

pek

1950

48

91

11

14

do

pekoe

1120

30

Broadlands

171

22

ch

bro pek

2200

39 bid

95

Rattota

15

5

do

bro pek

500

36 bid

37

173

is

do

pekoe

1530

31 bid

90

10

10

do

pekoe

900

26 bid

175

18

do

pek sou

1260

24 bid

97

17

12

do

pelv sou

960

21 bid

40

179

19 hf-ch

dust

1691

out

98

LTuiwell.p

18

*.'5

ilo

Pro pek

2500

43

41

Rondura

181

20

ch

bro or pek

2100

40 bid

99

19

19

do

pekoe

1900

32

42

183

12

do

or pek

1140

37 bid

100

20

12

do

pek sou

1200

24

43

185

20

do

pek

1800

30 bid

103

Roseneath

23

52

hf-ch

bro pek

2860

42

41

187

8

do

pek sou

680

24

194

24

18

ch

pekoe

1620

33

45

189

12

do

1)10 tea

1200

16

105

25

20

do

pek sou

1 00

26

40

101

7

hf-ch

du.st

500

22

107

Mousagalla

27

19

do

bro pek

1995

29

47

Teniple.stowe

193

31

ch

or pek

2945

60

108

28

3

do

pekoe

1275

24

9

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST

Lot.

IjOX.

r

ku8.

Name.

lb.

C.

Ill

Surrey

31

15

ch

bvo or pek 1650

37 bid

113

W

33

4

do

pekoe

420

27

114

34

4

do

pek .sou

400

22

11.5

Mou.sckamle

35

4ii

do

pekoe

3480

oO

116

Maluitenne

36

SO

do

bio pek

3000

37 bid

117

37

18

do

pekoe

181 0

31 bid

ns

38

18

do

pek sou

1800

24 bid

llba

3Sa IS

do

jiek sou

1800

24 bid

119

39

5

do

dust

500

21

150

Galkolua

40

IS

dv)

bro p- k

1890

39

121

41

15

do

pekoe

1275

35

122

Coiiiilah

42

15

do

bio pek

1500

35 bid

123

43

10

do

pek sou

1000

20

124

Salawe

■ 44

6

do

bro pek

630

43

125

45

30

do

unassorted 2850

25

126

46

14

do

pek sou

1190

24

130

Ketailola

50

15 Ilf dl

bro pek

892

39

131

51

15

hf-ch

1

ch

pekoe

925

24

132

52

14

do

pek sou

1260

21

136

Peria Kande-

ketlia

56

23

do

bro pek

3500

43

137

67

27

do

pekoe

2808

35

138

68

13

do

pek sou

1300

26

140

60

6 lif-ch

dust

450

20

[Messrs. Forres & Walker.— 361, 3ii7 lb.]

Lot

Bo.x.

PksjT.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

2 New Peacock

104

13 hf-ch

I)ek fans

975

25

5

no

13

ch

pekoe

910

26

6

112

12 hf-ch

pek sou

672

22

13 :

Kakiriskande

126

5

ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek

555

43

Thedden

130

16

ch

bro pek

1900

39 bill

lO

138

24

do

pekoe

2160

29 bill

10

Coneygar

140

15 hf-cli

bro pek

900

54 bill

Z\)

01

142

8

ch

pekoe

800

45

Kelaneiya

146

29

do

bro pek

2465

57

O 1

148

25

do

pekoe

2500

42

07

Wevagoda

154

17

do

bro pek

1360

37

OQ

156

14

do

pekoe

980

23

158

7 1

;if-ch

pek sou

455

19

162

7

do

pek fans

525

23

oL

llethersett

168

20

ch

bro or pek

2240

68

04

OK

170

4

do

bro pek

520

47 bill

00

172

18

do

or pek

1548

71

•oO

07

174

9

do

pekoe

837

55

0 /

176

9

do

pek sou

756

47

OO

AO

Kirindi

180

18

do

bro pek

1980

55

■4U

182

20

do

pekoe

1720

42

4 i
AO

184

29

do

j.iek sou

2262

27

47

Ualigateiine

194

10

do

bro pek

1100

66

196

10

do

pekoe

860

38

4 O
AO

198

16

do

pek sou

1248

26

-oy

53

Ranawella

206

5

do

bro pek

550

55

208

7

do

pekoe

602

37

04

210

8

do

pek sou

624

26

-00

■Cl

Ritui

222

10

do

bro pek

1140

41

02

224

26

do

pekoe

1300

33

65

66

IVeyungawatte 230

26

33

hf-ch

ch

bro or pek
or pek

1560

2970

51

43

4\7

234

27

do

pekoe

2295

35 bill

•6S

236

9

do

pek sou

855

27

70

Lochiel

240

11

do

il list

1510

24

71

Morlands

242

28

hf-ch

bro pek

1400

54 bill

72

244

19

ch

pekoe

1900

39

7^

243

8

do

pek sou

800

28 bid

1 o

77

Tonacombe

254

24

do

or pek

2100

62

78

256

20

do

bro pek

22u0

57

70

258

40

do

pekoe

3000

45

SO

200

6

do

pek sou

COO

37

SI

Verulapitiya

202

24

do

bro pek

2400

38

82

264

14

do

pekoe

1260

32

S3

266

8

do

pek sou

720

26

84

268

21

hf-ch

sou

1050

24

02

Meddetenne

2s4

39

lif-ch

)u o pek

2010

46

93

280

10

ch

pekoe

1900

36

94

288

8

do

pek sou

720

26

5^7

Monkswood

294

24

do

bro pek

2640

S2

Oi

296

82

hf-ch

or pek

3690

withd’n

00

298

16

ch

pek sou

1360

no

1' 0

3'jO

12

hf-ch

ilu.st

960

33

101

302

9

do

fans

540

40

102

Krrollwood

301

12

ch

bro pek

7329

70

103

300

13

hf-ch

or pek

455

71

](4

30S

26

cli

pekoe

3420

52

105

310

10

do

pek sou

1805

37

US

Farnhain

3!6

42

hf-ch

bro pek

2100

56

100

318

31

do

or pek

1395

47

110

320

59

do

pekoe

1716

36

111

322

35

do

])ek sou

1470

29 bid

ll4

Melrose

328

19

ch

bro pek

2090

43

115

330

14

tlo

])ekoe

1400

35

110

332

7

»lo

pek sou

700

26

118

B D IV, t!

356

50

hf-ch

bro pek

2500

53 bid

Lot.

Box.

Pk".s.

Name.

lb.

C.

119

Middleton

338

31

cll

liro pek

3100

67 bid

120

340

32 hf-ch

or pe No.l

1600

.55

121

342

9

ch

jiekoe

85.5

47

122

Klaniana

344

6

do

pek sou

540

27

124

Opalgalla

348

5

do

dust

7o0

24

126

Udabage

352

10 lif-cli

bi’o pek

960

46

127

354

o7

do

pekoe

1485

33

128

356

27

do

pek sou

1485

26

129

358

10

do

son

550

21

131

362

7

do

dust

420

24

135

Rainbodde

370

31

do

iuo pek

1705

48

136

372

32

do

pekoe

160.1

41

137

374

10

do

pek sou

720

28

139

Niigagalla

378

89

do

bro pek

1950

53

no

380

71

tlo

pekoe

35.50

38

141

382

12

do

pek sou

600

26

142

384

5

do

ilust

450

25

113

AVait.ilawa

386

60

do

bro pek

3000

54

144

288

97

do

pekoe

4850

37 bid

145

390

20

do

pek sou

1000

26

140

392

6

do

dust

510

26

147

R M T, in est

mark

394

5

ch

bro pek

510

40

liS

396

5

do

pekoe

440

30

150

Dehegalle

400

10

do

l)ro pek

1030

61

151

402

23

do

rekoe

2300

44

1.53

406

4

(lo

congou

400

22

155

410

6

do

dust

472

23

160

Arablakande

420

10

do

bro pek

900

62

161

422

14

do

pekoe

1260

3S

162

424

7

do

pek son

700

27

163

Patiagaina

426

9

do

bro or pek

945

.54

164

428

8

do

or pek

800

62

165

430

8

do

pekoe

SOO

44

16S

Ki Harney

430

03

hf-cli

bro or iiek

3780

53

169

438

20

do

ov pek

900

60

170

440

15

do

pekoe

750

43

173

Ganapalla

446

115

lif-ch

bro pek

5750

43

174

448

42

ch

pek

3150

26

175

4.50

17

do

i)ek sou

1275

21

176

452

25

do

Imi |)ek fan 2500

34

177

454

8

(lo

])ek fans

SOO

SO

178

Radella

450

42

dr.

iuo pek

4200

53

179

458

37

do

pek

3330

41

180

400

16

do

jiek

1440

35

181

462

4

do

dust

520

24

182 Sinna Golcouda

. 464

11

ch

bro pek

1155

40 bid

183

466

7

do

pek

625

25 bid

184

Csxton

408

35 lif-ch

bro pek

1750

33

185

470

19

ch

pek

1710

25 bid

186

Weoya

472

32

ch

iiro pek

2880

40

187

474

19

cll

pek

1425

30

188

476

14

do

pek sou

980

23

189

478

15

do

fan

1500

31

191

Dunkeld

482

17

ch

bro pek

1700

49

192

484

15

do

or pek

1200

51

193

486

15

do

pek

1500

35

194

D. K. D.

488

9

ch

broiiek No 2

; 1080

27 bid

197

494

•J

do

dust

480

24

198

Erracht

490

17

ch

fans

1415

30

199

498

0

do

dust

900

23

200

dunes

500

n

hf-ch

bro or pek

005

54

201

.502

24 1

[\f-ch

bro pek

1200

52

202

504

18

ch

pek

1620

32

203

506

8

ch

pek sou

720

22

204

508

21 hf-ch

bro pek fans

1320

36

205

510

6

do

dust

480

24

206

Kara

512

20 lif-ch

bro pek

1000

31 bill

207

514

20

ch

pek

1800

24 bid

208

High Forest

516

65 Iif-ch

bro pek

3080

69

209

518

34

do

jiek

1700

59

210

520

20

do

pek sou

900

53

211

Ruanwella

622

40

ch

bro pek

4000

45

212

524

75

(lo

pek

6000

32

213

520

16

do

l>ek sou

1440

21

214

523

7

ilo

dust

500

23

215

nso

(i

do

fans

600

14

216

A. R. K.

532

15

ch

pro pek

1650

34 1)id

217

Springkell

534

7

ch

dust

.'■>05

23

221

Galphele

242

25

hf-ch

bro pek

1375

52 bid

222

544

35

do

pek

1575

41 bid

223

546

22

do

l>ck sou

900

34 bid

226

C.

552

8

ch

sou

760

15

227

Ekolsund

554

16

ch

bro pek

1700

56

228

656

31

do

jiek

3100

38

239

Carlabeck

578

7

ch

pek sini

770

49

240

580

8

lif-ch

lu'o pok fan

000

45

243

Tymawr

580

35 1

lif-ch

bro pek

1705

57

244

Ascot

588

7

ch

liro or pek

700

36 bid

245

590

30

do

bro jiek

3000

40

246

Dehegalla

502

24

cll

liro pek

2480

42

247

.594

20

do

Iiek

2000

45

248

590

13

ch

pek sou

1170

37

250

(Jueeiisland

600

13

ch

or pek

1235

57

251

012

29

do

pek

2165

47

Denmark Hill

600

0

ch

bro or pek

lOeS

68

235

610

8

do

or pek

688

70

CEYLON PRODUCE SYLE^ LIST.

Lot

.

Box.

Bkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

258

M’Kelle

616

20

ch

bro pek

2600

35 bid

259

618

20

do

pck

1610

30 bid

260

B D W, P

020

5

di

(Ul.st

435

24

262

Agra Oya

024

38 hf-di

bri) p k

1690

52

263

626

23

cli

pek

1955

33

261

028

9

do

jiek sou

810

26

266

032

8

hf-ch

(lust

600

26

268

Pedro

036

28

ch

bro or pek

3080

74 bid

269

038

12

do

pck

1140

62 bid

270

0!O

8

do

pek sou

640

54

271

012

12

do

fans

1800

42 bid

272

A’Oya

014

8

ch

bro pek

S40

35 bid

273

010

13

do

oek

1170

28 bid

271

Talgaswela

018

30

ch

bro pck

3240

48

275

650

5

do

br pek No. 2

; 350

38

270

652

5

do

pekoe

450

38

278

Clyde

056

50

do

bro pek

5320

56

279

658

58

do

pekoe

4640

33

2S0

060

20

do

pek sou

2470

26

281

662

5

do

(lust

725

23

283

Kuduwatte

606

58

do

bro pek

5800

35 bid

284

668

43

do

1 hf-ch

pekoe

3920

24 bid

286

Battawatte

072

27

ch

bro pek

2700

59

287

074

4

do

pekoe

400

38

288

076

12

do

pek sou

1200

35

289

078

4

d)

(lust

400

24

289a

678;\

, 4

do

bro pe fans

400

26

290

Amtield

080

11 lif-ch

or pe fans

670

38 bid

291

L N

032

6

ch

pek fans

420

28 bid

292

b uduwewe

684

5

do

bro pek

510

24

293

686

6

do

p koe

630

21 bid

294

N

688

28

do

pek sou

2394

15

295

Ireby

690

50 hf-cb

bro pek

2750

58

296

692

13

ch

pekoe

1170

43

297

094

8

do

pek sou

720

36

299

S K

698

17

hf-ch

or pek fan

1070

30 bid

300

Castlereugh

700

12

c]i

bro pek

1200

55

301

702

12

do

or pek

1080

43

302

704

28

(lo

pekoe

2520

36

303

706

11

do

pekoe

880

26

306

Casclereagh

712

5

do

bro pek

600

46 bid

307

T L

714

22 hf-ch

pek fans

1695

21 bid

308

716

00

do

pek (lust

4000

23 bid

309

A

718

11

ch

bro (lust

1050

18

310

Carendon

720

4

do

bro or pek

400

43

311

722

4

do

pekoe

400

30

312

721

4

do

pek sou

400

26

314

728

4

do

fans

406

37

318

Battawatte

736

41 hf-ch

bro pek

2050

55 bid

320

740

9

do

pekoe

450

40

S21

Ascot

742

5

ch

(lust

725

23

SMALL LUTS.

[Messrs. A.

H. Thompson &, Co.]

Lot.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Dehiowita

1

2

ch

bro bek fan

270

20

4

St. Leonards

on Sea

4

4

do

pek sou

320

23 bid

5

5

1

do

bro mix

100

IS

6

0

1

do

bro pek fan

50

55

12

Kirrimittia

12

3

do

1 box

pek

260

?4

13

F H M

13

1

ch

bro pek fan

100

24

15

15

2

do

dust

2 2

21

21

M L C

21

3

do

red leaf

255

11

0/2

Ahainud

22

7

hf-ch

bro pek

350

36

b

23

4

do

pek

200

24

24

24

5

do

pek sou

250

20

25

25

2

do

fan No. f

110

l(i

26

26

2

do

fan No. 2

110

12

45

Myraganga

45

2

ch

red leaf

180

12

46

46

3

do

SOU

285

14

48

Ugieside

48

2

do

dust

300

23

[Mr.

E. John.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkg..

Name

Ib.

C.

13

Lanicliiere

125

3

ch

pek fan

255

25

20

Octery and Stani-

ford Hill

139

1

do

SOU

103

21

21

141

1

do

dust

158

23

22

143

1

do

bro mix

ICiO

14

30

Agra Ouvah

159

5

do

pek fan

390

32

34

Cleveland

107

7

hf-cli

pek sou

350

40

35

169

2

do

dvst

100

31

39

B K

177

2

ch

1

Iif-ch

bro tea

316

10

54

S F D

207

4

do

fan

240

28

55

209

4

do

(lust

820

21

56

2.1

3

do

con;^ou

150

17

Lot.

61 Theresia

62

61 O T

66 Farm

67 Lameliere
2 B B

73

75 Kahagalla
80 Tient.sin

Box.

221

223

227

231

233

243

745

249

259

Pkgs.

3 do

2 ht-ch

4 do

3 do

1 ch

2 do

3 do
3 do

1 hf-ch

Name.

pek sou
du.st
dust
dust
bro pek
pek sou
bro tea
sou
dust

lb.

300

100

380

258

105

200

300

270

87

C.

40

27

27

26

55

17

13

23

27

Messrs. Porbes

& Walker.

Lot.

Box.

Pkg5.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

New Peacock

102

5 ilf ch

bro mix

225

14

3

Bambagalla

106

2

do

bi'O pek

120

51

4

D C

108

4

ch

In o pek

3C0

40

7

114

1

do

dust

100

2'^

8

116

1

do

red leaf

SO

1,3

9

Hopewell

118

1

do

1 lif-ch

bro pek

161

52

10

120

1

ch

1 lif-ch

pekoe

152

28

11

122

2

cll

pek sou

181

22

12

124

2

<lo

conj»;uu

167

18

14

Kakiriskande

128

3

do

pekoe

270

28

15

130

1

(lo

pek sou

CO

23

16

132

1 hf-ch

dust

78

24

17

134

1

do

red leaf dust 40

16

2:^

Coneygnr

144

4

cll

pek sou

S60

.30 bid

25

Kelaneiya

150

3

do

sou

300

21

26

152

1

do

dust

115

23

30

lYevagoda

IGO

4 hf-ch

SOU

260

14

32

164

1

cll

pek dust

100

23

33

166

1

do

red leaf

75

14

39

Hethersett

178

3

do

pek fans

264

32

43

Kiriudi

186

2

do

SOU

140

17

44

188

3

do

du.st

255

24

45

190

1

do

red leaf

76

13

40

192

1

do

1 hf ch

uiias

104

10

50

Maligatenne

200

2

ch

sou

140

19

51

202

2

do

dust

160

23

52

204

1 lif-ch

red leaf

38

11

56

Ranawella

212

1

ch

sou

70

10

57

214

1

do

dust

86

24

58

216

1

do

imas

82

18

59

M

218

1

do

pekoe

b5

24

00

P

220

1 hf-ch

dust

o7

23

03

Ritni

220

1

do

nek sou

55

21

64

228

3

do

dust

186

24

69

Wevung.awatte 238

3

do

dust

255

24

74

Morlands

248

3

do

dust

240

26

75

250

2

do

fans

100

22

70

252

2

cll

red leaf

160

12

85

Verulapitiya

270

4 hf-ch

dust

320

23

SC

272

4

do

red leaf

240

12

87

274

1

do

Viro mix

60

20

95

Meddetenne

290

3

ch

l.iro pek fans 300

33

96

292

1

do

dust

150

24

108

Errollwood

312

1 hf-ch

SOU

50

21

107

314

2

do

dust

170

27

112

Farnham

324

4

do

bro tea

ISO

16

113

326

1

ch

dust

100

23

117

Jlelrose

334

2

do

SOU

ISO

20

123

Klamana

346

2

do

fans

200

26

130

Udab 'ge

360

6 hf-ch

fans

360

20

132

B T N

364

1

do

red leaf

50

13

133

306

2

(.lo

dust

liO

23

134

368

1

(lo

SOU

50

15

138

Baml)od(ie

376

1

do

fans

180

24

149

R M T, in est.

mark

398

4

ch

pek sou

360

21

152

iJehegalle

404

1

(lo

pek sou

90

30

154

408

2

do

SOU

180

21

156

412

4

do

fans

320

SO

166

Patiagaraa

432

2

do

' pek sou

200

37

167

434

1

do

dust

155

23

171

Killa'iiey

442

2

(lo

]iek sou

192

27

172

444

1

do

dust

100

23

190

Weova

4b0

2

ch

dust

280

23

195

HKD

490

2

ch

pek sou

200

23

196

492

3

ch

red leaf

34.5

12

2’l8

Springkell

536

2

ch

pek fans

160

30

224

Galpliele

548

2

hf-ch

dust

luO

28

225

Debatgama

550

2

ch

(lust

2o0

li(>

229

Ekolsund

558

3

ch

SOU

300

24

230

560

4 lif-ch

dust

320

24

235

P G A

570

1

ch

sni

100

19

236

I’oonagalla

572

1

ch

red leaf

70

237

Peacock Hill 674

O

lif-ch

1 'o mixed

90

13

23S

570

5 hf-cli

pek ii 11

24

241

Beaumont

582

3

cll

red loaf

303

20

219 Dehegalla

598

3

ch

con

3 0

24

252 Queensland

t04

2 hf-ch

(lust

150

3L

CF.VLOX PKODUCE SALES LIST,

4

Lot

B.ix.

Pkps.

Name.

lb.

C.

254

Denmark Hill

CCS

2 eh

hro pek

200

52

250

012

4 ch

pek

372

52

257

014

3 do

pek sou

2f2

45

261

B n W, G

022

4 ch

dust

300

25

20*5

Agra Ova

010

2 ch

hro mixed

180

12

207

Siuinvcroft

0’14

2 ch

pek sou

2( 0

10

277

Talgaswela

054

4 ch

nek sou

300

30

2S2

Clyde

004

4 cli

hvo mix

witlid'n

285

Battii watte

070

3 ilo

liro or pek

300

50

298

Irebv

090

2 hf-ch

dust

160

24

:i04

Castlereagh

70S

2 do

pek fans

140

31

305

710

3 hf-ch

dust

240

24

313

Carendon

720

3 ch

souchong

300

21

315

730

2 do

COllJJOll

22*2

17

310

MK

732

0 hf-ch

pek dn t

365

10 bid

317

KM

734

4 do

pek dust

232

20 bill

319

Battawatt

738

4 do

hro or pek

200

47

322

LN

744

5 ch

dust

395

21 bid

[Me.SS1!.S.
Lot. Bo.\.

.Somerville cK: Co.
Fkgs. Name lb.

c.

4

Inchstelly and
Woo'lthrope

224

1 ch

souchong

70

20

5

225

2 hf-ch

dust

160

23

226

1 do

red leaf

49

12

4

Primrose Hill

227

5 do

bro pek

275

50

8

228

3 ch

pekoe
pek sou

258

38

9

2:^9

4 do

312

20

10

230

1 hf-ch

soucliong

36

20

11

231

1 hf-ch

red leaf

40

11

13

Neuchatel

230

2 ch

dust

300

2:3

17

.a dross

237

3 do

congou

240

H)

19

239

3 hf-ch

dust

210

2.J

20

240

2 ch

bru mixed

200

11

20

Alaligateime

240

1 do

bro .sou

lot)

17

27

217

1 do

dust

130

21

21

California

248

3 do

bro pek

285

40

30

250

2 do

pek sou
pekoo

200

20

35

Ulukettia

2:55

0 hf-ch

3LO

27

30

250

3 ch

pek sou

300

20

37

257

2 d(j

bro mixed

210

14

38

2.58

1 hf-ch

ihist

78

22

G

262

3 do

fannings

225

20

43

203

3 do

dust

270

22

*iU

Mukulaiie

200

1 ch

pekoe 11

100

27

47

207

1 do

pek sou

lOO

2.J

48

208

2 do

souchong

200

1.5

49

269

2 do

fanuiiigs

250

21

.50

270

1 do

dust

140

22

271

2 do

red leaf

200

12

54

Rothes

274

0 hf ch

pek sou

240

25 bid

55

275

2 do

dust

160

28

59

K in estate
mark

279

2 ch

bro ini.xed

160

12

00

280

2 hf-ch

dust

170

•23

84,v A M (’, in estate

mark 4

2 hf-ch

or pekoe

100

44

92

Bollagalla

12

3 ch

pek sou

285

22

93

13

1 do

bro tea

130

15

93 V

13.V

1 hf-ch

faiinings

90

.20

94

14

1 ch

dust

110

22

Lot.

Eox.

Pkc.s.

Name

Ib.

C

101

Ukuwella

21

4

do

hro tea

380

14

102

22

■2

do

hro pek fan 140

27

lUu

Roseiieath

26

1

do

dust

138

22

109

iMousegada

29

3

do

souchong

270

17

110

30

2

do

dust

310

21

112

IV

32

1

lif-ch

hro pekoe

35

38

127

.Salawe

47

2

do

dust

250

23

128

Malvern

48

1

do

bro pekoe

100

40

IrO

49

3

do

pekoe

300

25

133

L S G,

•53

2

do

1

hf-cli

souchong

215

15

134

54

1

ch

hro pek dust 150

IS

135

50

1

do

1

hf-ch

pek dust

170

16

139

Peria Frandekettia

3

ch

souchong

330

17

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

{From Our Commercial Correspondent).

Mincing Lane, Oct. 30, 1896.

Marks ami priee.sof CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 30th Oct. : —

Ex “Shropshire”— Ooleondn, Ic Ib 107s; 2c It 103s; lb 80s;
lb 100s; lb 82s; 1 bag 98i-'.

Ex “Stati'ordshire”— Gonamotava, Ic lb .50s 6d; 11 bags
63s: 3 bags £6s Od- 1 bag (sdcl 2) lbs. Ragalla, Ic 86s; 2c
It lb S3s; 2t 73s; 2b 70s; Ic 52s; Ic lb 1 bag 26s 6d.
Anibawella, Ic lb lOCs; Ic 95s; lb 103s; lb 81s; 1 bag 97.s.
Bogawantalawa, Ic 90s; lb 79s; lb 71s; 1 bag 91s; 1

bag 83s.

Ex “Prometlieus”- Niabedda, Ic lb 95s; 2c 92s. NB, le
05.S. Gonakelle, IbS.is; lb lOOs.

Ex “Ben Lomond”— Bark, Ic 101s; Ic lb 90s 6d; lb 103s;
It 77s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “Prometheu.s”— Cocoa watte, 14 bags 54s Od; 8 bags 41s;
8 bags 34s Od.

Ex “Ching Wo”— Palli, 02 bags 5 bags 38s.

Ex “Etaflordshire”— IlK in estate mark, 10 bags 50s Od;
2 bags 44s.

CEYLON CrVRDAMO.M SALES IN
LONDON.

Ex “Balmoral’’— Gavatenne, Mysore, 2c 3s 7d; 3c 3s 6d,
4c 3s 2d; lets It'd-

\

UUSKKVMi rniNTINCi WOUK.S.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

NO 46 Colombo, Novembeh 30, 1896 | Price ;—12| cents each 3 copies

' ^ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson ^ Co.— 30,177 lb.]

Lot.

Bo.x

. 1

Name,

lb.

C.

1

K

1

7

hf-ch

dust

595

23 hid

9|

Balcownie

2

16

ch

hro p ik

1440

38

3

3

24

do

pek

1800

29

4

4

10

do

pek son

700

24 hid

5

5

9

do

hro mix

765

15

7

Ratnatenne

7

0

do

hro pek

510

38

8

S

9

do

pek

810

26

9

Ratnatenne

9

11

lif-ch

hro or pek

605

31 hid

10

10

12

do

pek

660

27

11

11

10

do

pek sou

500

19 hid

12

Vogan

12

37

ch

hro pek

3515

56

13

13

‘z7

do

pek

2130

38

14

14

20

do

sou pek

1700

31

1.5

M L C

15

6

do

hro pek

660

33

17

P B

17

4

do

dnst

550

withd'u

20

Belugas

20

6

do

dust

720

22

21

Battangalla

21

20

do

hro pek

2000

42 bid

22

IS

do

pek

1800

31 hill

23

23

12

do

pek sou

1080

27 hid

26

Warwick

20

4

do

dust

GOO

24

27

Spvingwood

27

10

do

hro mix

loco

13

28

A in estiite

30 hid

mark

28

16

do

hro pek

1920

-29

29

8

do

pekoe

800

21 bid

30

30

6

do

pek sou

600

18 bid

31

Kudawewa

31

10 hf-ch

pek fan No.

1 575

12 bid

33

W

33

4

ch

pek fan

445

20 hid

[Messrs. Ei

ORBES & Walker. — 309,775

lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pk£T.s. Name.

lb.

C.

1

G O, in estate

mark

746

38 hf-ch

SOU

1520

33

<>

748

14

ch

hro mix

630

25

5

Atuncah.atenna 754

14 hf-ch

pekoe

784

23

7

Langdale

758

n

ch

hro pek

1320

57

8

700

15

do

pekoe

1500

44

10

Maskeliya

764

54 hf eh

hro or pek

2700

46 hid

11

766

20

ch

or pek

2000

41 hid

12

768

20

do

pekoe

2000

36

13

Dunbar

770

17 hf-ch

hro pek

2444

65 hid

14

772

22

ch

pekoe

1870

41

15

774

14

do

pek sou

1050

34

16

D B B

776

5

do

hro mix

500

13 bid

23

Great Valley

790

18

ch

hro pek

2070

54

24

792

16

do

or pek

1680

45

25

794

20

do

pekoe

2000

35

26

706

10

do

pek sou

900

27

27

798

5

do

dust

475

24

28

Bickley

800

65 hf-ch

hro pek

357.5

56

29

802

31

do

pekoe

2170

45

30

804

10

do

pek sou

600

33

33

Geragama

810

24

ch

hro pek

2400

56

34

812

14

do

pekoe

13S0

33

35

814

9

do

pek sou

810

25

36

Galpitakande

816

13

do

bro pek

1305

62

37

818

18

do

pekoe

1800

42

38

820

5

(lo

pek sou

600

32

40

P Y

824

6

do

hro pek

600

18

42

Neddurapara

828

30 hf-ch

pek sou

1350

25

43

S.10

35

do

pek sou

1.575

25

44

832

14

do

dust

1050

20

45

Lochif 1

834

24

ch

hro pek

2400

63

46

866

16

do

pekoe

1280

41

54

Brechin

852

28

ch

hro pek

3080

51 bid

55

85 i

28

do

pekoe

2800

38 bid

56

856

6

do

pek sou

600

27 hid

60

Lyegrovo

864

12

do

or pek

1104

47

61

866

16

do

hro pek

1808

47

62

868

9

(io

pekoe

765

35

63

870

11

do

pek sou

880

28

64

Yaha Ella

872

13

do

hro pek

i:;00

44

65

a: 4

7

do

pekoe

630

34

66

876

5

do

pek sou

4.50

31

67

Ookoowatte

878

10 hf-ch

SOU

950

25

69

832

8

do

ilust

640

24

70

Gallawatte

8S4

20

ch

hro pek

2470

42 bid

71

886

26

do

or pek

2.140

40

72

S8S

19

do

pekoe

1710

29 hid

73

800

4

do

pek sou

700

24

75

894

6

do

pek fans

690

25

76

806

4

do

dust

400

23

]jOt.

Box.

Pko;s. Name

lb.

c.

77

Ella Oya

898

8

ch

or pek

768

53

78

900

12

do

pekoe

11.52

4 3

79

902

15

do

pek .sou

13.50

31

SO

904

y

do

pek fans

920

28

81

906

4

do

(lust

040

21

83

Ascot

910

33

do

bro pek

3135

42

3t

912

2.3

do

j)ekoe

2380

33

85

Tymawr

914

5

do

jiek fans

575

31

8-3

916

52

lif-cli

bro pek

2600

57

87

918

81

do

pekoe

3645

48

88

920

83

do

pek .sou

3735

.39

89

922

6

do

(lust

480

24

90

92)

8

do

bro pek dust 560

28

92

Middleton

928

20

ch

pekoe

1800

42

93

930

11

do

pek sou

1015

34

94

932

5

do

fans

775

24

95

Arapolakande 934

26

(io

bro pek

230

52

96

936

35

(lo

pekoe

2800

34

97

938

10

(lo

pek sou

950

25

99

Kabrag.alla

942

23

hf-ch

bro tea

1150

14

100

Oxford

911

11

ch

bro pek

1100

32 hid

101

946

12

hf-ch

or pek

480

39 bid

102

948

9

do

pekoe

810

29 bid

103

950

5

do

pek sou

400

23

106

L, in estate

mark

953

12

ch

hro tea

1260

12

107

Beausijour

958

18

do

bro pek

1620

40 hid

108

960

10

(lo

pekoe

1440

32

109

962

6

(io

pek sou

540

25

112

A G

938

6

do

hro tea

450

12

113

Choughleigh

970

13

do

bro pek

1404

49

114

972

8

(lo

pekoe

760

39 bid

115

974

8

do

pek sou

760

30 bid

116

976

5

do

sou

425

■21 bid

118

Walpol i

930

33

do

bro pek

3465

44

119

982

29

do

pekoe

2755

36

120

984

21

do

j)ek sou

1995

24

1-23

G

990

27

do

bro pek

2700

32

124

992

16

do

pekoe

1600

i2

125

994

8

(lo

pek sou

800

15

127

998

5

(lo

fans

500

34

131

Pansalatenne

6

17

(lo

bro pek

1785

47

132

8

14

do

pekoe

1400

37

133

10

13

do

pek sou

1235

31

1.0

Dunkeld

21

3)

bro pek

3603

52

141

26

18

do

or pek

1440

48

142

28

17

(lo

pekoe

1700

37

143

DK D

30

7

do

hr pe No. 2

805

34

144

Bloomfield

32

45

(io

flowery pek

4500

55

145

31

32

do

pekoe

3200

41

146

36

17

(lo

pek .sou

1615

35

147

38

16

do

pek fan

1200

25

1)8

Cjskiehen

40

21

(lo

flowery pek

2100

56

149

42

14

do

pek

1330

40

150

44

8

(lo

pek sou

720

35

151

46

10

do

pek No, 1

10 JO

31

152

48

7

do

„ No. 2

630

26

154

Polatagama

52

35

do

hro pek

3325

40

155

51

32

(lo

pek

2880

24

1 6

56

10

do

pek sou

SCO

20

157

58

23

(lo

fans

2185

39

158

60

5

(lo

pek fans

450

22

159

62

0

do

dust

840

26

ICO

Maha Uva

61

24 Iif-cli

bro or pek

14)0

55

161

66

30

do

or pek

1630

61

162

63

21

ch

pekoe

2300

47

163

70

11

do

pek sou

1190

42

169

Kirklees

82

35

do

hro or pek

2100

63 hid

170

84

19

ch

pek

1805

47 hid

171

80 ■

13

do

pek a

1170

41

172

88

5

(io

dust

425

26

173 .St. Columbkille 90

18

(lo

hro pex

1800

40

174

92

14 hf-ch

pek fans

80

36

175

91

u

do

dust

825

24

176

Harrington

1.6

14

ch

or pek

1568

54

177

93

13

do

pek

1300

44

178

100

5

(lo

pek .sou

450

37

ISl

Castlereagli

lOG

13

(io

hro pek

1300

49

182

103

10

do

or pek

9J0

42

183

110

15

do

pek

1350

35

18t

112

6

(lo

pek sou

4S0

26

187

Caxtoii

113

10

(lo

pekoe

1710

20 bid

188

Carfax A

120

8 hf-ch

hro or pek

440

50

189

122

4

ch

or pek

400

45

191

Carfax B

126

5

do

pekoe

475

39

192

123

10 lif-ch

hro or pek

600

59

194

130

5

ch

or pek

500

50

195

Mayfair

134

13

do

pekoe

1235

40

190

136

20

(lo

un.as

1900

21 hid

200

Patiagama

141

13

do

hro or pek

1365

53

201

146

6

do

or pek

600

53

202

148

S

do

pekoe

800

38

o

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

. Eox.

rivgr.s.

Name.

lb.

c.

205

Sinn.a Col-

combi

1.54

7

do

pekoe

525

25

206

Nuseby

156

46 hf-eli

bro pek

2530

85 bid

207

1.58

25

do

pekoe

1125

72 i)id

208

160

6

do

dust

480

87 bid

209

Kara

162

20

<lo

bro pt-k

1000

out

210

164

20

ch

pekoe

1800

20 bid

211

St. Hellers

166

23 lif-cli

bro or pek

1173

46

212

168

10

ch

pekoe

900

34

213

170

r,

do

pek sou

450

29

222

Mkelle

188

20

do

bro pek

2600

30 bid

223

190

20

do

pekoe

1640

25 bid

224

Holton

192

20

do

bro iiek

1900

49

225

194

8

(lo

pekoe

760

34

232

Pambagama

208

23

do

fans

2300

21

233

210

14

do

bro tea

1300

14

234

Rowley

212

47

hf*ch

bro Pek

2350

58

235

214

36

do

pek

18C0

41

230

Diungalla

216

8

ch

bro pek

840

32 bid

237

218

13

do

nek

1170

26 bid

238

Oalphele

220

25 lif-eh

bro pek

1375

48 bid

240

.Sorana

224

21

do

bro pek

1050

56

241

226

14

eh

pekoe

1260

39

242

228

8

do

pek sou

680

28

249

Ellawatte

242

21

<lo

bro pek

2205

59

250

244

29

do

pekoe

2900

43

251

146

7

do

pek sou

700

34

253

Meemoraoya

250

16 hf-eli

bro pek

640

37

2.54

252

20

do

pek

1040

29

258

O P M in est.

mark

260

8

do

bro pek

400

72

259

262

18

do

pekoe

990

54

260

261

28

do

pekoe No 2

1288

52

261

266

20

do

•SOU

1000

41

263

Dehegalla

270

6

ch

bro pek

1510

59

17 lu-cli

204

272

15

ch

pekoe

2200

40

14 lif-ch

265

274

8

do

])ek sou

720

32

266

276

6

do

bins

480

33

267

278

7

do

dust

,560

24

263

Stafford

280

6

ch

bro pek

660

67

271

Ulencorse

286

30

do

bro pek

3600

45

272

288

20

do

pekoe

1800

36

273

290

23

do

pek sou

1955

29

276

Rosebill

296

29

do

bins

2730

28 bid

278

Sirisauda

300

56 lif-cli

bro pek

2800

63

279

302

50

do

pek

2500

34

280

304

39

do

pek sou

1950

26

234

312

7

do

dust

560

24

Mksses. Somervile:-^ ik ,Lo.— 144,013 lb.]

Lot.

Eo.x,

. i

’bg.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Hapugasmulle 61

9

cli

bro pekoe

945

40

3

63

12

do

pek sou

1140

20

7

Lyndhurst

67

23

hf ch

bro pek

1150

46

8

68

33

do

pekoe

1485

31

9

69

40

(lo

pek .sou

1660

25

12

Blairavoii

72

24

do

bro pek

1320

57

13

73

IS

ch

pekoe

1620

44

14

74

19

do

pek sou

1615

36

16

Nugawella

76

24

bf-ch

or pekoe

1320

.55

17

77

24

do

bro or pek

1440

44

18

78

61

do

pekoe

3050

37

19

79

10

Cll

pek sou

850

29

22

Hidton

82

42

hf-eli

bro pekoe

2310

70

‘i3

83

40

ch

pekoe

4140

45

24

84

29

do

pek sou

2610

34

31

Atherton

91

8

Ilf cll

bropek

448

37 bid

36

Do tala

06

26

do

or pekoe

1170

!^2

37

97

20

do

)iro jiek

1560

55

38

98

18

cll

pekoe

1620

38

39

!)9

21

di)

pel; srai

2100

32

40

160

7

do

pek fail

805

26

41

White Cross

101

24

(IpJ

bro pek

2400

39

42

102

15

do

pekoe

1350

30

43

1<'3

14

do

pek sou

1200

24

41

Ingeriya

104

25 1

iif-cli

liro pek

1250

46

45

105

18

do

pekoe

864

34

40

106

18

do

jiek sou

810

27

48

108

12

do

pek biii.s

696

39

51

New V.illey

111

20

ch

liro or pede

2000

65

52

112

2-!

ilo

or pek

2070

53

53

113

24

do

pekoe

2160

44

04

114

15

do

jiek sou

1200

38

55

N I T

115

4

do

biniiings

480

28

00

116

18

do

uii.'issortod

1530

14 I)id

08

Wilpita

118

9

do

bro Jiek

two

28

09

119

18

(1.)

pekoe

1710

20

GO

120

0

do

liro iiilsed

670

10

62

Hagj.Ha

122

46 bf-cli

bro pek

2700

33

63

123

35

ch

pekoe

1750

30

Lot.

Eox.

Pkit's

. Name.

lb.

C.

Gt

124

15

cll

pek sou

1500

24

On

125

6

hf-cli

dust

450

22

66

126

4

do

buinings

480

24

67

OvoCii

127

23

ch

bro or pek

2415

64

68

128

14

do

or pekoe

1190

46

6i)

129

12

do

pekoe

1200

43

70

130

12

do

pek sou

1200

37

72

!•' A, in estate

mark

132

6

do

dust

900

23

75

P G

135

15

do

bro pek

1403

19

76

136

7

do

pekoe

642

16

82

Glenalla

142

14

ch

lire or pek

1400

42

bid

83

143

12

do

or pek

1080

50

81

144

17.

do

pekoe

1530

35

85

145

28

do

pek sou

2520

30

93

Kennington

153

7

do

souchong

665

19

96

Maliateime

156

30

do

bro pek

3000

40

97

157

18

do

pekc.e

1800

31

98

168

18

do

pek sou

1800

24

99

159

18

do

pelc sou

18C0

24

100

.St. Ciitlierine

160

12

hf-ch

bro pek

720

48

101

161

13

do

or pek

650

54

102

162

39

do

pekoe

1605

33

103

Peuritli

103

25

do

pek sou

1125

25

105

165

35

ch

bro pek

35C0

4S

IOj

166

30

do

pekoe

2400

107

Rayigam

167

20

do

pek sou

1700

27

110

170

27

do

bro pek

‘2700

51

111

171

21

do

pekoe

1785

3S

112

Deiiiyaya

172

7

do

dust

SIO

23

113

H4

173

174

30

18

do

do

bro pek
pekoe

3300

1800

47

bid

115

5

8

do

pelc s 11

8U0

27

118

't S 1’ A

1 /b

7

do

bro pek fan

010

27

bid

119

\ S P

179

6

do

I'ek dust

oeo

26

121

181

14

do

UlhiH

14C0

29

bid

123

^ ogan

183

22

do

SOU

17(50

25

bid

128

G K A

188

9

(lo

pek sou

s; 0

24

bid

129

I kuwela

189

34

do

bro pek

3400

38

130

131

132

190

191

192

29

13

5

do

do

do

pekoe.
pelc sou
bro tea

2900

1300

d.'in

30

24

12

L'64

133

N

li ( ' T F ill os

197

17

hf-ch

pek sou

935,

23

139

140

141

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

153

154

155

tide maik

W-I>

Ingrogiilla

A-G

INalgolit

Bcnveula

198

199

200
201

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

213

214

215

19

17

14
5
4

22

29

4

1-2

9

15
7

£0

58

5

ch

do

do

(lo

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

hf-cli

do

ch

bro pek

pekoe

sou

fiinnings
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
or pek
•n o pek
pekoe
pek sou
iiro pek
pekoe
pek sou

ISOO

1530

1260

450

420

2200

2610

400

1140

900

1350

700

1500

2900

500

25

23
16
15
31
62
39
22
46
49
35

24
46
34
o*>

156

216

4

do

)no mi.\ed

400

14

157

217

5

do

Just No. 1

600

25

[Mr. E.

John.-

-180,293 lb.

Lot.

Box

. Pkg.s.

Name.

lb.

c.

1

Honiiidolii

261

6 ch

or pek

460

30 1

tiid

^03

10 (lo

bro pek

1480

265

20 do

pekoe

1560

26

4

0

267

Ottery A .Stam-

7 do

pelc sou

590

21

!

8

12 Callander

13

IG Goiiavy
17 Mo.-ha
IS

19

20
21

22 I\ ies

23
21

34 I'V ill dale

35

36

37

38 Oi a.ime I'Meld

39
41

43 KceiiaKuha

i:Ua

44

46 AUabage

271

18

ch

273

13

do

275

33

do

283

29

hf-ch

285

29

do

‘291

22

ch

293

22

do

205

18

do

297

24

do

299

24

(lo

301

7

do

30,3

40 :

hf-cli

306

51

do

307

25

do

3*27

11

do

329

11

(lo

331

14

ch

333

6

do

335

5

do

337

21)

do

311

6

do

345

11

do

347

5

do

351

24

)d-ch

bro pek
or pek
pekoe
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
bro or pek
or pok
pekoe
pek sou
tans
bro pek
pekoe
pek s( u
bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe
lek .sou
>ro pek
pekoe
Pro tea

pek .sou
bro iiii.'c
or pek

1800 65

1105 6o

2970 41

1740 56 bid

1.508 45 bid

2332 47

2120 60

1710 61

2040 53

1920 42

980 30

2200 .54

25.50 35

1250 27

1100 61 bid

1100 .53

1100 39 bid

540 81

.500 30

l.'OO 21 bid

4.50 81

935 33

485 24

1080 39

CEYLON PllODUCE SALES LIST,

- 3

Lot.

47

4S

49

50

51
.52'

53

54

55
57
CO
Cl
02

65

66
67
CS

69

70

71

73

74

Box. Pk'

Hirr.louvuh

Aliioor

Agv.a Ouvah

Nahavilla

Aaclneven

81
82
83
85

90

91

92

93

94

95

96 1
98
101
102

103

104
103

107

108

109

110
112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120
122

123

124

125
120
128

129

130

Agav’s Lantt

Brownlow

353

355

357

359

301

363

365

367

369

373

379

■381

383

389

391

393

395

397

39)

401

40.5"

407

409

421

423

425

429

439

441

443

445

447

449

5 ch
SO hf-ch
94 ch
44 do
30 hf-ch

4 ch

8 do

7 hf-ch
23 do

14 eh

32 hf-ch

15 do
10 do
58 do

33 do

9 ch

6 hf-ch

18 ch

19 do
6 do

30 hf-ch
19 eh
21 do

102 hf-ch
48 do

31 do

18 lif-cli
29 ch
36 do

19 do
8 do

10 hf-ch

5 do

6 ch

455

10

cU) .

Peakside

461

33 hf cli

463

12

do

465

43

do

407

‘20

do

A

471

0

cli

473

7

do

Alliaddy

47a

30

(lo

477

21

do

479

6

do

T K

483

5

ch

Tyrone

485

40

do

Ranapatna

487

32

do

489

32

do

491

20

do

Biriuim

493

15

do

Ranakelle

495

24 hf-oh

497

37

cll

Bandara Eliya 499

27

do

Yiilialakela

3

7

do

5

3

do

Mar

7

36

do

9

38

do

11

25

do

. Kata'watte

15

15

do

1 llf-ch

A in estate

mark

17

IS

ch

K in estate

mark

19

43

do

Gaduakelle

21

32 hf-ch

Name.

oi'pekNo 2
bro or pok
pekoe
pekoe No 2
fans

fans No 2
pek son
or dust
dust
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
pekoe .
pek fans
bvo pek
pekoe
pek sou
hro pek
pekoe
pek sou
hro pek
pekoe
pek sou
sou

hro pek
or pek
pekoe
pekoe sou
fans
dust
bro pek
pekoe
bro jiek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
pekoe
unas
bro ])ek
pekoe
pek sou
hro mix
pek oe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek sou
fans
sou

pek sou
pek fans
dust
hro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pekoe

pekoe

pekoe

pekoe

lb.

C.

Lot"

liox.

l»kg.S.

Name.

lb.

425

24 bi^'

56

Attahage

371

2 ch

dust No. 2

240

4400

38

58

Hiralouvah

375

1 do

dust

74

7990

26 bid

59

377

1 do

unas

no

4080

23 bid

64

Alnoor

3S5

4 hf-ch

fans

280

1650

24 :

04

Anam.allai

387

3 do

dust

255

400

10 '

72

Nahavilla

403

2 hf-ch

dust

180

680

16 hid

76

Aadneven

411

3 do

dust

270

420

27

77

A M H

413

2 do

1 lb pkts

100

1955

23

IS

E F D

415

1 cliest

hro pek

ino

1190

28 bid

79

417

3 do

pekoe

270

1600

42 bid

80

419

2 do

pek sou

200

90.)

32

84

Agar’s Land

427

3 llf-ch

dust

180

500

24

86

431

3 do

unas

123

3770

71

97

Murraythwaite 453

3 cll

or pek

255

1050

56

99

457

2 do

SOU

160

855

45

100

459

1 do

dust

150

463

27

105

Peakside

469

5 llf-ch

hro pek fans

;ioo

1890

58

1‘21

Yahalakela

1

2 do

liro tea

160

1900

600

38

27

127

Mar

13

1 ch

93

1710
1785
4925
2400
1210
900
3-248
385)
1900
776
700
425
600
800
1950
609
21.)0
300
• 600
750
.2600
1890
510
475
3600
3210
3040
1815
1050
1430
3310
2430
595
450
3600
3800
2250
1405

1038

3870

1760

51

43

57

38
30

21 bid
47 hid

43
37

30

31
24

35

24 bid
61

58

44 bid

36

39
33

47 bid

32 hid
20 bid
12

25 hid
32 l)id

26 bid
24 hid
35

24 bid

22

31 bid
23

20 l>id
20 bid
20 l)id
26 hid

23

24 l>id

25 bid

Lot.

[Messrs. So.meuville & Co.
Box. Pku-s.

5 II

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lyndhurst

Blairavon

Nuga-wella

Hapngasmulla 62

64

65

66

70

71
75
80
81

85

86

87

88

89

90

92

93

94

95
107

109

110
117
121

4 ch

2 do

3 do
1 do

6 hf-ch

Atherton

Ingeriya

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

ilo

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

NIT
IVilpita
F A in es-
tate mark
Glenalla

3 do
1 ch
1 do

131

86 Glenalla 146

87 147

8 s 148

94 I'ennington 154

95 155
104 St. Catherine 164

do

ch

do

do

do

108

109

116

117

120

122

133

134

135

136

142

151

152

Penrith

D M R

YSP A
E

L'kuwela
R V K

Eralgola

168

169

176

177
180
182
193
191
195
199

202

21

212

3 do
2 do

1 ch

2 do

3 do
3 do
3 do
2 do

2 hf ch
1 ch

1 do

2 do

1 hf-ch

2 do
1 ch

1 lif-ch

C.-

14

23

15
26
22

24

23
SO
37
26

24

23

24
3S
32
‘23
‘27
13

16

Name

lb.

C.

pekoe

380

30

souchong

ISO

22

faiinings

300

27

dust

150

23

.souchong-

‘240

14

dust

■255

23

dust

180

23

dust

375

24

hro mixed

85

12

dust

210

23

I)ro tea

100

12

dust

320

24

l)ro tea

100

12

dust

240

24

bro tea

100

12

pekoe

250

27 bid

rek sou

330

19 bid

bro mixed

41

12

dust

04

28

unas

192

31

bro mixed

200

19

dust

255

22

red leaf

6.5

12

dust

150

19

bro tea

315

27

du.st

300

23

famiings

300

24

red leaf

90

12

dust

320

23

bro tea

1.50

15

dust

109

17

du.st

160

23

pe.k fan

240

27

unas

300

20

dust

390

‘25

bro mixed

300

14

souchong

192

20

bro pek fan

140

26

bro pek

100

29

pekoe

80

20

pek sou

250

17

dust

270

22

fanning

115

23

dust

95

^2

Lot.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

c

Balco-wnie

0

2 ch

dust

260

21

16

Hoolo

16

2 do

pek fan

200

11

24

Battangalla

24

1 do

dust

150

14 hid

25

Warwick

25

2 do

pek sou

1‘20

38

32

Kudawewa

32

G hf-ch

fan No. 2

330

10 hid

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot. Box.

Pkg..

Name

lb.

C.

5

Homadola

209

2 ch

iiro pek fans

2-20

28

9

Ottery & Sta in-
ford Hill

277

1 do

.SOU

105

25

10

279

1 do

dust

1.58

23

11

281

1 bag

duff

95

i

11

Calh'.nder

287

5 lit-ch

pek sou

250

37

15

289

3 do

du«t

105

24

25

Ivies

309

7 do

fans

.385

25

26

311

5 do

dust

375

23

27

313

5 <lo

l■()llg0^l

225

21

40

Orange Field

330

2 do

un.as

200

24

42

34.3

1 ch

dust

1.30

23

4.5

Keenagaha Ella

c49

1 do

unas

95

20

Messrs. Eorces & Walker.

Lot. Bo.x.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

3

E H, in estate

mark

750

4 llf-ch

bro or pek

240

56

4 Atungdhatedna

752

5

do

bro pek

360

35

6

756

o

do

pek sou

255

21

9

Langdale

702

3

ch

pek sou

270

34

17

BBR

778

2

do

dust

290

24

18

FS

780

3 llf-ch

in 0 pekoe

197

30

31

Bicklcy

806

0

do

sou

300

27

32

808

4

do

dust

280

24

39

Galpitakande 822

1

ch

dust

90

24

41

T

826

2

do

l>ro pek

240

47

47

Lochiel

838

1

do

pek sou

90

25

48

Clyde

840

2

do

i»ro mix

ISO

13

49

842

1

do

hro mix

90

20

57

Brechin

SoS

4

ch

dust

308

24

58

CRD

800

3

do

red leaf

300

12

59

M A n

862

2

do

congou

200

22

68

Ookoo watte

SSO

2

hf-ch

liro mix

120

18

74

Gallawatte

892

4

ch

■SOU

360

13

82

Ella Oya

908

4

do

l>ro mix

380

17

i

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot,

]

I'o.x.

Pkg.s.

Name.

Hi.

c.

98 Arapolakaude 940

3

do

(lust

315

21

1J4

Oxford

952

• »

do

(lust

3:30

24

105

Lunugalla

954

1

do

red leaf

110

17

110

Biiiiusijnur

904

•3

do

fans

190

25

111

966

1

tlo

(lust

140

24

117

Choughleigh

978

2 1

h^cli

(lust

170

24

121

Walpola

980

1

ch

fans

100

27

122

983

2

do

(lust

300

24

126

G

9.46

4 hf-ch

(lust

300

19

129

K

2

1

ch

pek sou

lOO

24

130

1

1

do

(lu.st

150

24

134

Pan.salatenne' 12

O

(lo

fans

220

29

135

14

2

do

congou

200

19

136

16

4 hf-ch

(lust

300

23

137

KB

18

5

do

bro pek

255

27

138

20

3

do

gekoe

144

18

139

22

5

do

pek sou

20.5

14

1.53

Caskieben

50

4

ch

pek fans

300

25

164

Maha Uva

72

3

do

dust

253

23

185

Castlereagli

114

2

do

pek fans

140

27

186

116

2

do

dust

160

23

190

Carfax A

124

2

do

bro pek

220

37

194

Carfax B

132

3

do

bro pek

330

37

197

R W C

138

2

do

or pek

126

28

193

Kincor.a

140

3

do

red leaf

213

12

199

Happootelle

142

3

do

unas

330

28

203

Patiagama

150

1

do

pek sou

100

33

204

152

1

do

dust

1.55

24

214

Hentleys

172

3 hf cli

bro pek

183

40

215

174

3

«lo

pek sou

150

23

226

Holton

190

2

do

pek sou

180

24

227

New Galway

198

4 hf-ch

bro pek

220

64

228

200

(>

do

pekoe

300

45

229

Yataderiya

202

1

(d)

bro or pek

10.5

35

230

204

2

do

bro pek

210

27

231

206

1

do

pekoe

95

21

239

Benegama

222

2

do

bro mi.x

220

29

243

Sorana

230

3

4l0

led leaf

225

14

244

232

1

do

dust

140

20

245

234

1

do

bro fans

85

25

Lot.

Box

Name.

lb.

C.

252

Ellawatte

248

2

ch

(lust

180

23

255

M«»emor.iy<i

2.54

3

do

sou

120

22

256

236

2

do

(lust

120

23

257

G P M in est.
mark 258

6

do

bro pek

360

75

262

268

3

do

dust

270

28

209

Stafford

282

3

ch

pekoe

285

54

270

284

2

do

pek sou

180

45

274

Glencorse

292

2

do

pek fan

240

24

275

294

2

do

pek fans

320

22

277

Sirisanda

298

2S'

boxes

or pek

308

99

281

306

2 hf-ch

fans

100

28

282

308

2

do

congou

104

15

283

310

3

do

bro mix

133

13

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent).

Mincing Lane, Nov. 6, 1896.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mim-inj«
Lane up to 6th Nov. : —

E.k ‘•Formosii”— OBEC in estate mark, Pelmar, It 100s;
Ic 9.1s; lb 99s; lb 80s. OBEC in estate mark, 2b 70s Od; It
60s; lb 73s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex ‘■Statl'ordshire”— Rosebury, 1 b.ag (s d cl 1) 4Cs; 1 bag
3i>s; 1 b.ag 41s.

Ex “Nubia" Belgodde, 4c 40s.

Ex “Prometheus”— Kalugalla, 17 bags 56s; 2 bags36s6d;
33 bags 39s Od.

(,1!8KI!VEI: PlilNTING WORK.s.

TEA, COFFRE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

NO 47 Colombo, Decembek 7, 1896. j Price :—12i ceuta each 3 copies

* ‘ ‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 11,679 lb.]

Lot.

Bo.\.

Pkjrs.

Name.

lb.

c.

1

BalRownie

1

10

ch

pek sou

7(K)

23 bid

2

Ossington

2

16

do

bro pek

1760

43 bid

3

3

28

do

pekoe

2800

33

4

4

16

do

pek sou

1600

2( bid

6

K

6

16 hf-cli

bro tea

905

1C bid

7

Hornsey

7

10

ch

pek sou

1050

35

8

8

5

do

fans

450

24

9

S

9

4

do

pek fans

445

21 bid

10

Mandar.a

Newera

10

7

do

pekoe

630

47

11

11

10

do

pek sou

900

40

Messrs. Somkrvili s & 00.-145,570 lb.]

Lot. Bo.\.

Pkg.s.

Name.

111.

C.

5

Depedene

225

23

hf-ch

bro pek

1265

40 bid

6

226

33

do

or pek

1650

38

7

227

41

do

pekoe

2050

30

8

228

21

do

pek sou

1050

24

10

Romania

230

20

ch

bro pek

2000

35

11

231

23

do

pekoe

2300

26

12

232

17

do

pek sou

1870

20

13

T in estate

mark

233

5

do

red leaf

525

10

16

Salawe

236

14

do

bro pek

1540

61

17

237

13

(lo

pekoe

1235

42

IS

238

15

do

pek sou

1350

31

20

Kew

240

11

hf ch

bro or pek

616

75

21

241

10

do

or pek

950

61 bid

22

242

12

do

bro pek

720

46

23

243

26

clo

pek

2392

44

24

244

14

do

pek sou

1330

36

25

Kelani

245

69

ch

bro pek

6555

48

26

246

5 1

do

pek

4950

29

27

217

11

do

jiek sou

990

23

23

248

12

<lo

fans

1260

29

29

Harangalla

219

31

do

bro pek

3230

42

30

250

29

clo

pekoe

2610

32

31

Minna

251

69

hf-ch

bro pek

4140

65

32

252

40

ch

pek

3600

44

33

263

24

do

pek sou

2160

35

34

254

12

(lo

bro mix

1200

23

35

255

6

hf-cli

dust

540

25

36

Lonach

256

90

do

bro pek

4500

42

37

257

51

ch

pek

4845

32

38

258

38

do

pek sou

3230

26

39

G T E LC in

est. mark

2.69

34

do

bro pek

3160

39 bid

40

260

15

d»

pekoe

1425

29 bid

41

Malvern

201

81

lif-ch .

pek sou

440

15 bid

43

263

8

do

fans

440

26

45

White Cross

265

SO

ch

bro pek

3000

35 bid

46

266

18

do

pekoe

1620

30

47

267

17

do

pek sou

1530

24

49

Maria

269

26 ]

lif-ch

or pek

1300

60

50

270

9

ch

bro pek

900

33

51

271

23

do

pekoe

1610

27 bid

52

272

10

do

pek sou

1000

25

60

Yarr w

280

90 1

lif-ch

bro pek

5376

45

61

281

95

do

pekoe

4750

31 bid

64

Orion

284

no

do

bro pek

5500

41 bid

65

285

103

clo

pek

4790

30 bid

66

2t0

19

cll

pek sou

9)0

25

67

287

12

d<»

dust

810

26

68

Gampolawatto

288

18 lif-ch

bro pek

90U

41

69

2:9

16

do

pekoe

800

31

72

Ukuwela

292

30

ch

bro pek

3000

37

73

293

22

clo

pekoe

2200

28

74

291

12

(lo

pek sou

1200

21

77

Monrovia

297

15

do

bro pek

1500

38 bid

78

298

26

do

pekoe

2470

30

79

299

4

do

pek sou

400

23

80

300

4

clo

fans

400

33

81

Glencoe

1

43

(lo

bro pek

2580

48

82

2

23

do

pek

2070

38

83

3

16

(lo

pek .sou

1440

30

84

4

6 ilf-cll

dust

480

25

85

Mahagoda

5

7

ch

brop “k

740

34

86

6

7

do

pek

7< 0

2.5

88

Glenalla

8

14

(lo

bro or pek

1400

45

89

I P

9

20

clo

pek sou

1950

24

Lot

Box.

Bkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

92 Irex

12

20

ch

bro pek

420

44

93

13

12

clo

pekoe

1140

29

94

Atherton

14

13

do

pek sou

1300

25

104

21

9

do

pekoe

450

29

107

AA MCmest.
mark 27

s

do

bro pek

400

49 bid

103

28

58

do

pekoe

2900

34

109

Ederapolla

29

12

do

fan.s

600

25

111

31

4

ch

bro mix

540

10 bid

[Mr. E.

, John.-

-172,431 lb.

Lot.

Box

,

Pkg.S,

. Name.

lb.

C.

1

D N f), in est.

mark

23

22

ch

sou

1760

28

25

17

do

nnas

1530

26

3

27

12

do

fans

1440

2* bid

4

29

10

do

bro mix

1000

12

5

31

13 hf-ch

dust

1170

22

6

G, in estate

mark

33

4

ch

bro pek

400

37

7

C U, in est.

mark

35

5

do

pek sou

475

22

8

Ottery & Stam

1-

ford Hill

27

18

do

bro nek

1800

62 bid

9

39

18

do

or pek

1440

64

10

41

40

do

pekoe

4140

43 bid

14

49

25

(lo

bro pek

2625

47 bid

15

51

16

do

pekoe

1600

41

16

53

10

do

pek sou

900

33

17

GUisgow

55

53

do

bro or pek

3975

55 bid'

18

57

28

do

or pek

1680

53 bid

19

59

19

do

pekoe

1710

47

20

Horaadola

61

16

do

bro pek

1280

28 bid

21

63

17

(lo

pekoe

1360

29

Eila

79

42

ch

bro pek

3780

48

80

81

20

do

pekoe

1600

38

31

83

11

do

pek sou

935

28

32

85

14

do

fa ns

1260

30

33

87

8

do

dust

960

25

34

89

6

do

sou

510

21

35

Kanangama

91

33

do

bro pek

3135

34 bid

36

93

18

do

pekoe

1620

25 bid

3i

97

9

do

pek fans

900

25

4l

Coslanda

103

39

do

bro pek

3960

41 bid

42

105

5l

do

pekoe

4.590

34

43

107

33

clo

pek sou

2970

32

45

St. John’s

111

24 hf-ch

bro or pek

1320

R108

46

113

28

do

or pek

1232

98

47

115

24

do

pekoe

1152

68

48

117

21

do

pek sou

966

68

49

Stinsford

119

3()

do

bro pek

1980

68

50

121

25

do

pekoe

1250

41

51

123

14

do

pek sou

630

28

53

Rondura

125

9

ch

bro pek

900

61

53

127

22

do

pekoe

1870

33

51

129

15

do

pek sou

1200

28

6)

131

6

do

dust

480

24

6

1.33

6

do

bro tea

600

14

57

B K

135

19 hf-ch

dust

1694

24

58

Agra Ouvah

137

66

do

bro or pek

3960

67 l)id

59

139

30

(lo

or pek

1500

53 bill

60

141

U

ch

pekoe

1045

48

61

C N

143

6

do

bro tea

600

13

66

H S

153

38

do

bro pek

3990

29 bid

67

155

7

(lo

pekoe

700

20 l)id

08

157

12

(lo

■sou

1020

18

70

161

5 hf-ch

dust

i425

21

72

Galloola

16.')

4

ch

dust

400

24

74

Meeriatenne

169

24 lif-ch

bro pek

1488

48 l)id

75

171

10

do

pekoe

832

44

76

173

9

(lo

pek sou

4.50

37

77

Elston

175

49

ch

pe sou No. 2

3675

25 bid

78

79 C

85 M N, in eata

mark

86 Gonavy
o7

88

91 Ashdown

92 Tientsin

93
91

9.5

97 Dickapittia

98

101 Weymouth

102
103

177

5

do

179

7

do

191

12

do

193

27

(lo

195

23

do

197

16

do

203

63

hf-ch

,205

23

do

207

17

do

209

28

ch

211

7

do

215

26

do

217

18

do

223

9

do

225

9

do

227

7

do

bro mix
sou

pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe

Eek sou
ro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

650 24

560 18

1000 10
2862 bid

1932 36

l-.;u0 32

3180 38

1150 60

1020 50

2210 42

560 34

2860 41 bid

1800 33 bid

900 44

720 bid

560 20 bid

CEYLON PRODUCE SALE8 LIST.

Lot.

Box. Pkjrs. Name.

lb.

C- j

Lot

Box.

Pktfs.

Name.

lb.

C.

109 Maddagedera

239 51 Ch

!

111

534

21

ch

pekoe

1890

32 bid

1 lif-ch

hro pek

5155

39 hid

112

536

40 hf-ch

hro pek fan 2000

38

no

241 30 ch

pekoe

2700

32

113

Erracht

538

26

ch

hro or pek

2210

40

111

-243 1 8 do

pek son

1532

29

114

540

24

do

hro pek

2040

56

112

245

6 do

hro pek fans

690

32

115

542

36

do

pekoe

2700

32

113 Gorthie

247

8 do

pekoe

768

42

no

Hayes

544

26 hf-ch

hro pek

1360

38 bid

114

249

8 do

pek sou

720

33

117

540

46

do

or pek

2300

38 bid

115 nenejiama

253

8 hf-ch

dust

000

23

ns

518

33

do

pekoe

1485

32

117 Madd:iKedera2.'>5 4(i cli

hro pek

4600

39 bid 1

1'20

Tonacumbe

552

•20

ch

or pek

1800

59

ns Ferndale

257 11 do

hr.) or pek

1100

52 bid !

121

554

10

do

hro pek

1700

57

119

259 14 do

pekoe

1400

45 1

122

550

33

do

pekoe

2970

40

120 ^locha

261 29 do

hro pek

3015

00

123

558

11

do

jjek sou

SSO

38

12L

263 24 do

pekoe

2100

51

126

G P M.in estate

122

205

13 do

pek sou

1840

42

mark

564

7

if-ch

hro or pek

420

48 bid

123 Glentilt

207

30 tlo

hro pek

3150

52 bid

1-27

M G A

660

8

ch

hro pek

800

38

124

267

18 do

pekoe

1810

43

1-2S

Talgaswela

668

40

ch

hro pek

3l00

43 hid

125

271

[5 do

pek sou

1350

26 1- 1-29

570

5

do

do No. 2

550

35

12C

273

9 do

fans

1485

20

130

572

0

do

pekoe

540

38

131

574

6

do

pek sou

540

27

[Messrs. Forbes «& Walter.— 295,614 lb.]

132

133

Oonoog'iloya

670

578

31

•>9

ch

do

bro pek
pekoe

3100

1870

47

37

Lot.

Box

Pktrs. Name.

lb.

C.

135

582

8

do

jiek sou

046

26

4 C H. in est ite

136

Barkiudale

584

15

ch

hro pek

1056

04

mark

320

17 hf-ch

SOU

1020

26

137

5S6

9

do

pekoe

705

51

6 CH

322

11 do

llust

880

24

143

Midlands

598

7

hf-ch

pek dust

525

25

<3 I K V

324

0 ch

hro mix

672

15

145

W ey u nga watt e002

31

do

hro or jiek 1705

40 hid

7

326

5 do

pek fans

600

24

146

004

34

ch

or pek

3103

40 hid

8 A M B

328

39 do

hro pek sou 3120

15

147

OC'O

o2

dt>

pekoe

2560

34

9

330

17 do

fans

1802

13

148

008

8

do

pek sou

700

26

10 Carbevry

332

35 ch

hro pek

3500

52

150

A F K

•61-2

7

do

hro pek

630

37

11

334

32 do

pekoe

•2880

34

151

014

9

do

pekoe

726

24

13 Rockside

338

19 do

pekoe

1900

45

152

Kolarleniya

6 0

4

ch

bro tea

5,04

25 hid

14

310

39 do

pek sou

3909

39

1.53

Torvvood

618

IS

do

bro pek

1764

50

15 Gonawella

342

10 ch

hro pek

1002

30 bid

154

620

10

do

or pek

1280

44

10

344

11 do

I)ekoe

990

27

155

022

3«J

do

pekoe

‘25;0

30

17

340

7 do

pok sou

030

25

156

(j-4

12

(l<>

pek sou

1680

•27

18 Radella

348

•28 do

i)ro pek

•2860

50

loS

W 11 R

028

8

cli

dust

12 0

24

19

350

19 do

pekoe

1710

44

lo9

AnipoUikaiula 6^0

45

ch

hro pek

4050

49 .

-20

352

9 do

pek sou

810

36

160

632

70

do

pekoe

56 0

29 hid

26 Miinukattie,

161

8 44

14

do

pek s^ ii

1260

21 hid

Ceylon in est.

102

630

5

(lo

dust

550

21

mark

364

12 hf-ch

or pek

COO

59

163

C O 1C B

638

14

ch

pek sou

14( 0

27

-27

306

16 do

hro pek

825

01

104

640

13 hf-cli

dust

1640

•24

28

368

1 L ch

pekoe

900

40 .

172

Morlands

0 0

8

ch

pek sou

800

'^7

29

370

6 do

pek sou

.540

32

173

Cast ereagh

6 .8

10

do

hro pek

1600

60

32 Berragalla

370

27 do

pekoe No 2

27iO

17

174

660

12

do

cr pek

1080

41

33

378

9 do

pek sou

175

612

14

do

pekoe

1260

36

No. 2

810

15

176

664

R

do

pek sou

450

27

34

S80

4 do

fans

540

24

177

666

0

do

pek sou

35

3S2

4 do

dust

600

23

N(.. 2

4S0

23

30 Gleiigiirilf

384

36 hi-ch

hro pek

1800

4 i bid

180

.Scrubs

672

1.6

ch

hro Oi pek

1500

02

37

:-80

34 do

or ])ek

1402

42 hid

181

1)74

27

do

or pek

•2970

51 hid

38

388

22 do

pekoe

1430

34

ls2

670

2<)

do

l>ekoe

2470

to

39

390

43 do

pek sou

2J79

27

183

678

8

(io

pek sou

7l0

SO

41 Simnycroft

391

2 ch

pek sou

700

22

184

Oxford

69)

•26

ch

hro pek

1900

31 hid

49 .Malvern

410

30 do

hro pek

1800

61

185

6c-'.

10 llf'Cll

or pek

4.,0

40

54

412

31 do

pekoe

2323

41

180

084

13

ch

pekoe

1 170

28

51 Beacu'la

414

20 hf-ch

hro pek

1200

61

187

odO

7

do

pek SOU

560

52

410

0 do

pek sou

460

34

ISO

Cairn lli'l

692

9

do

hro |)Ok

900

35

54 Opalgalla

420

0 ch

dust

750

24

19 L

694

9

do

l)ekoe

810

‘2d

65

422

8 do

red leaf

6110

11

192

690

5

do

pek sou

400

20

50 Melrose

4li-l

14 hf-ch

p* koe

700

47

19.5

Norwood

702

7

ch

hro j»ek

682

44

57 B 1) W P

426

17 do

hio pek

190

70 i

12

do

pekoe

924

29 hid

No. 2

8.50

46 hid

190

710

5

do

dust

718

24

53

428

13 do

hro pek fan 780

30

205

Amhalaknda

722

16

ch

69

430

5 do

dust

4 5

24

1 box

hro pek

925

48

60 Monkswood

432

22 do

liro pek

1320

bo

203

724

10

ch

pekoe

1440

. 32

61

38 do

or pek

1710

79 hid

*iU7

726

8

do

pek sou

800

'9

62 Nella OoHia

436

1 L ch

hro pek

liOU

33 hid

210

•Stisted .

73',

42 hf-ch

hro pek

2730

54

03

438

0 do

pekoe

600

27 hill

21 1.

7.34

do

pekoe

1-200

39

04

440

22 <lo

pek sou

•2l;P0

20 hid

212

730

18

do

l>ek sou

900

28

OG

444

4 do

dust

600

20

•214

Knavesuiire

740

25

ch

hro pe i

2375

43

68 Middleton

448

20- ch

hro pek

•2U( 0

66

215

74 i

69

do

pekoe

4425

27

09

460

20 hf-ch

or pelt

1000

54 hid

' 216

744

•5

do

bro mix

500

10

70 .

452

pU

l)ekue

1800

47

2)8

74s

0

do

hro pek fan

560

30

72 GBA

456

2 1 do

hro pek

2400

51 hid

210

11, in e.st. marl

750

9

lif-ch

pek sou

442

21

73

46S

20 do

pek(je

2340

38 hid

221

i. oran..kaiule

754

30

ch

74

400

0 do

pek sou

540

31 hid

7

hf-ch

hro pek

3950

40 hid

84 Queensland

480

13 ch

hro pek

1300

60

i 222

4 oO

18

ch

85

482

43 do

I>ekoe

3655

42 hid

i hf-ch

pskoe

1800

28 hid

bO

484

13 do

pek sou

1040

34

1 ‘223

768

18

89 -Anningkande 490

35 ch

hro pek

26/)0

30

3 hf-ch

pek sou

1065

24

9o

492

27 do

pekoe

270 )

32

1 236

llurstpier-

91 Agra Oya

494

26 hr- h

hro pek

1430

51

point

772

10 hf-ch

hro pek

800

30

93

498

13 ch

jjekoe

1005

30

; 231

774

12

do

pekoe

600

21

99 I’olatagiima

510

32 do

hro pek

3040

38 hid

: ‘245

Maskeliya

802

64 hf-ch

hro or pek

2700

48

luO

512

•28 do

pekoe

2520

25

1 240

804

20

ch

or pek

2000

42

101

514

10 do

pek sou

900

20 hid

i 2j0

Pallagodde

812

24

do

hro or pek

2400

43

102

516

27 do

fans

2)65

35

' -251

814

.36

llo

hro pek

2850

54

103

518

6 do

pek fans

510

25

, -252

810

29

<lo

pekoe

2010

35

104

520

3 do

dust

420

25

' 263

818

29

(lo

pek sou

2755

33

105 Gampaha

522

27 ch

hro or pek

2700

67 hid

264

Ashford

S'2il

50 hf-ch

liro |)ek

2500

30

106

524

37 do

or pek

3330

40 hid

255

.Miinainal, M

8-'2

6

ch

hro pek

000

38

107

526

9 do

pekoe

900

43

257

8-20

4

do

pek sou

400

17

108

528

16 do

pek sou

1440

41

258

828

6

do

HOU

399

It

109 Climes

630

20 hf-ch

l)ro or pek 1000

42 hid

, 201

Wolle.Tli»l*l

834

5

d)

pe 0

filO

20

no

532

25 do

hro p.;k

1125

48

‘ 262

830

3

do

pek sou

300

15

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Bo.\'.

Pks-s.

Name.

lb.

C.

264

Langilale

840

6

ch

pek sou

540

44

270

Ganapalla

852

69 hf-cli

bro pek

3150

42

2’1

854

32

ch

pekoe

2.560

25 bid

272

856

25

do

pek sou

1875

21

273

858

8

do

(lust

1120

22

274

Rosehi'l

860

29

ch

fans

2730

27

275

Bo.'c

862

8

do

pekoe

760

38 bid

276

864

8

do

pek sou

760

31

277

866

5

(lo

sou

425

2.J

273

O-xforil

868

11

do

bro pek

1100

30 bid

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

5

Ossingtou 5

1 ch

dust

149

21

12

Maudava Newe-

ra 12

1 do

red leaf

90

10

13

13

2 do

dust

200

21

[Messrs.

Somerville & Co.

Lot. Bo.v.

Pk"s.

Name

111.

C.

9

Depedene

229

1 hf-cli

dust

SO

20

19

S.ilawe

239

1 ch

dust

100

24

42

.Vlulvern

262

1 lif-c!i

sou

55

10

44

26!

7 do

dust

385

18

48

White Cross

208

1 oil

dust

160

20

53

Maria

273

3 do

hro tea

300

15

54

274

1 lif-ch

dust

80

24

55

K G

275

11 boxes

bro pek

55

24

fO

K V in estate
mark

276

4 bf-cli

bro pek

209

20

57

277

1 di

■SOU

79

13

58

D

278

1 hf-ch

fans

58

'vithd'

59

279

2 boxes

dust

20

22

<32

Cholankande

282

1 eh

fans

115

21

63

283

1 lif-ch

dust

90

22

70

Gampolawatte

290

7 do

pek sou

315

22 bi

71

291

2 do

dust

140

22

75

Ukuwela

295

2 do

bro pek fan

140

26

76

290

3 ch

bro tea

270

10

87

Mahagoda

7

1 do

fan*

100

8

90

U X

10

2 hf-ch

dust

160

23

91

w

11

1 do

uuas

01

21

95

HT in estate
mark

10

1 do

bro pekoe

35

39

91

16

1 do

pekoe

70

27

97

17

1 ch

pek sou

140

20

98

IS

1 hf-ch
1 do

dusc

GO

18

103

Atherton

23

5 do

bro pek

2S0

39

105

25

do

pek sou

i02

23

100

26

1 do

dust

70

24

110

AA MG

30

3 hf-ch

dust

210

32

[Mr. E. .John.]

Lot. Bo.x,

12 Ottery & Stain-

, Pkg^.

Name,

lb.

C.

ford Hill

45

1 ch

liro mix

93

10

13

47

1 do

du.st

1.54

24

-28

K

77

2 po

bro mix

210

10

37

Kanangama

95

3 do

pek son

270

20

39

69

2 do

dust

280

21

40

101

1 do

congou

80

12

44

Coslanda

100

2 do

dust

300

i4

69

H S

159

2 bags

red Ie.if

160

9

71

103

1 bag

fluff

77

6

73

Galloola

167

1 ch

congou

100

15

80

Marguerita

181

1 hf-ch

red leaf

53

14

SI

133

1 do

fans

70

20

82

83

185

M N . in estate

1 do

dust

90

20

mark

187

1 ch

bro pek

101

28

84

189

4 do

pekoe

380

15

89

Gonavy

199

2 do

pek fans

296

25

90

201

1 do

dust

175

22

96

Tientsin

213

1 hf-ch

dust

85

22

99

IMckapittia

219

3 ch

pek sou

300

23

100

221

2 do

dust

300

22

104

T N

229

1 hf-ch

bro pek

50

27

105

231

1 do

pekoe

52

22

106

233

1 do

pek sou

60

1

107

235

1 do

l ed leaf

40

10

103

237

1 do

dust

70

20

115

Ilenegama

254

2 ko

bro mix

120

17

Messrs. Forres & Walker.

Lot.

Box

• Tkg

3. Name.

lb

C.

1

D C

SI4

3 ch

bro p?k

270

39

2

3ie

5 do

pekoe

350

29

3

318

4 hf-cli pek sou

224

20

12

Carberry

336

4 ch

pek sou

360

24

21

Radella

354

3 do

dust

390

24

30

Munukattie,

Ceylon in

est.

mark

372

3 hf ch dust

225

25

31

374

1 do

SOU

90

15

40

Glengariff

392

5 do

dusfc

375

25

42

Sunnycrofb

396

2 ch

congou

180

17

43

398

2 do

dust

320

20

44

Pambagama

400

1 do

pelvoft (acme

53

Deaculla

chest)

lOi)

27

418

3 do

dust

240

•26

65

Nella OoJIa

442

3 ch

sou

270

1-2

67

446

1 do

red leaf

100

9

1 do

do

100

0

71

Middleton

454

2 do

dust

295

23

75

G 14 A

462

2 do

dust

•if)

24

76

404

3 do

sou

240

24

77

L, in estate

mark

466

1 lif-ch

bro pek

40

33

78

463

1 ch

pek sou

9J

12

79

470

1 hf-ch

du.st

53

22

87

•-Queensland

486

3 do

dust

225

24

88

It, in estate

m ak

488

1 cli

l>2kce

93

30

92

-Agra Oya

496

4 do

or pek

340

37

04

rOO

4 do

jiek sou

300

27

95

502

4 lif-ch

dust

300

2.5

9o

S

504

3 ch

1 hf-ch

bro mix

.3 10

12

119

Hayes

550

.5 hf-ch

(lust

250

*2 '2

124

CRH

£6)

•2 ch

dust

200

24

12.5

B F B

502

1 do

uuas

70

17

1.34

O,^noog.iloya

580

3 do

I'ekoe No. 2

270

28

loi

Pantiya

588

1 d )

(lust

130

23

vzo

Kagalla

590

3 ch

bco mix

330

32

140

K B

592

2 do

dust

260

25

HI

Midlands

504

4 do

sou

8 )

22

1-42

596

1 d.)

red leaf

75

10

14 4

Glanrhos

600

1 ch

congou

75

•22

149

Weyunga-

watte

Oil)

3 hf-ch

dust

25.5

24

157

\V H R

626

S do

pek sou

320

35

165

Uooinba

612

2 ch

bro or pek

166

fans

220

42

644

4 hf-ch

dust

312

27

167

Ingurugalla

646

3 ch

bco [lek

too

to

lliS

648

2 do

po)co(;

ISO

21.

169

650

2 do

pek sou

180

18

169a

1 do

do

90

11

170

652

3 do

bro rea

OUU

2S:

174

054

1 ilo

rod leaf

90

12

178

Castlereagh

608

2 lif-ch

pek fans

140

2(4

179

670

3 d.

dust

240

23

188

O.xford

688

2 do

jiek (lust

120

24

189

690

3 do

(lust

225

24

19 4

Cairn Hill

0)8

2 cil

fans

210

28

194

700

1 do

(lust

140

.) >

197

Norwood

70o

2 do

sou

184

2 5

198

7i'8

4 do

bro tea

332

11

2U0

B J1 B, in est

ite

mark

712

3 ch

(lust

225

.) >

2)8

Amblakande

728

2 do

sou

200

21

209

7-30

1 do

1 lif-ch

cougou

105

11

213

Stisted

738

2 do

du.st

160

25

2l7

Knavesmil’e

716

1 do

dust

76

•20

220

11, in estate

mark

7.2

1 hf-ch

du.st

51

17

224

Doranakande

760

3 hf-ch

(lust

225

22

225

762

■1 ilo

f.uis

210

25

232

Hiirstpier

point

776

1 hf-cli

congou

50

13

234

778

1 do

red leaf

5.5

10

244

780

1 do

(lust

74

>9

2 0

Mnnam il, M

824

1 do

pekoe

100

19

259

830

2 do

dust

1.56

17

260

Walleyfield

832

3 ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek

371

2>

2o3

S3S

1 ch

sou

85

12

265

Langdale

812

1 do

fans

130

26

260

844

2 do

dust

•-99

•24

267

A, in estate

mark

846

3 ch

bro or pek

fans

30 9

268

Glen tilt

848

1 do

pek dust

118

56 bid

269

850

1 do

pekoe

86

36

DRSERVER PJtlNTlNG WORK.S,

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TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 48.

Colombo, December 15, 1896.

I Price: — 12g cents each 3 copies
* 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF

TEA

•

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

/U

413

23

Ch

pek sou

2070

31

LARGE

LOTS.

71

Turin

416

3

do

dust

450

22

72

417

6

do

bro or pek

660

45

73

419

18

do

bro pek

1800

50

[Messrs. A.

H. Thompson & Co.—

•41,095 lb.]

74

421

30

do

pekoe

2960

36

Lot.

Box

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

75

78

Meeriatenne

423

429

26 do
24 hf-ch

pek sou
bro pek

2600

1488

30

45 bid

1

Ratnatenne

1

10 lif-ch

bro or pek

550

30 bid

79

Dickapittia

431

26

ch

bro pek

2860

40 bid

2

Melton

2

11 do

pekoe

605

22 bid

80

433

18

do

pekoe

1800

withd’n

4

4

14 ch

bro pek

1400

46 bid

81

Maryland

435

5

do

bro pek

550

40

5

B P C

5

IS do

pekoe

1710

41

82

437

5

do

pekoe

525

25 bid

6

6

30 hf-ch

bro p ik

1500

28 bid

83

Chapelton

439

7

do

SOU

630

13 bid

7

7

20 do

pekoe

1000

out

87

A

447

10

do

pekoe

920

45

S

Battalgalla

8

14 do

pek sou

1190

15 bid

88

449

7

do

unas

756

33

9

9

11 ch

pek sou

i;oo

36

89

Orange Field

451

20

do

pekoe

1800

24 bid

10

Balackwater

10

8 do

fans

720

23

90

IMurravthwaite 453

10

do

pekoe

800

24 bid

16

16

fO ch

dust

2900

23

95

Blackburn

463

25

do

bro pek

2750

32 bid

27

C W

27

38 box

SOU

760

26 bid

96

465

21

do

pekoe

2100

27

28

Sapitiyagoclde,

25 ch

or pek

22.50

52

99

Kotuagedera

469

41

do

bro pek

4100

38

29

A

28

]00

471

35

do

pekoe

3500

24

29

9 do

bro pek

900

62

lOl

473

20

do

pek sou

2000

20

30

30

22 do

pekoe

1760

41

31

32

31

32

14 do
11 do

pek sou
bro or pek

1092

1221

35

48

[ Messrs.

Somerville

& Go.— 158,202 lb.]

33

Sapitiyagoclde,

17 do
20 do

1564

1940

55

59

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

34

B

33

34

or pek
bro pek

1

5

G \V
DG

41

45

7 ch
6 hf-ch

SOU

dust

674

540

25

23

Sn

36

37

38

T W

35

36

37

38

11 do
7 do
10 do
7 hf-ch
1 ch

pekoe
pek sou
bro or pek

dust

902

595

1150

692

43

37

51 bid
12 bid

7

8
9

10

12

Ovoca AI
Annandale

Pine Hill

47

48

49

50
52

21

18

25

28

8

ch

do

if-ch

ch

if-ch

bro or pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek fan

2205

1440

1400

2100

620

63

62

52

38

38 bid
38 bid

John.-

13

53

30

do

bro or pek

1800

[Mr. E.

-148,901 lb.]

14

54

34

ch

pekoe

2720

36

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c,

f]

15

16

Rayigain

65

56

21

21

do

do

pek sou
bro pek

1365

2100

33

54

3

Dartry

279

5 ch

bro tea

450

12^

17

57

15

do

pekoe

1275

35

4

C N

281

6 do

bro tea

600

10 bi«

18

Ritni in estate

5

Eadella

283

36 do

bro pek

3600

37

mark

58

7 hf-ch

bro pek

420

42 bid

6

285

37 do

pekoe

3330

25

19

59

12

do

pekoe

600

37

T

1

287

20 do

pek sou

1600

20 bid

22

Comar

62

15

do

bro or pek

750

52

3

289

12 do

fans

1440

28

23

63

11

do

or pekoe

550

45

,9

Alliaddy

291

36 do

bro pek

3600

49

24

64

8

ch

pekoe

800

36

^0

293

21 do

pekoe

1890

34

25

65

7

dT

pek S3u

700

27

295

6 do

pek sou

510

27

27

White Cross

67

30

do

bro pek

3000

35 bid

|2

Digdola

379

23 do

bro pek

2070

59

23

68

21

do

pekoe

1890

32

J3

299

27 do

pekoe

2160

31

29

69

19

do

pek sou

1710

25

:J4

301

11 do

pek sou

935

25

30

Craigmount

70

5

do

bro pek fan

775

24 bid

Ashbury

303

55 ht-ch

bro pek

2750

41 bid

31

71

4

do

dust

640

20 bid

^6

305

17 ch

pekoe

1255

32 bid

32

N in est. mark 72

4

do

SOU

1260

11 bid

307

17 do
13 hf-ch

pek sou

1530

20 bid

33

Patulpana

73

9 hf-ch

bro pek

495

31

J8

309

or pek fans

1040

23 bid

37

S G

77

4

ch

bro tea

430

10 bid

^9

Glasgow

311

65 cli

bro or pek

4875

65

38

78

11

do

dust

825

23 bid

•

313

30 hf-ch

or pek

1800

55

39

Pussetenne

79

14

do

bro pek

1540

55

2l

315

19 ch

pekoe

1710

47

40

80

11

do

or pekoe

935

56

23

Gonavy

317

14 do

bro or pek

1484

out

41

81

17

do

pek

1615

43

23

319

18 do

bro pek

1836

38 bid

42

82

11

do

pek sou

880

37

24

321

16 do

pekoe

1312

30 bid

45

B G W in estate

25

223

13 do

pek sou

936

24 bid

mark

85

8

do

bro or pek

880

25 bid

2a

■\Vhyddon

325

25 do

bro pek

2875

67

46

H rangalla

86

18

do

bro pek

1710

38 bid

27

327

18 do

pekoe

1800

47

47

87

15

do

pekoe

1350

31

30

A, Glentilt

335

50 do

bro pek

5250

52 bid

48

88

6

do

pek sou

600

27

3l

333

50 do

pekoe

2500

45

49

89

12

do

dust

1550

24

32

Langleigh

337

16 do

bro pek

1280

31 bid

50

Vincit

90

12

do

bro pek

1200

38

33

339

9 do

or pek

900

30 bid

51

91

12

do

pek sou

1200

21

34

341

22 do

pekoe

2200

23 bid

52

Koorooloogalla 92

21

do

bro pek

2100

53

35

343

9 do

pek sou

810

21 bid

53

93

16

do

pekoe

1450

37

36 New Tunisgalla 345

25 hf-ch

bro pek

1375

42

54

94

6

do

pek sou

540

30

37

347

32 do

pekoe

1000

34

55

25

4

do

pek dust

422

•:6

38

349

18 do

pek sou

900

33

67

Depedene

97

23 hf-ch

bro pek

1265

40 bid

44

Claremont

361

40 do

bro pek

2200

41

68

Harangalla

98

23

ch

bro pek

2185

38 bid

45

363

16 ch

pekoe

1360

26bid

69

99

21

do

pekoe

1890

34

46

365

10 do

pek sou

300

22bid

70

Frankland

110

18

do

bro pek

1008

40

47

367

5 hf-ch

dust

400

23

71

111

10

do

pekoe

540

27

48

Lena watte

369

9 ch

bro pek

900

33

73

113

7

do

bro pek fans 448

26

49

371

6 do

nekoe

540

26

80

Penrith

120

33

do

bro pek

3300

55

53

Alnoor

379

26 hf ch

bro pek

1300

44

81

121

27

do

pekoe

2160

36

24

381

14 do

pekoe

700

32

82

122

18

do

pek sou

1530

31

56

Brownlow

385

35 ch

bro pek

3920

46 bid

86

Eilandhu

126

16

do

bro pek

1600

40

57

337

46 do

or pek

4922

38

87

Maria

127

15

do

pekoe

1425

28

53

389

23 do

pekoe

2300

35

90

130

23

do

pekoe

1610

28

59

391

12 do

pek sou

1104

34

92

Allakolla

132

71 hf-ch

bro pek

4260

39

61

ETK

395

10 do

pekoe

900

37

93

133

21

ch

pekoe

2100

33

62

397

8 hf-ch

dust

640

24

94

134

19

do

pek sou

1805

24

63

399

lo ch

pek fans

1300

31

96

136

8 hf-ch

dust

600

23

64

Glassaugh

401

72 hf-ch

bro pek

3960

59 bid

97

Pitlochrie

125

11

ch

bro pek

2090

40 bid

65

403

44 ch

pekoe

3960

47 bid

16 hf-ch

66

405

21 do

pek sou

1785

44

93

Monrovia

138

15

ch

bro pek

1500

38 bid

67

407

7 hf-ch

dust

525

24

102

Ivauhoe

142

27 hf-ch

bro pek

1350

54

63

Logan

409

32 eh

bro pek

3200

52

103

143

38

do

pekoe

3420

48

69

411

18 do

pekoe

1620

36

104

144

12

do

pek sou

1080

39

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

Box.

Pkffs.

Name.

11).

c.

Lot

Box.

Pkcs.

105

145

8

hf-eh

dust

560

24

113

94

20

do

106

146

11

ch

bro mixed

990

20

114

96

15

do

107

I p

147

16

do

dust

1200

22

135

Pingarawa

138

6

do

108

TT

148

10

do

dust

750

22 bid

137

G

142

5

ch

109

NarauRoda

149

11

do

bro pek

1100

55

139

Venture

146

30 hf-ch

110

150

13

do

pekoe

1-235

41

140

148

30

do

111

151

10

do

pek sou

900

36

141

150

34

do

112

Deniyaya

152

30

do

bro pekoe

3300

41 bid

142

152

15

do

113

Labugama

153

25

hf-ch

bro pek

1250

58

143

Ascot

154

32

ch

114

154

17

ch

pekoe

1530

37

144

156

20

do

115

155

20

do

pek sou

1600

38

145

158

10

tlo

116

Ukuwela

156

•24

do

bro pek

2400

36 bid

152

M

172

9

ch

117

157

21

ch

pekoe

2100

29 bid

154

St. Ileliers

176

30 hf-ch

118

158

14

do

pek sou

1400

21 bid

155

178

21

eh

121

Inchstelly and

156

Dehegalla

180

2

ch

u oodthorpe

161

9

do

bro pek

954

51

4 hf-ch

122

162

11

do

pekoe

916

39

157

18-2

S

do

123

163

19

do

pek sou

1482

34

159

Hariington

I'-'G

14

ch

131

Waduvra

171

49

do

bro pekoe

2720

29 bid

160

188

13

do

132

172

18 hf-ch

pekoe

900

28 bid

103

Downside

194

13 hf-ch

133

173

32

ch

Xiek sou

3185

23 bid

164

190

9

do

- -

168

Knavesinire

204

30

ch

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 298,556 lb.]

169

200 17 do

Name.

or pek
pekoe
dust
pek dust
pek sou
do
do
dust
l)ro pek
pekoe
pek fans
dust

bi'o or pek
pekoe

bro pek
pekoe
or pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
bro ])ek
pekoe

lb.

840

750

540

075

1350

1350

1530

1125

3040

2210

1150

675

1530

1890

420

400

1568

1300

650

450

3000

3526

C.

66

50

23
22

24

23

24
21

39
34
27
21

51

40

58

39

62

45

38

26

42

38

i/U

•208

40

do

pek sou

2800

25

Lot.

Box.

Pkers

Name.

lb.

C.

171

210

7

Ilf ch

hiist

560

23

1

N

87tl

26

ch

bro tea

3380

26

17:^

Talgaswela

212

40

ch

bro pek

3600

62

2

872

7

do

unas

630

23

174

210

5

do

pekoe

450

39

3

M P

874

5

do

pekoe

450

37

170

Udabage

220

23 hf-ch

bro pek

1380

57

6

MK N

880

5

ch

bro pek

519

20 bid

177

222

25

tlo

pekoe

1&75

35

10

Daphne

888

9

do

bro pek

885

41

178

224

12

do

])ek sou

060

26

11

890

12

do

pekoe

1180

•28

179

228

15

do

sou

S-25

20

12

892

8

do

pek sou

750

21

ISl

Ireby

230

O J iif-cli

bro pek

3000

69

14

896

5

do

far s

490

17

182

232

1C

ch

pekoe

1440

62

16

ElHiuLale

900

22

ch

fans

2200

22

183

234

S

do

pek sou

720

48

17

902

7

do

dust

7u0

23

1S7

Castlereagh

242

25

do

bro iieiv

•2500

53

18

Walton (In-

1S8

244

18

do

or pek

1020

49

voice 140. 2)

904

10 hf-ch

bro pek

900

41

189

248

20

do

pekoe

ISOO

44

19

900

8

do

pekoe

480

32

iy4 in est, marl

:25G

20 hf-cli

bro or pek

1108

36 bid

22

Clova

912

■20 hf-ch

bro pek

1000

40

19a

Menose

♦58

8

ch

•23

914

12

do

pekoe

540

24

1 bf-cli

pek sou

080

21 bid

26

Great Valley

920

13

ch

bro pek

1495

41 bid

106

Middleton

260

14

ch

bro pek

1460

70

27

922

11

do

or pek

1155

37

197

262

oG ht cli

or pek

1980

66 bid

28

924

15

do

pekoe

lliUO

34

198

261

20

do

<lo

lOiiO

56 bid

29

926

5

do

pek sou

4.50

25

199

200

1-5

ch

lielcoe

1235

47

30

St. Helen

928

25

hf-ch

bro pek

1500

50

200

268

10

do

pek sou

950

45

31

930

30

do

or pek

1350

55

20 1

270

•20

tlo

pekoe

1900

50

32

932

00

do

pekoe

2700

36

202

■272

12

do

pek sou

1140

46

33

931

46

do

pek sou

2070

25

203

Glengariff

274

36 hf-ch

bro pek

1800

44

35

Tavalam-

206

Vellaioya

280

6

ch

bro tea

600

10 bid

tenne

938

p

ch

bro pek

990

40

207

Droniolaiul

282

3

do

flust

435

•23

36

940

12

do

pekoe

1260

34

208

Doonevale

284

18

do

bro ))ck

1020

44

38

Walton

914

43 hf-ch

bro pek

-2580

54

209

286

22

do

pekoe

1850

31

39

946

19

do

pek

1140

34

210

288

11

do

pek sou

990

24

42

N CP

952

5

ch

bro pek

473

34

211

290

8

do

fans

800

31

46

R E

900

12

do

dust

1284

10

212

292

3

do

(lust

420

23

47

St. Heliers

962

34 hf-ch

bro or pek

1734

44

213

D 11, in estate

48

904

17

ch

pekoe

1530

35

mark

294

5

ch

bro pek

400

39

49

906

0

do

pek sou

510

•28

215

298

0

do

pekoe

532

30

50

968

6 hf-cli

dust

4-38

20

222

Dunbar

312

29 hf-cli

or pelt

130,5

04

53

Sunnycroft

974

7

ch

pek sou

700

•27

•z23

314

32

do

bro pek

ICib

57

55

978

3

do

dust

300

23

224

310

22

ch

pekoe

1700

44

56

Thedden

980

35

do

bro pek

3500

39

225

318

18

do

pek .sou

1350

37

57

982

13

do

pekoe

1170

33

226

Amblangoda

320

7

do

bro pek

770

47

60

988

4

do

dust

000

23

227

322

10

(lo

pekoe

90U

36

61

Old Mailegama

990

14

ch

bro pek

1610

39

228

324

7

tlo

pek sou

500

31

62

992

10

do

pekoe

1080

33

232

Ellaoya

332

13

do

bro pek

1450

60

63

994

12

do

pek sou

TiOO

25

2.33

334

22

do

or pek

2112

54

70

Oallawatte

g

10

ch

bro pelt

1000

43

234

336

30

do

pekoe

34.56

45

71

10

44

do

or pek

3520

40

235

338

37

do

pek sou

3330

34

72

12

19

do

pekoe

1070

34

236

340

11

do

pek fan

1-205

‘27 bid

73

14

7

do

j)ek sou

700

25

239

Wevungawatte 346

31 hi-ch

bro or pek 1705

35 bid

78

Tymawr

24

26 hf-ch

bro pek

1300

70

240

Koldenia

348

4

ch

bro tea

604

24

79

26

37

do

pekoe

1605

54

241

C H, in estate

SO

28

39

do

pek sou

1755

48

mark

350

16

ch

bro pek fan 1520

24

84

Polatagama

36

39

ch

bro pek

3900

47

242

352

11 hf-ch

(lust

1050

23

85

38

33

do

pekoe

3300

25

243

Gonawella

354

11

ch

nekoo

990

28

86

40

25

do

pek sou

2500

19

240

Matale

360

18

do

bro ]>ek

1800

38

87

42

‘26

do

fans

2000

34

■247

362

19

do

pekoe

1425

32

88

44

4

do

dust

600

23

251

BW

370

11

do

bro pek sou 1045

11

90

Dunkeld

48

10

ch

bro pek

1600

49

255

Oolapaiie

378

15 hf-cli

bro or pek

750

47

91

60

15

do

or pek

1200

50

256

380

11

ch

or pek

880

52

92

52

21

do

pekoe

2100

39

257

382

23

do

bro |)ek

2300

39

93

D K D

54

7

do

or pe No. 2

805

35

258

384

21

do

pekoe

1890

34

96

60

6

do

dust

900

27

259

386

12

tlo

))ek sou

960

26

97

Bloomfield

02

43

ch

flowery pek 4300

54

266

Kirindi

400

15

ch

bro pelt

1690

61

98

01

31

do

pekoe

3100

40

267

402

18

do

pekoe

1548

36

99

60

17

do

pek sou

1615

39

208

404

29

do

pek sou

2202

35

10

Dea Ella

08

43 hf-ch

bro pek

2365

30

272

Biinawella

412

4

do

bro pek

424

48

101

70

45

do

pekoe

2250

27

274

416

7

do

nek sou

540

31

102

72

19

do

pek sou

950

23

2m

Maligatenne

422

9

cli

bro pek

954

60

103

74

6

ch

dust

450

27

278

424

10

do

j>ekoe

860

36

104

High Forest

70

53 hf-ch

bro pek

2968

05

279

426

18

do

pek sou

1404

31

105

78

35

do

pekoe

1750

54

284

Vataderia

436

26

do

bro pek

•2730

2-2

106

80

22

do

pek sou

990

49

285

Ukuwella

438

8

tlo

bro pek

800

25 bid

107

Ganipaha

82

27

ch

bro or pek

2700

00

•280

Ambalawa

440

21 hf-ch

liro pek

111

M F

90

5

ch

dust

6-25

22

No. 2

1050

out

112

Killarney

92

65 hf-ch

bro or pek

3000

56 bid

287

H

442

10

cll

p(‘k sou

868

IS bid

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

SMALL LOTS.

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkg..

Name

lb.

c.

1

K

275

4 hf-ch

pek sou

160

13

2

G

277

4 do

dust

300

23

28

Whyddon

329

5 do

pek fans

375

25

29

331

3 do

dust

240

23

39

New Tunisgalla 351

2 do

dust

100

23

50

Lena watte

373

3 ch

pek sou

270

19

.51

375

2 do

bro tea

146

11

52

377

1 do

dust

118

22

55

Alnoor

383

6 hf-ch

pek sou

300

27

60

M N

393

3 do

dust

255

22

76

Turin

■ 425

1 ch

1 hf-ch

bro mix

170

14

77

427

4 do

dust

380

24

84

M R

441

4 do

fans

280

34

85

443

1 ch

bro mix

100

12

86

445

2 hf-ch

dust

180

20

97

B B

467

3 do

dust

240

21

.98

New Tunisgalla 469

2 do

sou

90

20

102

Kotuagedera

475

1 do

dust

SO

19

[Messes. Somerahlle & Co.

Lot.

Box.

PkjrS.

Name

lb.

C.

2

GAV

42

1

ch

red leaf

62

10

3

43

4

do

fans

240

24

4

44

4

do

dust

300

24

6

D G

64

5

hf-ch

fanniags

325

16 bid

11

20

Annandale 51

Ritni in estate

4

hf-ch

dust

344

24

mark

00

1

do

pek sou

60

26

21

61

1

do

dust

80

22

26

Comar

66

3

do

dust

225

23

34

Patulpana

74

5

do

pekoe

260

23

35

75

3

do

pek sou

150

17

36

76

1

do

.soucliong

4.5

11

43

Pussetenne

63

1

ch

fans

100

24

44

84

1

do

dust

no

22

56

K oorooloogalla 90

1

do

pek dust

134

23

60

Harangalla

lOO

4

do

dust

260

23

72

E’rankland

112

5

ch

pek sou

230

23

74

114

3

do

dust

270

18

83

Penrith

123

1

ch

dust

160

23

84

124

1

do

pek fans

125

24

85

125

1

do

bro tea

90

10

88

89

Eilandhu
C D in estate

128

1

do

bro tea

70

10

mark

129

5 hf-ch

dust

390

21

91

Beverley

131

5

do

dust

375

24

95

Allakolla

135

5

do

bro pek fans 350

29

99

AV G

139

1

ch

dust

150

23

100

140

1 hf-ch

pek sou

41

12

101

141

2

do

sou

178

10

119

Ukuwela

159

4

ch

bro tea

380

9

120

124

160

Inchstelly and

1

do

bro pek fans

70

26

AVoodthorpe

164

2

do

sou

140

21

125

165

2

do

dtist

180

22

126

166

1

do

red leaf

73

10

127

Primrose Hill

167

3 hf-ch

bro pek

135

48

128

168

3

do

pekoe

135

36

129

169

3

do

pek sou

234

31

130

170

1

do

dust

35

23

134

AVaduwa

174

2

ch

pek fan

270

21

141

AA^eveteune RC 181

4 hf-ch

bro pek

232

42

142

182

3

do

pekoe

162

25

143

183

3

do

rek sou

144

18

144

184

1

do

pek fans

68

11

145

W T

185

1

do

bro pek

50

19 bid

146

165

1

do

pekoe

50

20

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

[Messes. A.

H. Thompson

& Co.]

Lot. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

3

Ratnatenne 3

7 hf-ch

pek sou

350

18

17

Handrookanda 17

3 ch

bro pek

285

24

18

18

3 do

pekoe

285

16 bid

19

19

3 ch

pek sou

240

10 bid

20

20

1 do

dust

130

17

21

Relugas 21

3 do

sou

255

15 bid

22

22

1 hf-ch

red leaf

52

8 bid

39

R, in est. mark 39

2 hf-ch

unas

no

15 bid

40

40

1 do

dust

42

21

41

Lavant 41

4 ch

red leaf

340

9 bid

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs,

. Name.

lb.

C.

4

M P

876

1 ch

unas

126

21

5

878

1 do

sou

75

16

13

Daphne

894

2 ch

congou

180

10

15

898

2 do

dust

250

24

20

AA'alton, Invoice

No. 8

908

3 hf-ch

pek sou

150

24

21

910

2 do

dust

1.50

22

24

C V

916

3 do

pek sou

150

10

25

918

1 do

dust

50

24

21

St. Helen

936

2 do

dust

160

23

37

Tavalamtenne

942

3 ch

pek sou

285

24

40

AA''alton, Invoice

No. 9

948

7 hf-ch

pek sou

3S5

25

41

950

2 do

dust

160

22

43

NCR

954

3 ch

dust

300

22

44

KL

956

4 hf-ch

dust

368

19

45

P A

958

1 ch

or pek

90

23

51

Lillawatte

970

3 do

bro nii.x

270

11

52

972

3 do

red leaf

300

10

54

Sunnycroft

976

1 do

congou

100

18

23

58

Thedden

984

4 ch

pek .sou

380

59

986

3 do

sou

260

10

74

Gallawatte

16

3 do

pek fans

300

27

75

D K D

18

1 do

dust

100

22

94

£6

2 ch

pek sou

170

27

95

58

3 do

red leaf

285

10

109

S

80

3 do

no

ME

88

1 hf-ch
4 ch

bro mix
sou

330

360

withd’n.

120

121

122

123

130

131

132

133

134
ISO
138

146

147

148

149

150

151
153
158
161
162

165

166
167
175'
180

184

185

186

190

191

192

193

204

205
214

216

217

229

237

238

244

245

248

249
260
260
261

269

270

271
273

275

276
280
281
282
283

Galatota

Jambugaha

G

Eaclaga

R W
N A

iM

Gehegalla

HaiThigton

Downside

Talgaswela

Udabage

Ireby

Blackstone

Castlei-eagh

Dewalakaiide 27<

C H, in estate
mark

Amblangoda

Ellaoya

Berat

Amblangoda

Matale

Oolapana

Kirindi

Ranawella

Maligatenne

108

110

112

114

128

130

132

134

130

140

144

160

162

104

160

108

170

174

181

190

192

198

200

202

218

228

230

238

240

248

250

252

254

270

278

do

do

3 do

do

do

do

6 do

7 do

2 do

4 ch

1 lif-ch

3 do

5 do
1 do
3 ch
1 do

1 hf-ch

2 ell

3 hf-ch

4 ch
2 do

6 hf-ch

2 do
I do

4 cll

5 hf-ch

3 do

3 do
1 ch

4 do
3 do

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
red leaf
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
sou
dust
sou
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
congou
sou

bro mix
bro mix
pek sou
pek .sou
dust
pek sou
sou
dust
pek sou
fan
fans
dust
dust
pek sou
do No.

Sunnycroft

296

300

302

326

342

344

356

358

364

366

368

388

389
406
408
410
414
418
420
428
430
432
434

2

hf-ch

fans

3

do

dust

5

do

bro tea

2

ch

pek fan

1

ch

or pek

1

do

pek sou

1

do

bro pek f;i

1

ch

dust

2

do

dust

3

do

bro mix

2

do

pekoe

1

do

bro pek

1

do

■scu

1

ch

fans

1 hf-ch

dust

2 hf-ch

pek dust

4

do

dust

3

ch

sou

2

do

dust

1

(lo

retl leaf

4

ch

pekoe

1

do

sou

1

do

dust

2

do

sou

1

do

dust

1 hf-ch

red leaf

2

ch

dust No. 2

120
275
165
55
110
159
300
350
130
320
42
150
260
50
300
100
60
180
270
380
300
300
100
75
360
300
210
240
120
360
i 240
140
240
375
140

85

96

105

80

320

270

200

100

75

120

85

120

300

210

180

77

344

70

91

140

90

50

309

32

19
13
10
30

20
20
20

13
IS
20
29
22
10

14
12
10
10
35
39
28

25
21
21

35

26

36
20
22
38
25
32
23

15
13

35

23
28
22

16 bid
11

24 bid

25 bid

24

25

23

24
24
24
22
11
34
22
23
20
22
10
21

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

{From Our Commercial Correspondent).

Mincing Lane, Nov. 20, 1896.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 20th Nov. ,
Ex “Staffordshire” — Blackwood, Ic 107s; Ic 102s; It 95s.
lb 1208. BKWT, lb 81s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON'

Ex “Lancashire/— Cosmos, 16 bags 50s.

Ex “Prometheus”— Sirigalla, 3 bags 36s.

CEYLON CA.RDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Ex ,, Britannia” — Vedehette EX, 3c 5s; Ic 4s /d.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 49.

Colombo, December 21, 1896.

Price : — 12J cents each 3 copies
30 cents ; 6 copies | rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A.
Lob.

6 AVoodend

7

8

10

H. Thompson & Co.
Box. Pkgs. Name.

St. Leonards on

11

14

15

16
18

19

20
21
23

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32
.3.3

35

36

37
39

49

43

44

45

46
45

49

50

51

52

53
56
69
61

63

64
•65
60

,Sea
B & D
Warwick
Kalkande

S

Y N C

B P C

C W

Ugie«ide
Invoic’ No. 4,
Myraganga

Invoice No. 5,
Myraganga

Agra Elbedde

Battalgalla

10

11

14

15

16
18

19

20
21
23

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

35

36

37

39

40

43

44

45

46

47

49

50

18
22
20

6
6
9
11
11
3

20 lif-ch
IS do
do
do
do
ch
do
do

do

do

do

ch

do

do

do

do

do

30 bf ch
20 do
14 do
38 bo.x
5 ch

ch

do

do

ch

do

18 hf-ch

19 do

St. Leonards on

Sea

Vogan

Mahaousa

Balgcwnie

51

52

53
56
CO
61

63

64

65

66

26

12

7
14

5

17

8
5

45

do

do

do

ch

do

ch

do

do

(lo

20 hf-ch
46 ch

do

ch

do

do

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

bro pek

pekoe

du.st

bro pek fan
pekoe
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro mix
pek dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek sou
bro mix

bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe

bro pek
))ekoe
bro or pek
bro p ik
pekoe
pek sou
dust
pek sou
fans

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pek fans
sou

pek fans
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

-82,705 Ib.]
lb.

I860
2200
1800

C.

42 bid
30 bid
25

600

640

1350

1265

990

420

1000

900

500

550

690

2880

1100

1300

1500

1000

1190

760

500

1430

2600

1015

2090

570

1080

1140

1300

600

525

1400

450

1700

720

400

4275

1000

3450

1950

810

1275

490

41 bid
28 bid
22 bid
30

44
27

45 bid
34 bid
30

14 bid

[Messrs. Eorbks & Walker.— 537,008 lb.]

Lot. Box

2 New Peacock 446

3 WN 418

4 4.50

5 Carberry 452

6 454

7 Coreen 456

8 458

10 Avoca 462

XI 464

14 Macaldenia 4/0

15 472

16 4/4

17 H A T, in e.state

. Pk<rs.
14 hf-ch
9 do
12 do
39 ch
30 do
9 do
4 do

mark

19 Helton

20

23 Radella

^4

25

27 Great Valley

28

29

30

32 Yatiyama

33

34

35

36 B, in est-ite

mark

37

33 B M. in estate
mark

476

480

482

488

490

492

496

498

600

502

506

508

510

512

614

516

8 do
10 do
36 hf-ch

17 ch
15 do

7 eh
20 do

0 do
38 do
26 do
12 do

18 ch
15 do
20 do

8 do
12 ch

8 hf-ch
15 ch
3 do

5 ch

6 do

Name.

pek fans
fans
bro tea
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pekoe No

bro pek
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
of pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust

pek sou
dust

518 7 ch bro pek

lb.

1050
738
600
3900
2700
765
560
800
1000
1800
1700
2 1500

770

1900

570

3800

2340

1180

20'0

1575

2000

720

1320

400

1450

435

450

900

749

Lot.

Box.

39

520

40

522

43 Sunnycroft

528

45

532

47

48
50
66

57

58

59

60
62
03
65
68

69

70

T B, in estate
mark

PT L

Pahsaletenne

Ookoo watte

Errolwood

534

536

538

.542

554

556

558

£60

562

666

568

572

678

580

582

Pkg8.

0 ch

5 do
7 do

3 do
13 hf-ch

4 ch

6 do
3 do

30 ch
16 do
19 do

do

do

ch

6 do
26 lif-cli
12 do
26 ch
38 do

21

71

Gala watte

584

20

do

25 l)id

74

590

7

do

20 bi<l

75

592

14

do

10 bid

76

Scrubs

594

11

do

out

79

600

12

ch

out

80

602

22

do

out

81

604

22

do

out

82

0C6

7

do

20

83

Dunedin

60S

26

hf-ch

84

610

13

do

54

86

Peacock Hill

014

8

lio

54

90

Waverley

622

11

ch

45

92

C B

620

9

do

93

623

9

do

40

100

Morlands

642

22

hf-ch

36

101

644

17

ch

71

102

640

7

do

56 bid

106

Kirrimettia

054

S

do

48 bid

107

M B O, in est.

49

mark

656

25

ch

33

658

5

do

36

110

Beausejour

662

13

do

17 bid

111

664

27

do

113

668

4

do

40 bid

114

670

0

do

26 bid

114a

4

do

24 bid

115

MC

672

5

Cll

54

116

674

5

do

34

117

Monkswood

670

30

[if-ch

28

118

678

48

do

29

119

680

38

do

36

120

682

15

ch

28

121

Anningkande

684

23

ch

22

122

686

13

do

123

688

15

do

lb.]

124

690

6 hf-ch

129

B D AY G

700

9 hf-ch

133

Gallawatte

708

9

do

C.

134

710

20

do

24

135

712

8

do

15

138

Middleton-

718

19 hf-cli

10

139

720

21

do

54

140

722

12

ch

33

141

724

6

do

38

142

AValpola

726

37

do

24

143

728

do

49

144

730

18

do

36

147

G

730

8

ch

45

148

738

5

do

40

149

740

4

do

37

156

Galkudua

754

18

ch

157

756

15

do

12 bid

158

758

12

do

55

161

Carfax

764

25 hf-ch

35

162

766

13

ch

59

163

768

6

do

45

164

770

29

do

41

165

772

3

do

42

166

KlUarney

774

65 hf-ch

35

167

AA'eoya

776

70

ch

34

168

778

59

do

28

169

780

49

do

2C bid

170

782

34

do

22

171

784

5

do

18

172

Dunkeld

780

16

ch

out

173

788

10

do

174

790

12

do

20

175

D K D

792

5

do

21 bid

176

Maha Uva

994

32 hf-ch

39

177

796

42

do

Name.

pekoe
i>ek sou
pek sou
dust
dust

dust
fans
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
fans
congou
bro pek
pekoe
sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
bro or pek
or pek
pekoe
dust
congou
red lea f
pek sou
fans
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
unas

bro mix
sou

bro pek
pekoe
dust
fans
do

congou
red leaf
bro pek
or pek
do

pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
dust
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
bio pek
or pek
pekoe No 1
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
dust

bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
fans
dust
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
bro pek
No. 2

bro or pek
or pek

lb.

540

4.50

700

450

1092

400

480

402

3150

1600

1805

440

400

900

540

1300

960

2860

3010

1900

700

1120

990

1200

2420

2090

1050

1300

685

600

1375

900

900

1100

1700

70J

720

2252
450
1170
2180
660
600
400
500
400
1500
2160
1710
13.50
2530
1300
1500
450
810
900
1609
729
1145
1155
1140
930
3885
3515
1710
800
6C0
400
ISOO
1500
1200
1250
1300
600
2755
480
3900
6840
4130
3430
3400
700
1760
1280
1140

650
1920
2520

C.

34

25

2o

19

19

20
23
19

36 bid

32 bid
27

31

17

46 bid
34

27

19

05 bid

47
38
43
43

33
65
53
49
31
22
11
26
22
45
37
57
43

34
23

11

12

41
27
20

23
27
21
11
87
80
78
52
43
37
29
20

24

42

43
31
70

56
50

25
41
31
27
31
21
19

35 bid

24
19

57

53

36

44
21

54 bid

37
31

25
23
18
63
54
40

34

52

68

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST

‘1

Lot.

Bo.k.

Pkgs,

Name.

lb.

17S

798

32

ch

pekoe

3200

170

800

18

do

pek sou

1530

181

Kuriana

804

29 hf-ch

bro or pek

1305

182

806

28

do

bro pek

1260

183

808

37

ch

pekoe

3145

184

810

17

do

pek sou

1530

185

812

12

do

bro pek fan

1200

ISC

Krracht

814

18

ch

bro or pek

1530

187

810

25

do

or pek

2125

188

818

38

do

pekoe

2858

180

820

14

do

pek sou

1050

100

Ruanwella

822

31

ch

bro pek

3100

191

824

52

do

pekoe

4160

192

826

10

do

pek sou

900

104

830

6

do

dust

480

197

P G .V

836

11

do

bro or pek

1100

198

838

7

do

bro pek

665

199

840

5

do

pekoe

460

2U0

812

5

do

pek .sou

475

20 1

Carandon

844

5

ch

bro pek

600

202

846

5

do

pekoe

500

203

848

4

do

pek sou

4C0

204

850

8

do

sou

809

211

H L

864

35

ch

bro mix

1350

212

866

5

hf-ch

dust

400

c.

48
43

35 bid
40

25
20
24

38

49
34

26
42
33

23
16

39

50
30

24
39
29

25
21
10
14

218

219

220
221
225
225
242

245

244

245
240

254

255

Ceylon in est.
inavk 876

878
880
882

Horagaskelle 884
883

Kakiriikande 892
Weyunja-
watte 926

928
930
932
934

Chonglileigh 950
11. M. S., in es-

6 eh
16 hf-ch
11 ch
6 do

8 hf-ch

9 do
6 ch

31 hf-ch
31 do

38

31

10'

8

ch

do

do

ch

fate inavk
Talgaswela

256

257

258
260
261
262

263

264

265

207 Patiagama
268
269

Amblakande

(Queensland

276

277

278

279

280

284

285
280

287

288

289

290

295

296

297

298

300

301

302
:103

304

305

306
31-2
313

316

317

318

320

321

322

323

326

327
128

330

331

332

333
;'.34

Cottaganga

Pantiya

Oalphele

952

9c4

956

958

962

964

966

908

970

972

976

978

980

9;6

994

996

998

1600

ch
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
20 hf-ch
14 do

21

32

8

7

11

9

12

6

17

29

12

7

9

0

4

37

32

do

do

or pek
bro pek
pelioe
pek sou
bro pek
pek sou
bro pek

bro or pek
do

or pek
pekoe
pek sou
pekoe

pek sou
Dro pek
hr pe No. 2
pekoe
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
or pek
pekoe
bro or pek
cr pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek
bro p !k
pekoe
pek sou

540

880

990

540

468

526

650

1705

1703

3420

2480

950

760

2100

28S0

880

630

1540

810

1080

600

1615

2465

1260

700

9L0

540

560

1100

700

1850

1600

D, in estate

pek d>is

ina rk

10

4

ch

Polatagama

12

45

do

bro pek

14

32

do

pekoe

16

26

do

pek sou

18

13

do

fans

20

5

do

pek fans

22

3

do

dust

Kirklees

32

45 hf-ch

bro or pek

31

18

ch

pekoe

30

15

do

pek sou

38

4

do

pek fans

I. K. V.

42

4

do

peK fans

Naseby

44

44 hf-vb

bro pek

46

44

do

pekoe

43

15

do

pek sou

50

7

do

dust

Bickley

52

63

do

bro pek

54

24

do

pekoe

Kelaneiya

Kkolsund

Freds lluhe

W. A.

New Galway
liochiel

M. A.
F.ssex

06

08

74

70

78

82

81

86

88

01

96

98

102

101

106

108

no

cli
do
ch
do
do
(lo
do
do
do

10 ht-ch
18 do

11 do
7 do

34 do
14 hf-ch
22 cli
4 do

pekoe
bro pek
pek
.sou

bro pek
pek

l»ek sou

pekoe

pekoe

bro pek

pekoe

dust

bro tea

dust

pekoe

dust

58

63

45

35

37

21

37

42

42

38
33
25
30

20

47

38

38

20

47

33

29

56

44
52

57

45

20

,55

55

43

38

400

4050

■2880

2340

1300

500

450

2700

1710

1276

480

480

2420

1980

750

560

2915

1680

4930

5200

2530

2800

450

3500

2520

630

1320

450

1710

880

980

2040

1120

2310

520

Lot.

Box.

Pkffs.

Name.

lb.

C.

335

Waitalawa

112

62 hf-ch

bro pek

3100

55

336

114

76

do

pekoe

3800

35

337

116

18

do

pek sou

900

26

338

118

5

do

dust

425

23

339

N ugagalla

120

33

do

bro pek

1650

53

340

122

59

do

pekoe

2950

36

341

124

11

do

pek sou

550

25

342

126

5

do

dust

425

2*2

343

Chalmers

128

ch

pek sou

810

i>5

344

130

5

do

SOU

450

28

345

132

4

do

dust

460

22

346

Iborndale. in es-

27 bid

tate mark

134

29

do

bro pe fans

2900

350

Amblangoda 142

7

do

bro peKoe

770

45

351

144

11

do

pekoe

980

37

352

146

6

do

pek sou

480

28

362

Geragama

166

30

do

l)ro pek

3000

49

363

168

18

do

pekoe,

1710

32

28

364

170

10

do

pek sou

900

307

C.

176

13

hf-ch

bro mix

624

14

369

Bandara Eliya 180

34

do

bro or pek

1709

53

370

182

11

ch

or I ek

902

40 bid

1 371

184

22

do

pekoe

1760

38 bid

372

378

Haniugton

186

198

11

8

do

ch

pek sou
or pek

990

896

30

52 bid

379

200

8

do

pekoe

8"0

47

382

Clyde

206

34

do

bro pek

3100

46

383

208

56

do

pekoe

4760

34

384

210

12

do

pek sou

1200

27

385

212

4

do

dust

620

21

380

C. O. E. B.

214

9

do

pek sou

900

25

387

216

4

do

bro mix

428

15

388

Bittacy

218

4

do

pek sou

400

43

390

7

hf-ch

dust

595

20

393

Hopton

234

15

ch

bro pek

1500

48

394

230

20

do

bro or pek

2000

61

o95

232

18

do

pekoe

1620

43

396

324

10

do

pek sou

900

30

399

240

5

do

dust

600

20

401 Ascot

402

403
403a

404 Gleiicorse

405

406

241 20 do
246 19 do
248 7

248a 5
250 30 do
252 15 do
254 19 do

do

ch

bro pek
pek

pek sou
pek fan.
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

18

14

25

22

36
20
19
63
50
41
41
16

72 bid

58

50

33 bid

50
39

51

37

47
85

25

48
33

26
28
47
53
43
20
18

19
28

20

409

Castlereagh

260

22

do

bro pek

410

262

14

do

or pek

411

264

9

do

pekoe

412

266

4

do

pek sou

416

Springkell

274

7

do

dust

430

Bea Ella

302

51 hf-ch

bro pek

431

304

40

do

pekoe

432

306

22

do

pek sou

410

Canapalla

322

145 1

lif-ch

bro pek

441

324

35

ch

bro pe fans

442

320

6

do

pek fans

443

328

4

do

dust

444

320

74

do

4>ekoe

415

332

30

do

pek sou

455

Langdale

352

21

ch

bro pekwe

456

334

25

do

pekoe

457

356

5

do

pek sou

458

Elkana

358

15

do

or pekoe

459

360

20

do

bro nek

1900

1615

630

550

3000

1350

1520

2200

1260

810

400

590

2805

2000

990

7250

3500

600

560

6020

2400

2520

2500

450

1500

2100

40

32

24
28
49<

36

29

54

44

35

34

19
39
29
26

42

25
25
IS
24

20
59
49
41

57 bid

43 bid

[Messrs. JSomerville & Co.— 330,091 lb.]

Lot.

2 Bogahagoda-
watte

Paradise

3
6

7

8

10 Malvern

11 Carney

12
13

16 Avslena

17

18

19 Minna

20
21
22

24 Frankland

2.)

26

27

28
29
33
3»

) 35

Box.

PI

kgs.

Name.

lb.

192

4

ch

bro pekoe

400

193

6

CIO

pekoo

480

196

SO hf-ch

1)1-0 pek

1650

197

22

ch

pek

2-200

198

15

do

pek sou

1440

200

20

do

pekoe

2000

201

31

do

bro pek

1550

202

30 lif-ch

pekoo

1500

203

28

do

pek sou

1400

206

41

cio

bro pek

2050

207

49

do

pekoe

2450

208

36

do

pek sou

1300

209

31

do

bro pek

1860

210

24

ch

pekoe

2160

211

15

do

puk sou

13.50

212

11

do

bro mixed

1100

II J S

214

215

216

217

218
219

223

224

225

do

do

do

do

12 do
LI do
8 hf-ch
10 do
27 do

bro or pek 400

bro pek 475

or pek 400

bro pek No 2 400
pekoe 960

pek sou 825

bro pek 400

pekoo 500

pek sou 1S50

C.

26

22

35 bid
26
23
25

47

37

30

48
39
32
64

47
42

23
44

38

48
32
29

24
3d

31
2d

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

36 Hanagama

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60
61

Box. Pks;s. Name.

Lonach

Forest Hill

Mousakancle

Kelani

Kew

226

227

223

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

26 ch
38 do
13 do
20 do

4 do
59 hf-ch
36 ch

24 do

22 do
35 do

7 do

13 hf-ch

23 ch
38 do

7 hf-ch
42 ch
38 do

8 do

5 do

10 do

11 hf-ch

25 do
16 do
31 ch

14 do

6 hf-ch

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
fans
dust
bro pek
pekoe

Eek sou
ro pek
pekoe
pek sou
fannii'gs
bro pek
pekoe
fans
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
fans
dust

bro or pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust

lb.

2860
3800
1235
201 0
620
2950
3420
2010
20S0
2975
574
1040
2139
3230
560
3990
3420
720
525
850
616
12.50
960
2850
1330
510

C.

39
32
24
28
20

40
29

24

43
32
26

■?4 bid

42

32

25 bid
42 bid
31

24

27

16

84

63

42

49

44
20

62

Nebodo

252

SO

do

bro pek

4000

48 bid

63

253

45

do

pekoe

2250

37 bi 1

64

254

40

do

pek sou

1800

30

65

255

7

do

dust

1015

20 bid

66

Mukulana

256

7

ch

bro pek

2700

47

67

257

10

do

or pekoe

950

45

63

258

28

do

pek

280 1

34

69

259

11

do

pek s u

1040

31

70

Galkolua

260

32

do

bro pek

S48a

35

71

261

27

do

pekoe

2295

23

74

Ingrogalla

264

24

do

bro pek

2400

45

75

265

27

do

pekoe

2565

36

76

266

23

do

pek sou

2620

28

77

ING in estate

mark

267

7

do

dust

525

23

78

268

7

do

bro pek fan 790

35

79

269

4

do

red leaf

400

10

SO

Nugawella

270

24

iif-ch

or pek

1320

60

81

271

24

do

bro or pek

1440

42

82

272

65

do

pekoe

3250

36

S3

273

10

ch

pek sou

850

30

85

Rrothes

275

13

do

bro pek

624

72

86

276

22

do

pekoe

880

53

89

R in est. mai'k

Ceylon

279

4

do

bro pek No

2 400

38

90

280

9

do

pekoe No 2 810

26

91

281

6

do

oe sou No

518

23

93

Neuchatel

283

52

ch

bro pek

5-200

39 b,d

94

2e4

37

do

pekoe

2775

31 bid

95

285

46

do

pek sou

2990

28

96

Ukuwela

286

40

do

bro pek

4000

37 i)id

97

287

34

do

pekoe

3400

29 bid

98

288

15

do

pek sou

1500

24

100

White Cross

•290

21

do

bro pek

2100

35 bid

101

291

16

do

pekoe

1710

29 bid

102

‘292

13

do

pek sou

1144

25

103

T N in estate

mark

293

12

if-ch

bro pek

720

35 bid

104

294

13

do

pekoe

650

27

105

295

19

do

sou

950

25

108

Calefornia

•298

6

ch

bro pek

570

34

112

Bollagalla

9

22

do

bro pek

2090

42

113

3

14

do

pekoe

1120

31

114

4

5

do

pek sou

475

25

117

Lyiidhurst

7

26 hf-ch

bro pek

1300

40

118

8

35

do

pekoe

1575

32

119

9

44

do

rek sou

1760

26

121

11

5

do

dust

4-25

18

122

12

32

do

bro pek

1600

41

123

13

33

do

pekoe

1485

32

124

14

47

do

pek sou

1880

26

127

Castlemilk

17

6

do

fans

420

29

128

18

5

do

dust

425

20

133

EvalgoDa

23

11

ch

or pek

1045

43

134

24

9

do

bro pek

900

49

135

25

16

do

pekoe

1350

31 bid

136

26

8

do

pek sou

680

28

138

G T E CL in est

36 bid

mark

28

35

do

bro pek

3325

139

29

36

do

bro pe No 2

3600

36

140

30

27

do

pekoe

2160

29

141

31

7

ch

fans

840

32

142

Alpitikande

32

11

do

bro pek

1100

49

143

33

21

do

pekoe

1680

37

144

34

9

do

pek sou

675

26

145

35

6

do

or pek fans

600

82

146

Killin in est.

1

40

mark

36

18 hf-ch

bro pek

900

147

37

10

ch

pekoe

950

27

148

38

8

do

pek sou

680

24

Mahatenne

Citrus

Roseneath

Woodland

Nakettia
Naha kettia

Monrovia

Hatdowa

Harangalla

Lot'

151

152

153

154

155
160
161
162

163

164

165
168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176
182

183

184
187
183

189

190

194

195

196
193

199

200
210
211
212

213

214

215 Mousakande

216 Ilapuga.sinulle
21/

213

222 Penritli

223

224
226

227

228

232

233
239
•240
241

243 Romania

250 SiiisanJa

251

252

256

257

258
261

264

265

266

267

268
269

Ovoca A I

Hatton

Charlie Hill
Comillah

RCTP in est.
mark

K

CL in estate
mark

Wattegama

Deniyagama

Box

41

42

43

44

45

50

51
5-2

53

54

55
50

58

59

60
61
03

64

65

66

72

73
75

77

78

79
SO

84

85

86
88

89

90
100
101
102

103

104

105

106

107

108
112

113

114
116

117

118
122
12

129

130

131
133

140

141

142

Pkg.s.

57 ch

14 do

20 do

7 do

10 do

58 hf-ch
19 do

15 do
13 do

11 do
5 do

■29 cli
n do
24 do
15 do

1 2 do

21 hf-ch
23 cll

8 do
4 do

19 do
17 do
10 do
36 do

9 do
48 do

8 do

9 do
15 do

do

do

do

do

24 do
24 do
18 ch

15 do
18 do

10 do

13 do
5 do

14 do

24 do
20 do

16 do
39 hf-ch
41 ch
26 do

9 hf-ch

11 do

15 do
9 do

10 do
8 do
28 hf-ch

25 do
20 do

146 18 ch

147 9 do

148 7 do

151 14 do

154 58 do

155 25 do

156 50 do

157 47 do

158 14 do

159 32 do

Name.

bro 'pek

pekoe

sou

bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pekoe sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
or pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe
))ek sou
fan
bro pe
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
or ijek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pek

bro mix
bre pek
pekoe
pek sou
or pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek fans
pek *ou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pekoe
pek son
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek fans
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

bro pek
pekoe
sou
unas

pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek soj
bro pek
pekoe

lb.

5700

1400

2000

700

875

3190

1710

1620

1300

1044

450

2610

2610

1100

1920

1344

1050

2185

800

400

1900

1530

850

3420

450

43-20

800

900

1500

476

500

800

600

1440

1200

1800

1800

2160

800

1365

450

1330

2400

1600

1360

2145

2390

2340

450

545

750

450

500

440

1400

1-250

1600

1890

SlO

630

1400

5220

2750

4500

4230

1610

3185

[Mr. E. John.— 222,445 lb.]

c.

34 bid
24 bid
20 bid

37
28
40

31
26
47

29 bid

24
43

43 bid

38

32

45 bid
34 bid
27 bid

25
out

44

30 bid

25
37

39
29
22

29 bid
21 bid
13

31

26
21
67
54
41
41

30
26

37 bid

27 bid
25

48

37

30

69 bid

41 bid

34

28
25

42

28 bid

25
21

45 bid

31 bid

26 bid

18 bid
20
16

26 bid

22 bid

35 bid
24

24 bid
40 bid

27 bid

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

■lb.

C,

1

Eadella

477

15

ch

bro pek

1500

36

2

479

12

do

pekoe

1080

26-

3

481

6

do

pek sou

480

20

4

483

6

do

unas

430

11

5

Dartry

485

30

do

bro pek

3300

53

6

487

19

do

pekoe

1995

43

7

489

13

do

pek sou

1170

36

9

493

8 hf-ch

dust

680

24

10

Alliaddy

495

28

ch

bro pek

2800

49

11

497

22

do

pekoe

1980

35

12

499

5

do

pek sou

408

31

13

1

4

do

dust

400

20

14

Poilakande

3

33

hf-ch

bro pek

1960

55

15

5

59

ch

pekoe

2595

35

16

7

25

do

1 hf-ch

pek sou

2040

30

18

11

5

do

dust

435

23

19

Homadola

13

27

ch

bro pek

2365

39

20

15

39

ch

pekoe

3260

26

21

17

15

do

pek sou

1360

22

22

19

13

do

br pe fans

1414

23 bid

23

Lameliere

21

29

do

bro pek

3045

52 bid

4

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box.

rkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

24

23

26 ch

pekoe

2340

43

2.’)

25

21 do

pek sou

1785

39

27 Templestowe

29

36 do

or pek

3420

60

28

31

48 do

pekoe

4080

43

29

S3

26 do

pek sou

2080

38

30

35

3 do

dust

420

28

32 Broadlands

39

40 hf-ch

bro pek

3200

40

33

41

20 ch

pekoe

1700

30

34

43

18 do

pek sou

1260

26

37 Anchor, in est.
inaik

49

26 do

bio or pek

2600

55 bid

38

51

16 do

pekoe

1200

49

39

53

15 do

pek sou

1.350

46

43 Cleveland

61

21 l)f-ch

bro pek

1155

65

44

63

38 do

pekoe

1900

50

49 Kanangama

73

18 ch

pekoe

1620

27

55 Esperanza

85

15 hf-ch

bro or pek

780

38

56

87

33 do

pekoe

1518

30

59 Weymouth

93

9 ch

pekoe

720

24

60

95

7 do

pek sou

560

22

61 Wishford

97

15 do

bro or pek 1800

60

62

99

20 do

or pek

2000

54

63 St. John’s

101

24 hf-ch

bro or pek

1320

Rl-04

64

103

30 do

or pek

1320

Bl-Ol

65

105

23 do

pekoe

1104

65

66

107

18 do

pek fans

1260

49

67 Faithlie

105

10 ch

sou

1000

27

68

111

5 do

cr pek fans

500

44

69

113

3 do

dust

420

21

70 Ferndale

115

10 do

bro or pek

1008

C4

71

117

10 do

bro pek

1000

52

72

119

27 do

pekoe

2700

45

79 Maddagedera

133

51 ch

bro pek

5100

40

88

135

21 do

pekoe

2610

32

81

137

19 do

pek sou

1615

29

82

139

6 do

br pek fans 690

30

84 Henegama

143

9 hf-ch

dust

675

19

85 Elston

145

26 ch

pe sou No.i

J2080

29

86

147

5 do

dust

725

21

87

149

18 do

congou

13.50

23

91 N B

157

3 do

dust

450

32

93 Maskeliya

101

30 do

bro or pek

3000

51 bid

94

163

20 do

or pek

2000

47

95

167

30 do

pek .sou

2700

40

96

167

7 hf-ch

dust

490

22

104 Agra Ouvah

183

91 hf-ch

bro or pek

.5915

69

105

185

47 do

or pek

2350

55

106

187

20 ch

pekoe

1900

50

107

189

13 do

pek sou

1235

42

108

191

14 hf-ch

pek fans

1092

31

110 Glasgow

195

47 ch

bro or pek

3525

60 bid

111

197

21 do

or pek

1260

51 bid

112

199

16 do

pekoe

1440

44

113 Gonavy

201

14 do

l)ro or pek

1484

40

114

203

IS do

bro pek

1836

39

115

205

16 do

pekoe

1312

34

116 Claremont

207

10 do

pek sou

800

23

124 Stinsford

223

52 hf-ch

bro pek

2860

58

125

225

43 do

pekoe

2150

37

126

227

20 do

pek sou

1000

30

128 S F D

831

5 do

dust

4.50

20

130 Ivies

235

28 do

bro pek

1430

50 bid

131

237

32 do

pekoe

1600

33

132

239

26 do

pek sou

1300

30

136 Suriakande

247

27 ch

pek sou

2130

42

137

249

10 do

sou

850

41

138

251

3 do

dust

4.50

20

140 Callander

255

22 hf-ch

bro or pek

1320

48 bid

141

257

23 do

pekoe

1196

47

144 I) N N, in est
mark

263

7 ch

sou

560

31

145

265

14 do

unas

1260

25

146

267

6 hf-ch

dust

610

20

147

269

11 do

fans

660

36

154 Eadella

283

8 do

bro pek

800

32

155

285

8 do

pekoe

720

22

156

287

6 do

unas

480

10

157 CO

289

20 do

bro tea

1900

11 bid

l.'-8 Happy Valley

291

8 hf-ch

bro or pek

480

46

161 Caledonia

297

9 ch

bro pek

900

39

162

299

10 do

pekoe

900

29

163

301

5 do

pek sou

4.50

24

165 Yahalakela

305

10 do

pek fans

850

26 bid

168 Tientsin

311

21 hf-ch

or pek

1050

53 bid

169

313

14 do

bro pek

840

63

170

315

26 cli

pekoe

2210

44

171

317

6 do

pek sou

425

39

173 Ashton

321

24 hf ch

bro pek

1430

22

174

323

16 do

pekoe

810

22 bid

17.5

325

52 ch

pek sou

4420

18

176 B;imbukana

327

23 do

bro pek

2300

37 bid

177

329

41 hf-ch

pekoe

1845

24 bid

178

331

61 ch

pek .sou

6510

21

179 Morawakorale
D, in est. mark 333

SO do

bro pek

3300

38 bill

180

Ho 5

51 do

pekoe

4575

20 bid

181 L B K

337

10 do

jiek sou

8.50

16 bid

183 H. in est. maik 341

17 do

pekoe

1 4,50

15 bid

184

343

6 do

fans

580

13 5id

SMALL LUTS.

[Messrs. .A.. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot. PkgR.

Name.

lb.

9

Woodend

9

1 do

dust

150

19

12

St. Leonards on

.Sea

12

2 ch

pek sou

160

24

13

13

1 do

bro mix

100

18

17

Warwick

17

1 do

pekoe

00

37

22

Kalkauda

22

3 hf-ch

ino pek fan

150

30

34

Ugieside

34

2 ch

dust

230

18

38

Invoice No. 4

Myraganga

38

3 ch

fans

300

30

41

STR

41

3 do

pek sou

255

21

42

42

1 hf-ch

bro sou

so

10

48

Agra Elbedde

48

1 do

bro mix

55

20

54

St. Lenonard on

Sea

54

2 ch

bro mix

200

20

55

55

1 do

fans

140

19

67

Bolgownie

67

4 ch

bro mix

340

14

68

68

2 do

dust

200

19

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot. Box.

Pkg..

Name

lb.

C.

8

Dartry

491

4 ch

bro tea

340

20

17

Poilakaude

9

5 hf-ch

bro pek fans

320

27

26

Lameliere

27

3 ch

pek fans

226

21

31

Templestowe

37

2 do

bro mix

200

15

35

Broadlands

45

5 hf-ch

bro tea

300

15

36

47

3 do

dust

240

17

40

Allingt"'n

55

3 do

bro pek

165

38

41

57

4 do

pekoe

200

32

42

59

3 do

pek sou

150

26

45

Cleveland

05

7 do

pek sou

350

44

46

67

2 do

fans

140

28

47

69

1 do

dust

SO

20

48

71

1 do

mix

22

35

57

Esperanza

89

1 do

congou

46

22

58

91

1 do

dust

70

17

73

Ferndale

121

3 ch

dust

330

20

78

Farm

131

4 hf-ch

dust

320

22

83

Henegama

141

2 do

bro mix

120

10

88

Galboda

151

3 ch

dust

300

17

S9

153

1 do

congou

100

20

90

N B

155

2 do

sou

200

38

92

Loughton

159

4 hf-ch

pek dust

200

24

109

Agra Ouvah

193

4 do

dust

370

29

127

S F D

229

4 do

pek fans

280

26

129

233

5 do

congou

225

18

133

Ivies

241

4 do

fans

220

20

134

243

3 do

congou

135

23

135

245

2 do

dust

150

19

139

Suriakande

253

2 ch

bro mix

200

11

142

Callander

259

6 hf-ch

pek sou

312

41

143

261

2 do

fans

112

27

148

I) N N, in st.

mark

271

3 ch

bro mix

300

10

1.59

Happy Valley

293

1 hf cli

pekoe

60

25

160

295

2 do

pek sou

120

39

104

Caledonia

303

3 ch

red leaf

270

10

106

Yahalakela

307

2 do

bro tea

150

11

167

Yathanside

309

4 do

red leaf

360

10

172

Tientsin

319

3 hf-ch

dust

240

19

182

L B K

339

3 do

fans

225

18 '

[Messrs. Forbes

AValker.]

Lot. Box.

Pkg.s.

Fame.

lb.

C.

1

New Peacock

444

3 hf-ch

bro mix

135

10

9

Coreen

460

2 ch

fans

250

26

12

Avoca

466

1 do

pek sou

100

37

13

468

1 hf ch

bro pek fans

80

32

18

H A T, in estate

mark

748

4 hf-ch

dust

320

19

21

Holton

484

2 ch

pek sou

100

34

22

486

4 do

dust

300

26

Radella

494

3 do

dust

890

32

31

Yatiyana

504

5 hf-ch

bro or pek

285

33

41

R M, ill estate

mark

524

1 ch

sou

90

20

42

526

1 do

dust

140

21

44

Sunnycroft

630

do

congou

10

22

49

T B, m estate

mark

540

4 ch

congou

260

14

51

M A

.54 1

1 do

]iek dust

93

21

52

G I'

546

2 do

jtek dust

290

23

53

B T N

548

3 hf-ch

dust

250

20

54

550

2 do

red leaf

100

11

65

552

1 do

SOU

46

15

61

Pansalatenne

564

4 do

llust

300

19

64

Ookoowatte

570

3 ch

pek sou

270

30

66

574

3 hf-ch

In o mix

180

17

67

570

3 do

red leaf

150

10

72

Errolwood

586

1 do

Si>u

50

36

78

588

3 do

dust

240

31

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST

o

Lot.

Box. Pkc;s. Name.

lb.

C.

[Mes.sr.8.

Somerville & Co.

77

Galla watte

596

3 ch

pek sou

300

29

Lot. Box.

Pkffs.

Name

lb.

e.

7S

598

3 do

pek fans

300

23

85

Peacock Hill

012

1 ht-ch

bro mix

45

11

1

Bogahagode-

87

Waverley

016

2 cli

bro pek

212

46

watte

191

5 hf-ch

bro or pek

350

36 I)id

8S

618

1 lif-ch

pekoe

55

46

4

194

3 ch

pek fans

330

IS

Si)

620

1 ch

pek sou

61

36

5

193

1 hf-cli

dust

79

20

91

Poonagalla

624

1 do

red leaf

90

13

9

Paradise

199

3 do

dust

225

20

91

C B

630

1 do

pek sou

100

33

14

Carney

204

2 do

fans

100

22

95

032

1 ht-ch

bro pek fans

85

26

15

205

1 do

dust

60

16

90

Lunugalla

634

2 ch

red leaf

200

14

23

Minna

213

2 do

dust

ISO

19

97

S 18 S

616

3 do

or pek

267

44

30

Fraukland

220

4 di

sou

300

13

98

638

2 do

pekoe

154

32

31

221

1 do

dust

140

18

99

Tangkellie

640

2 do

red leaf

182

12

32

222

1 do

red leaf

62

10

103

Morlaiuls

648

3 hf-ch

dust

240

26

72

Galkolua

262

1 do

pek sou

100

20

104

650

2 do

fans

112

26

73

263

1 do

dust

130

17

105

109

652

M R 0, in estate

1 ch

red leaf

90

10

84

Nugawella

274

5 hf-ch

dust

375

24

mai'k

660

4 hf-ch

red dust

320

13

87

R in estate

112

Beausejour

666

3 cli

pek so\4

270

26

mark

277

7 hf-ch

pek sou

280

33

125

Auningksnde

692

2 do

congou

200

22

88

4 do

160

132

K W D

706

2 hf-ch

dust

157

17

2/8

sou

2/

136

Gallawatte

714

2 ch

pek sou

200

24

92

R in estate

137

142

Walpola

716

732

2 do
1 do

dust

fans

200

100

20

28

mark, Ceylon 282

3 do

tans No 2

189

32

140

734

2 do

dust

300

17

99

Ukuwella

289

3 do

bro pek fans 210

27

150

G

742

3 do

pek fans

300

16

106

T N in estate

151

152

744

746

1 do
1 hf-ch

bro pek fans 100
dust 75

18

17

mark

296

2 do

fans

100

15

153

A B D

748

1 ch

pekoe

86

42

107

297

2 do

dust

160

17

154

MF

750

4 do

unas

360

32

109

Calefornia

299

1 ch

pekoe

150

24

155

7.12

2 do

dust

250

16

1 hf-ch

159

Galkudua

760

2 hf-<;h

dust

150

IS

HO

300

160

762

3 cli

fans

300

IS

1 ch

bro pek dust 210

IS

180

Mahauva

802

2 do

dust

170

20

1 hf-ch

193

Kuanwe'la

828

1 ch

sou No. 2

90

18

111

1

1 ch

bro mix

100

H

195

832

3 do

fans

300

17

Bollag 11a

196

834

1 do

red leaf

60

11

115

5

1 hf-ch

bro tea

75

20

205

Caradou

852

3 d .

fans

300

31

116

Lyndhurst

6

1 do

dust

80

16

206

854

4 do

congou

314

19

120

10

7 do

sou

280

23

207

856

1 do

dust

124

21

125

15

6 do

sou

240

23

222

Horagaskelle

886

4 hf-ch

pekoe

223

27

126

16

4 do

dust

340

20

224

890

4 do

sou

236

20

129

A

19

2 do

bro pek

120

49

220

Kakiiiskande 894

4 ( h

pekoe

360

23

IJO

20

1 ch

pekoe

154

38

227

896

1 do

pek sou

90

18

131

21

1 hf-ch

pek sou

22S

898

1 hf-ch

dust

60

19

1 ch

83

29

247

Weyunga-

watte

936

4 hf-ch

dust

340

21

132

137

Evalgolla

23

27

1 hf-ch
1 ch

dust

fans

31

115

22

20

259

Talgaswela

690

4 ch

pek sou

360

32

149

K in estate

39

1 do

bro mix

266

Queens and
Patiagania

974

1 do

dust

135

23

150

mark

83

10

270

982

2 do

pek sou

200

37

Citrus

40

1 hf-ch

dust

85

17

271

984

1 do

ilust

150

22

156

46

3 ch

pek sou

278

24

272

Cottasana

986

4 do

pek sou

360

26

157

47

4 do

tans

300

16

272a

9S6a

2 do

pek sou

180

18

158

H A

48

1 do

dust

155

16

zTi

Cotta ganga

988

3 do

fan

390

33

1.59

49

1 do

bro tea

92

10

274

990

2 do

dust

300

23

166

Wootllaud.s

66

1 do

dust

120

17

275

Debatgama

902

1 do

dust

140

18

167

ftlonrovia

57

2 do

red leaf

180

10

281

Galpliele

4

1 hf-ch

sou

50

20

177

67

2 do

pek dust

270

20

282

6

2 do

dust

180

24

178

Narawala

68

4 hf-ch

bro pek

230

23

283

8

1 do

tlust

80

21

179

69

3 do

nekoe

165

IS

509

I K V

40

3 ch

bro mix

336

2)

ISO

70

5 do

pek sou

250

19

314

Kelaneiya

70

3 ch

sou

300

33

181

71

2 do

fan.s

120

17

315

72

2 ch

dust

230

21

185

Hatdowa

75

2 ch

dust

2.50

20

319

Ekolsund

80

3 do

dust

240

1.8

186

76

1 do

bro tea

85

10

324

W A

90

1 do

bro mix

100

17

191

Harangalla

81

3 hf-ch

bro mix

ISO

28

325

New Galway

92

5 do

bro pe <

275

64

192

82

2 do

pek dust

210

24

329

Lochiel

100

1 do

pek sou

58

26

193

Wilpita

83

3 ch

itust

393

16

353

Amblangoda

148

1 ch

tUist

80

18

197

87

1 do

dust

120

16

359

O B E G. in ef

•

2ol

P

91

1 do

bro mix

100

H

tate mark

2i9

Hapugasmulle 109

2 ch

sou

180

20

Wattawella

160

2 do

pek fans

240

36

222

220

3 do

fans

285

22

360

162

2 do

bro mix

150

12

221

111

2 do

dust

290

20

361

164

3 do

dust

345

21

225

Penritli

115

2 do

fans

210

21

23

365

Geragama

172

2 do

sou

180

16

229

Hatton

119

2 hf-ch

dust

160

306

174

3 do

fans

390

21

230

Charlie Hill

120

3 do

bro tea

150

12

363

C

178

1 do

dust

150

18

231

121

7 do

bro pek

3.50

39

23

308a

1 do

dust

130

18

234

124

3 do

sou

150

330

Harrington

202

3 ch

pek sou

270

44

235

R V K

125

3 do

fans

170

25

331

204

2 do

dust

230

30

236

126

1 do

bro pek

72

23

389

Bittacy

220

2 hf-ch

pek fans

140

37

237

127

1 do

pekoe

48

17

391

224

1 ch

sou

80

37

238

1 8

1 ch

pek sou

142

12

392

220

1 do

1 hf-ch

1 hf-ch

bro mix

165

12

242

Comill.a

132

1 do

dust

85

IS

897

Hopton

230

1 ch

red leaf

73

11

249

yirisanda

139

13 boxes

or pek

143

98

393

238

1 do

congou

90

28

253

143

2 hf-ch

fans

103

22

400

242

1 do

fans

100

28

2,74

144

1 do

congou

57

18

407

Glencorse

256

2 do

pek fans

250

25

255

RCTF in est.

145

4 do

dust

320

13

408

258

2 do

dust

320

26

259

413

Castlereagh

268

2 do

pe so No. 2

160

28

mark

149

3 ch

dust

303

12

It

278

3 hf cli

dust

240

31

26C

150

) 1 ch

l)ro mix 1

415

272

2 do

pek fans

140

35

* 2 hf-clt

bro mix J

257

10

417

Springkell

276

4 ch

pek fans

2S0

32

262

E

152

2 do

sou

192

19

433

l)ea Ella

SOS

5 hf-cli

bro tea

250

17

263

153

1 do

dust

120

17

CEYLON PRODUCE 8ALE8 LIST.

()

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

{From Our Commercial Correspondent)

Mixcing Lane, Nov. 27, 1S9G.
Maika and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in
Mincing Lane up to Nov. 27 : —

Kx “ ScoLia.”— Kaigawa, 4c ami lb S4s ; 11c TO.s ; 3c 70s
(ill; 4 bags T6s; 1 bag 69s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “ Cliesbire.”— K POP. 7 bags 20s.

K.x " Orotava." -G C F V 0 C L 17 bags (Kntryitam)
4us Oil.

Ex “ Glenavon.”— M AC, 1 bag (s d c 2) 34s.
Ex “ Port Poirie.”— Uilapolla A, 25 bags 53s.

CFAT.ON C.\RDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Ex “ Diomed.”— Duckwaii, 3c 4s 7d; 3c Is Oil; Ic 3s Id;
Ic .seed 4s 3d; Ic seed 4s Od,

Ex “ Scotia.”- Vedehette, 2c 4s 7d; 2c Is 6d, 7c 4s Id .
Ic 4s; 4c 3s 9d; Cc 3s 4d; 2c 3.s!>d; Ic 4s Cd.

Ex “ Fonuosa.”-(OBEU) NilloiuaPy No. 2 Mysore, !c
3s lid.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDA.AIOJI SALES.

NO. 1.

Colombo, January 11, 1897.

j Price: — 12J cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA,

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 57,032 lb.]

Lot.

Bo.\.

. rkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

6

St. Leonards on

Sea

6

17

cU

bro pek

1700

41

7

7

8

do

pekoe

720

30

13

VogiUi

13

20 hf-ih

bro or pek

1200

60

14

14

40

ch

bro pek

3800

55

15

15

85

do

pekoe

2975

38

34

do

do

2890

37

10

16

28

do

pek .sou

2380

32

28

do

do

2330

31

17

17

22 hf-ch

dust

1540

21 bid

18

Blackw.iter

18

19

ch

dust

2755

18

19

Kalkancle

19

19 hf-ch

bro pek

950

40

20

20

27

do

pekoe

13.50

33

21

zl

14

do

sou

700

26

22

22

11

do

dust

770

27

26

Relugas

20

5

ch

dust

600

20

31

Vogan

31

41

do

bro pek

3895

59

32

32

32

do

pekoe

2720

40

33

33

24

tlo

pek sou

2040

32

37

O.ssiiigton

37

11

do

bro pek

1210

33 bid

38

38

19

(lo

pekoe

1900

26 bid

39

39

14

do

pek sou

1260

23

42

Hornsey

42

10

ch

pek sou

1000

38

43

43

5

do

fans

450

20

[Messrs. Eorbes & Walker.— .366,715

lb.]

Lot.

Bo.v.

Pk-i.s

. Name.

lb.

C.

4

Daiubagalla

368

9 hf-eh

sou

405

24

0

O O, in estate

mark

372

28

do

sou

1120

28

7

374

12

do

bro mix

500

26

14

A'ativana

388

11 hf-ch

pekoe

616

24

16

Carberry

392

■)0

ch

pro pek

5003

47

17

394

44

do

pekoe

3960

31

18

396

5

(lo

pek sou

450

25

19

AI V

398

14

ch

fans

1050

18

20

400

10

do

dust

940

16

21

402

9

do

bro mi.x

900

13

Nahaveena

406

04 llf-cll

bro pek

3200

47

24

408

25

do

pekoe

1250

45

25

410

07

do

pek No. 2

3350

38

26

412

20

do

pek sou

1000

36

30

Anibaknva

420

6

ch

pekoe

456

31

31.

S . Helen

428

20 hf-ch

1)10 pek

1100

49

35

430

29

do

or pek

1305

53

36

432

88

do

pekoe

3960

34

3/

434

83

do

pek sou

3825

24

39

Tavalamtenne

438

5

ch

bro pek

550

48

40

440

9

do

pekoe

945

35

42

Kosgalla

444

28 lif-ch

bro peli

1568

39

43

446

32

do

pekoe

1600

25

44

448

17

do

pek sou

1350

25

45

Old Medegama 450

12

ch

bro pek

1380

34 bid

46

452

9

do

pekoe

945

26 bid

47

454

10

do

)3ek sou

lOOO

26

48

Radella

•150

32

ch

hro pek

3200

57

49

458

•/2

do

pekoe

19S0

44

60

460

14

do

pek sou

1260

37

52

Holton

464

15

do

bro pek

\ withd’n

53

466

5

do

pekoe

57

Great Valley

474

16

ch

bi-o pek

1810

54

68

476

17

do

or pek

1785

44

59

478

10

do

Ijekoe

2000

35

60

480

9

(lo

pek sou

810

28

61

Coneygar

482

7

ch

bro pek

700

65

62

481

7

do

pekoe

630

48

1)4

Rockside

4s8

8

do

bro pek

880

40

05

490

12

do

liekoe

1200

39

00

492

10

llo

lieksou

muo

26

67

494

7

(lo

bro nii.x

700

18

68

496

5

do

dust

750

22

69

498

29

(lo

pekoe

2900

47

70

.‘00

26

do

pek sou

2600

37

71

502

11

do

bro pek fan

1430

43

73

G

500

3

ch

pek dust

420

17 l)id

80

Meemoraoya

520

13 hf-ch

bro pek

520

34

81

522

17

do

pekoe

680

24

89

G P M, in est.

mark

538

17 :

hf-ch

pekoe

935

58

90

540

22

do

pekoe No 2

1232

44

91

.'i42

14

il(j

soil

770

35

Lot- Bo.y. Pkf's.

97

•St. Columb-

kille

554

11

ch

98

656

37

do

99

568

21

do

100

Pallegodde

500

20

ch

101

562

34

do

102

564

31

do

103

566

22

do

104

Bloomfield

668

43

ch

105

570

31

do

106

572

17

(lo

107

574

16 hf-ch

108

Ctaskieben

676

35

ch

109

578

26

do

110

580

15

(lo

111

582

7

do

112

Clune.s

584

11

do

113

586

40

do

114

588

13 hf-ch

115

AVeoya

590

19

ch

116

592

22

do

117

594

24

do

118

596

19

do

125

Dunkeld

610

IS

do

120

612

14

do

127

614

lo

do

128

D K D

016

7

Cll

131

622

5

do

132

Clunes

624

30 hf-ch

133

620

35

ch

134

628

12

do

135

Erracht

630

25

ch

136

632

24

do

137

634

28

do

138

Clunes

636

22 hf-ch

139

638

24

ch

140

640

33 hf-ch

141

Polatagaina

042

42

ch

142

644

36

do

143

646

9

(lo

144

048

12

do

145

650

4

(lo

151

Killarney

062

2] hf-ch

152

664

65

do

153

660

13

(lo

158

Morankande

676

24

ch

159

678

26

do

160

6S0

10

(lo

161

Massena

082

29 hf-ch

162

684

20

do

167

North Cove

094

9 hf-ch

170

B D W P

7U0

5

do

171

B D AV A

702

13

do

172

704

11

do

173

706

5

do

174

Lyegrove

7(!8

9

ch

175

710

12

do

176

712

8

do

177

714

8

do

179

Nella Oolla

718

10

cll

180

T20

7

do

181

722

7

do

182

Agra Oya

724

39 hf-ch

183

726

23

ch

184

728

7

do

186

732

12

do

188

Ell I ;y.i

736

10

do

189

738

58

do

190

740

24

do

191

742

9

do

192

Gallawatte

744

7

cll

193

746

11

do

194

748

13

do

190

Ro^vley

752

45 hf-ch

197

754

32

do

19S

Alonk.swood

750

3.1

do

199

7.5S

47

do

200

Tymawr

760

32 hf-ch

201

762

31

do

202

764

27

do

204

768

12

do

200

Krlsmere

772

30

cll

207

774

29

do

208

776

20

do

i09

778

8

do

210

780

7

do

218

Oeaculla

790

52

(lo

219

798

27

do

222

CHI)

804

4

do

223

806

4

do

Name.

lb.

bro pek

1210

pekoe

351.5

pek sou

1890

bro or pek

2600

bro pek

3230

pekoe

2790

pek sou

2092

flow pek

4300

pekoe

2945

pek sou

1615

pek fans

1200

flow pek

3500

pekoe

2470

pek sou

1425

pek fans

525

pek sou

990

bro pek fan 4000

(lust

910

bro pek •

1805

pekoe

1760

pek sou

1800

fans

1900

bro pek

1980

or pek

1330

pekoe

1725

bro pek

No. 2

875

(lust

860

bro pek

13.50

pekoe

3160

pek sou

1080

bro or pek

2125

bro pek

2040

pekoe

2100

bro pek

1100

pekoe

2160

bro pek fan 1980

bro pek

4200

pekoe

36((0

pek sou

855

fans

1200

pek fans

4( 0

bro or pek

1260

do

3900

or p )k

546

bro pek

2400

pekoe

200(1

pek sou

1000

or pek

14.50

pekoe

13 0

dust

720

dust

450

brope No. 2

650

fans

660

dust

435

or pek

828

bro pek

1320

pekoe

080

pek sou

(>40

bro pek

950

I’ekoe

50(-l

pek sou

639

bro pek

2145

pekoe

1955

pek sou

665

or pek

1020

bro pek

1120

or pek

5,5(,8

pek sou

2160

pek fans

1035

bro pek

7U0

or pek

935

pekoe

1170

bro pek

22.50

pekoe

1609

bro pek

lOaO

or pek

2115

bro pek

1609

pekoe

1395

pek sou

1215

sou

(00

or pek

3969

pekoe

2726

i(ek .sou

2418

Ians

8O-0

dust

569

bro pek

3129

))ekoe

2025

dust

4(.'0

red leaf

400

c.

4.5
41
2S

41
57
:14
27
r,[i
i:>

3'J

24
4s

42
3S

23
111

32
Hi
49

33
20

30
52
4S
35

37

22

49

25
22
37
a I

31
41
20
3r,

43
25

29
41

.I"

09
59
61
49

30

31

41 Iii.l

30
VG

33
41
49

2.5
41

41
37

32

34

25 Li,l
20
49
37

42

43

4.5
29

24
40
42

31
51

10
59
74
07
54
40
37

04 i.i.l

40
49
;:m
20

41
22
12

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

Box.

Pk08.

Name.

lb.

C.

Lot.

Box.

Pk"S

Name.

lb.

C.

2-24

Mediletenne

808

36

ch

bro pek

1980

42 bid

376

Pererly

112

0

hf-ch

pek (lust

450

26

225

810

19

<io

pekoe

1900

32 bid

378

Bloomtield

116

49

cll flowery pek

4900

52

22(>

812

13

<lo

pek sou

1170

26

379

118

37

do

pek

3515

42

227

814

4

(lo

bro pek fan

440

22

330

120

18

do

pek sou

1710

38

230

EitoIIwixkI

820

26

ch

bro pek

2860

h

381

Knavesmire

122

30

do

bro pek

3000

40

231

822

13

do

do

1430

68

382

124

63

do

pek

3975

27 bid

232

824

21

do

pekoe

1785

51

383

Denmark Hill

126

26

do

pek sou

1820

22 bid

233

B F B

826

10 hf-ch

dust

800

20

390

140

11

(lo

bro or pek

1210

64

235

Middleton

830

16

cb

b 0 pek

1600

74

392

144

9

do

or pek

720

66

236

832

60 hf-ch

or pek

2500

60

394

148

5

do

pek sou

410

47

237

834

16

ch

pekoe No. 1 1600

52

396

Talgaswela

152

62

do

bro pek

5589

64

23S

836

16

do

pekoe

1520

48

397

154

6

do

bro pek

660

35

239

838

6

do

pek sou

670

47

398

156

10

(lo

pekoe

900

37

243

Uilivbage

846

17 hf-ch

bro pek

1020

41

399

158

7

do

pek sou

630

33

244

848

20

do

pekoe

1100

26

400

Pansalatenne 160

17

do

bro pek

1785

39

245

850

10

do

pek sou

550

22

401

162

17

(lo

pekoe

17U0

31

246

852

11

do

fans

660

24

402

164

10

do

pek sou

950

24

249

Rambodde

85S

29

do

bro or pek

1595

49

404

Glengariff

108

4

do

congou

400

14

250

860

20

do

pekoe

900

35

406

173

33

hf-ch or pek

1782

45

251

862

18

do

or pek

900

41

407

174

40

do

or pek

1720

47

255

Choughleigh

870

12

ch

bro p ;k

12961

408

176

24

ch

pek

1560

34

256

872

0

do

pekoe

570

withd’n

409

178

47

do

pek sou

2491

•25

257

874

7

do

pek sou

630 J

410

Udabage

180

6

hf-ch dust

4.50

30

261

Stafford

882

4

ch

bro pek

440

72

411

182

23

do

bro pek

1380

46

265

St. Helier.s

8iK)

50 hf-cli

bro or pek

2550

47

412

184

24

do

pek

1320

26

206

892

yu

ch

pekoe

2700

36

413

188

23

do

pek sou

1205

2-2

267

894

8

do

pek sou

720

29

414

188

14

do

sou

770

15

268

Queen-sland

896

12

do

bro pek

1200

76

415

190

If)

do

fans

600

23

269

898

43

do

pekoe

3655

47

410

192

43

do

bro pek

2580

70

270

900

12

do

pek sou

960

42

417

194

10

ch

pek

900

65

272

Patiagama

904

8

ch

bro or pek

840

50 bid

418

196

7

do

pek sou

630

42

273

906

4

do

or pek

400

47 bid

419

Pambagama

193

18

do

bro tea

1620

9 bid

274

908

i

do

pekoe

630

36

420

200

9

do

fans

900

14

277

Sunnycroft

914

4

do

pek sou

700

28

421

Weoya

202

15

hf-ch dust

1350

15

279

918

3

do

dust

510

15

428

216

17

do

bro pek

16 5

50

230

Pambagama

920

5

ch

pekoe (Acme

429

218

16

do

pek

1280

32

chest)

500

25

430

226

21

do

pek sou

1575

24

232

Midlands

924

10

ch

dust

800

27

431

222

26

do

mns

2470

86

283

Arapolakande 926

10

do

br > or pek

950

47

433

Ganapalla

226

97

hf-ch bro pek

4850

41

234

928

20

do

or pek

1800

47

434

228

18

ch

pek sou

1440

18

285

930

47

do

pekoe

3760

29 bid

435

230

20

do

bro pek fans

26110

28

288

Ingoya

936

15

do

fans

1650

26

436

232

49

do

pekoe

3920

24

291

(Jairn Hill

942

6

ch

bro pek

600

33

437

234

6

do

(Inst

840

15

292

944

6

do

pekoe

540

23

438

Yoxford

236

8

do

bro tea

800

41

293

946

5

(lo

pek sou

400

15

439

238

8

do

fannings

920

36

297

Sembawatte

954

16

do

rails

1520

18

440

240

8

do

dust

1120

25

299

958

10

(lo

bro tea

700

10

441

Carberry

242

31

do

bro pek

3100

44

300

Torwood

960

13

ch

br. pek

1300

49

442

244

25

do

pekoe

2250

34

301

962

13

do

or pek

1092

46

443

.Sunnycroft

216

7

do

pek sou

665

28

302

964

24

do

pekoe

2064

33

445

G

250

6

do

(lust

750

15

303

966

6

do

pek sou

570

24

447

254

3

do

pek dust

420

16

304

968

10

do

dust

1200

25

448

Verulupitiya

256

14

do

bro pek

1470

305

970

10

do

bro pe Xo 2 1000

33 bid

449

258

21

do

pekoe

1785

43

306

972

20

do

pek No. 2

1900

28

4.50

266

17

do

pek sou

1 98

33

308

Wevekelle

976

7

cli

or pek

665

41

451

Kelaneiya

262

23

do

pek sou No. 2

19.)5

24

309

978

8

do

pekoe

640

27

453

266

80

do

bro pek

2550

52

313

C, in est mark 986

4

do

bro te.a

440

10

454

268

25

(lo

pekoe

2.500

44

314

Vellaioya

988

8

do

bro tea

800

9

461

Agraoya

282

85

do

i>ro pek

1925

48

319

Ingurugalla

098

6

do

bro tea

720

22

462

284

10

(lo

or pek

850

38

321

Labookellie

2

7

cll

pek sou

63/

41

463

286

19

do

pekoe

1615

85

323 IVeyungawatte 6

25

hf-cli

bro or pek

1375

39

464

Nahalra.a

288

8

do

pek sou

720

B

22

324

8

23

ch

or pekoe

2070

39

473

306

8 hf-ch

dust (Acm

325

10

18

do

pekoe

1440

33

Bandara

che.sts)

640

16

3.'6

12

5

do

pekoe sou

475

25

474

328

Lochiel

16

3

do

dust

420

19

Eliya

308

38 hf-ch

bro pek

2470

56 bid

329

Oxford

18

35

do

bro pek

3500

88

475

310

59

do

or pek

3245

53 bid

330

20

23

hf-ch or pek

920

47

476

312

51

do

pekoe

25.50

331

22

27

ch

pek

2430

30

477

314

36

do

nins

2800

24

332

24

14

do

pek sou

1>20

23

478

R T, in estate

334

28

5

(lo

dust

600

17

mark

310

15

do

dust

1200

16 bid

335

Droinoland

30

9

do

pek .sou

765

28

479

E B

318

15

do

faas

1200

15 bid

336

Doonevalle

32

18

do

bro pek

1620

39

480

L T, in estate

337

34

34

clo

pekoe

2720

25

mark

320

26 hf-ch

dust

2080

14

333

36

14

do

ninniiigs

1400

28

481

N, in estate

339

38

4

do

dust

560

20

mork

322

25

do

fans

2000

14

343

Cast)ereagl\

40

19

do

bro pek

1900

54

482

Knavesmire

324

32

ch

bro p ;k

3520

39 bid

344

48

15

do

or pek

1350

42

483

326

53

do

pekoe

4.5U5

27 bid

34.5

no

13

(lo

pekoe

1170

36

484

328

29

do

pek sou

2175

22 bid

350

Dunbar

60

20

hf-cli

or pek

1170

59

485

330

9

do

SOU

540

12

351

62

27

do

bro pek

1350

58

486

Erracht

332

13

do

pek sou

1040

25

352

64

20

ch

l>ek

1700

44

487

33 i

20

do

fans No. 1

1700

3,3

353

66

10

do

pek sou

,1200

38

438

336

12

do

fans ,, 2

840

21

354

D B R

68

4

(lo

lu'o mi.xed

400

21

489

338

11

do

dust

1540

19

355

70

3

(lo

dust

450

26

491

Essex

342

36

ch

bi 0 pek

31160

45

359 Hethersett

72

22

do

bro or pek

2420

64

492

B O W P

344

17 hf-ch

bro pek

850

39

358

76

17

do

or pek

1,360

66

493

Ella Oya

346

9

ch

pek fans

1008

24

359

Hethersett

78

80

84

8

8

13

do

(lo

hf-cli

pek

pek sou
bro pek

744

49

46

43

494

348

3

do

dust

480

18

oOU

K K G H

650

[Messrs. Somerville

& Co.— 256.453 Ib.l

:iGS 86

306 T li in est. mark 92

8

5

do

cll

nek

(lu.st

400

600

24

20

Lot.

Box.

Pk^s. Name.

lb.

C.

367

94

8

do

fannings

640

18

1 G w

1

8

ch

HoU

640

24

369 Amblankamlc

98

17

(lo

bro pek

1.530

44

7

H J S

7

8

do

pek sou

720

23

370

100

12

(lo

]>ekoe

1030

29

19

19

8

do

bro pek

400

41

371

102

8

(lo

pek sou

800

25

21

21

20

(lo

pok sou

1000

28

372

Venture

104

81

hf-cl»

pek sou

1240

23

23 Kennington

23

7

ch

HOU

630

19

373

106

15

(lo

dust

1125

15

26 Yspa

26

10

ch

bro pek fan 1300

27

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

o

O

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

Lob.

Box.

Bkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

27

27

7

ch

pek dust

1120

19

163

163

40 hf-ch nekoe

2400

26

29

K m estate mark 29

7

do

dust

840

19

164

161

13 do

pek sou

728

17 bid

30

A P in estate

30

6

do

red leaf

570

9

171 Ukuwella

171

21 do

bro pek

2100

39

31

31

11

do

pek fans

172

172

17 do

pekoe

1700

28

3S

mark

1375

24

173

173

12 do

pek .sou
bro pek
pekoe

1200

17 bid

Kudaganga

38

12

do

bro pek

1344

37

179 Ketadola

179

7 d •

770

40

S9

39

6

do

pekoe

030

25

180

ISO

8 do

840

30

40

40

13

do

pek sou

1235

24

181

181

6 do

uek sou

540

21

41

41

5

do

bro tea

525

24

182

182

8 hf-ch uek sou

400

19

43

Paradise

43

5

do

unas

475

22

186 Neutchatel

186

52 cli

bro pek
pekoe

6200

40

44

44

26 hf-cU

bro pek

1430

37

187

187

37 do

2775

34

45

45

30

do

bro pek

,

36

188 A E T S in

es-

46

46

19

ch

pekoe

1900

27

tate mark

188

11 hf-ch bro nek

550

39

47

Comar

47

10

do

pek sou

1000

23

189

189

9 do

pekoe

405

30

49

49

28 hf-cli

bro pek

192 Yarrow

192

46 do

bro pek

2576

47

60

50

4

ch

1800

42

193

193

46 do

pekoe

3200

36

8

do

pekoe

800

so

195

195

16 do

dust

1120

19

51

Irex

51

5

do

pek sou

500

24

202 Depedene

202

32 do

bro pek

1760

39 b-'d

53

53

17

do

bro pek

1700

39

203

203

47 do

or pek

2350

36

54

64

10

do

pekoe

950

29

204

201

49 do

pekoe

2450

32

55

55

12

do

pek sou

1200

23

205

205

16 do

pek s 'll

800

23

56

Ukuwela

56

6

do

dust

600

14

209 Chetnole

209

11 ch

pek sou

1100

30

67

57

35

do

bro pek

3500

39

211 Harangalla

211

29 do

bro pek

2755

43

68

58

29

do

pekoe

2900

28

212

212

26 do

pekoe

2340

36

59

59

34

do

pekoe

3400

28

213

213

9 do

pek No 2

810

27

60

Glenalla

60

15

do

pek sou

1.500

20

214

214

6 do

pek sou

670

23

63

63

12

do

bro pek

1,200

39 bid

215

215

5 do

bro fans

525

36

64

64

8

do

or pek

720

46

217

217

5 do

dust

650

19

65

65

14

do

pekoe

1260

30 bid

218

218

60 do

bro pek

6000

43

66

Minna

66

24

do

pek sou

2160

26 bid

219

219

51 do

pekoe

4500

31

71

71

25 lif-ch

bro pek

1.500

57

220

220

14 do

pek sou

1260

22

72

72

19

ch

pekoe

1710

43

221

221

15 do

fannings

1575

24

1 3

73

16

do

pek sou

1350

36

222

222

8 do

dust

680

15

74

74

6

do

bro mix

6C0

22

75

White Cross

46

do

bro pek

4600

36 bid

4 0

70

77

76

77

33

32

do

do

pekoe
pek soti

2970

2816

28

21

[Mr. E.

John.-

-288,909 lb.]

79

Lonach

79

58 hf-ch

bro pek

2900

37 bid

Hot.

Box.

Pkg.s.

lb.

C.

80

SO

40

ch

pekoe

3800

29

3 P H P, in est.

81

SI

26

do

pek sou

2210

22 bid

mark

358

4 ch

dust

480

.31

82

Orion

82

115 hf-ch

bro pek

5750

42

6 C N

364

7 do

bro tea

700

12

83

83

84

do

pekoe

3780

35

7 Darty

366

27 do

bro pek

2970

43

84

84

11

do

pek sou

495

24

8

363

18 do

pekoe

1800

34

86

85

10

do

dust

700

20

9

370

10 do

pek sou

950

29

86

Gampolawatte

86

2‘>

do

bro pek

1200

38 bid

10 Ottery & Stam-

87

87

25

do

pekoe

1125

34

ford Hill

372

29 do

bro pek

2900

60

90

Peria Kande-

11

374

18 do

or pek

1630

60-

kettia

90

29

ch

bro pek

3625

38 bid

12

376

62 do

pekoe

5680

43

91

91

25

do

pekoe

2600

35

17 Digdola

386

19 do

bro pek

1710

46

92

92

12

do

pek sou

1200

28

18

388

13 do

pekoe

1040

29

94

94

6 hf-ch

dust

450

27

19

390

7 do

pek sou

630

24

95

Hagalla

95

46

do

bro pek

2530

34 bid

21 Aadneven

394

41 hf-ch

bro pek

2296

67

96

96

31

do

pekoe

1550

36

22

396

20 ch

pekoe

1700

49

97

97

12

ch

pek sou

1200

23

23

398

17 do

pek sou

1530

41

99

Annandale

99

16 hf-ch

bro pek

880

53

25 GB

402

8 do

HOU

600

29

100

100

19

ch

pekoe

1520

42

26

404

11 hf-ch

bro mix

825

16

101

101

13

do

pek sou

1170

34

23

408

17 do

fans

1105

32

102

Rayigam

102

30

do

b; o pek

3000

46

29 G T

410

5 do

dust

475

21

103

103

26

do

pekoe

2210

30

30

412

10 ch

con^jou

1000

22 bid

104

104

22

do

pek sou

1870

26

31 Brownlow

414

32 do

bro pek

3584

52

105

105

10

do

bro pe fans 1000

31

32

416

38 do

or pek

4066

41 bid

106

106

0

do

dust

600

16

33

418

18 do

pekoe

1800

39

107

Pine Hill

107

29 hf-ch

bro or pek

1740

42

34

420

12 do

pek sou

1140

31

108

108

26

do

or pek

1450

51

35

422

8 hf-ch

fans

62S

31

109

109

33

ch

pekoe

2640

38

36

424

7 do

dust

588

21

110

110

18

do

pek sou

1170

32

39 Henegama

430

10 do

dust

750

18

111

New Valley

111

28

do

bro or pok

3080

62

43 Meddagedera

438

62 ch

bro pek

62(10

37 bid

112

112

30

do

or pek

8000

04

44

440

33 do

pekoe

2970

28 bid

113

113

81

do

pekoe

3100

43

45

442

23 do

pek sou

1955

25

114

114

20

do

pek sou

1700

39 bid

46

444

7 do

bro pe fans 805

27

115

NIT

115

6

do

unas No 1

.540

20

47 Talawakellie

446

6 do

bro mix

55^

12

116

116

23

do

unas No 2

1 955

12 bid

49 Elstcn

550

33 do

pe sou No.2 2640

27

118

F A in estate

50

452

42 do

pe sou No,2 3486

27

mark

118

5

do

dust

750

20

51

454

5 do

bro pek

625

32

120

G B

120

29

do

dust

4060

19

52

456

11 do

pekoe

935

27

121

I P

121

45

do

pek -SOU

3357

26

53 Glassaugh

458

58 hf-ch

bro pek

3190

65

122

122

15 hf-ch

dust

1230

16

54

460 38 ch

pekoe

3420

49

125

Rjiyigara

125

23

ch

bro pek

21S5

42

55

462

17 do

pek sou

1445

42

126

120

17

do

pekoe

136(J

30

56 Tarf

464

8 do

bro pek

810

43

127

127

17

do

pek sou

1445

26

67

466

8 do

or pek

840

33

128

128

4

do

bro pe fans

400

20 bid

59

470 13 do

fans

910

29

129

Pine Hill

129

45

do

pekoe

3600

39

60

472

9 do

dust

720

20

130

130

18

do

psk sou

1170

32

61 Chapelton

474 10 do

bro mi.x

lOOO

14

131

Goonambil

131

16 hf-ch

bro pek

1170

37

62

476

6 hf-ch

dust

510

14

132

132

17

do

pekoe

1020

26 bid I

63 H S, in estate

133

133

39

do

,pek sou

2145

24 1

mark

418

5 ch

bro pek

625

32

137

D A in estate

1

64

480

6 do

pekoe

500

24

mark

137

9

ch

dust

810

12 1

65

482 11 do

SOU

935

22

138

Kirigalla

138

10 hf-ch

bro pek

487

24 bid

67

486

9 hf-ch

dust

766

15

139

139

17

do

rok sou

1550

11 bid

69 Glasgow

400 64 ch

bro or pek

4950

61

141

M

141

5

do

dust

695

9 1

70

493 34 do

or pek

2040

63

149

DBG

149

5

do

b;o mix

500

9 bid

71

494 27 do

pekoe

2430

48

164

Maligatenne

154

11

do

bro pek

1100

32 !

73 Gonavy

498 10 do

bro or pek

1060

36 bid

l55

155

14

do

pek sou

1358

19 1

74

500 18 do

bro pek

1836

40 bid

160

Monrovia

IGO

4

do

fannings

400

18 I

75

2 13 do

pekoe

.1066

36

61

K P W

101

38 hf-ch

or pek

2432

34 bid

76

4 10 do

pek sou

720

26

162

162

15

do

bro pek

960

30 )

79 Agra Ouvali

10 7

2 hf-ch

br or pek

4320

74

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Box.

Pk«s.

Name.

11).

C.

80

12

35

hf-ch

or pek

1750

35

81

14

11

ch

pekoe

1045

48

84

D C

20

4

do

dust

526

40

86

Agra Ouvah

24

60

hf-ch

bro or pek

3600

70

87

26

35

do

or pek

1750

55

88

28

12

cii

pekoe

1140

48

89

A 0

50

9

hf-ch

iinas

450

39

90

32

6

do

dust

468

30

92

Bliicklmni

36

15

* ch

bro pek

1650

32

93

38

9

do

pekoe

900

25

94

B B

49

4

do

pek sou

400

20

96

K T K

44

5

do

pekoe

450

31

97

46

6

hf-ch

dust

480

20

98

Pati Rajah

48

28

ch

bro pek

2935

54

99

50

19

do

pekoe

1805

32

100

52

7

do

pek sou

630

26

101

54

4

do

fans

410

20

103

Y B K

58

10

h^ch

pekoe

600

32

104

60

13

do

pek sou

050

28

108

KeenagahaElla 60

12

ch

pek sou

1020

32

HI

Muiraytliwaite 74

13

do

bro pek

1200

35

113

78

15

do

pekoe

1200

23 bid

122

Weymouth

96

8

do

pek sou

640

13

126

AV

104

12

do

pek sou

960

9 bid

130

New Tunisgalla 112

25

hf-ch

bro pek

1375

44

131

114

30

do

pekoe

1500

31 bid

132

116

14

do

pek sou

|700

27

135

I'enulale

122

6

ch

bro or pex

600

57

136

124

5

do

bro pek

500

49 bid

1,7

126

24

do

pelioe

2400

41

138

128

5

do

pek .sou

450

33

139

Marguerita

130

13

hf-ch

bro pek

745

42 bid

140

132

13

do

j ekoe

728

40

141

134

25

do

pek sou

1400

34

145

(iampai

142

10

ch

bro pelt

1030

45

146

144

12

do

pekoe

1008

39

147

146

9

do

pek sou

720

34

149

•Shia Dua

150

12

do

bro pek

1236

37

160

152

8

do

pekoe

600

29

152

Alnoor

1.57

SO

hf ch

bro pek

1500

46

153

159

20

do

pekoe

1000

30

154

161

11

do

pek sou

550

24

155

163

8

do

fans

560

30

156

Eila

165

105

ch

bro pek

8925

39 bid

157

167

57

do

pekoe

4560

32 bid

153

169

31

(lo

pek .sou

2635

25 bid

159

171

16

do

fans

1520

S3

160

173

11

do

dust

1320

19

161

-Aloclia

175

26

(lo

bro pek

2860

66 bid

162

177

19

do

pekoe

1805

52

163

179

18

do

pek sou

1440

44

164

181

8

do

lans

lUO

28

165

(ileiitilt

183

40

do

bro pek

4200

49 bid

366

185

10

do

bro pek

1050

49 bid

107

187

28

do

pekoe

2800

44

168

Allingtoti

189

9 1

[if-ch

bro pek

495

38

169

191

9

do

pekoe

450

28

173

RomUira

1.97

8

ch

bins

880

33

174

199

7

do

bro tea

600

14

175

201

9

do

dust

725

16

176

Templestowe

203

27

do

or pek

2565

52 bid

177

205

36

do

pekoe

3060

42

178

207

16

do

pek sou

12s0

28

181

Tientsin

213

7

(lo

j)ekoe

560

37

lyi

215

5

do

pek sou

400

27

1S3

J.ameliere

217

29

do

bro pek

3045

49

184

Anchor, in e.st.

mark

219

26

do

bro pek

2600

59

185

Mocha

221

27

do

bro or pek

2835

59 bid

186

223

21

dj

or pek

1890

52

187

225

12

do

pekoe

lost)

47

ls8

227

15

do

pek sou

1200

46

189

Ivies

229

26 hf-ch

1)ro pek

1300

55

190

231

37

do

pekoe

1.S5J

32

191

233

so

(lo

pek sou

1500

25

190

liila

243

35

cli

bro pek

31.50

55

197

245

19

do

pekoe

i5:o

35

198

247

14

(lo

pek sou

1120

25

199

Tientsin

249

21 hf-ch

or pek

1060

60

2CO

(Anchor mark)'251

19

ch

bro or pek

1995

56

201

>53

14

do

or pek

1288

47

202

255

25

do

pekoe

2175

42

203

(llentilt

257

49

do

bro pek

6145

4.9 bid

204

259

25

do

pekoe

2500

41

205

Komlura

201

14

do

bro pek

1400

SO bid

206

263

27

do

pekoe

2-'9.)

24 !)id

207

205

25

do

pek sou

2125

out

208

Shiinnon

267

17

do

bro pek

1520

46

209

269

36

do

pekoe

2520

30

210

271

29 hf-ch

jjek soil

1024

23

212

271

10

ch

bro pen

900

45

213

276

20

do

pekoe

1820

30

214

278

22 hf-ch

pek sou

1230

23

216

.M

281

12

(h

bro pek

1080

47

217

283

31

do

pekoe

2170

30

218

285

22 hf-ch

pek sou

1232

21

o >2

r.aclclla

292

7

cli

bro pek

700

34

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

223

294

7 ch

pekoe

630

22

224

296

0 do

pek .sou

480

IS

228 Otte y and
.Stamford
Hill

302

22 ch

hro pek

2200

55 bit)

229

304

24 do

or pek

2040

67

230

300

60 ilo

pekoe

5400

43

233 KB, in estate

mark 312

20 hf-cli

fans

1800

16 bid

234 .S N

314

12 do

dust

1080

16 bid

242 1 da

330

10 hf-ch

bro pek

660

20 bid

'^43

332

1 1 cli

pekoe

1100

cut

SxMALL LOTS.

[ Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot- Lkgs. Name. lb. c.

8 SL. Leoiiimis on

sea

S

3

ch

23

PB

23

1

do

24

Relugas

24

4

do

25

25

1

(lo

27

AYoodend

27

1

cli

28

28

2

do

29

29

1

do

30

X

30

1

do

40

U.ssingtoii

40

1

do

41

41

1

do

44

Ovoca A I

44

2

hfel

pek sou

270

24

pek fans

130

16 bid

■SOU

340

23 bid

red leaf

70

9 bid

pek fan

80

out

dust

30.)

15 bid

congou

90

12

red leaf

90

10

bro tea

89

10 bill

dust

140

16

pekoe

91

35

Lot.

[Mr. E. John.

Box. Pk"*. Name lb. c.

1

K

354

6

hf-ch

pek sou

240

2

P H P, in estate

mark

356

2

ch

I)ro mix

180

4

Theresia

360

3

do

pek sou

270

5

362

2

do

dust

200

13

Ottery it Stam-

ford Hill

378

1

do

pek sou

102

14

380

1

do

bro mix

92

15

382

1

do

dust

163

16

384

1

bag

fluff

85

20

Digdola

392

2

do

dust

288

24

Aadneven

400

3

hf ch

dust

270

27

G B

400

4

do

dust

320

37

W, in est. mark

426

3

ch

bro tea

330

38

Henegama

428

2

hf-ch

bro mix

120

40

Westleigh

432

1

do

pekoe

35

41

434

3

do

pek .sou

102

42

436

5

do

l ed leaf

275

48

Talawakellie

448

1

do

bro mix dust 71

58

Tarf

468

2

ch

pek .sou

300

06

H S, in estate

mark

484

3

bags

red leaf

204

08

488

1

bag

fluff

72

72

7.

496

2

ch

bro tea

118

77

Goiiavy

6

1

do

sou

68

78

8

2

do

pek fans

296

82

MS

16

1 1

lif-ch

dust

55

83

B

18

1

ch

dust

123

85

G, in est. mark

22

1 hf-ch

ilu.st

45

91

Tallagalla

84

3

ch

pek sou

270

95

B B

42

1

do

dust

140

102

Pati Rajah

56

1

do

dust

160

105

V 15 K

62

1 1

ht-cli

sou

48

106

64

1

do

dust

90

107

Anamallai

60

3

do

dust

25.7

109

Iveenagalia Kll

a 70

4

cli

bro mix

380

110

72

1

do

dust

165

112

Murraythwaite 76

2

do

or pek

170

114

SO

•2

do

S(.U

100

115

82

1

(lo

dust

150

120

Weym nth

92

3

(lo

bro pek

300

121

94

4

(io

pekoe

300

123

98

1 hf-ch

dust

90

124

W

100

2

cli

liro pek

200

125

102

1

do

pekoe

90

127

106

2

do

dust

180

128

108

3

do

bro mix

240

129

Aahalakele

110

2

do

dust

300

133

New Tunisgalla

118

4 llf-cll

sou

180

134

120

2

do

dust

140

142

Marguerita

136

a

do

fans

210

143

138

(lo

red leaf

112

144

140

1

do

dust

90

148

Ganipai

14S

2

ch

dust

300

151

Sin.i Dua

154

1

do

congou

150

170

Allinglon

193

5 ht-cli

pek sou

2.V)

171

196

1

do

red leaf

80

172

193

1

do

dust

.50

179

Templostowe

209.

•)

ch

dust

289

12

15

44

24

22

10

24

7

22

18

Hi

13

14
22
10

8

14
20

10

7

10

9

19

15
15

15
23

17

2i>

22

18
17

16
1(5
.34
10

17
34
19
12

11 IrM
9

8
9

14

21

18
32
11
13
21
J8
23

8

18

22

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST.

5

Lot.

Bo.x.

rkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

ISO

Tientsin

211

5 hf-ch

bro pek

300

62

192

Ivies

235

3

do

fans

165

24

193

237

0

do

congou

270

10

194

239

2

do

dust

150

12

195

241

6

do

bro mix

270

9

211

Shannon

273

1

ch

red leaf

90

8

215

270

1

do

red leaf

75

8

219

M

237

1

do

sou

70

8

220

288

2

do

dust

200

32

221

290

1

do

red leaf

80

8

225

Eadella

298

4

do

unas

320

9

226

30.)

1

do

fans

120

16

227

231

301

Ottery & Stain-

1

do

dust

140

13

ford Hill

308

2

do

sou

183

23

232

310

2

do

dust

288'

22

244

MR

334

1 hf-ch

dust

95

22

245

335

5

do

fans

375

30

[Messes. Someeville & Co.

Lot. Bo.x.

Pko;.S.

Name

lb.

C.

2

G W

2

1 ch

red leaf

70

10

3

3

5 hf-ch fannings

309

21

4

4

4 do

dust

300

20

5

D

5

3 ch

bro pek

283

51

6

6

4 do

pekoe

348

31

8

8

4 do

congou

360

22

15

S

15

4 do

dust

320

IS

16

16

4 do

bro tea

200

12

17

17

3 do

dust

240

18

18

IS

3 do

bro tea

150

12

20

HJ S

20

6 do

pekoe

300

34

22

22

6 do

red leaf

300

11

24

Kennington

24

4 do

dust

320

16

25

28

R T in estate

25

2 do

bro tea

100

13

mark

28

4 ch

bro mix

360

20

32

Mount Pleasant 32

6 hf-ch

bro pek

330

37

33

33

6 do

pekoe

300

25

34

34

4 do

souchong

192

20

35

35

2 do

fannings

112

25

36

36

1 do

dust

63

16

37

37

1 do

congou

44

13

42

Kudaganga

42

1 ch

congou

90

11

48

48

3 hf-ch

dust

210

20

52

Comar

52

1 do

dust

100

15

61

61

2 do

bro tea

190

11

62

62

3 hf-ch

pek fans

210

24

67

Glenalla

67

3 ch

fannings

300

18

68

68

1 do

dust

150

16

69

69

1 do

congou

80

13

70

70

1 do

red leaf

90

9

78

White Cross

78

2 do

dust

320

10

88

Gampola watte

88

7 hf-ch

pek sou

315

23

89

89

2 do

dust

140

17

93

93

3 do

souchong

330

21

98

117

F A in estate

98

3 do

bro mixed

360

17

mark

117

3 ch

bro tea

345

24

119

G B

119

2 do

bro tea

204

11

123

RX

123

2 hf-ch

dust

200

17

124

124

3 do

souchong

ISO

19

134

Goonambil

134

3 do

dust

280

14

135

135

5 hf-ch

bro mixed

300

10

136

Glentaffee

136

1 ch

pekoe

105

36

150

Malvery

150

7 hf-ch

pek sou

385

21

151

151

2 do

souchong

no

15

152

152

4 do

dust

220

15

153

153

7 do

fannings

385

24

156

Maligatenne

156

1 ch

un.assorted

85

19

157

157

3 do

bro sou

285

15

158

158

1 do

dust No 1

132

19

159

1.59

1 do

dust No 2

112

12

165

K P W

165

4 hf-ch

dust

360

17

174

Ukuwella

174

3 ch

bro pe fans

210

25

183

Ketadola

183

2 do

soucnong

191

13

184

Chclankande

184

1 do

fannings

115

18

185

190

A E T S in es-

185

1 hf-ch

dust

90

15

tate mark

190

1 do

pek sou

45

23

191

191

1 do

dust

70

16

194

Y

194

2 hf-ch

bro mix

90

9

196

H T

196

1 ch

bro pek

100

38

197

197

1 hf-ch

bro pek

60

35

198

198

1 ch

pekoe

70

26

199

199

1 do

pek sou

no

22

200

200

1 hbch

dust

75

16

201

Mukulana

201

1 ch

pekoe

98

28

206

Depedene

206

3 hf-ch

dust

240

16

207

Nugawela

207

1 do

bro or pek

59

40

208

208

1 do

or pek

54

40

210

Chetnole

210

2 hf-ch

pek sou

160

15 bid

216

Harangalla

216

1 ch

fannines

115

27

[Messes. Forbes & Walker.

Lot.

Box.

Pkg.8.

1

D

362

3

ch

2

KH L

304

2

do

3

O 0 O, in estate

mark

306

ch

5

Dambagalla

370

hf-ch

8

East End

376

i

hf-ch

9

378

5

do

10

380

2

do

11

382

1

do

12

384

1

do

13

Yatiyana

386

4

hf-ch

15

398

5

do

22

MV

404

1

ch

27

Nahaveena

414

6

hf-ch

28

Ambalawa

418

2

ch

29

420

3

do

31

422

4

hf-ch

32

424

1

do

33

426

1

do

38

St. Helen

436

2

do

41

Tavalamtenne

442

2

ch

51

Radella

462

2

do

63

Coneygar

486

2 hf-ch

72

G

504

2

ch

82

Mee'moraoya

524

2

do

83

526

1

do

84

N N

528

1

ch

85

530

2

do

86

532

2

do

87

G P M, in estate

mark

534

5

iif-ch

88

536

7

do

92

544

2

do

114a Clunes

5S8a

4

do

129

n K D

618

2

do

130

620

2

do

134a Clunes

62Sa

4

do

154

Killarney

668

6

do

155

070

3

ch

156

672

2

^f-ch

157

674

2

do

164

North Cove

688

2

ch

165

690

3

do

166

692

4

do

168

K W D. in estite

mark

693

2

ch

169

M A II

698

3

do

178

Lyegrove

716

2

do

185

Agra Oya

730

3

ch

187

734

5

hf-ch

195

Galla watte

750

3

ch

203

Tymawr

766

3 hf-ch

205

770

3

do

211

Erlsmere

782

1

ch

220

beaculla

800

5

do

221

802

4

do

228

lileddetenne

816

1

do

229

SIS

1

do

234

B F B

828

o

ch

247

Udabage

854

4 hf ch

248

856

4

d

552

Rambodde

864

0

do

253

866

2

do

254

808

2

do

258

Choughleigh

876

4

ch

259

878

2 hf-ch

260

OK

880

1

ch

262

Stafford

884

3

do

203

886

*2

do

264

8SS

1

do

271

Queensland

902

2

do

275

Patingama

910

1

do

276

M, in estate

mark

912

1

do

278

Sunnycroft

916

1

ch

281

Midlands

922

4

do

386

Arapolakande

932

4

do

287

934

2

do

289

Ingoya

938

3 hf-ch

290

940

3

ch

294

Cairn Hill

948

1

do

295

950

1

do

296

'952

4

do

298

Sembawatte

956

4 hf-cll

307

Wevekelle

974

4

ch

310

980

3

do

311

982

1

do

312

Condegalla

984

3 hf ch

315

A G

990

3

ch

316

Ingurugall.a

992

3

do

317

994

3

tlo

318

996

3

do

320

1000

2

do

S22

L, in est. mark 4

2

cli

327 Weyunga watte

14

3 hf-ch

Name.

lb.

red leaf

240

bro mix

190

unas

268

dust

340

bro pek

200

pekoe

250

pek sou

94

dust

60

pek fans

36

bro pek

240

pek sou

250

congou

90

dust

375

bro pk No. 1 184

do No.

2 273

pek sou

248

dust

88

bro mix

64

dust

160

dust

300

dust

260

fans

ICO

•SOU

144

sou

SO

dust

65

bro pek

100

pekoe

200

pek fans

200

brp or pek

300

cr pek

350

pek fans

170

bro pek

180

red leaf

240

pek sou

170

dust

280

pekoe

300

sou

345

dust

196

fans

174

pekoe

140

congou

240

sou

32J

dust

126

congou

300

dust

300

bro mix

285

dust

375

pek sou

300

dust

240

bro pek dust 210

congou

95

pek sou

375

dust

320

dust

140

congou

90

bro mix

184

dust

240

bro mix

210

pek sou

270

dust

180

bro pek dust 140

sou

340 1

dust

160 j

red leaf

84

pekoe

300

pek sou

ISO

fans

120

dust

270

dust

150

dust

109

congou

100

bro tea

320

pek sou

360

dust

200

dust

270

bro tea

210

fans

120

dust

140

unas

320

dust

340

bro or pek

360

pek sou

285

bro tea

110

bro pek fans 252

bro tea

270

bro pek

300

pekoe

270

pek sou

270

red leaf

180

bro tea

220

dust

255

c.

10

10

18

23

35

25

23

18

18

32
20
12
10
39

21 bid

25
JO
12

15

19

20
29
13
20

16

33

26
32

79

79

29
40

9

22

15

45

39

18

23
34

31
13

15

16
20
10
17
20
27
-..3

24

32
21
17
13
13
16
11

30
22
43

witlul’ii

9

55

45

36

23

20

15
21
10
19

16

15
10
29
14
14

9

62

27

16
35
10
37
26
21

9

13

13

•G

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Box,

PkfTS.

Name.

lb.

c.

Oxford

26

1 ch

pek dust

120

21

340

Dooinb.a

40

3 hf-ch

fanniungs

192

38

341

42

4 do

dust

312

25

342

44

1 ch

red leaf

105

11

340

Gastlereaigh

52

4 do

))ek sou

300

30

347

54

4 do peksou>o. 2

320

26

348

56

2 do

140

27

349

58

2 do

160

■23

357

Hethersett

74

1 do

bro pek

130

55

361

82

2 do

pek fans

168

32

364

88

7 ht-ch

pek sou

3.50

23

365

90

6 do

souchong

300

15

368 T B in est. mark

96

5 ch

congou

•325

13

374

Be\ erly

108

6 hf-ch

bro pek

330

32

375

HO

4 do

pekoe

200

23

377

114

2 do

red leaf

100

10

384

Knavesmire

120

1 ch

bro pek fans

107

21

285

130

4 hf-ch dust

340

16

386

132

1 hf-ch bro mixed

58

9

387

L in est. mark 134

1 eh

bro nek

70

26

388

136

1 do

pek sou

02

14

389

138

1 hf-ch

dust

44

15

394

Denmark Hill

142

1 ch

bro pek

130

50

393

146

4 do

bro pek

372

50

395

150

2 do

pek fans

163

31

403

Pansalatenne

166

3 do

fans

330

22

405

170

4 do

dust

300

16 •

422

Lillawatte

204

2 do

bro mixed

180

13

423

206

1 do

red leaf

100

9

424

208

2 do

dust

275

17

432

M F

224

2 do

souchong

180

26

444

Sunnycroft

248

2 do

cougou

200

23

446

G

252

1 do

souchong

78

19

452

Old Madegama 264

1 do

bro pek

115

36

490

Erracht

340

2 do

red leaf

160

10

495

Ella Oya

350

2 do

bro mixed

ISO

H

CEYLON CINNAMON SALES
IN LONDON.

From our Commercial Correspondent).

Mincing Lane, Dec. 4, 1890.

Ex “Glenfarg’— GDC, Ekella,
]) 9|d; 1 box i>Ad; 79 bags 2Jd.
Ex “Clan Gordon”— GDC,

20b Is Id;
Ekella, 252

2.5b Is; 41b lid;
bags 2id. 17

Ex -‘Nerite”— ASGP in estate mark, Kaderane, 6b Is Oil;
5b is 7d; 25b Is 5d: 30b Is Id; 3b Is 3d; 3b Is 2d: :i0b
Is; 12b ll'rd; 6b lOid; Ob lOd: 1 box broken 9d; 14 bags
ou’illings 9(1. FS'VS in estate mark, Kaderane, 7b Is 4d;
11b Is 2d; 12b Is Id; Ob Is; 12b lid; lb lO^d; Ob 9Jd;
1 box broken 9^d, ESK in estate marl:, Kaderane, 9b Is 4d;
15b Is 2d; 10b Is Id; 2b Is: Ob lid; 12b lO^d; 7b 9‘-d;
1 box broken 9d. EWSS in estate mark, Kaderiine, 1 bag
et"'s. 9^(1; 7 bags (Quillings O^d. KSK in estate mark,
Kailerane, 2 bags broken lid; 8 bags quillings lod: 1 bag
broken chips 7d. DB Ekelle Plantation, GUI in estate
mark, Ob 11^(1; 4b lid: I2b .Id; 25b lOid; 3b lOd. DB
Ekelle Plantation, .7 KL in estate mark, Ob lljd; 10b lid;
2.5b lOkl; lb lOd, 2b 9id. CEdeS, Mattegodde, lb lid;
2b lOd. Glides, Salawa, 4b II d; Ob lid; 2b lOjd; 7b lOd;
7b Old. Glides, Bagatelle, Ibllld; Ob lid; Ob lOd; 2b9Jd.
CUdeS, Kaderane, lb Is; 3b ll.}d; 2b lid; IbO.'.d. CHdeS,
Morotto, lb Hid; 3b lid; 2b 9^0. ( lldeS, PK.W, 2b lid;
2b lOl-d; 2b 9^(1. CHdeS, Kiripittiya, iblljd; lb lid; 2b
91d 'MAC in estate mark, 3 parcels 8}d; 2b broken 4.;d.
A&Co., Ekelle, 50b Is Id; 23b Is; 7b lOd. ASl) DD in es-
tate mark, Kaderane Plantation, 14b Is Id; Ob Is; 18b Is
Id; 12b Is; 3b lOd.

Ex “Clan McIntyre” AP&Co. in estate mark, lb lOd;
12b Old: 7b 8d; 23 bags chips etc. 2^4; I b tg dust Is.

Ex “Oruba”— .M.\C, 5b 9d; 9b 8.d; 7b 8d;. .5b 7^4; 10

parcels 7^-4; 1 parcel 7d.

Ex “Oreste.s”— Glides, Koottariavalle, 12b lid; 5b lO^d;
Sb lOd; lb 9jd. CUdeS, Kaderane, 3b 11-id; 7blld:2bi0d.
DHdeS, PKW, 2b Hid; 3b Hd; 3b lOl-d: lb lOd CHdeS,
TPW in estate mark, lb lljd; 2b Hd; 3b lOJ-d; 2b lOd.

Ex “Clan Murray”— M.AC, C parcels 8i-d.

Ex “Clan McLeod"-MAC, 8b 8d; 3b 7kl.

Ex “ 4rit;innia” — MAC, 3bSd. CHdeS, Rustoom, 9b Hid;
18b Hd; 12b lOid 3b 9id.

Ex “Clan McClean”— MAC, lb id.

Ex “Clan McLeod”- CHdeS, Kurnwitte 3Sb Hd; 9b lOid;
lb 9id. CHdeS, Kaderane, 4b Is; .5b Hd; 3b lOid; :b lOd.
CHdeS, PKW, lb Hid; lb IKU lb lOid; lb 9id.

Ex “Cl.an Fraser”— CHdeS, Kandevalle, 7b Hid; 1.5b Hd;
Ob lOld; lOb lOd; 4b 9id; 5b Hid; 7b Hd; 8b lOid. CUdeS,
Morotto, 5b 9id.

Ex “Oreste.s’’ - CHdeS, Ratmalane, 4b Hid; Ob lid; 7b
lOid; 14b lOd. Ob Old. CHdeS, Salawa, Ob Hid; 12b Hd;
Ob lOid; 5b 9id.

Ex "Diomed"— CHdeS, Koottariavalle, 6b Hid; Ob Hd;
5bl0id;9b lOd; lb 9id. CHdeS, Morotto, 6b ltd; 7b lOd;
5b 9i.

Ex “Imperialist” — CHdeS, Kurnwitte, 8b Hid; 20b Hd;
Ob lOid; 12b lOd; 4b 9,d. CHdeS, Rustoom, 6b Hid; 17b
Hd; 12b lOld; 2b lOd. CHdeS, PKW, in estate mark, 4b
9id 3b Hid; 6b Hd; Ob lOid 2b 9^4.

POWDERED CINNAMON.

Ex “Nerite”— MPC in estate mark, 4c Ijd; 1 bag l^d
1 bag loose collected Ijd.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent).

Mincing Lane, Dec. 4, 1896.

Dx “Ben Lomond” — WOLT, in estate mark, 1 bag 47s.

Mincing Lane, Dec. 18, 1896.

Ex “Ping Suey”— 1 P in estate mark, 15 bags 52s Od.
Vattawatte, 44 bags 01s Od; 3 bags 35s.

CEYLON C.VRDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

Mincing Lane, Dec. 18, 1896.

E\ “Britannia” — Nella Oolla, B and ,S, Ic 2s 7d ; 2c
3s 5(1.

Ex “To.sa Maru”— Delpotonoya, Ic 4s 8d; Ic 4s 3d; Ic 4s
Od; :;c 4s Id; 3c Is; Ic :'.s 8d; 2c 3s 4d; Ic3s3d. HGA in
e.statc m.ark, 2c .;s 8d; Ic 3s 2d; Is 3s; 2c ;s Od; 8c 3s lud part
nildy butkod.

Ex “Diomed”— Hunasgeria, Mysore, total about 123 lb.
2c 3s : (1

Ex “Orient’ — Duckwari .'V 1, 2c4s0d.

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

( From Oar Commercial Correspondent. )

Mincing Lane, Dec. 18, 1896-

Marks ami prices of CEYLON COFFEE .sold in Mincing
Lane up to islli Dec. :

Ex “Cheshire”- Bei ragalla. It 99s; Ic 2b 94s Od; lb 80s;
lb 90s; lb 6(Js; 1 bag (s d) Sis.

Ex "Lancashire’ — Gonamotava, lb It 90s.

Ex ‘'Statfor.ishire” — Rjvgnlla, 2t 70s 04; lb 77s; lb 70s;
Ic 7.5s.

OB.SERVER PKIN TING WtUtK.^.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 2.

Colombo, January 18, 1897.

] Price : — 12^ cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies 5 rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA,

Lot.

Box.

Pkg.S.

Name.

lb.

C.

79

493

40 ch

pekoe
fans
bro pek

4000

30 hid

LARGE LOTS.

80

81 Digdola

405

497

38 hf-ch
9 ch

3220

810

19

45

[Messrs. A.

H. Thompson & Co. — 53,771

lb.]

82

85 Ashton

499

5

9 do
36 do

pekoe
bi'o pek

720

3960

25

30 bill

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

.!N 6<lilG .

lb.

C.

86

7

35 do

pekoe

3150

24 bid

9

FH M, in est

87

9

20 hf-ch

fans

1800

14 bid

mark

2 4 ch

pek fans

400

16

88 S. John’s

11

34 do

bro or pek

1870

95

5

Ahamud

5 13 hf-ch

bro pek

60O

35

89

13

51 do

or pek

2244

89

6

6 11 do

pekoe

500

24

90

15

27 do

pekoe

1350

62

7

7 14 do

pek .sou

700

16

91

17

19 do

Jjek sou

874

60

14

Vogan

14 34 ch

bro pek

3230

61

92

19

12 ilo

pe- fans

840

50

15

15 27 do

pekoe

2295

d7

93 Rondura

21

27 do

pekoe

2295

27

16

16 20 do

pek sou

1700

30

94

23

7 do

bro tea

665

12

23

Nahaveena

23 9 hf-ch

bro pek

450

45

95 Halloween

25

30 cli

26

26 14 do

pekoe No. 2

700

32

1 hf-ch

bro pek

3355

33 bid

29

B, in estate

26 bid

96

27

30 cli

pekoe

2700

24 bid

mark

29 14 hf-ch

pekoe

700

97

29

18 hf-ch

fan.s

1620

21 bid

34

Woodend

34 31 ch

pekoe

3100

23 bid

98 Glentilt

31

44 ch

bro pek

4620

49

36

A, in eetate

99

33

26 do

pekoe

2600

41 bid

mark

36 32 do

bro pek

3810

25

100

35

13 do

pek sou

1170

38

37

37 16 do

pekoe

1620

20

101

37

12 do

fans

1940

32

38

38 17 do

pek sou

1724

16

102 Uda

69

10 hf-ch

bro pek

660

30

39

RT

39 4 do

bro pek

480

out

103

41

11 ch

pekoe

1100

35

57

KD G

57 8 ch

104 Maddageder

a 43

63 do

bro pek

6200

39

3 hf-ch

SOU

884

14

105

45

33 do

pekoe

2970

29

58

M M

58 9 ch

106 Arncliffe

47

35 hf-ch

bro or pek

2100

50 bid

1 hf-ch

bro mix

880

8 bid

107

49

22 ch

or pelc

2090

41 bid

59

Kudawewa

59 10 do

pek fan No.

. 57o

out

108

51

31 do

pelioe

3120

34 bid

62

Balgownie

62 10 ch

bro pek

900

35

112 T T T T in est.

03

63 19 do

pekoe

1425

28

mark

59

60 do

bro pek

6S65

31 bid

64

64 9 do

pek sou

630

23

113

61

13 do

pek sou

1300

19 bid

05

65 7 do

bro mix

595

10 bid

114 Dartrv

115

63

65

27 do
17 do

bro pek
pekoe

2970

1700

45

37

[Mr. E. John.-

-265,004 lb.]

116

118

67

71

10 do
7 do

pek sou
dust

900

660

32

20

Lot.

Box. Pkfrfc.

Name

lb.

c.

119 Fairfield

73

12 do

bro tea

960

21

4

Eadella

343 15 ch

bro pek

1500

39

12/ Uda Pusselawa 89

30 hf-ch

bro or pek

2470

70

5

S45 15 do

pekoe

1350

25

128

91

50 do

or pek

2215

62

6

347 15 do

pek sou

1350

21

134 Claremont

103

35 hf-ch

bro or pek

1750

42

7

349 12 do

fans

1440

23

135

105

23 ch

pekoe

2185

26 bid

8

351 6 do

unassorted

480

8

1 6

107

19 do

pek sou

1615

23

9

353 12 do

dust

1060

13

137 Pati Rajah

109

13 do

bro irek

1365

58

10

355 12 do

red leaf

1090

8

138

111

8 do

pekoe

760

39

11

Gonavy

367 12 do

bro or pek

1200

40

141 Razeen

117

19 hf-cli

bro pek

988

57

12

3-59 19 do

bro pek

1900

39

142

119

30 do

pekoe

1500

35

13

361 15 do

pekoe

1200

33

143

121

23 do

pek sou

920

26

14

Poilakande

363 37 hf-cll

bro pek

2220

52

150 Hiralouvah

135

19 ch

])ek sou

1520

30 bid

15

365 1 ch

171 Lameliere

177

33 do

bro pek

34(35

60

32 hf-ch

pekoe

2920

33

172

179

30 do

pekoe

2700

47

16

367 30 cli

pek sou

2400

26

173

181

24 do

pek sou

204')

39

17

369 10 lif-ch

bro pek fan

720

30

180 IVeymouth

192

9 do

bro pek

900

85

18

Tientsin

371 42 do

or pek

2100

50

181

104

6 do

pekoe

540

25

20

375 31 ch

pekoe

2790

37 bid

182

196

8 do

pek sou

640

18

21

377 8 do

pek sou

720

34

188

203

24 hf-ch

bro ])ek

1488

39 bid

33

Kanangama

401 65 do

bro pek

6175

35

189 Logan

204

32 ch

bro pek

3200

54

34

403 32 do

pekoe

2880

27

190

206

21 do

pekoe

1890

37

35

4 5 10 do

pek fans

1000

22

191

208

29 do

pek sou

2010

33

37

409 5 do

dust

700

18

197 G in estate

38

Cleveland

411 26 hf-ch

bro pek

1430

60

mark

215

5 hf-ch

pek dust

625

20

39

413 47 do

pekoe

2350

40 bid

43

Nartnel

421 10 do

bro pek No. 2

550

19

44

423 35 do

pelv sou

1680

16

[ ME.SSRS.

yOMERVILLE

& Go.— 264.6.‘?0 Ib.l

46

Callander

427 22 do

bro pek

1320

45 bid

lb.

47

Claremont

429 31 hf-ch

bro or pek

1870

39

Lot.

bow rko*s. Name.

c.

48

431 10 ch

pekoe

900

28 bid

1 S L G

231

6 hf-ch

dust No 1

670

IS

49

433 12 do

pek sou

1020

23

2

232

10 do

du.st No 2

750

19

50

435 20 do

bro tea

1800

10

4 GA Ceylon

234

8 ch

pekoe

600

26

62

Glasgow

439 45 do

bro or pek

3375

64

5

235

10 do

pek .sou

770

20

53

441 25 do

or pek

1500

66

6

236

9 do

souchong

630

13

54

443 17 do

pekoe

1630

47

7

237

10 do

unassorted

700

9

55

445 20 do

pek sou

2000

45

8 Narangoda

238

13 do

bro pek

1300

58

56

Agra Ouvah

447 55 lif-ch

bro or pek

3300

67 bid

9

239

15 do

pekoe

1425

36

57

449 32 do

or pek

1600

67

10

240

10 do

pek sou

900

26

58

451 11 ch

pekoe

1045

46

11

241

5 hf-ch

dust

425

20

69

R

453 20 do

bro pek

2100

36

14 Lyndhurst

244

35 do

bro pek

1750

38

■60

455 27 do

pekoe

2700

32

16

245

.51 do

pekoe

2295

SO

61

457 17 do

pek sou

1530

24

16

246

49 do

pek sou

1960

25

64

463 24 do

unassorted

2160

29 bid

22 Nugawella

252

15 hf-ch

or pek

825

59

65

Brownlow

467 26 do

bro pek

2730

49

23

253

19 do

bro or nek

1140

42

66

467 20 do

op pek

2100

41

24

2.'-4

50 do

pekoe

2500

37

67

469 22 do

pek sou

2200

36

25

255

9 ch

pek sou

765

26

68

471 15 hf-ch

fans

975

32

28 Koorooloogalla 258

14 do

bro pek

1400

45 bid

70

Elston

475 36 ch

pe sou No. 2 2880

28

29

259

15 do

pekoe

1350

36

71

477 23 do

congou

1760

24

30

260

0 do

pek sou

540

26

72

Blackburn

479 12 do

bro pek

1820

33

31 K G

261

5 do

fannings

500

*-»•>

73

481 9 do

pekoe

900

25

34 Kew

204

1 3 hf-cll

bro or pek

728

69 bid

74

B B

483 4 do

35

265

32 do

or pek

1600

60

1 hf-ch

pek sou

460

21

36

266

21 do

bro pek

1260

40

76

Brownlow

487 35 ch

bro pek

3920

46

37

267

42 ch

pekoe

3864

42

■77

489 35 hf-ch

liroo) pek

1925

59 bid

38

268

26 do

pek sou

2470

38

78

UdaPusselawa 491 60 do

or pek

2560

67

39 Vincit

2(i<)

15 do

bro pek

1500

31 bid

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

. Box.

PkirS.

Name.

Jb.

C.

Lot. Box.

Pkss.

N(Tme

lb.

C.

40

41
48

4S

53

Coniar

3everly

270

271

278

279
283

12

8

10

6

ch

do

ch

do

pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek

1200

800

1100

600

440

28

24

37 bid
28
23

235

236

237

238

O

164

165

166
167

13

14
9
6

ch

do

do

do

pekoe
bro mix
red leaf
pekoe

1300

1400

900

630

24
15
10

25

74

Inchsielly and
Wood Thorpe

4

ch

or pek

700

53

[Messrs. Borbes & Walker.— 590,958

lb.].

76

0

12

do

pekoe

960

36

LiOt.

Hox

.

Fktrs.

iSame.

lb.

C.

i 4

1

10

do

pek sou

1200

27

2

New Peacock

852

16

ch

pek fans

1200

23

81

Ivanhoe

11

33 hf-ch

bro pek

1650

52

5

p

360

12

do

dust

1440

19

82

12

40

ch

pekoe

3600

40 bid

6

Barkindale

362

14

do

bro pek

1510

69

83

13

13

do

pek sou

1170

34

7

Oolapane

364

6

do

pekoe

510

47

84

14

6 hf-cli

(lust

540

19

31

412

32

do

bro or pek

1440

58

86

15

13

ch

bro mixed

1170

21

32

414

24

do

bro pek

2160

43

86

Penrith

16

35

ch

bro pek

3500

58

33

416

26

ch

pekoe

2210

40

87

17

35

do

pekoe

2800

37

34

418

7

do

pek sou

560

26

88

18

17

do

pek sou

1445

29

36

Harrington

422

15 hf-ch

dust

900

20

89

K

19

16

do

unas

1600

27

41

432

24

ch

92

Stockholm

22

13

do

pek sou

1179

34

42

1 hf-ch

or pek

2753

55

94

24

8

do

dust

640

20

434

21

ch

9(i Ranasinghapatna

43

1 hf-ch

pekoe

2155

45

UapuuUe in est.

436

6

ch

mark

26

24 lif-cli

bro or pek

1560

46 bid

Gonawella

2

hf-ch

pek sou

660

36

97

27

34

ch

or pek

3060

44

45

440

17

eh

bro pek

1700

40

98

28

12

do

bro pek

1200

46

46

442

8

do

pekoe

720

32

99

20

28

do

pekoe

2268

40

51

Kirindi

452

10

do

or pek

1000

52

100

30

20

do

pek sou

1640

31

53

456

17

do

pekoe

1360

41

101

RNPA H in

54

Thedden

458

23

do

pek sou

1725

33

est. mark

31

6

do

pek fans

7.50

23

68

466

24

ch

oro pek

24( 0

40

102

32

5

do

dust

(50

20

59

468

6

do

pekoe

540

30

103

Sangaly Tope

d3

36

do

luiaa

3600

18

61

Thedden X

472

4

do

bro pek

400

3‘i

105

AA MC in e.st.

64

Riinawella

478

5

do

pekoe

400

38

mark

35

78 hf-ch

pekoe

3900

30

65

480

7

do

pek sou

525

30

106

30

32

do

SOU

1600

19

68

Maligatenne

486

5

ch

or pek

500

50

107

Ovoca AI

37

18

ch

bro or pek

1890

63

70

492

9

do

pekoe

720

37

108

38

18

do

or pek

1800

55

71

492

12

do

pek sou

900

32

109

39

18

do

pekoe

1710

43

75

Tonacombe

£00

20

do

or pek

1800

60

110

Ratwatte Coca

76

602

15

do

bro pek

1650

57

Coy., Ltd.

40

19

do

bro pek

1886

34 bid

77

Dammeria

504

30

do

pekoe

2700

52

111

41

10

do

pekoe

1600

23

81

512

32

ch

bro or pek

3520

57

112

42

13

do

pek .sou

1348

18

82

514

65

do

pekoe

5500

52

1 hf-ch

83

616

6

do

pek sou

600

44

116

Pu.ssetenne

45

12

ch

bro pek

1368

49

84

518

6

do

dust

600

26

116

40

10

do

or pek

900

52

85

Battawatte

520

7

ch

bro or pek

700

53

117

47

12

do

pekoe

1250

37

86

522

47

do

bro pek

4700

56

1 hf-ch

87

524

28

do

pekoe

2600

45

118

48

8

eh

pek sou

680

31

88

626

21

do

pek sou

2100

32

121

Periakande-

91

Hayes

532

36 lif-ch

bio pek

1800

37 bidi

kettia

51

16

do

bro pek

2000

40

92

534

82

do

or pek

4100

40

122

52

15

do

pekoe

1560

32

93

536

45

do

pekoe

2025

30

123

63

5

do

pek sou

500

24

94

538

24

do

pek sou

1080

25

126

D G

60

5

(lo

bro tea

425

8

95

540

12

do

dust

60C

19

128

Deniyaya

58

39

do

bro pek

4290

35 hid

96

C

.542

11

ch

SOU

1045

23

129

59

21

do

pekoe

2108

28 bid

98

Kelvin

546

7

hf-ch

dust

420

17

130

60

s

do

pek sou

800

24

100

Rjigalla

650

4

ch

fans

480

32

131

01

8

do

unas

800

17 bid

102

Dunkeld

554

27

do

bro pek

2970

49

132

02

do

fanniungs

520

23

103

556

20

do

or p ik

1900

47 bid-

163

Walahandua

83

46

do

bro pek

4600

46

104

658

19

do

pekoe

2185

37

164

84

40

do

pekoe

4000

35

105

DK D

560

8

do

bro pe No 2

1040

48

155

85

8

do

pek sou

720

26

108

566

4

do

dust

640

18

156

SPA

86

10

do

pek dust

1600

22

114

Erracht

578

18

ch

bro or pek

1620

42

157

87

6

do

bro mixed

670

19

Uo

580

22

do

bro pek

1980

68

158

88

s

do

pekfannines 8u0

31

116

582

46

do

pekoe

3450

34

164

California

94

5

do

bro pek

475

38

117

Kirklees

584

40 hf-ch

bro or pek

2400

6 9

165

95

10

do

pekoe

1000

27

118

586

15

ch

pekoe

1350

48

166

96

5

do

pek sou

500

22

119

588

14

do

pek sou

1260

44

168

Romania

98

17

do

bro pek

1700

33 bid

135

O F, in estate

169

99

26

do

pekoe

2590

25

mark

620

6

ch

pekoe

514

23

170

100

10

do

pek sou

1000

20

138

P V

626

12

do

bro pek fan

1251

30 bid

171

101

5

do

bro ruixed

489

8

139

628

5

do

pek dust

640

25

173

Wattegama

103

35

do

bro pek

3500

29 bid

140

E.ST

630

7

do

unas

722

25

174

104

32

do

pekoe

3185

withd’n

141

F F

632

7

do

dust

900

12

175

106

45

ch

pek sou

4050

15 bid

142

FS

634

8

do

bro pek fan

790

38 bid

176

106

11 hf-ch

dust

780

8 bid

143

Torwood

636

13

ch

bro pek

1275

62

177

Mahatenne

107

32

cli

bro pek

3200

35 bid

144

633

23

do

or pek

2070

47

178

108

14

do

pekoe

1400

24 bid

145

640

12

do

pek sou

1020

28

179

109

13

do

pek sou

1300

21

147

Morlands

644

26 hf-ch

bro pek

1300

52

160

M J

110

15 hf ch

l)ro pek

900

out

148

646

22

ch

pekoe

2200

39

181

111

19

ch

pekoe No. 1 1900

out

149

648

8

do

pek sou

800

32

182

112

5

do

pekoe No. 2

600

out

153

E H

656

18

do

pek sou

1440

32

187

Matara

117

34

do

Ijro pek

3400

28 bid

155

660

22

do

bro tea

2420

28

188

118

29

do

l>ekoe

2610

22 bid

1.56

602

19 hf-ch

dust

1615

19

189

117

25

do

pek sou

2310

11 bid

1,57

Dcwalakande

664

6

ch

bro tea

450

IS

106

Penrith

125

14

do

bro pek

1400

.59

161

Tanawatte

672

12

do

SOU

1080

16

197

126

8

do

pek

640

36

162

674

9

do

dust

1170

8

198

127

17

do

pek .sou

1445

25

163

Arpolakande

676

12

do

bro or pek

1080

58

199

128

3

do

dust

495

17

164

678

29

do

or pek

2610

48

200

129

8

do

pek fans

1000

29

165

680

66

do

pekoe

6280

30

220

Labiigama

149

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1200

58

166

682

9

do

pek sou

810

20

221

150

15

cJi

pekoe

1350

35

167

684

4

do

dust

420

15

222

151

19

do

pek sou

1520

2.5

173

W H R

696

6

ch

dust

1960

14

224

Marankindc

1.53

19

do

l)ro pek

INK)

67

174

Beaumont

698

9

do

dust

1332

20

225

154

26

do

pekoe

2340

32

176

Oxford

702

9 hf-ch

bro or pek

450

44

226

155

23

do

pek sou

2070

26

177

704

40

ch

bro pek

36(H)

37

227

150

6

do

pek fans

6041

22

178

706

13

do

pekoe

1'05

30

324

Dotel Oya

183

IS

do

bro pekoe

1800

32

179

708

14

do

pek sou

1120

26

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

3

Lot

. Box.

Pk<rs.

]N ame.

lb.

182

Vella Oya

714

13

ch

bro tea

1300

189

Es^jex

723

28

ch

bro pek

3080

190

730

15

do

or pek

1575

191

732

15

do

pekoe

1500

192

Weyungawatte

734

19

ch

bro or pek

1900

193

736

34

do

or pek

3060

194

738

28

do

pekoe

2240

195

740

9

do

pek sou

855

201

Norwood

752

5

ch

bro pek

510

202

754

8

do

pekoe

658

205

760

6

do

dust

904

213

Hope

776

7

do

pekoe

630

214

Castlereagh

778

20

do

bro pek

2000

215

780

14

do

or pek

1260

216

782

8

do

pekoe

720

221

Gallawatte

792

10

do

bro pek

1000

222

794

17

do

or pek

1445

223

796

17

do

pekoe

1530

226

802

8

do

pek fans

800

235

Ascot

820

40

do

bro pek

3600

236

822

38

do

pekoe

3.)40

■237

824

11

do

pek sou

935

238

826

9

do .

pek fans

1035

239

828

3

do

dust

480

247

Tyinawr

844

46 hf-ch

bro pek

2300

248

846

42

do

pekoe

1890

249

848

28

do

pek sou

1260

250

Melrose

850

20

ch

bro pek

20t0

251

852

14

do

pekoe

1395

252

854

9

do

pek sou

900

255

Ookoowatte

8.0

9

do

bro pek

900

256

862

6

do

pekoe

540

257

864

5

do

pek sou

450

258

866

26

do

sou

1300

260

870

5

do

dust

400

261

Farnhara

872

27 hf-ch

bro pek

1405

262

874

21

do

or pek

924

264

878

28

do

pek sou

1120

265

830

13

do

bins

819

266

882

6

do

dust

459

269

Ella Oya

888

7

ch

bro pek

784

270

890

25

do

or pekoe

2400

271

892

19

do

pek sou

1710

273

Middleton

896

22 hf-ch

bro or pek

1210

274

898

9

ch

bro pek

955

275

900

5

do

42hf.ch

or pek

2810

276

902

8

ch

1 hf-ch

pekoe No.l

824

277

904

21

ch

pekoe

1995

278

906

14

do

pek sou

1310

279

908

6

do

dust

900

282

N

914

19

ch

bro mix

2,470

283

916

10

do

unas

900

291

Walpita

932

13 1

hKch

bro pek

780

292

934

17

ch

pekoe

1700

293

936

10

do

pek sou

1000

295

Tillyrie

940

13

do

pekoe

1235

30-3

C L in est. marl

t 954

19

do

sou

1900

303

956

16

do

red leaf

1440

312

Udabage

974

19 hf-ch

bro pek

1140

313

976

22

do

pek

1210

314

978

13

do

pek sou

715

316

St, Heliers

982

25

do

bro or pek

1275

317

984

15

ch

pekoe

1350

321

Dehegalla

992

15

do

bro pek

1650

322

994

16

do

pekoe

1600

323

996

11

do

pek sou

990

325

1000

9

b^ch

fans

720

326

Amblakande

2

8

ch

bro pek

720

327

4

11

do

pekoe

990

328

6

6

do

pek sou

600

329

B C C in estate

bro pek

mark

8

30

hf-ch

1500

330

10

20

do

pekoe

1000

331

12

14

do

pek sou

1190

332

M Gin est. mark 14

38

boxes pek sou

760

333

Ella watte

16

16

ch

bro pek

1680

334

18

22

do

pekoe

2200

335

20

5

do

pek sou

500

337

Scrubs

24

18

do

bro or pek

1800

3.38

26

33

do

or pekoe

3630

339

28

34

do

pekoe

3230

340

30

14

do

pek sou

1330

341

Arapolakande 32

47

do

pekoe

3760

345

Ireby

40

38

do

^ bro pekoe

2280

346

42

10

ch

pekoe

900

347

44

5

do

pek sou

450

349

48

5

hf-ch

dust

400

354

Old Medesrama 58

9

do

pekoe

945

355

G

60

3

ch

pek dust

420

356

Pambagama

62

18

do

bro tea

1620

367

363

Blairgowrie

82

84

40

8

do

do

or pek
bro pek

3940

612

369

86

26

do

pekoe

2043

370

88

7

do

pek sou

630

373

Doranakande

94

26

do

bro pek

2600

374

96

14

do

pekoe

1260

Lot

Box.

Pkg.s.

Name.

lb.

375

98

15 ch

pek sou

1275

376

Glencorse

100

31 do

bro pek

3100

377

102

18 do

pekoe

1626

378

104

20 do

pek .sou

1600

382

fSorana

112

82 hf-ch

bro pek

4100

383

114

68 ch

pokoe

6120

384

116

20 do

pek sou

1700

387

K K G H

1-^2

10 hf-ch

bro pekoe

495

388

124

8 do

pekoe

400

390

Holton

128

15 do

bro pekoe

14-25

391

130

5 ch

pekoe

475

SMALL LUTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

^ot. Pkgs.

Name

lb.

^ F H M, in est.

mark

1

1 ch

bro pek fans

100

3

3

2 do

dust

237

4

4

2 do

bro tea

195

8 Ahamud

8

5 hf-ch

fans

300

24 Nahaveena

24

4 hf-ch

pekoe

200

25

25

3 do

pek sou

150

27

27

1 do

dust

75

28 B, in est. mark

28

7 hf-ch

bro pek

385

30

30

1 do

SOU

45

31

31

1 do

dust

46

32 Ugieside

32

2 ch

dus

160

33

33

3 do

bro mix

330

35 X

35

1 do

bro pek

80

40 RT

40

2 ch

pekoe

224

41

41

2 do

pek sou

224

42 G, in est. mark 42

3 hf-ch

bro pek

144

43

43

3 do

or pek

143

44

44

4 do

dust

3U)

52 D

52

5 ch

SOU

335

55 Agar’s Land

55

6 hf-ch

dust

360

56

56

3 do

red leaf

180

61 Mukelane

61

2 ch

pekoe

200

66 Balgownie

66

1 ch

dust

130

[Mr. E. John.

Lot. Box.

Pkg.s.

N ame.

lb.

1 Osberne

337

1 hf-ch

pekoe

5.3

2

339

4 do

dust

336

3

341

2 ch

bro tea

226

19 Tientsin

373

7 lif-ch

bro pek

350

22

379

3 do

dust

210

23

381

1 ch

SOU

100

36 K.anangama

407

4 do

fans

320

40 Cleveland

415

7 hbeh

pek sou

350

41

417

2 do

dust

140

42

419

1 do

red leaf

50

45 Nartnel

425

2 do

fans

120

61 NGY

437

3 ch

dust

369

62 W P

4.59

4 do

SOU

320

63

461

1 do

dust

125

75 BB

485

1 do

dust

140

83 Digdola

1

4 do

pek sou

360

84

3

2 do

dust

300

117 Dartv

69

4 do

bro tea

340

120 Fairfield

75

2 ch

unas

162

129 M N

93

6 hf-ch

pek No. 2

360

130

95

2 do

dust

170

131 Talawakellie

97

3 ch

bro mix

210

132

99

1 hf-ch

dust

133 D S

101

1 do

pekoei

64

139 Pati Rajah

113

4 ch

pek sou

361

140

115

2 do

fans

220

144 Razeen

123

4 hf-ch

fans

252

145

125

2 do

dust

166

146

127

3 do

bro tea

132

151 Hiralouvah

137

3 do

dust

220

152

139

2 ch

uns

200

166 Shannon

167

1 ch

bro pek

90

167

169

5 hf-ch

pek

350

168

171

5 do

pek sou

280

169

173

1 ch

red leaf

100

170

175

1 ch

dust

120

174 Rameliere

183

3 hf-ch

1 pek fans

255

183 Wevmouth

198

2 ch

bro mix

160

184

199

1 hf-ch

1 dust

79

185 Orwell

200

1 ch

congou

110

186

201

1 hf-ch

bro mix

50

187

202

2 ch

red leaf

220

192 Logan

210

2 ch

dust

300

193

211

4 do

bro tea

340

194

212

1 ch

bro pek fans 120

195

213

1 do

bro mix

100

196

• 214

1 hf-ch

red leaf

55

lUS G

216

2 ch

1 pek sou

200

1 hf-ch

1 1 pek sou

45

c.

8

46
40
■Si
42
38
3-2
26

42
31
24

29
48

40

34

43

42
36
22
45

35
28

31
14

66 bid
51 bid

41

43 bid
33 bid
26

54

42
33
26

24
60

48
28

25

19
40

43

30
99
78

66

60

56

47

29
22
25

40

30
25

36
21
U
45

27
25

51

38

49

39

32
36
42

29
25

20 bid
18 bid
10 bid
20 bid

55
36

30

52

45

41

28 bid
60

46
39
27
30
17
10
65

32 bid

42

33
51
33

C.

24
46
42
30
49
30

25
38

26
51
40

C.

20

14

9

13

40

32

17

36 bid
16

18
20

13 bid
12

14 bid

14 bid
45

35

20

11 bid

15
8

22

14

C.

25.

14
8-

54

32
9-

12

43

24
9-

15
11

19

27
12

16

20
11

33
38
16
10

14
38

28
22

25
17
10
20
10
40
36

17
9

32

28

9

15

18
32
10

16
17
23
21

9

17

4

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

[Messes. Somerville & Co.

Lot. Box.

Pkg.s.

Name

lb.

C.

3 SLG

233

4 hf-ch

souchong

2C0

10 bid

12 O H

242

1 do

congou

55

14

13

243

1 do

bro tea

60

8

17 Lyndhurst

247

8 do

SOU

3‘20

16

18

‘288

4 do

dust

•340

16

26 Nugawella

256

5 do

dust

375

20

27

257

1 ch

bro mixed

95

9

32 KG

262

3 do

pek sou

288

17

33

263

1 do

red leaf

100

9

42 GO

272

2 do

SOU

200

9

60 Comar

280

1 ch

pek sou

150

2. bid

1 hf-ch

61

281

3 ch

bro sou

.300

9

62

282

2 do

dust

220

15

64 Beyerley

284

5 hf-ch

pekoe

2f0

17

65

285

3 do

red leaf

150

9

56

286

4 do

pek dust

300

10

66

287

2 do

dust

150

14

75 Inchstelly and

Wood Thorpe 5

3 ch

bro pek

198

41

78

8

3 do

SOU

198

19 bid

79

9

1 do

dust

90

17

80

10

1 do

re 1 leaf

63

9

90 E

20

2 do

SOU

173

16

91

21

1 do

dust

59

16

93 Earslton

23

1 do

cougou

9(1

23

95

25

5 hf-ch

fannings

300

29

104 AM MC in est.

mark

34

0 do

bro pek

300

48

113 R-atwatte Cocoa

Coy., Ltd.

43

1 do

dust

80

15

114

41

1 ilo

red leaf

45

9

119 Pussetenne

49

1 do

fannings

61

24

1-20

50

1 do

du.st

75

18

1‘24 Periakande-

kettia

64

2 ch

SOU

2-20

20

1-25

55

2 hf-ch

dust

160

20

127 D G

57

3 ch

du.st

‘270

14

133 Deniy.sya

G3

4 do

du.st

300

19

107 California

97

1 do

bro pe dust

135

18

172 Romania

102

3 do

dust

200

14

183 .U .1

113

3 do

sou No. 1

290

184

114

1 do

do No. 2

100

) o

185

115

3 hf ch

fannings

180

1 &

186

116

2 do

bro tea

1‘20

186a

116A

1 do

du.st 87

87

201 Penrith

130

1 ch

bro tea

SO

9

223 Labugama

15:^

2 do

fans

2-iO

37

‘228 Morankinde

157

1 do

pek dust

112

17

229 M K

158

2 do

ilust

2.80

15

230

1.59

3 do

congou

278

14

‘233 TCA in est. mark 102

; 2 do

red leaf

17-2

8

•230a Hotel Oya

lOoA 2 do

pek

200

out

239 D

168

1 do

dust

1-20

11

240

169

1 hf-ch

red lea f

48

8

[Messrs. Forbes

& Walker.]

Lob.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

11).

C.

1 New Peacock 352

3 hf-ch

bro mix

135

9

4 P

358

1 do

pekoe

75

18 bid

8 Barkindale

366

1 do

pek sou

85

SO

9 D

363

1 do

dust

114

11

10

370

3 do

red leaf

201

8

19 Eait end

388

3 do

bro p ik

170

33

20

390

4 do

pekoe

2L6

24

21

392

2 do

pek sou

85

19

22

391

1 do

fans

4-2

17

23

396

1 do

dust

65

18

24

398

1 do

red leaf

42

9

35 Oolapane

420

3 ch

fans

330

23

44 Harrington

438

2 do

1 hf-ch

dust

360

21

47 Gonawella

444

2 ch

pek sou

180

20

48

446

1 do

SOU

90

13

49

448

2 do

fans

260

28

50

450

2 do

dust

300

18

■52 Kirindi

454

4 hf-ch

bro pek

264

37

55

460

4 ch

sou

264

‘20

50

462

2 do

dust

180

18

67

401

1 do

red leaf

63

9

60 Thedden

470

1 do

dust

1.50

17

62 Ranawella

471

3 do

or pek

•300

49

63

476

2 do

bro pek

132

40

06

482

1 do

sou

06

20

07

48 (

1 hf-ch

dust

08

18

69 Maligatenne

488

3 ch

bro pek

198

40

72

494

1 do

sou

06

19

73

490

1 do

dust

90

18

74

498

1 do

red leaf

75

9

78 Tonacombe

500

4 do

pek sou

300

41

79

508

3 do

fuls

270

‘19

80

510

3 ht-ch

dust

•270

20

89 BatLa watte

6‘28

3 ch

bro peK fans 300

29

90

530

2 do

dust

200

20

97 Kelvin

.544

1 hf-ch

dust

70

19

99 Ragalla

518

2 ch

bro mix

2(0

21

Lot.

Box.

Pkss.

Name.

lb.

C.

101

Rangwela

552

3

ch

congou

300

15

101a

652a

1

do

do

100

13

106

DK D

562

1

do

pek sou

90

29

107

564

2

do

red leaf

210

12

120

Kirklees

590

4

do

dust

340

25

1-27

M F

604

6

do

•SOU

360

35

1-28

600

2

do

dust

‘L50

19

131

Rutherford

612

3

do

red leaf

300

9

132

614

1 hf-ch

bro tea

60

9

134

0 F, est. mark

: 018

3

ch

bro pek

275

31

136

022

3

do

bro sou

‘265

11

137

624

2

do

pek dust

237

16

146

Torwood

642

2

do

unas

170

28

150

Morlands

050

4 hf-ch

dust

3-20

19

151

652

2

do

fans

55

19

152

e H

654

1

do

pek

70

32

154

658

4

ch

red leaf

316

10

158

Dewalakande

660

3

do

red leaf

255

10

159

Peacock Hill

066

1 hf-ch

bro mix

45

8

100

W 11 R

670

4

do

pek fan

300

20

172

694

2

do

bro mix

128

12

175

Beaumont

700

3

oil

red leaf

333

10

180

Oxford

710

4 lif-ch

dust

230

26

181

Levallon

712

1

cii

pek sou

80

31

196

W eyungawatte 742

4 hf-ch

dust

340

19

203

Norwood

756

2

do

1 hf-ch

sou

234

20

204

758

2

ch

1 hf-cli

bro te.a

214

10 bid

211

Hope

772

2

do

bro pek

20C

35

212

774

3

do

or pek

300

33

217

Castlereagh

784

4

ch

pek son

360

28

218

786

3

do

do No. 2

‘240

23

‘219

788

1 lif-ch

pek fans

70

24

220

790

4

do

dust

320

20

224

Gallawatte

798

3

ch

pek sou

300

22

225

800

4

do

sou

340

11

227

804

2

do

bro mix

170

18

228

806

3

do

dust

3' 0

19

240

A.scot

830

3

do

congou

270

13

241

832

2

do

bro mix

160

8

2o9

Ookoowatte

868

o

do

bro mix

1-20

12

263

Farnham

876

5 hf-ch

pekoe

250

30

267

884

4

do

bro te.a

176

11

268

886

1

do

bro mix

40

14

272

K W D, in est.

mark

894

1

ch

1 hf-ch

bro teji

156

22

280

M T

910

1

hf-ch

bro pek

60

38 bid

•281

912

1

ilo

pekoe

56

28 bid

294

Walpita

938

1

ch

fans

110

22

315

Udabage

980

6

Ijf-eh

fans

360

20

318

.‘St. Heliers

986

4

ch

pek sou

360

28

319

988

1

do

bro tea

88

10

320

99)

3

hf-ch

dust

‘231

19

3-24

Dehegalla

998

4

ch

■sou

3<'.n

23

336

E lawatte

22

3

hf-ch

dust

270

10

348

Ireby

40

3

do

fans

210

35

353

B 1) W G

56

1

do

dust

90

22

371

Blairgowrie

90

1

ch

dust

125

19

372

92

]

1 box

bro mix

15

13

379

Glencorse

100

2 ch

pek fans

250

31

380

108

2 do

dust

340

19

381

110

1 do

sou

100

12

385

Sorana

118

4 ch

red leaf

300

10

386

120

I hf-ch

215

18

389

K K G 11

120

6 do

pek sou

300

22

392

Holton

132

2 cli

pek sou

190

32

393

134

2 do

dust

150

24

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

( From Our Commercial Correspondent J.

Mincing Lane, Dec. 2d, 1896.
Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in
Mincing Lane up to25thDec. : —

Ex “Dardanus”— Wiharagalla, Ic lb 123s; 7c Ills Od; 4c
lb lOCs; Iclb 130s. WHUT in estate mark, Ic 85s.

Ex ‘‘Prometheus” — NB, Ic 08s.

Ex “Cheshire”— Cabragalla, Ic lb 112s, 3c 107s; It S8s; It
121s; lb 77s; 3 ba^s 92s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON,

Ex “Ping Siiey”— Suduganga, 13 bags 60s; 1 bag 40s; 6
bags 25s od. \Va riapolla, 2u bags 68s 6d; 1 bag (s d) 40s;
12 t)ags 68s Od; 1 bag (s d) 40s 4 bags 68s Od; 12 bags 47s;
4 bags ‘27s 6d; 4 bags ‘25s.

Ex “Cheshire”— Asgeria, 40 bags 62s Od; 1 bag (s d) 47s;
7 bags 57s. Ingurugalle, f 0 bags 0‘2s Od; 2 bags 4Ls.

Ex ‘‘TosaMaru”— Asgeria A, 6 bags OUs Od. Knmaradola
A, 4 bags 43s.

Ex “Gaekwar”— Cocoawatle, 0 bags 3Cs Od.

N.H.— Please note that there will be no more coffee sales
until January 1st 1897 owine to Christmas holidays.

Gll.'sEUVEK PRINTING WuKK.S

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

NO. 3. Colombo, January 25, 1897. ] : — 12| cents each 3 copies

‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies | rupee.

COLOMBO

SALES OF

TEA

Lot.

Box.

Pk.o-s.

Name.

lb.

C.

109

K P W

279

or pek

2304

37

110

2S0

12

do

bro pek

76S

32

LARGE

LOTS.

111

281

37

do

pekoe

2220

28

112

285

23

do

pek sou

12SS

21

115

288

5

ell

dust

490

17

116

117

Ire.x

1 hf-ch

[Messrs.

Somerville

& 00.-338,941

lb.]

286

287

21

8

ch

do

bro pek
pekoe

2100

760

37

27

Lob.

Rox. Pkgs. Name.

lb.

c.

118

123

Mahateuue

288

293

n

6

do

ch

pek sou
pek sou

1100

531

23

22

1

H G L

171

4 ch

SOU

440

14

124

Illukettia

294

9

do

dust

000

14

2

172

9 do

dust

1305

16

126

296

10

do

bro pek

1150

35 bid

3

Hatdowa

173

16 do

bro pek

1600

39

127

1 bf-cli

4

174

IS do

pekoe

1620

27

297

7

ch

pekoe

700

2,5

5

175

15 do

pek sou

1275

25

128

K TB

298

6

do

pek sou

600

23

8

Evalgolla

178

10 do

or pek

950

42 bid

131

1

8

ch

sou

776

18

9

179

7 do

bro pek

700

42 bid

132

Orion

2

12

do

dust

1680

19

10

ISO

16 do

pekoe

1400

28 bid

136

6

40 lif-ch

bro pek

2000

44

11

181

6 do

pek sou

540

24

ib/

40

do

bro pek

2000

44

12

W. Tenne

182

5 do

bro pek

450

46

138

7

58

do

pekoe

2610

34

13

183

8 do

nekoe

710

28

139

8

22

tlo

pek sou

1260

27

14

184

13 do

pek sou

1002

26

142

Gainpolawatte 11

28

do

bro nek

1460

39

15

Rothe J

185

14 hf-ch

bro pek

672

67

142

Castlemilk

12

19

do

pekoe

855

29

16

186

21 do

pekoe

840

43

147

16

8

do

faunbigs

600

27

17

1S7

10 do

pek sou

400

39

148

17

5

do

dust

400

20

19

R in estate

150

New Valley

19

14

ch

bro pek

1525

69

mark

ISO

11 do

pek sou

440

26

151

20

23

do

or pek

2300

56

25

R in estate

mark

152

21

28

do

pekoe

2S00

43

Ceylon

105

7 ch

pekoe

644

32

153

NIT

22

27

(h>

pek sou

2295

36

1 hf-ch

156

25

27

ch

unas

2370

19 lad

27

iMukulane

197

20 ch

bro pek

2000

44

1 hf-ch

28

198

9 do

or pek

855

46

158

Annandule

27

29

do

bro pek

1682

52

29

199

31 do

pekoe

3145

29

159

28

27

do

pekoe

2052

42

1 hf-ch

160

29

8

(lo

pek sou

720

32

30

200

9 ch

pek sou

895

26

162

31

10

do

Rinnings

080

41

1 hf-ch

163

32

6

do

red leaf

415

19

32

202

7 ch

dust

1060

16 bid

166

Rayigaui

35

40

ch

bro pek

3800

39

1 hf-ch

167

36

28

do

pekoe

2240

27

33

203

5 ch

fannings

690

25

168

37

49

do

pek sou

4410

25

1 hf-ch

169

38

12

do

jrek fans

1200

28

35

Monrovia

205

3d do

bro pek

1800

39

170

39

9

do

ilust

1170

19

36

206

35 ch

pekoe

31

171

Aloute Christo 40

14 hf-ch

bro pek

700

55

37

207

10 do

pek .sou

1000

21

172

41

44

do

dust

2200

37

38

208

8 do

tannings

800

24

174

43

12

do

famiings

600

32

40

Minna

210

32 lif-ch

bro pek

1920

57

175

44

5

do

dust

400

19

41

211

10 ch

pekoe

2350

41

176

Pine Hill

40

45

ch

bro or pek

2700

42

29 hf-ch

177

46

30

do

or pek

1660

53

42

42 do

pek sou

1890

36

178

Ovoca AI

47

13

do

bro or pek

1305

60

43

213

13 ch

bro mixed

1990

21

179

48

14

do

or nek

1400

67

45

19 hf-ch

180

49

15

do

pekoe

1500

42

46

Atherton

215

16 hf-ch

bro pek

896

38

ISl

50

23

do

pek sou

2300

35

qO

216

23 do

pekoe

1160

36

182

01

6

do

unas

.540

26

50A Neuchatel

220

36 ch

bro pek

3000

42

183

52

U)

do

pek fans

1200

33

51

37 do

do

3700

42

184

53

28 hf-ch

dust

2520

15

52

•

221

51 do

pekoe

3825

36

185

Wilpita

54

10

do

bro tea

Too

out

53

222

36 do

pek sou

2520

26

186

55

11

do

bro pek

1095

33

55

223

8 do

dust

1200

20

187

56

14

ch

pekoe

1380

23

E A T S in

189

5S

7

do

b 0 mix

665

12

mark

225

8 hf-ch

bro pek

400

36 bid

195

Eilandtm

64

10

do

bro pek

1000

37

58

Harangalla

228

17 ch

bro pek

1530

60

196

Harangalla

65

10

do

pekoe

950

25

59

229

22 do

pekoe A

1980

34

197

66

O'?

do

bro pek

2430

46

59a

229a 33 do

do B

2970

29 bid

198

67

12

do

pekoe sou

1140

26

66

Hatton

230

40 hf-ch

bro pek

2200

69

203

R T in est. mark 72

25

do

pek sou

2000

26

67

237

43 ch

pekoe

3870

41

205

74

4 hf-ch

dust

480

IS

68

238

26 do

pek sou

2520

34

206

Alpitakande

75

11

ch

bro pek

1100

40

71

Verulapitya

241

8 do

bro pek

810

44

207

Ingsriya

76

20

do

pekoe

1600

29

72

242

13 do

pekoe

1092

43

210

79

22 hf-ch

bro pek

1100

42

73

243

16 do

pek sou

1200

32

211

SO

23

do

pek

lOSl

30

74

244

22 do

pesouNo. 2 1/60

26

81

10

do

pek sou

720

26

78

248

2Jk do

unassorted

2280

22

213

82

19

do

pek fans

1004

30

79

249

22 do

pek sou

1980

23

216

Ingeriya

85

14

do

bro pek

700

42

80

250

5 do

dust

'i ^0

16

217

86

17

do

pekoe

799

29

82

Paradi.se

252

8 hf-ch

bro pek

440

38

218

87

13

f 0

pek sou

585

26

83

253

12 ch

pekoe

1140

28

219

88

10

do

pek fans

580

35

84

254

11 do

pek sou

1045

23

220

89

11

do

u as

572

27

88

Arslena

258

28 hf-ch

bro pek

1400

47

221

90

15

do

bro mixed

795

21

89

259

36 do

pekoe

1800

38

223

Glenalla

92

15

ch

bro or pek

1600

41

90

260

26 do

pek .sou

1300

30

224

93

9

do

or pek

810

45

91

White Cro.ss

261

51 ch

bro pek

5100

37

225

9t

15

do

pekoe

1350

31

92

262

37 do

pekoe

3300

29

226

95

14

do

pekoe

1260

30 bill

93

263

20 do

pek sou

1760

22

227

96

28

do

pek sou

2.520

26 bid

95

Ukuwela

265

33 ch

bro pek

3300

37

228

N

97

24

do

pek sou

2160

20 bid

96

266

26 do

pekoe

2656

29

229

98

12

do

pek sou

960

26 bid

1 hf-ch

230

Middleton
RCTF in est.

99

13 hf-ch

pek fans

1092

10 bid

97

97a

267

267a

24 do
12 ch

pek sou
pek sou

2444

1200

21

20

231

233

ICO

5

ch

fans

775

23 hid

101

Galkolua

271

12 ch

bro pek

1260

38

234

mark

102

11

ch

bro pek

1100

102

272

15 do

pekoe

1425

30

103

9

do

pekoe

810

24

106

Lonach

276

74 hf-ch

bro pek

3700

40

235

RITNI in est.

104

9

do

SOU

720

20

107

277

41 ch

pekoe

2895

31

238

108

278

42 do

pek sou

3570

27

mark

107

14 hf-ch

bro pekoe

840

51

2

CEYLON PEODLCE SALES LIST,

Lot

Box.

Pkl>'S.

Name.

lb.

C.

239

108

19 hf-ch

pekoe

950

38

242

R K

111

12

do

bro pek

660

34

243

112

10

do

pekoe

500

26

248

FF Avisawalla

in est. mark

117

13

do

bro pek

728

34

251

120

7

do

bro pek fans

420

26

253

Marigold

122

23 hf-ch

bro pek

1426

60

254

123

20

do

pekoe

1120

40

255

124

13

(lo

pek sou

806

36

250

125

9

do

sou

522

31

258

Kelani

127

57

do

bro pek

2850

45 bid

259

128

37

ch

pekoe

3300

29

2G0

129

6

do

pek sou

510

26

2C1

130

15

hf-ch

fans

825

34

2C4

B in estate

mark

133

13

do

bro pek

715

37

265

131

14

do

pekoe

700

26

209 Morowa Totum 138

20

ch

bro pek

2255

31 bid

1 hf-ch

270

139

24

ch

pekoe

2400

26 bid

271

140

14 hf-ch

pek sou

700

18

272

141

26

do

dust

2100

with d’n

273

L

142

9

do

dust

738

17

274

143

29

ch

bro mix

2755

12

270

Bogo.hagoda

watte

140

7

do

bro pek

770

39

277

147

12

do

pekoe

1200

26

278

148

5

do

fannings

500

24

283

I'eniyagama

1.52

46

(lo

bro pek

5060

33 bid

284

153

23

do

pek

2070

27 bid

235

154

12

do

pek sou

1080

17 bid

287

xrr

150

23

do

unas

1955

16 bid

289

Eranawila

158

10 hf-ch

pekoe

500

22

292

Bollagalla

161

17

ch

bro pek

1615

40

203

162

8

do

pekoe

640

27 bid

301

Fkuwela

170

28

ch

bro pek

2800

39

302

301

26

do

pek< e

2600

28

303

302

14

do

pek sou

1400

21

311

Sirisancla

310

47

boxes

or pek

517

60

312

311

27

hf-ch

bro pek

1350

56

313

312

35

do

pekoe

1750

31

314

313

31

do

pek sou

1550

26

318

317

6

do

dust

480

18

319

Deniyaya

318

16

ch

bro pek

1760

40

320

319

11

do

pekoe

1000

30

321

320

5

do

pek sou

500

26

325

Comar

324

10

do

bro pek

1100

38

326

Arslena

325

29 hf-ch

bro pek

1450

48

327

326

37

do

pekoe

1850

37

328

327

25

do

pek sou

1250

28

[Mr.

£.

JOHX.-

-2.38,581 lb.]

Lot. Box.

V

ks*.

Name

lb.

C.

1

Gonavy

217

11

Ch

pek sou

770

30

4

Wishford

223

51 hf-ch

bro or pek

3348

withd'n

6

225

37

ch

or i)ek

3709

53

6

227

25

do

pekoe

2500

47

7

A

229

20

do

unas

2230

32

11

Muskeliya

235

31

ch

bro or pek

3100

57 bid

12

237

21

do

or pek

2100

52

13

239

26

(lo

pekoe

2600

43

14

241

23

do

pek sou

2300

33

15

243

6 hf-ch

dust

420

23

17

V B K

247

7

ch

pekoe

443

38

20

Broadlands

253

40 hf-ch

bro pek

2200

42

21

255

20

ch

pekoe

1700

SO

22

257

18

do

pek sou

1260

26

25

Templestowe

203

30

do

or pek

2850

54

26

265

35

do

pekoe

2975

39

27

267

12

do

pek sou

960

28

30

Allington

273

1.8 hf-ch

bro pek

990

36 bid

31

275

20

do

pekoe

1000

28

32

377

11

do

pek sou

550

23

35

S

283

.5

ch

dust

450

14

37

Mocha

287

17

do

bro or pek

1785

64

38

289

14

<io

or pek

1260

59

39

291

14

do

bro pek

1960

44

40

293

11

do

pekoe

990

53

41

295

14

do

pek sou

1120

44

42

297

8

do

sou

760

29

43

Koslanda

299

36

(lo

bro pek

3600

46 bid

44

301

29

do

pekoe

2610

41

45

303

20

(lo

pek sou

1800

36

52

M X

317

7

do

red leaf

560

8

63

Ottery & Siam
ford Hill

319

33

do

bro pek

3300

65

54

321

26

do

or pek

2040

02 bid

55

323

66

(lo

pekoe

5940

46

58

Kolapatna

329

6

(lo

bro ))ek

060

46 bid

59

331

10

do

pekoe

900

38 bid

60

333

7

do

pek sou

700

32

75

Glasgow

361

50

do

bro or pek

3670

65

70

363

30

(lo

or pek

1800

58

Lot. Bo.x.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

77

365

20

do

pekoe

I860

45

58

367

15

(lo

pes fans

1200

37

79

369

13

do

dust

1300

22

SO

G T

371

5

(lo

sou

500

29

81

Agra Ouvah

373

34 hf-ch

bro or pek

2040

75

83

377

5

ch

pekoe

575

46

84

379

11

do

pek sou

1045

42

85

387

15 hf-ch

pek fans

1170

36

86

383

5

do

dust

470

21

87

Aadneven

385

42

(lo

bro pek

2520

60

88

387

19

ch

pekoe

1710

51

89

389

16

do

pek sou

1440

47

94

Brow’iilow

399

25 hf-ch

bro pek

1275

53 bid

95

401

21

ch

pekoe

1995

49

96

403

19

do

pek sou

1615

36

100

Birnam

411

25

do

pek sou

1750

35

103

H S, in estate

mark

417

6

do

sou

540

20

104

419

5 1

hf-ch

dust

425

12

109

Claremont

427

23

ch

pekoe

2185

26

no

Peakside

429

50 hf-ch

bro pek

3000

48 bid

111

431

20

do

or pek

1000

57

112

433

90

do

pekoe

4500

41

113

435

35

do

pek sou

1750

28

114

437

9

(lo

bro pek fan

s 540

25

117

Glentilt

443

50

do

bro pek

6250

45 bid

118

Stinsford

445

68 :

hf-ch

bro pek

3740

59

119

447

64

do

pekoe

2700

42

120

449

53

do

pek sou

2650

32

122

S F D

452

5

do

dust

450

20

126

Eila

457

105

ch

bro pek

8925

40

129

Ettapolla

463

14 hf-ch

bro pek

784

37

130

465

28

do

pekoe

1568

24

131

D X X, in est.

mark

467

5

ch

uiias

450

26

132

469

21

do

sou

1680

24

133

471

7

(lo

fans

770

25

134

473

7

do

bro tea

700

9

135

475

8 1

hf-ch

dust

680

18

136

F & K

477

16

do

pekoe

800

83

137

Eadella

479

25

ch

bro peic

2500

44

138

481

23

do

pekoe

2070

27

139

483

16

do

pek sou

1280

25

140

485

4

do

fans

480

25

142

Wewesse

488

17 hf-ch

bro pek

935

out

148

Greymount

496

8

do

red leaf

416

8

149

Claremont

497

61

(lo

bro or pek

3355

43

150

499

21

ch

pekoe

1890

28

151

1

9

do

pek sou

730

23

152

3

5

do

bro tea

432

10

153

4

8

do

dust

652

15

154

Esporanza

5

21 hf-ch

broo) pek

1092

42

155

7

58

do

pekoe

2668

30

158

Agra Ouvah

11

55

do

bro or pek

3300

67

159

Maryland

13

6

ch

bro pek

660

32 bid

160

15

6

do

pekoe

630

27

161

Ferndale

17

12

(lo

bro O'' pek

1104

60

162

19

11

do

bro pek

1023

45 bid

163

21

7

do

pekoe

697

38

164

23

19

(lo

pek.sou

1674

27 bid

166

Alnoor

26

41 1

hf-ch

bro pek

2350

out

167

28

34

do

pekoe

1700

29

168

30

19

(lo

pek sou

950

26

169

32

8

(lo

fans

560

31

170

Murraythwaite 34

28

ch

bro pek

2550

34

171

36

22

do

pekoe

1760

24

174

.Sinna Dua

40

10

do

bro pek

1030

37

175

42

8

do

pekoe

600

29

176

44

5

hf-ch

dust

580

15

177

Maddagedera

45

58

ch

bro pek

5800

42

178

47

34

do

pekoe

3060

28 bid ■

179

49

25

do

pek sou

2087

26

180

51

7

do

br pe fans

805

34

182

Henegama

54

91

hf-ch

dust

675

15

183

Glassaugh

56

54

do

bro pek

2970

63

184

58

31

ch

pekoe

2790

49

185

60

14

do

pek sou

1190

44

187

63

6

hf-ch

dust

450

21

[Messrs. Forces & Walker.— 547,886

lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkc.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

2

C H, , in estate
mark 138

12 hf-ch

sou

660

27

3

C H

140

17

do

dust

1376

21

4

142

5

ch

red leaf

500

10

5

Andradeniya

144

8

do

bro pek

800

43

6

146

8

do

pekoe

800

32

13

M P

160

19

ch

sou

1900

25

14

162

11

do

dust

1540

18

15

164

5

(lo

do No 2

850

15

19

A, in estate
mark

172

5

ch

pekoe

COC

39

22

Lindoola

178

4

do

pek sou

400

25

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST.

a

Lot.

Box.

Pk<fs.

N aiiie.

lb.

c.

Lot.

Box.

Pkg.s.

N anie.

lb.

C.

30

Great Valley

194

12

ch

bro pek

1380

58

175

Ra della

484

51

ch

bro pek

5100

56

31

106

12

do

or pek

1260

50

176

486

34

do

pekoe

3060

45

32

198

14

do

pekoe

1400

38

177

488

19

do

pek sou

1710

35

33

200

5

do

pek sou

450

28

178

490

5 hf-ch

dust

650

20

34

I K V

202

5

ch

bro nrix

543

15

180

CRD

494

4

ch

red leaf

400

11

35

204

5

do

pek fans

600

14

182

Errolwood

498

26 hf-ch

bro pek

1430

65

36

Doranakande

20.6

5

do

bro pek

500

35

183

600

20

ch

pekoe

1800

53

40

21 i

4

do

fans

400

32

184

502

21

do

pek sou

1890

44

41

Brechin

216

19

ch

bro pek

2090

55

187

Erlsmere

508

9 hf-ch

bro peK fans 612

41

42

218

19

do

pekoe

1995

41

188

510

18

do

unas

1710

33

45

Ekolsund

224

21

do

bro pek

2310

45

189

612

14 hf-ch

dust

1155

23

46

226

32

do

pekoe

3200

39

191

Nella Oolla

516

10

ch

liro pek

950

31

49

Avoca

232

4

ch

pek sou

400

44

192

518

7

do

pekoe

560

22

51

Muimkattia

193

520

7

do

pekoe

560

22

Ceylon in est.

194

522

19

do

pek sou

1710

19

mark

236

8

ch

or pek

720

58

195

Meddetenne

524

36

do

bro pek

1980

42

.52

230

20 hi-ch

bi 0 pek

1100

62

196

Verulupitiya

626

14

do

bro (jek

1470

43

53

210

18

do

pekoe

1620

46

179

Lyegrove

628

14

ch

bro pek

1540

44

54

242

10

ch

pek sou

900

36

198

530

12

do

or vek

1104

45

57

Macaldeniya

248

16 hf-ch

bro pek

880

37

199

532

9

do

pekoe

765

36

59

252

7

ch

pek No. 2

700

30

200

534

12

do

pek sou

960

32

60

M R S, in est.

202

G 0, in estate

mark

254

0

ch

pek sou

572

23

mark

6.38

47 hf-ch

sou

1386

31

61

H A T, in est.

205

Norton

544

H

ch

dust

1540

19

mark

256

8

ch

206

546

7

do

reel leaf

630

8

1 hf-ch

bro pek

935

9

212

B C

558

6

do

dust

738

28 bid'

64

Dunbar

262

24

do

or pek

1080

68

215

Choughleigh

564

24

do

bro pek

2556

42 bid

65

264

30

do

bro pek

1500

57

216

566

13

do

pekoe

1214

36 bid

66

266

23

ch

pekoe

1955

46

217

568

15

do

pek sou

1310

31 bid

67

268

18

do

pek .sou

1350

37

218

570

8

do

sou

660

24

72

Langdale

278

10

do

bro or i)ek

1000

62 bid

220

Freds Ruhe

574

21

ch

bro pek

2100

53

73

280

30

do

bro pek

3600

61

221

576

19

do

pekoe

1710

40

74

282

45

do

pekoe

4500

49

222

578

10

do

pek sou

900

32

75

284

8

do

pek sou

720

37

223

W A

580

17

do

pekoe

1785

32

77

288

3

ch

dust

450

19

225

Geragama

584

32

ch

bro pek

3200

48

S3

Brechin

300

17

do

bro pek

1870

54

226

586

lo

do

pekoe

1500

34

84

302

IS

do

pekoe

1890

44

227

5SS

14

do

pek sou

1260

28

85

304

6

do

pek sou

.570

34

230

Melrose

694

20

ch

bro pek

2000

41 bid

87

Narangalla

308

28

ch

bro pek

2800

35 bid

231

596

14

do

pekoe

1395

31

88

310

5

do

pekoe

450

26

232

Koladenia

598

5

ch

bro tea

582

21

94

Clyde

322

11

do

bro or pek

1100

44

237

Atgalla

608

SO

do

bro pek

2850

35 bid

95

324

73

do

bro pek

6935

50

238

610

8

clo

pekoe sou

640

20

96

326

107

do

pekoe

9095

33

239

612

5

clo

fans

550

22

97

328

22

do

pek sou

1930

27

240

614

9 hf-ch

dust

675

16

98

330

8

do

dust

1120

17

241

B

616

17

ch

bro pek

1700

43

99

R M T, in est.

242

618

2*7

do

pekoe

2200

30 bid

mark

332

5

ch

bro pek

530

36

245

Doonevale

624

15

do

bro pek

1350

36

100

334

e

do

pekoe

540

30

246

626

13

clo

pekoe

1010

27

101

336

5

do

pek sou

450

26

247

628

5

clo

pek sou

400

22

105

B, in estate

251

M C

636

7

do

unas

735

23

mark

344

5

ch

sou

465

23

255

Arapolakande 644

18

ch

bro pek or

1620

54

1C6

346

6

do

dust

840

17

256

646

5

do

do

450

45

108

Bittacy

350

8

do

pek sou

720

44

257

648

49

do

pekoe

3920

31

109

352

5

do

dust

425

21

258

650

8

clo

pek sou

720

2.5

111

Venture (Travan-

261

M B O

666

15

clo

bro mix

1300

10-

core)

356

23 hf-ch

pek sou

1150

22

263

Dunedin

660

8

ch

congou

720

19

112

A M B

358

23

cli

red leaf

1932

11

265

A P K

664

5

do

bro pek

450

34

113

360

25

do

bro pek sou 2106

16

266

666

7

do

pekoe

560

21

114-

362

21

do

fans

2352

15

207

CO EB

668

17

do

pek sou

1700

21

115

364

15

do

bro tea

1110

12

268

670

5

do

bro mix

520

12

116

Carbery

366

43

clo

bro pek

4300

49

269

672

16 hf-ch

dust

1280

21

117

368

36

do

pekoe

3240

32

274

Ca.rlabeck

682

8

ch

pek sou

880

48

119

G K

372

15

ch

bro mix

1350

21

275

684

9 hf-ch

bro pek fan 067

40

120

374

9

do

dust

1260

19

283

L, in estate

121

Barkindale

376

13

do

bro pek

1430

57

mark

700

7

ch

bro tea

735

12

122

378

9

do

pekoe

765

42

292

Doomba

718

6 hf-ch

dust

444

23

125

Kelaiieiya

384

37

do

bro pek

3145

51

296

Yoxford

726

4

do

bro tea

400

32

126

386

36

do

pekoe

3600

37

299

732

5

clo

dust

700

19

127

3S8

4

do

sou

400

24

300

Lochiel

/ 34

25

do

bro pek

2375

58 bid

129

Hylton

392

9

ch

bro pek

900

35

301

736

17

do

pekoe

1445

49

130

394

9

do

pekoe

720

29

303

Castlereagh

740

34

ch

bro pek

3400

46

J33

Matale

400

22

do

bro pek

2200

40

304

742

26

ch

or pek

2340

39

134

402

23

do

pekoe

1840

34

305

744

17

ch

pek

1530

34

138

MD C

410

10

do

congou

984

17

306

746

6

ch

pek sou

540

33

139

S

412

6

ch

bro mix

540

29

307

748

7

ch

pek sou No

2 560

23

140

414

8

do

fans

1080

40

310

C G

754

14

ch

bro pek

1348

40

141

Maha Uva

416

30 lif-ch

bro or pek

1950

46

311

756

5

ch

pek

489

37

142

418

39

do

or pek

2340

59

315

Polatagama

764

62

ch

bro pek

6200

48

143

420

28

ch

316

766

50

ch

pek

5000

29

1 hf-ch

pekoe

2850

48

317

768

40

ch

pek sou

4000

22

144

422

11

ch

pek sou

935

42

318

770

30

ch

fans

2000

41

147

Dea 1‘lHa

428

57 lif-ch

bro pek

3135

41

320

774

9

ch

dust

1350

19

148

430

61

do

pekoe

3050

30

321

Bloomlield

776

51

ch

fio pek

5100

65

149

432

36

do

pek sou

1620

25

322

778

38

ch

pek

3610

42

150

Monkswood

434

36

do

bro pek

2016

80

323

780

20

ch

pek sou

I960

36-

151

436

58

do

,or pek

2900

71 bid

324

782

9

ch

pek No 1

900

36

152

438

13

ch

pekoe

1222

47

325

784

6

ch

l)ek No 2

600

29

153

440

18

do

pek sou

1476

47

326

786

17 hf-ch

pek fans

1326

24

154

442

12 hf-ch

fans

732

44

327

Caskieben

788

42

ch

155

444

11

do

dust

836

30

1 hf-ch

tio pek

4250

53

156

446

4

ch

bro tea

400

38

328

790

30

ch

pek

2850

43.

159

Gallawatte

452

11

do

bro pek

1100

44

329

792

20

ch

pek sou

1900

34

160

454

18

do

or pek

1530

45

334

Dea Ella

802

20 hf-ch

fans

1200

26.

161

456

12

do

pekoe

1080

36

336

804

6

do

dust

456

17

169

Ella Oya

470

6

ch

bro pek

672

45

336

Ruanwella

896

30

ch

bro pek

3000

38

170

472

31

do

or pek

2976

42

337

808

57

ch

pek

4845

29.

171

474

12

do

pek sou

1080

30

338

810

9

ch

ekp sou

810

24,

4

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. Box.

339 812

342 St. Columbldlle 818

343 820

344 322

345 824

356 Killarney 840

357 848

368 8.50

359 852

362 Walpolla 858

363 «G0

364 802

366 Bagdad 866

369 Horton 872

370 874

371 876

372 878

373 Knavesinire 880

374 882

375 884

377 888

380 Glengariff 894

381 896

382 808

383 000

385 004

392 Talgaswela 918

394 922

395

396 920

397 928

398 jM 930

399 932

402 938

404 Opalgalla 942

405 944

406 Panalkande 947

407 948

408 95C

409 Uvivstpierpoint 952

410 954

414 Kakirislcande 962

415 964

419 H F M in est.

mark 972

420 E V 974

422 Queensland 97S

423 980

.424 982

425 984

426 986
433 A P in est.

mark 1000

440 RAW 14

444 Bobgil 22

445 Galtmele 24

446 26

447 28

451 Glanrhos 36

452 Ragalla 38

458 Tavalamtenne 50

459 52

462 R N 58

477 B in est mark 88

484 Galkadua 102

485 104

486 106

487 108

490 G 114

491 A R Ceylon in

est. mark 110

492 118

493 Sunnycroft 120

495 124

499 Weoya 132

.500 Tymawr 135

501 Essex 1002

602 1004

503 GAS 1006

504 1008

505 Bandara Eliya 1010

696 1012

607 1014

608 1016

609 1018

610 1020

512 Amblapitiya 1021

513 1026

514 1028

520 Gonaratte 1040
621 1042

522 1044

523 1046

Pk

Name

lb.

6

ch

dust

480

11

ch

bro or pek

1210

7

ch

bro pek

770

20

ch

pek

2470

20

ch

pek sou

1800

73

do

bro or pek

4380

43

do

or pek

1806

17

do

pek

850

6

do

pek sou

570

41

ch

bro pek

4305

36

ch

pek

3420

18

ch

pek sou

1710

5 1

bi-ch

bro tea

475

32

ch

bro pek

3810

16

ch

1 ek

1620

17

ch

p !k sou

1724

10

ch

dust

940

21

ch

bro pek

21‘ 0

35

ch

pek

2800

33

ch

pek sou

2310

5

ch

dust

415

24

hf‘Ch

bro pek

1200

24

do

or pek

1032

17

do

pek

1105

29

do

pek sou

1479

0

do

dust

440

54

cli

bro pek

4860

0

ch

bro pek No

2 600

8

ch

pek

720

7

ch

pek sou

630

5

ch

dust

700

4

c^

bro pek

440

8

ch

pek sou

720

n

ch

dust

1650

7

ch

con

029

8

ch

dust

920

10 hf-ch bro pek 500

10 do pek 500

9 do pek sou 450

22 do bro pek 1085

19 do pek 875

7 ch

1 hf-ch bro pek 750
5 ch

1 ht-ch pek 500

18 ch pek 1620

10 hf-ch bro ])ek fans 500

15

do

bro pek

750

19

ch

1 hf-ch

or pek

ISGl

29

ch

pek

2465

0

ch

pek sou

480

7

iif-ch dust

500

5

ch

fans

014

5

ch

fans

525

5

do

dust

400

25

do

bro pek

1250

35

do

pek

1400

25

do

pek sou

1000

15 hf-ch

dust

2100

16 hf-ch

dust

1440

6

ch

1 hf-ch bro pek

725

10

ch

dust

1000

33 hf-cb

bropekfans2170

21

ch

or pek

21C0

24

ch

bro pek

2460

19

ch

pek

1900

13

ch

))ck sou

1300

11

ch

fans

1100

4

ch

pek sou

400

26

ch

bro pek

2715

9

ch

pek sou

900

11

ch

pek sou

1045

3

ch

dust

450

21

ch

pek sou

1680

40

ch

bro pek

2300

16

ch

pek

1600

3

ch

dust

420

21

ch

dust

3150

40 hf-ch

bro pek fan

2,400

40

do

bro pek

2100

30

do

or pek

1800

12

do

dust

1055

11

ch

bro pek

990

15

ch

pek

1350

5

ch

pek sou

600

23

ch

bro pelc

2653

32

ch

or pek

3200

10

ch

dust

1390

22

ch

bro or pek

2385

30

ch

or pek

3000

32

ch

pek sou

3185

12

ch

dust

1284

C.

14

42

51

39

28

65

04

47

36

39 bid

28 bid
24

19

26 bid
21 bid
18
14
42

29
29
18
49

47
34
26
14

48

Edabage

Lot.

624 G B A

525

526

527

529

530

531

532
534

536 A
637

539

540 B

541 Clunes

542

543

544

545

546

547

[Me.ssrs.

Lot.

Bo.v.

1048

1050

1052

1054

1058

1060

1062

1064

1068

1072

1074

1078

1"80

1082

1084

1086

loss

1090

1092

1094

Pkgs.
15 ch

8 ch

21 ch
.5 ch

22 hf-ch
15 do

38 do
18 do

9 do
9 ch
1 hf cr

6 ch

I hf-ch

7 ch

0 ch

1 hf-ch
32 hf-ch
50 do
37 do
30 do

39 do
14 ell

23 ch

Name.

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek sou
bro pek
pek

pek sou

sou

dust

lb.

1500

800

1890

450

1320

825

2090

990

540

bro or pek 950

bro pek
pek sou

bro pek
bro or pek
l)ro pek
pek

pek sou
bro pek sou
dust
red leaf

665

630

655

1760

2800

3303

2700

2145

1050

2070

A. H. Thompson cV Co.— 64,557

Box. Pkg.s. Name.

lb.

c.

54

46

35

27
42
30
25
15
10

34

out

14

40

52

54

28
24
37
13

8

lb.]

C.

30

2

Bromore

2

18

do

bro pek

1800

41) bid

29

3

3

20

do

pekoe

2000

40

19

4

4

20

do

pek sou

2000

28 bid

in

7

Oolloowatte

7

20

ch

bro pek

2000

36 bid

40

8

28

do

pekoe

2520

30 bid

20

9

9

7

do

bro mix

030

21

15

10

10

6

do

dust

480

13

15

11

B & B

11

9

ch

dust

1350

13 bid

40

12

12

13

do

bro pek fans 1532

28

27

13

Stubton

13

13

ch

bro pek

1300

35 bid

20

14

14

10

do

pekoe

1000

25 bid

out

15

15

11

do

pek sou

1100

19 bid

26

16

Agra Elbedde

16

36 hf cli

bro or pek

2124

66 bid

17

17

42

do

pekoe

2100

49 bid

37

18

18

21

do

pek sou

1050

44 bid

23

M G

23

8

hf-ch

dust

680

17

24

24

24

9

do

red leaf

540

8

25

25

11

do

SOU

550

21

25

26

K

20

10

do

bro tea

905

12

19

27

Bikuuikalana

27

20

do

or pek

1000

41 bid

85

28

28

20

do

SOU

1000

20 bid

30

N

30

9

ch

56

1 hf-ch

bro tea

880

3 bid

45

31

M

31

35

do

pek fans

2276

28

40

32

32

33

do

dust

2805

14

25

34

Warwick

34

5

do

dust

400

20

85

Rakwena, in est.

15

mark

35

30

ch

bro pek

3150

30 bid

26

25

36

36

21

do

pekoe

2100

25

51

37

37

10

do

pek sou

884

IS

43

43

B

43

9

do

SOU

687

8 bid

34

45

B, in est. mark

45

14 lif-ch

pekoe

700

25 bid

16

46

B

40

5

ch

SOU

425

9 bid

15

47

Battalgalla

47

13

ch

pek sou

1300

37

48

48

8

do

fans

720

16

61

49

Blackwater

49

37

if-ch

dust

2755

withd’n.

39

00

Vogan

5U

32

do

dust

1540

18 bid

18 bid

51

T V

51

20

do

pekoe

990

20 bid

’8 bid

52

Vogan

52

7

ch

bro or pek

420

58

37 bid

53

53

19

do

bro pek

1805

56

26

54

54

15

do

pekoe

1350

40

20

55

65

8

do

pek sou

CSO

30

56

56

18

do

SOU

1440

23 bid

18

57

57

23 hf-( li

dust

I960

19

10 bid

27
10
20

60 bid
29
20

13

14 bid
45 bid
53 bid
16

39

28
26

31 bid
35 bid

11 bid

j-out
11 bid

SMALL LUTS.
[Messrs. A. H. 'J’hompson &

Co.]

Lot. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

5

Bromore

5

1 cli

dust

100

14

1 6

6

1 do

congou

100

18

!

Agra Elbedde

19

5 ht-ch

dust

374

30

20

Y B

20

1 do

bro mix

GO

8

22

M C

22

5 flo

fans

325

41

i 29

Bikmukalana

29

2 do

red leaf

100

7 bid

: 33

Warwiek

33

0 do

pek sou

360

40

1 42

La van t

42

3 do

red leaf

235

7 bid

1

B, in est. mark 44

7 hf-ch

bro pek

385

36 bid

1 68

K G K

58

1 eh

sou

80

17 bid

' 59

59

3 do

bro iui.x

300

8 bid

PoKTiKs iSr ’Walker.]

Lot.

7 Andradeniya

8

9 Dambagalla

Box.

I’kgs.

K.ame.

11).

C.

148

2 ell

pek sou

200

26

156

1 lif-ch

dust

58

21

152

7 do

sou

318

24

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

5

Lot.

13ox. rkfe

s. Name,

lb

Lot.

10

154 3 ch

dust

255

•^1

Box.

pka.s. Name.

lb

c.

16 D

166 2 do

red leaf

116

9

280

694

1 hf-ch ))ro pek fans 84

39

17 CLR

168 1 do

unas

115

19

U, in est. mark 696

2 ch

bro tea

210

15

IS A, in e.st. mark 170 3 do

bro pek

300

50

•282 Babookelle

698

3 do

pek sou

273

38

20

174 1 do

pek sou

100

o3

^34 ingurugalla 702

2 ch

bro p ik

200

32

21

176 1 hf ch bro pek fan 80

23

704

3 do

pekoe

270

26

23 Lindoola

180 1 ch

pek sou

80

27

286

706

2 do

pek sou

ISO

18

37 Doianakande 20S 2 ch

pekoe

180

26

287

VU8

3 do

bro tea

360

18

3S

210 3 do

pek sou

255

23

288 A G

910

3 ch

bro tea

270

9

30

212 5 hf-ch dust

375

10

289

712

2 do

bro mix

187

9

43 Brechin

226 2 ch

pck sou

190

32

290

714

2 do

dust

225

14

44

222 2 ht-ch dust

ISO

16

291 Doomba

716

1 <lo

fans

no

46

47 Ekolsound

•228 4 ch

sou

360

25

293

720

1 do

red leaf

109

8

48

230 4 hf-ch dust

320

16

294

7-22

3 do

bro pek

261

39

50 Avoca

234 5 do

bro nek fan 37.5

295

7-24

2 do

pekoe No.

•2 176

24

55 Munukattia,

297 \ oxford

728

2 cli

pek .sou

ISO

23

Ceylon, in est.

298

730

2 do

fans

230

29

mark

244 4 hf-ch dust

300

17

302 Lochiel

738

1 do

pek sou

90

35

56

246 3 ch

sou

270

23

308 Castereagh

750

3 hf-ch pek fans

210

24

5S Macaldeniya

250 3 do

pekoe

275

35

i>00

752

4 do

dust

320

15

62 U A T, ik est.

312 C G

758

2 do

dust

188

16

mark

258 2 ch

pek sou

220

22

313 IG

760

1 do

hro pek

99

46

63

260 4 hf-ch

dust

280

14

314

762

1 ch

pek

93

40

6S D B R

270 3 ch

hro mix

800

22

319 Poiatagama

772

3 ch

ek fans

300

20

69

272 3 do

fans

276

26

330 Caskieben

794

3 ch

pek No 1

300

33

70

274 1 do

dust

150

21

331

706

2 ch

pek No 2

ISC

26

71

276 1 do

dust

75

21

332

798

5 hf-ch

pek fans

390

26

76 Lane:d.ale

286 3 do

f ns

390

30

o33

800

5 do

pek fans

325

20

86 Brechin

306 2 do

dust

160

17

340 Ruanwella

814

1 ch

fans No. 1

100

17

89 Naraiigalla

312 2 ch

pek sou

uo

12

311

816

1 ch

fans No 2

no

12

9o

314 2 do

dust

160

15

.346 St Columkille 8-26

3 ch

sou

300

20

91 Xe%y Galway

316 4 hf-ch

bro pek

220

64

<34/

828

5 do

pek fans

300

32

02

318 6 do

pekoe

270

42

348

830

5 do

dust

375

14

93

320 1 do

pek sou

45

36

360 Killarney

854

2 do

dust

156

15

102 R -M T, in est.

c»61

858

2 do

fans

148

32

lu.vrk

338 2 ch

dust

202

16

365 Wiilpolla

, 864

2 cli

dust

300

15

103

340 1 do

SOU

70

16

376 Knavesmire

886

1 ch

bro pek fans 103

25

104

342 1 do

pek sou

77

24

‘3 ‘8 K K K

890

•2 ch

bro mix

128

9

107 B, in est. mark 348 1 ch

dust

73

16

384 Glengariff

902

3 do

bro pek dust 225

20

110 Bittacy

354 2 do

bro mix

230

27

386

906

4 do

red leaf

164

8

IIS Carberry

370 4 do

pek sou

360

26

yyi Uclagoda

916

1 ch

bro tea

95

10

123 BirUiddale

380 1 ch

pek sou

70

393 ^ algiriswda

920

1 hf-ch

i>ro pek

47

42

124

382 1 do

mixed

108

42

400 M A

934

1 ch

pek sou

90

26

128 Kelaneiya

390 2 do

dust

250

15

401

936

3 ch

bro tea

390

28

131 Hylton

396 1 do

SOU

80

16

403

940

1 cli

red leaf

SO

9

132

398 1 do

dust

SO

17

411 Jtiurscpierpoint 956

2 lif-ch

congou

85

14

135 Matale

404 1 ch

SOU

80

19

41*J

958

1 do

dust

50

16

136

4C6 1 do

fans

80

24

413

960

1 do

red leaf

40

14

137

408 1 do

dust

120

17

416 Kakirskande

904

3 ch

pek sou

270

20

143 Maha Uva

424 1 hf-ch

congou

48

16

417

968

1 ch

red leaf dust 60

12

146

426 3 ch

dust

246

16

418

97u

1 eh

dust

6J

16

157 Monkswood

448 1 hf-ch

dust

80

24

4-27 Queensland

98, S

2 hf-ch

red leaf

140

8

158

450 1 do

red leaf

58

12

434 West End

2

1 hf-ch

bro pek

48

20

162 Gallawatte

458 2 do

pek sou

200

28

135

4

1 do

pek

30

19

163

460 1 do

SOU

100

11

436

0

1 do

pek sou

30

15

164

462 2 do

pek fan

200

26

4 j '

8

1 do

dust

28

15

165

464 1 do

bro mix

85

16

438 iC

10

1 do

pek sou

30

12

166 -

466 1 do

red leaf fans 54

23

439

12

1 do

bro pek

43

13

167

468 1 Oo

uiias

95

29

441 R A W

16

3 ch

congou

240

19

168

470 1 ch

dust

100

16

4 12

18

2 lif-ch

dust

140

13

172 Ellaoya

478 3 do

pek fan

345

29

443 Robgil

20

3 hf-ch

fans

150

14

173

480 1 do

dust

160

16

443 Galphele

30

1 do

sou

40

16

174

482 1 do

bro mix

90

15

4 19

32

2 do

dust

140

14

179 CRD

492 3 do

dust

300

16

450 Glenrhos

34

3 ch

unassorted

270

13

181 E

496 3 hf-ch

bro tea

150

20

460 lavalaintenne 5-4

1 ch

dust

168

10

185 Errohvood

504 1 ch

SOU

75

40

401

56

2 hf-cli

congou

112

13

186

506 1 hf-ch

dust

85

21

470 P

74

1 ch

pek

25

190 lirlsmere

514 2 ch

congou

189

13

488 Galkadua

no

4 hf-ch

dust

2S5

14

201 Lvesrrove

536 1 do

dust

150

16

4b9 Lt

112

3 ch

fans

300

11

203 G U, in est te

494 Sunnycroft

1-22

2 ch

congou

172

15

mark

540 6 hf-ch

hro mix

354

19

406

1'2G

2 cli

pek(Acch) 212

29

204 Norton

^42 1 ch

congou

106

12

497 Nahalma

128

1 ch

pek (.A.C ch)

96

29-

211 RWA

556 1 do

pekoe

36

23

498

130

1 ch

pek sou

92

23

213 R

560 4 ch

hyson

357

45

511 Amblakande

1022

3 ch

sou

285

16

214

662 2 do

twankey

243

21

515 ’Wolleytield

1030

3 ell

bro pek

31.5

29

217 Choughleigh

572 4 hf-ch

dust

330

out

510

1032

3 cli

ptk

285

25

224 \VA

.582 1 ch

h 0 mix

105

16

517

1034

3 ch

pek sou

300

16

223 Geragama

590 2 ht-ch

fans

140

18

518

1036

3 cli

sou

255

10

229

592 4 do

bro mix

200

11

519

1038

1 cli

red leaf

85

8

233 Koladenia

600 3 ch

red leaf

300

9

528 O B A

10.56

2 cli

dust

240

IS

234

602 2 do

hro or pek

210

35

533 Udabage

1066

5 hf-ch

fans

SCO

13

235

604 1 do

hro pek

94

32

535

1070

4 do

bro mix

240

0

236

606 1 do

pek

83

24

538 A

1076

4 ch

pek

360

IS

243 C B

6-20 4 hf-ch

pek sou

200

32

244

622 4 do

hco pek fan

300

25

[Mr.

it. JOHN.

.

218 Doonevale

630 3 ch

fans

300

16

J>ot. Bo.v. PkoR.

Name.

lb

249

632 1 do

dust

110

16

2 Gonavy

219 1

ch

pek f.ans

140

250 Tangakelle

63 1 2 hf-ch

unas

92

92

3

•221 1

do

dust

1 70

252 M C

638 1 ch

dust

105

16

8 A

231 2

do

du-t

99S

25

253

640 3 do

congou

210

12

9

232 2

do

fans

940

39

254

642 4 ch

red leaf

2S?

9

10 Farm

233 3 hf-ch

237

259 Arapolakaude 052 3 do

dust

345

16

10 jWaskeliya

•245 1

do

bro pek fans

00

40

260 iM BO

654 4 ch

SOU

360

10

18 Y B K

249 1

ch

40

262

658 3 hf-ch

red dust

225

14

19

251 1

do

dust

90

264 Dunedin

662 1 ch

red b af

75

9

23 Brcadlands

259 1

do

65

272 Hope

678 3 do

hro pek sou

270

16

24

261 1 hf-ch

dust

80

273

680 3 do

red leaf

330

9

28 Templestowe

269 1

ch

dust

140

279 Condegalla

692 4 do

pek sou

336

34

29

2il 2

do

bro mix

200

la

G

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot

:. Bo.n.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

33

Allington

279

1 :

hf-ch

red leaf

50

8

31

281

2

do

dust

160

18

36

s

285

r

do

pek sou

55

29

40

Koslanda

305

1

ch

dust

150

15

47

M N

307

1

do

bro or pek

86

47

48

309

1

do

or pek

85

50

49

311

1

do

bro pek

54

45

50

313

2

do

pekoe

186

40

51

315

3

do

pek sou

•204

35

60

Otterv & Stain.

fold Hill

325

2

do

pek son

190

o3

57

327

2

do

dust

232

24

82

Agra Onvah

375

7

hf-ch

or pek

350

57

90

Aadnevan

391

3

do

dust

270

15

91

393

1

do

red leaf

50

9

92

X'illa

395

]

ch

pek sou

04

34

9.3

397

2

do

red leaf

104

8

97

Brownlow

405

2

hf- li

dust

108

22

98

407

1

di

congou

92

19

99

409

6 i

hf-ch

fans

390

45

191

II .S, in estate

mark

413

3

ch

bro pek

;330

28

102

415

1

do

pekoe

105

26

105

421

3

bags

red leaf

174

8

100

423

1

bag

fluff

70

6

107

S H

425

1

ch

bro mix

7S

8

108

A O

426

2

baj;s

ttufl’

130

11

115

Peakside

4:39

5

hf-ch

red leaf

300

8

110

441

4

do

dust

240

23

121

S F D

451

2

do

pek fans

130

36

123

453

4

do

fans

260

33

121

454

7

do

congou

315

22

125

459

4

do

red leaf

284

12

127

K I

459

2

ch

bro tea

200

7

128

M'arleigh

461

1

do

1)10 or pek

100

50

111

Eadella

487

2

do

dust

280

16

147

Greymounc

495

2

hf-ch

dust

180

21

156

Ksperanza

9

3

do

dust

240

19

157

10

1

do

congou

46

17

165

Ferndale

25

3

ch

dust

300

24

172

Murraythwa ite 38

4

do

sou

320

13

173

39

2

do

dust

2C0

13

181

Henegaina

53

2

do

bro mix

1-20

12

180

Glassangh

62

3

do

bro mix

270

9

196

Theresia

77

3

do

pek sou

270

42

197

78

3

hf-ch

dust

270

22

[MeSSBS. SOMEltV

ILLK & Co

Lot.

Bon.

Fkfrs.

Name.

lb.

C.

6

Ilatdowa

176

3

di

dust

330

27

t

177

2

do

1)10 tea

160

8

18

Rotlies

188

2

hf-ch

dust

12s

25

20

It in est. mark

190

4

do

sou

1,52

22

21

191

1

do

dust

58

15

22

192

1

do

red leaf

59

8

R in est. mark

Ceylon

193

.3

ch

bro pek

340

41

1

lif-eh

21

194

2

do

bro or pek

124

38

20

195

2

di

pek sou

246

24

1

hf-eh

31

Mukulane

201

3

do

SOU

339

17

34

204

1

hf-di

red leaf

55

8

39

Monrovia

209

1

eh

pek dust

140

18

14

Minna.

214

4

hf-ch

dust

oGO

15

47

Atherton

217

4

do

pek sou

192

26

48

218

1

do

bro mix

46

10

48

219

3

do

dust

210

21

54

Neuchatel

224

1

ch

1)1-0 pe No. 2

100

35

50

E A TS in est.

mark

226

5

hf-ch

pekoe

225

30

67

227

2

do

pek sou

90

26

00

Ilavangalla

230

4

di

pek sou A

380

27

01

231

3

do

dii.st A

300

19

Ola

?3la

2

do

dust B

■200

15 bid

02

s

0

hf-di

dust

240

18

03

23:1

2

do

bro tea

100

9

04

A

234

2

do

dust

160

18

05

235

1

lo

bro tea

60

10

09

H

239

2

do

dust

160

25

70

240

1

(lo

1)10 tea

50

10

4 0

Verulapitija

245

1

di

bro mix

1-20

23

70

246

1

ilo

dust

150

15

4 i

Salawe

247

3

do

bro pek

315

30

81

251

A

(lo

red leaf

2.58

9

8.5

Paradise

255

3

hf-ch

dust

'255

15

80

P in est. mark

256

7

do

una

385

26

87

257

3

ch

bro mix

370

9

1

hf-ch

94

White Cross

264

1

ch

dust

ICO

15

98

I'knwela

208

1

do

bro pek fans

105

36

1

lif-di

99

269

1

hf-ch

dust

SO

14

lU)

i70

2

ch

bro tea

210

8

103

GalkoUia

27;3

1

do

pek sou

90

22

lot

274

1

ch

dust

88

15

105

275

1

do

red leaf

100

8

Lot

Box.

l^'kg.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

113

K P IV

283

2

hf-ch

bro pek fans

148

21

114

284

2

do

unas

94

-15

119

Irex

289

3

ch

dust

300

15

120

290

1

do

red leaf

78

8

121

Mahateiine

291

2

do

bro pek

200

38

1-22

292

2

do

pekoe

200

27

125

295

3

do

red leaf

300

8

129

Illukettia

299

2

do

bro mix

200

12

130

300

1

do

unas

121

20

1

hf-ch

135

IMoolgaraa

5

1

do

red leaf

40

8

140

Orion

9

4

do

pek fans

240

28

141

10

4

do

dust

300

17

144

Gampolawatte 13

7

do

pek sou

315

•27

145

14

3

do

dust

210

17

146

15

2

do

bro mix

100

16

149

Castlemilk

18

2

do

sou

140

21

154

New I'alley

23

4

ch

dust

360

17

1 hf-ch

155

NIT

24

3

do

unas No 1

350

30

157

26

1

do

red leaf

120

8

1

hf-cli

161

Annandale

UC-

3

do

dust

240

19

164

Gholankande

33

2

do

fans

230

19

165

34

1

do

dust

1-20

15

173

Monte Christo

42

)

do

sou

.350

27

188

Wilpita

57

3

ch

pek sou

230

22

190

69

1

do

dust

150

14

199

Harangalla

08

2

do

congou

190

14

200

69

3

do

fannings

315

35

201

70

1

do

unas

90

26

202

71

1

hf-cli

pek dust

80

21

204

R T in estate

mark

73

2

cli

bro mix

130

17

208

Alpitakande

77

4

do

pek sou

3' 0

23

209

78

3

do

fans

300

30

214

Ingeriya

83

)

hf-ch

bro mix

350

20

215

84

2

do

dust

163

16

222

Ingeriya

91

0

d)

dust

128

16

232

Orion

101

4

do

bro pek

£00

40

236

R C T F in est,

mark

105

1

ch

dust

130

15

2:37

106

1

do

fans

ICO

13

240

RITNI in est.

mark

109

1

hf-ch

pek sou

00

28

241

110

1

do

dust

50

16

244

R K

113

4

do

sou

200

22

245

114

4

(lo

fan 4

2C0

15

246

115

1

do

dust

69

14

247

116

1

do

red leaf dust 73

9

240

FF Avi.sawella

in est. mark

118

7

do

pekoe

378

23

250

119

6

do

pek sou

230

26

2.52

152

2

do

dust

ISO

13

257

Marigold

171

2

(lo

bro pek fans

146

45

262

Kelaui

131

2

do

dust

231

15

203

1-32

3

do

bro mix

300

10

266

B in e tat<

mark

136

7

do

pek sou

3.50

21

2()7

i:36

7

do

fans

399

23

268

137

1

(lo

dust

88

14

280

Deniyagama

155

3

ch

dust

321

13 bid

288

Eranawila

1.57

4 1

hf-ch

bro pek

228

34

290

1.59

1

do

fans

"iio

14

291

160

1

do

du t

68

12

294

C in estate

mi),rk

103

4

do

dust

380

5

295

R VK

164

1

do

bro pek

30

60

296

105

1

do

pekoe

20

45

297

166

2

hf-ch

pek sou

100

13

304

likuweta

303

2

do

bro pek fans

140

35

315

tsirisanda

314

2

(lo

fans

100

19

316

315

2

do

congou

116

15

317

316

1

do

bro mix

44

8

322

D M R

321

:3

cli

dust

390

24

S23

322

2

do

unas

200

15

324

3-23

1

(lo

fans

100

18

CEYLON COI^TEE SALES IN LONDON-

(From Our Commercial Correnpondent ).

MiNciN(i Lank, -Ian. 1, 1807.
Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in
Mincing Lane up to 1st .Jan.; —

Kx “Danlanus”— Hiweuswood. 11) 112s; 2c 109s; Ic It 105s,
11) 90s; It 121s. KWT in estate mark, Ih Ms.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

K.x “Tosa Mai n” — Jxeeiiakellc, HO bags (sd) £0s Od; 2 bags
(s(l) 37s.

Bx “(Ilieshiro” Meegama, 13 bags 07s; 13 bags 58s; 2 bags
■16s; 2 bags 11s; 2 bags ;lls. M)>kalaiia, A 1, 13 bags 56s Oe.

Kx “(ilaiK-us" — Mukalaua, 6 bags(sd) 28s6il; 11 bags 59s;
2 bags 11s; 1 bag 38s 6d.

Kx “Kafosliima Mam"— HGA in estate mark, 11 bags 12s.

OliSKUV’Kl: I’ltlNTINt; WOltK.s.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 4.

Colombo, Februakv 1, 1897.

] Price : — 12^ cents each 3 copies
* 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee

COLOMBO

SALES OF

TEA.

Lot. Bo,v.

Pkos.

Name.

lb.

C.

74

Frorae

225

227

229

8 ch
6 do
6 do

27

LARGE LOTS.

75

76

pek dust
oro mix

960

570

19

9

87

V B K

251

10 hf-ch

bro pek

000

34

TMessrs. a. H. Thompson & Co.—

33.556 Ib.l

88

253

14 do

pek

672

29

Lot. Bo.\.

Pkos.

Name,

lb.

c.

91

92

New Tunisgalla v59
261

22 do
27 do

bro pek
pekoe

1-200

1350

45

33

1 Sprinf>v\'oocl

1

5

ch

bro mix

525

14

93

263

12 do

pek sou

600

28

2 Battalgalla

2

13

do

pek sou

1300

37

98

Marguerita

273

16 hf-ch

bro pek

1040

38 bid

3

3

8

do

f'llis

720

18

9)

275

15 do

pekoe

840

34 bid

b Mandara Newe

100

277

28 do

pek sou

1568

32 bid

ra

S

6

ch

pekoe

540

44

106

Pati Rajah

289

16 do

bro nek

1600

46 bid

9

9

6

do

pek sou

540

36

107

291

11 do

pekoe

1045

31 bid

13 M, in estate

108

293

6 do

pek .sou

540

27

mark

13

9

ch

dust

1170

13 bid

110

Maskeliya

297

31 ch

bro or pek

3100

56 bid

11

14

9

do

bro sou

818

10 bid

113

Eerndale

303

19 cll

pek sou

1674

27

15 Hornsey

15

12

do

pek sou

1200

36

114

Peria Watte

304

37 ch

bro pek

3845

32 bid

17 S

17

13

cii

bro pek

1300

32 bid

116

G in est. mark 307

3 do

pek du;>t

4-2')

9

IS

18

16

do

pekoe

1600

26

117

Faithlie

309

11 ch

SOU

1100

10 bid

19

19

11

do

pek sou

1100

19

120

Shannon

315

5 ch

bro pek

450

44

23 Ratnatenne

23

10 hf-ch

bro or pek

550

26

121

317

12 ch

pekoe

840

31

24

24

12

do

pekoe

660

24

122

319

11 ch

pek sou

616

22

25

25

8

do

pek sou

400

16

123

M G 0 in est

26 Dikmukalana

36

20

do

SOU

1000

20

mark

321

4 ch

pek dust

5-20

14

29 Monkton Wyld 29

9

ch

bro pek

810

38 bid

128

J T

331

6 ch

pek dust

840

9

30

30

6

do

pekoe

510

27 bid

129

M T

333

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1483

3b bid

34 PK
38 Relugas
41 Kalkande

34

13

1122

10

38

41

5 ch
18 hf-ch

dust
bro pek

600

900

17

40

[Messrs. Somervhlle & Go.— 159,583

Ib.]

42

42

13

do

pekoe

650

32

Lot.

Box. Bkc's

. Name.

lb.

C.

47 S

47

do

dust

590

17

Allakolla

4 ch
1 hf-ch

49 Farnham

49

27

do

bro pek

1404

54 bid

1

1

red leaf

414

9

[Me.

E.

John.-

-143,867 lb.]

2

7

G A, Ceylon

2

7

9 hf-ch
7 ch

dust

dust

675

987

17

16

Lot. Bo.x.

Pk-S.

Name

lb.

C.

9

11

Hapiigasnuille

9

11

10 do

11 do

bro pek
pek sou

1050

1045

39

26

1 Keenagaba Ella 79

10

ch

pek sou

815

29

13

13

4 do

fans

400

34

7 Chapelton

91

5 hf-ch

dust

440

17

16

Salawe

16

16 do

bro pek

1680

39

8 Turin

93

4

ch

brooi pek

440

44

17

17

15 do

pekoe

1425

31

9

95

15

ch

bro pek

1500

48

18

18

22 do

pek sou

1870

•27

10

97

25

do

pekoe

2300

37

23

Franklands

•23

9 hf-ch

br pe No. 2

477

31 bid

11

99

15

do

pek sou

1500

28

24

24

9 ch

pekoe

7-20

28

13 Gonavy

103

13

do

bro or pek

1300

39

26

20

10 do

pek sou

700

26

14

105

16

do

bro pek

1300

40

30

Hanagama

30

40 do

bro pek

4400

45

15

107

10

do

pekoe

1280

34

31

31

57 do

pekoe

5700

32

16

109

9

do

pek sou

648

28

32

32

13 do

pek sou

1235

26

17

111

9

do

bro or pek

945

58

33

33

11 do

fans

1100

36

18

113

7

do

or pek

630

49

35

35

3 do

dust

450

18

19

115

13

do

pekoe
pek sou

1131

46

30

Yarrow

36

60 hf-ch

bro pek

2300

48

20

117

39

do

35;o

38

37

37

34 do

pekoe

1700

37

21

119

13

do

pe< fans

1560

31

41

Killin

41

)7 do

bro pek

850

39

22

121

17 hf-ch

dust

1530

21

42

42

9 ch

pekoe

855

27 bid

24 Whyddon

125

30

ch

bro pek

3300

. 67

43

43

9 do

pek sou

705

32

25

127

22

do

pekoe

2200

47

50

Morningside

50

12 ch

bro pek

1200

40

-26

129

25

do

pek sou

2500

36

51

51

8 do

pekoe

800

31 bid

27

131

7

do

dust

910

31

52

52

12 do

pek sou

12U0

26

28

133

7

do

dust

1050

19

55

Woodlands

55

9 ch

bro pek

900

41 bid

so Eila

137

49

CIO

bro pek

4410

44 bid

56

56

7 do

pekoe

665

27 bid

31

139

26

cio

pekoe

2080

32 bid

57

57

6 do

pek sou

540

22

31

141

8

cio

pek sou

680

27

60

Arslena

60

25 hf-ch

bro pek

12.50

46 bid

33

143

5

do

SOU

400

22

61

61

33 do

pekoe

1650

36

34

145

14

cio

fans

1330

33

62

61

25 do

pekoe sou

12.50

27

35

147

8

do

dust

960

20

63

03

8 do

dust

400

18

37 Mocha

151

26

do

bro pek

2860

53 bid

64

Kew

64

8 hf-ch

bro or pek

418

53 bid

38 Callander

153

32

hf-ch

bro 1 r pek

1920

50

65

65

18 do

or pek

900

58

39

155

31

do

pekoe

1612

40 bid

66

66

12 do

bro or pek

720

40

40

157

14

do

pek sou

700

37 bid

67

67

24 ch

pekoe

2208

44

41 Glasgow

159

30

ch

bro or pek

2700

70 bid

68

68

10 do

pek sou

9.50

41

42

161

23

do

or pek

1380

61 bid

69

69

6 do

bro tea

600

11

43

163

IS

do

pekoe

1710

51 bid

70

Glencoe

70

65 hf-ch

bro pek

3900

43 bid

44 Agra Ouvah

165

45 hf-ch

bro pek

271.0

70

71

71

32 ch

pekoe

•2880

34

45

167

13

do

or pek

1235

53

72

72

17 do

pek sou

1530

27

46

169

11

cll

pekoe

1045

47

73

73

7 hf-ch

flu. St

2o

47 Elston

171

19

do

pek so No

2 1520

28

74

(-S V)

74

17 do

dust

1445

19

48

173

5

do

bro mix

600

24

76

76

8 ch

pek fans

960

•2l bid

49

175

3

do

dust

450

14

77

77

7 do

red leaf

770

10

53 Nahavilla

183

19

do

bro pek

1995

65

78

G.

7S

11 ch

dust

1595

/

54

185

30

do

pekoe

3000

40

79

Malvern

79

5 ch

bro pek

500

86

55

187

0

do

pek sou

600

fO

80

IHcuwela

80

10 do

pekoe

983

20

57 Kotiiwagedera 191

56

ch

bro pek

5600

33 bid

85

85

35 ch

bro pek

3500

39

58

193

52

ch

pekoe

5200

27

86

86

31 do

pekoe

3100

29

59

195

34

ch'

pek sou

3400

22

87

67

18 do

nek sou

1800

23

<51 W H R in est.

89

White Cross

89

22 ch

bro pek

•2.310

iiy

mark

199

0

cll

dust

600

12

90

90

26 do

pekoe

2470

29

62

201

8

do

red leaf

1000 witiulr’n

91

91

15 <lo

pek sou

1350

26

64 Kahagalla

205

5

do

SOU

470

25 bid

98

F.A. (in estiite

dust

66 Dickapittia

209

2C

do

bro pek

2860

44 bid

99

mark

98

5 ch

750

19

211

■ 20

ch

pekoe

2000

35 bid

buiigaly loppe 91)

21 d 1

pek sou

•2016

28 bid

71 Acrawatte

219

17

do

bro pek

1870

46 bid

101

Hagai la

10

26 h -ch

bro pek

1560

42

72

221

17

cU>

pekoe

1530

35 bid

102

102 17 d >

pekoe

850

30 bid

73

223

17

do

pek sou

1700

30

103

103 8 do

pek sou

800

23

5

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST

Lot. Box.

Pk^s.

Name.

lb.

C.

104

Ravigain

104

26 hf-ch

bro pek

2470

40

105

105

12

do

pekoe

960

28

106

106

£9

do

pek sou

2465

25

107

Pine Hill

107

36

do

l»ikoe

2880

36

108

108

32

do

pek sou

208(>

29

109

Kennington

109

12

do

SOU

lOSO

31

111

111

5

do

dust

400

17

116

Bitlbiiry

116

34

do

bro pek

2040

49 bid

117

117

48

do

pekoe

2400

37 bid

118

118

34

do

pek sou

1870

29

120

Lynclhurst

120

36

do

bro pek

1800

41 bid

121

121

47

( o

pekoe

2115

31 bid

122

122

49

do

pek sou

1960

25

125

Depeilene

125

29

do

bro pek

1595

39

126

l->6

60

do

pekoe

3000

29

127

127

21

do

pek sou

1059

24

130

130

54

do

or pek

2700

33

131

Moragalla

131

20

ch

bro pek

2000

40

132

132

16

do

nekoe

1600

28

133

133

t

do

pek sou

TOO

23

134

134

8

do

pek fans

896

24

137

Neboda

137

43

ch

bro pek

3870

48

138

138

26

do

pekoe

2210

34

139

139

13

do

pekoe sou

1040

28

140

Koseneath

140

60

do

bro pek

3301

39

141

141

21

do

pekoe

1890

31

142

142

18

do

pek sou

1620

20

143

Penrith

143

33

do

bro pek

3300

52

144

144

27

(lo

pekoe

2160

36 bid

145

145

23

do

pek sju

2070

29

148

DMR (in estate

mark)

148

42

do

bro pek

4620

33 bid

149

149

26

do

pekoe

2600

29 bid

150

150

23

do

pek sou

3840

22 bid

151

151

7

do

pek dust

970

8

160

H.J.S.

160

9

do

pekoe

459

31 bid

161

161

24

do

pek sou

1200

27

[Messrs. Porbks

1 &

W A LKER. — 420, 60 1

lb.]

Lot.

Bo.x.

Pkirs,

. Name.

lb.

C.

3

W F, in estate

mark

140

7 hf-cli

bro mix

630

22

4

142

7

do

pek fans

606

31

12

0 L M M T

158

4

ch

bro pek

400

33

13

100

8

do

pekoe

720

26

19

Springkell

172

6 hf-eh

dust

530

19

20

174

7

do

pek fans

490

24

21

G, in est. mark 176

8

ch

congau

800

20

24

K B

182

9 hf-ch

dust

459

18

‘27

Coneygar

188

13 do

bro pek

780

65

28

190

9

ch

pekoe

765

53

31

Tonacombt

106

44

ch

or pek

3960

59

32

198

35

ch

bro pek

3850

56

33

200

52

ch

pek

4680

47

34

202

8

cii

pek sou

720

38

35

204

7 hf-ch

dust

630

22

42

St. Helen

218

23

do

bro pek

1265

48 bid

43

yoo

26

do

or pek

1170

48 bid

44

222

73

do

pekoe

3285

33

45

224

54

(lo

pek sou

2430

26

47

Tlieclden

228

32

ch

bro pek

3200

40 bid

48

230

8

do

pekoe

720

29 bid

fi2

Macaldenia

238

21 hf-eh

bro pek

1155

42

53

210

8

ch

pekoe

800

36

54

242

0

do

1 hf-ch

pek No. 2

650

30

65

H A T, in est.

mark

211

6

ch

bro pek

660

10

57

Walton

248

31

ch

bro pek

1860

42

58

250

12 hf-ch

bro pek

660

40

59

252

12

do

pekoe

720

27 bid

63

Carendon

260

8

ch

bro or pek

800

39

64

262

9

do

pekoe

900

29

65

261

9

do

pek sou

900

25

66

266

11

(lo

SOU

1100

24

67

268

5

do

fans

590

36

69

Gre;it Valley

272

12

ch

bro pek

1380

55

70

274

13

do

or pek

1300

47

71

276

14

do

pekoe

1400

36

72

278

6

(lo

pek sou

540

26

73

280

6

(lo

SOU

510

20

74

282

8

do

dust

680

19

75

High Forest

284

30 hf-ch

bro or pek

1680

57

76

286

16

do

or pek

800

53

77

288

10

do

pek

800

42

78

290

18

(lo

pek sou

810

38

79

lajtchemy

292

18 hf-ch

dust

1440

22

81

High Forest

296

36

do

bro pek

2010

51 bid

82

293

14

(lo

pek

700

43

83

300

8

do

pek sou

300

37

84

erragalla

302

30

ch

pek No 2

2850

19

85

304

9

do

pek sou No

2 810

18

86

306

4

(io

fans

540

20

87

308

0

do

I’.USt

900

17

88

Holtoii

310

10 hf-ch

bro pek

950

48

93

C-M in est. mark 320

32

do

bro pek

1920

52 bid

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb

C.

94

322

32

lif-ch

or pek

If 20

41 bid

95

324

30

do

pekoe

15(Xt

48

96

326

2j

(io

bro pek £ou 1430

38

97

328

7

do

(lust

56J

17

99

W O V

332

8

ch

mixed

600

8

101

Melro.se

336

15

do

bi 0 pek

1500

41

102

338

16

(io

pekoe

1600

35

103

340

8

(io

pek sou

£00

27

105

Napier

344

IS

ch

bro pek

1800

55 bid

106

346

20

do

pekoe

17U0

42

107

348

10

(io

pek sou

800

32

109

Nelki Oolla

352

18

do

pek sou

1620

19 bid

113

Meddeteune

360

34 hf-ch

bro pek

2040

42

114

362

20

ch

pekoe

1900

34

115

364

13

do

pek sou

1105

27

126

Rowley

386

48 hf-ch

bro pek

2400

40

127

388

3/

do

pekoe

1805

36

128

390

9

(io

nek sou

460

28

131

Daphne

396

10

ch

bro pek

1000

so

132

398

7

do

pekoe

TOO

26

400

6

do

pekoe

570

26

134

402

12

do

pek .sou

1080

23

138

5\ aitalawa

410

50 hf-ch

bro pek

2500

65

139

412

65

do

pekoe

3250

39

140

414

17

(io

pek sou

850

26

141

416

5

(io

dust

425

22

147

CRD

428

5

ch

red leaf

500

10

148

Ratnatenne

430

10 hf-ch

bro or pek

550^

149

432

12

do

pekoe

660 -

withd’n

160

434

8

do

pek sou

400 J

151

iddleton

436

20

ch

or pek

2(00

CO

152

438

15

do

pekoe

1500

51

153

P L

440

4

(io

dust

532

20

156

Nahaveena

446

41 hf-ch

bro pek

2050

42

157

448

15

do

pekoe

760

31 bid

158

450

35

(io

pek No. 2

1760

30

159

452

14

do

pek sou

700

2S

165

St. Helieri

464

8

ch

24 hf-ch

bro or pek

2028

51

165

466

24

ch

pekoe

2160 .

40

166

Patiftgama

470

8

do

bro or pek

SOO

49

170

474

5

(io

pekoe

425

32-bid

176

Rambodde

484

14 hf-ch

or pek

700

52

176

486

35

do

bro pek

1925

51

177

488

14

(io

pekoe

700

39

179

492

7

(io

bro pe dust 490

43

184

N M, in est.

mark

502

9 hf-ch

bro pek

440

21

185

504

7

ch

pekoe

660

16

187

Denmark Hill 508

8

do

bro or pek

856

188

510

7

(io

or pek

625

69

192

Torwood

518

9

ch

bro pek

882

51

193

620

15

do

01 pek

1350

44 bid

194

522

45

(io

pekt,e

3«U0

32 bid

195

524

16

(io

pek sou

1434

20

197

528

21

do

pek No. 2

1806

20

198

530

14

do

SOU

1092

19

200

Beausejour

534

34

ch

bro pek

3060

40

201

636

31

do

pekoe

2480

28

203

540

6

(io

fans

600

21

206

Scrubs

546

6

do

bro or pek

600

fo

207

548

13

(io

bro or pek

1430

66

208

550

14

(io

pekoe

1330

50

209

552

8

(io

pek sou

760

39

210

554

5

do

bro tea

475

26

212

556

5

(io

dust

750

20

213

Inguruealla

560

5

ch

pek sou

450

23

214

562

9

do

bro tea

1080

19

215

564

6

(io

red leaf

540

13

218

s ss

570

4

ch

dust

628

19

224

Vellaioya

582

a

do

or pek

440

43

225

584

5

(io

pek sou

4,50

25

226

586

5

(io

or pek

500

43

227

588

7

(io

pekoe

560

25

228

590

12

do

dust

1440

20

229

.592

10

(io

bro tea

1000

10

234

AVeyunga watte 602

14

ch

bro or pek

1470

43

235

6' '4

28

do

or pek

2660

39

236

6(i6

28

do

pekoe

2240

33 bid

237

608

9

(io

j)ek sou

900

28

240

Y

614

5

ch

red leaf

676

9

241

Weoya

616

32

do

bro pek

2880

48

242

618

25

do

pekoe

1875

30

243

620

25

(io

pek sou

1875

27

244

622

26

ch

fans

2340

37

245

624

5

do

dust

675

19

247

Weoya

628

12

do

pek sou

900

26

249

632

13

do

bro mix

1235

23

250

6-34

3

do

pek dust

4 Jo

18

251

Dammeria

636

103

ch

bro or pek :

11330

50 bid

252

638

98

do

pekoe

8820

41 bid

253

640

7

(io

pek sou

700

34

251

642

14

(io

dust

1260

23

263

Morankande

660

30

cli

bro pek

3000

42 bid

264

662

18

do

jiekoe

18tH)

S2

205

664

6

do

pekoe sou

000

26

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lo1

. Box.

Pk-s.

Name.

lb.

e.

267

668

10

hf-ch

fans

800

20

269

Massena

672

24

do

or pek

1200

40 bid

270

674

17

do

pekoe

850

20 bid

271

Walpola

676

41

ch

bro pek

4305

40

272

678

36

do

pekoe

3420

29

273

Ganapalla

680

115

hf-ch

bro pek

5750

42

274

682

45

ch

pekoe

3600

27

275

684

43

if-ch

pek sou

3440

21

276

6S6

30

do

bro pek fan

1500

35

278

690

8

do

pek fans

400

28

281

K B

696

4

ch

fans

440

31

284

Midlands

702

10

hf-ch

pek dust

750

20

287

Ragallii

708

8

ch

fans

960

27

291

Tyniawr

716

54

lif-ch

bro pek

2700

64

292

718

46

do

do

2300

01

293

720

43

do

pekoe

1935

48

294

722

34

do

pek sou

1530

43

298

Rockside

730

29

ch

pekoe

2900

40

299

732

30

do

pek sou

3000

32

300

734

4

do

bro mix

400

10

302

738

4

do

bro peK fans 520

25

303

Chalmers

740

6

ch

pek sou

540

32

306

G PM, inest.

mark

746

7

lif-ch

bro or pek

420

91

307

748

8

do

or pek

400

90

308

750

19

do

pekoe

1045

01

309

752

30

do

do No. 2

1680

47

310

754

32

do

sou

1760

38

313

N M in estate

mark

760

6

ch

pek fan

780

17

314

K B

752

12

hf-ch

red leaf

540

8

317

Hurstpierpoint

768

22

do

bro pek

1085

30

318

Biekley

770

57

do

bro pek

3135

43

319

772

29

do

pekoe

2030

35 bid

320

774

11

do

pek sou

660

30

321

776

7

do

sou

420

24

322

778

7

do

dust

490

20

323

Monkswood

780

58

do

or pek

2900

05

324

PT

782

12

ch

bto pek

1260

35

325

784

9

do

pekoe

900

26

326

786

6

do

pek sou

570

24

327

Pansalatenne

788

14

do

bro pek

1470

40

328

790

10

do

pek sou

1000

31

329

792

13

do

pek sou

1235

26

331

796

6

do

congou

600

18

333

Atgalla

800

30

do

bro pek

2850

35

334

Castlereagh

802

25

do

bro pek

2500

51

335

804

17

do

or pek

1530

41

336

806

15

do

pekoe

1350

39

337

808

6

do

pek sou

450

33

338

810

6

do

pek sou No.

2 480

26

342

D in estate

mark

822

5

do

pek dust

500

17

345

Waltrim

824

36

do

bro pek

3600^

346

826

37

do

bro pek

3700

s

347

828

29

do

pekoe

2755

!i

cS

348

830

29

do

pekoe

2755

- ^

34Q

832

44

do

pek sou

4180

.n

350

834

24

hf-ch

pek fans

1560

351

836

33

do

dust

2805J

’’f-

352

C B

838

22

ch

pekoe

2200

30 bid

353

Lochiel

840

25

do

bro pek

2375

52 bid

354

Y K F-

812

22

do

bro pek

2370

40 bid

355

G

844

5

do

sou

415

17

356

846

3

do

pek dust

435

15

357

A B in es-

tate mark

848

31

do

bro pek

3370

30 bid

358

850

28

do

pekoe

2240

24 bid

359

852

16

do

pek sou

1600

21 bid

360

854

3

do

dust

420

6 bid

370

F M

874

15

do

pekoe

1350

in bid

372

Pallagodde

878

26

do

bro or pek

2600 -V

373

880

48

do

bro pek

4560

374

375

882

884

31

23

do

do

pekoe
pek sou

2790

2185

- withd'n

376

886

11

do

sou

935 ;

378

890

27

iKch

bro tea,

2295^

379

INI

890

5

ch

bro pek

4.50

26

382

AOS

898

9

ch

pekoe

855

24

384

902

5

do

fannings

5.50

18

385

901

10

do

bro du.st

1.500

18

387

S

908

7

do

pekoe

700

16

389

912

10

if-cli

dust

850

13

391

916

4

ch

fannings

460

18

392

Galapitakande

918

10

do

^ bro pek

1995

52 bid

393

920

28

do

pekoe

2800

34 bid

394

922

7

do

pekoe

700

27

396

Knavesmire

926

8

do

bro pek

840

36 bid

i=97

928

47

do

pekoe

3995

31

398

930

24

do

pek sou

1080

20

401

936

7

do

dust

560

18

403

Agra Oys

940

6

do

or pek

510

40

404

942

24

if-ch

bro pek

1320

46

405

944

18

do

pekoe

1.530

.35

406

946

9

ch

pek .sou

810

26

407

948

5

do

bro mix

450

8

Lot.

Box.

Fko-s

. Name.

lb.

0.

408

950

7

ch

dust

560

20

409 Essex

952

19

do

sou

1805

19

410

954

17

do

red leaf

1445

8

411

956

9

do

dust No. 1

1350

14

413 Carberry

900

28

do

bro pek

2800

49

414

962

33

do

pekoe

2970

30

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs

. A.

H. Thompson &

Co.]

Lot. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

4

R, in estate

mark

4

2 h'-ch

unas

19

5

Agar’s Land

5

1 do

bro pek

60

38

6

6

1 do

nnas

49

out

7

7

4 do

dust

360

14

10

Maudara Newe

-

ra

10

2 hf-cli

red leaf

113

9

11

11

2 do

<lust

200

18

12

M

12

1 eh

pekoe

95

26

16

Hornsey

16

2 do

pekoe

ISO

14

27

Dikmukal.ana

27

2 hf-ch

red leaf

100

7

28

Moiikton Wyld 28

3 do

bro or pek

135

28 bid

31

31

3 ch

pek sou

240

17

32

32

1 do

dust

136

17

33

Lavant

33

3 do

red leaf

235

7

35

K G K

35

1 do

sou

SO

out

36

36

3 do

red leaf

300

6 bid

37

Relugas

37

3 ch

sou

255

out

39

39

1 hf-ch

red leaf

47

6 bid

40

.S C R

40

4 do

bro mi.x

220

8

43

Nahaveena

43

7 do

bro pek

350

42

44

44

2 do

pekoe

100

32

45

45

2 do

pek sou

100

26

46

46

7 do

pek No 2

350

29

48

S F D

48

4 do

dust

860

18

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

Lot. Box.

2 B B B, in estate

mark

138

5

Hopewell

144

6

146

7

140

8

150

9

152

10

154

11

156

14

O L M M T

362

15

164

16

C Ceylon

166

17

Springkeil

168

18

170

22

K B

178

23

180

29

Coneygar

192

30

194

36

Tonacomhe

203

37

.Stafford

208

38

210

39

212

40

214"

41

216

46

St. Helen

226

49

Thedden

232

50

234

51

236

56

II A T, in estate

mark

246

60

Walton

254

61

256

62

258

68

Carendon

270

SO

Letchiney

294

89

Holton

312

90

314

91

316

92

3 8

9S

GG

330

100

W O P

334

104

Melro e

342

108

Napier

3.50

110

Nella Oolla

354

111

356

112

358

116

Meddetenne

366

117

363

118

370

119

372

129

Rowley

392

ISO

394

Pkgs.

Name.

]b.

2 hf-ch

dust

150

2 do

bro pek

105

1 do

pekoe

54

1 do

pek No 2

53

1 do

pek sou

49

1 do

unas

49

1 do

do No. 2

45

1 ch

congou

76

3 do

b 0 mix

270

1 do

pek duat

80

2 ch

unas

190

1 hf-ch

pekoe

50

3 do

bro mix

165

7 do

bro or pek

364

6 do

congou

240

3 do

pek sou

255

1 hf-ch

fans

SO

3 ch

hro mix

270

3 do

bro or pek

300

3 do

bro pek

300

4 do

pekoe

380

1 do

]3ek sou

90

1 do

dust

9.)

2 hf-ch

dust

120

1 ch

p Jk sou

95

1 do

sou

90

1 do

dust

150

4 hf-ch

dust

280

6 do

pekoe

3 JO

7 do

pek sou

350

2 do

dust

140

4 ch

congou

315

4 hf ch

hro mi.x

200

3 do

pekoe

285

1 do

pek sou

95

2 ch

hro mix

190

1 hf-ch

dust

75

2 ch

bro tea

168

2 do

red leaf

160

2 ch

sou

100

3 hf-ch

dust

240

1 cli

sou

88

1 do

dust

142

4 do

red leaf

'144

3 ch

bro pek fans 325

1 ch

1 hf-cli

dust

200

1 ch

1 hf-ch

congou

100

2 ch

red le.'if

190

7 hf-ch

dust

3.50

2 do

red le.'if

100

C.

13
46
33
20
23
23
21
16
10
17
54

54
0

27

12

37

29

9

Ct

55
46
36
17

14

15
S

17

15

26

25

19

20
8

36

31

26

16

7

19

19

12

16

S

22

20

9

11

19

10

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Lo.v.

Pk-.8.

Name.

11).

C.

135 ;

Paphne

404

2 ch

dust

2:30

20

136

406

2 do

fans

200

22

137

408

3 do

coiuiou

254

9

146

CRD

426

3 ch

dust

300

19

154

Mor.iy

442

2 ch

bro tea

142

37

135

Doomba

414

1 hf-ch

bro pek

50

48

160

Nahaveeiia

454

4 l>U-h

dust

30 J

18

167

St. Hellers

468

3 ch

pek sou

360

30

169

Patiasaiua

472

3 do

or pek

270

43

371

476

8 do

pek sou

210

28

17.1

47S

1 ilo

dust

120

17

173

480

1 do

bro mix

88

9

174

Vril

482

1 ch

mixed

102

3:3

17S

RaniboUde

490

2 ht-ch

pek son

90

29

180

494

2 do

dust

160

21

181

13 T N

496

1 do

SOU

47

14

182

498

2 do

red leaf

100

S

183

cOO

3 do

dust

240

16

1S8

N M, in estate

mark

503

3 hf-ch

pek sou

195

9

189

Denmark Hill

512

3 ch

j ek

255

44

IM

514

3 do

pek sou

231

36

191

510

1 do

pek fans

84

25

106

Torwood

526

4 cll

bro pek No 2

392

40

1.W

Dewd lakande

532

3 ch

bro tea

235

18

202

le lusejour

533

2 ch

pek .sou

160

22

212

Norwood

558

2 ch

1 hf-ch

bro tex

214

8

216

Pathragalla

560

2 cl)

fans

200

16

217

568

2 do

dust

2s0

15

219

S S S

04 2

4 ch

red leaf

372

8

220

574

3 do

bro tea

318

14

221

Alton

570

7 hf-ch

SOU

343

18

£7S

2 do

dust

190

16

223

580

2 do

red leaf

100

8

230

Poonagalla

594

1 ch

red leaf

100

10

238

Weyunga watte 6 1 0

3 hf-ch

dust

255

18

239

V

612

1 ch

bro tea

100

9

246

Weoya

626

3 du

pek

225

27

248

630

1 do

tans

100

32

260

W G, in est.

mark

654

1 ch

1 hf-ch

unas

166

25

261

676

3 do

red leaf

126

$

162

658

1 do

dust

56

10

200

Moi-anakande

: 666

3 ch

red leaf

300

$

203

670

4 h'-ch

lUi.st

300

14

277

Ganapalla

688

7 hf-ch

dust

320

17

279

Debatgama

692

1 ch

dust

140

16

230

KI5

694

2 do

unas

20J

27

698

2 do

dust

260

17

283

Jlidlands

700

2 do

SOU

ICO

22

285

Pingiirawa

704

4 hf-ch

dust

360

16

286

Uagalla

706

*2 ch

bro mix

240

24

28Gn

706a

1 do

do

120

13

238

710

3 hf-ch

dust

270

14

295

Tvmawr

724

7 ilo

SOU

350

33

296

720

5 do

bro pe dust

350

23

297

728

4 do

du.st

3-20

17

3ul

Rock side

736

2 ch

dust

300

17

304

Chalnier.s

742

3 ilo

SOU

270

23

305

744

3 ilo

dust

575

19

311

G P '4, in e.st

mark

753

3 hf-cll

red leai

162

8

312

75$

4 do

fans

360

27

315

N M in e.state

mark

764

2 hf-ch

pekoe

72

2>

316

730

2 do

bro ))ek

32

35

o3'J

Pansalatenne 794

3 ch

fans

oMO

30

332

798

3 hf-cll

dust

2t5

u

339

Castlereagh

812

3 do

pek fans

210

31

340

814

3 do

du.st

240

16

369

F M

872

1 hf-i!i

bro pek

40

35

371

876

2 ch

pek sou

190

1)

380

M

894

1 do

pekoe

91

22

381

AOS

890

4 do

bro pek

355

20

383

900

2 ilo

SOU

180

18

385

906

3 do

2 hf-ch

bio i>ek

:361

28

383

910

2 ch

pek No. 2

107

15

390

914

4 do

SOU

317

10

396

Galapit.ikande 925

4 llf-cli

dust

300

17

399

linavcsniiie

932

3- do

SOU

2-25

13

400

934

2 hf-cll

bro pok fa as 120

28

402

K K K

9:58

2 do

pekoe

170

25

4.2

Ks.sex

958

3 ch

dust No. 2

3..0

11

415

Carberry

964

2 do

pek sou

180

24

[M IvSSRS.

.SO.MICRI

7ILLK iS; Co

-I

Lot.

l»o.\. Name.

Jl).

(;

3

Allakolla

3

4 do

faniiings

300

21

4

G.A., Ceylon

4

4 do

pekoe

172

20

D

5 rh

jiek sou

3.30

20

0

0

1 do

.souchong

76

8

8

8

1 do

1 hf-cll

hrok nii.xed

1-21

7

Lot

Bo.x.

PkjrS.

Name

lb.

C.-

10

Hiipug:i.smulle

10

2 eh

pekoe

180

28

12

1-2

2 do

.souchong

180

17

14

14

2 do

dust

270

19

15

15

2 do

u as

203

22

19

Salawe

19

2 do

unas

190

26

20

20

1 do

pek dust

150

20

21

Franklanils

21

3 hf-eli

bro or pek

132

42

22

22

2 eh

br pe No. 1

160

38

25

25

3 tif-ch

or pek

126

42.

27

27

1 ch

1 hf-cll

red leaf

100

8-

28

28

1 ch

dust

1?.5

16

29

29

2 do

bro mixed

152

9

34

Hanagam

34

1 do

congou

90

18

38

Yarrow

38

3 do

dust

210

20

39

Ardnss

39

2 do

bro tea

200

9

40

40

1 lif-ch

dust

75

17

41

K (in est. mark) 44

2 ch

bro mixed

170

11

45

45

1 hf-ch

du.st

77

14

i3

Morningside

53

1 ch

congou

100

11

64

54

1 do

dust

159

17

58

Woodlands

58

1 do

dust

115

18

59

59

1 do

red leaf

100

8

75

.8 V(in est. mark)

1 75

1 hf-ch

bro tea

80

14

81

M;ilvern

81

2 do

pekoe sou

110

19

82

8-2

2 do

tannings

110

18.

83

83

1 do

dust

55

13

84

84

2 do

bro tea

110

12

88

Ckiiwela

88

2 hf-ch

br nek fans 140

31

92

Glenella

92

2 cll

dust

300

18

93

93

2 do

red leaf

100

7

91

94

1 do

congou

SO

17

95

95

4 do

fanniiigs

300

22

96 F A finest, marklwo

3 do

bro tea

445

24

96a

96a

1 ch

bro tea

115

24

97

97

2 do

red leaf

196

9

100

8ing:illv Toppe ItO

2 hf-ch

dust

170

24

110

Kennington

110

5 do

bro te.a

250

14

112

D K Estate

112

3 do

bro pek

153

27

113

113

6 do

pekoe

300

21

114

114

‘2 do

pek .son

83

12

115

115

I do

dust

54

18

110

Y

119

0 do

or pek

322

40

123

Lyndhurst

125

8 do

souchong

320

IS

124

12t

4 do

dust

3.59

20

128

Depedene

128

4 do

dust

320

17

129

129

1 do

red leaf

55

8

146

Fernith

146

‘2 cll

pek fans

270

25

147

147

1 do

dust

160

18

156

R. X.

156

3 hf-ch

souchong

98

16 bid

157

1 7

5 do

dust

314

16 bid

158

158

1 do

unas

61

29

159

II. J. H.

159

7 do

bro pek

350

39 bid

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot.

Bo.x. P)c<;s.

Name.

lb.

C.

2

Keenagaha Ella 81

4 cll

bro mix

335

14

3

81

1 do

dust

60

15

4

85

1 do

pekoe

49

out

5

W

87

1 hf-ch

hri) pek fans

84

32

6

89

1 ch

bro tea

no

10

12

Turin

101

4 ch

dust

3s0

28

23

Gonavy

1-23

4 cll

.sou

892

27

•29

Wliydilon

135

1 cii

dust No -2

152

10

36

Kilii

149

3 ch

re 1 leaf

•240

9

50

Elston

177

4 ch

CllllgOll

310

22

.51

179

1 d >

bre pek

105

34

52

Nahavill i

181

2 do

pek

168

28

56

189

3 hf-cll

dust

270

10

60

Kotinvagedera 197

3 lif-cii

dust

‘240

13

63

W 11 R in est.
mark

205

2 ch

fluff

208

withdr’n

05

Kahug.illa

•207

2 ch

dust

200

19

63

1 ikapittia

213

2 cll

pek sou

200

28

69

215

1 ch

son

100

•20

70

217

1 ch

dust

160

19

77

SuiUiganga

231

2 cll

or pek

ISO

35

78

233

6 hf-cll

bro or pek

300

41

7!)

235

1 ch

pek sou

85

SO

SO

2:57

1 box

soil

20

15

89

Y 15 K

255

5 hf-ch

sou

210

19

90

257

2 do

dust

ISO

17

94

New Tunisgalla -265

2 do

•SOU

100

20

95

207

2 do

dust

145

15

96

G in est. nnirk

2()9

2 do

red leaf

86

8

97

271

1 ch

red leaf

85

6

101

Marguerita

279

3 hf-ch

red le.if

1(8

19

102

‘281

1 do

dust

9 1

15

103

•283

4 do

fans

2;0

•28

109

Pati Rajah

•295

3 ch

fans

3:30

•29

118

Faithlie

311

2 ch

dust

300

15

119

313

4 eh

bro tea

380

8

1-24

D.S

3^23

1 ch

pek son

62

29

1-25

Kotuwagcdeni

32 •>

1 hf-ch

bro pek

51

30

126

3-27

I do

pek

48

26

1-27

3’9

1 do

pek son

02

18-

OR.SlHlVKi: IHHNTI.NO WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

NO. 5.

Colombo, February 8, 1897 | cents each 3 copies

‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A.

H. Thompson & Co.—

40,332 lb.]

Lot.

Box. Pkos.

Name.

lb.

C.

2

Rudajia

2 8 hf-ch pek

4(0

23

9

Battalgalla

9 17 ch

pek sou

1700

35

11

B

11 7 ch

bro tea

700

S

13

St. Leonards

on

sea

13 27 ch

bro pek

2700

37

14

14 10 do

pek

950

28

1.5

15 5 do

pek sju

460

24

IS

Vogan

IS 42 ch

bro pek

3990

CO

19

19 35 ch

pek

31.50

38 bid

20

20 25 do

pek sou

2250

29 bid

SI

K D L

31 10 ch

or pek

1048

28

35

Sapitiyagodde 35 44 hf-ch bro tea

2200

63 bid

30

36 30 do

pek

1500

42 bib

37

37 26 do

pek sou

1170

35 bid

38

38 8 do

fans

560

25 bid

39

39 12 do

dust

1020

20 bid

40

Sapitiyagodde 40 27 ch

bro pek

2970

49 bid

41

41 29 hf-ch or pek

1450

44 bid

42

42 27 do

pek

2326

39 bid

43

43 14 ch

pek sou

1400

32 bid

44

44 7 hf ch fans

490

25 bid

45

45 10 do

dust

835

20 bid

51

Detano gala

51 5 hf-ch pek fans

450

22

[Mr. E. John.-

-115,254 lb.]

Lot.

Box. Pk"*..

Name

lb.

c.

1

K N A

.335 8 hf-ch

bro pek

480

39 bid

2

337 10 cli

pekoe

1000

28 bid

s

339 5 do

pek sou

450

25 bid

4

Oonoogaloya

341 24 do

bro pek

2400

46 l>id

5

343 21 do

pekoe

1899

35

6

Gonavy

345 12 do

bro or pek

1248

43

7

347 14 do

bro pek

1400

46

8

349 12 do

pekoe

960

35

9

?51 11 do

pek sou

836

29

10

Tientsin

353 44 hf-ch

or pek

2200

/)5

11

355 9 do

bro pek

540

38

12

357 25 ch

pekoe

2250

48

13

3.59 13 do

pek sou

1170

31 bid

11

361 6 hf-ch

d\ist

450

24

16

Glentilt

365 47 ch

bro pek

4935

45 bid

17

367 27 do

pekoe

2700

40 bid

IS

G T

369 5 do

pekoe

4S0

28

19

Rondura.

371 20 do

bro pek

2100

41 bid

2o

373 19 do

pekoe

161.5

31

21

375 14 do

pek sou

1120

25 bid

24

381 8 do

bro tea

640

17

25

St. .John’s

383 25 hf-ch

bro or pek

1400

1/08

26

385 27 do

or pek

1242

79 bid

27

387 22 do

pekoe

1100

60

28

389 9 do

pek sou

630

47

29

Mocha

391 19 ch

bro or pek

2090

58

30

393 17 do

or pek

1615

55 bid

31

395 12 do

pekoe

1080

50

32

397 14 do

pek sou

1190

44

33

Ivies

399 24 iif-ch

bro pek

1320

50

35

403 33 do

pekoe

1650

30

36

405 13 do

pekoe No. 2

650

28 bid

37

407 32 do

pek sou

1600

25

38

409 6 ch

pek souNo.2 540

21 bid

52

K N

437 31 ch

l ek sou

3100

23 bid

53

439 26 ht-ch

dust

1820

22

54

Blackburn

441 15 ch

b 0 pek

1050

36

55

443 9 do

pekoe

900

27

56

BB

445 5 do

jsek sou

500

21

57

W 11 G

447 8 hf -ch

bro pek

480

30

58

449 6 cli

pekoe

600

28

60

453 6 hf-ch

dust

510

20

62

Agra Ouvah

4.56 73 do

bro or pek

4380

68 bid

63

459 19 do

or lek

1805

67

04

461 16 ch

pekoe

1.520

48

65

Nagur

463 9 do '

bro pek

850

22

60

465 5 do

pek sou

420

10

69

Hunugalla

471 7 do

fan

455

33

71

Cattaratenne

475 30 do

bro pek

3000

40 bid

72

477 21 do

pekoe

2100

30 bid

73

469 12 do

pek sou

1200

24 bid

76

Yahalakela

485 6 do

pek fan

540

36

77

487 4 do

dust

600

20

81

B K

495 9 hf-cli

dust

755

22

82

Kotuwagedera 497 30 ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek

3040

40

499 28 cli

Lot.

Box.

Pk<vs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1 hf-ch

pekoe

2852

29 bid

84

1

16 ell

pek sou

1600

23 bid

86

Meeriatenne

5

21 hf-ch

bro pek

1260

45

87

7

22 do

pekoe

1144

40

88

9

8 do

pek sou

416

34

91

Elston

15

30 cli

1 hf-ch

pek sou

2778

27

92

Teinplestowe

17

35 ch

or pek

3325

.50 bid

91

19

43 do

pekoe

3655

43

94

21

14 do

pek sou

1120

35

95

23

3 do

dust

420

26

97

Meeriatenne

37

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1483

42

98

RI

29

23 ch

bro pek

2530

38

99

31

9 do

nekoe

900

27 bid

[Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 97,443 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pk-.S

. Name.

lb.

c.

1

G W

171

9

ch

sou

720

26

4

174

6

hf-ch

dust

450

21

5

Charlie Hill

175

13

hf-ch

bro pek

650

41

6

176

18

hf-ch

pek

900

29

7

177

20

)if-ch

pek sou

1000

25

10

180

10

do

sou

500

21

13

Ederapolla

183

7

ch

bro mixed

735

11

14

184

20

hf-ch

dust

1600

21

15

Kew

185

8

hf-ch

bro or pek

448

61

17

187

17

do

orange pek 850

56

18

188

11

do

bro pek

660

39

19

189

24

ch

pekoe

2208

48

20

190

12

do

ijek sou

H40

37

21

191

9

hf-ch

clnst

765

20

22

'‘t. Catherine

Cey on

192

14

hf-ch

l)ro pek

770

48

23

193

12

hf-ch

or pek

540

76

24

194

46

hf-ch

pek

2070

30

25

195

40

do

pek sou

1800

24

27

P T N in estate

mark

197

15

hf-cli

bro pekoe

840

36 bid

28

198

14

hf-ch

pekoe

700

25 bid

29

199

11

do

sou

550

20 bid

31

Coinar

201

16

lif-cli

bro or pek

800

43

32

202

1.3

hf-ch

or pek

650

36

33

203

6

cli

pek son

600

28

35

Lonach

205

51

hf-ch

bro pek

2550

42

36

206

24

ch

pek

2470

29 bid

37

207

20

ch

pek sou

1700

26

38

K V

208

30

lif-ch

bro pek fansl500

14 bid

39

Glencoe

209

65

hf-ch

bro pek

3900

44

40

210

8

ch

red leaf

720

10

42

N H L

212

8

ch

pek sou

800

18

43

213

13

hf-ch

dust

1<'92

16 bid

44

Monrovia

214

27

ht-ch

bro pek

13.50

39

45

215

34

ch

pek

3230

29 bid

46

216

7

oh

pek sou

700

21

47

217

6

ch

fans

COO

25

49

A K

219

15

ch

pek

1350

26 bid

50

I.yndhurst

220

47

hf:ch

pek

2115

32

51

Ingrogalla

221

16

ch

bro bek

1600

45 I)id

52

222

18

ch

pek

mo

35

53

223

15

ch pek sou

1350

26

54

I N G in estate

mark

224

4

ch

bro tea

400

20

55

225

6

lif-ch

dust No. 1

450

23

60

226

7

hf-cJi

dust No. 2

525

20

57

227

6

ch

bro pek fans COO

36 bid

58

Harangalla

22s

33

ch

bro pek

31 s5

45 bid

59

229

40

ch

pek

3600

34

60

230

7

ch

pek sou

630

26

61

231

4

ch

Ijro fans

500

32

62

232

4

ch

dust

520

22

66

R N

236

23

ch

l)ro pek

2300

34 bid

67

237

18

ch

pek sou

1620

23 bid

68

Pine Hill

238

60

hf-ch

(iust

4780

23

09

Wattegama

239

42

ch

bro pek

4410

35 bid

70

240

33

ch

pek

3300

27

71

241

56

ch

pek sou

6320

23 bid

72

242

11

ch

dust

780

8

73

Waduwa

243

21

ch

bro pek

2060

33 bid

74

Pelawatte

244

16

ch

pek sou

1600

22 bid

81

261

9

ch

liro pek

90o

35 bid

82

252

6

ch

pek

630

27 bid

«3

R F in estate

253

4

ch

pek sou

400

25

89

mark

259

21

ch

bro sou

1995

9

90

269

6

ch

Killin in estate

1

hf-ch

dust

800

15

92

mark

262

9

ch

pek

855

67

93

Pelawatte

263

17

ch

bro pek

1870

37

94

264

10

do

pek

1050

27 bid

95

265

9

do

pek sou

900

21

83

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

[Messrs. Forbes & M'^alker.— 253,906 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkas.

Name.

11).

C.

3 W

970

5 lif-ch

pekoe

230

22

4 Nusaealla

972

22

do

bro pek

lUO

45 bid

5

974

38

do

pekoe

1900

33

0

976

8

do

pek sou

400

25

8 Midland

980

29

ch

bro tea

2755

21

9

9S2

10

do

dust

800

20

10 Coroen

984

12

do

pek sou

900

31

11

9>0

3

do

dust

4.50

22

13 Harrington

990

16

(lo

or pek

lO-'O

56

14

092

10

do

pekoe

1000

46

18 Oolanane

1000

17

do

bro pek

1700

42

19

2

9

do

pekoe

810

34

‘20

4

5

do

pek sou

4-25

25

22 N

ilialnia

8

0

if-ch

dust

510

12

23 J

2. Venture

10

28

do

pek sou

1,400

25

•24 \

'entiire

12

14

do

dust

1050

17

25 .JI> Bonanii Es

tati! in estate

mark

14

28

ch

bro tea

3218

22

20

16

20

do

congou

1.^00

22

27 Pallesodde

18

26

do

bi'O or pek

2000

44

•2s

20

48

do

bro pek

4560

55

20

22

31

do

pek

2790

35

30

•24

23

ch

pek sou

2185

26

31

2C

U

do

sou

935

21

33

30

27 lif-cli

dust

2295

22

39 Stisted

42

50 hf-oh

bro pek

3"00

47

40

44

•20

do

pekoe

1200

37

41

46

17

do

pek sou

860

27

44 Tliebebton

52

42

ch

bro pek

4 ‘200

40

45

.54

30

do

pekoe

•2700

34

40

56

14

do

pek sou

1260

28

47

58

7

do

i)ro mix

700

17

48

00

5

do

dust

.500

22

48

Ella Oy.i

02

7

do

bro pek

784

44

.50

64

34

do

or pek

3264

40

51

00

15

do

pek sou

1350

33

52

08

0

do

pek fans

090

27

53

M V

70

4

do

bro mix

490

12

54

72

9

do

faniiings

990

29

55

74

4

do

congou

90

i2

57

Wevagoda

78

10

do

bro pek

750

36

1)8

SO

9

do

pekoe

585

2.3

58

82

14

(lo

pek sou

910

15

05

Yatiy..,na

94

8 hf-cll

bro pc- No

2 4:’.2

31

60

96

11

do

pek No 1

010

27

67

93

11

<io

pekoe No. 2 .550

16

70

Dugbar

104

22

(lo

or pek

990

63 bid

71

100

31

(lo

bro pek

1.550

67 bid

72

108

21

ch

pekoe

1785

47

73

110

IS

do

|iek sou

1350

37

74

Hethersett

112

•20

do

bro or pek

•2140

48 bid

70

116

IS

(lo

or pek

13.50

60 bid

77

118

8

(io

police

680

41

77

120

7

(lo

pek sou

530

36

80

BC

1-24

0

ch

dust

738

S3

81

Horaga.skelle

1-26

7

hf-ch

bro p -k

424

40

S3

1.30

12

do

pek sou

C76

20

01

Ascot

140

30

di

bro ])ek

.:420

30

92

148

47

do

pek. e

3.525

34

93

150

12

(lo

pek sou

1080

28 l)id

94

152

5

(lo

pek f.ins

575

34

98

Bmv A

160

13

(lo

bro pek

1300

41

100

104

5

•lo

sou

400

23

103

Ban darawell

a. 170

13

do

bro or pek

780

69

104

172

8

(lo

or pek

800

51

109

Eildon Hall

182

0

(lo

bro tea

600

20

110

Kel vin

184

1

hf-ch

dust

4‘20

19

112

C

188

0

ch

sou

670

21

1-20

T B in estate

mark

204

5

do

dust

500

22

121

‘200

7

do

fans

560

27

1‘23

Oonoonagall

a 210

23

(lo

bro or pek

1955

62

124

•212

43

«'lo

bro pek

3655

54

125

•214

54

do

pekoe

4050

46

120

216

15

(lo

pek .sou

1350

36

127

Oalkadue

218

24

do

bro pek

2400

37

128

1 unkeld

220

17

do

bro pek

1955

48 bid

1‘29

■222

14

(lo

or pek

1400

49

130

224

22

(io

pekoe

2530

38

131

226

8

do

6

o

2 1040

32

141

Chines

240

14

lif-ch

bro or pel

700

43

142

248

34

do

bro piek

1700

53

143

250

29

ch

pekoe

2610

34

144

Erracht

262

18

do

bro pek

1620

52

145

254

10

(io

bro or pek

1000

42

140

•2.-6

33

do

pekoe

2475

31

147

258

13

(io

pek sou

1040

2«

1.54

Castlereagli

•.i72

‘20

do

i)ro pek

2C0II

fill

155

274

10

do

or pek

1410

42

1.50

•276

13

(io

pekoe

1170

39

105

liiinugalla

‘.i94

4

do

red lea.f

400

12

100

Aropolakande 290

38

do

bro or p k

34-20

41

1C7

298

21

(io

bro pek

1890

40

108

300

98

do

pekoe

7840

31

Lot.

Box

Bkg.s.

Naim*.

lb.

C.

169

302

12

cli

jiel.. sou

1080

22

170

303

4

do

dust

440

19

173

Wevekelle

310

10 hf-cll

dust

700

29

178

Dromoland

32(1

5

eh

()ek sou

400

22

181

Torwood

326

19

do

bro |iek

1882

61

182

3'28

32

do

or pek

2065

40

183

330

18

do

pekoe

1584

34

148

332

12

do

pek sou

1032

30

185

Harlow

334

28

do

liro p' k

•2837

41

186

C K 1)

336

ss

do

hvo pe!:

3(W0

39 bid

187

F K

S38

25

dn

pek s 11

2278

22 bid

193

B D W, F

350

12 hf-ch

bro pe No.

2 600

39

194

352

12

do

fans

7-20

38

197

Middleton

358

13

do

bro or pek

650

75 bid

199

362

2.3

(io

pek

2,800

50

200

Napier

364

18

do

bro pek

1,800

56

204

Pansalatenne

372

6

do

conc:«'U

00 1

19

205

Thedden

374

32

do

bro pek

3,200

38 bid

206

376

8

d.)

pel..

7-20

29

207

Glencorse

378

S6

do

bro pek

3,000

45

208

380

20

(io

]^ek

1,800

39

209

382

•23

do

pciv boil

i,S10

29

212

Higli Forest

388

SO hf-ch

Ijro pek

2,016

51

213

Diimmeria

390

10.1

ell

bro or pek 11,330

51

■2i4

3»2

41

do

pek

3,090

40 bid

215

Tonacombe

394

50

(lo

jiek

4,500

4.) bid

•216

A M B,

396

25

do

bro pek sou

2,100

13

223

Koladeuia

410

5

do

bro tea

5S2

24

SMALL LOTS.

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot.

Box

I’kus. Name.

lb.

C.

15

I'ientsiia

S03

1

cli .sou

95

25

22

Rondura

377

3

do fans

330

•29

23

S79

•/

do dust

100

20

34

Irie.s

401

i)

lif-cb bropeiiNo. 2

250

48

39

411

•j

do con

135

14

40

413

•2

do coil No. 2

70

14

41

415

•2

do bro mix

loo

10

42

417

1

do bro iuixNo.2

49

10

43

419

1

do fan

62

25

44

421

o

do dust

150

18

4.5

M M 1*

423

1

do bro pek f ni

GO

31

46

K M M y

4 !5

1

ch l:ro or ;'ck

SO

42

47

4-27

1

d‘) or pel;

85

42

48

4-29

1

do bro pi k

54

37

49

431

2

do pekoe

186

30

00

433

3

do pek 8^ u

‘204

25

51

U R Y

436

1

do pekoe

93

‘28

59

W H G

1«1

4

do .sou

360

25

61

W.irleigh

455

1

do bro or pek

100

49

67

lluuugalla

167

3

do uns

172

IS

08

469

1

do soil

50

9

71

Cattaratenne

481

3

Cll lliiS

1.50

28

75

483

.-

hf-cll pek du -t

330

18

85

Ivotuwagedera

a

1 lif-ch d ust

40

24

89

Meeiiateniie

11

3 box fans

90

23

90

IS

3 box dust

105

19

96

Meeriacotta

•25

1

ch red Ic if

lUO

9

105

G

43

1

do reil leaf

40

9

[Me.SSR.S. a.

H. TnoMi'.soN

o

p

1.^

Lot. Pkers.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Radaga

1

6 Ilf ch bro pek

300

32

3

3

4 do pek sou

200

15

4

N A

4

•2 ch

1 hf-cli bro Irk

245

13

5

5

1 ch

1 hf-ch pek

135

8

6

H in estate mark 6

6 hf-ch bro pek

325

26

7

7

2 ch pci:

180

15

8

8

•2 do pek sou

172

19

10

Battalgalla

10

4 th fans

360

19

12

H

12

2 ch bro t< a

•200

9

16

fit. Leonards on

sea

10

2 ch f.ins

200

20

17

17

1 do bro mixed

100

14

21

Agr.a Elbcdde

21

5 lif-cli dust

374

25 bid

22

Belugas

22

3 cb sou

255

15

23

2's

1 hf-cll red leaf

47

9

2.1

K G K

■24

3 ch red leaf

;;oo

9

20

I'giesido

•20

2 cIi bro mixed

•230

13 bid

27

Woodend

27

1 hf-cli bro pek

50

30 bid

28

28

1 do j)ek

fill

25 bid

•29

■29

1 do pek sou

.'0

l(i bid

30

30

1. ch con

75

12

32

1)

32

1 cll ims

no

‘20

.33

33

3 do soiicliong

385

19 bid

34

34

1 do dust

74

16

49

A

49

49 ch red leaf

180

8

60

I) R in estate

mark

Ml

1 ch or pek

96

34

f2

Monkton Wyld 52

3 hf-ch bro or ju-k

135

34 l)id

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST.

3

[MES.SRS. Somerville & Co.]

Lot.

Box

. Pkps.

Name.

lb.

C,

•2

G W

172

1

ch

red leaf

75

7

3

173

6

Ilf ch

fans

860

.).!

S

Charlie Hill

178

1

hf-ch pek No. 2

50

27

9

179

1

do

pek son No

2 50

?4

11

181

6

hf-eh pek fans

360

28

12

182

1

do

red leaf

50

9

26

St Catherine,

Ceylon

196

1

hf-ch dust

75

17

30

P T N in estate

mark

200

2

lif-ch dust

160

19

34

Comar

204

3

ch

pek sou

30*

24

41

Glencoe

211

2

cJi

sou

180

18

48

Monrovia

218

1

ch

dust

130

19

63

RC TF in estate

mark

233

1

oh

s»u

130

10

64

Roseneath

234

2

do

dust

160

12 bid

65

235

1

do

.sou

00

11

75

H T in estate

mark

245

2

lif-ch

!)ro pek

90

32 bid

76

246

1

ch

]jek

110

27

77

247

2

do

pek sou

200

20

78

243

2

hf-ch lu'oken tea

100

11

79

249

2

do

dust

100

20

SO

250

2

ch

dust

260

22

84

Pelawatte

2.54

2

ch

souchong-

1S2

21

85

255

1

cli

red le.af

100

11

SG

256

5

hf-ch

dust

375

18

91

Ro.seneatli

261

2

ch

red leaf

173

9

[Milssrs. Fokbe.s

&■ Walker.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

11)

C.

2

\V

963

1 llf-Cll

hro pek

318

34

7

978

2 do

dust

170

23

12

Coreen

988

3 ch

red leaf

270

9

15

Harrington

994

2 do

peic sou

200

35

16

996

2 do

dust

210

23

17

Oolapane

998

0 lif-cli

liro or pek

SGdI

45

21

6

3 do

dust

•240

21

•jn

Pallegodde

28

2 ch

bro tea

160

10

42

.Stisted

48

2 hf-ch

dust

160

21

43

50

2 do

unassorted

9-2

10

56

M V

76

1 ch

dust

90

10

60

Wevagoda

84

4 do

pek fans

300

16

61

86

1 do

pek dust

100

15

62

88

3 do

sou

195

11

63

Yatiyaiia

90

3 hf-ch

or pek

ISO

45

64

92

5 do

bro pe No. 1

3(0

39

68

100

1 do

dust

60

•20

69

102

1 do

congou

.50

16

75

Hethersett

114

2 ch

bro pek

242

38 bid

79-

122

2 do

pek fans

IGS

33

82

Horagaskelle

12S

7 hf-ch

pek

358

•28

84

132

1 llf-Cll

bro mixed

52

10

99

B D W, A

162

1 do

pek ■ on

90

25

111

Kelvin

180

1 do

brs mfxed

63

26

113

Jarabugaha

190

2 do

bro pek

149

32

114

192

3 do

pek

165

28

115

194

0 do

p< k sou

300

20

116

198

7 do

sou

349

12

122

T B in e-tate
in mark

i'08

6 do

congou

390

14

132

Dunkeld

228

2 ch

pek sou

200

28

133

230

2 do

red leaf

190

10

134

232

2 do

dust

340

20

157

Castlereagh

278

4 ch

pek sou

360

28

158

230

4 do

pjksou No 2

320

•24

159

282

2 hf-ch

pek fans

140

27

160

284

2 do

dust

160

21

161

Wevekelle

286

1 do

bro pek

50

40

162

288

1 do

or pek

50

30

163

290

1 do

pekoe

40

24

164

292

1 do

pek soil

40

•20

171

Wevekelle

304

2 ch

red leaf

20j

8

172

308

5 hf-ch

bro tea

2-25

22

174

312

2 do

bro or pek

100

43

175

314

4 do

or pek

200

40

176

316

2 do

pekoe
^ pek sou

100

29

177

318

2 do

100

23

179

Dromoland

322

2 dr

dust

280

20

180

324

1 do

red leaf dust 150

10

188

Panmnre

340

G hf-ch

red leaf

342

9

189

342

4 do

unas

240

26

195

B D W, P

354

4 hf-ch

dust

348

24

196

356

2 do

red leaf

285

12

201

L N S in estate
mark 366

1 hf-cli

bro pek

37

33

202

368

2 do

pek sou

126

24

203

370

1 do

dust

50

•20

210

Glencorse

384

1 ch

pek fans

132

23

211

386

1 do

dust

170

21

217

Dambagalla

398

7 hf-ch

sou

318

23

218

Lindoola

4UO

1 ch

pek sou

80

21

Imt. Box,

219 U A Tin estate

Bk"s.

Name

lb.

c.

mark

402

2 ch

pek .sou

220

20

220 I) B R

404

1 do

dust

150

20

2-21

•106

1 do

dust

75

20

2^22 Langdale

403

3 do

fans

3D0

25

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

Mixcino Lane, Jan. 8, 1897.

Marks ajid pricGS of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 8th Jan.

Ex “.Shropshire”— Kelhurne, 3e 113s; 4c 2b 107s; lb 93s;
lb lOS.s; lb 101s (id; 1 b.ag 101s.

Ex “Yorkshire”— II Loudon, in estate »i«rk, 8 bags 41s;
1 bag s d 40s.

Ex “Glaucus”— .Stafford, 5c 101s Cd; 7c 99s Gd.

N.B. — No cocoa sales this week.

Mincing Lane, Jan. 15.

Ex “Manila” — 1 GA Oiivah in estate mark, 1 cask 103s;
1 barrel 1 cast 99s. 1 barrel 9Ss Cd. PB Ou\ah in estate
mark, 1 barrel 100s. T Ouvali in estate mark, 1 barrel 73s;
1 AG Oiivah in estate mark, 3 bags 70s; 2 bags 63s. PB
Ouvah in estate mark, 1 bag 71s. 1 BJ Ourah in estate
mark, 4 bags out. PB Ouvah in estate mark, 1 bag out.

Ex “Sarpedon”— Jleeriabedde F in estate mark, 1 tierce
121s; 4 casks 1 tiei'ce 114s. 5 casks 103. Meeviibedde .S iu
estate mark, 1 barrel 92s. Meeriabedde PB in estate mark,

1 cask 129s. MBT in e.state mark, 1 cask SGs. Meei.iabedde,

2 bags ovtkrs. 107s Od.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “Keemun” — Amba. 27 bag.s 4Ss; 2 bags 2Ss Cd.

Ex “.Shrophire”- Hylton, 41 bags 00s: 7 bags (sd)4.3.s_
HYLS in estate mark, 2 bag.s 40s. Mukalane. 30 bags COs.

1 bag 38s; 3 bags 3Ss 6d: 45 bags 01s Od. Marakona, 82 bags
58s Gd; 3 bags 38s; 4 bags3Gs6d. Armagh, 18 bags 55s Gd;

2 bags (s d) 44s; 1 bag 3Ss; 1 bag (s d) 36s. Pandappa, 15
bags 5Cs Gd; 2 bags (s d) 4.5s Gd; 1 bag 38s. Meegama, 25
bags 63s Gd; 1 bag 40s; I bag 38s: 1 bag 33s. IIGA, 34 bag.s
48s; 18 bags 4Gs. HK, 24 or 25 bags 54s. 1 bag 30s; 1 bag
33s. Asgeria, 30 bags G'.is Gd; 1 bag 33s. No. 1, Coodul-
galla, 8 bags 33s Cd. The B:indarapol:i, Ceylon Co., Ld.,
24 bags oGs Od.

Ex “Hispania”— Gangwarily, G bags 70s Gd; 2 bags 4?s.

CEYLON CA.EDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Ex “Glenearn” — MAC, Ic 2sfd;lc 2s 8d.

Ex “Glaucus” — Nella Oolla, 4c 2s lid; 2c 2s 7d: 2c 2s Id;
Ic 4s. Nagalla, 2c 3s; 2c 2s lid; 2c 2s 9d. Ic 3s lid.
Katooloya, 3c 3s lOd; 5c 3s 4d: 4c 3s Id; 3c2sSd; 18c2sld;
3c seeds 4s; Ic seeds 3s lid. Gallantcnue, 5c 3s id; 2c 3s
7d; 4c 3s 2d; 2c seeds 3s lOd; 4c seeds 3s 9d;. Elkadmi,
8e Ss 3d; 4c 3s 4d; 14c 2s 9d; 6c 2s lOd; lc2s 8d; Sc2s0<l
Ic 2s 5d; 2c Is lOd. Knuckles, Ic 3s lOd; 3c 3s Cd; 4c3s;
IC 2s 7d; 4c 2s Gd; Ic seed 3s lOd.

Ex "Bullioni't”— AGA in estate mark, 7c 2s Cd.

Ex “Manilla,”— Midland.s, 2c 3s lid; 3c3.sGd; 2c 3s 3d; 2c
3s Id; 8e 2s 3d; Ic seeds 3s 8d.

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:

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

NO. 6.

Colombo, February 15, 1897.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

Lot.

j Price ; — 12§ cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

Box. Pkgs, Name. lb. c.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 27,882 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

7

Hornsey

7

11

ch

pek s\iu

1100

32

9

St. Leonards

on

Sea

9

28

ch

bro pek

2800

40

10

10

11

do

pekoe

1045

28

12

Vogan

12

29

do

bro pek

2755

58

13

13

24

do

pekoe

2160

37

14

14

22

do

pek sou

1980

33

17

Wangiya

17

13

hf-ch

bro tea

1300

9

21

M K

21

5

ch

bro pek fans

519

14 bid

22

22

6

do

congou

521

out

23

RT

23

13

ch

bro pek

1560

22 bid

24

24

5

do

pekoe

560

out

25

25

6

do

pek son

672

12 bid

26

T W

26

hf-ch

1

box

dust

692

14 bid

28

K D

28

3

ch

dust

425

out

32

Manickwatte

A

32

18

ch

bro pek

1965

38 bid

33

33

16

do

or pek

1440

40 bid

34

34

19

do

pekoe

1674

31

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker. — 290,007 lb.]

Lot.

Box. Pkes.

Name.

lb.

c.

7

B W

424

6 do

pek dust

821

22

8

F S

426

9 ch

dust

1017

14

9

0 G C, in estate
mark 428

13 ch

fans

1615

22

10

Kelaneiya

430

30 do

bro pek

2550

49

11

432

25 do

pekoe

2500

39

12

Great Valley

434

14 ch

bro pek

1610

62 bid

13

436

20 do

or pek

2000

43 bid

14

438

20 do

pekoe

2000

35

15

440

10 do

pek sou

900

27

16

Gampaha

442

29 ch

bro or pek

2900

54

17

444

43 do

or pek

3870

46

18

446

IS do

pekoe

1890

42

19

448

7 do

pek sou

630

37

20

450

13 do

dust

1170

24

21

Kirklees

4 52

63 hf-ch

bro or pek

3780

59

22

454

17 ch

pekoe

1530

48

23

456

17 do

pek sou

1630

36 bid

25

460

4 do

fans

464

29

27

High Forest

464

53 hf-ch

bro or pek

2968

50

28

466

29 do

or pek

1450

42

29

468

22 do

pekoe

1100

38

30

470

16 do

pek sou

720

32

31

472

9 ch

pek dust

720

22

33

Amblakande

476

10 do

bro pek

950

44

31

478

12 do

pekoe

1020

33

3)

480

5 do

pek sou

500

28

42

ErroUwood

494

28 hf-ch

bro pek

1540

67

43

496

20 ch

pekoe

1800

54

44

Agra Oya

•498

27 ch

bro pek

1485

49

45

500

29 do

pekoe

1700

37

46

Gallawatte

602

15 ch

bro pek

1600

88

47

504

27 do

or peK

2295

39

48

506

28 do

pek

2520

33

49

508

6 do

pek sou

600

25

50

Clyde

510

34 ch

bro pek

34t0

'48

61

512

54 do

pekoe

4860

33

62

514

12 do

pek sou

1030

29

54

618

4 do

dust

560

19

55

Naseby

520

51 hf-ch

bro pek

2805

78

67

622

33 do

pekoe

1485

62

o8

524

5 do

dust

400

38

58

Deaculla

528

26 ch

bro p ik

1560

51

59

528

20 do

pekoe
bro pek

1500

37

62

Anningkande

534

36 do

3960

42

63

536

29 do

pekoe

2900

33

64

538

9 do

pek sou

900

28

65

540

10 hf-ch

dust

760

18

66

542

5 ch

congou

500

22

68

Ella Oya

546

21 do

bro pek

2016

39

69

648

13 do

pekoe

1170

29 bid

70

B D W P

550

43 hf-ch

bro pek

2150

41

71

B D W A

552

13 hf-ch

bro pek

715

43

72

554

20 do

mixed tea

1410

29

73

Monkswood

556

30 do

bro pek

1500

85

74

■5.58

60 do

or pek

2260

60

75

Deaculla

560

46 hf-ch

bro pek

2760

49

76

562

40 ch

pekoe

3000

37

77

564

6 hf-ch

pek sou

450

25

78

666

5 do

dust

400

23

80

Malvern

670

24 ch

bro pek

1440

48

81

E

572

4 do

bro oek

400

37

83

570

9 ■ do

fans

900

18

85

Polatagama

530

51

ch

bro pek

6100

45

86

582

44

do

pekoe

4400

31

87

584

13

do

pek -sou

13 0

24

88

586

6

do

do No 2

6 0

21

89

588

23

do

fans

2300

38

94

Clunes

598

23

ch

pekoe

2070

28

95

600

13

do

pek sou

1170

25

96

602

45

do

bro pek fan

2475

40

97

Killarney

604

68 hf-ch

bro or pek

3480

51 bid

98

606

19

ch

or pek

1520

60

99

608

15

do

pekoe

750

48

100

610

5

do

pek sou

r50

40

101

Harrington

612

10

do

or pek

1050

62

102

614

7

do

pekoe

700

43

10-5

Harrington

620

9

do

or pek

945

62

106

622

6

do

pekoe

600

42

112

Tavalamtenne

634

6

ch

bro pek

660

63

113

636

7

do

pekoe

735

40

115

Semba watte

640

19

do

bro tea

1425

11

117

Lochiel

614

35 box

bro or pek

700

64

118

646

25

ch

bro pek

2375

50 bid

119

648

20

do

pekoe

1700

47

121

652

3

do

dust

420

22

122

Radella

654

28

do

bro pek

28U0

65

123

656

27

do

pekoe

2430

43

124

658

12

do

pek sou

1080

31

125

Meemoraoya

660

11 :

hf-ch

bro pek

440

.36

126

662

16

do

pekoe

640

25

129

B D W A

668

8

do

dust

720

20

133

Geragama

676

28

ch

bro pek

2800

45

134

678

14

do

pekoe

1400

39

135

680

14

do

pek sou

1260

28

136

PO

682

4

ch

dust

480

20

137

B C

684

15

do

bro pek fan

,1800

32 bid

138

Weyunga-

watte

686

9

ch

bro or pek

900

40

139

638

20

do

or pek

1800

39

140

690

28

do

do

2660

38

141

692

23

do

pekoe

1955

31

142

694

28

do

do

2240

31

143

696

5

do

pek sou

500

27

153

Queensland

716

10

ch

or pek

950

57

154

718

38

do

pekoe

3230

46

158

A

726

17

hf-ch

or pek

850

withd’n.

160

Galatota

730

8

do

pekoe

416

19

161

730

8

do

pek sou

422

15

166

Langdale

742

29

do

bro pek

3480

52

167

744

44

do

pekoe

4400

44

168

746

9

do

pek sou

810

34

m

B D W

752

35

ch

pi k sou

2975

15

172

Ascot

764

12

do

pek sou

1080

27

178

Pansalatenne

766

17

ch

bro pek

1785

40

179

768

14

do

pekoe

1400

41

180

770

14

do

pek sou

1330

29

184

Ireby

778

51

hf-ch

bro pek

3060

58

185

780

17

ch

pekoe

1530

48

186

782

7

do

pek sou

630

42

188

Glecgariff

786

33 ;

hf-ch

or pek

1485

41

189

788

37

do

bro pek

2035

43

190

790

25

do

pekoe

1760

36

191

792

26

do

pek sou

1560

28

193

Taigas wela

796

72

ch

bro pek

6480

43 bid

194

798

8

do

do No 2

880

33

195

800

10

do

pekoe

900

36

196

802

10

do

pek sou

900

29

197

Blairgewrie

804

18

ch

or pek

17^6

oa

199

808

12

do

pek

960

>47

201

Hethersett

812

20

do

bro or pek

2140

46 bid

203

816

18

do

or pek

1350

65 bid

204

G B A

818

13

ch

bro pek

1300

47 bid

205

820

15

do

pekoe

1350

32 bid

203

822

6

do

pek sou

640

28

203

826

4

do

or pek

400

.47

211

Hopton

83-2

36

do

bro pek

36u0

43 bid

212

834

8

do

or pek

800

46

213

836

31

do

pekoe

2790

30

214

838

16

do

pek sou

1440

26

215

840

<

do

sou

630

19

216

842

5

do

dust

600

13

218

C M, in estate

mark

846

41 box

bro orpsk

410

78

224

Ookoowatte

868

8

ch

bro pek

800

39

225

860

6

do

pekoe

640

32

226

862

5

do

pek sou

450

,31

227

864

33 hf-ch

sou

1660

26

228

,866

6

do

dust

480

.23

230

Farnham

870

23

do

bro pek

1242

67

231

872

28

do

pekoe

1410

40

232

874

20

do

pek sou

920

31

238

S K

886

12

ch

bro pek fan

1660

37

241

Kalupahana

892

13 hf-ch

, pekoe

650

23

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

[Mr.

E.

John.—

217,263 lb.]

Lot.

Bo.\.

Pkg.8.

Name

lb.

C.

Lot. Bo.x.

Pktrk.

Name

lb.

C.

140

Westliall

323

4

ch

pek sou

400

26

1 A

45

7

ch

unas

812

31 bid

143

329

26

do

bro mi.\

2210

13

2 B K

47

17 lif-cli

dust

1613

17

144

Logan

331

25

do

bro pek

2500

43 bid

4 Uiliv

51

12

do

bro pek

792

24

145

333

18

do

pekoe

1620

34

5

53

10

ch

peUoe

950

20

14(5

N B

335

21

do

pek sou

1890

28

6 GST

55

15

do

br pe fans

1805

31 bid

148

339

9

do

SOU

900

28 bid

7 Poilakaiula

57

36 hf-ch

bro pek

1975

53

149

K X A

341

9

do

dust

1332

25

8

69

34

ch

150

343

8 hf-ch

bro pek

480

39

1 hf-ch

pekoe

3110

33

151

345

10

do

pekoe

1000

26 bid

9

61

40

ch

])ek sou

3200

27

152

Ganipaya

34 /

5

do

pek sou

450

out

10

63

11 hf-ch

Or pe fans

770

25

153

349

39 hf-ch

fans

1950

12 bid

11 Ottery & .Stam-

154

A

5!

31

do

pekoe

15.50

25jbid

ford Uill

65

28

ch

bro pek

2800

60 bid

155

R53

41

do

pek .sou

1875

24 bid

12

67

30

do

or pek

2550

53 bid

156

355

23

do

fans

lii-iO

27

13

16 R B

09

75

44

do

do

pekoe
pek fans

3960

2420

43 bid
24 bid

157

357

59

do

dust

5310

17 bid

17 Avratenne

18

20 Alliady

73

79

83

7

7

26

do

do

do

bro pek
pekoe
bro pek

840

700

2600

38

23 bid
50

[A1ES.SRS. tiOMERVIBLE CO.— 23.347J 11).]

Lot. Box. PktfS. Name. II) e.

21

85

23

do

pekoe

2070

32 bid

1

G

271

4

ch

SOU

440

20

32

87

7

do

j)ck sou

560

26

2

R in estate

pekoe

26 CN

95

8

do

bi'o tea

800

11 bid

mark

272

11 lif-ch

572

27

27 E T K

1)7

11 hf-di

pekoe

550

32

4

Nugawella

274

18

do

bro or pek 1089

46

28

99

6

do

dust

480

22

5

275

IS

do

orange pek

990

53

29

101

12

ch

pek fans

1560

26

6

270

48

(lo

pek

2400

40

30 Glassaug)i

103

47 hf-ch

b 0 pek

2585

57 bid

7

277

7

cli

pek sru

595

28

31

105

34

ch

pekoe

3060

50

9

Ivanhoe

279

28 hf-cli

bro pek

14l'0

47 bid

32

107

13

do

pek sou

1105

41

10

280

33

ch

pekoe

2979

30 bid

33 p;lstoii

109

41

do

pe sou No.2

3690

27

11

28 1

13

do

pek sou

1170

34

37 Brownlow

117

19

do

bro or pek

2090

59

12

282

c

do

SOU

540

27

38

119

26

do

or pek

2160

46

13

V in estate

39

121

42

do

pekoe

4i0n

43

mark

283

12

do

dust

16S0

21

40

123

20

do

pek sou

1840

36

10

Koorooloogalla

280

14

(lo

bro pek

1400

47

41

] 25

8 lif-cli

br pe fins

584

35

17

287

13

do

pek

1300

36

42

127

6

do

pek fans

498

30

19

2S9

4

clo

fans

400

24

43 Maddagedera

129

52

ch

bro pek

5200

43 bid

21

RT E

291

0

(lo

pek sou

540

24

44

131

33

do

pekoe

2970

30 bid

22

292

8 hf-ch

fans

600

25

45

133

27

(lo

pek s<iu

2295

27

23

293

28

do

chat

2520

IS

46

1 35

5

do

br pe fans

575

27

25

White Cross

295

46

ch

hi'o pekoe

4725

39

nO Eila

143

42

do

bro pek

3780

49

26

296

36

do

pekoe

3420

31

51

145

28.

do

pekoe

2240

33

27

297

26

(lo

pek sou

2340

24

52

147

14

do

pek sou

1190

27

30

C T A in est.

53

149

10

do

fans

950

38

mark

300

5

if-ch

dust

4f0

20

54

151

i

(lo

dust

S4«

22

31

Mahatenne

1

•20

cl)

hro pek

2000-,

£8 Bameliore

159

30

ch

bro pek

3150

50

32

2

17

do

pek

1700

1 with dll.

59

101

27

do

pekoe

2430

42 bid

33

3

17

(lo

pek sou

1700

00

163

25

do

pek sou

2125

28 bid

34

Ritni in esbite

64 Ronditra

171

14

do

pek sou

1120

23 bid

niiuk

4

9 hf-ch

liro pek

510

40

''0 Hiialouvah

183

8

do

pek sou

040

26 bid

35

5

12

do

pek

6C0

38

73 Y li K

189

12 hf-ch

bro pek

720

30

40

S L in estate ,

74

191

22

do

pekoe

1012

24

mark

10

0

(Lo

dust

480

21

77 Claremont

197

32

do

bro or pek

1706

47

41

11

29

ch

hro mixed

2755

12

78

199

12

ch

pekoe

1080

32

51

Malvern

21

9

do

hro pek

990)

99

201

5

do

pek sou

425

26

52

22

15

do

pek

1,500

withdn.

82 .Maskeliya

207

22

do

br.j or pek

2200

50 bid

53

23

8

do

pek sou

800

83

209

27

do

(ii- 1 ek

27i 0

40 bid

57

Ovoca, A

27

20

(lo

bro or pek

2200

58

84

211

18

do

pekoe

I860

34 bid

58

28

22

do

or pek

2200

52

85

213

19

do

pek sou

1900

32

59

29

is

do

pekoe

1800

40

87

217

7

(lo

br pe fans

490

33

60

Maligatenne

30

5

do

l)ro pek

5.50

36

89 Attabagie

221

27 bf ch

unas

1350

29

61

31

D

do

pek

500

26

90 ABB

223

7

do

fans

420

8

62

32

2

do

bro sou

800

25

92 Murraytliwaite

227

34

ch

bro pek

3400

33 bid

68

Annadale

38

10

do

pek sou

1712

49 bid

93

229

21

llo

pekot

1680

23 bid

69

39

33

(lo

pek

2805

c7

98 Maryland

239

5

(io

bro pek

550

39

70

Pussetenne

40

10

do

In-o pek

1050

47

99

241

5

do

pekoe

525

27

71

41

8

(lo

01- pek

720

4S

100 Caledonia

243

6

do

oro pek

570

34

72

42

11

do

pek

1100

39

101

245

7

(lo

pekoe

630

26

73

43

i

(lo

pek sou

595

29

106 Cattaratenne

255

36

(lo

bro pek

3000

39

70

Orion

40

0

hf-ch

bor pek

4500

39

107

257

21

do

pekoe

2100

29 bid

77

47

08

do

pek

3060

35

108

259

12

(lo

pek sou

1200

26

78

48

25

do

pek sou

1125

26

109 Gla.sgow

261

60

(lo

bro or pek

4.560

68 bid

79

49

, 6

(lo

dust

420

20

no

263

30 lif-ch

or pek

1800

51 bid

80

G Watte

50

29

(lo

lu o pek

1450

37

111

265

30

cli

pekoe

2850

47 bid

81

51

29

do

pekoe

1305

27 bid

112 Kotuwagedera

267

28

do

85

Rayigam

55

10

cl)

bro pek

1600

14

1 hf-ch

pekoe

2S.'^2

20 bid

86

56

24

do

pek

2040

31

11,3

269

10

ch

pek .sou

1600

20 bid

87

67

22

do

pek sou

1870

26

114. NK

271

57 Iif-ch

pek fans

3705

26

88

58

11

(lo

bro pe fans 1100

30 bid

115 .S J. in estate

89

59

3

(lo

dusL

4''5

19

mark

273

12

ch

or pek fans

1680

35

90

R V W

60

7

do

bro fek

770

38

1 16 Ea della

275

39

flo

bro pek

3400

34 bid

95

R T in estate

117

277

30

do

pekoe

2700

28

mark

05

4

do

dust

480

20

118

279

20

do

pek sou

1000

24

06

Alutkelle

66

14 hfah

bro pek

784

32 bid

119 E n

281

11

do

dust

905

15

97

California

07

18

do

pekoe

900

25 bid

120

283

11

(lo

fans

770

18

104

74

5

ch

bro pek

475

39

121 R W

285

29 hf-ch

bro pek

1780

34 bid

105

(0

10

(Iw

pekoe

1060

28

122

287

49

ch

pek sou

4395

26 bid

1 hf-cli

123

289

5

do

106

70

5

ch

iiek .sou

600

24

1 hf-ch

dust

800

17

108

Citrus

78

17

do

bro pek

1700

38

128 11 I’ N

299

29 hf-ch

bro pek

14.50

40 bid-

109

70

25

do

pek

2260

29

129

301

27

ch

pekoe

2326

36 bid

111

81

7

do

fans

686

32

ISO D

303

17

do

unas

1700

27

112

82

3

do

dust

404

20

13.3 Kotuwagedera

309

12

do

bro pek

1200

39 bid

119

I P

80

30

ch

pek sou

2700

24

311

13

do

pekoe

1235

28 bid

120

90

12

hf-ch

dust

984

21

313

7

do

pek sou

595

24

121

DBG

91

4

ch

tiro mix

400

9

136

315

6

do

i)ek sou

400

23

122

92

10

do

bins

1(H)0

19

138 Dickapitiya

.319

28

(lo

oro pek

3080

45

123

93

10 hf-ch

dust

8(H)

19

139

321

23

(lo

pekoe

2300

30 bid

124

Penrith

94

41

Cll

bro pek

4100

48

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

126

95 34 ch

pek

2720

33 bid

126

96 32 do

pek sou

2880

28

127

97 4 do

pek fans

520

24

131 Aukamla

101 31 do

bro pek

2945

37

132

102 28 do

pek

2100

29

134

104 8 do

unas

640

27

1 3G Chetnole

106 6 do

pek sou

COO

25

138 Galcolua

108 15 do

bro pek

1600

41 bid

139

109 9 do

or pek

765

43 bid

140

110 17 do

pek

1525

32 bid

142 Labugania

112 21 hf-ch

bro pek

1050

48 bid

143

113 18 ch

pek

1620

34

144

114 18 do

pek sou

1440

27

146

116 12 do

fans

1020

12 bid

147

118 9 do

red leaf

1050

8

148 Patulpana

118 L*; hf-ch

brc> pek

825

32

149

119 10 do

pek

590

23

152 Ranasingli.apatne

Haputale in est.

mark

122 24 ch

pek sou

1968

30

153

123 31 do

pek

2573

38

154

124 34 do

or pek

3128

43 bid

155

125 23 hf-ch

bro pek

126.5

46 bid

156

126 23 do

bro or pek

1495

50 bid

157

127 43 ch

bro pek

4730

47 bid

158

128 41 do

pekoe

3690

37 bid

159

129 45 hf-ch

pek fans

2700

2 j

160 Rothes

130 13 do

bro pek

624

70

J6l

131 18 do

pekoe

720

48

170 XJkuwella

140 38 do

bro pek

3800

39

171

141 36 do

pek

360U

28

172

142 25 do

pek sou

2500

21

174 Minna

144 74 hf-ch

bro pek

4440

51 bid

175

145 80 do

pekoe

4000

39 bid

176

146 57 ch

pek .sou

5130

30 bid

177 W T

147 15 hf-ch

bro pek

795

29 bid

179

149 14 do

unas

672

19

181 Sirisancla

151 18 do

bro pek

900

59

182

152 28 do

pek

1400

32

183

153 16 do

pek sou

950

27

186 Lymlhurst

156 30 do

bro pek

1500

44

187

157 44 do

pek

1980

33 bid

188

158 59 do

pek sou

236'1

26

192 New Valley

192 21 ell

bro or pek

2310

56

193

193 24 do

or pek

2400

56

194

194 30 do

pekoe

3000

47

195

J D5 12 do

pek sou

1200

39

SMALL LUTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thojipson &

Co.]

Lot. Pk<(s. Name.

lb.

c.

i -P

1 1 ch

pekoe

90

16

2 M

2 2 hf-ch

pekoe

UI8

out

3

3 2 ch

pek sou

190

out

4

4 1 do

dust

130

16

5 Agar’s Land

5 1 do

pekoe

50

20

6

6 1 lif-ch

unas

49

13

8 Hornsey

8 4 ch

fans

360

22

11 St. Leonards on

Sea

11 4 ch

pek sou

360

18 bid

15 Wangiya

15 2 hf-ch

fans

120

16 bid

10

16 1 do

SOU

KiO

] 1 bid

18 Ugieside

18 4 ch

dust

320

22

19

19 2 do

bro ini.xed

230

14 bid

20 M K

20 2 do

bro pek

160

15 l)id

27 U

27 4 ch

bro tea

380

8 bid

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot.

Box. Pkgs

. Name.

lb.

C.

3 BK

49 1 ch

1 hf-ch

bro tea

142

9

14 Ottery&Stam

ford Hill

71 1 ch

SOU

105

20

15

73 1 do

dust

104

23

19 Ar. atenne

81 1 ch

pek sou

100

2j

23 Alliady

89 3 ch

dust

300

•21

24 A

91 2 ch

'dust

228

21

25 Peakside

93 4 hf-ch

dust

240

•21

34 M R

111 3 do

dust

270

20

35

113 4 do

fan

300

26

36

115 2 ch

bro mix

200

8

47 llenegamA

137 0 hf-ch

dust

450

20

48

139 2 do

bro mix

120

11

49 S

141 4 ch

pek sou

329

21

61 Lameliere

165 4 hf-ch

pek fan

340

24

62 E M R

167 2 ch

bro pek fan

183

•25

169 1 do

dust

100

19

71 Hiralouvah

185 3 hf-ch

dust

180

20

72

187 2 ch

bro mix

200

9

Lot.

Box.

Bkg.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

75

Y B K

193

9 hf-ch

SOU

342

2J

76

195

3 ch

dust

270

21

80

Anamallai

203

3 hf-ch

dust

255

19

81

Farm

205

4 ch

dust

324

22

86

Maskeliya

215

3 hf-cli

dust

270

22

88

Attabagie

219

1 do

bro or pek

55

20

91

A K L

225

3 do

dust

240

12

94

Murraythwaxte 231

3 ch

pek sou

240

19

95

233

1 do

sou

SO

18

96

235

2 do

bro mix

230

25

97

237

1 do

dust

140

20

102

Caledonia

247

3 cli

pek sou

270

21

103

249

1 do

SOU

75

19

104

251

1 do

dust

102

IS

105

253

2 do

red leaf

150

9

ioi

D

305

2 do

SOU

172

20

132

307

1 hf-ch

dust

G7

20

i’6i

Kotuwagedera317

1 cli

dust

no

21

141

Hickaiutiya

3-25

2 do

dust

320

•20

142

Cadoola

327

3 do

dust

300

l.S

147

Logan

337

3 hf-ch

bro pek fan

168

25

[MESSR.S, EoRBE.8

& Walker.]

Lot.

Box.

Fkg.s.

Name.

lb.

c.

1

Lauriston

412

2 hf-ch

bro tea

100

20

2

414

4 do

dust

360

17

24

KiriR-es

458

3 hf-ch

congou

165

15

26

4 02

2 do

dust

170

25

32

High Forest

474

1 do

red leaf

56

9

53

Clyde

516

3 do

fans

300

36

60

K W D, ill e tate

mark

5.30

2 hf-ch

bro pek dust

124

20

61

5-32

4 do

dust

£00

12

67

Anningkande

544

1 c)i

red leaf

100

10

79

Deaculla

508

3 lif-ch

bro mixed

240

25

82

E

574

1 do

pekoe

54

20

84

B F B

578

1 do

unas

63

15

103

Harrington

010

2 ch

pek on

200

33

104

618

1 do

dust

120

22

107

Harrington

024

1 do

pek son

100

33

103

026

1 do

dust

145

109

M E

620

1 ch

pekoe

63

27

110

630

2 hf ch

dust

175

20

111

E

032

1 do

bro pek

50

40

114

lavalamtenne 638

1 ch

dust

147

23

116

Sembawatte

042

1 do

bro mixed

90

11

120

Lochiel

650

3 do

pek sou

285

30

127

Meemoraoya

001

2 hf-ch

pek sou

SO

IS

1-28

006

2 do

dust

100

20

130

B D W A

670

5 do

congou

250

21

131

072

5 do

fans

350

13

132

. 74

4 do

bro mixed

220

10

144

M eyunga-

watte

098

2 cli

dust

170

21

151

Riingwella

712

1 do

congou

180

14

152

t alamaly

714

1 do

bro pek sou

20

155

Queensland

7-20

2 ch

llllSt

160

23

156

K

722

2 do

dust

300

20

157

724

1 do

sou

100

21

159

Calatota

728

4 hf-cli

bro pek

224

34

162

734

1 do

dust

55

12

163

736

1 do

red leaf

52

8

169

Langdale

748

1 ch

fans

130

25

170

750

3 do

dust

390

22

ISl

PansalateniK

772

3 do

fans

330

30

182

V 4

3 do

congou

300

20

183

776

4 hf-ch

dust

3UU

20

187

Ireby

784

3 do

du'it

240

24

192

Clengariff

794

5 do

dust

90

198

Blairgowrie

806

5 ch

bro pek

310

39

200

810

4 do

pek sou

27

202

Hethersett

814

2 do

bro pek

242

39

207

C B A

8 >4

1 do

dust

120

25

209

828

3 do

SOU

270

09

210

830

1 do

red leaf

90

11

217

Hopton

844

1 ch

fans

100

22

2-29

Ookoo watte

808

4 hf-ch

bro mix

240

17

239

Henfold

888

1 ch

pek sou

35

240

Kalupahana

890

4 hf-cli

or pek

197

38

240a

890a

2 ch

or pek

105

3S

•242

891

1 hf-ch

pek sou

100

19

243

890

4 do

SOU

200

244

898

3 do

pek fans

150

•24

Lot.

3 R S in estate
mnrk

8 Ngawella
.4 V in estate
mark

16

[MeSSR.S. SOMHKVILLE I'c Co.]

Box. Pkes. Name. lb.

14

273

278

2S4

285

C,

4 hf-ch

fans

200

21

4 do

dust

300

20

2 do

dust No 1

128

22

1 do

bro tea

50

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Bo.x.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

18 Koorooloogalla 288

3 ch

pek son

306

24

20

290

1 do

dust

147

20

24 R T E

294

1 do

bro pek fans 165

30

1 hf-ch

28 White Cross

298

1 ch

dust

150

16

29 C TA in estate

mark

299

7 hf-ch

pek sou

350

22

36 BD in est. mark 6

1 do

bro pek

59

23 bid

:57

7

3 do

pek

156

18

38

8

1 do

dust

75

15

39 W Binest, mark 9

1 ch

pekoe

73

18

48 M H A

13

4 hf-ch

dust

360

19

49

19

2 do

dust No 1

160

20

50

20

1 do

bro tea

50

9

54 T)G

24

1 ch

bro mix

85

8

55

25

4 do

dust

369

20

.56

26

1 do

fans

260

18

63 Maligatenne

33

2 do

bro sou

190

13

64

34

1 do

dust

110

i2

65 G H A in estate

mark

35

1 do

pek

80

19

66

36

4 do

pek sou

380

21 bid

77

37

1 hf-ch

bro mix

46

9

64 Pussetenne

44

1 do

fans

60

28

75

45

1 do

dust

55

20

82 G Watte

52

8 do

pek sou

360

22

33

53

2 do

dust

140

21

84 Galpelle

54

1 hf-ch

dust

70

22

91 R V W

61

1 ch

bro pe No 2

90

out

92

62

1 do

bro tea

115

24

93

63

2 hf-ch

bro pe fans

140

32

94 R T in est. mark 04

1 ch

bro mix

95

18

98 Alutkelle

68

8 hf-ch

sou

384

15 bid

99

69

4 do

fans

200

21

100

70

1 do

dust

77

20

107 California

77

1 ch

bro pe dust

135

20

110 Citrus

SO

2 do

pek sou

210

20

117 Maha watte

87

4 hf-ch

dust

220

10

128 Penrith

98

1 ch

dust

170

19

133 Ankanda

103

1 do

sou

75

15

134

105

3 hf-ch

dust

240

20

137 Chetnole

107

2 ch

dust

225

19

151 Galcolua

111

1 do

pek sou

100

19

145 Labugama

11

1 do

fans

110

40

150 Patulpana

129

6 hf-ch

pek sou

300

20

151

121

1 do

sou

45

15

173 (rkuwella

142

2 hf-ch

bro pe fans

140

37

178 W T

143

4 do

pek

200

19 bid

180 .Sirisanda

150

30 boxes

or pek

330

55 bid

184

154

2 hf-ch

fans

100

21

185

155

4 do

dust

320

21

185 Lvndhurst

159

7 do

.sou

280

21

198

160

4 do

dust

340

iO

191 D K

161

6 do

pek

300

22

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

( From Our Commercial Correspondent. )

Mincing Lane, Jan. 22nd, 1897.

Ex “Sarpedcn"— Palli, 165 bags 61s; 2 bag.s (s d)c2, 47s;

2 bags (s d c 3) 47s; 14 bags 40s. HG A Estate cocoa. 15 bags
50s; 79 bags 48s. NN in estate mark, 33 bags 48s 6d; 8 bags
(s d) 42s 6d. Yattawatte, 89 bags 63s 6d; 3 bags (s d) c 3, 60s;
5 bags 39s 6d.

Ex “Clan Mackay”— A.\ in estate mark, 24 bags 45 6d;

3 bags (s d c 3, 36s Od.

Ex “Shropshire”— HG A L in estate mark, 5 bags 52s
Hylton O, 10 bags 54s 6d. HYLS in estate mark, 2 bags
43s 6d.

Ex “Clan Mackay” — .\M in estate mark, 22 bags 49s 6d;

4 bags (s d) 41s 6d.

Ex “.Menelaus”— Hotel Oya, 2bags40s 6d.

Ex “Glenartney"— DB&Co. 12 bags 46s.

Ex “Sarpedon"— Suduganga, 52 bogs 70s Gd; 7 bags (s d)
55s; 2 bags (a d) 34s 6d. Warriapolla, 20 bags 69s 6d; 49
bags 70s. 7 bags (s d) 54s 6d; 40 bags 70s 6d; 10 bags 73s ;
13 bags (s d) 52s; 5 bags (sd) 40s 6d. 10 bags 39s 6d; 4 bag*
(sd) 31s 6d; 3 bags li7s. OBEC in estate mark, 20 bags 61g.
68 bags 61s 6d; 6 bags (sd) 52 6d. Kondesalle, Ceylon, 24
bags 48s; 1 bag (s d) 40s; 37 bags 74s; 3 bags (s d) 54s; 5 bags
50s; 5 bags 51s Od; 12 bags 30s. KKM .n estate mark, 3 bags
(s d) 39s.

Ex “.Shropshire” — Patheragalla, IS bags 61s 6d; 14 bags
(s d) 50s Od; 4 bags (sd)33s6d. Wiltshire A, 9 bags 63s 6d;.
3 bags (.S d) 4Ss.

Ex “Tosa Maru”— KKC in estate mark, 6 bags (s d) 30s.

CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Ex “Bullionist”— Delpotonoya, 4c 3s Sd; 4c 3s 5d; 4c 3s3d‘.
Ic 2s 8d; 3c 2s 9d; Ic 2s 3d.

Ex “Clan Chisholm”— AL, 3c 3s.

Ex “Sarpedon”— Vicarton, Ic 3s 7d; 1 or 2c 3s 3d Ic 2s
8d; Ic 2s 4d.

observer printing works.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

i •

NO. 7.

Colombo, February 22, 1897 ] : — 12g cents each 3 copies

‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies § rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE

LOTS.

[Messrs. A.

H. Thompson Co.—

-30,921 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

, Name,

lb.

C,

5

Ossington

5

4 ch

bro pek

440

34

6

6

7 do

pekoe

700

29

7

7

5 do

pek sju

450

25

9

Ossington

9

7 ch

bro pek

770

38

10

10

13 do

pekoe

1300

33

11

11

12 do

pek sou

1080

27

13

B & D

13

6 . ch

dust

1350

21

14

14

12 do

bro pek fans 1380

30

16

D A, in estate

mark

16

9 ch

dust

810

10

17

M

17

5 hf-ch

dust

695

out

20

Battagalla

20

13 ch

pek sou

1300

35

27

Hoolo Group

27

14 do

bro or pek

1400

58 bid

28

28

24 do

bro pek

2400

45 bid

29

29

28 do

pekoe

2380

39 bid

30

D

30

5 ch

SOU

500

16 bid

31

St. Leonards

on

Sea

31

7 ch

bro pek

700

39

36

W

36

13 do

bro tea.

1300

10

37

M P

37

6 do

bro pek

600

27 bid

39

Farnham

39

27 hf-ch

bro pek

1404

withd’n.

40

Wattebedde

40

28 ch

bro pek

2800

35 bid

[Mr. £.

John.-

-179,067 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

2

Digdola

361

25 cn

bro pek

2250

40 bid

3

363

18 do

pekoe

1440

31

4

305

10 do

pek sou

900

-26

6

Dartry

369

15 hf-ch

bro or pek

975

43 bid

7

371

38 ch

bro pek

4180

44 bid

8

373

28 do

pekoe

2940

39

9

375

18 do

pek sou

1900

31

11

o79

6 hf-ch

dust

480

24

12

Glentilt

381

50 ch

bro pek

5880

45 bid

13

383

31 do

pekoe

3100

40

14

385

7 do

pek sou

700

34

15

387

14 do

fans

11-20

22

16

Allington

389

22 hf-ch

bro pek

1210

32 bid

17

391

36 do

pekoe

1800

28

18

393

20 do

pek sou

1000

25

20

Cleveland

397

14 ch

bro pek

1400

60 bid

21

399

i8 do

pekoe

2520

46 bid

22

401

6 do

pek .sou

540

35

25

Stinsford

407

46 bf-ch

bro pek

2990

48 bid

26

409

54 do

pekoe

2970

37 bid

27

411

39 do

pek sou

1950

28 bid

28

L

413

38 do

dust

3610

15

36 '

’ Mocha

429

5 ch

bro pek

625

47

37

43 L

33 do

bro or pek

33C0

56 bid

38

433

17 do

or pek

1615

55

39

435

10 do

pekoe

900

47

40

437

17 do

pek sou

1360

40

41

439

5 do

fans

650

41

47

BAT

451

20 do

dust

1800

16 bid

48

GB

453

8 do

SOU

600

26 bid

49

455

7 do

bro mix

525

9

51

459

18 hf-ch

fans

1170

28

52

Glassaugh

461

26 do

bro pek

1560

62

53

463

18 ch

pekoe

16-20

51

54

405

14 do

pek sou

1260

39

55

Chapel ton

467

8 do

bro mix

800

15

56

469

6 hf-ch

dust

540

22

57

I JT

471

20 ch

dust

1800

14 bid

58

B

473

21 hf-ch

bro pek

1155

44

59

475

24 ch

pekoe

2-280

31

60

477

7 do

pek sou

665

-26

64

C N

485

8 do

bro tea.

800

11

65

Sina Dna

4S7

11 do

bro pek

11.55

30 bid

66

489

9 do

pekoe

702

32

68

Oakfield

493

10 do

bro pek

1050

43 bid

69

495

15 do

pekoe

1200

41

70

497

12 do

pek sou

936

32 bid

71

Tientsin

499

45 hf-ch

or pek

2475

61 bid

72

1

33 ch

pekoe

3300

38 bid

73

3

13 do

'pek sou

1170

33 bid

SO

M A B, in est.

mark

17

10 do

dust

900

14 bid

81

19

12 do

pekoe

1200

48

82

21

6 do

unas

690

37

83

23

5 do

fans

600

8

84

25

7 hf-ch

dust

560

22

85

J MR

27

19 ch

bro pek

1900

33 bid

86

29

22 do

pekoe

1980

26

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

89

35

8 ch

unas

720

18

90

New Tunisgalla 37

32 hf-ch

bro pek

1760

42

91

.Salem

39

30 do

pekoe

1500

35

95

47

17 ch

bro pek

1700

45

96

49

15 do

pekoe

1350

37

99

Paci Rajah

55

13 do

bro pek

1365

45

100

57

11 do

pekoe

990

3-3

101

59

5 do

pek s'/u

450

20

103

Lenawatte

63

8 do

bio pek

789

3G

104

Doonhinda

Go

8 do

pekoe

684

27

1 9

75

13 do

bro pek

1430

44

HO

/ i

16 do

pekoe

1600

37

111

GT

79

6 do

pek sou

600

28

113

83

5 hf-ch

dust

475

■20

114

85

10 ch

congou

1000

24

115

Galloolla

87

4 do

bro pek

400

44

116

Onnidale

89

4 do

pekoe

400

33

119

95

15 hf-ch

or pek

750

90 bid

120

97

84 boxes

bro or pek

1680

99 bid

121

99

33 hf-ch

pekoe

1650

64 bid

1-22

101

26 do

pek sou

130-1

51 bid

123

126

103

P H P, in est.

9 do

pek fans

630

44

mark

109

12 ch

bro or pek

1200

42 bid

127

111

20 do

or pek

1700

43 bid

1-28

113

31 do

pekoe

2480

39 bid

130

117

8 do

dust

960

31 bid

131

Glasgow-

119

60 do

bro or pek

4500

64 bill

132

121

30 hf-ch

or pek

18 0

51

133

RB

1-23

22 ch

pek fans

2420

■28 bid

135

Callander

127

31 hf-ch

pekoe

1612

40

136

Birnam

129

19 ch

pek sou

1330

30

137

Elston

131

31 do

pe sou No2 -2790

27 bid

138

Lameliere

133

27 do

pekoe

2310

45

139

Alnoor

135

61 hf-ch

bro pek

3050

43

140

137

40 do

pekoe

-2000

34

141

139

2( do

pek sou

1150

38

142

141

8 do

fans

500

26

[Messrs.

Somerville

& Go.— 2-20,7 17 lb.]

Lot.

Box. Pkgs. Name.

lb.

C.

1

H J S

171

8 lif-ch

bro pek

400

30

3

173

18 do

pek sou

900

26

4

174

8 do

SOU

400

22

6 Bog. hagoda watte 176

8 ch

bro pek

880

43

7

177

13 do

pek

1300

27

8

178

4 do

fans

440

■24

14

Arslena

184

32 hf-ch

bro pek

1600

46

15

185

41 do

pekoe

2050

37

16

17 N'arrow

18

19 Kew

20
21
22

23

24 Haranoalla

25
25
28

186 30 do

187 41 hf-ch

188 51 do

159 8 do

190 22 do

191 14 do

192 32 ch

193 19 do

194 21 do

195 33 do

196 29 do

198 9 do

pek sou
bro pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
bro pek
pek
fans

1500

2296

2550

448

1100

840

2944

1805

1995

31.35

2610

990

20

199

4

do

dust

520

2i)

30

Walahanduwa

200

21

do

bro pek

2100

40

31

201

18

do

pekoe

1800 Lv

■35

32

202

9

do

pek sou

810

29

35

Lonacli

205

42

h f-ch

bro pek

2310

42

36

•206

27

ch

pek

2565

31

37

207

22

do

pek sou

1870

•28

38

Neuchatel

208

27

do

bro pekoe

2700

45

39

2C9

15

do

bro or pek

1875

41

40

210

•26

do

pekoe

2340

33

41

211

28

do

bro pek

2800

46

42

212

19

do

pek

1710

33

43

213

23

do

pek sou

1955

27

44

•214

4

do

dust

640

24

46

Inchstelly and

Woodthorpe

216

10

do

bro pek

1000

47

47

217

12

do

pek

960

33

48

218

16

do

pek sou

1-200

•29

56

Irex

2-26

24

do

bro pek

2400

41

57

227

12

do

pek

1140

29

58

.Scarborough .T"'

2-28

15

do

peksou

1500

26

65

235

7

ch

dust

560

29

27

50

37

60

55

40

39 bid
35

43 bid

44 bid
34

31

67 Monte Christo 1237 13 hf-ch bro pek
63 238 59 do pek

69 239 19 do sou

71 Pine Hill 241 19 do dust

72 242 22 do pekoe

73 243 30 do bro pek

74 244 30 d ) or pek

650

2950

950

1520

1760

1800

1680

57

37

27

22

37

41

46

Pine Hill

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box.

Pk^s.

Name.

lb

C.

75 Periakandekettia 245

17

ch

hro pek

2125

42

70

240

13

do

pek

1352

32

77

245

4

do

pek sou

400

20

80

Ingiogalla

250

15

ch

hro pek

1500

46

81

251

17

do

pekoe

1615

38

82

Sj

ING in e-state

252

15

do

pek sou

1350

27

mark

253

5

do

hr pe fans

500

39

84

Hagalla

254

28 hf-c-li

hro pek

1680

39

85

255

21

do

pekoe

1050

30

80

256

8

oh

pek sou

800

27

87

257

10

do

fans

1000

28

88

Glenalla

258

12

do

hro or pek

1200

43 bid

80

259

17

do

or pek

1530

50

90

260

28

do

pek

2520

32

91

201

17

do

pek sou

1530

27

95

t’kuwella

265

25

(lo

hro pek

2500

41

90

206

22

do

pekoe

2200

28

97

100

207

KilUn in estate

16

do

pek sou

1600

24

mark

270

8

do

pek

760

29

101

271

8

ilo

pek sou

680

26

104

Veralupitiya

274

10

do

bro pek

1100

40

105

275

iw

do

pekoe

1620

39

100

276

14

do

pek sou

1120

32

107

277

19

do

pesouNo.2

1710

28

108

Minna

278

74 hf-c-h

bro pek

4440

50 bid

109

279

SO

do

pekoe

400O

38 bid

110

280

57

ch

pek sou

5130

31

111

Rayigam

281

36

do

bro Dek

3600

41

112

282

22

do

pekoe

1870

29

113

283

36

do

pek sou

3060

25

120

Hanagama

290

24

ch

bro pek

2640

42

121

291

23

do

pekoe

2300

31

123

293

8

do

pek sou

720

26

1-25

295

4

do

fans

400

27

127

C S

297

9

ch

pekoe

981

26

129

Ivanhoe

299

28 lif-ch

bro pek

1400

47

134

W T

4

15

do

bro pek

7:'5

29

130

0

14

do

unas

672

20

137

Ingeriya

7

24

do

bro pek

1200

39

138

8

27

do

pekoe

1296

30

139

9

15

do

pek sou

690

26

140

10

9

do

pek fans

522

39

141

11

11

do

bro mix

005

23

148

Allakolla

IS

so hfxh

bro pek

5340

43

149

19

32

ch

pekoe

32C0

34

150

20

19

do

pek sou

1805

2b

152

Diyanilakella

22

21

ch

unal

2310

39

152

I'iyanilakelle

23

10 lif-ch

dust

900

23

150

Arduthie

26

20

do

bro pek

1000

48 bid

157

27

20

(lo

pekoe

1000

35 bid

168

28

20

do

pek sou

1000

27 bid

159

Annandale

29

16

ch

bro pek

1712

48 bid

100

Kelani

30

76 hf-ch

bro pek

3800

49

101

31

4S

ch

pekoe

3870

32

102

32

7

do

pek sou

630

26

103

33

17 hf-ch

bro pe fans 935

39

108

Harangalla B

38

46

ch

pekoe

4140

33

109

39

14

do

sou

1330

25

170

40

6

do

dust

780

23

171

Ketadola

41

8

do

bro pek

880

42

172

42

8

do

pekoe

840

32

173

177

F A in estate

43

8

do

pek sou

720

25

murk

47

0 1

do

dust

900

22

l84

Mahatenne

54

11

ch

bro pek

1100

40

180

56

6

do

pek sou

600

26

187

57

2

do

dust

200

25

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 302,159 lb.]

Lot.

Box

Pkes

. Name.

lb.

C.

3

New Peacock

904

10

hf-ch

pek fans

1200

23

5

W F, in est.

mark

908

7 hf-ch

bi-o mix

630

21 bid

9

M A B, in est.

mark

916

3

ch

dust

420

12

11

G

920

3

do

pek dust

420

20

12

Carberry

922

25

do

hro pek

2500

47

13

924

30

(lo

pekoe

2700

34

14

926

17

do

bro pek fan 1700

40

18

Kelaneiya

934

34

ch

bro pek

2890

47

19

930

37

do

pekoe

3700

39

20

f38

4

do

sou

400

27

22

Kirindi

942

11

ch

hro pek

1100

44

23

944

14

do

pekoe

1120

38

24

946

16

do

pek sou

1200

29

28

Ranawalla

954

5

do

bro pek

600

43

29

•956

0

do

pekoe

480

37

30

958

8

(lo

pek .sou

600

29

33

Munkettia,

Ceylon in est.

mark

!)C4

18

hf-ch

or pek

900

60

34

966

22

do

bro pek

1210

63

36

908

18

(lo

pek

1620

50

36

970

20

(lo

pek sou

1200

41

Lot.

Bo.x. Pkg.8.

Name.

lb.

C.

37

P

972

16

ch

bro tea (acme

Pambagama

chests)

1440

10

38

974

6

ch

fans

600

25

39

976

5

do

congou

425

15

40

978

21

hf-ch

dust

1785

21

42

Sunnycroft

982

15

ch

pek sou

1500

30

4

986

4

do

dust

600

22

45

Middleton

988

12

hf-ch

bro or pek

660

82 bid

46

99J

23

do

bro pek

1265

70

47

992

11

ch

or pek

1155

57 bid

48

994

28

do

do

2800

55 bid

49

990

28

d >

pek

2800

54

50

Lyegrove

998

11

do

pek sou

1100

41

51

1000

10

ch

or pek

920

48

52

2

13

do

bro pek

1430

45 bid

53

4

9

do

pekoe

765

37

54

Monkswood

6

12

(to

pek sou

960

32

56

10

39

hf-ch

bro pek

1950

76 bid

57

12

43

do

or pek

1935

62 bid

58

14

14

ch

pek sou

1190

50 bid

59

Errollwood

16

8

do

pekoe

880

35 bid

60

18

16

do

bro pek

1760

65 bid

61

20

21

do

pekoe

1890

60 bid

62

Weoya

22

21

do

pek sou

1995

39

65

28

20

ch

bro pek

1800

47

66

30

20

do

pek

1500

31

67

32

18

(lo

pek sou

1350

27

68

Castlereagh

34

17

do

bro pek fa 1

1615

40

70

38

15

ch

bro pek

1500

49

71

40

13

do

or pek

1170

38 bid

72

Morland

42

12

do

pekoe

1080

33

77

62

18

hf-ch

bro pek

900

50

78

54

17

ch

pekoe

1700

41

79

Kahrasalla

56

6

do

pek sou

600

33

84

66

28

hf-ch

bro tea

1400

17

85

Koladenia

68

8

ch

bro or pek

784

42

86

70

8

do

bro pek

784

39

87

Oxford

72

17

do

pekoe

1547

30

91

80

12 hf-ch

bro or pek

600

41

92

82

36

ch

bro pek

3420

38

93

84

21

do

pekoe

1785

31

94

86

11

do

pek sou

880

26

95

88

8 i

hf-ch

dust

560

23

96

C O E B

90

10

ch

pek sou

1000

39

97

Lilia watte

92

4

do

red leaf

400

13

98

94

4

do

bro mixed

400

13

100

Matale

98

33

ch

bro pek

3300

40

101

100

37

do

pekoe

2775

31

105

Patiagama

108

14

ch

bro or pek

1540

51

1C6

110

10

do

or pek

1000

49

107

112

12

(lo

pekoe

1200

39

110

Queensland

118

11

ch

bi 0 pek

1100

76

111

120

24

do

pekoe

2040

48

112

Dehegalla

122

10

(lo

pek sou

800

41

113

124

38

(lo

bro pek

4180

43 bid

114

120

65

do

pekoe

5500

32 bid

115

128

31

(lo

pek sou

2790

31

117

132

14 hf-ch

fans

9 0

35

118

St. lleliers

134

50

do

bro or pek

2750

49

119

130

22

ch

pekoe

2200

38

120

138

6

do

pek sou

600

27

121

P

140

21 hf-ch

fans

1056

38

122

Ekol Sound

142

17

ch

bro pek

1870

42 bid

123

144

31

do

pekoe

3100

32

124

146

8

(lo

sou

720

20

126

150

8

(lo

bro or pek

840

40

127

152

30

do

bro tea

2850

13

128

C M, in est.

mark

154

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1200

56

129

156

43

do

pekoe

2150

44

131

Ascot

160

5

ch

bro or pek

575

40

132

162

18

do

bro pek

1710

42

133

164

29

(lo

pekoe

2320

32

134

166

12

do

pek sou

1080

27

135

168

5

(lo

pek fans

575

26

136

C

170

19

ch

fans

1875

38

140

P, in est mark

: 178

9

do

1 hf-ch

bro pek

960

41

141

Arapolakande 180

22

ch

bro or pek

1980

42

142

182

20

do

or pek

1500

33

143

184

51

do

pek

4080

28

144

C B

186

5

do

pek sou

470

22

146

190

20

ch

bro pek

2000

43

147

Stafford

192

22

do

pek

2200

36

148

194

4

do

bro mix

440

37

149

Galapita-

kande

196

13

ch

bro pek

1305

56

150

Galphele

193

17

do

pekoe

1700

36

153

204

22 hf-ch

bro pek

1320

48

lo4

206

29

do

pekoe

1450

39

155

208

18

(lo

pek sou

900

34

159

Pantiya

216

10

cli

bro peK sou

800

20

160

B S B

218

4

do

pek dust

470

22

161

B N

220

5

do

dust

610

20

169

T & Co.

236

21

ch

bro pek

2100

30

170

238

29

do

bro mix

3032

13

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

3

Lot.

Box.

Pkg..

Name

lb.

171

B D W K

240

23

hfch

bro pek

1160

172

242

5

do

pekoe

435

173

244

16

do

fans

1250

174

246

35

do

bro tea

3000

182

C G M, in est.

mark

262

24

ch

bro pek

2610

183

264

22

do

pekoe

2216

184

266

24

do

pek sou

2352

185

Freds Rube

268

36

ch

bro pek

3600

186

270

oO

do

pekoe

2700

187

272

11

do

pek sou

990

188

W H

274

6

do

pek

630

193

Erracht

284

26

do

bro or pek

2210

194

M F

286

5

do

dust

600

195

288

7

do

sou

630

196

Ganapalla

290

86 hf-ch

bro pek

4300

197

292

53

ch

pekoe

4240

198

294

25

do

pek sou

2000

199

296

11 hf-ch

pek fans

550

200

298

8

do

dust

640

201

300

14

ch

bro pek fan 1400

202

Dea Ella

302

44 hf-ch

bro pek

2420

203

304

42

do

pekoe

2100

204

306

20

do

pek sou

900

205

Dammeria

308

21

ch

bro or pek

2310

206

310

19

do

pekoe

1805

209

Clunes

316

20

do

bro pek

1700

210

318

14

do

pekoe

1260

211

320

17

do

pek sou

1530

212

322

16

do

bro pek fan

880

213

324

9

do

dust

720

214

Erlsraere

326

7

ch

dust

602

216

BEL, in est.

mark

330

8

ch

bro pek

760

217

332

6

do

pekoe

570

219

S, in estate

mark

336

43

ch

dust

4300

220

G B A

338

13

do

bro pek

1300

222

Nakalma

342

17

hf-ch

bro pek

990

223

344

21

do

dust

1890

224

346

22

ch

sou

1980

225

348

10 hf-ch

dust

800

226

Torwood

350

14

ch

bro pek

1400

227

352

22

do

or pek

2024

228

354

29

do

pekoe

2610

229

356

12

do

pek sou

1032

230

Talgaswela

358

28

ch

bi o pek

2520

232

362

5

do

pekoe

450

239

L

376

58

do

red leaf

4814

240

Carfax

378

12

do

or pek

1200

241

380

5

do

bro pek

550

242

382

17

do

pekoe

1615

243

384

4

do

dust

620

244

Mayfair

386

4

ch

sweeping
No. 1

600

245

388

4

do

sweeping

No. 2

400

248

Knavesmire

394

23

do

bro dek

2415

249

396

39

do

pekoe

3510

250.

398

11

do

do

1045

261

400

24

do

pek sou

19-0

252

402

5 hf-ch

dust

450

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

1

Ahamud

1

7 hf-ch

bro pek

350

2

2

6

do

pekoe

300

3

3

6

do

p !k sou

300

4

4

1

do

fans

60

8

Ossington

8

8

ch

dust

68

12

12

1

do

pekoe

110

15

Buta Dua

15

6 hf-ch

bro pek

300

21

Battalgalla

21

2

ch

fans

180

24

C

24

2

do

unas

190

25

25

2

do

bro mixed

100

26

26

1 hf-ch

bro pek dust

60

32

St. Leonards on

Sea

32

i

ch

pekoe

380

33

33

2

do

fans

250

34

Monkton Wyld 34

3 hf-cli

bro or pek

135

35

W

35

1

ch

sou

100

38

M P

38

3

do

pekoe

249

[Messrs. Somerville Co.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

2

H J.S

172

4 hf-ch

pekoe

240

5

175

1 do

dust

60

27

Harangalla

197

3 do

pek sou

300

33

Walahandua

203

3 ch

unas

300

34

204

3 do

pek fans

200

Lot.

Box.

Pko;.s.

N ame.

lb.

C.

45

Neuchatel

216

1

ch

or pekoe

125

31

49

Inchstelly and

Woodthorpe

219

2

do

sou

140

18

50

220

21

hf-ch

dust

170

21

51

221

1

do

read leaf

40

9

52

Primrose Hill

222

3

do

bro pek

180

44

53

223

4

do

pekoe

180

31

54

224

5

do

pek sou

200

26

55

225

1

do

dust

31

withdn,

66

Scarborough

236

4

ch

red leaf

332

19

70

Monte Christo

240

3 hf-ch

dust

240

21

78

Periakande-

kettia

248

1

ch

sou

no

20

79

249

4 hf-ch

dust

300

22

92

Glenalla

262

2

ch

dust

300

21

93

263

2

do

fans

200

24

94

264

i

do

congou

90

20

98

Ukuwella

268

1 hf-ch

bro pek

70

23

99

Killin in estate

mark

269

7

do

bro pek

385

39

102

K in estate

mark

272

1

ch

bro mix

70

8

103

273

3 hf-ch

dust

240

15

122

Hanagama

292

1

ch

pekoe

100

27

124

294

2

do

sou

170

23

126

296

2

do

dust

314

23

128

GS

298

3

do

pek sou

291

18

130

Wilpita

300

3

do

bro pek

300

34

131

1

3

do

pekoe

300

26

132

2

1

do

pek sou

100

23

133

3

1

(io

bro mix

100

9

135

W T

5

4

hf-ch

pekoe

200

19

142

Inge'iya

12

2

do

dust

160

21

143

O T N in estate

mark

13

4

do

bro pek

200

34

151

Allakolla

21

4

do

dust

300

16

154

Diyanilakelle

24

1

ch

bro tea

152

20

155

A in estate

mark

25

4 hf-ch

dust

300

1

164

Hatdowa

34

1

do

bro pek

48

40

165

35

1

ch

pekoe

79

28

166

36

1

do

pek sou

85

26

167

36

1

do

dust

27

23

174

Ketadola

44

2

ch

sou

170

14

175

LS G

45

1

do

bro pek

92

26

176

F A iu estate

mark

46

2

do

bro tea

230

24

185

Mahatenne

55

2

ch

pekoe

200

26.

187

67

2

do

dust

200

16

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot.

Box

.

Fkys. Maine.

lb.

c.

1

K

359

5”!

hf-cli

pek sou

200

11

5 ’

Digdola

367

2

ch

dust

250

26

10

Dartry

377

4 hf-ch

bro pek fans 260

28

19

Allington

395

2

do

dust

160

22

23

Cleveland

103

2

do

dust

160

23

24

405

6

do

bro pek fans 360

40

29

L

415

3

ch

red leaf

270

8

50

G B

457

4 hf-ch

dust

340

21

61

R

479

4

do

bro pek fans 220

28

62

481

3

do

lek fans

270

22

63

483

2

do

dust

170

21

67

.Sina Dua

491

1

ch

dust

150

22

74

Tientsin

6

5 hf-ch

dust

350

32

75

7

1

ch

SOU

96

26

87

Orangefleld

31

2

do

bro mix

180

19

88

33

1

do

dust

130

22

92

New Tunisgalla 41

6 ht-ch

pek sou

3 0

29

93

43

2

do

dust

160

22

94

45

1

do

red leaf

'36

»

97

Salem

61

4

ch

pek sou

360

26

98

53

1

do

dust

100

20

102

Patl Rajah

61

2

do

fans

210

32

105

Lena watte

67

4

do

pek sou

3U

23

106

69

4

do

uiicas

21

21

107

71

1

do

dust

134

21

112

Doonhinda

81

4 hf-ch

dust

320

22

117

Galloolla

91

0

ch

pek sou

20C

26

118

93

2

do

dust

200

19

124

Tlieresia

105

3 hf-ch

dust

270

25

125

107

4

ch

pek sou

538

38

129

P H P, in est.
mark

115

2

do

bro mi.x

180

20

[Messrs, Forbes

& Walker.]

Lob. Box.

l'ko'3.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

M K

900

1

ch

red leaf

75

8

2

New Peacock

902

2

hf-ch

bro mix

90

11

4

C L R

906

1

ch

unas

106

18

10

G

918

4

do

sou

336

18

15

Kaduruwan-

dola

928

1

ch

bro pek

92

39

16

930

1

do

pekoe

68

24

17

932

1

do

pek sou

54

14

c.

37

30 bid

24 bid

10 bid

42 bid

31

20

51

35

30

35

41

23 bid

34

42

29

21

23

20

25

40

29 bid

26

55

43

52

29

26

39

22

22

36

30

21

51

38

12

22

14

66

40

32

29

42

38

10 bid

57

42 bid

44

24

10

9

43 bid

30 bid

30

26

22

c.

82 bid

27

18

18

17

22

30 bid

20

17

11

out

27

18

45

14

20

C.

28

20

24

24

24

4

CEYLON PRODTJCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Jdame

lb.

C.

21

Kelant iya

940

2

ch

dust

236

22

25

Kirindi

948

2

do

sou

140

21

26

950

0

do

dust

170

23

27

952

1

do

red leaf

62

15

31

Ranawella

960

1

ch

sou

35

22

32

962

1

do

dust

87

22

41

Pambagaraa

980

1 hf-ch

bro pek

05

28

43

Sunnyc'-oft

984

2

ch

congou

dust

200

25

65

Lyegrore

8

2

do

300

23

63

Errollwood

24

1 hf-ch

sou

55

38

64

69

Kaduvuwan-

26

2

do

dust

160

24

dola

36

1 box

dust

7

14

73

Castlereagh

44

4

ch

pek sou

360

30

74

46

4

do

do No. 2

320

34

75

48

2

hf-ch

pek fans

140

26

76

Morland

60

2

do

dust

160

22

80

58

1

do

fans

60

20

81

Lunugalla

60

2

do

dust

160

23

82

62

3

ch

red lea f

300

11

83

Poonagalla

64

1

do

red leaf

90

14

88

Koladenia

74

3

do

bro tea

378

26

89

Peacock Hill

76

2

hf-ch

bro mix

90

10

90

Lillawatte

78

5

do

pek fans

375

22

99

96

1

ch

dust

100

20

102

Matale

102

2

tlo

sou

160

23

103

104

2

do

fans

240

27

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

104

106

2 hf-ch

dust

160

22

108

Patiagama

114

2 ch

pek sou

210

28

109

116

1 do

dust

150

22

116

Dehegalla

130

3 do

sou

270

24

125

Ekolsund

148

3 hf-ch

dust

255

21

130

Cyprus

158

1 do

pekoe

50

24

130a

15Sa

1 do

pek sou

50

15

145

Arapolakande 18S

2 ch

dust

220

21

151

Galapita-

kande

200

3 ch

pek sou

300

26

152

202

1 hf-ch

dust

90

21

106

Galphele

210

1 do

sou

40

14

157

212

1 do

dust

85

20

158

Debatgama

214

1 ch

dust

140

17

189

W .A.

276

1 ch

bro mix

90

15

207

Dainmeria

312

1 ch

pek sou

100

40

208

314

3 do

dust

270

23

215

Erl.smere

328

1 ch

congou

96

25

218

A & B

334

6 do

redjleaf

320

13

32

2'1

Pambagam-t,

340

1 hf-ch

bro pek

55

231

Talgaswela

360

3 ch

bro pe No.

330

32

233

364

4 do

pek sou

360

31

244

Mayfair

390

2 hf-ch

dust

200

7

247

392

2 ch

fluff

170

withd’n

253

K K K

404

2 hf-ch

bro mixed

90

12

OBSKRVKIl PRINTING WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 8.

Colombo, March 1, 1897.

j Price: — 12§ cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 30,761 lb.]

Lot. Box.

Pkos.

Name,

lb.

C.

1

Hornsey

1

12

ch

pek sou

1200

30

3

Vogan

3

32

do

bro pek

3040

54 bid

i

4

27

(io

pekoe

2430

41

a

28

do

pe sju No 2

2240

26

6

6

20 hf-ch

dust

1400

23

7

Kalkande

7

33 hf-cli

or pek

16.10

43 bid

8

8

29

do

pekoe

1000

32 bid

12

Agra Elbedde

12

44

do

bro or pek

2640

62 bid

13

13

48

do

pekoe

2640

47 bid

U

14

23

do

pek sou

1150

40 bid

19

Battalgalla

19

13

ch

pek sou

1300

36

21

B & D

21

9

do

dust

1350

20

22

Hornsey

22

11

do

pik sou

1100

37

24

D

24

5

do

sou

500

16

26

Beluga s

26

4

do

dust

408

21

27

Agar’s Land

27

12 lif-eh

sou

624

26

31

Mandara Newe

.

ra

31

8

ch

pek sou

720

30

33

Warwick

33

9

do

pek sou

510

36

34

34

5 hf-cli

dust

400

26

37

Y N G

37

8

do

dust

592

16 bid

41

F H M, in estate

mark

41

4

ch

pek fans

400

22

[Mr.

E.

John.-

-157,914 lb.]

1

D N D

143

14

ch

sou

1196

29

2

145

6

do

fans

660

28

3

147

5

do

bro ini.v

550

11

4

149

5

do

dust

750

22

r>

Gonawella

151

6

do

1 hf-ch

bro pek

670

43

10

Vincit

161

10

ch

bro pek

1000

41

11

103

4

do

pekoe

400

28

15

Gonavy

171

13

do

bro or pek

1352

45

16

173

19

do

bro pek

1938

47

17

175

16

do

pekoe

1344

39

18

177

11

do

pek sou

836

36

21

Saumarez

183

11

do

bro pek

1100

33

22

185

10

do

pekoe

1000

27

26

Ottery & Stam

-

ford Hiil

193

33

do

bro pek

3300

53 bid

27

195

33

do

or pek

2970

54 bid

28

197

46

do

pekoe

4140

39 bid

32

"Agra Ouvah

205

101

hf-ch

bro or pek

6060

67 bid

33

207

52

do

or pek

2600

54

84

209

24

ch

pekoe

2280

47

35

Agra Ouvah

211

15

do

pek sou

1425

39

36

213

15

do

pek fans

1170

30

38

Anchor, in est.

mark

217

18

do

bro or pek

1890

59

39

219

12

do

or pek

1104

44

40

221

12

do

pekoe

1200

39

41

St. John’s

223

26

hf-ch

bro or pek

1450

98

42

225

32

do

or pek

1472

84

44

229

14

do

pek sou

644

63

4.5

Teniple.stowe

231

33

ch

or pek

3135

50

46

233

40

do

pekoe

3400

38

47

235

15

do

pek sou

1200

29

49

Koslanda

239

35

do

bro pek

3500

46 bid

50

241

37

do

pekoe

3330

:-3 bid

51

243

25

do

pek sou

2250

28

53

247

3

do

dust

400

20

54

Kanangama

249

54

do

bro pek

5130

37 bid

55

251

18

do

pekoe

1620

27 bid

56

253

19

do

pek sou

1710

25

57

255

4

do

pek fans

400

22

59

259

6

do

dust

840

21

61

Eila

263

48

ch

bro pek

4320

49

62

265

33

do

pekoe

2640

31

63

267

8

do

pek sou

680

26

64

269

5

do

Sbu

400

20

65

271

5

do

fans

450

39

67

L, in est.

mark

275

10 hf-ch

unas

500

26

69

MN

279

12

ch

1 hf-ch

pek sou

1005

38

70

281

10

ch

pek No. 2

600

40

71

B B

283

14

do

bro pek

1540

40

72

285

8

do

pekoe

800

30

73

287

6

do

pek sou

660

27

76

Glassaugh

293

34 hf-ch

bro pek

1870

69

77

295

34

ch

pekoe

3060

51

78

297

18

do

pek sou

1530

43

Lot.

Box.

Pk-s.

Name

lb.

C.

79

Sudugansa

299

16

hf-ch

dust

1200

29

81

303

15

ch

unan

1350

30

83

Henegama

307

7

hf-ch

dust

625

22

85

JMaddagedera

311

52

ch

bro pek

5200

43

86

313

52

do

bro pek

5200

42 bid

87

315

34

do

pekoe

3060

32

88

317

29

do

pek sou

2465

26

89

319

6

do

bro uek fans 690

35

90

Callander

321

28

hf-ch

bro or pek

1680

48

91

323

23

do

pekoe

1198

43

92

Ferndale

325

11

do

pek sou

528

37

95

331

10

ch

bro or pek

1000

58

96

333

10

do

bro pek

1000

48

97

335

16

do

pekoe

1600

36

98

Y B K

337

12

hf-ch

b '0 pek

744

37

99

339

21

do

pekoe

1008

29

100

341

10

do

pek sou

400

26

105

L

351

4

ch

dust

640

14

106

C 0 E B

353

13

do

bro pek

1.300

15 bid

109

H S

359

8

do

SOU

720

27

no

361

7

bags

red leaf

462

9

111

363

8

hf-ch

dust

720

19

114

O K

369

15

ch

pekoe

1260

35 bid

115

Suriakande

371

34

do

pek sou

3060

38

118

Sliannon

377

15

do

bro or pek

1575

43 bid

119

379

22

do

pekoe

1760

34

123

0 L

387

10

hf-ch

dust

833

21

124

389

3

ch

dust

531

21

lv5

Dartry

391

15

hf-ch

bro or pek

975

43

126

393

38

ch

bro pek

4180

46

127

Kotuwagedera 395

18

do

bro pek

1800

42

128

Elston

397

20

do

pekoe

1900

30

132

405

4

do

bro mix

480

29

133

407

3

do

dust

450

15

134

409

10

do

congou

900

20

135

O L

411

47

do

pe sou No.2

4230

136

413

11

do

SOU

1005

14

137

415

10

hf-ch

sou

480

11 bid

[ME.S.SRS. F'

ORBEs & Walker.— 385,176 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

rks.«.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

N

406

8

ch

bro mix

1040

24

2

408

8

do

unas

720

31

3

I K V

410

5

do

bro mix

560

23

5

Springkell

414

15

hf-ch

pek sou

745

42

7

418

7

do

dust

695

23

9

Dambagalla

422

12

do

pek sou

480

30

12

G O, in estate

mark

428

27

hf-ch

pek sou

1080

31

13

430

30

do

SOU

1200

30

14

432

10

do

bro mix

550

26

15

Ko.sgaalla

434

30

do

bro pek

1080

40

16

436

36

do

pekoe

1800

27

17

438

28

do

pek sou

1400

26

19

Carendon

442

5

ch

bro pek

475

41

20

444

4

do

pekoe

400

32

22

448

5

do

SOU

600

26

28

East End

460

5

ch

pek sou

401

26

37

Bickley

478

63

hf-ch

bro pek

3780

50 bid

38

480

35

do

pekoe

2100

42

39

Hethersett

482

28

ch

bro or pek

2996

59

40

484

18

do

bro or pel:

1920

52

42

488

20

do

or pek

1500

54

43

490

11

do

pekoe

968

43

4*

492

20

do

pek sou

1400

37

47

Yatiyana

498

9

hf-ch

bro pek

504

27

50

Daphne

504

8

ch

1

hf-ch

bro pek

807

44

51

506

10

ch

pekoe

900

27

52

508

8

do

pek sou

680

25

57

Rocksidb

518

24

ch

pekoe

2280

44

58

Great Valley

520

26

do

pek sou

2470

35

59

522

17

do

bro pek

1955

49

00

524

58

do

pekoe

5800

39

61

52S

oO

do

pek sou

2700

28

62

528

6

do

SOU

610

24

63

Galleheria

530

6

do

dust

510

24

64

532

16

hf-ch

01 pek

800

55

65

534

40

ch

bro pek

3600

48

66

536

40

do

pekoe

3000

37

67

Choughleigh

538

30

do

pek sou

27u0

34

68

540

11

do

bro pek

1188

41

69

642

8

do

pekoe

7601

70

KBR

514

8

do

pek sou

720 ]

■ withd’n ]

3

550

4

ch

bro pek fan

625

26

78

Nugagalla

560

20

do

bro pek

1000

45

79

Dehegalla

562

39

do

pekoe

1950

38

82

568

5

ch

bro pek

650

43

84

Pedro

572

8

do

nek sou

720

26

92

588

36

do

bro or pek

3960

79

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

93

94

95

90 Holton
97

110 Ellawatte
101
102

101 Pall:.

Box. Bkus. iSiaine.

[lie

.590 20 ch
.592 18 do
594 10 do
590 26 ch
598 8 do

004 16 do
600
608
612 24 ch

23 do
7 do

107 Mariu ..oiigh 018 15 hf-ch

108

111 Dunbar

112

113

114

115 Harrington

116

121 A, in estate

mark

122

125 P
120

127 Sunnycroft

129

130 Polatagama

131

132

133

134

135 Weoya

136

137

138

139 Maha Uva

140

141

142

144 I'ammeria

145

148 Krracht

149

150
161

152 dunes

153
1.54

15.5 High Pore.st
1.50 lluanwella

157

158
101

103 Pallagodde
164

105

106

107 .St. Coluinb-

020 0 ch

626 29 hf-ch
628 42 do
6:«) 28 ch
612 15 do
034 16 do
636 9 do

646

648

654

ch

do

do

656 10 do
658 10 ch
662 4 do

664 45 ch
606 34 do
608 19 ch
670 13 do
672 8 do

1 74 30 do
676 30 do
078 22 do
680 20 do
082 24 hf-cli
684 31 do
080 23 ch
6a8 9 do

692 35 do
094 26 do
700 18 ch
702 37 do
704 63 do
706 23 do
708 28 hf-ch
710 25 do
712 26 ch
714 62 hf-ch
710 28 ch
718 66 do
720 14 lo
726 0 do

730 20 do
732 28 do
734 32 do
730 28 do

or pek
pek .sou
fans
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro or pek
bro or pek
pek
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
or pek
pekoe

bro pek

pekoe

pekoe

fans

pek sou

dust

bro pek

pekoe

pek .sou

fans

pek fans
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
fans

bro or pek
or pek
pekoe-
pi k sou
bro or pek
pekoe
bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe
fans

bro orp k
bro pek
pekoe
bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe
))ek sou
dust

bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

lb.

1700

1440

1600

2470

760

1680

2400

700

2400

825

600

1305

2100

2100

1200

1680

9U0

600

600

435

1250

1000

600

4500

3060

1710

1300

SOO

2850

2100

1760

2000

1560

1860

2300

705

3850

2470

1800

3145

4725

2070

1.540

1250

2340

2913

2800

5610

1260

480

2600

2660

28S0

2660

• C

72

48

46

53
35

47

41
26

42

44 bid

39 l)id

57 bid

54
42
32
56

48

49

42

27 bid

22 bid

28
22

45 bid
29 bid
26

40

23

44

20 bid
26
39

50

58

50

43

. I

45

42
47

31 bid
37

43

51

32

46 bid

41 bid
29 bid
20

20

42
53

34 bid
2S bid

Lot.

232

239

240

241

243

244

245

246

247

248

249
2 -2

253

254

255

256

257
260
261
262

263

264

265

266
267

270

271
274
255

276

277

278

279

280
281
282

283

284

289

290

291
293
305

C J J

Amblangoda

Middleton

Rowley

Rangalla

Tonacombe

Harangalla

Doranakande

Dunkeld

DK D

D A
G

D

B W

Box. Pkii’s. N.aine.

bro mix
bro pek
pekoe
]>ek sou
bro pek
or pek
do

pekoe
dust
bro pek
pekoe
tans
dust
or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
p(‘k sou
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
bro pe Xo.
dust
pekoe
bro or pek
pekoe
pek No. 2

868

882

884

886

890

892

894

896

898

900

902

908

910

912

914

916

918

924

926

928

930

932

134

936

938

944

946

952

954

956

958

Amblakande 960
902
964

11 D W 966

968

R C W, in estate

mark
AV’Bedde
M, in estate
mark

H G A

306

309

315

316

317

318

319

A, in estate
mark, Kurundu-
watte

970

972

982

984

986

990

C ch

5 ch

6 do

6 do
10 ch

28 do

30 lif-ch
22 ch

5 do
42 hf-ch
40 do

7 ch

5 hf-ch
36 ch
27 do
08 do
9 do

12 ch

29 do
17 do

19 do

20 ch

13 do

24 do

8 ch
3 do

31 do

14 hf-ch
10 do

15 ch

7 do

1 lif-ch

8 ch
15 do

8 do

9 ch
9 do

31 hf-ch
9 ch

25 hf-ch
10 ch

9 do
3 do

bro p ik
bro nek
pekoe
pek sou
pek sou
dust

]b.

570

650

540

480

1000

2800

1650

2200

758

2100

2000

840

450

3600

2970

6800

900

1560

2897

1530

1615

2200

1300

2760

21080

510

2790

700

600

1350

750

800

1275

800

760

1017

bro pek fan 2170
bro pek fan 900

Clyde

D G M, in est.
mark

14

16

22

34

36

38

40

6 ch
14 hf-ch
1 do
30 ch
54 do
13 do
4 do

fans
rails
bro tea
pek dust

bro pek
do

pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust

1375

1100

825

4.^0

400

605

535

3600

4860

1170

500

42 20 ch

C.

11

60

34

28 bid
71

56

54

47
28

43 bid
38

29

23
54
68
43
41

22 bid
46

30
27

48
48
41

27
20

£0 bid
41 bid

28 bid
15

41

42
33
27

24

15 bid

27

27

26 bid
20 bid
11

16

30

30
20

44 bid

31 bid
26

22

kille

738

11

ch

bro or pek

600

42

320

44

31 do

pekoe

2799

32

IGS

740

24

do

pekoe

2280

44

321

40

19 do

jjek sou

1957

26

169

742

21

do

pek sou

1890

28 bid

32-2 Z, in estate

170

744

7

do

pek fans

420

36

mark

48

12 ch

fans

1320

33

174

A PK

762

9

do

pekoe

72j

26

123

50

0 do

fans

660

33

177

Castlereagh

758

7

do

bro pek

700

48

324 Krlsmere

52

14 do

dust

11.55

23

178

760

8

(lo

bro or pek

SOO

53

325 B S T

54

10 do

bro pek fail 1361

23

179

762

15

(lo

or pek

13.50

42

326 Putiipaula

56

23 eh

liro or pek

1610

43

180

704

20

do

pekoe

1860

39

32/

58

47 ilo

•iro pek

4465

61

181

766

8

do

pek .sou

720

34

328

60

bo do

pekoe

2 50

34

182

768

12

(lo

do Xo 2

960

29

329

G2

21 d-j

pek sou

lOrO

27

185

Scrubs

774

12

ch

bro or pek

1200

.'•8 bid

330

64

9 hf-ch

du2t

720

24

186

776

30

do

or pek

3300

56

187

778

32

do

pekoe

3040

44

188

780

6

(lo

pek on

570

39

[.Messrs.

GOMERVIbLE

eV Go.— 140.0;« lli.l

189

Ingurugalla

782

ch

pek sou

450

22

Lot.

190

784

4

do

bro tea

480

24

ijox, 1 rsaiiie.

lb.

e.

198

Doonevale

800

25

do

bro pek

2250

43

1 G IV

01

12 ch

SOU

960

■26

199

802

19

do

]>ekoe

1615

27

6 Marigold

66

31 hl-ch

bro pek

1922

58

200

DND

804

17

(ii

\mn s

1530

26

7

0/

23 do

jrek

1380

42

204

Gallawatte

812

11

eh

bro pek

1100

41

S

68

IG do

pek sou

896

38

205

814

15

do

or pek

1275

42

0

69

41 do

SOU

572

29

200

810

18

(lo

j)ekoe

1620

32

10

70

6 do

bro pek

426

4.5

207

818

4

do

jrek «ou

400

20

11 Ar.slena

71

22 do

bro |)ek

1100

46

208

820

4

(lo

pek fans

400

24

12

72

30 do

pekoe

1510

37

210

Shoreluun

8i4

60

eh

13

73

19 (1.)

pek sou

9.50

•27

1 bf-ch

bro pek

5050

40 bid

18 Isriagastonne

78

18 do

bro pek

1170

42

211

826

46

ch

pekoe

3080

31 bid

19

79

32 do

pekoe

1920

38

212

828

29

do

pek sou

2o:-:o

27

20

80

52 do

pek sou

‘2800

20

214

832

11 lif-ch

dust

825

23 bid

21

81

10 do

pek fans

6.50

31

2l0

Auuiugkande

836

24

ch

bro pek

2640

46

24 C.rney

84

28 do

bro pek

1400

49

217

838

18

do

pekoe

18C0

37

25

85

32 do

pekoe

1600

37

218

840

5

do

I)CiC «ou

500’

29

20

80

4 1 ito

pek sou

20.50

29

221

Meddetuiine

846

27

ch

bro pek

1020

42

27

87

10 do

funs

800

34

848

16

do

pekoe

1600

34

33 Hangranoya

93

‘25 cli

'iro pek

•2,;00

42

2>:{

8.50

10

do

pek sou

950

27

34

94

12 do

or pek

1140

41

224

852

4

do

bro ])ek fan

480

2S

35

95

36 do

I'ckoe

3600

34

228

M A H

800

6

ch

congou

600

22

36

96

11 do

1 ek .sou

Ul45

27

229

'I'j luawr

862

40 hf-ch

bro pek

2000

68

37 Maliawatte

97

0 lif-ch

bro pek

674

38

230

864

42

do

pekoe

1890

62

38 .

98

16 .do

pekoe

960

'ZQ

231

806

30

do

])ek sou

1020

43

39

!W

10 do

pek sou

650

25

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

Bo.v.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

Lot.

Box.

Pkg.8.

Name.

lb.

C.

42 Forest Hill

102

33

cli

bro pek

3189

44 bid

5 Marigold

65

3hf-cli

bro or pek

204

56

43

103

29

do

pekoe

2784

34 1

14 Arslena

74

5 do

dust

250

20

44

104

a

(In

I eksoa

760

20 i

15 Ginigathena

75

4 do

bro pek

200

41

45

105

7 hf-ch

fans

574

24 1

16

76

6 do

pekoe

300

35

46 Comar

108

21

do

bro or pek 1050

43 :

17

77

4 do

pek sou

200

25

47

107

10

do

or pek

810

39

22 Kriagastenne

82

2 hf-ch

dust

150

19

48

108

7

cll

pekoe

700

28

23

83

h do

bro mix

275

13

49

109

5

do

l>f'k sou

500

26

40 Mahawatte

100

4 do

bro mix

240

9

52 Pine Hill

112

S7 hf-ch

bro pek

2220

42 bid

41

101

4 do

dust

220

19

53

113

11

do

or pek

660

47

57 Ravigain

117

4 ch

pek

340

31

54

114

25

ch

pek

2000

39

62 Cistleniilk

123

6 lif-ch

unas

300

30

55

1 lO

3i

do

pek sou

2145

41

66 Harangalla B

126

3 ch

sou A

300.

23

58 Rayiftam

118

20

do

pek sou

1700

36

70 Bollagalla

130

2 hf-ch

bro tea

130

22

59

119

4

(lo

fans

420

30

71

131

1 do

dust

85

20

60

120

4

do

dust

500

11

75 Ukuwella

135

2 ch

bio tea

200

11

61 Castlemilk

121

8 hf-ch

funs

600

24

76

136

2 hf-ch

bro pek fans 140

25

62

122

5

do

ilust

425

23

79 Franklands

139

3 do

or pek

168

SO

61 Harangalla B

124

32

ch

bro ]je!c

3040

42

82

142

4 cll

SOU

280

21

65

125

5

do

pek sou

475

25

83

143

4 do

or pek fans

392

29

67 Boll galla

127

22

do

bro pc-k

2090

42

84

144

1 hbeh

dust

03

25

€8

128

9

do

pekoe

720

31

85

145

1 do

red leaf

50

10

69

129

5

(io

pek sou

475

26

86 IVilpita A

146

3 ch

bro pek

.300

35

72 Ukuwela

132

18

do

bro pek

1800

40

87

147

4 do

p^koe

360

26

73

133

17

do

uekoe

1700

29

88

148

3 do

pek sou

270

23

74

134

14

(lo

pek sou

1400

26

89

149

3 do

bro mix

300

15

77 Eilandhu

137

14

do

iiro jiek

1400

42

90

150

1 do

dust

115

19

78

138

IS

do

pek

1710

29

91

151

1 hf-ch

red leaf

70

10

80 Franklnnds

140

7

(lo

pekoe

623

34

94 Teligalakande

154

5 do

pek sou

300

22

81

141

0

do

pek sou

438

28

95 G B

155

3 ch

bro tea

279

21

92 Teligalakande

152

8 lif-cli

bro pek

480

oC

97 RX

157

2 hf-cli

dust

170

21

93

153

17

do

pekoe

1020

27

98

1.18

2 do

SOU

80

16

96 G B

156

11

ch

dust

1540

22

103 Kudaganga

163

1 ch

COilfJOll

80

12

99 Kudiiganga

159

13

do

bro 1 ek

1430

39

104

164

1 do

dust

1,55

19

100

100

7

do

pek

605

26

109 Depedene

169

1 hf-ch

red leaf

55

10

101

101

20

do

pek sou

ISOO

20

119 Penrith

179

2 do

pek fans

2.50

24

102

162

7

do

bro tea

735

21

120

180

1 do

dust

165

19

105 Depedene

165

92

hf-ch

bro pek

5000

41

122 O T N in estate

106

166

73

do

]iek

3650

27 bid

mark

1S2

4 hf-ch

bro pek

200

35 bid

107

167

41

do

jiek sou

2050

26

129 II

189

3 hf-ch

dust

240

24

108

163

n

do

dust

460

22

i;-'0

190

1 do

bro tea

50

14

110 Hatdowa

ITO

25

cll

bro pek

2500

40

135 B D in estate

111

171

20

do

pekoe

180!)

29

mark

195

1 do

bro pek

59

22

112

172

19

do

pek sou

1015

26

140 Castle

2(^0

0 lif-cli

bro pedv

265

30

114

174

5

(lo

dust

.575

21

142

202

3 do

pek sou

150

19

1’ 5 Kew

175

32

do

pek

2914

41

143

203

1 do

fans

50

21

116 Penrith

] 7u

27

do

liro pek

2700

48

117

177

25

do

pekoe

2000

35

118

178

IS

do

jiek sou

1020

27

[Mr. E. John.]

121 WalahamUiv.
123 Comiliah

a 181
183

21 do
20 iif-cli

bro pek
bro pek

2100

1000

43 bid
42

Lot.

]E)x. Ekgs. Name.

lb.

C.

124

184

10

do

pekoe

500

28

0 Gonawella

153

1 ch

pekoe

90

34

125

18.5

lu

(lo

pek sou

500

20

7

155

1 do

nek s u

90

23

126 Hatton

]86

35

do

bro pek

1925

03

S

1.57

1 do

fans

88

28

127

187

37

ch

pi-koe

8330

41

9

159

1 do

dust

102

22

1-28

1S8

25

do

pek sou

2250

32

42 bid

12 Vincic

105

3 do

pek sou

3'.0

26

134 Glenalla

104

12

do

bro or pek 120o

13

167

1 do

red leaf

129

9

14L Castle

201

8llf-ch

pekoe

407

27

14

169

3 do

dust

348

20

144 Salawe

204

10

ch

bro pek

1100

43

19 Gonavy

179

2 do

pek fans

172

24

145

205

13

do

pekoe

1235

40

29

’SI

1 do

dust

100

19

146

200

24

do

pek sou

2160

29

23 Sa.umarez

187

3 do

pek sou

soo

23

147

207

23

do

1)0 souNo.22(!/0

26

24

189

3 do

bro pek fans 393

23

148

208

10

(lo

UIKIS

1000

25

25

191

1 do

du.st

100

20

29 -Uttcry & Stam-

2 do

pek sou

ford Hill

199

208

32

SMALL l.OTS.

31

201

1 do

dust

140

7 bid

31 S H

203

1 do

bro mix

76

31

H

3; AaraOuvah

21.)

4 do

dust

376

24

[Messrs. A.

. THOMPSON iV UO.J

43 St. .Joiin's

227

18 iif-ch

pekoe

900

26

T.nt. PkL's.

Name

lb.

c.

48 'I'emplest we

237

2 ch

dust

280

26

2 Hornsey
R in estate

2

2

ch

fa;is

1.0

20

52 Kuslanda
58 Kanaugama

245

257

3 do
3 do

fans

fans

330

210

35

21

9

1

ch

un;is

110

10

GO Kila

2i o

3 ch

dust

360

22

10

l\

10

1 Iif-ch

unas

55

17

68 M N

27/

3 hl-ch

dust

265

23

11

1

do

dust

60

19

74 Blackburn

289

1 do

bro tea

60

10

17

17

3

do

fans

225

25

75

291

2 cll

dust

18

18

4

do

dust

360

20

1 ht-ch

340

20

20 Battagalla

20

2

do

fans

IsO

20

80 Saduganga

301

1 ch

dust

125

32

23 Hornsey
25 Belugas
28 Agar s Land

23

25

2

0

ch

do

fans

180

170

20

16

1 S2

j 81 He-iegama

E03

30D

3 do
2 hf-ch

SOU

bro mix

240

190

25

17

28

3 lif-ch

dust

2S5

20

i 93 Callander

327

3 bo.xe.'

du.st

10.3

23

‘'0 •

3

do

red leaf

180

8

94 Ananiallai

'6 0

1 lif-cli

dust

85

21

30 IMandara Newe-

30

4

cll

pekoe

360

38

101 V 15 K

102 Marguerita

313

345

3

3 llf-Cll

dust
red le.if

270

168

21

17

32

35 M

36

38 II

32

1

do

dust

100

23

103

5 do

fans

350

25

•2 hf-cli

pekoe

108

18

lOl

349

1 do

dust

90

21

30

2

do

pek sou

190

10

107 H S

y55

2 do

bro pek

220

31

38

o

oU

103

357

3 do

pekoe

310

23

1 bfwh

224

14

113 Vti) nsule

307

4 ch

red le;if

300

12

39

39

1

ch

red leaf

80

8

116 Suriakanda

3V >

1 do

dust

1.50

15

117 Koslanda

375

1 do

SOU

90

25

Co.]

120 Shannon

381

4 do

pek sou

300

25

[Messrs.

SOMKRVILLK cV

12L

383

1 do

bro tea

lOO

10

Lot.

Box.

Pk'os. Nome.

U).

C.

122

335

1 do

d list

120

24

2 G W

62

1

ch

rod leaf

so

8

120 Kotuwagede

•a 309

1 hf-ch

dust

96

23

3

63

5

lif-ch

fans

30)

26

130

401

2 do

pek funs

1-0

24

4

04

5

do

dust

360

131 K C

403

1 ch

unas

96

27

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box-. Pk"s. Name. lb. c.

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker.]

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb

C.

4 I K V

412

3 ch

pek fans

360

21

G Springkell

41G

1 do

sou

110

30

8

420

3 lif-ch

pek fans

240

30

10 Dambagalla

424

6 do

sou

330

25

11

426

3 do

dust

255

23

IS Kosgalla

440

4 do

dust

324

20

21 Carendon

446

3 ch

pek sou

300

26

23

450

2 do

fans

200

26

24

452

3 do

congou

259

20

26 East End

45G

4 do

bro pek

384

32

27

458

3 do

pekoe

270

26

41 llethersett

486

2 ch

bro pek

228

41

45

494

2 do

pek fans

302

28

4C Yatiyana

496

3 hf-ch

or pek

ISO

39

48

509

3 do

pekoe

156

23

49

502

3 do

pek sou

150

22

53 Da])hne

510

8 ch

1 hf-ch

dust

177

19

54

512

2 ch

1 hf-ch

fans

240

22

55

514

2 ch

1 lif-ch

congou

208

12

6G

516

1 ch

1 hf-ch

red leaf

121

9

80 Nugagalla

5G4

4 do

pek sou

200

24

81

566

3 do

dust

255

24

83 Dehegalla

570

2 ch

pekoe

200

32

85

.574

3 do

sou

270

24

86 .Stafford

576

2 do

liro or pek

220

74

87

578

2 ilo

bro pek

220

58

88

580

4 do

pekoe

380

49

89

582

2 do

pek sou

180

44

90

584

1 do

fans

120

32

91

58G

1 do

bro mix

120

21

98 Holton

600

3 cli

pek sou

285

34

99

602

3 do

dust

225

24

103 Ellawatte

610

3 lif-ch

dust

270

21

10 i K B

614

5 do

sweeping

271

6

100

GIG

5 do

do

272

6

109 Marlborough

622

4 fit

pek sou

380

36

110

G24

1 do

pek fans

90

23

117 Harrington

6.''8

1 ilo

pek sou

100

36

118

640

2 do

dust

240

25

110 Avoca

642

2 ch

pek sou

220

45

120

644

3 lif-cli

bro pek faiiS’j 223

36

123 A in estate

mark

660

1 cli

pek so'i

110

38

124

652

1 hf ch

bro pek fans 75

29

128 Sunnycroft

6G0

2 cli

congou

200

25

143 Maha Uva

690

2 ch

dust

161

21

140 Dammeria

696

2 do

pek sou

200

39

147

698

4 do

dust

360

23

159 Ruanwella

722

2 ch

red leaf No 1 200

10

160

724

2 do

do

2 ISO

10

102

728

2 do

fans

240

25

171 St. Columb-

kille

746

4 ch

dust

280

23

173 Daphne

750

1 do

1 hf-ch

fans

170

23

175 BTN

754

1 do

red leaf

45

15

17G

756

3 do

dust

240

25

183 Castlereagh

770

5 do

pek fans

350

32

184

772

2 do

dust

160

22

191 A G

780

1 ell

bro tea

90

15

192

788

1 do

dust

122

20

209 Gallawatte

822

3 ch

dust

300

21

13 Slioreham

830

1 do

bro tea

100

12

215

834

1 do

unas

115

12

219 Anningkande 842

3 hf-ch

du.st

225

22

220

844

1 ch

congou

100

25

242 Amblangoda 888

1 hf-ch

dust

40

12

250 Pingarawa

904

4 do

dust

360

22

251 Kngalla

906

2 ch

bro mix

240

27

258 G

920

4 do

sou

336

21

259

922

2 do

pek dust

280

17

268 D K I)

940

1 do

pek sou

1‘20

36

2G9

942

1 do

red leaf

95

14

272 New Galway 948

5 hf-ch

iiro pek

275

59

273

950

7 do

pekoe

350

44

292 H (J .V

988

2 ch

bro mix

148

8

307 A, in estate

mark, Kurundu-

watte

18

2 ch

pekoe

190

23

303

20

2 hf-ch

do

100

22

310

24

1 do

pek sou

50

20

311

26

2 ch

sou

160

12

312

28

3 do

pek fans

225

14

313

30

1 hf-ch

pek dust

75

20

314 D, in estate

mark

32

3 ch

pek dust

300

18

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

Mincing Lane, Feb. 5, 1897.

Marks and price.s of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to 5th Feb. ; —

K.v “Japan” — Need wood, Ic 120s; Ic It 110s 6d: lb 90s;
lb 121s. NWT, lb 86s,

Ex “Manila” — BJ Ouvah, 1 bag 45s.

Ex “Banff.shire”— 00, lloehainpton, lb 123s; Ic lb 119s;
3c 107s; lb 93s Gd. PB, It 120s. T, lb 80s; lb 98s; 1 bag
103s. Delrey, O, lb 127s; Ic 125s; Ic Ills. PB, lb 127s.
T, lb 90s. Palli 1, It 108s; lb 97s; Ic 90s; lb 78s. PB, with-
drawn at 100s.

Ex “Barrister”— Sarnia, O, 2c 114s 6d; 3c 103s Gd; Ic 96s.
PB, lb 122s. T, It 87s; 1 bag 104s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “Barrister” — Eriagastenne, 57 bags G4s; 7 bags 42s Gd;
43 bags G4s Gd; 7 bags 49s, Maousava, 11 bags 60s; 19 bags
G3s Gd; 1 bag 40s; 6 bags 32s.

Ex “Duke of Buckingham” — OBEC in estate mark,
Kondesalle, Ceylon, 95 bags G4s; 28 bags 50s; 3 bags 36s.
HG.'V in estate mark, 52 baas 54s Gd; 114s bags 47s; 2 bags
51s; 4 bags (sd) 46s Gd. N.M in estate mark, 20 bags 5ls;
42 bags 50s Gd. DMA&Co., in estate mark, 20 bags
4Gs Gd.

Ex “Sarpedon”— NM in estate mark, 15 bags 49s Gd; 3 bag.s
(sd) 44s.

Ex “Diomed”— -\sgeria. No. 1, 13 bags 65s. Kumara-
dola, IS bags G2s; 4 bags 46s; 6 bags 36s Gd; 1 bag 40s.

Ex “.Shropshire”— Dunkawatte, 27 bags 62s Gd; 10 bags
(sd) 54s.

Ex “Duke of Buckingham”— Rockhill, 55 bags 63s 6d;

3 bags 49s Gd; 2 bags 42s; 10 Lags 36s Gd. Maou-sava, IG
bags 60s Gd; 36 bags 62s Cd; 2 bags 42s; 3 bags 30s Gd.
Gangwarily, 4 bags(sd c 1) 54s Gd; 5 bags (sd c l).50s; 2 bags
(.sd c l)34s. Annie watte, 73 bags 63s Gd. M 1 Mai in estate
nurk, 3 bags 47s Gd.

Ex “Japan” — Warriapolla, 97 b.igs 75s Gd; 12 bags 45s;

4 bals 37s.

Ex “Barrister”— Ooonamliil, 14 bags 67s Gd; 20 bags Gls;
2G bags 63s; 20 bags G2s Gd; 20 bags 57s; 11 bags 45s Cd.

Ex “Banffsliire”— V^attewatte, 64 bags 65s Cd; 5 bags 4Ss:
29 bags G3s; 3 bags 45s.

Ex "Dilwara” — Eadella 3, 2 bags 39s.

Ex “Senator,’— OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle, Ceylon,
13 bags G ;s; 7 bags 53s Gd; 22 bags 70s; 5 bags 5Gs Gd. OEC
in estate mark, Mahaberia, Ceylon, 29 bags G8s; 5 bags 54s;
4 bags 37s (;d.

Ex “Duke of Buckingham”— NN in estate mark London, CO
bags 50s.

Ex “Barrister”— KKM, 33 bags 47s Gd, KMA, 28
bags 4S.S.

CJ’A'LON CA.RDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Ex “Duke of Buckingham” — AACo. in estate mark, 2c
sli. mouldy 2s 9d; Ic sli. mouldy Is 5d.

E.x “Barrister” — Lebanon. Ic 3s 3d; 11c 3s 3d; Ic 2s lOd;
2c 2s 8d; 5c 2s 2d; Ic seeds 4s 2d.

Ex “Japan”- Cottagangn, 2c 3s 5d; 5c 3s Id; 6c 2s lOdp
2c 2s 9d; 4c 2s 2d. Katooloya, Ec 3s 7d: 4c 3s; 8c 3s Id;
2c 2s lUl; Ic 2s 7d; 8c 2s 3d; 2c seeds 4s Id. Gallantenne,
AB, 4c 3s; 5c Id.

Ex “Lancashire” — Pitakande Group, 5c 3s 2d; 3c 3s 3d;.
4c2s8d; 4c 2s 5d;lc2s3d; Ic seed 4s Id.

Ex “BanlTshire”— Warriagalla, 2c 3s Id; 4c 3s 2d; 7c 2sl0d;
fc 2s 4d.

Ex “Senaior”— Gavatenne, 13c 3s.

Ex “Clan Chisholm”— AL, 2c 3s.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

NO. 9.

Colombo, Mai:ch 8, 1897.

I Price : — 12j fcents each 3 copies
• 30 cents ; 6 copies § rupee

COLOMBO

SALES OF

TEA.

Lot.

Box

Fk<rs.

N auie.

lb.

c.

10

Atlierton

220

12 hf cli

bro pek
pekoe

672

39

221

IS

do

900

32

LARGE

LOTS.

15

R T in estate

[Messrs. A.

H. Thompson & Co.—

T2,232 ib.]

16

mark

225

226

12

12

ch

do

pekoe
pek sou

984

960

3.5

27

Lot.

Box.

Pko-S.

JNaine.

lb.

.c

19

Lonach

229

35 hf-ch

bro pek

1925

45

3

Baltalgalla

3

15

ch

pek sou

1.500

30

20

230

19

ch

pekoe

1805

35

5

Pannapiliya

5

13 lif-eh

bro pek

650

40

21

231

13

do

pek sou

1105

27

6

0

41

do

pekoe

700

20

! 22

Minna

232

45 hf-ch

bro pek

2700

45 bid

9

Kalkamle

9

33 hf-ch

or pek

1650

42

23

233

42

do

pek

2100

38

10

10

20

do

pekoe

1000

31

24

234

23

ch

pek sou

2070

28 bid

13

Kossahahena 13

15

do

bro pek

900

25 bid

28

St. Catherine

238

9 hf-ch

bro pek

540

43 bid

U

14

10

ch

pekoe

1000

18 bid

29

239

13

do

or pek

585

62

20

Ratnatenne

20

5

do

bro pek

450

33 bid

30

240

27

do

pek

1215

31 bid

21

21

9

do

pekoe

810

25 bid

31

241

14

do

pek sou

6.30

25

37

Pine Hill

‘247

do

01 pek
pekoe
bro pek

420

50

[Mr. E.

JOHN.-

-134,010 lb.]

38

39

Rayigam

248

249

42

28

do

ch

2520

2800

37

43

JjOt.

Eox.

l'ko-.s.

i^ame.

lb

e.

40

250

21

do

pek

1843

33

2

Saumarez

419

7

ch

bro pek

700

34

41

251

8

do

pek sou

680

27

3

421

7

do

pekoe

700

25

43 Ovoca AI

253

20

do

bro or pek

2200

55

5

425

4

do

bro pek fans 400

V4

44

254

20

do

or pek

2000

50

C

ALiacly

427

21

(to

bro pek

2.00

48

45

255

18

do

pek sou

1800

40

7

4 '9

23

do

pekoe

2070

32 bid

46

Ivew

256

10 hf-ch

bro or pek

560

61

8

431

7

do

pek sou

560

27 bid

47

257

24

do

or pek

1200

52 bid

9 Keenagaha Ella 433

14

do

pek sou

1190

29 bid

48

258

15

do

bro pek

900

40

10

435

7

do

bro mix

065

25

49

259

32

ch

pekoe

2944

44

12

Claremont

439

39 hf-ch

bro pek

2145

47

50

260

21

do

pek sou

1995

32 bid

13

441

12

ch

pekoe

lOSu

51

201

0

do

SOU

600

?7

17

Peak side

449

40 hf-ch

bro pek

2400

48

62

M L C

262

13

do

sou

1170

20

IS

451

14

do

or pek

700

50

53

203

4

do

pek fans

440

32

19

453

66

do

l)ekoe

3300

37

54

264

5

do

reel leaf

450

12

20

455

23

do

pek sou

1150

30

55

Harangalla

265

34

do

bro pek

3230

43

23

Anchor, in est.

56

263

41

do

pekoe

3690

35

mark

401

21

ch

bi'o or pek

2310

49 bid

Oi

267

5

do

pek sou

475

25

24

403

12

do

pek sou

1176

35

58

268

5

do

bro pe fans 525

20

32

Glentilt

479

47

do

bro pek

49;-5

49

59

iMourovia

209

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1200

40-

33

481

27

do

pekoe

2700

42

60

270

31

ch

pekoe

2945

35

34

Ivies

483

32 hf-ch

lu’o pek

1760

46 bid

61

271

7

do

pek sou

700

26-

35

485

55

do

pekoe

2750

32 bid

62

272

5

do

funs

500

30’

30

487

52

do

pek sou

2600

27 bid

04

Paradise

274

19 lif-ch

bro pek

1045

42.

38

Koslanda

491

30

ch

bro pek

3300

47

65

275

15

ch

pekoe

1500

28

39

493

47

do

pekoe

4230

38 bid

66

276

13

do

pek sou

1301

27

40

495

18

do

pek sou

1620

31

6S

Glencoe

278

37 lif-cli

bro pek

2220

48

42

W

499

19

do

br pek fan.^

1935

28

69

279

35

ch

pekoe

3151)

39

43

Digdola

1

25

do

bro pek

2260

39 bid

70

280

21

do

pek sou

1390

27

44

H & H

3

12

do

bro mix

1320

23

71

281

9 hf-ch

(lust

720

24

48

E T K

11

7

do

pekoe

665

40

72

Bidbury

232

17

do

bro pek

1020

50

49

13

8

lif-ch

dust

640

26

73

283

26

do

pekoe

130J

37

50

Brownlow

15

22

ch

bro or pek

2420

57

74

LB K

28-4

12

ch

red leaf

1030

19

51

17

21

do

or pek

2100

54

/o

Ukuwela

285

25

do

bro pek

2.508

43

52

19

47

do

pekoe

4465

40

76

286

18

do

pek

1800

29 bid

03

21

19

do

pek sou

1653

40

77

287

15

do

pek sou

1500

''7

54

23

4

do

br pek fans

468

35

85

Kennington

295

15

do

.sou

1425

20

55

25

4

do

pek fans

500

30

86

296

6 hf-ch

dust

480

21

56

Kotuwjiffedeva 27

29

do

pekoe

2852

27

87

297

4

do

bro tea

400

14

57

Agra Ouvah

29

57

hf-ch

bro or pek

3420

70

S3

Annandale

SO'!

14

ch

bro pek

140.)

49

53

31

31

do

or pek

1550

56

89

299

25

do

pekoe

2125

38

59

33

15

ch

pekoe

1425

47

90

300

16

do

1 eksoa

1600

31

00

Glasgow

35

05

hf-ch

bro or jjek

4875

04 bid

92

2

8

do

fans

520

41

61

37

47

do

or pek

2820

58

94

M H

4

8

do

bro pek fans 832

28

02

39

21

ch

pekoe

1995

50

95

5

7

do

SOU

675

20

63

41

17

do

pek sou

1700

42

1 hf-ch

04

P H P, in est.

96

6

6

ch

congou

521

20

mark

43

12

do

bro or pek

1200

49

97

7

7

do

bro tea

650

12

65

45

20

do

or pek

1700

47

99

Deniyaya

9

43

do

bro pek

4730

42

00

47

31

do

pekoe

2480

31 bid

lUO

10

22

do

pekoe

2200

35

67

Mocha

49

40

do

bro or pek

4000

50 bid

101

11

12

do

pek son

1200

27

68

51

33

do

bro or pek

3300

50 bid

102

12

5

do

dust

650

26

09

53

16

do

pekoe

1440

52

103

13

4

do

unas

400

25

70

55

22

do

pek sou

1760

44

106

Sirisanda

16

19 hf-ch

bro pek

950

55

74

Turin

63

4

do

in o or pek

440

42

107

17

23

do

nekoe

1150

39

75

65

16

do

bro pek

1600

45 bid

108

18

27

do

pek sou

1350

27

76

07

20

do

pekoe

2000

39

111

White Cross

21

18

ch

bro pek

1800

39

77

09

20

do

])ck sou

2000

28 bid

112

22

14

do

pek

1400

27 bid

so

Shannon

75

15

do

bro or pek

1575

44 bid

113

Morankinda

23

14

CO

pek sou

1400

2 : bid

82

Weymoth

79

15

do

bro pek

15C0

41

120

30

22

do

bro pek

2.530

51

83

81

11

do

pekoe

990

28 bid

121

31

15

do

l)ekoe

15ii0

38

84

87

Hiralouvah

83

89

0

8

do

do

j)ek sou
pek sou

4 SO
640

20

26 bid

122

32

9

do

pek sou

900

28

88

93

Agra Ouvah
Kanangama

91

101

101 hf-ch
18 ch

bi'9 or pek
pekoe

6060

1620

61 bid
29

[Messrs. Eorhes cK: Walker.— 334,426
Lot. Ro.x. I'kijs. Name. lb.

lb.]

C.

1

Uavillaiicl

63

5

ch

bro mix

400

l_l

[Messrs,

r.

SOMERVILLE

& Co.— 1U3,494 Ib.J

3

70

7

do

fans

700

20

Lo

Rox.

PkcLS. Name.

lb.

4

Kakiriskande

72

6

ch

bro pek

600

37

' '

1120

c. I

22

5

W'aitalawa

74

7

do

pekoe

030

28

1

Y.spa

211

7

ch

dust

10

84

43 hf-ch

bro pek

2150

54

2

212

0

do

bro pe fans

780

24 1

11

SO

56

do

pekoe

2800

38

0

Ires

210

9

do

bro pek

900

43

12

88

14

do

pek sou

700

27

7

217

9

do

pekoe

855

29 1

14

Baikind.ile

92

14 hf-ch

bro pek

784

50 bid

8

218

7

do

pek sou

700

25

15

94

8

do

or pek

400

51

2

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

o

O

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

Lot.

Bo.\

•

Pkirs

Name.

lb.

C.

16

96

20

ch

pekoe

1900

41 bid

149

H A T, in est.

19

St. Helen

102

17 hf-eh

bro pek

10-20

42

mark

362

9

ch

20

104

23

do

or pek

1035

50

1 Ilf ch

bro pek

1075

21

21

106

65

do

pekoe

2925

34

1.50

Beau sij our

376

27

do

bi-o pek

2430

40

22

108

33

do

pek soil

1485

27

157

378

‘21

(lo

pekoe

1785

20

•24

Coneygai'

112

\2

do

bro pek

720

63 bid

158

Lochiel

380

33

ch

or pek

3300

50

25

114

7

oh

pekoe!

6.S0

49

1.59

382

2'4

do

pekoe

1955

47

31

Lmgdale

1'26

23

do

bro pek

•2760

55

162

Torwood

388

12

ch

bro pek

12U0

53

32

128

34

do

pekoe

3400

44

163

390

17

do

or pek

1598

51

33

130

6

do

pek son

540

40

164

392

17

do

pekoe

1530

38

36

Ootoogaloya

136

24

cU

bro pek

2400

49

165

394

12

(lo

pek son

1032

SO

37

138

24

ilo

pekoe

2100

30

ICO

Arnpolakande 39G

27

ch

bro or pek

2430

51

39

G B A

142

13

do

bro pek

1300

52

167

398

33

do

or pek

2175

36

144

12

do

pekoe

1080

36

168

4(0

9,-)

d

pekoe

7600

32

41

146

6

do

pek sou

.540

27

169

402

7

1 0

pek sou

630

25

43

C

160

•23

ch

fans

•2560

26 bid

170

404

do

dust

4-20

22

49

Weyunga-

171

Carfax

406

5

ch

bro pek

550

35 bid

watte

162

5

ch

pek sou

500

29

173

Melrose

410

i2

do

bro or pek

1140

45

52

Oolopane

168

29

do

Iiro pek

2960

42

174

412

13

do

bro pek

1170

40

53

170

11

(lo

pekoe

990

33

175

414

18

do

pekoe

1470

35

54

172

5

do

pek sou

425

28

170

416

20

do

pek sou

1690

28

56

Mujikettia,

170

Ella Oya

422

11

ch

pekoe

1728

39

Ceylon in ost.

ISO

424

13

do

pek sou

1170

35

mark

176

9 hf-ch

or pek

450

5)6

ISl

4-26

12

do

pek fans

1.380

•28

57

173

11

do

bro pek

COo

56

182

Dehegalla

4-2S

22

ch

bro pek

2418

47

58

180

10

ch

pekoe

900

44

183

430

44

do

pekoe

4.394

35

59

182

7

do

pek sou

630

33

185

M'eoya

4.’4

37

do

bro pek

3515

45

69

■\aseby

184

50 hf-eh

ijro pek

3000

81 bid

186

436

33

do

pekoe

‘2640

30

61

186

31

do

pek

1188

06

187

438

30

(lo

pekoe

2400

29 bid

62

ISS

11

d>

pek .sou

600

48

188

440

17

do

pek sou

1275

26

63

190

6

do

dust

.510

41

189

442

21

(io

fans

2100

42

(U

Ciirbery

192

30

ch

bro pek

2700

54

)f0

444

8

do

dust

11 ‘20

23

6'.

194

•27

do

pekoe

•2430

36

191

Polatagama

446

45

ch

bro pek

4500

49

63

■Denmark Hill

200

13

(lo

bro or pek

1321

55

192

448

34

do

pekoe

3000

30

70

204

9 hf-ch

or pe!c

663

58

193

Dimkeld

450

12

do

bro pek

13M)

50

71

206

5

do

pekoe

427

41

194

452

15

do

or pek

1650

54

72

208

8

(lo

pek sou

554

34

195

551

14

do

pekoe

1680

40

7i

Talgaswela

212

43

cli

bro pek

3870

44

190

KirUlees

4.56

48 hf-ch

bro or pek

‘2880

55

75

214

6

do

pek

540

37

197

458

23

ch

pekoe

2070

45

80

Oonoonagalla

224

20

cli

bro or pek

1700

61

198

4 60

•23

do

l>ek sou

•2070

36

81

220

39

do

bro pek

3315

56

201

Rnaiiwella

460

66

(lo

pekoe

.5610

28 bid

82

22'

54

do

pekoe

1050

40 bid

202

dunes

468

30 hf-ch

bro or pek

1500

46

83

230

21

do

pek sou

178.5

33

•20-1

470

13

cll

bro pek

1170

54

84

232

5

do

dust

500

27

204

■172

17

do

pek

1530

31

85

(iueenslaiul

234

14 llf-c.ll

bro pek

700

78

205

474

9

do

pek sou

810

•27

86

•236

14

ch

or pek

1330

02

•206

Krracht

476

13

ch

bro or pek

1300

44

87

238

•27

do

pekte

2 95

49

207

478

24

tlo

bro pek

2040

47

88

210

5

do

pek sou

400

41

208

480

‘25

do

pekoe

1875

29

93

St. Hellers

250

39 hf-ch

bro or pek

1989

45

209

482

17

do

pek sou

13(j0

27

94

•252

15

ch

pekoe

1500

34

210

Pallegodile

4S4

32

cll

pekoe

•2880

34

95

254

4

do

pek sou

400

29

211

486

28

do

pek sou

2000

28

96

T B, in est.

•212

St. CoIumbkillelSl

21

ch

pek sou

li'JO

2J

mark

256

7

ch

fan

5G0

27

•213

Gamps ha

49)

23

ch

bro or pek

2800

55

97

258

8

do

congou

.560

22

214

492

35

do

or pek

3150

49

98

260

6

do

dust

GOO

23

215

494

10

do

pekoe

UOO

42

99

Lilia watte

262

17

ch

l)ro pek

1755

52

216

496

26

do

pex sou

•2310

34

100

264

25

do

pekoe

25,00

41

•217

P K

498

7

ch

unas

650

12

101

266

a

do

pek sou

.500

3-2

218

500

11

do

red leaf

1012

11

105

Roeksitle

274

11

ch

])ek

104.5

43

219

Mai Iborongh

602

15 hf-ch

bro or pek

825

47

106

276

11

do

pek sou

1045

:’>7

220

504

0

ch

pekoe

GOO

42

107

278

5

do

bro mixed

oOO

22

223

iilidhinds

610

8

hf- h

pek dust

600

•23

109

282

4

(lo

dust

600

24

224

Paiitiya

512

8

ch

bro pek sou

720

•24

110

Glencor.se

284

34

ch

bro pek

S40O

54

225

5i4

10

do

dust

1400

•2.3

m

286

18

do

pekoe

1620

41

220

High Forest

510

52 hf-cli

bro or pek

‘2913

52

11-2

288

22

do

pek sou

1700

31

2-27

Galkadua

518

17

ch

bro pek

1700

40

113

290

3

do

pek fans

405

30

228

520

17

do

pekoe

1700

•28 bid

115

Amblangocla

294

6

ch

bro pek

600

46

•229

622

7

do

pek sou

700

27

116

200

8

do

pekoe

720

34

230

5-24

9

do

fans

900

33

117

298

8

do

pek sou

640

28

232

Co.rfax

6-28

31 hf-ch

bro or pek

1705

58

118

CRD

300

4

do

dust

400

21

233

530

10

ch

or pek

1000

50

119

302

9

(lo

red leaf

9i 0

11

234

532

5

do

bio pek

550

40

120

Tymawr

304

45 llf-cll

bro i)ek

22.)0

67 bid

235

534

20

do

pekoe

19(0

44

121

306

£0

do

l.iekoe

2-250

.51

236

Killarney

536

6-2

hf-cli

bro or pek

37-20

53

1-22

308

50

do

pek sou

22.50

42

•237

538

16

ch

or pek

1-280

00

1-25

314

8

do

sou

100

36

-238

540

12

hf-ch

pekoe

600

48

1-20

Monkswooil

310

30

(lo

bro pek

1500

79

239

542

4

ch

pek sou

440

38

1-27

318

40

do

or pek

1800

65

•242

A D, in e tate

1-28

HI la Oya

3-20

8

ch

bro pek

896

42

mark

548

9

cll

1)10 sou

7-20

13

1-29

322

9

do

or i)ek

804

44

243

Mayfair

550

9

do

sou

9C0

22

130

324

1-3

do

pekoe

12-18

35

244

H L

552

33

do

bro mix

2970

10

131

Agra Oya

326

31 hf-ch

bro pek

1705

49

•245

A G

554

8

ch

pek sou

760

•26

132

328

14

do

or pek

1190

40

•247

558

7

hf-ch

dust No. 1

5-25

IS

133

330

19

ch

))ekoe

1015

35

249

662

1 2

ch

red leaf

1080

12

134

332

11

do

])ek sou

900

29

250

A

504

'9

if-ch

pekoe

450

16

137

BD W

338

8

do

bro i>ek

800

30

•251

Panatola

500

64

do

bro or pek

2700

48 bid

138

C -M, in e.st.

252

568

26

(lo

pekoe

1300

32 bid

mark

310

25

hf-ch

bro pek

1375

48

253

570

20

ch

pek sou

1760

•28 bid

139

342

•20

tlo

])ek

1300

38

•254

.572

0

do

sou

57(1

26

140

1 lopton

341

18

cll

iiro pek

1800

53

255

574

12

do

dust

1330

24

141

346

17

do

pekoe

1.530

37

256

K

576

9

do

or pek

900

34

142

348

5

llo

pek sou

450

27

758

W X

580

7

ch

bro tea

700

13

146

Mticaldenia

356

•20 hf-cli

iu o pek

1100

42

261

Suiinycroft

586

10

do

pek sou

100(1

‘„9

147

583

9

ch

263

690

3

do

dust

4.50

22

1 hf-ch

I)ckoe

950

30

•204

15 I) W I’

692

41

hf-ch

bro pek

20'.0

43

148

360

7

ch

265

,594

8

do

bro pe Xo.

2 40(1

44

1 lif-ch

pek Xo. 2

750

31

•266

596

8

do

bro pek fan

480

40

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot,

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

Lot.

Box.

Pkg..

268

B D W G

600

5 hf-di

dust

450

24

' 82

292

2 hf-ch

270

INlaealdeniya

604

11 di

bro pek

605

45

: S3

293

2 do

271

606

5 do

pekoe

550

38

; 8-*

294

1 do

272

608

7 do

1 91 /Viinaudale

1

4 ch

1 hf-ch

pek No. 2

745

31

. 03

3

2 do

•273

II A T, in estate

d

98 51 11

8

3 do

mark

010

5 ch

bro pek

550

V22

1 104 Deuiyaya

14

2 do

274

612

1 hf-ch

bro pek

67

J

! 105 iSirisaiida.

15

20 boxes

277

Woileytield

618

6 do

pekoe

600

26

1 lOO

19

2 hf-di

279

G

022

10 hf-ch

pekoe

500

26 bid

•20

1 do

280

G P .51, in e.st.

■ 114 IVliite Cross

24

1 do

mark

024

7 do

bro or pek

420

70 bid

115 IIT ill est. mark 25

1 lif-ch

281

620

12 do

or pek

600

70 lad

' 116

20

4 do

282

6-28

20 do

pekoe

1100

52 bid

‘ 117

27

1 ch

Name. lb.

283 030 28 Oo do Xo.

284 G32 16 do son

■280 Knavesmire 030 IS l-1i bro pek

287 O'iS 44 do pekoe

288 040 23 do pek sou

2S0 642 8 do fans

290 Gera^'ama 044 31 ch bvo pek

291 0)0 16 ilo pekoe

292 043 14 do pek sou

1568

800

ISOO

3900

1955

800

3100

1000

1-lCO

44 l.id
34 bid

45

30 bid

27

27

40

32

27

SMALL LOTS.

Lot.

Mr. E. John.]
Bo.k, Pkjjs. Name.

lb.

1

Lax.-'paua

417

1 hf-di

pekoe

04

4

saumare/-

423

2 ch

pek sou

200

11 Keeiiagaha Ella 43i

1 do

pek No. 2

85

14

Cliiiemont

443

4 do

pek sou

340

15

A B h

44.5

3 do

unas

300

10

447

5 do

fans

340

■21

Peakside

4.57

6 lif-di

tiro fans

360

28

459

3 do

ilust

180

25

B K

465

2 ch

unas

190

37

Ivies

4 89

8 hf-di

C01U>'OU

360

41

Koslanda

497

2 ch

dust

300

45

I.oughton

5

5 hf-ch

pek du.st

250

46

Talawakellie

7

4 ch

sou No. 2

380

47

Yapame

9

1 do

liro mix

100

78

Turin

71

2 do

bro mix

210

70

73

4 hf-ch

dust

3S0

81

A BE

77

2 do

dust

IGO

So

Weymotli

85

1 ch

bro mix

80

80

87

1 do

dust

100

89

Sliannoii

93

1 ilo

bro pek

90

90

95

3 do

1 !if-ch

pekoe

260

91

97

6 do

pek sou

336

92

99

1 ch

rod leaf

100

[MtSSKS.

Somerville &

Co.]

Lot.

J>ox.

Pkg.s.

Name.

11).

3

,s

213

2 lif-di

liro tea

ICO

4

.V

214

1 do

bro tea

50

5

215

2 do

dust

160

9

Irex

219

2 ch

dust

200

12

Atliertou

2-22

3 hf-di

pek sou
bro mi.x

13

2-23

2 do

14

•224 ,

3 do

dust

17

R T in estOvte
mark

227

1 ch

bro mix-

18

2-28

37 do

dust

■25

.1 D 51

2:!5

2 lif-di

bro pek

■26

236

2 do

pek

27

237

1 do

pek sou

32 Sf. Catlieiiue 242

33 II-apuKalialaude 243

34 Cliolankr.ndei 244

4J5 245

36 246

42 R,aya;j;,x)n 25-2

03 Mom-ovia 273

67 Paradise 277

78 Ukun't'lla 288

79 289

SO iilount Pleasant 290
61 291

1 do

1 ch

2 do

1 hf-di
1 di

1 lif-di

2 do

1 di

3 hf-di

4 di

2 hf-di

3 do
3 do

dust
pek sou
f.aiis

dii.st
bro mix

144

80

183

95

360

100

100

50

80

94

22il

90

155

dust

pek dust
dust
bro te.a
bro pek fans 140
bro pek 165

pekoe 150

300

140

204

380

22

23

17

28

37

28

118

119

1-23

124

125

Lot.

Moraiikiuda

28

29

33

34

35

2 do

1 Iif-di

2 di
1 do
1 do

sou
fans
congou
dust
red leaf
dust
fans
or pek
congou
bro tea
bro fans
bro pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust

96

128

49

348

180

350

200

319

108

55

70

60

200

70

200

70

bro Dele fans 250
congou 90

dust 160

[MKS.SR.S, Eoubes

Eo.\.

& Wal,ker.]

[Me.^s.sr.s. a.

H. Thompson

& Co.]

Lot. Pko;.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Airy Hill 1

1 hf-di

lu'o pek

50

34

2

2

4 do

pekoe

200

27

4

Battalgalla, 4

2 ch

fans

18

20

11

HF, in estate

mark 1 1

7 lif-di

red leaf

385

9

12

Woodeud 1 2

2 di

dust

300

21

15

Kosgaliahena 15

2 do

sou No. 1

190

15

10

16

2 do

sou No 2

•200

li

17

17

2 hf-ch

bro tea

120

8

18

18

3 do

fans

180

19

19

1 do

dust

87

19

c.

29 bid
22

30
if)

30
22
29
22

31

n

25
13
1.5

24

26
13
13
21
44

•23

25
10

2 Havilland 68

6 Ixakiriskande 76

7 78

8 80

9 82

13 Waitalawa 90

17 Earkiiidale 98

IS KJO

23 St. Helen 110

20 Co3ieyg:ir 116

27 Thcdd'eii 118

23 120

20 122

30 1-24

34 Laiigdiile 132

35 134

38 S T 140

42 G E .V. 148

43 150

44 1.52

45 Bittai-y 1.54

46 1,50

47 1.58

51 Oolapane 166

55 174

66 Carberrv 106

67 ■ 193

60 Denmark Hill

73
76

Pkg.s.

Name.

Ib.

3

ch

dust

240

2

do

pek sou

180

1 lif-di

bro tea

60

1

do

dust

60

1

do

red leaf dust

50

4

do

du.st

320

2

ch

sou

200

2 hf-di

bro mixed

160

O

hf-ch

dust

1-20

.3

ch

pek sou

270

3

do

pekoe

270

1

do

pek sou

90

1

do

sou

100

1

do

dust

150

2

ch

pek fans

228

.)

do

dust

270

2 hf-ch

bro pek

137

1

ch

dust

1-20

1

do

fans

100

•1

do

■SOU

180

3

cli

pek .sou

300

1

do

sou

100

4 llf-di

dust

360

7 hf-di

bro or pek

350

5

do '

dust

350

2 do

Denmark Hill

202

■>

hf-ch

bro pek

210

1

ch

pek fans

Tiugaswela

210

4

do

p ;k sou

Qaeeu-sland

242

2

do

dust

Ellawatte

268

.)

lif-ch

dust

G

270

1

ch

sou

104

jOS Rod: side
114 tiiencor.se
1-23 Tvmawr
124

135 Agra Oya

136
136a

143 Hoptoii

144

145

272

2S0

•292

310

312

334

336

336a

350

352

354

do
do
di
do
do
3 do
2 hf-di

bro pek fans 220
1 0
112
360
160
180
80

pek dust 280

bro pek fans 390
dust 160

bro pek du.st 350

150 H A T, in estate

do

di

do

do

’

marie

364

4

hf-cli

' 160

Lochiel

384

1

ch

101

386

._>

do

C.

172

.Spriugkell

408

1

do

10

177

51elro.se

418

1

do

10

178

420

1

do

20

184

Deliegalla

432

5

hf-ch

17

190

Kirklees

462

.)

ch

24

200

464

4

do

12

2-M

51idlauds

506

1

do

20

222

508

1

do

231

Galkadua

526

o

hf-ch

18

■240

Kilhmiey

544

3

do

21

241

546

.-y

ch

35

240

A G

555

7

hf-ch

248

560

5

do

20

257

K

.578

.1

ch

21

259

W N

582

3

do

2.5

260

K U L

584

do

28

262

Sauyeroft

588

1

cii

20

267

B D W P

508

4

hf-ch

17

269

B D IV G

602

1

do

275

H A T, in estate

19

’

614

3

do

276 Woileytield
278

010

620

di

ilo

dust
bro mi.x
dust
dust
sou
dust
red leaf

dust

pek .sou

dust'

pekoe

sou

dust

fans

pek fans

dust

sou

red leaf

dust

fans

dust

sou

dust No.
)iekoe
fans
bro mix
•congou
du.st
red leaf

dust
bro pek

285 GPM.iuest.

mark 034

293 M D 650

1 hf-di sou

2 hf-ch
•2 di

ilust
or i)ek fans 237

300

300

160

80

270

360

SJ

320

100

300

100

80

05

3.50
250
340

80

80

1.50
210
200
315
295
190
360
170
100
348

50

210

260

300

180

C.

25

25

20

22

25

out

27

56

23
27

25
37
37
27

24
2-2
29

26
23

C.

16

27

33

23
IS

27
32
18
22

39
29
26

9
21

32

24
46
24
29

23
45

40

24
44

28
28

33
44

27

34
29
22
20
20
29

23

24
21
12
20
20

24
22
10

IS

35
26

40

25

26
31

41

28
20
13
22
38
22
20
12
34
17
•20
26
2:;
l-l

10
40

23

28

25

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TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 10.

Colombo, March 15, 1897.

I Price : — 12J cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LAllGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson Co.— 55,208 lb.]

Lot. Box.

Pko'S.

Name

lo.

.C

2

Battalfra.lla

O

15

ch

pek .sou

1500

34

10

K K G il

10

10

do

bi o pek

500

44

11

11

11

do

pekoe

550

30

U

SapitiyagoiUle

14

62

do

1 ro oo pek

4350

30 bid

15

15

30

do

or pek

16.50

56 bid

16

10

63

do

bro pek

3780

48 bid

17

17

37

cli

pekoe

3.500

40

IS

Myraganga

18

52

do

bro or pek

5685

40 bid

19

19

37

do

or pek

33,30

41 bid

20

20

33

do

bro pek

3300

44 bid

21

21

28

do

2600

39 bid

22

23

Manclara Newe

22

18

do

^cK SOU

1720

29 bid

ra

23

10

cb

pekoe

900

41

26

Wewelwatte

26

27

hf-ch

bro pek

1360

46 bid

27

27

13

do

pekoe

585

32

28

2S

9

do

pek sou

450

29

29

29

13

do

sou

650

28

34

H

34

33

do

])ek sou

2970

15 bid

3.5

M B

35

15

ch

pek fans

1050

24 bid

36

36

12

do

pek dust

1020

19 bid

37

BD

37

10 hf-ch

pek fans

700

24 bid

3S

38

10

do

pek dust

8.50

20

42

A IV M B

42

u

ch

pekoe

425

25 bid

43

43

5

do

l>ek sou

400

18 bid

[ ;S] ESSKS.

Home

KVILLS

* U).— 1^

8,271 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkg:s.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Raveiisciaig

41

10

hf-ch

pek sou

600

28

2

White Cross

42

25

ch

bro pek

2500

41

3

4.3

21

do

pekoe

2100

28

4

6

44

F F, in estate

10

do

pek sou

1600

26

mark Avisawell.i 40

18 hf-cli

bro pek

1008

43

7

47

7

do

pekoe

486

27

11

Mahatenne

51

28

ch

bro 1 ek

2800

42

12

52

11

do

pekoe

11(0

29

13

53

11

do

pek sou

1100

26

14

W’ Tenne

51

6 Ilf ch

bro jiek

500

45

15

55

9

do

pekoe

720

30

16

50

13

elo

pek .sou

1093

26

17

Ivanhoe

57

22

do

bro pek

1100

61

18

58

59

do

pekoe

6320

40

19

59

6

do

dust

480

25

20

60

12

ch

bro mix

1080

27

21

Mousakande

61

10

do

bro pek

990

43 bid

22

62

20

do

pekoe

1940

34

24

Yarrow

64

60

hf-ch

bro pek

3360

46

25

26

Y, in estate

65

7u

do

pekoe

3510

38

mark

66

3

do

du.st

630

24

27

N ugawela

67

15

do

or pek

825

48

28

68

13

do

bro or pek

780

42

29

69

42

do

pekoe

2100

37

30

70

5

ch

pek sou

425

28

32

Lyndhurst

72

39

lif-eh

bro pek

1950

44

33

73

44

do

pekoe

1980

35

34

74

51

do

pek sou

2040

27

35

75

14

do

sou

560

26

37

.Salawe

77

10

ch

unas

1000

25

38

Roseneath

78

c5

hf-ch

bro pek

3135

42

39

79

21

ch

pekoe

1890

34

40

80

18

do

pek sou

1620

39

41

Ankanda

81

30

do

bro pek

2850

39

42

82

30

do

pekoe

2400

33

46

Pussetenne

86

9

do

bro pek

990

48

47

87

7

do

or pek

630

49

48

83

8

do

pekoe

800

36

49

89

6

do

nek sou

610

32

62

Rayigam

92

34

do

Dro pek

3400

42

53

93

29

do

pekoe

1760

34

54

94

6

do

pek sou

510

28

65

95

3

do

dust

420

18

66

Pinehill

96

31

do

pekoe

2635

40

57

68

97

L S L. in estate

8

do

pek sou

640

34

mark

98

29

do

sou

2755

13 bid

69

99

5

do

pek fans

575

28 bid

60

Ukuwella

IOC

26

do

bro pek

2600

41 bid

61

101

21

do

pekoe

2100

31

62

102

20

do

pek sou

2000

27

63

103

5

do

fcro tea

475

25

Lot.

Box. 1

Pkg.S.

Name.

lb.

C.

68

Rothes

108

13

hf-ch

bro pek

624

69

69

109

25

do

pekoe

1200

49

72

Woodthorpe &

Inchscelly

112

9

ch

bro pe <

900

50

73

113

11

do

pekoe

880

40

74

114

13

do

pek sou

975

28 bid

77

Hangranoya

117

17

ch

l)ro pek

1700

44

78

118

7

do

or pek

665

42

79

119

23

do

pekoe

2300

35

80

120

6

do

pek sou

570

28

82

122

6

do

dust

840

2,3

83

123

5

do

fans

025

27

85

California

125

8

do

pekoe

8n0

28

88 iallef^allekande 128

7

h^ch

bro pek

420

40

89

129

19

do

pekoe

1140

26

91

Illukettia

131

4

ch

bro pek

600

40

95

Chetnole

135

6

do

pek sou

600

28

97

R in est. mark 137

45

hf-ch

bro pek

2,700

42 bid

98

138

29

ch

pekoe

2900

33 bid

99

139

23

do

pek sou

1955

28

100

K V

140

30

hf-ch

fans

1500

22

101

Penrith

141

37

ch

bro pek

3700

49

102

142

34

do

pekoe

2890

37

103

143

23

do

pek son

2o70

28

106

Agra Onvah

146

lO

hf-ch

or pek

2000

39 bid

107

B’Watte

147

8

do

nek fans

590

22 bid

108

148

17

do

pek dust

1445

19 bid

111

Bug

151

6

ch

pek sou

480

26

117

Kew

157

24 hf-ch

or pek

1200

64

118

158

21

ch

pek sou

1995

35

119

L M

159

8

do

p k fans

660

26

120

160

16 hf-ch

pek sou

1360

19 bid

121

M D

161

22

do

pek fans

1510

22 bid

125

White Cross

165

14

do

nelioe

1400

30

126

Monte Christo 166

24

hf-ch

bro pek

1200

60

127

167

23

do

pekoe

1250

39

128

168

15

do

sou

750

29

[Mr.

E.

John.—

-240,. 302 lb.]

Lot. Box.

I'kgS.

Name.

lb.

C.

2

Arratenne

105

9

ch

bro pek

1080

35

3

107

n

do

pekoe

700

26 bi(T

6

A

113

15

do

pekoe

1050

53

8

Y B K

117

8 hf-ch

pekoe

496

44

9

119

12

ch

pek sou

■480

38

11

Pati Rajah

123

18

do

bro pek

1890

44 bid

12

125

12

do

pekoe

1140

34

13

127

5

do

pek sou

450

iS

15

Claremont

131

37 hf-ch

bro pek

1850

44

16

1.33

9

ch

pekoe

900

35

18

D

137

15

do

unas

1476

•30

24

P & W

149

20

do

br pek fans

2U60

37 bid

25

B, in est. mark 151

9 ht-ch

dust

765

19 bid

20

Ottery & Stam-

ford Hill

153

33

ch

bro pek

3300

63

27

155

33

do

or pek

2970

45 bid

28

157

46

do

pekoe

4140

42

29

Maskeliye

159

20

do

bro or pek

2000

57 bid

30

161

25

do

or pek

2500

50

31

163

19

do

pekoe

19U0

42

32

165

19

do

pek sou

1900

38

34

169

12

do

bro pek fans 840

32

35

Salem

171

15

do

dro pek

1500

41 bid

36

173

13

do

pekoe

1170

34

38

Yahalakela

177

46

do

unas

4140

25 bid

39

179

29

do

pek fans

2610

29

42

185

6

do

dust

775

17

43

S

187

16 hf-ch

pek fans

1020

24

44

Ottery & Stam-

ford Hill

189

33

ch

bro pek

3300

65

45

191

26

do

or pek

2340

54

46

193

30

do

pekoe

3240

44

49

Tientsin

199

41 hf-ch

or pek

2255

52 bid

60

201

25

ch

pekoe

2500

45

51

203

6

do

pek sou

540

36

63

Broadlands

207

41 hf-ch

bro pek

2255

42 bid

54

209

23

ch

pekoe

19.55

32

56

211

22

do

pek sou

1540

28

68

213

20

do

pek fans

1900

34

58

217

8

do

oro tea

560

27

59

Whyddon

219

18

do

bro pek

1980

56

60

221

18

do

pekoe

1800

63

61

223

18

do

pek sou

1800

37

62

St. John’s

225

29 hf-ch

bro or pek

1024

9S

63

227

30

do

or pek

13i0

91

64

Kanangama

229

22

do

pek fans

1510

44

65

231

42

ch

bro pek

3990

40

66

-m

30

do

pekoe

27U0

30

67

235

8

do

pek sou

800

34

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box.

Name.

lb.

C.

•es

237

5

ch

dust

700

22

09 Eadella

239

23

do

bro pek

2300

46

70

241

22

do

pekoe

1980

35

71

243

14

do

pek sou

11-0

28

72 (

D N

245

8

do

bro tea

800

17

73 Glasgow

247

54

do

bro or pek

4050

61 bid

74

249

30 hf-ch

or pek

1800

52

75

251

20

ch

pekoe

1900

51

70 1

Chapel ton

253

5

do

bro mix

500

12

77

255

8 hf-ch

dust

728

24

78 :

Dicka. ittia

257

32

ch

bro pek

3520

43

79

259

27

do

pekoe

2700

36

SO

;61

6

do

pek sou

000

31

S3

Elston

207

8

do

pekoe

7-20

29

84

269

28

do

pe sou No. 2

25-20

29

85

Glassaugh

271

29 hf-ch

bro pek

1740

69

86

273

23

ch

pekoe

2u70

54

87

275

23

do

pek sou

2u70

47

83

277

0 hf-ch

dust

480

•29

UO

Ilenegama

2e,l

7

do

ilust

525

22

92

Maiklagedera

285

45

ch

bro pek

4500

44

:93

2S7

29

do

pekoe

2010

35

!)»

289

23

do

pek sou

1955

29

95

291

0

(lo

br pek fans

690

30

96

^leeriatenne

293

19 hf-ch

bro pek

1140

47

07

295

15

do

pekoe

780

38

100

Dartiy

301

14

do

bro or pek

840

41

101

303

33

eh

bro pek

3300

42 bid

102

3 '5

20

do

pekoe

2470

38

103

307

17

do

pek sou

1700

31

100

313

0 hf-ch

dust

510

26

103

Uigdola

317

24

ch

bro pek

2040

4-2

109

319

25

do

bro pek

22.50

42

110

321

20

do

pekoe

1300

32

111

323

11

do

pek sou

990

27

114

Shannon

329

31

do

bro or pek

3175

43 bid

115

331

21

do

pekoe

10=0

28 bid

110

333

5

do

pek sou

4 .0

27

122

Alnoor

315

41

hf-ch

bro pek

2050

48

123

347

24

do

pekoe

1-206

30

124

319

13

do

pek sou

650

29

126

Murraythwaite 353

25

ch

1)1-0 pek

2500

44 bid

127

355

21

do

pekoe

16=0

33

l!l

Glentilt

363

45

do

bro pek

47 5

48 bid

112

305

25

(lo

pekoe

2500

44

133

Stinsfoi'd

307

30

hf-ch

bro pek

2100

57

131

369

35

do

pekoe

211 0

41

135

371

31

do

pek sou

1860

35

136

Wewesse

373

17

do

bro pek

955

32 bid

137

AgraUuvah

375

55

do

bro or pek

3300

67

138

377

101

do

bro or pek

COOO

withd’n

139

379

32

do

or pek

lOO'l

58

140

381

12

ch

pekoe

1140

47

141

Gla.ssaugh

383

50

hf-ch

bio pek

•2750

65

142

385

42

ch

l>ekoe

3780

58

143

387

18

do

pek sou

1530

43

145

Kotuw.igedera

391

18

do

bro pek

1800

42

146

393

25

do

pekoe

•2375

32

147

395

17

do

pek sou

1530

27

150

Blackburn

401

11

do

br pek

1-210

39

151

403

7

do

pekoe

700

32

152

B B

405

4

do

pek sou

440

27

157

J K

415

9

df)

pek fans

030

25

159

llavtry

419

15

hf-ch

bro or pek

975

4-2

KiO

Veakside

421

30

do

bro or pek

1800

44 bid

161

I J T

423

7

ch

pek fans

490

10 bid

162

425

0

do

pek dust

510

IS bid

107

B A T

435

8

ch

pek fans

560

20 bid

168

437

11

do

jiek dust

935

19 bid

[Messrs. Forbes c'c Walker.— 239,153 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

r

k^s.

N aiiie.

lb.

C.

2

D, in estate
mark

6”)4

22

ch

bro mix

1980

13 bid

3

650

«

do

sou

700

12 bid

4

0)8

0

do

bro tea

540

10

5

KD

000

10

ch

fans

1191

21

0

K K

66-2

15

do

bro pek fan 1570

28

7

High Forest

001

45 hf-ch

bio or pek 2520

47

8

too

37

do

or pek

1850

40 bid

9

008

17

do

pekoe

850

37

10

070

19

do

pek sou

855

35

11

Venture

072

27

do

pek sou

1160

30

10

Kelaneiya

082

30

do

bro i)ek

•2550

49

17

684

25

do

pekoe

2500

39 bid

18

Tavalamtemie 086

8

ch

cl pea

804

51

20

090

8

do

pekoe

810

41

•2-2

Glengariffe

094

30 lif-ch

or pek

13.'!0

40

23

006

20

«'o

bro pok

135-2

42

24

098

22

do

pekoe

1540

34

25

700

33

do

pek .sou

1881

29.

26

Deaculla

702

22

do

bro jjek

1320

50

27

704

10

(lo

pek sou

750

31 bid

29

708

0

do

dust

480

24

Lot.

Box.

Pktrs.

Name.

lb.

c.

30 Malvern

710

32 hf-ch

bro pek

1920

50

31

712

38

do

pekoe

28..0

35

32 Ascot

714

4

ch

bro or pek

400

39

33

716

20

do

br« pek

1900

43

34

718

24

do

pekoe

1920

34

35

720

8

do

pek sou

7-20

36

722

4

do

pek fans

440

26

39 Nella Oolla

7 8

7

Cll

bro pek

005

40

730

6

do

pekoe

480

28

41

732

17

do

pek sou

1,530

20

47 Middleton

744

20

cll

or pek

•2000

62

48

740

10

do

pekoe

1000

50

49

7-18

4

do

I> '

50 Ella Ova

750

10

(lo

bro pek

11-20

45

61

752

13

do

or pek

1-248

48

5-2

754

14

lo

pekoe

1344

38

53 Gallawatte

750

11

ch

bro pek

1100

41

•|

758

16

do

or pek

LiuO

41

55

700

10

do

pekoe

1410

34

69 N

708

16 hf-ch

fans

11,0

19 bid

00 W F, in estate

mark

770

7

ch

bro mix

030

20 bid

62 Kew

774

7

do

bio pek

420

49 bid

6.1 llehegalla

776

31

do

pek sou

2700

29 bid

66 Dunbar

782

21 hf-eli

or pek

945

57

67

784

33

do

bro pek

1950

68

780

18

ch

pekoe

1440

45

69

788

17

do

p k sou

1300

39

70 C P H ualle, in est.

mark

790

12 hf-ch

bro •■-'k

71

792

13

do

peko-.

050

72

794

10

do

pek sou

500

74 Tonactmbe

793

•20

ch

1 r pek

2000

54 bid

75

800

15

do

bro pek

1800

60 bid

76

802

39

do

pekoe

3900

40 bid

79 ciyu®

808

34

do

bro pek

3000

60

80

810

46

do

4140

3o

81

812

9

do

pek sou

810

29 bid

82

814

3

do

ilust

4-20

22

83 B

816

17 lif-ch

dusc

1-275

18 bid

85 S PA

820

5

ch

bro pek

500

37

86

822

5

do

pek .sou

425

20

87

8 ’.4

10

(lo

bro teii

710

13

88 Xheberton

820

34

ch

bro peic

3400

43

89

8-28

■26

do

pekoe

2 BO

35

99

830

15

do

pek sou

13.50

31

91

832

7

do

bro mix

700

22

92

834

C

(lo

pek dust

090

24

93 N

830

7

ch

pek Sou

700

27

96 Radella

812

00

do

bf-i pek

0000

51 bid

97

841

40

do

pekoe

4U0

40

98

846

41

(lo

pek sou

3080

37

99 Tana watte

848

108

C'l

pek fairs

9180

11 bid

101 Doomba

852

0

do

pekoe

528

27 bid

10 i L, ine-tate

mark

SCO

12

ch

bro te.a

1328

19 bid

106 M A, in est.

mark

862

11

ch

bro te.a

880

27

107

804

0

lif-ch

dust

400

21

lit Polatagaiua

882

15

do

bro pek

1500

53

117

884

12

do

pekoe

1-200

34

118

886

18

do

pek sou

1020

30

119

888

9

do

do No.

2 900

27

121

892

8

(io

fans

800

40

122

891

7

(lu

dust

1050

23

123 A

896

17

ch

bro pek

1820

34

124

898

12

do

1 hf-ch

pek sou

1005

25

125

900

32

do

dust

24-25

21 bid

1-26

902

16

ch

red leaf

1377

13 bid

1-27 Dea Ell.i

904

33 lif-ch

liro pek

1815

42

1-28

906

23

do

pekoe

14U0

36

129

008

15

do

pek “ou

750

27

131 Erracht

91-2

12

ch

fans

1290

34

133

916

13

do

dust

1820

22

134 Matale

918

20

(lo

bro pek

2O00

42

135

920

22

do

pekoe

1700

34

137 Hylton

924

5

ch

pekoe

490

33

139 Ireby

928

60 hf-ch

bro pek

3000

71

140

930

29

do

pekoe

34.50

57

141

932

7

ch

pek sou

6 0

45

145 New Peacock

910

15 hf-cli

pek fans

11-25

31

149 Z 3 and 4, in est.

mark

948

11

cll

fans

lino

40

150

950

9

do

liro tea

810

23

161

952

4

(lo

d list

480

21

153 Walpita

950

4

ch

liekoe

4011

28

158

960

0

do

tiro mi.x

000

28

169 Morankande

!)68

23

(lo

bro pek

2300

48

160

970

26

(lo

pekoe

2.500

39

161

972

11

do

pek sou

1100

32

162 Carfax

974

5

cii

bro pek

650

35

163 Kiriiidi and

Haiiawella

976

8

ch

bro pek

500

50

101

978

10

do

pekoe

800

41

105

980

12

d(j

pek ou

900

29

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

3

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb

170

K

990

6

t-h

or pek

6(0

171

992

7

do

1

hf-ch

bro or pek

760

172

L & E

991

61

ch

pek fans

5185

173

Aloi'l.anda

996

19

hf-ch

bro pek

950

174

998

17

ch

pekoe

1700

175

1000

8

do

j>ek sou

800

179

Castlereagh

8

20

(lo

bro or pek

2000

180

10

13

do

bro pek

1300

181

12

22

do

pekoe

1980

182

14

8

(lo

pek sou

720

183

16

10

(lo

do No. 2

800

186

Queensland

22

13

hf-ch

bro pek

650

187

24

do

or pek

665

188

26

27

ch

pekoe

05

189

28

5

do

pek sou

u.

191

C M, in estate

mark

32

25

hf-ch

bro pek

1250

192

34

25

do

pekoe

12.50

193

Bark in dale

36

14

hf-ch

bro p >k

781

199

Melrose

48

12

cli

bro orp 3k

1140

200

50

20

do

pt k sou

1690

201

p

52

4

do

bro pek

440

204

Kirklees

53

oO

hf-ch

bro or pek

ISOO

205

Erracht

60

25

ch

pekoe

1875

206

Hurstpier-

point

62

31

hf-ch

br« pek

1540

207

64

IS

do

pekoe

895

210

Sunnycroft

70

10

ch

pi*k .sou

1000

211

Agra Oya

72

31

hf-ch

bro pek

1705

212

Oonoonagalla

74

54

ch

pekoe

4056

213

Glencorse

76

13

do

bro pek

1300

214

78

i

do

pekoe

630

215

80

10

do

pek sou

800

218

Yatioola

86

5

do

bro pek

530

220

UP

90

9

do

sou

684

221

;m g

92

18 hf-ch

red leaf

1030

SMALL LUTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

1

Dehiowita

1

2

ch

fans

284

3

Battalgalla

3

u

do

fans

180

12

K K (4H

12

7:

hf-ch

]jek sou

3;.0

13

21

13

Mandara Newe-

‘Z

do

soil

100

ra

24

4

ch

pek sou

360

25

25

3

do

du.st

300

Wewel watte 30

1 hf-ch

red leif

00

31

31

1

do

dust

105

33

C S

33

4

do

pekoe

150

41

A W M B

41

4

uo

bro pek

360

44

44

2

(to

bro pek fan

186

45

45

1

do

dust

140

[Missrs.

Somerville cS: C

b.]

Lot.

Box. Pk

Name.

1

5

White Cross

45

1 ch

bro pek fans 70

8

Avisawella

48

6 hf-ch pek son

276

9

49

6 do

bro pek fans 360

10

50

2 do

dust

180

23

Monsakande

63

3 ch

congou

261

31

N ugawela

71

2 hf-cli

dust

1.50

36

Lyndhurst

76

4 do

dust

340

43

Ankanda

83

2 cli

sou

160

44

84

3 do

unas

240

45

85

3 hf-ch

dust

240

50

Pussetenne

10

1 do

fans

60

61

91

1 do

dust

00

64

Ukuwella

104

2 do

bro pek fans 140

70

Rothes

110

8 do

pek sou

392

71

R, in estate

mark

111

2 hf cli

dust

130

75

Woodthorpe &

Inchstelly

115

1 ch

■sou

70

76

no

2 do

dust

174

81

Hangranoya

121

2 ch

sou

2o0

84

California

124

4 do

l)ro pek

380

86

126

3 do -

pek son

300

87

127

1 do

bro pek dust

104

90 Tallegallekande 130

4 hf-cli

pek sou

240

92

Illukettia

132

3 cii

pekoe

330

93

133

3 do

psk sou

306

.94

134

1 do

bro mix

100

96

Chetnole

136

4 hf-ch

dust

300

104

Penrith

144

3 ch

pek fans.

375

105

145

2 do '

dust

320

109

Bug

149

3 hf-ch

bro pek

1.50

110

150

2 ch

pekoe

2’.0

C.

Lot" Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

28

112

152

1 hf ch

fans

60

113

A in est. mark 153

1

do

fans

51

22

114

154

2

do

bro pek

100

11 bid

115

155

2

ch

pekoe

180

51 bid

116

156

3

do

pek .sou

240

41

122

Primrose Hill

102

2

hf-ch

bro pek

108

32

124

163

3

do

pekoe

120

51 bid

124

164

4

(lo

pek sou

148

52 bid

129 Monte Christo 169

2

do

dust

160

38

31

80

Mr.

E. JOHN.]|

71

49

Lot.

Box.

Fkgs. Name.

lb.

41

1

K

U)3

3 hf ch

pek sou

120

i

Arratenne

109

2

ch

pek sou

200

5

111

2

<lo

SOU

200

46

7

A

115

3

do

unas

366

6L

10

Y 8K

121

1

do

dust

90

44

14

Pati Rajati

129

3

do

fans

315

30

17

Claremont

13.5

3

do

dust

255

30

19

D

139

1

do

SOU

96

55

20

141

1

do

du.st

100

34

33

Maskeliya

107

4

do

dust

360

37

Salem

17.)

3

do

pek sou

270

30

40

Y ahalakela

181

2

do

red leaf

170

27

41

181

3

do

bro tea

210

29 bid

4,’

Otcery & .Stain-

Hill

19.5

1

do

SOU

100

40 bid

48

197

1

do

dust

151

47 hid

52

TieuLsin

205

2

hf-ch

dust

160

57

Bro.ulliinds

215

4

do

dust

320

28

81

1 dckapittia

26 <

2

ch

dust

310

30

82

Elston

265

2

do

bro pek

220

89

Ghis-saugh

279

2

hf-ch

unas

llO

10

91

Henegama

283

2

do

bro mix

120

98

Meeriatenne

297

7

do

pek sou

350

99

299

2

boxes

dust

70

104

Bar try

oQO

3

ch

bro tea

300

105

311

6 hf.ch

pek fans

360

112

riigdola

325

1

ch

bro pek fans

118

113

327

1

do

dust

170

117

.Shannon

335

O

(io

dust

240

118

3.i7

1

do

bro tea

100

125

Alnoor

351

5

Ilf ch

fans

3)0

128

Murraythwaite 357

4

ch

pek sou

320

21

129

3)9

3

do

bro mix

345

21

144

Glassaugh

889

2

do

bro mix

180

24

148

Kotuwagedera

397

1

do

dust

100

16

149

399

2

do

pek fans

192

1,53

B B

407

1

(lo

bro pek fans 1 15

32

154

409

1

(lo

dust

140

34

1.55

M R

411

4 hf-cli

dust

340

9 !

150

413

-1

do

fans

280

18 '

158

JR

417

4

do

pek dust

340

11 bid ;

au bid

[Messrs Forbes & M'alker.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkg.s.

Name,

lb.

1

Devitura

0.52

3

ch

dust

345

19

Tavalanitenne

688

1

ch

bro pek

94

21

092

1

do

dust

98

26

26

27

18

27

24

25

28

Deaculla

706

1 h.'-ch

bro mix

80

37

Ascot

724

3

ch

congou

300

38

726

2

do

dust

312

.56

Galla watte

702

3

ch

pek sou

300

67

764

2

do

pek fans

210

58

766

1

do

dust

100

6!

Ivanhoo

772

5

(lo

pek fans

350

23

26

23

26

23

04

L N .S, in estate

mark

778

1

ch

bro pek

71

65

780

1

do

pek sou

96

73

CPH Galleinest.

mark

796

1 hf-ch

congou

50

25

41

77

To acome

804

3

ch

pek sou

3uu

78

Clyde

806

3

ch

bro or pek

300

84

.S P A

818

3

do

bro or ))ck

225

24

I

94

N

838

2

do

bro mix

200

95

840

1

do

dust

UO

"5 !

100

Doomba

850

4

ch

bro pek

372

!

102

854

1 hf-cli

bro or pek

57

20

39 i

24
20
23

25

9-:>

103

856

1

do

pek No. 2

47

101

8.)8

5

do

dust

390

lOS

Y

866

2

ch

bro tea

200

109

868

1

do

red leaf

105

120

Polata.gama

800

3

(lo

pek fans

300

1.30

Ilea Ella

910

4 bf-ch

dust

300

132

Erraclit

914

3

ch

fans No. 2

241)

Q

136

Hylton

922

4

do

bro pek

380

23 !

27 i

22

138

9;6

1

(lo

sou

80

142

Ireby

.•,3 4

4 hf-ch

fans

280

14.3

936

3

do

dust

240

41

20 bid

144

New Peacock

938

2

do

bro mix

90

152

Walpita

9.) 4

5 hf-ch

bro pek

300

c.

25

39

41

31

27

47

37

27

25

C.

13
21
18
39

23

36

24
23

23

25

27
9

10

29

24

26

23
22
35

28

24
29
22
10

37
26
22
22
10
31
28
37
10
19
21
26
17
22
33

14 bid

C.

26

31
23

23

24
22
26
26
23

23 bid

35

20

24

j!l

38

32
26

25 .

33
out
out
23
20
11
32
23
21

39
21
42
l9
17
42

4

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Kox. Pk"s. Name. lb. c.

154

958

3

ch

pek sou

300

26

155

SCO

1

do

sou

100

•21

156

902

2

do

fans

220

23

157

964

1 :

hf-ch

dust

90

22

ICC

Kirindi and

Ranawella

982

1

ch

sou

70

23

167

984

1

do

dust

85

•23

168

986

1

hf-ch

red leaf

42

ll

1C9

G N K, in estate

mark

9S8

8

hf-ch

sou

387

15

176

Morlands

"2

3

do

dust

•240

25

177

4

1

do

fans

CO

28

178

6

1

ch

red leaf

75

10

184

Castlereagfi

18

5

hf-ch

pek fans

350

35

185

•20

3

do

dust

‘240

‘29

I'H)

Queensland

30

1

hf-ch

dust

75

‘25

202

iM P

54

3

do

pekoe

300

24

‘203

56

2

do

pek (uns

23J

20

•208

Hurstpier-

20

point

60

1

hf-cli

congou

50

‘209

()S

1

do

dint

65

•23

21'i

Glencorse

8-2

.>

ch

peli fans

270

30

'217

N W

84

2

hf ch

dust

184

17

219

Yatioola

88

2

ch

pekoe

190

21

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

Mincing Lank, Leb. 12, 1897.

Miuks ami prices of CKVLOX COKFEK sold in Mincing
Lane up to Glli Feb. : —

Kx '•Banffshire”— .Size O, X in estate mark, Ainhall, lb
Has; size 1, lo lb lias; size 2, Ic 100s, PB, lb l'z5s; '1', lb
Sis. Size Ic b (is Gd; size 2, ‘2b ll.as Cd; size 3, lb 94s.

Ampittiakande, I’B, lb I'Bs. TAK in estate mark, 1
bag S8s.

l-.x “GoorUha” — 3, Forrest Hill, 1 barrel 80s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Kx “Banffshire” — Gangwarily, No. 1, 6 bags 75s; G bags
(s d c I) 74s; No. 2, 4 bags .ins; No. 3, 1 bag 41s.

Kx “Duke of Buckingham"— Gangwarily No. 1, 13 bags

CTs 0(1.

Kx “Kaisow”— OBPIC in estate mark, Kondesall, Ceylon B,
IG bags :l3s Cd.

Ex “Banffshire" — A. Bataaolla, 2 bags 59s; 13 bags C9s Cd;
B, 17 bags 5Cs. WAU OK in estate mark, 18 bags Cl's. IF,
7 bags 4Cs Cd. 1 F, 1 bag 4's, 2 bags sea dam. bulked 42s Cd;

2 F, 2 bags 31s (id; ic 1 bag .'Os.

Kx ‘‘Duke of Buckingham”— Alloowiharie, 20 bags G7s.

Ex “Banffshire”— J’:illi, I, 311 bags C9s: 5 (sea dam. c 1)
GOs Cd; 2, '20 bags 4(is; 14 bags 4Cs. Amba, 2, 1 bag (sea
dam. e I) 38s. Kongallawatte & Cottagalla, I, '27 bags C4s;
ditto mark 2, 15 bags 61s Gd.

Fix “i like of Buckingham”— Co.smos, 1. 11 bags 57s Cd;
2, 5 bags 57s Cd. Cctagalla A Guav.a Hill, 40 bags i;is Gd;
1 (sea dam. & rpkd.) 19..--. Kohia, 1,8 bags 60s Cd; 2, 2 bags
4C.S. Dunibara, 4 bags Cls. Gangaroowa 1, 48 bags C5s;

3 sea dam. & rpkd 51s fd; 2, 5 bags 52s; 3, 7 bags 44.s.

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON..

Minci.ng Lane, Feb. 19, 1897.

Ex “Gian Ogilvy”— Wihaiag 11a, F, Ic 117s Cd; ditto 1,
4c DCs; ditto 2, 3c 110s Cd. B, lb 96. PB, Ic 125s. WKGX
in e.state mark, Ic 82s; 1 bag ovtkr. lO's.

Ex “Boheinia”— Golconda, O, 2c lb 117s; 1, 2c lIOs; 2, lb
96s. PB lb 105s. T, lb 105s.

Ex “Benlomoiul”- Udapolla, F, 2 bags sea dam. 45s. PB,
1 bag sea dam. 45s.

Ex “Merkara”--North Matale, O, 8 bags 70s; 2 bags (sea
dam. c 3), 52s Cd; 1 bag (sea dam. g.3) 4(.s; 1 bag (sea dam.
c;?)54s; 1 bag(seadamf c 3) 37s.

Ex “Pyrrhus”— North Matale G, 5 bags 51s; 1, 2 bags 44s
Cd PB, 1 bag 57s. T, 1 bag 23s.

Ex “Dictator”— Size O, Cranlev, 2c lb 12?s Cd; ditto 1,
3c 11b; 16s; 2 ditto, lb lOfs. .Size 1, PB, It 129s; size '2,1b
P-Os ditto size T, 2b 81s.

Kx '•Staffordshire”— St. Andrews OO, lb 123s; ditto O,
Iclb’Hs; Iclb D4s; ditto -2, lb 106s; ditto PB, lb l‘28s;.
ditto T, lb 80s. Ferham OO, lb 121s; ditto O, lb 121s;
ditto 1, It 114s; ditto 2, lb 106s; ditto PB 130s: ditto
T, 88s.

Ex “Banffshire” — Size O, FD, 1 birrel 75s 6d; size 1, lb
7,"sCd; size 2. lc7 sCd. PB ditto, lb 75sCd,

Fix “Dictator”— Delrey, size O, lb P25s; ditto 1, 3c 119s;.
ditto 2, 3c lb 110s Cd; ditto lcl08s; c'itto PB 1 tierce izSs;.
ditto Tib Sis. Delrey, lb8;.s.

Ex “Port Melbourne”— Tillicoultry O, 7c 124s Cd; 6c 118s;
Celt llSs; ditto2, 2c lb lUs Cd; ditto PB, 2c It 13js; ditto
T, Ic It 87s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Kx “ Clan Ogilvy”— Warriapolla, 88 bags 72s Gd ; 24 bags
,S?s Cd ; 5 bags COs Cd ; 10 bags 60s, .Siulugang.a, 57 bags
81s Gd ; 3 bags 5Cs ; 3 bags 4S s, NN 72 bags 63s, PF in
estate mark, 123 bi.gs 52s; 1 bag (sd crpkd) 44s Od, Fls-
tate Cocoa PF in estate mark, O, 13 bags . 9s ; 1 bag (sd
erpkd) 44s Cd ; 2, 2 bags 42s Cd ; N, 1 bag 42s Cd, KKM
58 bags 52s Gd, Estate Cocoa \Vb, HG.V in estate mark,
52 bags 51s Cd : F’C, 13 bags 58s t d ; Estate Cocoa HGA
in estate mark, 4(is bags 55s 6d, Estate Cocoa NC 29 bags
53s, HGA in estate mark, 37 bag ,58s Gd.

Ex “ Duke of Buckingham ” — NN in estate mark, 1
bag 45.S.

Ex “ Gian Ogivie ”— Rajawella Cocoa 24 bags 77s Cd ;
5 bags C'?s Cd ; 2 bags4Cs.

Ex “ Japan”— Rajawella Cocoa 28 bags 79s; 1 bag (sd
bulked) 5( s; 3 bags 4Cs.

Fix “ Btaffor shire”- Ingurngalle A, 84 bags 7ts Cd ; B,
24 bags C‘2s Cd ; 4 bags 42.s ; Asgeria A, 75 bags 70s Cd;.

T 1 bag 43s.

CEYLON C.YRDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Fix “ St ffordshire”— Delpotonoya, .5c 3s 9d ; 4c 3s 5d : Ic
3s : Ic 3s Id ; Ic 3s 2d ; 2c Vs ; ‘zc 2s U;d.

ICx “ (Jan Chi.slom” — AL, Ic 2s 9d ; 6c ‘2s 8d.

Fix “ iMenelaiis”— AL, 12c 2s 8d.

Fix “ Duke of Buckingham”— W in estate mark, Koha,
•2c 3s ; 2, ‘2c 2s led ; 3, Ic ‘2s l(d ; seeds, Ic seeds 4s 2d.

Fix “ Banffsliire”- JN, M in estate mark Cc 3s 3d ; Esper-
anza Seeds, 5 in estate mark, Ic 4s 3d.

OBSEKVEK PRINTING WORKS.

TKA. COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 11.

Colombo, Mahch 22, 1897.

jPiucE: — 12^ cents each 3 copies
* 30 cents ; 6 copies 5 rupee

COLOMBO SALE.S OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 57,887 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

, Rko-s.

ISame

111.

C.

1

Biilgownie

1

16

ch

bro pek

1360

38

2

0

26

do

pekoe

2080

27

3

3

16

do

pek sou

1120

25

4

4

13

do

bro mix

1105

15

G

Kalkanile

6

45 lif-ch

or pek

2200

40 bid

7

Vosan

7

20

ch

bro or pek

1200

43 bid

8

S

33

do

bro pek

3135

48 bid

i)

9

33

do

pekoe

3135

49 bid

10

10

32

do

bro pek

3040

49 bid

11

11

53

do

pekoe

4770

37 bid

12

13

12

St. Leonard-s on

55

do

pek sou

4950

28 bid

Sea ■

13

24

ch

bro i>ek

2400

43

14

14

11

do

1045

32

1,0

1.5

5

do

SOU

450

25

IG

B & D

IG

8

do

dust

1200

20

17

17

9

do

bro pek fan

1035

31

IS

Oolloo watte

IS

21

ch

brn pek

2100

44 bid

19

19

20

do

pekoe

1800

31

20

V N C

20

13

do

bro pek

1560

30

21

21

5

do

pekoe

560

25

22

22

6

do

pek sou

672

20

23

D

2.3

5

cll

SOU

475

15

2C

MB

26

15

do

pek fans

10.50

24

’^1

b D

27

10 hf-ch

pek fans

700

23

28

Kalkande

28

10 lif-eh

or pek

500

41

29

20

20

do

pekce

1000

31

30

30

10

do

dust

700

26

31

Dioinore

31

10

cll

bro pek

1100

51

32

23

10

do

pekoe

1000

42

o3

33

8

do

pek sou

800

39

30

Belugas

36

4

do

dust

500

19 bid

37

Walla Valley

37

30

do

bro pek

4095

60 bid

38

3S

38

cio

pekoe

3S00

47

[Mr.

£.

John.-

-ISO, 042 lb

■]

Lot. Box.

i

Name

Ib.

C.

5

Poilak.ande

447

32

hf-ch

bro pek

1935

50

6

440

31

ch

1 ht-ch

pekoe

2825

34

7

451

36

ch

1 llf-Cll

pek sou

2930

27

453

10

ch

bro pek fan

1 735

32

9

M, in estate

ma rk

455

15

do

bro pek

1500

35

10

457

17

do

irek sou

1360

23

bid

11

459

21

do

red leaf

1890

12

bid

12

461

14

hf-ch

dust

1120

22

bid

13

PUP, in estate

mark

463

10

ch

bro or pek

1000

53

14

465

17

do

or pek

1445

43

bid

15

467

27

do

pekoe

2100

34

10

409

31

do

pekoe

2480

33

18

473

6

do

dust

720

36

19

Logan

475

33

do

bro pek

3300

48

20

477

22

do

pekoe

1980

34

bid

21

479

23

do

pek sou

2070

28

22

481

3

do

dust

450

23

25

Lynford

487

6

h^ch

dust

432

24

26

Onnidale

489

71

boxes

bro pek

1420

R1T7

bid

27

491

27

hf-ch

pek

1350

80

bid

28

493

10

do

pek sou

500

60

bid

29

Agra watte

495

16

ch

Vrro pek

1760

46

bid

30

497

22

do

pekoe

1980

36

bid

31

499

13

do

pek sou

1300

29

bid

32

El.ston

1

15

do

pek sou

1350

27

34

Turin

5

3

do

bro pek

2000

48

35

7

19

do

pekoe

1900

39

36

9

20

do

pek sou

2000

31

40

G T

17

6 hf-ch

congou

600

21

41

H J

19

30

do

bro pek

1500

42

bid

42

21

26

do

pekoe

1300

34

bid

43

2.3

20

ch

pelt sou

1760

27

44

Cleveland

25

28 hf-ch

bro pek

1540

60

45

27

26

ch

pekoe

2470

44

bid

46

29

6

do

pek sou

570

39

49

Lameliere

35

28

do

bro pek

2940

51

bid

50

37

26

do

pekoe

2340

43

bid

51

39

23

do

pek sou

1955

38

63

Koslanda

43

25

do

pekoe

2250

.38

54

Tientsin

45

30 hf-ch

or pek

1650

51

65

47

23

ch

pekoe

2185

43

66

49

7

do

pek sou

700

39

Lot.

Box

. PkffS.

Name.

lb

C.

58

Templestowe

53

39

ch

or pek

3705

51

59

55

45

do

pekoe

3825

41

eo

57

20

do

pek sou

1600

30

61

59

3

do

dust

420

27

62

61

4

do

bro mix

400

13

63

Ivies

63

30

hf-ch

pekoe

1500

33

64

65

52

do

pek sou

2600

27

65

Uda

67

10

do

bro pek

620

22

66

Eila

69

8

ch

pekoe

760

22

67

71

69

do

bro pek

6210

54

68

73

43

do

pekoe

3410

34

69

75

19

do

pek sou

1615

28

70

77

15

do

fans

1350

37

71

Mocta

79

9

do

bro pek

1080

39

72

81

41

do

bro or pek

4100

54

73

83

13

do

pekoe

1170

53

74

85

22

do

pek sou

1760

41

75

87

6

do

fans

870

31

76

89

19

do

bro or pek

1900

51

77

91

12

do

or pek

936

41

78

93

14

do

pekoe

1330

39

79

A

95

16 hf-eh

br pek fans

800

26 bid

80

Agra Ouvah

97

14

ch

pelc sou

1330

36

81

99

23 hf-ch

pek fans

1794

34

82

101

7

do

dust

658

24

83

103

73

do

bro or pek

43S0

64

84

105

30

do

or pek

1500

55

85

Glasgow

107

14

ch

pekoe

1330

50

86

109

48

do

bro or pek

360)

69

87

HI

25

do

01 pekoe

1500

57

SS

113

20

do

pekoe

1900

51

89

115

10

do

pek fans

1000

out

90

Gonavy

117

12

ch

bro or pek

1243

49

91

119

18

do

bro pek

1908

49

92

1-21

18

do

pekoe

1512

40

93

125

14

do

pek sou

1064

33

94

D H

125

24 lif-eli

bro pek

1100

32 bid

97

Biru.im

131

10

ch

pek sou

13.50

45

100

NewTuuisg.ala 137

11

do

bro pek

1255

45

101

139

10

do

pekoe

900

33

102

Ferndale

141

13

do

bro pek

1300

49

103

143

1:5

do

bro or pek

1300

53 bid

104

145

27

do

pekoe

2700

30 bid

105

147

4

do

pek sou

400

32

107

Hiralouvah

151

17 hf-ch

pek sou

1275

28

110

Pati Rajah

157

IS

ch

bro pek

1890

46

111

Claremont

159

30 hf-ch

bro pek

1800

44

112

161

9

ch

pekoe

900

30

123

Maryland

183

4

do

bro pek

440

41

124

185

4

do

pekoe

420

30

125

Alliady

187

23

do

pekoe

20:0

35

134

Keenagaha

Ella

205

14

do

pek sou

1190

30

135

Ettapolla

207

12;

hf-ch

bro pek

672

36

130

209

34

do

pekoe

1904

27

137

R

211

19

ch

bro pek

1045

45

138

213

20

do

pekoe

1900

29

139

215

6

do

pek sou

570

24

143

P & W

223

20

do

bro pek fans

2060

28 bid

[Messes. Somerville & Co.— 221,209 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgjs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Mahatenne

171

14

ch

bro pek

1400

41

2

172

7

do

pekoe

700

29

3

173

11

do

pek sou

1100

26

5

White Cross

175

18

do

bro pek

1800

41

6

176

16

do

pekoe

1600

29

7

177

12

do

pek sou

1200

25

9

Citrus

179

8

do

bro pek

800

43

10

180

12

do

pekoe

1064

33

15

Koorooloogalla 185

16

do

bro pek

1600

46

16

186

15

do

pekoe

1500

36

20

Hanagama

190

17

do

bro pek

1870

45

21

191

20

do

pekoe

2000

34

22

192

5

do

pek sou

450

27

23

193

5

do

fans

500

32

25

Earlston

195

23

ilo

bro pek

2070

52

26

196

20

do

pekoe

1700

42

27

197

6

do

pek sou

510

33

28

Comar

198

47 hf-ch

bro or pek

2350

42

29

199

10

ch

pekoe

1000

33

30

200

5

do

pek sou

500

27

32

Lon ..ch

202

44 hf-ch

bro pek

2640

47

33

203

28

ch

pekoe

2660

37

34

204

10

do

pek sou

850

28

35

Glenalla

205

33

do

bro pek

2970

45 bid

36

206

26

do

pekoe

2340

34

37

207

15

do

pek sou

1350

26

40

Forest Hill

210

12

do

pekoe

1152

35

•2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box

Pkgs.

Is aine

lb.

C.

Lot’

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

41

Hapufiasmulle

211

10 ch

bro pek

1050

44

176

46

75 hf-ch

pekoe

3760

39

43

213

16 do

pek sou

1520

29

177

47

31

ch

(ek sou

2390

31

45

215

4 do

4ans

440

37

178

Penrith

48

22

do

bro pek

2200

61

47

Galkolua

217

17 do

bro pek

1860

42

179

49

21

do

pekoe

1785

37

48

218

10 do

or pek

850

43

186

50

18

do

pek sou

1710

38

49

219

21 do

pekoe

1890

35

183

Mahagoda

53

6

do

bro pek

500

39

52

Pine Hill

222

30 hf-ch

bro pek

1800

43

184

54

11

do

pekoe

1100

25

53

223

28 do

or pek

1568

48

185

K F

55

7

do

54

224

14 ch

pekoe

1120

39

1 lif-ch

pekoe

660

23 bid

55

225

18 hf-ch

dust

1440

23

188

58

9

do

dust

720

19

56

New Valley

326

23 ch

bro or pek

2530

61

189

59

6

ch

57

227

21 do

or pek

2100

53

4 hf-ch

bro tea

1033

8 bid

58

228

29 do

pekoe

3190

42

195

Annandale

65

18

do

bro pek

954

66

59

2-29

13 do

pek sou

1300

35

196

66

17

do

pekoe

816

42

60

Incrocalla

23,1

16 do

bro pek

1600

45

197

67

23

do

pek sou

1035

38

61

231

19 do

pekoe

1805

35

198

Ovaca, A I

68

20

ch

or pek

2200

55

62

232

18 do

pek sou

1620

28

199

69

18

do

or pek

1800

51

■63

I N G, in estate

200

70

20

do

pekoe

2000

43

mark

233

9 hf-ch

dust

675

26

201

B’Watte

71

8 hf-ch

p k fans

590

22 bid

■64

234

5 ch

bro pek fans 500

38

203

M D

73

22

ch

pek fans

1540

•22 bid

65

66
67

Rayigam

235

236

237

46 do
28 do
7 do

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

4600

2460

595

35

26 bid

[MESSR.S. Forbes ^ Walker.— 377,890

Ib.j

68

Peria Kande-

238

4 do

dust

660

20

Lot.

Box.

rkors.

Name.

lb.

c.

69

kettia

239

18 do

bro pek

2250

42

1

Weligoda

94

4

ch

bro tea

400

10

70

240

14 do

pekoe

1456

34

2

Coreen

96

14

do

pek Sou

1260

65

71

241

6 do

pek sou

600

26

3

98

4

do

dust

640

25

73

Hagalla

243

29 hf-ch

bro pek

1740

40

6

B G, in e-tiite

74

244

23 do

pekoe

1150

35

mark

104

13

do

bro mix

1404

20

75

245

9 ch

pek sou

900

26

7

Z 1 and 2, in es .

76

246

8 do

bro mix

800

23

mark

106

16

do

bro tea

1520

12

77

247

6 do

dust

450

22

8

108

17

do

tans

1870

*^4

< s

Arslena

248

35 hf-ch

bro pek

1750

48

9

110

13 lif-ch

dust

1040

2'

79

249

44 do

pekoe

2200

37

10

Berythorpe

112

21

ch

bro pek

2072

43

fcO

250

26 clo

pek sou

1300

29

11

114

26

do

pekoe

2529

34

65

Kew

255

9 do

bro or pek

504

54 bid

12

116

33

do

pek sou

8079

27 bid

86

256

22 do

or pek

1100

55

13

Harrington

118

17

ch

or pek

1700

69

67

257

15 do

bro pek

900

39 bid

14

120

7

do

pekoe

700

48

88

258

32 ch

pekoe

2944

43

17

Ekolsund

126

20

do

bro pek

2200

42 bid

89

259

20 do

pek sou

1900

37

18

128

29

do

pekoe

2900

36 bid

90

•,6J

12 hf ch

dust

1020

22

19

130

9

do

SOU

810

26 bid

91

R, in est. mark 261

9 do

pek sou

855

26

21

Great Valley

134

22

ch

bro pelt

2560

54

94

Hatdowa

264

33 ch

bro pek

3300

42

22

136

4

do

do No. 2

460

46

95

265

25 do

pekoe

2250

32

23

138

7

do

or pek

770

67

96

266

20 do

pek sou

1700

26

24

140

5

do

pekte

6500

38

97

267

6 do

dust

8-25

20

25

142

20

do

jeeksou

1800

29

102

Kelani

272

73 lif-ch

bro pek

3650

53

26

Hethersett

144

37

ch

bro or pek

3885

60 bid

103

373

31 ch

pekoe

2790

34

28

148

Is

do

or pek

1386

61

104

274

7 do

pek sou

630

26

29

160

12

do

pekoe

1008

45

105

275

14 hf-ch

tans

840

35 bid

30

152

20

do

pek sou

1520

39

106

276

5 do

dust

425

22

31

154

3

do

fans

471

26

107

Ukuwelle

277

29 ch

bro pek

2900

42

32

M (Travan-

108

278

28 do

pekoe

2800

33

core)

156

20

ch

bro tea

2000

1 2 bid

1 9

279

25 do

pek sou

2500

26

33

Barkindale

158

22 lif-ch

bro pek

1232

53 bid

112

Ritni

282

13 lif-ch

bro pek

780

47

34

160

8

do

or pek

400

60

113

283

18 do

pekoe

900

39

35

162

20

ch

pekoe

1000

43

116

Charlie Hill

286

14 do

bro pek

700

43

38

1897, in estate
mark

117

287

19 do

pekoe

950

36

168

12

ch

bro pek

1200

37

118

288

23 do

pek sou

1150

26

39

170

12

do

pekoe

1200

25

119

289

7 do

pek fans

410

36

40

172

6

do

pek sou

600

21

127

Bollagalla

297

15 ch

bro pek

1425

41 bid

42

176

5

do

bro pek fan

500

28

128

298

8 do

pekoe

640

32

43

Chouehleigh

176

12

ch

bro pek

1200)

129

Ellatenne

299

11 do

bro mix

1100

21 bid

44

180

6

do

pekoe

570 J-withd’n

130

300

10 hf-ch

pek fans.

760

22

45

182

10

do

pek sou

900 )

136

Labugaina
T r

6

18 ch

pekoe

1620

37

48

Monkswood

188

59 hf-ch

bro pek

2950

75 bid

117

7

13 hf ch

dust

1092

20

49

190

71

1o

or pek

3550

65 bid

138

Walahanduwa 8

24 ch

bro pek

2400

45

50

192

7

ch

pekoe

770

45

139

9

17 do

pekoe

1700

37

51

19i

18

do

pek sou

1530

53 bid

140

10

7 do

pek sou

665

26

.52

196

12 hf-ch

dust

936

40 bid

141

F P A

11

3 do

pek dust

480

23

53

198

11

do

fans

t'60

40 bid

142

12

4 do

nek fans

4C0

35

54

Opalg-lla

200

10

ch

dust

1124

22

143

HJ S

13

8 hf-ch

bro pek

480

39

55

202

11

do

red leaf

895

9

145

15

15 do

pek sou

900

29

56

Shoreham

204

31

do

bro pek

3100

42

147

I P

17

50 ch

pek sou

3750

25

57

206

19

do

pekoe

1710

32

148

fiirisanda

18

23 hf-ch

bro pek

1150

60

58

208

8

do

pek sou

640

26

149

19

24 do

pekoe

1200

37

6J

212

0

do

pek dust

450

23

150

20

9 do

pek sou

450

20

62

CRD

216

6

ch

red leaf

500

11

154

24

6 do

dust

490

63

C

218

11

eh

fan

1100

34 bid

155

Malvern

25

15 ch

bro pek

1500

39

64

R CM

220

10

do

156

26

15 do

pekoe

1500

26 bid

2 hf-ch

pek .sou

892

22 bid

157

27

15 do

pek sou

1600

24

65

222

15

ch

159

29

7 hf-ch

red leaf

420

out

1 hf-cli

red leaf

1390

11 bid

160

Labugama

30

19 do

bro pek

1045

52

66

224

14

do

dust

1084

23 bid

161

31

13 ch

pek No. 1

1170

41

67

Lyegrove

226

10

cli

bro pek

960

45

162

32

7 do

pekoe

630

32

68

22'.

12

do

or pek

1344

46

163

33

10 do

pek sou

1280

27

69

230

8

do

j)ekoe

704

38

164

Ingeriya

34

21 hf ch

bro pek

1050

44

70

232

11

do

pek sou

902

30

165

25

29 do

pekoe

1392

32

72

Tymawr

236

SO lif-cli

bro pek

1800

60 bid

166

36

19 do

pek sou

912

26

73

238

32

do

pekoe

1440

60 bid

167

37

9 do

pek fans

495

37

74

2i0

34

do

pek sou

1530

40 bid

171

Bogaliagoda-

75

Meddetenne

242

26

do

i>ro |)ek

1430

41

watte

41

17 hf-ch

bro pek

1020

39

76

244

15

c)i

pekoe

1425

36

172

42

6 ch

pekoe

540

26

77

246

9

do

pek sou

810

‘27

173

43

8 do

pek sou

720

24

80

Ookoowatte

252

6

ch

bro pek

600

48

174

44

5 do

fans

500

27

81

254

5

do

pekoe

450

41 bid

175

Minna

45

29 hf-ch

bro pek

1885

56

83

258

20

do

SOU

1000

28

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C,

Lot.

Bo.x. Pkg.s.

Name

Ib.

c»

86 P

264

8

ch

fans

880

31 bid

219

High Forest

530

32 hf-ch

bro or pek

1792

45

87 Ella Ova

266

U

do

or pek

1056

45 bid

220

Hayes

532

20 do

bro pek

1000

42

88

268

14

do

pek sou

1260

33 bid

2'1

634

44 do

or pek

2200

41

89 Stisted

270

57 hf-ch

pro pek

3705

42

222

536

27 do

pek

1215

37

90

272

22

do

pekoe

1320

32

223

538

28 do

pek sou

1260

27

91

274

20

do

pek sou

1000

26

224

540

8 do

dust

400

25

93 Middleton

278

19

do

pro or pek

1064

79 bid

225

Dunkeld

542

39 hf-ch

bro or pek

2535

57

94

280

8

do

do

440

81

22 5

544

8 ch

or pek

860

60

95

282

20

do

bro pek

1100

68 bid

227

546

12 do

pekoe

1260

48

96

284

16

ch

or pek

1600

58 bid

228

Maha Uva

548

32 hf-ch

bro or pek

2080

47

97

286

23

do

pekoe

2185

53

229

550

49 do

or pek

2940

51 bid

98

288

14

do

do No. 1

1400

51

230

552

31 ch

pekoe

3100

48

99

290

13 hi-ch

dust

1040

31

231

.551

9 do

pek sou

765

40

100

D B R

292

5

ch

bro mix

500

25

233

Battawa tte

658

£0 ch

101

294

4

do

dust

600

25

1 hf-ch

bro pek

5059

49 bid

103

Sinnapittia

298

14

do

bro mix

924

19

235

562

19 ch

pek

1900

35

104

Gallaheria

300

33

do

bro pek

3135

51

236

564

16 do

105

302

16

do

or pek

1520

49

1 hf-ch

pek sou

1650

28

106

304

27

do

pek

2025

38

238

668

4 ch

dust

400

22

107

306

24

do

pek sou

2280

28 bid

243

Clyde

578

9 ch

pek sou

810

29 bid

109

Amblakande

310

8

ch

bro pek

800

43

249

Blairgowrie

590

5 ch

pek sou

450

32

110

312

11

do

pekoe

1100

33

251

Pedro

594

36 do

bro or pek

3960

73

111

314

5

do

pek sou

500

28

252

590

24 do

or pek

2040

70

112

Naseby

316

58 hf-ch

bro pek

3480

79

253

598

19 do

pek sou

1520

49

113

318

35

do

pekoe

1750

66 bid

254

600

11 do

fans

1650

37

114

320

8

do

pek sou

410

50

255

Torwood

602

18 eh

liro pek

18i'0

65

115

322

8

do

dust

680

38

256

604

26 do

or pek

2392

47

116

Holton

324

28

ch

bro pek

2660

52

257

606

21 do

pekoe

1890

38

117

326

8

do

pekoe

760

35

258

608

12 do

pek sou

1032

30

121

Matale

334

18

do

bro pek

1800

43

259

Radella

610

66 ch

bro pek

6600

50 bid

122

336

21

do

pekoe

1680

34

260

]> P, in estate

130

Rainbodde

352

62 hf-ch

bro pek

3410

48

m-.rk

612

4 do

fans

530

21 bid

131

354

26

do

pekoe

1300

40

261

L M B, ill est.

132

356

22

do

or pek

1100

46

mark

611

6 do

fans

600

•20

136

Scrubs

364

5

ch

bro or pek

500

69

262

Sunnycroft

Olo

11 ch

pek .sou

1100

28

137

366

11

do

or pek

1210

68

264

620

3 do

dust

480

22

138

368

12

do

pek

lOSO

52

265

G, in estate

139

370

3

do

dust

450

29

mark

622

19 hf-cli

dust

1415

22

140

L

372

14

ch

red leaf

119(1

10

266

624

10 do

bro tea

585

10

141

Forres

374

42

do

bro or pek

4616

56

267

Denmark Hill

626

16 ch

bro or pek

1680

51 bid

142

376

46

do

bro pek

4140

50

268

628

8 do

or pek

616

58

143

378

9

do

269

630

5 do

pekoe

445

48

1 hf-ch

pekoe

960

41

270

632

8 do

pek sou

608

37

147

C, in estate

2il

I'oomba

634

6 ch

pekoe

528

•28

mark

386

20

ch

bro tea

2100

13

274

Langdale

640

20 do

bro pek

2400

51 bid

148

Canavarella

388

31

do

bro or pek 3100

48

275

612

40 do

pekoe

4000

41 bid

149

390

19

do

pekoe

1710

44

276

644

8 do

peK KOU

720

35

150

392

8

do

pek sou

640

33

279

K

650

11 ch

or pek

1100

38

153

Peacock Hill

398

6 hf-ch

pek fans

450

34

280

652

4 do

154

C B

400

17

ch

bro pek

1700

40

16 hf-ch

bro pek

1200

29

155

402

16

do

pekoe

1600

36

281

Tonacombe

654

39 fh

pekoe

3900

40

156

404

6 hf ch

bro pek fan 480

27

291

O.xford

674

35 ch

bto pek

3325

41

167

Dewalakande 406

6

ch

bro tea

480

21

292

676

11 do

pekoe

880

32

158

Weyunga-

293

678

7 do

p jk sou

490

41

watte

408

23 hf-ch

bro or pek

1265

42

296

Clunes

684

31 hf-ch

bro or pek

1550

42

159

410

25

ch

or pek

2375

40

297

686

33 do

bro pek

1485

50

160

412

24

do

pekoe

2010

34

298

688

22 ch

pekoe

1870

31

161

414

9

do

pek sou

900

28

299

690

10 do

pek sou

850

26

163

CO EB

418

15

do

pek sou

1500

33 bid

300

Ruanwella

092

35 do

bro pek

3500

42

165

422

10 hf-ch

dust

800

24

301

694

74 do

pekoe

6290

31

166

Ingurugalla

424

5

ch

pek sou

450

24

302

696

13 do

pek sou

1170

25

167

426

5

do

bro tea

600

24

305

702

7 hf-cli

dust

560

21

168

428

5

do

red le if

450

10

308

L E, in estate

169

Wevekelle

430

6 hf-ch

dust

420

27

mark

708

21 ch

bro mix

1785

9

170

Arapolakande 432

40

ch

bro pek

3600

51

309

HAY

710

4 do

171

434

87

do

pekoe

6960

32

1 hf-ch

bro pek

46S

•28

172

436

9

do

pek sou

810

26

310

712

6 do

dust

486

18

173

438

i

do

dust

420

21

Chalmers

14

8

174

175

440

442

do

do

pek sou
sou

1340

760

33

27

SMALL LUTS.

176

177

Fredi Biihe

444

446

5

40

(lo

ch

dust
bro pek

610

4000

24

52

[MESSP..S. A

H. Thompson & Co.]

178

448

31

do

pekoe

2790

37

Lot. Fkgs.

Nauie.

lb.

c.

179

450

12

do

pek sou

1080

31

5

Balgownie

5

2 ch

dust

260

18

180

W A

452

4

do

pekoe

420

31

25

25

3 do

bro mix

350

29

182

Bickley

456

88 hf-clr

bro pek

2090

48

34

Dromore

34

2 ch

dust

200

21

183

458

27

do

pek

1620

43

35

Relugas

35

4 do

SOU

340

33

184

460

13

do

pek sou

780

?h

185

186

462

464

11

7

do

do

SOU

dust

660

700

27

22

Mr, E. John.]

ISO

Ragalla

472

7

do

fans

840

29

Lot.

Box. FIvL'S. N;iitip_

lb.

194

Galphele

480

18

do

bro pek

1080

47

Beverly

439

195

482

26

do

pek e

1300

39

1

7 ch

souchong

350

•25

196

484

17

do

pek SOU

850

29

2

441

3 do

pek dust

220

26

199

L P X M R

490

10

ch

bro pek fans 1167

23

3

443

4 do

dust

300

21

200

AH

492

8

do

' dust

1135

16

4

415

1 hf.ch

red leaf

50

10

201

P C H Galle,

17

P H P, in estate

2 ch

in estate

mark

471

bro mix

190

23

mark

494

12 hf-ch

bro pek

720

42 bid

23

Logan

483

2 do

bro iiek fans 220

32

202

Farnham

496

34

do

bro pek

18.36

f5

24

Lynford

4S5

3 do

pek sou

300

40

203

498

35

do

pekoe

17.50

45

33

Turin

3

2 ch

bro or pek

220

43

204

500

32

do

bro sou

1440

34

37

11

1 cli

bro mix

10 1

19

207

Carfax

506

31 lif-ch

bro or pek

1705

62 bid

38

G T

13

2 hf cli

ilust

190

20

208

508

16

ch

or pek

1600

53

39

15

3 do

dust

285

•20

210

512

18

do

pek

1710

49

47

Cleveland

31

3 do

pek fans

ISO

4-2

211

514

3

do

dust

465

2S

48

33

3 do

dust

24

27

2 3

.M F

518

6

do

SOU

COO

20

52

Lameliere

41

2 ch

pek fan

17

21

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST.

Loi.

57 Tientsin
95 Beverley
9ti

93 Theresia
99

IOC Fermlale

108 lliralouvah

109

113 Claremont
lU

133 Farm
133 Anamalla

140 R

141

142

Box.

Pkgs.

Name

Ib.

C.

51

2 hf-ch

dust

160

24

127

1 ch

bro pek

75

37

129

2 hf-ch

unassorted

100

29

133

4 cli

pek sou

360

32

135

3 hf-ch

dust

240

23

149

3 ch

dust

330

24

153

6 hf-ch

bro pek fans

360

33

1!)5

3 do

dust

210

23

163

2 ch

bro tea

180

9

165

2 do

dust

180

21

201

4 hf-ch

dust

280

20

203

2 do

dust

170

21

217

3 ch

bro pek fans

165

35

219

1 do

dust

130

20

221

2 do

red leaf

200

9

[Messrs. yoMERViLLE Co.]

Lot.

4 Mahateniie
White Cross
Citrus

8

11

12

13

14
17

15
19
24
31

38

39
42
44
4G
60
51
72

81

82

83

84

92

93
110
111

114

115
12U
144
146

151

152

153
158
181
182
ISO
187
190

191

192

193

194

H A

Koorooloogalla
Iv G

Hanagama

Comar

Glenalla

Uapugasmulle

Galkolua

Peria Kande-
kettia
A' slena
Ginigathena

R, in est. mark
Ukuwella
Ritni

Charlie Hill
U J «

Hirisanda

Box.

PkoS

. N ame.

lb.

c.

174

3

ch

dust

300

19

178

1 hf-ch

bro pek fans

70

25

ISl

1

ch

pek sou

91

24

182

3

do

fans

300

31

183

1

do

dust

150

21

184

2

do

bro tea

190

12 bid

187

3

do

pek sou

3tf0

26

188

1

do

pek dust

136

23

189

3

do

red leaf

285

10

194

1

do

dust

160

23

201

2 1

li^ch

dust

150

21

208

1

ch

dust

150

23

209

2

do

fans

200

28

212

3

do

pekoe

276

30

214

3

do

sou

270

26

216

1

do

dust

150

21

220

1

do

sou

100

25

221

2

do

dust

210

19

242

5

do

dust

375

20

251

3

hf-ch

dust

150

12

252

3

do

bro pe'«

150

44

253

5

do

pekoe

250

34

254

2

do

pek sou

100

27

: 262

2

ch

sou

160

24

263

2

hf-ch

red leaf

90

10

280

1

ch

bro tea

100

22

281

1

hf-ch

bro pek fans 70

20

284

235

280

14

16

21

22

23

Malvern

Penrith

KF

MH

Nadunayana

do

1 do
7 do
5 do
7 do

2 do
2 do
2 do

dust

so\i

pekoe

dust

fans

congou

bi o mix

60

SO

350

300

350

91

105

98

Lob.

4 B, in estate
mark

6 B

26

26

24
30
18

25
94
10

28

4 do

dust

220

1/

51

2 ch

pek fans

240

20

52

1 do

dust

160

20

56

5 hf-ch

pek sou

225

24

57

4 cli

fans

363

IS

60

1 do
1 hf-cli

du

out

61

3 do

1)10 pek

170

34

62

2 do

pekoe

110

24

63

3 do

pek sou
fan.s

150

20

64

2 do

90

16

;rs. Porbes

& Walker.]

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

100

2 ch

dust

160

18

102

1 do

bro tea

100

Lot. Box,

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

15 Harrington

16

122

124

1 do
1 do

pek sou
dust

100

155

38

24

20 Ekolsund

132

4 hf-ch

dust

340

23

27 Hethersett

146

1 ch

bro pek

118

51

36 Barkindale

164

2 do

sou

196

32

37

41 1897, in estate

160

2 hf-ch

bro mix

150

15

mark

174

1 ch

sou

100

21

46 Choughleigh

184

4 do

sou

3401

withd

47

186

2 hf-ch

dust

170 /

59 Shorebam

210

1 do

bro sou

70

10

61 CRH

214

3 ch

dust

300

22

71 Lyegrove

234

1 do

dust

150

23

78 Meddetenne

348

3 ch

bro pek fans

300

31

79

250

2 do

dust

SbO

23

82 Ookoovvatte

250

3 ch

pek sou

270

33

84

260

4 hbeh

dust

320

23

85

262

2 do

bro mix

120

SO

92 Stisted

276

1 (10

dust

80

24

102 H B R

206

3 ch

fans

SCO

38

108 Gallaheria

31 8

2 do

dust

200

21

118 Holton

328

3 do

pek sou

285

33

119

330

1 do

bro mix

95

26

120

332

3 do

dust

225

23

123 Matale

338

2 ch

sou

160

24

124

340

2 do

fans

240

30

125

342

3 do

dust

240

24

133 Rambodde

358

3 do

bro pek dust

225

27

144 Forres

380

2 ch

pek sou

200

38

145

382

2 do
1 hf-ch

dust

391

23

140

384

1 ch

fans

125

32

151 Canavarella

394

2 do

dust

200

23

152 Peacock Hill
162 Weyuiiga-

396

2 hf-ch

bro mix

90

15

watte

410

3 do

dust

255

23

164 C O E B

420

3 ch

bro mix

348

15

181 IV A

454

1 do

bro mix

100

16

189 Ragalla

470

3 do

bro mix

360

34

191

474

4 hf-ch

dust

360

21

192 Rangwela

470

3 ch

red leaf

390

9

193

478

2 do

congou

180

14

197 Galphele

198 N, in estate

480

1 hf-ch

dust

80

23

mark

488

3 ch

dust

340

IS

205 Fariiham

502

4 hf-ch

fans

280

3j

206

504

1 do

dust

85

22

209 Carfax

510

2 ch

bro pek

229

42

212 M F

510

3 do

dust

360

22

214 P H

620

3 do

bro pek

300

41

215

522

2 do

pekoe

200

S3

216

524

3 do

pek sou

300

27

217

526

2 do

do No. 2

200

25

218 G P II

628

1 bag

red leaf

35

7

232 Maha Uva

500

3 ch

dust

240

22

234 Battawatte

3L0

1 cli

bro or pek

100

47

237

.566

2 do

bro pek fan

200

28

248 Blairgowrie

588

4 do

bro pek

240

42

250

590

1 ch

dust

140

23

263 Sunnryevoft

. 618

2 do

congou

220

26

272 Hoemba

630

1 hf-ch

bro or pek

07

33

273

638

1 do

pek No. 2

47

25

277 Langdale

616

2 ch

dust

252

23

278

62 8

1 do

fans

125

26

290 Oxford

672

7 hf-ch

bro or pek

350

45

294

680

6 do

pek dust

330

26

295

682

1 do

dust

70

20

303 Ruanwelle

698

2 ch

fans No. 1

240

27

304

700

1 do

do ,, 2

110

26

306 BFB

704

1 do
1 hf-ch

unas

138

22

307 RCW

706

3 do

bro pek

162

38

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

Colombo, March 29, 1897.

j Price :—12§ cents each 3 copies
‘ • 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

NO. 12.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 27,745 lb.]

Lot. Box.

Pks.s.

N ame.

lb.

C.

8

SPA

8

4

ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek

480

34

9

Hornsey

9

15

ch

pek sou

1500

39

11

Battalgalla

11

15

do

pek sou

1500

39

13

Springwood

13

5

do

bro mix

500

20

14

Kalkande

14

45 hf-ch

or pek

2250

38

1C

Woodend

16

12

ch

dust

1780

22

17

Vogan

17

36

do

bro pek

3420

54

18

18

28

do

pekoe

2520

40

19

19

25

do

pek sou

2-250

35

20

20

22

do

do No. 2

1760

32

23

Agar’s Land

23

21 hf-ch

pxjK sou

1050

29

24

24

13

do

sou

650

29

29

LR

29

7

ch

red leaf

644

8 bid

31

OE

31

16

do

bro sou

1360

out

32

E

32

14 hf-ch

bro sou

685

out

[Mr

. E.

John.-

-1.36,735 lb.]

Lot. Box.

Pkg..

Name

lb.

c.

1

D N D, in est.

mark

225

19

ch

SOU

1615

25

2

227

8

do

fans

880

30

3

229

5

do

bro mix

500

9

4

231

9 hf.ch

dust

720

£ 3

5

Arratenne

233

9

ch

bro pek

1080

28

6

235

6

do

pekoe

600

26

0

A

241

15

do

pekoe

1650

48

10

243

7

do

fans

840

o7

12

Ottery & Stam

-

ford Hill

247

34

do

bro pek

3400

53

13

249

i9

do

or pek

2610

51

14

251

4S

do

pekoe

4320

45

IS

St. John’s

259

33 hf-ch

bro or pek

1848

91

19

261

48

do

or pek

2304

84

20

263

37

do

pekoe

1850

60

21

265

17

do

pek sou

782

51

S FD

267

15

do

fans

900

37

23

269

7

do

dust

525

22

t:4

271

9

do

con^jou

450

25

25

Ivies

273

23

do

bro pek

1266

45 bil

26

275

23

do

pekoe

1150

35

27

277

18

do

pek sou

900

28 bid

28

279

6

do

fans

420

33

39

Lameliere

281

28

ch

bro pek

2940

47 bid

30

283

26

do

pekoe

2340

39 bid

31

Koslanda

285

28

do

bro pek

3680

49

32

287

28

do

pekoe

25-20

39

33

289

19

(lo

pek sou

1710

34

55

Allington

293

16 hf ch

bro pek

880

43

36

295

27

do

pekoe

1334

29

37

297

16

do

pek sou

800

25

40

Nahavilla

305

20

ch

bro pek

2100

58

41

307

31

do

pekoe

3100

42

42

309

7

do

pek sou

700

36

44

Brownlow

313

26

do

bro or pek

2600

57 bid

315

20

do

or pek

1840

52

46

317

40

do

pekoe

3600

50

4“

319

tiO

do

pek sou

1660

40

4S

321

4

do

bro pek fans 448

41

49

323

4

do

pek fans

600

25

50

Elston

325

32

do

pe sou No. 2

3040

27

51 H S. in est. mark 327

4

do

bro pek

440

39

53

331

6

do

SOU

540

26

55

335

6

do

dust

.540

21

56

Acra watte

337

16

do

bro pek

1760

44 bid

339

22

do

pekoe

1980

37

58

Agra Ouvah

341

65 hf-ch

bro or pek

3900

63 bid

59

343

31

do

or pek

1560

56

60

345

16

ch

pekoe

1.5-20

51

61

Delpotonoya.

347

24 hf-ch

dust

1680

24

67

Orange Field

359

5

ch

bro mix

450

19

69

Shannon

363

6

do

l)ro or pek

600

44

70

365

13

do

pekoe

1040

32

74

Eadella

373

13

do

bro pek

1300

43 bid

75

375

14

do

pekoe

1260

32 bid

377

8

do

pek sou

640

25 bid

86

Caledonia

397

4

do

bro pek

420

37

89

M N

403

8

do

pek sou

640

28

90

405

8 hf-cli

pekoe No. 2

400

S3

93 Keenagaha Ella

411

13

ch

pek sou

1105

31

94

413

7

do

bro mix

665

24

100

Ferndale

425

13

do

bro or pek

1300

53

101

427

27

do

pekoe

2700

40

102

Hiralouvah

429

17

do

pek sou

1275

so

Lot

Box.

Pkgs,

Name,

lb.

c.

106

YB K

437

12 hf-ch

pek sou

480

32

111

Alnoor

447

33 hf-ch

hr 1 pek

1650

44

112

449

16 do

pekoe

800

32

113

451

9 do

pek sou

460

27

115

Glassaugh

455

30 do

bro pek

1650

67

116

457

25 ch

pekoe

2250

51

117

459

22 do

pek sou

1870

47

118

461

7 hf-ch

dust

525

33

119 Kotuwagedera 463

18 ch

bro pek

1800

43

120

465

19 do

pekoe

1805

32

121

467

11 do

pek sou

990

25

131

Sinna Dua

487

12 ch

bro pek

1320

30 bid

132

489

11 do

pekoe

880

27

134

Callander

493

29 hf-ch

bro or pek

1740

48

l35

495

26 do

pekoe

1352

47

[Messrs. Torres & Walker.— 423,007 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Fkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

1

N

714

15

ch

bro tea

1950

25

2

716

11

do

unas

990

31

3

O 0, in estate

mark

718

19

hf-ch

sou

763

33

4

720

9

do

bro mix

405

27

5

S, in estate

mark

722

26

hf-ch

dust

2470

25

6

P

724

10

ch

fans

1000

27 bid

7

726

8

do

dust

1040

24

9

Knuc les

Group

730

8

ch

dust

1280

23

10

Kakiriskande

732

5

do

bro pek

500

39

11

734

7

do

pekoe

630

27

15

Thedden

742

7

ch

pekoe

665

36

19

Kelaneiya

750

15

do

bro pek

1275

50 bid

20

752

21

do

pekoe

2100

38 bid

23

Coneygar

758

16

hf-ch

bro pek

1040

64

24

760

10

ch

pekoe

900

57

27

Bt. Helen

766

23

hf-ch

bro pek

1380

43

-28

768

33

do

or pek

1485

47 bid

29

770

7-2

do

pekoe

3210

32

30

77-2

42

do

pek sou

1890

26

32

Shrubs Hill

776

34

ch

bro pek

4148

47 bid

33

778

36

do

pekoe

3384

40

34

780

41

do

pek sou

3239

30

37

Galapltakan-

de

786

11

ch

bro pek

1155

59

38

788

15

do

pek

1500

39

39

790

4

do

pek sou

400

30

41

Z 3 and 4, in est.

mark

794

7

ch

bro tea

560

22

42

796

5

do

dust

600

22

43

St. Helierj

793

59

hf-ch

bro or pek

3009

43 bid

44

800

30

ch

pekoe

2700

36

45

802

5

do

pek sou

450

28

46

Patiagama

804

10

ch

bro or pek

1100

47

47

808

8

do

or pek

800

48

48

808

10

do

pekoe

1000

37

53

B C

818

22

/lo

bro pek

1980

37 bid

H

R B

820

22

do

pek fans

24-20

27 bid

55

K B, in e-tate

mark

822

5

ch

bro fans

No. 2

5.56

27

56

K L B

S>,4

6

do

bro fans

No. 1

745

24

68

IVoodslee

828

15 hf-ch

fans

750

32

65

Nugagalla

842

27 hf-ch

bro pek

1350

58

66

844

64

do

pekoe

2700

40

67

846

8

do

pek sou

400

25

73

Carendon

853

5

ch

bro pek

500

47

74

860

5

do

pekoe

600

35

75

862

5

do

pek soil

600

30

76

864

7

do

sou

700

iC

79

AVevegoda

870

8

ch

bro pek

600

39

SO

872

6

do

pekoe

420

26

81

874

10

do

P'.-'c sou

650

24

85

.Stafford

882

4

do

bro or pek

440

66

86

884

5

do

bro pek

550

67

87

886

7

do

pekoe

665

54

92

Deagalla

896

34

do

bro pek

3740

48

93

898

54

do

pek

5100

36

94

900

15

do

pek .sou

1350

33

96

904

8

do

fans

560

40

107

Harrington

926

16

do

or pek

1600

61

108

928

7

do

pekoe

735

51

113

C L, in estate

mark

938

14

ch

sou

1400

27

114

940

16

do

red leaf

1440

19

115

Carberry

942

44

do

bro pek

3960

54

116

944

-20

do

pekoe

1800

38

117

946

9

do

pek sou

810

30

118

948

9

do

bro pek fan

990

38

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb

C.

Lot.

Box.

Pkg5

. Nam

lb.

124

Monkswood

960

40 hf-ch

bro pek

2000

71 bid

239

190

51 hf-ch

or pek

2550

49

125

962

56

do

or pek

2688

61 bid

240

192

61

do

pekoe

3050

47

126

A

964

3

ch

dust

450

10

241

194

42

do

pek sou

1890

38

127

Tymawr

966

46 hf-ch

bro pek

2300

60 bid

Pallegodde

196

22

ch

bro or pek

2310

42

128

968

45

do

pekoe

2025

51 bid

243

198

33

do

bro p ‘k

3135

53

129

970

12

do

sou

600

89

244

200

28

do

pekoe

2520

34

130

972

8

do

bro pek fan

560

27

245

202

23

do

pek sou

2185

29

132

ErroUwood

976

25

ch

bro pek

2875

62

246

Ganapalla

204

80 lif-ch

bro pek

4000

42

133

978

41

do

pekoe

3690

48 bid

247

206

43

ch

pekoe

3440

32

134

980

21

do

pek sou

1995

41

248

208

29

do

pt k sou

2320

26

138

Northcore

988

8 hf-ch

dust

640

23

250

212

28 hf-cli

bro pek fan 1400

34

139

W V R A

990

19

do

mix tea

1330

32

251

214

7

do

ilust

560

23

140

992

6

do

dust

540

23

252

Galkadua

216

18

cl)

bro pek

1800

40

143

Ag;raoya

998

39

do

bro pek

2145

48

253

218

16

do

pekoe

1600

29

144

1000

10

ch

or pek

850

42

254

220

8

do

pek sou

800

26

145

2

31

do

pekoe

2635

38

255

222

4

do

fans

400

25

140

4

16

do

pek sou

1440

31

259

Carfax

230

31 hf-ch

bro or pek

1705

51 bid

148

Gallawatte

8

12

ch

bro pek

1200

41

265

Ambakande

242

10

ch

bro pek

1000

43

149

10

20

do

o» pek

1700

39 ))id

266

244

11

do

pekoe

990

32

150

12

19

do

nekoe

1710

32

207

246

6

do

pek sou

510

29

151

14

4

do

pek sou

400

28

269

Fnavesmire

250

29

ch

bro pek

3045

45

156

Opalaalla

24

11

ch

bro pek

1076

43 bid

270

252

39 hf-ch

pekoe

3510

33

157

26

15

do

pekoe

1125

32

254

6

ch

pek tans

720

28

158

28

8

do

pek sou

660

30

272

256

10 hf-ch

dust

900

24

161

H

34

23

ch

pek sou

2314

25

273

Knavesmire

258

29

ch

bro pek

3045

46

163

B D W

38

35

do

bro pek

3275

32

274

260

38

do

pekoe

3420

36

161

Glenfjariff

40

13 hf-ch

bi 0 pek

715

45

275

262

24

do

pek sou

2040

30

165

42

32

do

or pek

1530

43

276

C M, m in estate

166

44

28

do

pekoe

2100

36

mark

204

29 hf-ch

bro pek

1740

46 bid

167

46

23

do

pek sou

1380

31

277

266

29

do

pekoe

1450

37

168

48

18

do

pek fans

1116

37

278

268

17

do

pek sou

1020

33

169

50

10

do

bro pek dust 750

25

279

270

10

do

dust

800

23

170

52

8

do

dust

600

22

280

n K

272

4

do

uiias

411

27

171

G P

54

21

do

hyson

1050

50

281

W A

274

5

ch

sou

500

11

172

56

9

do

young hyson

282

276

9

do

bro mix

765

10

fans

585

42

283

Kandawatte

278

5

do

pekoe

660

173

58

9

do

twankey

615

31

284

280

5

do

dust

050

21

174

Tonacombe

60

22

ch

or pek

2200

57

285

Nahalma

282

17

ch

dust (Venesta

175

62

10

do

bro pek

1200

56

cliests)

1700

10

176

64

30

do

pekoe

3000

44

286

C

284

11

ch

sou

1045

20

177

66

8

do

pek sou

720

38

290

Ragalla

292

5

do

fans

600

32

178

Castlereagh

68

12

ch

bro pek

1200

48

292

Middleton

296

18

do

pekoe

1711

50

179

70

13

do

do

1300

53

293

298

6

do

pek sou

660

40

180

72

18

do

bro or pek 1800

.50

294

300

4

do

do

400

39

181

74

27

do

pekoe

2430

42

299

Geragama

310

28

do

bro pek

2800

43

182

76

7

do

pek sou

630

35

300

312

18

do

pekoe

1710

34

183

78

7

do

do No. 2

560

30

301

314

12

do

pek sou

1080

32

184

80

10 hf-ch

pek fans

700

34

302

Putupaula

316

5

ch

bro or pek

500

43

186

Waverley

84

18

ch

fans

2250

27

303

318

80

do

bro pek

7600

46 bid

189

Tanawatte

90

6

do

sou

510

18

304

320

67

do

pekoe

6695

34 bid

190

92

12

do

dust

1560

15

305

322

27

do

pek sou

2160

31

191

Essex

94

22

ch

pekoe

2376

37

309

Glencor.se

330

27

ch

bro pek

2700

47

192

96

3

tlo

bro pe dust

420

25

310

332

12

do

pekoe

1080

38

193

Doonevale

98

28

do

bro pek

2520

44

311

334

15

do

pek sou

12L0

32

194

100

26

do

pekoe

2215

30

313

Burythrope

338

30

ch

bro rek

2953

43

195

102

6

do

fans

600

27

314

340

25

do

pekoe

2600

31 bid

196

104

4

do

dust

560

22

315

342

17

do

pek sou

1619

28

200

Vellaioya

112

23

ch

bro tea

2530

17

316

N.agahatenne 344

10

ch

dust

1260

out

201

114

5

do

bro or pek

318

AF

348

18 hf-ch

bro pek

909

37

fans

560

33

319

350

11

do

pekoe

605

26

202

Ellawatte

116

19

ch

bro pek

1995

50

320

352

36

ch

pe sou No.

1 2880

28

203

118

27

do

pekoe

2700

37

321

354

12

do

do „

2 1200

28

204

120

6

do

pek .-ou

600

31

322

356

16

do

fans

1250

22

206

Polatagama

124

37

ch

bro pek

3700

46 bid

323

3.58

13

do

(lust

1040

21 bid

207

126

28

do

pekoe

2800

37

324

L

360

26

ch

bro pek

2870

18 bid

208

128

31

do

pek sou

279 J

33

209

210

130

132

32

10

do

do

do No. 2 2880
fans 1000

28

40

[ Messrs.

SOMERVlbBE

& Lo.— 118,1191b.]

211

134

9

do

pek fans

810

31

Lot.

i>ox.

Bkg.s.

xsanie.

lb.

c.

212

Dunkeld

136

13 hf-ch

pek fans

910

35

2

F A

82

4

ch

dust

600

22

213

138

5

do

dust

475

24

4

Moragalla

84

16

ch

bro pek

1600

42

214

Gampaha

140

20

ch

bro or pek

2000

48 bid

5

85

11

do

pekoe

1100

30

215

142

30

do

or pek

2700

44

6

86

5

do

pek sou

500

26

216

144

8

do

pekoe

800

37

7

87

6

do

pek fans

670

35

217

146

16

do

pek sou

1440

36

9

Yspa

89

9

do

pek dust

1350

23

218

Hayes

148

24 hf-ch

br« pek

1200

42

10

90

6

do

bro mix

670

13 bid

219

150

56

do

or pek

2800

41

12

Marigold

92

29 hf-ch

bro pek

1827

56

220

152

35

do

pekoe

1575

36

13

93

27

do

pekoe

1674

48

221

Bloomfield

154

49

ch

flowery pek 4900

56

14

94

13

(lo

pek sou

728

41

222

156

37

do

pekoe

3700

41

17

G W

97

13

ch

souchong

1040

31

223

108

22

ilo

pek sou

2090

36

19

99

7

do

fans

434

32

224

160

16

do

pek fans

1200

27

23

Ko.sgahena

103

13

do

pek No. 1

1300

30 bid

225

Erracht

162

20

ch

bro or pek

1900

44

25

105

5

do

sou No. 1

4.50

14 bid

226

164

24

do

bro pek

1920

47

27

Neuchitel

107

38

do

bro pek

3800

44

227

166

55

(lo

pekoe

4125

33

28

108

9

do

bro or pek

1080

38 bid

228

168

19

do

fans

1900

40

29

109

32

(lo

pekoe

2720

34

229

Batta watte

170

50

oh

30

110

27

do

pek sou

2160

30

1 hf-ch

bro pek

5059

45 bid

31

HI

3

do

dust

480

21

230

Clunes

172

28

do

bro or pek

1540

43

32

Atherton

112

14 lif-ch

bro pek

784

39

231

174

24

ch

pekoe

2040

33

33

113

15

do

pekoe

1 jU

36

232

176

9

do

pek sou

765

28

37

M . in estate

233

178

12

do

dust

1080

23

mark

117

18

ch

pekoe

1620

16 bid

234

Kirklees

180

51 hf-ch

bro or pek

3060

51 bid

38

Killin, in es-

235

182

28

ch

or pek

2800

57

tate mark

118

12 hf-ch

Pro pek

660

42

236

184

37

do

pekoe

3700

45

39

119

7

ch

pekoe

665

36

237

186

35

do

pek sou

3500

37

43

L

123

8 hf-ch

dust

640

19

238

High Forest

188

74 hf-ch

bro or pek

4144

53

44

124

4

ch

bro mix

380

10

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

Bo.x.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

45 R C T F, in es-
tate mark 125

26

ch

bro pek

2600

41

46

126

29

do

pekoe

2610

32

47

127

14

do

pek sou

1260

26

49 Hatton

129

33 hf-ch

bro pek

1815

62

46

50

130

35

ch

pekoe

3150

61

131

21

do

pek sou

1890

32

58 Depeilene

138

63 hf-ch

bro pek

3465

42

59

139

57

do

pekoe

2850

32

60

140

43

do

pek sou

2150

27

Ci3 Evalgolla

143

22

ch

or pek

2260

44

64

144

15

do

bro pek

1540

45

65

145

34

do

pekoe

3320

34

66

146

11

do

pek sou

1040

27

67 Havangalla

147

19

do

bro pek A

1805

54

68

. 148

12

do

bro pek B

1140

48

69

149

22

do

pekoe A

1980

38

70

150

36

do

pekoe B

3240

37

71

151

6

do

pekoe No. 2 540

32

73

153

10

do

pek sou

950

26

74

154

6

do

bro pek fans 630

33

76

156

9

do

dust

1170

25

77 R, in estate
mark

157

23

do

pekoe

2070

35

78

158

50

do

pek sou

3750

28

79

169

4

do

dust

640

20

88 R K

168

6

do

bro pek

660

39

89

169

8

do

pekoe

800

26

92 Ellatenne

172

11

do

bro mix

1100

23

93 Salawe

173

9

do

)>ro pek

990

45

94

174

10

do

pekoe

950

38

17.5

27

do

pek sou

2430

28

00

176

14

do

pek souNo.

,2 126U

27

97

177

4

do

bro mix

540

23

98 Lyndhurst

178

52 hf-ch

bro pek

2600

46

99

179

71

do

pekoe

3195

35

100

ISO

01

do

pek sou

2440

29

101

181

12

do

souchong

480

23

102

182

7

do

dust

595

24

lf6 H G L

186

4

ch

souchong

440

24

107

187

11

do

dus4

1540

20

110

190

8 hf ch

dust

720

21

111 Vkuwela

191

24

ch

bro kek

2400

42

112

192

22

do

kekoe

2200

33

113

193

18

do

pek sou

1800

27

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

c.

1

Radag.a

1

4 hf-ch

bro pek

200

34

•2

O

3 do

pekoe

150

25

3

3

3 do

pek sou

160

18

4

N A

3 ch

bro pek

285

23

5

5

1 do

pekoe

85

10

6

.

6

1 hf-ch

pek sou

50

9

7

7

1 do

bro mix

60

9

10

Hornsey

10

2 ch

fans

180

23

12

Battalgalla

12

2 do

fans

180

-22

21

Warwick

21

5 hf-ch

pek sou

300

39

22

22

4 do

dust

360

24

30

L R

30

1 ch

dust

103

20

[MtssR.s. Somerville & Co.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkg.S

. Name.

lb.

C,

1

FA

81

2

ch

bro tea

220

31

3

83

2

do

red leaf

146

10

8

Moragalla

88

1

do

red leaf

112

10

11

Marigold

91

3

do

bro or pek

201

47

15

95

7

hf-ck

souchong

385

38

16

96

4

do

bro pek fans

288

42

18

G W

98

1

ch

red leaf

88

10

20

100

5

do

dust

380

23

21

Kosgahena

101

6 hf-ch

bro pek

360

41

22

192

»2

do

fans

120

16

24

104

1

do

2 hf-ch

pek No. 2

200

21

34

Atherton

114

2

do

pek sou

96

27

35

115

1

do

bro mix

46

10

36

116

2

do

dpst

140

22

40

Killin, in estate

mark

120

3

ch

pek sou

240

26

41

K, in estate

5

121

1 ht-ch

bro mix

25

10

42

122

1

do

dust

36

21

48

RCTF

128

2

ch

dust

255

20

52

H

132

2 hf-ch

dust

160

21

53

133

2

do

bro tea

100

13

54

S

134

3

do

dust

240

20

55

136

3

do

bro tea

ICO

11

Lot' Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

56 A

136 1 hf-ch

dust

80

20

57

137

do

bro tea

50

10

6i Dependene

141

do

dust

320

22

62

142

do

red leaf

55

10

72 Harangalla

52 4

ch pek sou

390

25

75

155 3 do

dust

390

25

90 RK

170

1 do

1 hf-ch

pek sou

138

21

1

171

3 do

fannings

166

23

; 103 Panilkande

183

8 hf-ch

bro pek

300

38

i 104

184

8 do

pekoe

400

26

' 105

i85

8 do

pek sou

400

24

‘ 108 S li O

188

3 do

souchong

165

22

1 109

189

4 do

pek dust

300

22

1 114 Ukuwela

194

1 do

bro pek fans

70

26

i 115 Cholankandei

195

2 ch

i

1 hf-ch

fannings

245

26

116

1

196

1 do

dust

95

19

j

[Mr

. E. John.]

1 Lot.

Box

Pkgs

Name.

lb.

C.

1 7 Arratenue

237

2 ch

SOU

200

24

i 8

239

3 do

dust

300

23

1 11 A

245

4 ht-ch

dust

308

23

! 15 Ottery & Stain

i ford Hill

253

2 ch

SOU

200

32

1 16

255

1 do

dust

137

25

17

257

1 do

fluff

94

6

! 34 Koslanda

291

1 do

dust

150

21

: 38 Allington

299

2 hf-ch

dust

160

22

! 39

301

1 do

SOU

50

12

1 43 Nahavilla

311

4 do

dust

360

22

1 62 H S, in est. mark 329

2 ch

pekoe

210

30

54

333

3 do

led leaf

180

10

62 Delpotonoya

349

6 hf-ch

SOU

300

24

68 Orange Field

361

1 ch

pek dust

130

21

1 71 Shannon

367

2 do

pek sou

180

25

' 72

369

2 do

bro tea

230

13

1 ‘6

371

1 do

dust

92

19

' 87 Caledonia

399

1 ch

pekoe

85

30

88

401

4 hf-ch

dust

320

21

91 M N

407

1 ch

red leaf

65

10

1

92 W, in est. mark 409

2 do

bro tea

220

13

!

95 Keenagaha Elba 415

1 do

pekoe No. 2

85

25

1 96

417

1 do

or pek

100

36

' 97

419

2 do

pekoe

150

30

1 98

421

1 do

pek sou

54

26

i 99

423

1 do

dust

170

16

1 103 Hiralouvah

431

5 hf-ch

bro pek fans 300

38

! 104

433

2 do

dust

160

23

1 105 YBK

435

6 do

pekoe

372

44

’ 107

439

1 do

dust

90

23

1 114 Murraythwaite 453

1 hf-ch

fans

80

27

' 122 Kotuwagedera 469

2 ch

bro pek fans 200

27

; 133 Simla Dua

491

1 ch

dust

150

18

‘ 136 Callander

497

6 hf-ch

pek sou

288

37

i 137

4H9

2 qr ch

fans

64

24

' 138

1

3 do

dust

105

22

[Messrs. Forbes

& Walker.]

8 Knuckles

Group

728

4 ch

SOU

384

26

12 Kakiriskande 736

3 do

pek sou

270

25

13

738

1 do

red leaf

112

20

14

740

1 hf-ch

pek dust

85

20

16 Thedden

744

1 ch

pek sou

90

25

17

746

1 do

SOU

90

9

18

748

2 do

dust

300

22

21 Kelaneiya

754

2 ch

dust

230

21

22

756

2 do

SOU

200

26

1 25 Coneygar

762

4 do

pek sou

360

44

1 26

764

2 do

fans

160

32

' 31 St. Helen

774

1 hf-ch dust

80

22

j 35 G

782

2 ch

SOU

168

21

t S6

784

2 do

pek dust

280

21

i 40 Galapitakan

! de

792

2 hf-ch (lust

180

22

49 Patiagama

810

1 ch

pek sou

110

9*7

50

812

1 do

dust

If 5

21

51 I K V

814

3 do

bro mix

336

16

52

816

2 do

pek fans

240

20

57 Woodslee

826

6 hf-ch pek sou

240

24

69

830

2 do

dust

115

20

60 R, in estate

mark

832

1 ch

fans

130

21

68 Nugagalla

848

4 do

dust

340

23

1 69 Hopewell

850

1 ch

bro pek

99

49

I"

852

1 do

pekoe

101

33

854

1 do

pek sou

98

25

! 72

856

1 do

COUROU

87

24

1 77 Carandon

866

2 do

fans

200

37

78

868

3 do

congou

245

24

! 82 IVevegoda

876

1 do

SOU

65

22

1 83

878

4 do

pek fans

300

24

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Bo-v.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

83 Stafford

888

3 ch

pek sou

270

44

89

890

1 do

fans

P20

33

90

892

1 do

bro mix

120

33

91

894

1 do

dust

90

19

95 Dehegalle

902

3 ch

sou

270

26

103

New Galway

918

6 hf-ch

i)ro pek

360

62

104

920

7 do

pekoe

385

45

105

922

1 do

pek sou

50

36

106

Hiirrington

924

3 hf-ch

oro or pek

180

5-2

109

930

1 ch

pek sou

100

41

lUl

932

1 do

dust

160

•27

111

M P

534

1 do

pek sou

85

25

112

936

2 do

fans

2-20

24

131

Tymawr

974

5 hf-ch

dust

375

22

115

Errollwood

982

2 do

dust

170

29

136

Northcore

984

4 ch

congou

320

27

137

986

4 do

sou

3-20

27

141

W V R A

994

2 hf-ch

fans

140

•26

14-2

996

2 do

bro mix

110

•21

147

Agra Oya

6

4 do

dust

3-20

25

185

Castlereagh

82

4 do

dust

320

21

187

Poonagalla

86

1 ch

red leaf

90

12

188

Lunugalla

88

2 do

red leaf

20«

12

197

Doonevale

106

3 do

bro tea

270

20

198

A G

108

3 do

bro tea

•270

20

199

110

1 do

dust

113

21

205

Ellawatte

122

3 hf-ch

dust

270

22

249

Ganapalla

210

6 do

pek fans

300

26

256

Galkadua

•224

1 do

dust

75

20

257

G

226

1 ch

1 hf-ch

bro pek

145

28

258

228

1 eh

pekoe

90

23

268

Amblakanda

248

2 ch

unas

200

21

287

Debatgama

286

1 do

dust

140

18

288

Pingar.awa

2SS

4 hf-ch

dust

360

22

289

Ragalla

290

1 ch

bro mix

1-20

38

291

294

3 hf-ch

dust

270

20

295

Galatota

302

2 do

bro pek

120

39

296

302

6 do

pekoe

300

26

297

304

6 do

pek sou

300

20

298

306

1 do

dust

.54

10

306

E

324

1 ch

sou

75

26

307

326

3 hf-ch

bro tea

l.'O

16

308

328

1 do

red leaf

58

10

312

Glencorse

336

2 ch

pek fans

280

27

317

R, in estate

mark

346

1 hf-ch

dust

73

7 1

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

( From Our Commercial Correspondent. )

Mincing Lane, Marcli 5, 1897.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in
Mincing Lane np to .5th March : —

Ex “Clan Ogilvie” — Hlackwood, OO, lb 119s 6d; ditto O,
3c Ills (id; ditto EF, Ic I'^Ss; ditto PB, lb 106s; BKWT,
Ic S4s.

Ex “City of Venice”— Large size, Oonamotjiva, Ic 2b 119s;
.size 1 ditto, 6c 113s 6d; size 2 ditto, Ic lb 96s 6d; PB ditto,
lb llSs 6d; P ditto, 3b llSs 6d; T ditto, 4b 84s 6d. Gona-
inotava, 36 overtakers lO.ts .

Ex “Dictator” — Haput.ale, O, 2c lb llSs 6d; ditto 1, 4c
112.s; ditto 2, lb 94s; ditto PB, lb 122s. Size 1, Thotula-
calla, Ic 116s; size 2 ditto, 2c lb 105s 6d; size 3 ditto, lb
S9s; PB ditto, lb 110s; T ditto, lb 80s. Thotulagalla, lb
S8s; lb overtake!- 99s; lb sweeping 76s.

Ex “Clan Fraser” — Keenakelle, A, Ic 107s; ditto B, 2c It
101s; ditto C, Ic 94s; ditto PB, lb 98s; ditto T, 1 tierce
coconut oil dam., bulked, 1 bag ovtkr. coconut oil dam.,
bulked C7s 6d.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “Port Melbourne”— Delgolla, A, 40 bags 74s Cd; ditto
B, 44 bags 60s 6d.

Ex "Clan Maclean”— Good View Estate, UGA 1 in estate
mark, 110 bags 65s; 2, 19 bags 62s; 3, 5 bags 47.s. IIGA in
estate mark, 49 bags 59s; ditto BC, 7 bags 17s,.

Kx “Clan Ogilvie”— PF in estate mark, 1 bag 51s. Estat®'
Cocoa, HGA in estate mark, 2 bags 51s.

Ex “Port Melbourne”— Eriagastenne No. 1, 25 bags 74s 6d;
No. 3, 4 bags 47s. Gocnambil 1, 22 bags 77s 6d; 2, 3
bags 47s.

Ex “Staffordshire” Coodulgalla, Al, No. 1, 40 bags 76s;
20 bags 68s 6d; No. 2, 23 bags 71s; No. 3, 14 bags 48s, 6 bags
46s 6d. Old Haloya, 3 bags 62s; 11 bags 58s 6d; No. 1, A,
19 bags 70s; 2 bags 55s; ditto B, 4 bags 47s; 1 bag 44s.
Kepitigalla. No. 1, 13 bags 68s 6d; 11 bags 66s: 20 bags 56s
6d; 11 bags 55s 6d.

Ex “Dictator”— Dynevof, A. 22 bags 67s 6d; B, 18 bags
.58s 6d: C, 3 bags 54s 6d; CC, 2 bags 45s 6d. Yattewatte, 1,
133 bags 75s; 2, 10 bags 49s.

Ex “Clan Ogilvie”— Bollagalla, 29 bags 70s; 2 bags

47s 6d.

Ex “Port Melbourne”— Maria, 34 bags 7->s; No. 2, 41 bags
51s; No. 3, 8 bags 47s 6d. Morakona, 51 bags 67s 6d; No. 2,

7 bags 4Ss 6d; No. 3, 5 bags 47s.

Ex “Clan Ogilv"ie— Meegaraa, Al, 1, 13 bags 64s 6d; 2
5 bags 52s; 3, 5 bags 48s; B, 2 bags 39s. Gangaroowa, 20
bags 72s: 20 bags 73s; 19 bags 73s.

Ex “Port Melbourne” — Beredewelle COC, EX 1, 27 bags
86s 6d; ditto 1, 3 bags 50s; ditto T, 1 bag 38s. Medagodde, I,
10 bags 04s; ditto 2, 10 bags 54s.

CEYLON CINNAMON SALES
IN LONDON.

Ex “Glenearn”— MAC, 6b 9; 22b Sj; 2b(sd) 7j; lb 74.

Ex “Waikato”— MAC, 8b 7^ 2b 7.

Ex “Duke of Buckingham” — MAC, 4b 9; 2b 8; lb 6|^: lb 6
GDC, Ekella, 19b Is id; 4Sb Is; 43b 11; 24b 10|; 7b
1 box 9d; 7 bags 8; 48 bags ;1J.

Ex “Benledi”— M.\C, 3b 94; 7b 8; ib 7.

Ex “Chan Fraser”— MAC, lb 74; 3b 7; lb (.sd) 6d; 3b 7
CHdeS, Kuruwitte, 9b llj; 35b ll;29bl04; 3b 10. CHdeS
Kandevalle, 2b 114; Hh H; 10= •'"’h 10. CHdeS, Eat-
malane, 2b 114; 9b 11; 8b 104; 10. CHdeS, Rustoora

2b 114: 8b 11; 11b 104; 10. CHdeS, Koottariavalle, 4b

114; lll> 11; 7b 104; Ih 10. CHdeS, Morotto, 2b Is; 7b 11-
7b 104: 5b 10. CHdeS, PKW, 3b Is; 6b 114; 7b 104d; 5b
94. CHdeS, Kaderane, ibis; 3blU;2b 11; 2b 10. CHdeS,
Innegaltuduwe, lb 114; 2b 11; 2b 104; 2b 10. CHdeS, TPW
in estate mark, lb I14; 3b 11; lb 10. CHdeS, Kiripittiya
lb il4; lb 11 CHdeS, B O K in estate mark, lb 114; ib
104. CHdeS, Randevalle, 5 bags ctgs. 94.

Ex “Clan Ogilvie” — MAC, lb 9; lb 74.

Ex “.Sarpedon”— V 4 B 4 in estate mark, Ekelle, 1 bag
s d 74.

Ex" “Clan Ogilvie” — NN London in estate mark, -2b 8.

Ex “Clan Chisholm”— AL, I'ikelle Plantation, lb Is 2d; 3b
Is Id; fib Is.

Ex “Bullionist”— V 5 B4 in estate mark, Ekelle, 16b lo-
3b 94: 4b 8; 27b 74. A&S 104 in estate mark, Ekelle, 1896’
Obis; 6b 104; 2b (sd c 2) 94; 12b 114; 22b 11; 6b(sdc2) 10’
4b (sd e 2) 94 20b 104; 6b (sd c -2) 94; 4b 10.

Ex “Clan Fra.ser”— F in estate mark, Ekelle, 25b 11; 2'b
104. 2 KM A in estate mark, lb 7.

Ex “Dardanu.s”— F in estate mark, Ekelle 4, 41b 10.

E.x “Banffshire”- DDA. 24b 104.

Kx “Clan McDonald”— MAC, No. 1, 7b 8.

Kx “Clan M,acLean”—F in estate mark, Ekelle, 20b 111 ;
ISb 11; 7b 104. FSWS in estate mark, Kaderane, 6b ”1
parcel Is 4d: Pb Is 2d; 5b Is Id: 2b Is: 2b 11 ; 9b lo-

lb 94; 1 box broken 94. AACo., Ekelle, 14b Is ds; 49b Is’

Ob 114; 14b 11. 121)94. ASD OO in estate m;irk, Kaderane
Plantation, 21b Is Id; 46b Is; 20b 11; 9b 10. D, Kaderane'
3bl0i; 2b 10; 4b 9. F8K in o.state mark, Kaderane, 4b 1
parcel Is 4d; 13b Is 2d; 7b Is Id; lb Is, lb 11; 4b 10.

J DSR in estate mark, Kaderane, 18b Is 3d; 12b Is Id-

lb Is; lb lid; lb 10- 1 box broken 94. JRMP in estate
mark, 3b 1 parcel Is Id; 5b Is; 7b II4. 5b 11; 4b 1 parcel
104. 4b 1 parcel 10; 1 box broken 94. JDSR in estate
mark, 1 bag pieces 84; 23 bags quillings 9.

Kx “Menelaus”— ASGP in estate mark, Kaderane, 10b
IsOd; 12b Is .5d; 21b Is 4d; 2b Is 3d; Ob Is Id 2b Is; 6b
11; lob 11; 6b 10; 1 box broken and 1 box broken quills
10 bags clpgs. 9.

Ex “Clan Alpine” — MAC. 13 parcels 8.

Kx “Clan Chisholm”— MAC, 19 p.arcels 7}.

OliSERVEK PRINTING WOUK.-4.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO, 18.

Colombo, April 5, 1897.

j Price: — 12| cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies § rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. Eorbes & Walker.— 371,476 lb.]
Eoc. Box. rk"s. Name. lb. c.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson <& Co.— 20,472 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pk<2;s.

ame,

lo.

C.

1

Nahaveena

1

17 hf.ch

bro pek

850

45

3

Agra Elbedde

3

34 do

bro or pek

2040

58

4

4

40 do

pekoe

2200

48

5

5

17 do

pek sou

935

40

6

6

10 do

dust

750

25

7

Vogan

7

26 ch

bro pek

2470

65 bi 1

8

8

22 do

pekoe

1980

44

9

9

20 do

pek sou

1800

35

W

10

23 hf-ch

dust

1610

24

11

U

11 do

unas

880

28

14

Pannapitiya

14

8 do

bro pek

400

39

15

15

12 do

pekoe

600

27

16

L R

16

7 ch

red leaf

644

out

23

M, in est. mark 23

10 Ilf ch

dust

750

21

[Mr.

E.

John.—

•148,188 lb.]

Lot. Box.

Pk«..

Name

lb.

C.

1

Faithlie

3

11 ch

sou

1155

26

3

S G H, in estate

mark

7

11 do

bro pek

1100

out

4

9

7 do

pekoe

700

out

6

Oonoogaloya

13

26 do

bro pek

2600

51

7

15

32 do

pekoe

2880

40

8

17

9 do

fans

1080

38

9

19

4 do

dust

660

28

10

Alliaddy

21

21 do

bro pek

2100

42 bid

11

23

26 do

pekoe

2340

35

12

25

8 ch

pek sou

640

26

13

Gonavy

27

13 do

bro or pek

1378

46

14

29

29 tlo

bro pek

3016

49

15

31

31 do

pekoe

1634

46

16

33

12 do

pek sou

912

38

18

Peakside

37

24 hf-ch

bro pek

1200

67

19

39

21 do

or pek

945

51

20

41

33 do

pekoe

1650

39

21

43

10 do

pek sou

500

37

23

47

7 do

fans

420

38

.35

Glentilt

71

45 cli

bro pek

4725

48

36

73

29 do

pekoe

2900

45

37

75

9 do

pek sou

810

38

.38

77

20 hf-ch

f.-ins

1600

24

39

Stinsford

79

24 do

bro pek

1320

53 bid

40

81

29 do

pek(Venesta

pkgs.)

1595

40

41

83

28 do

pekoe

1400

35

47

L, in est. mark

95

9 hf-ch

unas

477

25

53

COER

107

2'i cli

bro mix

2160

14

54

ETK

109

7 do

pekoe

665

3-2

55

111

8 hf-ch

dust

640

26

56

Henegam.a

113

9 do

dust

675

23

58

Maddegedera

117

52 ch

bro pek

6200

43 bid

.59

119

33 do

pekoe

2970

35

60

121

25 do

pek sou

2125

29

■61

123

5 do

bro pek fans 575

33

62

L, in est. mark 125

10 do

bro tea

1050

10 bid

65

Agra Ouvah

131

75 hf-ch

bro or pek

45 0

63

66

133

37 do

or pek

1850

65

67

135

14 ch

pekoe

1330

49

68

Glasgow

137

66 do

bro or pek

4200

62

69

139

41 hf-ch

or pek

2460

57

70

141

25 ch

pekoe

2375

49

71

143

10 ilo

pek fans

1000

30

72

145

15 do

dust

1500

26

73

T.anawatte

147

41 do

pek fans

5690

13 bid

74

Tientsin

149

34 hf-ch

br ■ pek

1870

46 bid

75

151

23 ch

pekoe

2070

46

76

153

5 do

pek sou

450

37

78

Claremont

157

35 hf-ch

bro or pek

19-26

44

79

1.59

8 ch

pekoe

800

29

SO

101

4 do

pek sou

400

25

81

EsperanzA

163

24 hf-ch

bro or pek

1248

41 bid

82

165

.59 do

pekoe

2714

S3

85

S

171

7 ch

ihist

1000

20

86

173

17 do

1 hbch

red leaf

1495

19

87

Elston

175

IS do

pe sou No.2

1710

30

88

P E

177

33 hf-ch

bto pek

1995

40 bid

89

179

19 ch

pekoe

1615

23 bid

90

Wandarembe

181

3 do

dust

465

16

91

Peakside

183

10 hf-ch

bro pek

600

43 bid

■92

lAineliere

185

28 ch

bro pek

2940

50

97

Lynford

195

4 do

bro mix

400

12

98

CM

197

5 do

bro tea

500

18

2

Springkell

304

7

ch

dust

650

23

4

X Y

368

17

do

sou

1530

16

5

K II L

370

4

do

dust

640

21

9

Yatiyana

378

10

hf-ch

bro pek

600

38

10

380

12

do

do No. 2 600

30

11

Macaldeiiiya

382

8

do

pekoe

490

25

15

390

20

do

bro pek

1100

46 bid

17

394

9

ch

18

1

hf-ch

pekoe

996

39

396

10

ch

20

ON 0

1

hf-ch

pek No. 2

1016

31

400

15

ch

bro pek

1500

41 bid

21

402

16

do

pekoe

1410

32 bid

22

IVaitalawa

404

14

do

pek sou

1260

26.bid

26

412

56

hf-ch

bro pek

2800

47 bid

27

414

87

do

pekoe

4350

34

28

416

29

do

pek sou

1450

27

30

G B A

4-20

15

eh

bro pek

1650

53 bid

31

Great Valley

422

1'

do

pekoe

16-20

35

36

432

18

ch

bro pek

2070

45

37

434

9

do

or pek

990

48

38

436

51

do

pekoe

5100

36

39

Sunnycroft

438

15

do

pek sou

1350

27

40

440

11

ch

pek sou

1100

34

42

Clyde

444

4

do

dust

640

24

43

446

44

do

bro pek

4100

46

44

448

50

do

pekoe

4500

33

45

450

10

do

pek sou

900

28

46

Rockside

452

4

do

dust

660

24

47

454

10

ch

pekoe

1000

47

49

Dunbar

458

35

hf-ch

or pek

1575

59

50

460

39

do

bro pek

1950

52

51

462

26

ch

pekoe

2080

42

•52

464

22

do

sou

1760

35

53

Doranakande

466

20

do

bro pek

1800

43

54

468

15

do

pekoe

1275

35

55

Faske

470

14

do

pek sou

11-20

28

58

476

37

ch

or pek

3700

46 bid

59

478

27

do

pekoe

2700

39

6J

Oonoonogalle

480

11

do

pek sou

not

29 bid
52

67

494

55

ch

bro pek

4675

68

496

18

do

bro or pek

1350

62

69

498

56

do

pekoe

4200

41

70

500

20

do

pek sou

1700

32

71

502

5

do

dii=t

600

24

73

A, in e tate

mark

506

9

ch

pekoe

876

22

74

B, in estate

mark

508

12

ch

tans

773

22

75

Deaculla

510

48 hf-ch

bro pek

2880

46

49

do

do

2940

46

76

512

01

do

pekoe

4800

35

77

5 4

15

do

pek sou

11-25

29

78

516

9

do

dust

7-20

24

82

Tymawr

524

20 hf ch

bro pek

1000

61

83

526

30

do

pekoe

13.50

49

84

52S

70

do

pelc sou

3150

41

85

Anningkande

530

22

ch

bro pek

•2420

41 bid

86

532

15

do

pekoe

1500

34 bid

87

534

7

do

pek sou

700

29

91

Rowley

542

58

ch

bro pek

2900

47 bid

9;

544

67

do

pekoe

2850

35 bid

93

Ella Oya

516

11

oil

or pek

1056

44 bid

94

518

17

<lo

or pek

1632

42 bid

95

550

14

do

pek sou

1-260

31 bid

96

552

10

do

pek fans

1150

34

97

Gallawatte

551

7

ch

bro pek

700

41 bid

98

556

11

do

or pek

935

41

99

558

12

do

pekoe

1080

32

105

M M M

570

9

do

fans

650

17 bid

100

M

572

31

ch

sou

2898

22 bid

107

Middeton

674

2i iif-ch

bro or pek

1210

83

108

.570

25

do

bro pek

1400

72

109

578

27

do

or pek

1350

59

110

580

21

do

pekoe

1890

54

112

Radella

584

43

ch

bro pek

4300

53

113

586

30

do

pekoe

2700

45

114

588

25

do

pek sou

2259

37

115

Scrubs

690

12

ch

bro or pek

1200

63

116

592

•26

do

or pek

2860

.57

117

594

31

do

pekoe

2790

51

118

596

9

do

pek sou

SlU

41

119

Carlabeck

598

4

ch

pek .sou

770

47

120

600

6 hf-ch

bro pek fan

480

39

126

Ingurugalla

612

7

do

pek sou

630

23

127

Oil

7

do

bro tea

840

26

1-28

Beausejour

016

IS

do

bro pek

1620

42

1-29

018

19

do

pekoe

1615

28

130

620

do

fail

500

30

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

9.

Lot

Box.

Pkgs

Is am

11).

C.

1

MlS.SIbS. SOMERVILLK

<S: Co.— 148,()12 11).]

13-2

Velliiioyu,

624

S

ch

fan

S96

39

f

i Lot

Box.

Pkas. Name.

lb.

C.

133

620

8

llo

bro tea

880

14

’

137

Hopton

631

4

ch

dust

480

25

1 1
2

IVliitecross

201

202

29

28

ch

ch

hro pek
pekoe

£909

2800

41

31

139

Meeinoraoya

63S

IS Ilf-Cl)

bro pek

720

40

3

203

•to

ch

pek sou

2000

24

110

040

31

do

pekoe

1240

32

4

P 1 N in estate

143

I), in estate

mark

204

20 hf-cll

bro pek

1129

.38

mark

616

4

cli pek dust

400

21

205

15

(lu

bro pek

750

28

US

DunkeKl

650

10 hf-di

bro or pek

2600

59

! 6

206

14

do

pec sou

700

25

140

058

13

ch

or pek

13u0

53

1 ^

Koorooloog Ihi 208

13

ch

bro pek

1300

44

150

66t)

10

do

pekoe

1900

44

9

Irex

209

12

do

pekoe

1080

34

153

Malia Uva

666

23 lif-cii

bro or pek

1195

43

1 13

213

26

(io

bro pek

2600

39 bid

151

60S

38

do

or pek

2280

52

1 14

214

15

do

pekoe

1425

27 liid

155

070

30

ch

pekoe

3000

46

15

.St. Catherine

215

16

do

]iek s (1

1600

25

150

672

10

do

pek sou

3 0

40

217

11

hfu h

or pek

495

52

157

15a tta watte

671

50

ch

IS

218

33

do

pekoe

1485

31

1 hf-ch

brn pek

5059

withd’n.

19

219

16

do

pek Si'ui

720

25

15S

Kirklees

676

51

do

bro or pek

3060

do

21

Lonach

221

44

d(j

bro [lek

2640

46

159

Uuanwella

678

17

ch

bro pek

1700

42

22

222

31

ch

pekoe

2945

39

160

080

12

do

pekoe

3570

31 bid

23

223

11

do

jiek .son

935

33

161

682

7

do

pek sou

630

26

24

Kew

224

9 hf-cll

bro or pek

604

69

165

Moiankaiide

690

27

ch

bro pek

2700

44

25

225

22

do

or pek

1100

61

106

692

30

do

pek

3600

36

26

226

15

do

bro pek

900

46

107

691

12

do

pek sou

1200

31

27

227

32

ch

pekoe

2914

44

170

Killaruey

7U0

53 lif-ch

bro or pek

3180

.50 bid

28

228

19

do

pek sou

1805

40

171

702

11

ch

or pek

1120

57

29

Harangalla

229

42

ch

bro pek

2100

44

172

701

28 hf-ch

pekoe

1400

45

30

230

32

do

pek(.e

1980

30

173

706

8

ch

pek sou

800

42

31

231

4

do

fans

420

35

175

G 1* M, in es

32

232

5

do

dust

650

23

mark

VlO

9 lif-ch

bro or pek

510

61 bid

34

Minna

234

28 hf-ch

bro pek

1680

5o bid

176

712

13

do

or pek

650

66

35

235

78

do

pekoe

3900

38 bid

177

711

20

do

pekoe

1156

53

36

236

•33

ch

pek sou

2970

32

17s

716

12

do

do No. 2

2310

46

37

Woodlands

227

14

do

bro pek

1400

40 bid

179

71S

29

do

sou

1621

42

38

238

13

do

pekoe

1235

33

ISO

I'irlsmere

720

7

hf-ch

dust

630

25 bid

39

239

11

do

pek,.sou

990

25 bid

lb.5

Aranolakan-

40

24! 1

5

do

(lost

5 0

27 bid

dti

730

51

ch

bro pek

4590

52

43

.1 aria

243

3)

do

Pro pek

3500

35 bid

1S6

732

112

do

pekoe

8960

33

44

244

34

do

peltoe

3400

25 bid

1S7

731

12

do

pek sou

1080

25

45

245

17

do

pek sou

1700

23 bid

ISS

736

5

(io

dust

525

20

47

Kelani

247

51 hf-ch

bro pek

2550

44 bid

IfO

L

710

2C

do

pekoe

19i0

20

48

248

30

ch

pekoe

2700

32

191

Taigas wela

742

80

ch

lu'o pek

7200

44

50

250

12 hf-ch

bro pek fans 720

38

192

711

1‘2

do

do No. 2

1320

34

52

15, in e.state

193

746

12

do

pekoe

1080

38

mark

252

10 hf-ch

bro pek

500

45

191

718

12

do

pek sou

1080

34

53

253

8

do

Ijekoe

400

28

195

750

12

do

ilust

1680

24

56

Il.ukkettia

2)0

5

ch

1)10 pek

550

38

196

A

752

12

ch

bro or pek

132.)

50

57

257

5

do

pekoe

500

25

19S

756

16 hf-ch

pek fans

1200

21 bid

03

11 .1 S

263

IS hf-cll

pek sou

1080

31

199

D, in estate

64

204

14

do

souchong

700

25

mariv

758

T

ch

pek No. 2

660

26

05

Wevetenne

265

11

hf cll

bro pek

583

41

200

760

8

do

sou

TOO

12

66

260

18

do

unas

900

23 bid

201

S

762

22

do

fans

1980

13

69

Veralnpitiya

269

15

ch

bro pek

16.50

42

202

T T, in estate

70

270

24

do

pekoe

2220

42

m . rk

761

10

do

pek sou

1570

13

71

271

24

do

pek son

19 >0

35

203

K G \V, in est.

72

272

32

do

pek .sou No.2

2940

30

mark

760

8

ch

liro pek fans 880

31 bid

74

J*enritli

274

33

ilo

bro pek

.‘1300

44 bid

201

R:iyigam

70S

16

do

bro pek

lOiO

37 bid

75

27.0

29

(lo

pekoe

2465

36

205

C‘, in estate

76

276

34

(io

pek sou

3000

29

in;uk

770

11

ch

79

Forest Hill

279

22

do

bro oe.k

2222

42 bid

1

hf ch

pek sou

1160

22

80

280

40

do

pekoe

3720

37 bid

209

(iaeensland

778

32

ch

pekoe

2720

53

81

281

14

do

])ekoe sou

1200

29

210

780

9

do

bro pek

900

71

82

282

6

do

fannings

504

26

211

782

11

do

or pek

1045

00

83

Maligatenne

2s3

5

(io

bro pek

600

39

218

Polatagxma

796

ch

Ijro pek

3400

50

84

284

6

do

pekoe

600

31

219

79S

28

do

pek

2660

39

85

285

5

do

p(’k sou

460

24

220

800

31

do

pek sou

3230

34

88

Monrovia

288

28 hf-eli

bro pek

1400

42

2'1

802

25

(io

lo No. 2

2250

31

89

289

42

cll

pekoe

3990

33

222

SOI

7

do

fans

700

40

90

290

8

do

pek son

800

27

223

800

7

(io

pek fans

665

36

91

291

5

do

Fannings

500

30

22S

C

810

9

ch

94

Tallegallek.’nide 294

10

do

pekoe

61)0

24

1 lif-ch

fans

10.50

13

96

Ukuwella

290

17

(io

bro pek

1700

42

229

1' N, in estate

97

297

16

do

pekoe

1090

32

in.ark

SIS

50

do

dll .St

4590

18

98

298

12

do

p'-k son

1260

24

233

M D

826

53

do

pek fans

3710

21

104

I P

4

10 hf-cll

(hist

1369

20

231

H

828

16 llf-cll

dust

1360

17 bid

ll'7

Ryigam

7

42

ch

bro pek

4200

44

23S

Wolleytield

830

6

ch

pekoe

589

26

108

8

29

do

pekoe

2622

34 bid

213

( 'aba ra watte

816

54 hf-cll

bro pek fan

3780

27 bid

109

9

6

(io

pek sou

510

29

241

K P I)

818

121

do

unas

5475

26 bid

111

11

o

do

(lust

4.50

22

245

N

850

37

do

pek sou

2840

24 bid

112

Amanandale

12

20 hf-ch

bro pek

list)

63

210

852

16

(io

pek fans

1110

15 bid

113

13

11

do

jiekoe

60.)

47

217

851

17

»io

dust

1275

18 bid

114

14

15

do

pok sou

840

44

24S

Klla Oya

854

12

ch

bro pek

1344

48 bid

119

D G

•19

5

do

(Inst

450

21

219

853

11

do

or pek

1344

•"

120

20

10

do

fiiiiiiings

6.50

26

250

860

10

do

liro sou

900

33

121

21

5

ch

bro mix

425

12

251

862

5

do

dust

800

23

122

Idietnole

22

6

do

pek son

600

32

252

Pns.selbi wa

861

30 hf-ch

pek fans

2400

23 l>id

12)

\';irrow

23

60 llf-cll

hro p(“k

3360

45

257

Ookoowatte

871

10 lif-ch

son

500

28

121

24

TO

do

pekoe

3500

37

259

(1 L

878

23

cll

bro pek

1500

39 bid

125

Ketedola

25

9

ch

hro pek

990

38

260

201

880

882

75

47

hf-ch

ch

pek No. 1

3765

2 ) bid

120

j 20

9

1

do

lif-ch

) pekoe

1005

20

1

lif-ch

pekoe

4515

‘24 bid

127

27

8

ch

pek sou

760

24

262

881

74

do

pek sou

33.50

23 l)id

130

Sirisanda

30

20 lif-ch

hro pek

1300

49

273

Nahaveena

906

80 hf-ch

bro pek

4000

46

131

31

19

do

pekoe

950

36

274

908

*io

do

pekoe

1150

43

134

Kndaganga

84

11

ch

lu'o pek

1155

40

270

912

10

do

dust

750

24

135

35

4

do

pekoe

605

28 bid

278

\V !•'

9 0

7

do

pek fans

630

21

136

36

10

do

jiek sou

1440

24

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST,

3

SMALL LUTS.

[Me.SSR.8. a.

H. Thompson ik

Co.]

Lot. Pk"s.

Name.

lb.

c.

2

Nahaveena 2

1 bf-ch

dust

75

24

12

Ugieside 12

2 ch

dust

170

22

13

Dikmukalan.a 13

2 hf-cli

red leaf

100

10

19

Tiniagolla 19

3 lif-ch

bro pek

150

42

20

20

3 do

pekoe

160

33

21

21

7 do

pek sou

350

25

22

22

I do

dust

50

22

24

M, in est. mark 24

2 do

fliitt'(cbemical)148

0 bid

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot. Box. Fkgs. Ntiine.

lb.

C.

2

Faithlie 5

4 hf-ch

dust

320

24

5

.S G H, in estate

mark 11

2 ch

pek sou

200

24

17

Gonavy 35

3 hf-cb

pek fans

i'uS

24

22

Peakside 4 >

3 do

bro mix

ISO

26

24

49

2 do

dust

150

23

67

Ilenegam.i, 115

2 lif-ch

bro mix

1.30

IS

< 4

I’ientsin 155

2 lif-ch

dust

100

24

8.3

Esueranza 167

3 do

dust

S40

23

84

169

1 do

conj<ou

40

21

[Me.ssPwS. Somerville & Co.]

Lot.

Box.

Tkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

i

P T N iu estate

mark

207

2 hf-ch

dust

160

23

10

Koorooloogalla

210

2 cli

pek son

2:.0

20

u

211

3 do

fans

307

20

12

212

1 do

pek dust

144

24

16

8t. Catherine

210

6 hf-ch

bro pek

300

37 bid

20

220

1 hf-ch

dust

80

22

33

Harangalla

-.3

3 ch

pekoe

270

29 bid

41

T C A in estate

mark

241

1 hf-ch

pekoe

50

36

42

Bug

242

1 ch

pekoe

90

29

40

Maria

210

3 do

dust

300

20

49

Kelani

249

4 ch

pek sou

300

25

6L

251

6 hf-cli

pek fans

275

29

51

B in estate

mark

254

3 hf-ch

pek son

165

25

.‘^5

255

2 do

bro pek fans 120

31

5S

111 kkettia

258

3 ch

pek sou

321

23

69

259

1 do

Irro tea

SO

17

01

H ,I S

201

5 hf-ch

hro jrek

300

39 bid

02

20!

3 do

pe oe

182

31

07

\V T

267

1 hf-ch

bro mix

45

2i

OS .

268

1 do

pek fans

04

19

73

Veralupitiya

273

1 ch

du.st

150

20

1 i

Penrith

277

2 ch

pek fans

240

27

7S

278

1 do

dust

105

23

80

Maligatenne

280

2 ch

bro sou

180

17

87

287

1 do

dust

136

24

02

Monr via

292

1 ch

pek dust

135

23

9:i

Tallegalekande

293

4 hf-ch

bro pek

240

41

95

295

2 do

pek sou

120

23

99

Ukuwela

299

1 hf-ch

bro pek fans 70

27

100

S

300

3 hf cli

bro pek

1.56

36

101

1

2 do

pekoe

100

25

102

2

4 do

pek .sou

ISO

23

103

3

5 do

mix

250

20

l! 5

R X

5

3 lif-t li

dust

270

22

100

0

2 do

SOU

100

20

110 Ravig in

10

2 oil

bro pek fans 240

33

115

Annandale

15

4 lif-ch

«ou

204

34

110

10

4 do

coniioii

188

25

117

17

2 do

b o pek far, 138

.35

118

18

1 do

dust

91

22

128 Kettadrd.i

28

1 Cll

SOU

90

14

132

.Sirisanda

32

6 hf-cli

pek .sou

250

26

133

33

2 hf-ch

dust

170

23

137

Kudaganga

37

3 ch

bro te a

315

22

138

38

1 do

congou

S3

11

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

1

Si'ringkell

362

2 ch

SOU

120 ■

33

3

360

3 do

pek fans

40

24

6

KH L

372

4 do

bro mix

360

23

7

Vatiyana

374

2 hf-ch

or pek

104

49

8

370

2 do

do No. 2

109

30

12

.384

3 do

pek sou

150

25

13

380

2 do

congou

100

21

14

388

1 do

du.st

70

22

Lot.

Box,

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

16

Macaldenia

392

6 hf-ch

bro tea

360

39

19

398

2

'!(>

dust

148

23

23

O N O

406

2

ch

fans

240

26

24

408

1

do

dust

140

23

25

410

1

do

red leaf

80

14

29

IVaitalawa

418

4 hf-ch

dust

360

24

32

G B A

424

4

do

pek sou

360

29

33

426

2

ch

dust

240

24

34

428

3

do

sou

270

25

35

430

1

do

fans

100

31

41

Sunnycroft

442

o

ch

fans

130

27

48

Dunbar

456

10 box

hro or pek

50

81 bid

56

Doranakande

472

4 hf-ch

dust

SOO

23

57

474

6

do

fans

360

2

72

0 K

514

2

do

bro mix

22S

10

79

Uea Cull.i

518

2

ch

bro mix

160

27

80

Moragalla

520

1

do

red leaf

112

12

88

Anningkaiide

536

2

do

du.st

150

24

89

538

3

do

congou

300

25

90

540

1

do

red leaf

100

12

100

Galla wa cte

560

2

ch

pek sou

200

25

111

G L

582

2

do

red leaf

180

10

124

Ingurugalla

008

2

ch

bro pek

200

39

125

610

3

do

pekoe

270

29

131

Beausejoiir

Y

622

3

do

bro tea

270

23

134

628

2

ch

bro tea

200

20

135

630

2

do

red leaf

230

10

136

Ilopton

632

4

do

sou

360

26

133

636

2

do

fans

200

26

141

Meeraoraoya

642

3 hf-cli

.sou

120

24

142

644

1

do

dust

65

23

144

Kelvin

648

1

ch

red leaf

90

12

145

650

4 hf-ch

du.st

300

20

1-16

Glanrhos

652

2

ch

congou

180

24

147

654

3

do

dust

330

25

102

Ruanwella

684

3

do

fans

360

36

104

686

4

do

dust

320

33

104

Woodstock

688

1

ch

pekoe

90

30

168

Morankande

696

4 hf-ch

fans

320

32

169

698

3

do

dust

2-25

23

174

Killarney

708

3

do

dust

240

23

180

G P M, in est.
mark

720

4 hf-ch

dust

360

26

181

G

722

3

ch

sou

246

21

182

724

2

do

pek dut

'280

19

185

Erlsmere

72 '

1

do

congou

100

26

189

A A

738

3

do

sou

255

10

197

A

754

2

do

pelt sou

208

26

206

H, in estate

mark

772

2 Iif-ch

pekoe

112

23

207

774

5

do

p ik sou

250

18

208

776

1

ch

dust

92

16

212

Queensland

784

5

ch

pek sou

4P0

39

213

886

2

do

dust

160

26

224

B D W P

808

6 hf-ch

bro pe NO. 2 3'I0

41

225

810

3

do

bro pek fan

180

39

220

812

2

do

dust

174

24

227

B D W G

814

4 hf-ch

dust

360

25

237

Wolleyfield

834

2

ch

bio pek

194

42

239

838

2

do

sou

180

22

240

840

1

do

fans

11

13

241

842

1 hf-ch

do

50

13

242

844

2

ch

bro mix

178

22

253

R

866

1 hf-eh

sou

38

10

254

868

1

cll

fans

119

20

263

Q L

886

2

do

dust

144

21

204

G L R, In est.

mark

8S8

1

ch

unas

120

out

270

G Watte

9( 0

2 hf-ch

bro pek

100

20

271

Ivn.nhoe

902

5

ch

dust

350

24

272

D C

901

4 hf-ch

pek sou

224

24

277

Kew

914

6

do

bro pek

360

37

279

Rambodde

918

3

ch

bro pe dust

225

28

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

( From Oiir Commercial Coi'i'cspondent . )

Mincing Lane, March 13, 1897.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in
Mincing Lane up to 13th March : —

Ex “ Dictator”— Elbedde, O, 1 barrel 123.S; ditto 1, 2 casks
1 barrel ll9s(id; dit o 2, 2 casks 1 barrel lIQs 6d; ditto 3,
I barrel S8s; ditto PB, I barrel 132s: ditto T, 1 bar-
rel 87 s.

Ex “City of Vienna” — DC V O in estate m.ark, 2 casks
I barrel 116s; ditto 1, 1 cask 1 tierce 107s Cd; ditto 2, I
barrel 98s; ditto P, I barrel 113s; DCT in estate mark. 1
barrel 83s.

Ex “Manila”— I B.T Ouvah in estate mark, 2 bags 32s;
2, ditto, * bags 32s.

4

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “Duke of Devonshire” — L’dapolla, A, 135 bags 66s Cd;

B, 6 bags 55s; G, 3 bags 43s; pieces, 1 bag 38s.

Ex “Clan Ross”— Estate Cocoa, KM O in estate mark,

28 bags 58s. Warrianolla, 57 bags 72s; 14 bags 75s; 52 bags
80s 6d; 21 bigs 74s; 13 bags 4Ss; 9 bags 40s.

Ex “Duke of Devonshire”— .\lloowiharie. A, 40 bags 72s;

10 bags 75s; 5 bags sd and rpkd. 50s; B, 11 bags 4Ss; 4 sd,
rpkd. bags 41s Cd.

Ex “City of Venice” — Mokalaue, 1, 27 bags 69s.

Ex “Duke of Devonshire”— Delgolla, A, 26 bags 75s Gd;

1 bag sd, bulked 50s 6d; B, 24 bags 70s 6d' AA, 31 bags 68s;
BB, 25 bags 6's; 2 bags sd, bulked 50s 6d. Estate Cocoa, I
KKN in estate mark, 27 bags 60s. KKA in estate mark,
83 bags 63s 6d; 1 sd and rpkd. bag 46s. HGA, estate Cocoa,
20 bags 68s; 13 bags 6Ss. Udapolakanda, 50 bags 64s 6d;
No. 1; IS bags 70s 2d; No. 2, 10 bags 62s. AMM X, EA in
estate mark, 1 sd and rpkd. 47s 6d.

Ex “Clan Ross”— Udapolakaiuhi, HGA in estate mark,

1 bag sd and rpkd, 47s 6d; 3 bags 45s 6d,

Ex “Arabia”— D in estate mark. 27 bags 43s Gd.

Ex “Statesman”— OEC in estate mark, .Mahalj“ ia.

Ceylon, O, 79 bags 75s 6d; ditto 1, 11 bags .52s; ditto 2,
14 bags 34s 6d; ditto OF, 5 bags 68s; ditto I F, 2
bags 50s. OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle, Ceylon, O F,
12 bags 66s 6d; ditto I F, 3 bags 50s; ditto O, 9’ bags 74s;
ditto 1, 5 bags 53s.

Ex “Clan Ross”— Grove, A. 6 bags 71s. Levelle in estate
mark, 9 bags 73s; 1 sd hulked, 49s.

Ex “Duke of Devonshire”— Yattawatte GO bags 75s Gd;
7g bags 75s; 2, ditto, 10 bags 4Ss Gd. 1, Ross, 39 bags 67s;
2, ditto, 4 bags 45s.

CEYLON CTNNAxMON SALES
IN LONDON.

Ex Yorkshire”— Wattakelly, Ceylon, 6c .3s; Ic Is id.

Ex “ Benledi ” — Duckwari,' A 1, 4c 4s Id; do. B 1, 8c
3s 9d; do. (; 1, 8c 3s 5d; do D 1, 2c 2s lid; do. seed, 5c
seeds4s; ic seeds 4s id.

Ex “Clan McLean ”—AL 00, 10c 2s lid; do. O, 7c
2s lOd; do. 1, 4c 2s lOd. AL seeds, 2c 4s. \V, 2c 3s
Id; 2c 2s lid.

Ex “ Diomed” — Duckwari, D 1, Ic 3s.

Ex “ Clan Fraser N, 2c 2s 6d ; Ic 2s 7d.

CIJSERVER PRINTING WORK.8.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 14.

Colombo, April 12, 1897.

I Price : — 12^ cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA

LARGE LOTS.

[ME.SSKS. A.

H. T

liOMFSON & Co.—

83,398

lb.]

Lot.

Box.

kp;s.

IS ame.

lu.

C.

1

Iviitiuiteiino

1

19 ht'-eh

bro pek

1045

35 bid

2

2

15

do

pekoe

825

26

4

Hornsey

4

11

ch

pek sou

1100

40

t)

Battalgalla

0

10

do

pek sou

1000

40

7

7

5

do

fans

409

22

B &D

12

28

cll

red leaf

2881

11 bid

13

Ahiinul

13

8 hf-eh

bro pek

420

37 bid

18

Agar’-s Laud

IS

19

do

pek sou

9.'.0

34

19

19

17

do

pek .sou

8i0

29

i:o

Mil uJara

Newera

20

13

ch

pekoe

1170

44

23

Druiuoie

JO

di

hro pek

1.509

50

24

24

IS

do

pekoe

1800

43

25

25

14

do

pek sou

1400

33

28

TC H

28

8 hf-eh

bro or pek

433

S5

33

V Uglil

bo

37

ch

bro pek

3700

53 bid

34

37

do

pekoe

3330

42 bid

35

21

do

pek sou

1890

35

Naliaveeua

37

14 hf-eh

pek No. 2

700

35

[.Ml

K. £.

John.-

-177,417 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkv..

Name

lb.

c.

4

Ottery & Sta:

in-

ford Hill

205

20

ch

bro pek

2610

54

5

207

<■) t

do

or pek

1980

54

0

2e9

35

do

pekoe

3150

45

9

Digdola

215

20

do

bro pek

2340

41 bid

10

i)

ilo

br pek No.5

2 765

39 bid

11

I'in

34

do

pekoe

3000

3C

12

221

i3

do

pek sou

1170

28

15

Gonavy

227

14

do

bro or pek

1484

44

10

2i9

18

do

bro pek

1908

46

17

231

10

do

jiekoe

1376

43

18

V3.1

13

do

pek sou

962

34

111

Eila

libo

64

do

bro ])ek

4860

44

20

237

36

do

pekoe

3230

85

21

10

do

pek sou

S50

28

211

0

tlo

fans

OUO

34

23

243

<i

do

dust

480

24

24

F auaiig.ama

245

63

do

bro pek

5935

36

25

2.7

20

do

pekoe

2310

29

20

2,9

5

do

)iek fans

500

30

27

251

6

do

dust

700

22

28

Mocha

253

28

do

bro pek

2800

(12

20

2 ’..I

30

do

pekoe

3240

52

30

257

20

do

pek sou

2080

41

31

259

10

do

pek f ns

1100

43

32

Ivies

2 1

17

hf-ch

bro pek

935

50

33

203

25

do

pekoe

12.50

31 bid

34

205

:u

do

pek sou

1000

28

35

2j7

8

do

dust

600

28

y7

St. Jolui’s

2;i

38

do

bro or pek

2128

97

38

273

41

do

or pek

1968

SS

39

275

4u

do

pekoe

200-.I

64

40

277

do

pek fans

1680

45

41

TeIBple.■^towe

279

37

ch

or pek

3515

46

4ld

281

53

do

jiekoe

4505

42

43

283

23

do

pek sou

1840

38

Broadlands

287

30

lif-ch

bro pek

1500

38

46

289

10

ch

Ijekoe

8c 0

30

47

201

12

do

pek sou

770

27

43

293

11

do

uek fans

1045

29

60

297

7

do

bro tea

490

35

52

N

301

12

do

pek sou

1200

29

55

Glassii.ugli

t> 7

43

hf-eh

bro pek

2580

71

50

309

27

ch

pekoe

2430

55

57

311

14

do

pek sou

1260

46

53

Glasgow

313

54

do

bro or pek

4050

58

59

315

28

hf ch

or pek

1680

52

CO

317

20

ch

pekoe

1900

48

61

Agra Ouvnli

319

( (

hf-ch

bro i)T pek

4629

68

62

321

35

do

or pek

1750

56

63

323

17

ch

pekoe

1615

52

G4

P H P, in est

murk

325

13

do

bro or pek

1300

44 bid

65

327

22

do

or pek

1870

44

60

329

27

do

j.>cKue

2160

35

68

333

4

do

dust

840

o6

75

Marguerita

347

0

.do

fans

420

31

77

Y B K

351

18

ht-ch

br pek

1152

40

78

353

do

pekoe

1100

37

'.9

355

ii

uo

pek sou

462

31

Lot.

Box.

PkgS.

Name.

11).

C,

85

Maryland

367

6

ch

bro pek

OiO

37

86

369

6

do

pekoe

COO

29

87

Pati Rajah

371

24

do

bro pek

2400

42

88

373

17

do

pekoe

1015

32

91

Alnoor

379

38 hf-eh

bro pek

1990

43

92

381

18

do

pekoe

900

36

93

383

15

do

pek sou

750

32

94

385

12

do

fans

72)

31

95

RO

3'7

22

do

bro pek

1320

41

96

389

21

ch

pekoe

2100

30

97

391

6

do

pek sou

600

25

99

M N

395

10

do

sou

760

27

100

Chapel ton

397

7

}if-ch

dust

665

19

104

IClstim

405

39

ch

pe sou No.2

370r>

30

105

407

4

do

bro mix

520

30

lOu

409

3

do

dust

480

20

107

411

10

do

congou

900

24

108

Maddageder,

a 413

52

do

bro pek

5200

42

109

Logan

415

29

do

bro pek

■2900

42

110

417

IS

do

pekoe

1620

34

m

419

25

do

pek sou

2260

28

113

WK

413

6

do

unas

648

18

114

Nahavilla

425

18

do

bro pek

1890

57

115

427

24

do

pekoe

2400

38 bill

110

429

7

do

pek sou

700

33

120

Glentilt

437

69

do

bro pek

5250

53

121

439

31

do

pekoe

3100

46

122

Vahalakela

441

13

do

pek fans

1170

34

124

445

4

do

dust

CIO

21

MtssR.s. Somerville & Co.— 178,562 lb.]

Lot

Box.

Pk

.a;s. Name.

lb.

C.

1

K T B

41

10

ch

(lust

1400

22

2

42

6

do

-sou

600

3

Minna

43

13 hi-ch

dust

1170

*22

4

44

20

ch

bro mix

1800

22

5

Citrus

45

9

do

bro pek

9u0

40

6

46

13

do

pekoe

1179

31

14

Rothes

54

14 lif-ch

bi'o pek

784

66

15

55

23

do

pekoe

920

45

17

Louach

57

40

do

bro pek

2490

43

18

58

25

ch

pekoe

2375

36

19

59

10

do

pek s ju

850

36

20

Comar

00

33 hf-ch

bro or pek

1980

3.

21

61

8

ch

pekoe

809

31

24

Hangranoya

64

22

do

bro pek

2200

44

25

65

8

do

or pek

760

40

26

66

36

do

pekoe

3600

33

27

67

7

do

pek sou

605

27

28

68

0

do

fans

750

33

20

N euchatel

69

30

do

bro pek

2700

40

30

70

U

do

bro or pek

1210

•JO

31

71

29

do

pekoe

2465

34

32

72

39

do

pek sou

31-20

28

33

73

3

do

dust

48'J

23

34

Harangalla

74

35

do

bro pek

3325

40 bid

35

75

46

do

pekoe

4140

3 )

36

76

5

do

pekoe No. 2

459

‘29

37

77

8

do

pek sou

760

26

38

78

8 lif-cli

fannings

480

33

39

79

4

ch

dust

5-20

•23

41

Deniyaya

81

32

do

bro pek

3520

38

42

82

19

do

pekoe

1900

•29

43

83

7

do

pek sou

700

25

45

D M R

85

4

do

dust

.5-20

•26

46

Moraukande

86

19

do

bro pek

2185

41

47

87

12

do

pekoe

1269

32

48

88

9

do

pek .sou

900

29

51

Ukuwela

91

16

do

bro pek

1600

4«

52

92

14

do

pekoe

1400

31

63

93

8

do

pek sou

800

24

61

Kelaui

101

51

do

bro pek

2550

45

62

ICenniiigtoii

102

9

do

dust

720

21

63

103

5

ch

bro tea

.500

•21

68

Irex

108

26

do

bro pek

2600

40

69

Oroca

109

28

do

bro or pek

2200

62

70

110

IS

do

or pek

1800

62

71

111

18

do

pekoe

1800

45

72

112

•2)

do

pek sou

1900

40

73

113

18

do

pek fans

2160

38

74

G b

114

9 hf-ch

bro pek

585

41

75

115

18

do

pekoe

1060

33

76

116

‘29

do

pek sou

1595

27

77

117

7

do

fans

455

35

8)

Maria

120

34

ch

bro pek

3400

38

81

121

18

do

pekoe sou

1800

25

82

Penrith

1-22

24

do

bro pek

2400

43

Si

123

33

do

b.o pek

3300

*5 r

I

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

E 1' A
Wilpita
Hanugama

M R

Lot.

84

85

88 Ellat«mie

89

90 Minna

93 tVal lianduwa

94

95

96

97

98
102

103

104

105

107

108

114

115

116

117

118
120
121
122

123

124

134

135

136

137

139

140

141
147

153

154

157

158

159

160
161

1C4

Box,

, P

kgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

124

19

ch

pekoe

1615

33

125

21

do

pek sou

1890

28

128

7

do

pek sou

630

24 bid

129

18

do

bro pek fans

1620

19

130

28 hf-ch

bro pek

1680

51

133

21

ch

bro pek

2100

49

134

14

do

pekoe

1400

37

135

7

do

pek sou

630

31

136

3

do

dust

450

24

137

4

do

pek fans

420

34

138

4

do

bro pek

400

37

142

6

do

bro mix

555

15

143

32

do

bro pek

3520

42

144

45

•to

pekoe

4500

81

115

8

do

p“'k sou

760

24

147

8

do

tans

840

33

148

3

do

dust

450

23

151

8

do

bro pek

795

out

155

7

dn

pekoe

640

out

156

10

hf-ch

fans

765

16

157

11

do

dust

906

14

Roseneath

S R

P tulpana
Livbugaraa

158

lOO

161

102

163

164

174

175

176

177

ch
do
do
do
do
10 hf-ch
19 hf-ch
12 ch

do

do

bro mix
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek sou
bro pek
bro pek
pek No. 1
pekoe
pek sou

755

3135

1890

1891
450
550
950

1080

720

1190

Woodthorpe

do

bro pek

700

it luchstelly

179

7

loO

9

do

pekoe

774

181

11

do

pek sou

825

A P in estate

pek fans

2100

mark

187

75

do

lonte Chrisle 192

28 hf-ch

bro pek

1400

193

58

do

pekoe

2900

194

18

do

pek sou

900

New Valley

197

•24

ch

bro pek

2640

198

21

do

or pek

2700

199

29

do

pekoe

3190

200

13

do

pek sou

1300

N I T

201

16

do

du.st

1960

4 hf-ch

Kosirahahena 204

7

ch

pek No. 1

760

1 hf ch

8

39

33

29
41
36
51

35
32
28

60

36

30

25
47
36
28
66
50
46
41
32

26

[Messrs. Fokhks <& Walker.— 301,58(3 lb.]

Lot.

10 Jambugaha

11

13

15

16

17

18
19

27

28

Dehiowita

Rambodde

Kelaneiya

Hethersett

Box.

938

940

944

948

950

952

954

9j6

972

974

976

9 hf-ch
9 do
ch
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
ch

Name.

pek sou
sou
fans
or pek
bro or pek
pekoe
pek sou

lb.

450

450

540

1350

1100

600

1080

bro pek dust 600
bro pek 2550

pekoe 2500

bro or pek 5060

liOt.

72 RCD

73

74 Langdale

77 Knavesinire

78

79

82 Tor wood

83

84

85

88 Oxford

89

90

92 CO EB

93

94 Dromoland

95

97 Castlereagh

98

99

100
101
102
103

I 104

105

106

107

108
109

112 Weoya

113

114 Bloomfield

115

116

Box. PkfTS- Name lb.

62

64

66

72

74

76

82

84

86

88

94

96

98

102

104

106

108

112

114

116

118

120

122

124

Cll
do
ch
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
ch
do
do
do
14 hf-ch
14 ch

10

5
30
19
53

19
16
21

20
12
31
10

6
12

do
do
do
do
do
lo

11 hf-ch
6 ch

Ganapalla 126 142 hf-ch

128

130

132

134

136

142

144

146

148

1.50

70

24

ch

do

22 hf-ch

Ijro pek
pekoe
bro pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek sou
dust
pek sou
dust

bro or pek
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
do No. 2
pek fans
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

1100
4 55
3600
1995
4770
1615
1600
1932
1800
1032
31(0
SO
450
12u0
1120
1190
414
1900
1000
24.30
9J0
800
7 70
480
7100
5800
1920

20

9

48

o4

36

30

21

do
do
cll
d .
ch
do
do

bro pek fan 1320
pek tans 1000

dust 720

bro pe fan 4560
pek sou 2550

flowery pek 3600
pekoe 3000

P'^-ksou 1995

C.

29

24

52 bid

42

31 bid

27

55

43 bil
34

29

4(

53

27

40

25
27

23
42

41
36
29
36

24

40
31
27
36

23

24
cS
27
52

41
38

C.

28

26

22

49

51

39

32

35

54

39 bid
51 bid

117

Gampalia

152

27

do

bro or pek

2700

46 bid

118

1.54

34

do

or pek

3060

42

119

156

10

do

pekoe

1000

38

120

1)8

22

do

pek sou

1980

35

1-26

Clunes

170

•27

do

bro or pek 1485

40

127

172

37

do

bi o pek

1665

64

128

174

25

ch

pekoe

21-25

33

1-29

176

8

do

pek ou

680

•27

130

Stisted

178

0(i lif-ch

bro pek

4290

40 bid

131

ISO

23

do

pekoe

1380

34

132

182

23

do

pek sou

1150

28

134

Ellawatte

186

26

ch

bro pek

•2730

68

135

188

33

do

pekoe

33U0

35

136

190

8

do

pek sou

800

31

138

N

194

13

ch

pek sou

1300

28

141

Ragalla
B O W G

200

7

do

fans

840

28

143

•204

56 hf-ch

()i'o pek

2800

42 bid

151

Great Valley

220

28

do

bro pek

3220

45 bid

162

•22'2

51

do

pek

5100

37

153

224

16

do

pek sou

1440

28

157

Nalialma

2;l2

13

ch

dust (Venesta

chests)

1300

10

158

159

160
161

163

164

165

166
163

Weyunga wat-
te

T CB

Amblakande

Patiagama

234

236

238

249

244
246

245

250
254

29 hf-ch
31 ch
do
do

hf-cii
ch

do

do

ch

bro or pek
or pek
pekoe
pek sou
tine du.st
liro pek
pekoe
pek s )u

1505

2945

2040

900

6)3

100!)

1080

405

1100

39 bid

41

33

27

33

46

32

27

51

31

980

21

do

or pek

1680

54

169

256

10

do

or pek

1000

48

32

982

15

do

pekee

1350

48 I

170

258

11

do

pekoe

1100

43

33

984

21

do

pek sou

1680

41

173

Glencorse

264

27

ch

bro pek

2700

46

34

986

4

do

pek fans

6-20

27

174

266

19

do

pekoe

1710

36

38

Bittacy

994

11

do

pek sou

550

43

175

268

20

do

pek sou

1600

29

43

St. Ileliers

4

56 hf-eh

bro or pek

2856

46

176

270

3

do

pek fans

411

•27

44

6

26

ch

pekoe

2340

35

180

Iloragaskelle

278

8 hf-ch

pek sou

458

24

45

8

5

do

pek sou

450

28

182

Freds Ruhe

282

33

ch

bro pek

3300

40

46

10

7

hf-cli

dust

626

24

183

•284

30

do

pekoe

2700

38

47

Leangawella

12

10

ch

unas

1050

37

184

286

12

do

pi k sou

1080

30

49

Sboreham

16

34

do

bro pek

•1400

36

185

Denmark Hill

288

20

do

bro or pek

2‘200

51

60

18

13

do

pekoe

1170

31

186

290

9

do

or pek

720

68

61

20

11

do

187

292

6

do

pekoe

540

61

1 hf ch

pek sou

930

25

188

294

9

do

pek sou

720

47

62

22

6

cll

pek dust

480

24

190

N

298

8 hf-ch

pek fans

560

‘21

53

Errollwoocl

24

10

do

bro pek

1150

60

191

300

9

do

dust

075

IS bid

51

‘26

16

do

pekoe

1440

61

192

Talagaswela

302

32

ch

bro pek

‘2880

41

65

56

57
:)8

59

60
61
62
65
60
67

69

70
■7'

B D W P
Monkswood

Ascot

Monkswood

W R V A
Middleton

M

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

48

50

52

56

58

60

22 Iif-ch

do
do
do.
eh
do
do
o do
30 hf-ch
44 do
10 ch
38 hf-cli
S3 cll
13 do

bro pek
bro pek
or pek

Cekoe
ro pek
pek

pek son
pek fa s
bro pek
or pek
bro pek
Cl pek
pekoe
bro pek

1100

2000

2736

1350

3040

3145

1)00

675

1500

2112

1000

2128

2806

1060

41 bid
69 bid
57 bid
46
41
33
27
27

(!9 1)id
57 bid
46

62 bid
50 •

30

195

196

197

198

199

203

204

205
201
210
211

212

‘.11

N

Barton

Ireby

Aslidown
Rathawatte
Kirindi and
Ranawella

808

310

312

314

816

324

320

328

330

338

340

342

344

18 do
5 do
8 hf-eh

8

10

03

24

7

8
8

15

18

22

do

ch

hf-ch

do

cll

do

Ch-

ch

do

do

sou
dust
pek fail
dust
jiek fans
bro pek
Iiekoe
pek .sou
pek fans
pek fans

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou

16-0

750

5.50

600

8U0

3180

1200

030

040

610

1.500
1 48
1050

13

20

20

18 bid
-0 .
68
56
48
20
20

60

26

30

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

Lob.

Box. l’kg.s.

Name.

lb.

C.

217

L W A

352 30 hf-ch

pek fans

2400

2t

49

Mo'ankande

89

1 ch

fans

130

26

218

354 54 do

bro pek fan

37S0

27 bid

50

90

1 do

dust

185

23

225

Tona combe

368 24 do

or pek

2400

59

54

IJkuwe'a

94

2hf ch

bro pek fans

140

28

226

370 1 8 do

bro pek

2160

59

64

D B in estate

227

372 46 do

pekoe

4600

42

mark

104

1 ch

bro pek

75

32

228

374 12 do

pek sou

1080

38

65

105

2 do

pek sou

180

24

231

M'Kelle

330 8 ch

pek fans

610

20

66

108

1 do

dust

103

20

232

Nahaveena

382 23 hf-ch

pekoe

1150

38

67 Thorndale in est.

233

384 61 do

pek No. 2

3050

35

mark

107

3 hf- ch

bro pek fans 167

20

234

386 28 do

pek sou

1400

34

78

G B

118

1 do

dust

95

22

235

Munukattia

79

119

2 do

bro mix

120

10

Ceylon, in estate

86

Penrith

126

2 ch

pek fans

240

28

mark

388 27 hi-ch

bro pek

1485

53

87

127

1 do

dust

160

23

236

390 24 do

or pek

1200

54

91

Handroo

131

1 hf-ch

bro pek

45

34

237

392 21 ch

pekoe

1890

46

92

132

1 do

pekoe

40

27

238

394 29 do

pek sou

16S0

34

99

IVilpita

139

4 do

pekoe

360

26

240

398 7 hf-ch

dust

560

21

100

101

106

Hanagama

140

141
1 6

3 do
2 do
1 do

pek sou
fans

270

200

107

25

23

19

SOU

109

I lukettia

149

20 boxes

bro pek

100

41 bid

SMALL 1

.UTS.

110

160

14 do

pekoe

70

35

111

112

151

152

4 hf-ch
1 eh

pekoe
pek sou

232

29

Co.]

113

153

1 hf-ch

fans

65

24

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson

119

M R

153

1 ch

SOU

135

16

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

125

Patulpana

165

1 hf-ch
7 do

pekoe

350

26

3

Ratnntenne

3 4 hf-ch

pek sou

200

24

126

166

5 do

pek sou

250

24

5

Hornsey

5 3 ch

fans

270

21

127

RV K

167

1 do

bro pek

60

31

14

Ahamud

14 7 do

pekoe

380

24

128

163

1 do

pekoe

(iO

22

15

15 8 do

pek sou

390

24

129

169

1 do

pek sou

75

16

16

16 2 do

fans

145

10

138

Labugama

178

1 do

fans

110

SO

17

Agar’s Land

17 2 do

bro pe No. 2

114

28 bid

142

M'oodthorpe

21

Mandai'a

and Inchstelly 182

1 do

SOU

74

23

Newera

21 4 ch

pek sou

360

36

143

183

1 do

dust

85

24

22

22 3 do

dust

300

24

148

H T

188

1 hf-ch

bro pek

7'*

34

26

Dromore

26 3 do

dust

300

23

149

189

1 do

pekoe

75

26

29

T C H

29 6 hf-ch

pekoe

330

27

150

190

2 ch

pek sou

ISO

22

.30

30 5 do

pek sou

210

22

151

191

1 hf-ch

dust

75

22

31

31 1 do

dust

70

22

155

Monte

32

PR

32 1 do

bro pek

50

23

Chi'isto

195

2 do

dust

160

23

36

Nahaveena

36 5 hf-ch

pekoe

250

36

156

P A in est.

38

38 7 do pek sou

3.50

29 1)id

mark

190

1 ch

bro tea

115

26

39

39 1 do

lust

75

23

163

Ko.sgaliahena

203

4 hf-ch

bro pek

240

38

165

166

205

206

1 do
1 do

pek No. 2
sou No. 1

50

25

100

20

[Mr. E. John.]
Box. Pkgs. Name.

lb.

167

207

1 do

fans

6J

23

iiOt.

C.

1

O.sborne

199 2 ch

dust

162

15

[ME.SSR.S. lORBES

& Walker.]

2

3

S H

201 1 do

203 1 do

bro tea
bro mix

118

76

9

9

Lot.

l>ox.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

7

Ottery & Stain

.

1

Downside

920

2 hf ch

SOU

100

2'5

ford Hill

211 1 do

SOU

00

28

2

922

2 do

congon

1()0

25

8

213 1 do

dust

143

26

3

924

3 do

dust

225

23

13

Digdola

223 2 do

br pe fans

214

26

4

C P H Galle,

14

225 1 do

dust

1.55

23

in estate

36

fries

269 7 hf-ch congou

315

24

mark

926

4 lif-ch

congou

192

19

44

Teinplestowe

285 2 ch

dust

280

24

5

928

2 do

do

100

20

49

Broadlands

‘^95 8 hf-ch (lust

240

23

6

Wattawella

930

5 do

dust

375

23

51

R B

299 1 do

bro pek

56

52

7

932

2 ch

bro mix

120

10

.63

Kahagalla

303 3 eh

SOU

•-S5

24

8

Jambugaha

934

2 hf-ch

bro p ik

120

30

64

305 3 do

dust

399

24

9

936

3 do

pekoe

155

32

67

P H P, in est.

12

942

2 do

dust

144

22

mark

331 1 do

bro mix

95

24

14

Deliiowita

946

2 ch

congou

144

13

,69

K

335 3 hf-cli pek sou

120

15

20

Rambodde

958

3 hf-ch

dust

270

22

74

Marguerita

. 345 3 ch

red leaf

168

23

21

BTN

960

1 do

bro pek

45

40

76

349 1 do

dust

109

23

22

962

1 do

pekoe

43

fl

80

Y B K

357 3 hf-ch dust

270

26

23

964

1 do

pek sou

45

25

St

(.'aledonia

365 1 ch

red leaf

90

27

24

966

1 do

SO il

61

24

89

Pati Rajah

375 4 <lo

pek sou

360

27

2.5

968

3 do

red leaf

13.5

13

.90

377 2 do

fans

200

27

26

970

4 do

dust

320

23

98

R 0

393 2 hf-ch dust

130

23

30

Hatijersett

978

2 ch

bro pek

270

45

101

Riijawella

399 2 do

bro pek

130

46

39

Bittacy

996

5 hf-ch

pek fans

325

38

162

401 5 do

pekoe

300

32

40

993

1 ch

SOU

100

33

103

403 4 do

pek sou

220

26

41

loOO

1 do

bro mix

100

17

112

Logan

421 3 ch

unas

270

24

42

u

4 do

dust

300

24

117

Nahavilla

431 3 hf-ch dust

270

23

48

Leangawella

14

6 hf-ch

unas

345

57

123

Yahalakela

443 2 ch

bro tea

140

20

75

Gallawatte

63

1 do

bro pek

75

39

76

Castlereagh

70

2 hf-ch

pek fans

140

20

80

Knavesmire

78

4 do

bro pek fan

280

27

FMESSR.S. Somerville & Co.l

81

Oxford

SO

3 do

dust

270

2i

S7

92

6 hf-ch

bro or pek

300

42 bid

Lot. Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

91

96

Dromoland

100

110

4 do
1 cli

dust
red leaf

300

22

7

Citrus

47 3 ch

fans

300

23

dust

150

7

8

48 1 do

dust

1.58

23

110

K

138

1 ch

dust

150

21

9

llalgolla

49 4 hf-ch

bro pek

240

35 bid

111

140

1 do

SOU

100

25

10

50 4 do

or pek

220

30

133

Stisted

184

2 hf-ch

dust

ICO

24

11

51 3 do

pekoe

165

27

137

Elldwatte

192

3 do

dust

270

24

12

52 3 do

dust

180

24

139

N

196

2 ch

dust

300

23

13

63 5 do

SOU

300

10

140

Ragalla

198

2 do

bro mix

240

34

16

Rothes

56 1 do

dust

143

23

142

202

4 do

dust

360

24

22

Coraar

62 2 ch

pek sou

220

28

I4S

Kelaneiya

214

1 ch

pekoe

100

43

23

63 1 hf-ch

dust

75

23

149

Downside

216

1 hf-ch

dust

7.'i

21

44

DMR

84 3 ch

unas

300

24

154

Great V’alley

226

4 ch

SOU

340

25

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Box.

Pkws.

Name.

lb.

c.

155

G C

228

1

do

bro tea

100

16

156

230

1

do

red leaf

100

14

102

Weyunaga-

watte

242

3 hf-cli

dust

255

23

1G7

Arabla.kande

252

2

eh

fans

220

171

Patiagama

260

2

do

jiek sou

210

35

172

262

1

do

dust

1.50

24

177

Glencorse

272

2

do

dust

340

23

178

Horagasi elle

274

6 hf-ch

bro pek

366

35

2(>

179

276

7

do

pekoe

370

181

280

2

do

bro mix

116

If)

189

Denmark Hill

296

1

ch

y ek fans

155

23

193

Tal.gaswella

304

4

do

pekoe

360

32

191

306

4

do

pek sou

360

31

214

Harrington and
Ranawella 346

2

ch

son

150

24

215

348

o

do

dust

170

24

21G

350

1

do

red leaf

87

10

239

Mnnnk ttia
Ceylon, in estate
mark 396

4

ch

sou

360

24

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

Mincing Lank, Marcli H), 18!)7.

Marks ami pvices of CKYLON COFFK K .sold in Miaciii)''
Lane no to lOth Ma’oh : —

lix “Yorkshire”— Ferham. OO, lb 120s; ditto O. Ic 11)
llSsOd; ditto 1, 2c U> 109s «d; ditto 2, lb lO.ls Gd: ditto I>B,
It 118s. St. Andrews, OO. lb UGs; ditto O. Ic llC.s; ditto 1,
Ic lb 107s; ditto 2, lb lOls; ditto PB, lb 128s.

Marks and prices of CKYLON COFFF.K sold in Mincins
I,ane up to 10th .March : —

Large .size, Kelburue, Ic lb 110s: ditto .size 1, 2c It lb
101s Gd; size 2. lb S's; size P«, 2b 102s Gd; ditto P, lb
102s Cd; ditto T, It 70s. Kelburue, 1 bag 91s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

FiX “Staffordshire”- Coodulgalla’ 2, a bagsS.asGd. H.vlton,
OO, 48 bags 72s Gd; ditto (), 4 bags o'ls Gd; IITL.S, 5 bags
r>3s Gd. Ilyltou OO, 2 bags s dam. 47s.

F,x “Yorkshire” — Hylton, OO, 47 bags 7.as; ditto O, 2 bag.s
62s Gd. HYLS, 5 bags 52s Gd.

FiX “Clan .MacNeil. — AM, 40 b;igs Gas.

Ex “Statesinin” — Palli, 1, 43 bags 73s; 9 bags s dam.

bulked 53s Gd.

Ex “Yorkshire”— Patheragalla, A, 17b,sgs73s. Meegama,
A, 20 bags 73s; ditto 1, 14 bags 73s; ditto I, .5 bags a2s Gd;
ditto 2, 3 bags 4.5s; ditto B, 4 nags 44s. M..tra.koua, 2G bags
CSsGd; ditto 2, 2bagso0s;

Ex “Capella” — Kadell.i, 1, 42 bags ,51s,

E.x “Algeria’’- -M lousava, .1, 29 bags 48s Gd.

Ex “Yorkshire” — Anniewatte, 45 bags 73s Gd. 39 b.ags G7s.
ditto .JLD.

Ex “Clan McNeil’ — NDP.S in estate mark, Woodslee es-

tate, 132 bags 06s 6d; 2, ditto, 4 bags 55s; 3, diHo, 3 bag.-^
44s Gd.

Ex “Yorkshire” — Asgeria, A, 24 b.igs 74s; ditto B, Shags
47s. The Handarapola Ceylon Co., Ld., 37 bags 60s; ditto
light, 2 bags 34s. Pitakande Group, No. 1, 27 bags C5s Gd;
9 bags 49s Gd.

Ex “Clan Ross”— Wariagalla, G bags 68s Gd; 1 bag 44s.

Ex “Clan Graham” — IVarriapolla, 1G8 bags 76s; 9 bags 63s;
60 bags 84s; 87 b gs 85s; 13 bags G^s Gd; 21 bags 47s Cd;
92 bags 46s. Ra.jawella Cocoa, G9 bags S2s Gd; 20 bags 83s;
6 bags 44s Cd.

E.x lau Ro.ss’’— Rajawella Cocoa, 32 bags G4s; 2 bags
44s Gd.

Ex “Manors” — OBEC in estate nark, Komlesalle, Ceylon,

0 F, 65 bags 74s; ditto I F, 16 bags 60s; ditto O, 20 bags
79s Gd; 16 bags 79s; ditto 1, 3 bags GO.s.

Fix “Statesman”— O EC in estate mark, Kondesalle, Ceylon,

1 F, 1 ba.g 47s.

Ex “(,'lan Graham” — S S HGA in estate mark, 41 bags 4Gs.
IIGA in e.state mark, Fistate Cocoa, 56 bags G3s; 3 bag.s
(sd and I'likd.) 4.5s; 1 bag oil dam. 30s. Gooi'.ambil, No. 1 A,
12 bags 75s 1(1; ditto No. 2 A, 2 bags 4.5?; ditto No. IB, 3
ba.gs 60s; ditto No. 2 B, 1 bag 4Gs; No. \V, 3 bags 45s.
B,'No 1, G bags G5sGd. B, No. 2, 2 bags 4Gs. F’L in estate
mark. No. Al, 23 bags G9s; ditto No. A2, 3 bags 4Gs; ditto
B No. 1. 13 bags GUs; ditto B, No. 2, 2 bags 40s; ditto K,
No. 1, 9 bags 03s.

Ex “.Manora”— Redbull. K.4, 45 bags 67s Gd; ditto C, 1
bag48t; ditto B. 14 bags ) Os. Maousava, Y, 14 bags 65s Gd;
ditto A.\. 25 bags GSs; ditto C, 1 bag 43s.

Ex “.Merkara” — Koodulgalla, No. 1, 25b 70s; ditto No. 2,
12 b.'igs 03s 6d.

CEYLON CA.RDAMOM SALES IN
LONDON.

Fix “Clan Graham” — Forest Hill, 2 b.igs 2s Od; 1 bag 2s 8d.
Mousakanda, S .A C in estate mark, 4c 2s Gd; Ic 2s 3d;
2c 2s 2d; 2c 2s Id; Ic seeds 4s; 1 bag seeds 4s Id 2c seeds
3s lOd.

Ex “Clan .McLean” — M in estate mark. Kobo, M.v.sore, 1,
4c 2s 9d; ditto B, 2c 2s 9d; 2c 2s lid; ditto S, 2c 2s 7d; 2e
2s 8d; ditto seeds, Ic seeds 3s lid.

Fix “Clan Graham” — Kirigalla, 16c 2s Gd; 3c 2s 7d; Ic 2s;
Id; lc2s::d; 2c Ss 8d.

Ex “(dan iMcNeil S LC in e.state mark, 1 bag Is lOd.

Ex “Clan Graham”— AV 8 \V&8 in estate mark, Ic 3d.
Altwood, 4c 3s 2d; 2c 2s 9d; 2c 2s Gd.

Ex “Cl.an McNeil”— Nella Oolla, 1, 3c 2s 2d; ditto 2, Ce
2slld; Ic2s8d: ditto -Bit8 Ic 2s 2d; ditto seeds, Ic seeds
3s Sd.

Fix “Yorkshire” — Goomera, 6c 2s 3d.

Fix “Clan McNeil” — Katooloya, II.V, Gc 2s lid; 11c 3s;
ditto 5c2s9d; ditto B, -’c2s0d; ditto C, ISc 2s 2d; ditto
B, Oc seed .3s lOd. Elkadua, O, Ibc :?s; 5e 5s Id; ditto 1,
27e 2s 8d; ditto 2, 5c 2s 2d; ditto B\'8, 2c 2s led; Ic 2s; ditto
seed, 2c seed 3s 10. Gala ha. A, 2c 2s 8d; ditto C, 4c 2s 2d;
ditto D, Ic3s9d.

Ex “Manora”— Kelvin, A AA, Cc 2s lid; ■ itto A, Ic 2s
9d; ditt.) B, Ic 2s 3.1; ditto C, Gc 2s 2i; Ic 2s Id. OBEC in
estate mark, Nillooma.lly, Mysore, Ic 2s lOd; 4c 2s 8d; Gc
2s 9d; ditto B, 2c 2s 7d. ditto C. Ic 2s ol; Ic 2s 3d; ditto
steds, Ic .seed 3s 8d; Icsoed 3s Cd. ()9FiC in estate mark,
Dangk.inde, Ic 2s 5d; ic 2s Id; 1 bag seed 3s 4d. Vede-
lieite. A, 4c 2s 9d; ditto B, 3c 2.s 7d; lUc 2s Id; 4c 2s 2d;
ditto D, 3c 3s lOd.

OBSFiKVFiR PRlNTEVn WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

NO. 15. COLOMB'

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 33,225 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

Pko-S.

N anie

lo.

c.

1

Balgownie

1

8 cli

bro pek

680

34

2

2

14 do

pekoe

1120

27

3

3

10 do

pek sou

700

24

4

4

12 do

bro mi.x

1020

16

7

Hornsey

7

13 ch

pek sou

1300

38

9

Battalgalla

9

15 ch

p< k sou

1500

38

11

Kalkande

11

40 hf-ch

or pek

2000

38 bid

12

20 do

pekoe

1000

31

14

14

10 do

bro mi.x

500

9

19

D M L

19

40 boxes

pek sou

800

22 bid

20

20

10 ch

sou

1000

12

23

Kottagalla

23

7 hf-ch

dust

560

35

24

II L

24

32 ch

bro mix

2910

12

26

L N, in estate

mark

20

5 ch

pekce

512

20

29

Ratwella

29

32 ch

bro pek

3500

36 bid

30

30

19 do

pekoe

1900

28 bid

31

31

49 hf-ch

pek sou

2690

24 bid

32

32

3 do

bro pek

39

33

33

3 do

pekoe

150

26

34

34

1 do

pekoe

18

Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 1,412,048 lb.]

Lob

Bo.x. Pkf's.

1

Ci W

211

11

ch

2

Californi.a

212

5

ch

1

hf-ch

3

213

9

ch

4

214

4

ch

6

Wilpita

216

11

ch

7

217

9

ch

S

218

10

ch

10

220

8

ch

13

Bogahagoda-

watte

223

5

ch

14

224

9

ch

15

225

5

ch

17

Mai igold

227

34

hf-ch

18

228

321

lif-ch

19

229

24

do

20

230

15

do

22

Arslena

232

35

do

23

233

49

do

24

234

30

do

23

Lyndhurst

238

43

do

29

239

59

do

30

240

68

do

31

241

10

do

33

Ankande

243

19

cli

34

244

21

ch

37

Minna

247

33

hf-ch

38

248

85

do

39

249

14

ch

40

Mahatenne

250

30

cli

41

251

18

ch

42

Rayigam

252

12

ch

43

2.53

51

ch

44

254

29

ch

45

255

6

ch

40

D

256

6

ch

48

2.58

5

ch

57

G A Ceylon

267

7

ch

58

268

6

ch

59

Charlie Hill

209

13

hf-ch

60

250

10

do

61

271

15

<lo

63

273

11

do

61

Bidbury

274

22

do

65

275

30

do

66

270

20

do

67

Ukuwela

277

32

ch

68

278

27

ch

69

279

15

ch

74

Pelawatte

284

IS

ch

75

285

11

do

76

280

7

do

78

NIT

288

16

ch

79

Hatdowa

289

29

do

80

290

44

do

81

291

17

do

82

292

4

do

S3

Deniyagama

293

32

ch

Name.

lb.

c.

.sou

880

27

bro pek

525

36 bid

pekoe

900

24 bid

pek sou

400

23

bro pek

1100

34 bid

pekoe

855

24 bid

pek sou

890

23

bro mix

795

14

bro pek

500

40

pekoe

810

29

pek sou

450

24

bro pekoe

2244

52

pekoe

20)8

44

pek son

1416

39

sou

870

38

bro pek

1750

47

pekoe

2450

38

pek son

1500

33

bro pex

2150

40

pekoe

2655

32

pek sou

2720

27

sou

400

22

bro pekoe

1900

34 bid

pekoe

1680

30

bro pek

1980

55

pekoe

4250

40

pek son

1260

30

bro pek

3000

36 bid

pekoe

1800

37 bid

pek sou

1200

24

bro pek

5100

38 bid

pekoe

2552

34

pek sou

510

28

bro pek

591

34 bid

pek .sou

460

24

pek sou

427

20

red leaf

450

9

bro pek

650

35 bid

pekoe

800

31

pek sou

750

27

sou

5.50

23

bro pek

1320

42 bid

pekoe

1500

32 bid

pek s Ml

1100

30

bro pek

3200

39 bid

pekoe

2700

29

pek sou

1.500

24

bro pek

1980

33 bid

pekoe

1155

26 bid

pek sou

700

25

unas

1600

25

bro pek

2900

41

pekoe

3960

34

pek sou

1415

27

I ek fans

400

31

bro pek

3400

33 bid

19,

1897.

1

Price :

— 12J cents
30 cents ; 6

each 3 copies
copies 5 rupee.

Lot

Box.

Pk

,Q'S.

Name.

lb.

C.

84

294

23

ch

bro or pek 2770

23 bid

85

295

13

do

pekoe

1170

25 bid

86

296

35

do

pek sou

3500

20 bid

92

Deniyaya

2

15

ch

bro pek

1650

31 bid

93

3

11

do

pek

1100

26 bid

94

4

4

do

pelc sou

400

20 bid

100

Eilandhu

10

18

ch

bro pek

1800

34 bid

101

11

18

ch

pekoe

1710

23 bid

3

i

5

6
7
9

10

11

13

14
1,5
10

17

18
19
26

29

30

[Mr. E.

, John.-

—276,785

lb.]

it.

Bo.x

Pkv)..

Name

lb.

c.

Bttapolla

449

16 hf-ch

pekoe

896

26

A

451

31

ch

bro or pek

2170

51 bid

453

17

do

or pek

1615

52 bid

Dartry

455

45

ch

bro pek

4950

44

457

43

do

pekoe

4085

b7

459

29

do

pek sou

2610

30

Alliaddy

m

17

ch

bro pek

1700

41 bid

465

18

do

pekoe

1620

86

467

8

do

pek sou

610

28

Gonavy

471

i3

ch

bro or pek

1352

46

473

20

do

bro pek

2080

47

475

11

do

pek

202

38

Ottery & Stam

477

10

do

pek sou

720

33

ford Hill

479

28

cli

bro pek

2800

57

481

38

do

or pek

3230

.52

D

483

51

do

pekoe

4590

42

497

16

ch

unassorted

1590

25

Claremont

3

36 hf-ch

bro or pek

1980

34 'lid

9 ch
28 ch

33

11

32

do

34

13

25

do

35

15

20

do

37

19

14

do

38

Salem

21

19

ch

39

23

18

do

40

25

5

do

42

Y B K

29

12 hf-ch

43

31

11

do

16

Vincit

37

9

ch

47

39

5

do

48

41

7

do

55

Poilakande

55

68 hf-ch

56

57

67

ch

1 ht-ch

57

59

70 ch

58

61

19 hf-ch

59

Kanangama

63

34 ch

60

65

21 do

61

67

19 do

62

69

6 do

63

71

4 do

64

Uda

73

13 hf-ch

65

75

11 ch

66

Stinsford

77

29 hf-ch

67

79

29 do

68

81

20 do

69

L

83

19 lif-ch

71

Blackburn

87

12 ch

72

89

16 do

73

91

7 do

74

G B

93

8 ch

75

95

9 hf-ch

76

97

5 do

77

99

11 do

78

II S, in estate

mark

lul

5 ch

80

105

6 do

82

II. .S, in circle 109

8 hf-ch

S3

Maddagedera 111

51 ch

84

113

38 do

85

115

22 do

86

117

6 do

87

Henegama

119

6 hf-cli

89

Dickapitiya

123

30 ch

90

125

24 do

91

127

4 do

93

Brownlow

131

26 ch

94

1.33

21 do

95

135

40 do

96

137

24 do

97

137

8 hf-ch

98

141

8 do

99

Sumtravalle

143

8 ch

101

147

0 hf-ch

102

Meeriatenne 149

20 hf-ch

103

151

19 do

107

Eadella

159

26 ch

pek dusr,

1)10 or pek
ci pek
pekoe
pek sou
hro pek fans
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe

pek sou
fans
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
pek fans
dust
bro pek
pekoe
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
sou

bro mix

dust

fans

bro pek

sou

dust

bro pek

pekoe

pek sou

bro pek fans

dust

bro pek

pekoe

pek sou

bro or pek

or pek

pekoe

pek sou

bro nek fans

pek fans

bro pek

dust

bro pek

pekoe

liro pek

900

8800

3200

2500

2000

840

1900

1020

450

768

550

900

500

700

4410

6085

5600

1330

3230

1890

1710

600

560

845

1045

1.595

1595

1300

1900

1320

1600

770

600

765

450

715

550

.540

680

5100

3420

1870

690

450

3300

2400

400

2600

19,59

3600

2040

520

640

840

640

1200

988

2600

27 bid

57
49
43

37

35
40

31
26

38

36
36

29

25

39 bid

30

26

24 bid
34 bid

29

25 bid

26
21
24

24

51

38 bid

25
17

36

30
27

34
12
22

27 bid

37
25
21

39 bid

32
23

30 bid

23

43

35

28

58

52

44

40
39
28

36

24

36 bid
32 bid

38 bid

2

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST

Lot.

Box

. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

108

161

24

do

pekoe

2160

28 bid

109

163

20

do

pek sou

1600

26

110

165

13

do

fans

1560

24 bid

111

167

8

do

dust

1120

15

112

Anchor, in

estate mark 169 32 ch

bro or pek

3200

51

113

171

16

do

or pek

1200

45

114

173

13

do

pekoe

1300

40

115

175

16

do

pek sou

1308

38

125

Cleveland

195

29 hf-cll

bro pek

1595

65

126

197

65

do

pekoe

3250

47

127

199

14

do

pek sou

700

40

130

Lamelieie

205

31

ch

bro pek

3255

50

132

207

28

do

pekoe

2520

44

131

209

22

do

pek sou

1870

37

134

Glasgow

213

50

do

bro or pek

3750

57 bid

135

215

28

cli

or pek

1680

52

136

217

18

do

pekoe

1710

47

137

219

16

do

pek sou

1600

40

138

Agra Ouvah

221

16

do

pek sou

1520

40

139

223

24 hf-ch

pek fans

1872

35

110

225

7

do

dust

658

23

141

Caledonia

227

7

ch

bro pek

700

31 bid

142

229

5

do

pekoe

475

27

143

231

5

do

pek sou

745

24

145

Ferndale

235

22

do

bro or pek

2200

52

146

837

io

do

bro pek

1000

42 bid

147

239

32

do

pekoe

3200

29

148

241

13

do

peg sou

1300

35

149

Blackburn

243

13

do

bro or pek

1430

36

150

245

8

do

bro pek

800

24

151

B B

247

6

do

pek sou

660

24

153

Bough ton

2.51

10 hf-ch

dust

500

27

154

Doonhinda

253

12

ch

bro pek

1320

45

155

255

13

do

pekoe

1300

37

158

Lenawatte

261

13

do

bro pek

1300

30

159

263

9

do

pekoe

810

24

164

Logan

273

39

do

bro pek

3900

36 bid

166

GPU T, in
estate mark 277

26

do

pekoe

2340

27 bid

1G7

N

279

20

do

pek sou

2000

21 bid

175

Keenagaha

Ella

295

16

do

pek sou

1300

38

176

297

7

do

bro mix

735

32

177

Weymouth

299

19

do

bro pek

1900

36

178

301

15

do

pekoe

1350

26 bid

179

303

7

do

pek sou

595

22

186

Ivanlioe

317

22 hf ch

bro pek

1100

52

187

319

61

ch

pekoe

5490

33 bid

188

321

5

do

sou

450

30 bid

189

323

9 Iit-ch

dust

720

24

180 Kotuwagedcra 325

20

ch

bro pek

2000

34 bid

191

327

20

do

pekoe

2000

21 bid

192

329

8

do

pek sou

720

45

196

Birnam

337

19

do

pek sou

1330

45

197

Elston

339

19

dj

pek sou No.

21805

30

[Messrs. Forbes & Waeker.— 474,236 lb.]

Lot.

Box.

r]

kgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

3

M P

404

8

ch

sou

760

19

7

Nawella

412

15 hf-ch

peKoe

750

30

8

S, in est. mark 414

29

do

dust

2755

25

14

Burythorpe

426

16

ch

pekoe

1578

29 bid

15

Court Lodge

428

13

do

or pek

1170

59

16

430

6

do

pekoe

540

51

17

432

10

do

pek sou

760

44

18

434

8 hf-ch

pek fans

576

34

19

Neseby

436

68

do

bro pek

3480

81 bid

20

438

30

do

pekoe

1500

70

21

410

7

do

dust

574

37

22

Ool.apane

442

13

do

bro or pek

650

47

23

444

59

do

bro pek

5900

41

24

446

15

ch

pekoe

1350

34

25

448

10

do

pek sou

800

28

33

Halloowell.a

464

8

do

bro pek

784

out

34

466

9

do

pekoe

675

24

35

468

11

ilo

pek .sou

880

23

36

470

6

do

sou

480

23

37

472

5

do

dust

750

16

38

474

14

do

fans

1540

31

39

476

8

do

red leaf

680

10

40

Holton

478

36

do

bro pek

3420

40

41

480

11

do

pekoe

1045

39

42

482

5

do

pek sou

475

35

44

Carbei ry

486

41

do

bro pek

3690

44 bid

45

488

38

do

pekoe

3420

35

46

490

12

do

pek sou

1080

29

47

492

15

do

brpek f.ans

1650

35

56

Clyde

508

35

do

bro pek

3500

44

56

610

39

do

pekoe

3510

32

67

512

8

do

pek sou

720

28

68

514

3

do

dust

420

23

69

Hayes

516

26 hf-ch

bro pek

1300

39 bid

Lot

Box.

Pkg.s.

Name.

lb.

C

60

SIS

56

ch

or ])ek

2800

38

61

520

34

do

pekoe

1530

32

62

522

41

do

pek sou

1845

27

63

524

10

do

dust

500

23

64

Pedro

526

54

ch

bro or pek

5940

68

65

528

28

do

or pek

2380

69

66

530

18

do

pek sou

1440

47

67

532

22

do

fans

3300

38

71

Battawatte

540

50

do

1 hf-ch

bro pek

50.59

45

72

542

56

ch

bro or pek

5600

43

bid

74

540

39

do

pekoe

3900

35

76

Dea Ella

550

40 hf-ch

bro pek

2200

38

bid

77

552

S3

do

jjekoe

1650

35

78

554

16

do

pek sou

800

30

84

Cluues

560

25

do

bro pek

1250

52

85

568

25

do

bro or pek

1375

41

86

570

25

do

pekoe

2125

32

87

572

11

ch

pek sou

935

27

88

574

8 hf-ch

dust

720

23

89

Eiracht

576

16

ch

bro pek

1360

47

90

578

14

do

bro or pek

1400

4«

91

580

46

do

pekoe

3450

30

92 St. Columbkille

5S2

14

do

bro pek

1400

47

93

584

14

do

bro or pek

1680

40

94

586

41

do

pekoe

3895

40

95

588

39

do

pek sou

3510

30

97

592

5

do

dust

400

21

99

S

596

11

do

bro mix

1045

24

100

Carfax

598

38 hf-ch

bro or pek

2090

55

101

600

21

ch

or ])ek

2100

55

103

604

21

do

peltoe

1995

46

105

Tavaliinitenne

: 608

8

tlo

bro pek

88')

53

106

610

10

do

oekoe

1050

48

108

A C

614

6

do

pekoe

570

26

109

S G

616

12

do

sou

1080

21

112

Ekol-.und

622

19

do

bro pek

2090

44

113

624

30

do

pekoe

3000

39

114

026

9

do

sou

810

34

116

Oonoonagalla

630

30

do

bro pek

1360

55

117

630

90

do

pekoe

5025

38

bid

118

634

69

do

pek sou

2210

37

120

Gallaheria

638

29 hf-ch

or pek

1595

48

bid

121

010

30

ch

bro pek

2700

41

bid

122

642

44

do

pekoe

3300

36

123

614

23

do

pek sou

2! 85

24

124

St. Heliers

646

35

hf-ch

bro or pek

1683

4'{

125

648

11

ch

pekoe

990

34

126

Ruwanwella

650

22

do

bro pek

2,200

42

bid

127

652

42

do

pekoe

3,570

32

bid

128

654

10

do

pek sou

900

26

139

Peacock Hill .

670

9

do

I)ek fans

675

28

141

Lochiel

680

25

box

bro or pek

500

55

bid

142

682

16

ch

or pekoe

152')

50

bid

143

684

11

do

pekoe

935

49

150

Morland

698

22

hf-ch

bro pek

1100

50

151

700

22

ch

pekoe

2200

30

152

702

11

do

pek sou

1100

33

155

E II

708

24

do

bro tea

2880

36

156

710

16

do

pek sou

1440

39

158

714

17 hf-ch

dust

1530

23

159

Y I) A

716

22

ch

bro pek

2244

38

160

718

37

do

pekoe

3330

30

bid

161

720

8

do

pek sou

720

27

bid

163

M G

724

12 hf-ch

dust

1090

80

164

Farnham

726

41

do

bro pek

2132

55

16 >

728

41

do

pekoe

2050

38

bid

166

730

44

do

pek sou

1980

32

169

A

736

12

ch

bro pek

1200

46

171

Err Ihvood

740

10

do

bro pek

1100

68

bid

172

742

12

do

pekoe

1080

45

bid

173

744

12

ilo

pek sou

1020

41

174

CRD

746

11

do

red leaf

1100

57

bid

176

Tymawr

750

26 hf-ch

bro pek

1300

57

bid

177

752

27

do

pekoe

1215

60

178

754

30

do

pek sou

1350

40

179

Tymawr

756

33

do

bro pek

1050

57

bid

180

758

36

do

pekoe

1620

49

bid

181

760

41

do

pek sou

1845

41

182

OpalgalLa

762

6

ch

dust

696

20

185

Ella oya

768

17

do

or pekoe

1632

40

19J

Ookoowatte

778

9

do

bro ])ek

900

41

191

780

6

do

or pek

540

36

192

782

5

do

pekoe

450

31

194

786

11 1

hf-ch

dust

968

21

196

Kakiriskande

790

7

ch

bro pek

700

34

197

792

9 do
1 lif-ch

j- pekoe

860

31

198

794

5

ch

pek sou

450

27

201

Kurunduwatte

H P in estate

mark

800

6

ch

bro pek

6.50

34

206

Langdale

810

20

do

bro pek

2400

56

bid

207

812

44

do

pekoe

4400

44

208

814

8

do

pek sou

720

37

220

Castlere.agh

838

19

ch

bro or pek

19C0

45

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

3

Lot

Box.

Pkf's.

Name.

lb.

221

840

19

ch

bro or pek

1900

222

842

16

do

bro pek

1600

223

844

28

do

pekoe

2520

224

846

5

do

pek sou

450

225

848

5

do

pek sou No.

2 400

228

M P

854

5

ch

bro pek

525

232

862

8

do

pek dust

1120

243' ■

.Hethersett

894

46

ch

bro or pek

5060

249l_

,C L in estate

mark

896

14

ch

pek sou

14C0

250

K A

898

5

cli

bro pek

490

252

902

8

do

pek sou

640

257 Bamargaai"! va

912

5

ch

sou

500

261

R

920

27

hf-ch

dust

2181

262

B D \V

922

7

hf-ch

dust

539

294

Geiagama

986

29

ch

bro pek

3045

295

988

18

ch

pekoe

1710

296

990

11

ch

pek sou

990

297

Erracht

992

8

ch

bro or pek

7600

298

994

13

ch

bro pek

1040

299

996

25

ch

pekoe

1875

300

998

39

ch

pek sou

2925

301

1000

37

ch

fans

3330

302

2

8

ch

dust

1200

318

Doonevale

34

16

ch

bro pek

1440

319

36

15

ch

pekoe

1270

323

h

44

15

ch

pek

1425

324

46

8

ch

sou

656

327

Soham

52

66

hf-ch

bro pek

4290

328

54

23

ch

pekoe

1800

329

66

21

ch

1

hf-ch

pek sou

1935

330

Dambagalla

58

16

ch

pek sou

610

331

60

20

ch

sou

909

332

62

7

cli

bro mix

595

333

Springkell

64

7

ch

dust

685

334

66

7

ch

pek fans

525

335

I K V

68

3

ch

bro mixed

336

336

70

3

ch

pek fans

360

338

New Peacock

74

15

hf-ch

jrek fans

1125

339

Walton

76

30

do

bro pek

1680

365

P

128

6 hf ch

dust

445

366

Knavesmire

130

12

ch

bro pek

1220

367

132

53

do

pekoe

4770

368

134

14

(lo

pek sou

1190

375

Berytborpe

148

45

hf-ch

bro pek

2500

376

150

23

ch

pekoe

2245

377

152

17

do

pek sou

1621

378

Berythorpe

154

21

ch

bro pek

2177

379

156

32

4o

pekoe

3215

380

158

48

hf-ch

pek sou

2388

SMALL LUTS.*

- [Messrs. A. H. Tuomp.son & Co.]

Lot.

Box. Pkfrs.

Name.

lb.

5

Balgownie

5

2 ch

dust

260

6

6

1 do

red leaf

85

8

Hornsey

8

3 ch

fans

270

13

Kalkande

13

6 hf-ch

pek sou

300

15

F H M, in estate

mark

15

3 ch

ptk fans

300

21

D M L

21

4 ch

red leaf

340

22

Kottagalla

22

1 ch

SOU

100

25

H L

25

1 ch

fans

123

27

L N, in estate

mark

27

4 ch

pek sou

360

28

28

4 hf-ch

SOU

200

[Messrs.

Somerville & Co.]

Lot

Box. Pkgs. Name.

lb.

6

California

215

1 ch

pek dust

108

21

Marigold

231

4 hf-ch

bro pek fans

300

25

Arslen.a

235

4 hf-ch

dust

200

26

Ginigathenna 236

4 hf-ch

bro pek

200

27

237

6 do

pek sou

300

32

Lyndhurst

242

3 hf-ch

dust

255

47

D

257

4 ch

pekoe

384

49

259

4 ch

congou

340

50

260

1 do

dust'

134

56

G A, Ceylon

266

4 ch

pek

336

62

Charlie Hill

272

0 hf-ch

pek fans

360

70

Ukuwela

880

1 liLch

bro pek fans

78

72

W 1) B B

282

4 hf-ch

dust

360

73

F A

283

1 ch

bro tea

115

77

Pela watte

287

3 hf-ch

dust

225

91

Nugawela

1

3 hf-ch

dust

225

113

Illukettia

23

20 boxes

bro pek

100

[Mr. E. John.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkpfs. Name.

lb.

1 Ettapolla

447

6

hf-ch bro pek

336

S Dartry

461

5

hf-ch fans

325

Lot.

Box. Pkws.

Name.

lb.

C,

12

Alliaddy

469

3 ch

dust

300

19

20

Ottery & Stam

-

ford Hill

485

2 ch

SOU

106

28

21

487

2 ch

dust

276

24

27

D

499

1 ch

SOU

96

9*2

28

1

1 do

dust

120

26

31

Claremont

7

4 hf-ch

pek dust

360

23

36

Maskeliya

17

4 hf-ch

dust

360

22

41

.Salem

27

1 ch

dust

100

19

44

Y B K

33

8 hf-oh

p-^k sou

320

31

45

35

2 do

dust

180

21

49

Vincit

43

2 hf-ch

dust

180

21

50

45

1 do

unassorted

60

31

51

47

1 do

red leaf

50

9

52

G A

49

3 ch

du-st

375

21

53

E R

51

3 ch

fans

360

21

70

L

85

1 ch

red leaf

105

9

79

H S, in estate

miirk

103

3 ch

pekoe

315

31

81

H S, in circle

107

3 cli

red leaf

255

9

88

Henegama

121

2 hf-ch

bro mix

130

15

92

Dickapittiya

129

2 ch

dust

310

24

1(0

Sumtravalle

145

1 ch

pekoe

85

33

104

Meeriatenne

153

5 hf ch

pek sou

240

29

105

155

1 do

fans

32

21

106

157

2 do

dust

70

20

128

Cleveland

201

4 hf-ch

dii.st

280

29

129

203

3 lif-ch

red leaf

150

10

133

Lameliere

211

3 ch

pek fans

255

23

144

Caladonia

233

1 Cll

red leaf

90

15

152 B B

249

1 ch

bro pek fans

110

29

156 Doonhinda

257

3 ch

pek son

300

30

157

259

2 hf-ch

dust

160

21

161 Lenawatte

267

4 ch

unassorted

360

18

162

269

2 do

dust

200

18

180 Weymouth

305

2 ch

dust

200

21

195

K G

335

1 ch

SOU

no

15

[Messrs, Forbes

& Walker.]

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

M P

400

2 Ch

pekoe

194

18

2

402

4 do

pek sou

380

17

4

406

1 do

fans

115

22

5

408

2 do

pek dust

240

18

6

Nawella

410

4 hf-cli

bro pek

208

36

9

Avoca

416

3 ch

pek sou

too

44

10

418

5 hf-cli

br pek fans

37

4>

11

A, in est. mark 420

3 ch

bro pek

cOO

53

12

422

3 do

pekoe

300

51

13

4 >4

1 do

pek sou

100

44

26

Oolapane

450

1 hf-ch

pek dust

71

29

27

452

5 do

dust

375

21

43

Holton

484

3 ch

dust

225

25

48 Mount Pleasant 494

5 hf-ch

bro pek

281

42

49

496

5 do

pekoe

201

28

50

498

4 do

SOU

195

24

51

500

1 do

dust

40

24

52

502

1 ch

fans

60

33

63

604

1 do

red leaf

94

18

64

Clyde

606

3 do

bro or pek

360

44

68

L N S, in est.

mark

534

1 do

bro pek

70

35

69

536

1 do

pek sou

95

26

70

538

1 liLch

dust

52

19

73

Battawatte

544

2 ch

or pek

200

41

75

548

2 do

pek sou

200

28

79

He Ella

556

4 hf-ch

fans

240

34

96

St. Columbkille 590

5 ch

pek fans

300

30

98

694

1 do

SOU

95

25

102

Carfax

602

2 do

bro pek

220

38

104

606

2 do

dust

310

26

107

Tavalamtenne 612

1 do

dust

70

25

110

SG

618

4 do

bro tea

318

17

111

620

1 do

1 hf-ch

fans

140

22

115

Ekolsund

628

3 ch

dust

255

24

119

Oonoonagalla 636

3 do

dust

3 0

19

129

Ruanwella

6.56

2 ch

fannings

240

30

130

658

4 do

dust

320

24

137

Dewalakande

1 672

3 cll

broken tea

240

21

138

Peacock Hill

674

2 hf-ch

bro mix

100

12

140

A G

678

2 cll

bro tea

180

23

144

Lochiel

686

1 do

pe’A sou

95

36

145

688

2 do

dust

280

21

153

Morland

704

2 do

dust

160

23

154

706

1 do

fannings

55

21

157

E H

712

3 ch

red leaf

270

26

162

Y D A

722

3 hf-ch

bro pek dust

216

23

167

Farnham

732

3 do

fannings

216

29

168

734

2 do

dust

182

23

170

MAH

738

3 ch

congou

300

21

175

CRD

748

3 do

dust

300

50

183

Opalgalla

764

4 do

red leaf

320

10

766

5 do

congou

390

20

193

Ookoowatte

784

4 do

pek sou

360

27

c.

io

41 bid

38

32

28

28

17

48 bid

29

22 bid

24 bid

26

21 bid

19 bid

36

31 bid

28

40

43 bid

31

26

33

20

39

29

21

20

37 bid

27 bid

21

37

35

26

26

38

18

17

25

40

14

39

33

27

30 bid

26 bi 1

38 bid

38 bid

28 bid

36 bid

C.

19

9

21

26

24

9

28

22

10

10

e.

22

36

24

41

29

24

25 bid

23

24

24

27

26

15 bid

9

29

19

41

C.

32

35

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Box.

195

199 Kakiriskamle 796

200

202 H P Kurundu-

watte, in
estate mark 2S02

203 SO'i

204 S06

205 *=08

203 Langdale 816

210 818

PkgS.

3 hf-ch
1 ch
1 do

do

do

do

do

do

do

214

Arapolakande 826

3

do

226

Castiereagh

850

4

hf-ch

227

852

2

do

229

M P

856

3

ch

230

858

1

do

231

860

2

do

233

Yatiyana

864

1

do

234

866

2

do

236

868

5

do

Name.

lb.

C,

bro mix

180

27

unassorted

73

23

dust

120

22

pekoe

pek sou

souchong

pel( fans

fannings

dust

dust

pek fanns
dust
pe oe
pekoe sou
pek fans
or pekoe
bro pek
pekoe

270

315

100

160

IIS

257

315

280

160

300

95

224

65

128

270

25

23

20

20

31

22

31

20

23

IS

22

37

39

30

Lot.

236

241

242

243
251

253

254
225
236

258

259
200

278

279

280

320

321
32 5
337
364

Box.

870

K B 880

Kelvin 882

884

C L in est.mark 900
904
906

Bainargaarava 90S
910
914
916

A A in estate
mark
BTN

Donevale

New Peacock
G W T

918

954

956

958

38

40

42

72

126

PkgS.

Name

2 hf-ch

pek sou

3 ch

dust

1 ch

red leaf

4 hf-ch

dust

4 ch

pekoe

1 eh

dust

1 hf-ch

red leaf

2 ch

bro pek

3 cli

pek

2 ch

fannings

3 ch

congou

3 eh

bro pek

1 hf-ch

souchong

1 do

red leaf

2 do

dust

2 ch

fannings

1 ch

dust

1 ch

broken tea

2 lif-ch

bro mixed

3 hf-ch

dust

lb.

100

390

65

300

380

89
42

200

300

267

275

330

60

53

180

200

140

90
100
150

C.

15
21
20
20
23
21

9

36

26

16
14

25

25
0

22

26 I)id
20

16

20

27

OBSKUVKR PRINTING WOI1K8.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 16.

Colombo, May 3, 1897

I Price : — 12^ cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies h rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 04,715 lb.]

Lot. Bo.\'.

Pko:s.

]S anie,

lb.

C.

1

B & D

1

13

ch

dust

1920

20

2

2

12

do

bro ptk fans 1690

28

3

Vogan

3

28

do

bro pek

2800

18

i

4

27

do

pekoe

2130

41

5

5

21

do

pek son

1785

33

lO^KalkaiuIe

10

30 hf-ch

or pek

1800

38 bid

13

Battalgalla

13

10

ch

pt k sou

1000

34

16

> Hornsey

16

11

do

pek sou

1100

34

IS

Agra Elbeclde

18

40 hf-ch

bro or psk

2400

62 bid

19

19

42

do

pekoe

2310

44 bid

31

Ratnatenne

31

11

do

pekoe

991

32

32

Myraganga

32

35

ch

bro pek

3675

40 bid

33

33

13

do

pekoe

1170

35

36

Relugas

SO

8

do

dust

1000

19

40

Battalgalla

40

11

cll

pek sou

1400

35

43

St. Leonards on

Sea

43

29

do

bro pek

2900

42

44

44

19

do

pekoe

1710

32

47

Ossington

47

14

ch

br® pek

1400

44

48

48

27

do

pet’oe

2700

33

49

49

26

do

pek sou

1600

28

[Mr.

£.

John.-

-291,777 lb.]

Lot. Box.

Pkg..

Name

lb.

C.

6

Happy Valley

351

15 hf-ch

bro or pek

900

39

13

Gonavy

305

12

ch

bro or pek

1272

42

14

367

14

do

bro pek

1456

43

20

Oonoogaloya

379

30

do

bro pek

3000

46

21

381

28

do

pekoe

2520

S5

23

Dartry

385

13 hf-ch

fans

910

31

24

A

387

21

do

bro or pek

1428

52

25

389

32

do

or pek

1600

with’dn

26

391

2.5

ch

pekoe

2550

44

27

393

8

do

unas

928

36

28

395

8

do

funs

1000

29 bid

29

Orange Field

397

13

do

bro pek

1260

36

30

399

26

do

pekoe

2310

27 bid

34

Arratenne

407

23

do

bro pek

2310

out

35

409

14

do

peko''

1400

26

43

Kitool Patna

135

12

do

bro pek

1200

29 bid

46

Oonoogaloya

431

21

do

bro pek

VlOO

46

47

433

33

do

lekoe

2970

35

60

Tientsin

439

49 hf-ch

bro pek

2842

52

51

441

35

ch

pekoe

3,300

41

54

St. John’s

447

41 hf-ch

bro or pek

2214

91

55

419

50

do

or pek

2300

85

56

451

50

do

pekoe

2500

61

57

463

23

do

pek son

1104

54

58

45.5

24

dj)

pek fans

1680

40

69

Mocha

457

23

ch

bro pek

2.530

51

60

459

28

do

or pek

2660

59

R1

461

40

do

pekoe

3600

45 bid

62

463

36

do

pek sou

2880

39

63

40.3

11

do

bins

1540

34

64

GRntilt

467

48

do

bro pekoe

6010

47 bid

65

469

28

do

pekoe

2800

40 bid

67

B K

473

9 hf-ch

pek dust

711

24

68

475

16

do

dust

1568

20

69

Kila

477

53

ch

bro pek

6220

45

70

479

45

do

pekoe

3825

34

71

481

17

do

pek sou

1445

22

72

Allington

4S3

20

do

bro pek

2000

31 bid

73

485

25

do

pekoe

22.30

26

74

487

H

do

pekoe sou

IICO

24

80

G K \V

499

9

do

pekoe

810

38

83

Elston

6

31

do

pe sou No.2

2790

28

84

K N

7

22 hf-ch

oust

1.340

21

85

Orniidale

9

17

do

or pek

8.30

88

86

11

113 boxes

bro or pek

2260

Rl'l bid

87

13

39 hf-ch

pekoe

19.30

66 bid

88

15

IV

do

pek sou

850

56

90

NB

19

10

ch^

SOU

SOO

32

91

21

11

do

du.st

1650

23

93

GT

25

10

do

congou

1000

25

94

e.tk

27

11

do

pekoe

1015

36

95

29

12 hf-ch

dust

1020

25

96

31

12

ch

pek fans

1.560

29

97

Glassaugh

33

01 hf-ch

bro pek

3520

66

98

35

40

ch

pekoe

36'0

51

99

37

18

do

pek sou

1530

43

100

Acrawate

39

25

do

bro pek

2750

42 bid

101

41

33

do

pekoe

2970

37

102

43

13

do

pek sou

1300

29

104

Maddagedera

47

61

do

bro pek

5100

39

Lot.

Box

Pkg.S.

Name

lb.

c.

K5

Simla Dua

49

19

ch

bro pek

2090

30 bid

106

51

30

hf-ch

pekce

1350

28

108

Glasgow

56

to

ch

bro or pek

3750

53 bid

109

57

74

do

bro or pek

5550

54 ))id

110

59

32

hf-ch

or pek

1920

50

111

01

21

ch

pekoe

1995

46

112

Agra Ouvah

63

78

hf-ch

bro or pok

4680

58 bid

113

65

?0

do

or pek

1800

50

114

67

16

ch

pekoe

1520

46

115

Agra Ouvah

09

79

hf-ch

bro or pek

4740

59 bid

116

71

37

do

or pek

1850

50

117

73

13

ch

pekoe

1235

46

121

Anchor, in est.

mark

81

21

ch

bro or pek

2310

53

122

S3

13

do

or pek

1040

40 bid

123

Brownlow

85

32

do

bro or pek

3200

57

124

87

26

do

Cl pek

2470

47

1-25

89

48

do

pekoe

4320

41

1-26

91

30

do

pok .sou

2550

39

135

Murraythwaite 109

38

ch

bro pek

3800

38 bid

136

111

30

do

pekoe

2400

31

139

Ferndale

117

13

do

bro or pek

1300

49 bid

140

HO

20

do

bro pek

2000

45 bid

141

121

24

do

pekoe

2400

29

142

123

7

do

pek sou

700

34

143

Claremont

125

37

hf-ch

bro or pek

2035

41

144

127

9

ch

pekoe

900

34

147

Razeen

133

20

hf-ch

bro pek

1040

36 bid

148

135

20

do

Ijekoe

ICOO

37

149

137

20

do

pek sou

900

1.30

L

139

23

ch

bro pek

2530

48

151

141

20

hf-ch

pekoe

1.560

31

154

Templestowe

147

42

ch

or pek

3990

45 bid

155

149

59

do

pekoe

.5015

39

156

151

19

do

pek sou

1520

32

159

P H P, in est

mark

157

19

do

bro or pek

1900

39 bid

160

1.39

30

do

or pek

2550

36 bid

161

161

34

do

pekoe

2720

31 bid

162

C N

163

10

do

bro tea

1000

16

163

Eadella

155

26

do

bro pek

2600

35

164

167

24

do

pekoe

21 CO

29

169

Shannon

177

13

do

pekoe

1131

39

183

Chapelton

205

8

do

bro mix

800

15

185

Logan

209

26

do

bro pek

2600

37 bid

186

211

22

do

pekoe

1980

32

187

213

21

do

pek sou

1890

23

190

QED

219

22

hf-ch

bro pek

1100

37 bid

192

223

40

do

pekoe

2003

35

193

225

16

do

pek sou

SOO

28

104

227

14

do

fans

840

27

197

Alnoor

233

53

hf-ch

bro pek

2650

39

198

235

23

di

pekoe

1150

34

Missrs. Somerville & Co.— 283,435 lb.]

Lot

Bo.x.

I

^kg.s.

Name.

lb.

c.

2

R C T F in est.

mark

2

19

ch

bi 0 pek

1900

37 bill

3

3

17

do

pekoe

1445

30

4

4

14

do

pek .'ou

1120

26

6

Nugawella

6

20 :

hf-ch

or pekoe

1100

4S

7

1

20

do

bro or pek

1200

44

8

8

eo

do

pekoe

3000

39

9

!)

9

ch

pek sou

765

28

12

Kew

12

19 :

hf-ch

or pek

950

04

14

14

20

ch

pek

2392

47

15

15

17

do

pek sou

1015

40

16

Gartmore

16

381

hf-ch

pekoe

1900

45

17

17

12

do

pek sou

720

38

19

Ardnther

19

20

do

bro pek

1000

51

£0

20

20

do

or 1 ek

1000

37

21

21

20

do

pek sou

loco

32

22

Lnnach

42

do

bro pek

2520

43

23

23

24

ch

pekoe

2280

37

24

2T

10

do

pek sou

850

32

25

Penritli

2:1

23

do

bro pek

2800

45

26

CG

24

(lo

pekoe

2040

36

27

24 1

:if-ch

pek sou

2160

31

30

Harangalla

‘id

37

ch

bro pek

3515

30

31

31

53

do

pek

4770

34

33

33

19

do

pek sou

1805

20

35

35

8

do

bro pek fans

840

34

39

Movning.side

39

19

ch

bro pek

1900

30 bid

40

40

10

do

pekoe

1000

30

41

41

19

do

pek sou

lono

28

44

Hatton

44

40 bf-ch

l)vo pek

2:00

Cl

45

45

50

ch

pekoe

5040

3D bid

46

46

44

do

pek sou

3960

35

49

C mar

49

60

hf-ch

bro or pek

3100

38

50

no

12

ch

pekoe

1200

32

CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

liox.

1’

kgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

52 V

spa

52

14 •

di

pek dnst

2100

23

.')3 Neuchatel

53

19

do

bro pek

1805

44

55

55

14

do

pek

1190

34

cl>

50

22

do

pek sou

1760

30

.5!) Ilangranoya

59 :

20

do

bro jiek

2000

43

eo

60

3

do

or pek

800

37

ei

61 ;

32

do

pekoe

3200

34

(it) FF Awisawella

. 63

16 hf-ch

bro pek

896

36

6? V

arrow

63

70

do

In o pek

39-20

43

69

69

73

do

pek

3650

38

TO \

in estate

mark

70

10

do

dust

700

23

71 Kelani

71

79

do

bro pekoe

3950

46

72

72

40

do

pekoe

3600

33

73

73

9

ch

bro pek sou

810

20

74

74

15 hf ch

pek fans

900

34

76 Atherton

76

20

do

bro p dv

11-20

37

i 4

77

21

do

pekoe

1050

36

til

.rslena

31

33

do

bro pek

1050

47

82

32

69

do

pekoe

3450

39

83

S3

33

do

pekoe sou

1900

S2

84 Ca'-ney

84

10

do

In-o pek

800

43

85

S5

•23

do

pekoe

1150

33

80

86

39

do

pek sou

1950

30

92 Penrith

92

27

ch

bro pek

2700

49

93

93

23 hf-ch

pekoe

1955

35

94

94

18

do

pek sou

1620

29

99 11 J 8

99

21

do

pek sou

1-260

28

101

Forest Hill

101

23

ch

bro pek

2185

39

102

102

44

do

pekoe

3960

31

103

103

10

do

pek ,-ou

880

28

109

Rothes

109

10 lif-cli

bro pek

806

63

no

110

27

do

pekoe

1377

46

117

Minna

117

35

do

bro pek

2100

64

118

113

92

do

pekoe

4600

39

119

119

36

ch

pek sou

3240

32

124 Ilapugasniulle

1-24

10

do

bro pek

1100

36 bid

120

1-20

18

do

pek .sou

1710

28

129

1-29

10

do

unassorted

1070

27

131

IVliite Cross

131

41

do

b) 0 pek

4100

37 bid

132

132

35

do

pekoe

3500

30

133

183

21 hf-ch

pek sou

2150

24

139

Paradise

139

33 :

hf-ch

bro pek

1S1.5

35 bid

110

140

26

ch

pekoe

2470

31

141

141

45 hf ch

pek sou

2070

27

143

Irex

143

27

ch

bro pek

2700

37 bid

144

144

15

do

pekoe

14-25

30

145

145

12

do

pek .sou

1200

24

146

Maligatenne

146

9

do

bro pek

900

.81 bid

143

143

10

do

pek sou

800

23

153

Earlston

153

13

hf-ch

dust

1040

23

155

Peria Kancle

-

kettia

155

33

ch

bro pekoe

4125

36 bid

150

156

27

do

pekoe

‘2808

35

157

157

10

do

pek sou

1(00

31

163

Tngrogalla

163

32

do

bro pe c

3200

38

164

164

31

do

jiekoe

2945

35

105

105

26

do

l)ek sou

‘2340

27

108

I N G in est.

mark

168

7

do

bro pek fans 700

35

169

Annandale

169

O.T

lif-cii

bro pek

1298

59

170

170

15

do

pekc e

1045

46

171

m

13

do

pek sou

741

30

ISO

Ovoca A1

180

19

ch

bro or pek

2090

56

181

101

21

do

or pek

2100

51

182

132

20

do

pekoe

2000

45

183

183

10

do

pek son

16('0

38

184

liayigam

134

37

cli

bro pek

3700

39

185

185

11

hf-ch

bro pek fans 770

•24

180

ISO

IS

do

dnst

1105

21

189

Alpitikande

189

6

cli

dust

780

22

191

I P

191

45

do

pek sou

3465

27

193

C'astlemilk

103

11

hf-cli

fans

825

25

191

1 '4

11

do

dust

935

23

196

Kew

190

22

do

or pek

1100

65

H7

197

12

do

bro pek

720

41

bid

198

193

34

ch

pekoe

3128

45

K9

199

25

do

pek sou

1615

40

200

I'knwela

200

40

do

bro pek

4COO

37

bid

201

201

32

do

I'ekoe

3200

;io

202

202

25

do

jiek sou

2500

25

204

8a la we

204

11

do

bro pek

11, >.5

40

205

205

12

do '

[lekoe

1-200

33

2(6

200

19

do

pek son

1805

30

207

207

15

do

i>e sou No.

2 1350

28

200

Ingeriya

21 '9

22

hf-cli

Pro pek

iieo

37

bid

210

210

•28

do

pekoe

1400

33

211

211

22

(lo

pek sou

1056

28

212

212

17

do

])ek funs

1051

31

213

213

17

do

bro mixed

850

21

215

Sirisanda

215

57

(io

In-o pek

2850

43

I)id

216

216

40

do

l>ekoo

KcOO

34

217

217

17

do

pek son

850

31

221

Bollagalla

2-il

30

ch

Ino pek

‘2850

37

bid

222

222

16

do

pekoe

1280

33

225

Hag.’illa

2-25

12

do

pek sou

1 140

20

2-49

229

1 44

hf-cli

bro pek

•2040

35

b d

230

236

1 3£

I do

pekoe

1750

32

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name,

lb.

C.

231

231 15

::h

pek sou

IcOO

27

232

2S2

8

do

pekoe fans

800

23 bid

[Messrs. Loerks & Walker.— 61-1,721

lb.]

Lot.

Box.

rkg.«.

Name.

lb.

C.

8 Bickley

174

25

if-ch

fans

2C00

9 IValton, (Invoice

No. ‘2)

176

31 hf-ch

bro pek

1736

48

15 Walton (Invoice

No. I.)

138

30

tlo

bro pek

1680

48

19 Harrington

196

24

ch

or pekoe

2400

51 bid

20

108

12

do

pekoe

1200

43

‘23 Gampaha

204

19

do

bro or pek

1900

50

24

200

23

do

or pek

•2070

42

25

‘208

14

do

pekoe

1400

41

20

210

10

do

pek sou

900

36

27 Kirklees

2l2

61 hf-ch

bro or pek

3660

bid

•28

•214

30

ch

or pek

3000

56

29

216

37

do

pek sou

3515

39

30

218

37

do

pekoe

3700

43

31

220

7

do

pek fans

875

37

41 Haves

240

62 hf-ch

or pek

3100

38

42

•242

31

do

bro pek

1550

38

43

‘244

?5

do

pekoe

1575

34

44

246

24

do

pek sou

1080

28

45 Errcllwood

218

14

ch

bro pek

1540

60

46

250

34

do

pekoe

2890

46

47

252

20

do

pek sou

1900

37

.50 CRD

‘268

11

do

red leaf

1100

12

52 Monkswood

262

45 hf-ch

bro pc^k

2250

63 b

63

264

55

do

or pek

2640

56 b-

54

206

12

ch

pek sou

1980

46

55

268

12 hf-ch

dust

900

25

57 M W

•272

8

ch

pekoe

880

39

59 Gallawatte

276

7

do

bro pek

700

36

69

2 8

12

do

or pek

1020

41

61

280

10

do

Ijekoe

9C0

32

6u Agraova

‘288

42 hf-ch

bro pek

‘2310

49

66

290

29

ch

pekoe

2165

37

67

‘292

12

do

pek sou

1080

•28

68

294

13

do

or pek

1105

37

69 Gallawatte

296

10

do

bro pek

1600

39’

70

‘298

•21

do

or pekoe

1785

41

71

:;00

25

do

pekoe

2250

82

i 4 Ella Oya

300

25

do

or pek

2400

40

75

368

12

do

pek son

1080

33

70

310

4

do

pek fan.s

805

35

81 Napier

3-20

•20

ch

bro pek

•2000

62

82

3-22

21

do

pekoe

1785

38

83

324

11

do

pek sou

935

34

89 Middleton

336

•20 hf-ch

bro or pek

1100

70

90

338

21 hf-ch

bro nek

1176

64

91

340

18

ch

or pek

1800

55

92

342

IS

do

peKoe

15-30

50

93 Erl: mere

344

29

do

bro pek

•2813

57 bid

'94

340

37

do

pekoe

3 67

431bid

95

348

26

do

pek sou

2522

37 bid

96

350

27

do

unas

•2700

35 bid

93

354

14 hf-ch

fans

882

o5

100 Barkindale

358

31 lif-ch

bro pek

1730

52

101

360

2>

ch

pekoe

2156

41

104 (Queensland

306

11

llo

bro or pek

1045

57

105

368

10

do

bro peK

1000

64

100

370

42

do

pekoe

3570

45

115 Glencorse

SS8

42

ch

bro pek

4-20J

49

no

390

19

do

pekoe

17)0

37

117

392

20

do

pek sou

1600

1*24 Arapolakumw 400

27

do

bro pek

2430

55

125

408

55

do

pekoe

4400

33

131 \ oxford

420

6

do

fans

7-20

23

132

422

10

do

dust

1300

22

133 Torwood

4 U

12

cli

bro pek

1-200

5T

131

42(j

24

do

or pelc

2208

41

Hi;

4‘>8

23

ilo

pekoe

2070

35

liO

430

12

do

pek sou

103-2

28

137 C B

432

18

do

l)ro pek

1800

36 bid

13S

434

23

do

pekoe

‘2500

30

140 Oxford

438

35

Cll

bro pek

3500

35

: 141

440

10

do

pekoe

850

32

i 144 C ftJ, lu Cacate

1 mark

446

56 hf-ch

bro pek

3360

42

1 145

448

40

do

pekoe

2300

38

! 147 Ambalawa

452

31

hf-ch

])ek son

1480

26

149

450

29

do

con*;ou

1160

25

, 150 Naseby

4jS

43

do

bro pek

2080

88

! 151

460

*-S

do

pekoe

1314

63

i 152

462

13

do

pek sou

715

03

1 154 Dunbar

466

32

do

or pek

1440

60

155

4.8

49

do

bro j)ek

2450

46 bid

150

470

39

ch

pekoe

31‘20

42

157

472

20

do

pek sou

1600

38

100 Ureat > alley 490

30

ch

bro i>ek

3450

43

107

4'F2

61

do

pekoe

6100

37

108

494

13

do

pek son

1170

30

169 Carberrv

4!)0

00

do

bro pek

5400

60

170

498

44

do

pekoe

3960

34

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

3

Lot.

Box.

Pkc;s.

Name.

bl.

c.

m

500

17

ch

pek sou

1530

32

ITi

502

7

do

bro pek

fans

770

35

173

T L'

504

36

do

bro pek

3240

46

m

606

24

do

pekoe

1920

39

175

503

29

do

pek sou

2320

35

176

610

24

do

sou

1680

34

173

Han'ingtoii

514

24

ch

or pek

2400

52

176

516

10

do

pekoe

1000

46

187

B, in estate

mark

632

0

ch

dust

990

24

188

Kelaneiya

534

24

do

bro pek

2040

52 bid

1S9

536

32

do

pekoe

32'. 0

40 bid

193

Galapitakan-

de

542

16

ch

bro pek

1680

56

193

544

22

do

pekoe

2-2C0

39

198

Tonacoiube

554

26

ch

or pek

2000

52

199

550

14

do

bro pek

1680

56

200

558

38

do

))ekoe

3800

40

202

562

15 hf-ch

dust

1350

24

204

New G.'lvvay

500

16

do

pekoe

880

41

•207

Glengaritfe

572

43

do

or pek

1935

39

•20s

574

32

do

pekoe

2-240

35

•209

570

37

do

pek so'i

21C9

29

210

578

19

do

bro pek

950

27

•214

K, in estate

mark

580

26

ch

bromix

2600

12

213

Sunnycroft

588

13

do

pek sou

1300

30

■218

Venture, B

(Travancore) 594

15 hf-cli

dust

1125

21

•219

Venture, C

(Travancore) 590

30 lif-ch

pek sou

1.500

27

220

Gastlereagh

593

25

ch

bro or pek

25(-0

42

•221

600

20

do

bro pek

2000

51

■222

602

28

do

pekoe

2520

37

2-2.3

604

10

do

pek sou

900

33

224

006

10

do

pe sou No. 2

; 800

•28

•227

IVeyunga-

watte

612

20

do

bro or pek

1103

36

2-2S

614

24

ch

or pek

2280

SS

229

610

20

do

pekoe

1700

33

230

613

7

do

pek sou

700

27

•233

WHR

024

19

do

dust

1015

20

234

C, in estate

mark

026

22

ch

bro tea

2200

11

•235

Beausejour

628

31

do

bro pek

2790

39

230

630

19

do

pekoe

1615

29

242

Doranakande

642

28

ch

bro pek

2800

40 bid

213

614

11

do

pekoe

939

34

•244

640

11

do

p ek sou

880

28

•216

Theberton

650

i2

hf-cli

bro pek

72)

36 bid

•217

632

•20

do

or pek

1000

41

■248

654

36

ch

pekoe

3240

37

249 .

656

10

do

In o mixed

1000

29

250

Hopton

658

8

ch

sou

720

20

25.5

S

t08

30 hf-ch

pek sou

1955

24

250

670

10

ch

br pek fans 1120

1 •’ bid

257

Polatagama

072

32

do

bro pek

3200

51

258

674

19

do

pek

1805

38

•259

076

23

do

pek sou

2185

33

•2C0

078

16

do

do No. 2 1440

27

261

680

12

d-

fans

1200

35

■263

Dunkeld

684

00 hf cli

bro or pek

3600

6i

204

686

14

ch

or peic

1400

57

265

688

22

do

pekoe

2200

45

200

Bloomfield

690

45

ch

flowery pek 45UU

51

207

692

30

do

pekoe

3600

41

•268

694

13

do

pek sou

1710

36

•260

690

13

do

pek fans

975

24

270

-Maha U va

098

39 hf-ch

bi'o or pek

2535

40

•271

700

53

do

or pek

3180

45 bid

272

702

44

ch

pekoe

4400

43

•273

704

11

do

pekoe sou

935

39

•274

706

8

do

dust

800

25

•275

H gh Forest

708

92 hf-ch

bro or pek

5152

47 bid

•276

710

70

do

or pek

3800

4:

•277

712

43

do

pekoe

2150

41

278

714

37

do

pek sou

1665

37

279

M T

716

9

ch

sou

900

35

‘281

Killarney

720

55 hf-ch

bro or pek

3300

49 bid

•282

7-22

12

ch

qr pek

960

62

283

724

25

hf-ch

pekoe

1250

44

•2S0

Melrose

7S0

19

do

bro or pelc

1805

38 bid

•287

732

9

do

bro pek

810

44

283

A.scot

734

7

ch

l)ro or pek

805

34 bid

289

736

26

do

bro pek

2470

40

•290

1 38

27

do

pekoe

2295

34

•291

Monkswood

740

50 hf-ch

bro pek

2500

00 bid

292

742

70

do

or pek

3360

53 bid

•293

744

13

ch

pek sou

1105

47

291

Tymawr

740

33 hf-ch

bro pek

1650

50 bid

•295

743

40

do

pe < sou

2070

40

296

750

15

do

sou

750

37

297

Opalgalla

7.52

6

ch

dust

750

23

309

Middleton

770

43

cli

pekoe

3400

41

310

778

16

ch

I>ek sou

1.5-20

37

315

St. Ueliers

788

52 hf-ch

bro or pek

2652

o9 l)id

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

Ib.

C.

310

7C0

23 ch .

pe' oe

2520

35

321

Dehegalla

800

03 ch

bro pek

0126

42 bid

322

802

94 do

pekoe

7780

35 bid

323

601

39 do

pek sou

3033

34

325

808

8 do

fans

800

24

320

Macalde. iya

810

20 hf-ch

bro pek

1100

42

327

812

8 ch

1 hf-ch

pekoe

850

SO

328

814

10 ch

do No. 2

1000

Si:^

334

Ragalla

8-JG

I) ch

fans

lOSO

■2)

336

Galphele

830

15 do

bro pek

900

44

337

832

25 do

pekoe

1250

39

338

834

14 do

pek sou

700

35

341

Beverley

840

25 do

pek sou

1‘250

•27

344

846

10 lif-ch

pek dust

1-200

24

349

L.

856

15 ch

pek

1425

22

350

858

15 do

SOU

1200

14

356

Meddetenne

800

25 hf-ch

bro pek

1.500

40

357

872

14 ch

pek

1400

36

3.58

874

9 do

pek sou

855

28

303

B. W. D. P.

884

18 hf-ch

bro pek No 2 900

40

bU'i

886

12 hf-ch

bro pek fan

720

36

303

Lyegrove

890

13 ch

or pek

1248

40

367

892

17 do

bro pek

1904

41

363

894

13 do

pek

1105

36

369

896

10 do

pek sou

1-280

31

371

Rowley

900

58 hf-ch

bro pek

2900

43 bid

372

Ella Oya

902

31 ch

pek sou

2976

41

373

904

20 do

pek sou

1800

35

376

Agra Oya

910

10 hf-ch

bro pek

880

41

377

912

21 ch

pek

1785

34

378

914

10 ch

pek sou

900

31

381

Middle! ii

920

28 cli

b'-o pek

2800

60 bid

382

922

23 ch

or pek

2300

55

bS3

924

27 cli

pek

2295

45 bid

384

Waitalawa

920

95 hf-ch

bro pek

4750

42

385

9-28

137 hf-ch

pek

0850

32

386

930

33 hf-ch

pek sou

1050

27

387

932

9 hf-cli

dust

810

•24

401

G. A .

960

38 box

))ek sou

760

21 bid

402

Oono^aagalla

962

30 ch

bro pek

2550

53

403

904

03 do

pek

4725

35 bid

404

906

19 ch

pek sou

1015

31

407

Carendon

972

7 do

pek

700

31

409

976

7 do

souchong

7U0

26

412

Udaway

9S2

10 ch

bro pek

1150

31 bid

417

Scrubs

992

10 ch

bro or pek

1000

60

418

094

24 ch

or pek

2640

60

419

996

27 ch

pek

2430

51

4-20

998

1 2 ch

pek sou

1080

42

421

N.

1000

33 ch

pek sou

3300

2'.)

423

Alla gala

1004

n ch

bro mix

825

30

424

1006

17 hf-ch

dust

1445

24

420

Chines

1010

24 hf-ch

bro or pek

No 1

1320

49

427

1012

37 hf-cIi

bro or pek

No 2

2035

34 bill

428

1014

17 hf-ch

8 cli

bro pek

1445

50

4-29

1016

26 ch

pek

2210

33

430

1018

11 do

pek sou

935

23

434

P. G.

1020

7 ch

dust

952

2.5

435

11. L.

1023

7 oil

fannings

810

25

430

Putucaula

1030

94 ch

bro pek

8930

48

■137

1032

70 do

pek

6340

34

4-:-8

1034

23 do

pek sou

1955

28

439

1030

0 do

dust

840

25

441

Irebv

1040

fO hf-ch

bro pek

3300

57 bid

44-2

1042

1 4 ch

pek

1200

47

44.3

1044

9 ilo

pek Oou

SIO

42

SMALL I.UTkS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson ik

Co.]

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

0.

11

Kalkande

11

5 hf-ch

pekoe

250

29

12

12

7 do

dust

490

21

14

Battalgilla

14

0 do

fans

540

24

15

■Springwood

15

5 ch

bro mix

500

21

17

Hornsey

17

4 ch

fans

30)

23

20

Agra Elbedde

20

1 1 do

pek sou

005

35 bid

21

11 S, in estate

mark

21

1 box

bro pek

10

2S

23

Warwick

28

0 cli

pek sou

S60

40

29

29

8 do

dust

640

28

30

Ratnitenno

30

7 do

bro pek

030

so

34

Relug is

34

4 hf-ch

or pek

264

47 bid

35

35

2 ch

soil

170

20 bid

37

37

1 hf-ch

red leaf

66

8

38

Ugieside

38

3 ch

dust

255

21

39

3'J

5 do

bro mix

600

22 bid

41

Battalgalla

41

5 do

fans

450

23

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. Box. I’kiis. Name.

lb.

C.

42 H G, in est ite

mark

42 4

ch dast

585

21

45 St. Leonard's

on .Sea

45 7

do pek sou

595

25

46

46 4

do pek fans

460

25

60 Ossinijtcn

50 2

do tlust

280

20

[Mu

E. John.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkos,

. Name.

lb.

c.

1 Theresia

341

3 eh

pek sou

300

oC

2

313

5 hf-ch

dust

450

24

3 II L 11 S

345

2 ch

pek sou

104

39

4

347

3 do

SOU

180

36

5

319

3 do

pek dust

240

29

7 nappy Valley

35 >

2 lif-ch

pekoe

120

23

8

355

4 do

pek sou

240

25

9 Die;do!a

357

0 eh

pekoe

540

29

10

350

3 do

pek sou

270

2i

11

3(>i

1 do

bro pek fairs 116

29

12

303

1 do

dust

148

22

15 Gonavy

369

8 do

pekoe

653

37

16

371

5 do

pek sou

340

22

17

0^3

2 do

SOU

70

8

18

375

2 do

pek fans

148

22

19

377

2 do

dust

192

18

22 Dartry

383

0 do

l)ro tea

540

22

31 Orange Field

401

7 do

bro mix

655

18

32

4U.J

1 do

pek dust

100

*. 2

33 Farm

405

4 hf-cli

dust

296

22

36 Arrateime

411

3 ch

SOU

300

24

37

413

3 do

dust

270

21

38

415

1 do

red leaf

120

9

39 Dartry

417

1 do

bro or pek

no

38

40

419

3 do

or pek

285

35

41

421

2 do

pekoe

170

32

42

423

1 do

pek sou

95

28

44 Kitool Patna

427

7 do

pekoe

630

31

45

429

7 do

pek sou

560

26

48 Oonoog.aloya

435

1 do

pek sou

125

27

49

437

2 do

congou

210

25

62 Tientsin

443

8 do

pek .sou

680

37

53

415

1 hf-ch

dust

320

81

B K

471

3 cli

bro tea

353

13

75 Allington

489

1 tlo

dust

U'O

21

76

491

1 do

congou

90

14

79 G K W

497

11 hf-ch

bro pek

600

50

81

1

6 ch

i;ek sou

540

35

82 Fairfield

3

4 do

pek sou

340

30

89 Orniidiile

17

7 hf ch

pek fans

490

42

92 GT

23

4 do

ilust

380

20

103 Galloola

45

5 cli

dust

.500

23

lo7 Sinna Dua

oi

2 hf-ch

(lust

176

20

127 Brownlow

03

9 do

br or ue fans 612

42

128

95

8 do

pek fans

072

27

129 PTE

97

1 ch

bro pek

119

37

130 K I.

99

1 hf-ch

dust

S4

23

137 Jlurraythwaite 113

9 ch

pek sou

720

27

138

)15

4. do

bro mix

4CvJ

28

145 Clai'emont

129

6 do

pek sou

540

27

146

131

4 do

fans

260

ol

152 RL

143

2 do

dust

300

21

153 Anamallai

145

4 hf ch

dust

340

21

157 Teinple.stowe

1 153

4 ch

dust

660

22

158

155

3 do

bro mix

300

23

168 Shannon

475

6 do

bro pek

600

40

170

179

3 do

pek s n

282

26

184 Lynford

2-J7

2 do

bro mix

200

9

188 M N

215

4 do

sou

320

26

189

217

6 hf-ch

dust

510

21

191 QED

221

15 do

or pek

675

44

195

229

5 do

bro mix

300

12

196

231

2 do

dust

140

20

199 Alnoor

237

13 do

pek sou

650

32

[ME.SSUS.

iSOMERVILLE & Co.]

Lot

Box. Bkgs. Name.

lb.

c.

1 R

1

7 ch

))ek sou

630

24

5 R C T F

6

1 ch

dust

160

2i)

19 Nngawella

10

3 hf ch

dust

225

23

11 Ktw

11

9 do

bro or pek

504

76

13

13

9 do

bro pek

540

43

18 Gartinore

18

6 cli

du«t

600

24

28 Penrith

28

2 do

pek fans

250

24

29

20

1 do

dust

165

22

32 Harangalla

32

6 do

pekoe No

2 540

29

34

34

5 do

dust

650

23

36 T C A in estate

mark

30

1 do

red leaf

83

8

37 Gleneot

3/

4 hf-ch

red leaf

360

11

38

88

1 do

sou

71

17

42 Morningside

42

2 ch

fannings

200

23

43

43

1 do

congou

95

16

i

I

I

1

Lot. Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

47 H in est. mark

47

2 hf-ch

broken tea

100

12

48

48

3 do

dust

240

22

51 Coraar

51

5 oil

SOU

650

25

64 Neiiehatel

54

6 do

bro or pek

600

37

57 A N E

57

6 do

pekoe

640

28

68

58

5 do

bro mix

475

14

62 Hangranoya

62

7 do

j)ek sou

665

28

64 F'F Awb" -■ ella 04

8 hf-cli

pekoe

432

28

63

05

8 do

pek sou

368

26

6G

66

6 do

bro pek fans

360

30

67

67

2 do

dust

148

20

75 Kelani

75

5 do

pek fans

275

29

78 Atlierton

78

7 do

pek son

336

26

79

79

1 do

bro mix

50

11

80

80

4 do

dust

284

20

87 Carney

87

3 do

bro faimings

150

£9

88 Handroo

88

2 ch

bro pek

200

35

89

89

3 do

pekoe

340

£6 bid

1 lif-ch

90

90

2 ch

pek sou

210

25

1 lif-ch

91

91

1 do

dust

40

20

95 Penrith

95

2 ch

bro fannings

260

27

96

96

1 do

dust

170

21

97 II J S

97

6 lif-ch

In-o pek

360

37

98

98

4 do

pekoe

210

£9

100

lOO

8 do

red leaf

400

9

104 Forest Hill

104

7 ch

fans

574

22

111 Rothes

111

11 do

pek sou

440

36

112

112

1 ch

dust

143

23

113 S

113

3 hf-ch

dust

240

20

114

114

2 do

bro tea

160

10

115 A

115

1 do

dust

80

20

116

110

1 do

Ino tea

60

10

125 Hapugasmnlle

125

3 do

pekoe

285

30

127

127

2 do

SOU

279

24

128

128

4 do

fans

410

33

130

130

2 do

dust

300

20

134 Wliite Cross

134

1 hf-ch

dust

77

20

135

135

1 do

bro pek fans

70

27

142 Paradise

142

3 ch

dust

462

20

147 Maligatenne

147

7 do

pekoe

665

29

149

149

2 do

bro sou

200

22

158

1.50

1 do

dust No. 1

1.36

24

151

15'

1 do

do No. 2

110

12

1.52 Roseneath

152

2 hf-ch

dust

180

19

154 Earlston

154

4 ch

congou

bUU

27

156 Peria Kande

kettia

1.58

3 do

soucliong

330

25

159

159

8 hf-ch

dust

COO

24

160 F A in est.

mark

160

2 ch

I'ro tea

230

30

161

161

4 do

dust

600

21

162 K W

102

10 hf-cli

congou

500

25

108 IN G in est.

mark

166

6 cli

bro mix

600

19

167

167

9 hf-cl)

dust

700

24

172 Annandale

172

2 do

sou

101

35

173

173

5 do

fans

350

36

174

174

3 do

congou

14 4

28

175

175

2 do

dust

172

21

176 Batgoda

170

3 ch

dust

270

20

177

177

2 llf-cli

bro pek

122

40 bill

178

178

2 ch

pekoe

192

35 bid

179

179

1 do

pek sou

86

30 bid

187 Alpitikande

187

8 do

pek sou

640

26

188

188

5 do

bins

600

26

190

190

2 hf-ch

congou

90

18

192 DBG

192

4 ch

bro mix

400

12 Ind

195 Kew

195

9 hf-ch

bro or pek

504

SO

199a

199a

6 do

bro tea

600

out

203 Uknwela

203

2 hf-ch

bro pek fans

140

23

208 Salawe

208

3 ch

l)ek fans

390

31

21 4 Iiigeriya

214

4 do

dust

332

19

218 .Sirisanda

218

4 do

dust

330

23

219 Raxawa

219

4 do

dust

320

21

220

220

1 do

sou

50

23

223 Bollagalla

223

2 do

bro tea

159

17

224

224

2 do

dust

180

19

226

226

1 lif-ch

red ?eif

IOC

10

227 Gooi anibil

227

3 do

dust

270

21

228

228

5 do

bro mix

-75

16

1

[Messrs.

l-'ORBES &. AVALKER.]

Lot.

Box. Pkfrs

Name.

lb.

C.

1 Devi'tnra

100 2 ch

dust

230

30

2 Hopewell

102 2 ch

1 hf-cli bro pek

2C4

41

3

16 1 1 ch

1 bf-ch pekoe

146

29

4

ICO 1 ch

pek sou

97

25

0

108 1 do

congou

86

24

6 B B B, in est.

mark

170 3 ch

dust

£55

12

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

liOt. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c.

10 Walton, ([iivoioo

No .2

178

8

cll

))ekoe

448

34

11

Walton, (Invoice

No. II.)

180

10 lif-ch

bro pek

53 4

44 bid

12

182

3 hf ch

pekoe

150

33

13

184

1

do

p ik sou

50

25

It

ISO

2

do

dust

120

19

IG

Walton (Invoice

No. I.)

190

11

do

nekoe

550

32

17

192

4 hf-cli

pek sou

200

25

IS

Harrington

194

5

do

bro or pek

300

53

21

200

1

ch

pek sou

100

30

22

202

2

do

dust

250

25

40

Galkadua

238

1

do

dust

lOO

22

43

Knollwood

254

3 hf-ch

sou

120

30

49

256

3

do

dust

255

24

51

CRD

200

3

ch

dust

309

25

50

Monkswood

270

10 hf-ch

fans

600

38

5S

INI W

274

2 hf-ch

dust

170

24

02

Galla watte

282

2

ch

pek sou

200

24

C3

284

6

ch

pek fans

600

24

04

286

4

do

dust

403

23

72

Gallawatte

302

6

ch

pek sou

600

27

84

Napier

326

4

ch

(lust

340

24

97

Ki'lsniere

352

1

ch

congou

100

25

99

350

5

hf-ch

dust

435

27

102

B.U'kindale

3C2

1

ch

sou

100

29

103

3G4

1 hf-ch

bro mix

90

20

107

Queensland

372

7

hf-ch

pek sou

500

39

108

374

2

do

dust

100

24

109

370

1

ch

unass

90

10

118

Ci lencorse

394

2

do

pek fans

260

27

119

396

1

(lo

dust

170

22

120

Wevekelle

398

6 lif-ch

bro or pek

360

40

121

400

7

dj

or pekoe

350

42

122

402

7

do

pekoe

350

31

123

404

3

do

pek sou

150

26

126

ch

de

4'0

0

pek sou

540

2G

127

412

3

ch

dust

315

22

12S

Voxford

414

3

ch

bro tea No.

1 330

40

129

416

7

eh

bro tea No. 2630

40

130

418

2

do

pek sou

160

32

139

Oxford

436

6

hf-ch

bro or pek

300

42

142

442

6

ch

pek sou

4.50

28

143

444

3 hf-ch

tine dust

224

22

140

Arablangoda

450

0

ch

pek sou

480

26

148

Ainbalaw.a

454

9 hf-ch

(lust

450

21

1.53

Naseby

4C4

5

do

dust

425

33

177

Harrington

512

6 Irf-ch

bro or pek

360

56

130

518

1

ch

pek sou

105

35

ISl

520

2

do

dust

210

182

C P H, 1897.

in est. mark

522

4 hf-cli

bro pek

200

33

133

-

524

4

do

pekoe

200

25

134

520

2

ch

pek sou

200

20

185

528

1 hf-ch

sou

32

17

186

B, in estate

mark

.530

4

ch

pek sou

384

20

190

Kelaneiya

538

3

do

sou

300

28

191

040

do

dust

230

22

194

G a la pit aka n-

pek sou

tie

54G

5

ch

500

32

10.5

548

2 hf-ch

(lust

180

23

196

G

550

2

ch

sou

179

21

197

552

2

do

pek dust

293

22

201

Tonacombe

6C0

0

do

pek sou

540

36

203

New Galway

564

7

do

bro pek

420

53

205

568

5

hf-ch

ufck sou

250

36

206

570

1

do

(lust

80

23

211

Dehiowita

580

1

ch

bro pe fans

142

18

212

532

3

ch

dust

4.50

20

213

5s4

2

do

congou

169

8

210

.Sunnycroft

590

do

congou

200

28

217

592

3

do

dust

480

24

225

Castlercagli

60S

<

hf-ch

liek fans

490

26

220

610

o

ch

dust

240

21

231

Weyunga

watte

6 0

4

hf-ch

dust

320

21

232

W H R

622

do

fans

455

27

237

Beausejonr

rsi

3

ch

fans

300

29

238

Poons galla

634

1

do

sou

, 90

24

“:19

636

1

do

red leaf

180 1

23

239a

1

do

do

90 /

240

P G V C C

638

1

ch

bro mix

115

12

241

Lunugalla
G O, in est.

640

1

do

red leaf

100

14

245

mark

048

8 lif-cli

bro mix

360

25

2U

Hoplon

660

4

ch

du.st

480

24

252

I.il la watte

602

5

ch

bro mix

500

14

253

664

1

cll

red leaf

90

9

2.54

C6'5

1

do

dust

IfO

21

262

Polatagama
M T

682

5

ch

pek fans

475

28

280

718

8 hf-cll

dust

(80

23

284

Killarney

726

3

do

pek .sou

300

35

298

Opalg.alla

754

O

ch

red leaf

l,.o

0

299

756

2

do

congou

ito

15

Lot.

Box.

I’kg.?.

Name.

Ib.

300

M

758

2 hf-cll

bro peksau

74

25

301

K U D, m est.

mark

700

3 lif-ch

(Inst

225

20

302

762

1 cll

bro tea

120

22

311

O-T

780

1 cll

bro pek

97

35

312

782

1 do

pek sou

87

20

313

784

2 hf-ch

dust

174

20

314

Blairgowrie

786

1 ch

dust

122

22

317

8t. Heliers

70 i

5 do

pek sou

450

is

324

Dehegalla

800

4 do

sou

360

2.5

329

Macaldenia

816

6 hf-cll

fans

390

2s.

330

818

2 do

dust

160

22

331

K B

820

4 ch

fans

480

20

332

822

1 do

dust

130

22

333

Ragalla

824

3 do

bro mix

360

37

335

828

5 bf-ch

dust

4,50

23

339

Beverley

810

6 hf-ch

bro pek

330

3s

340

838

3 do

pekoe

1.50

29

343

814

2 hf-ch

tannings

100

12

345

M. P.

848

5 cll

broken mix

450

1,5

346

850

1 ch

fanniiigs

110

20

347

852

2 ch

t lif-ch

liek sou

229

IS

318

854

2 ch

1 hf-ch

dust

457

14

359

Meddetenne

870

2 ch

bro pek fan

230

33

360

S7S

1 ch

dust

150

2i

361

880

2 ch

congou

190

23

362

882

1 ch

red leaf

110

11

305

B. P. W. P.

888

5 hf-ch

dust

435

25

370

I.yegrove

898

3 hf-ch

dust

270

23

374

Ella Oya

906

7 cll

bro mixed

560

12

375

Agra Oya

008

4 ch

or ])ek

300

39^

379

916

4 cll

liro mix

340

13

380

9:8

7 h£-ch

dust

560

23

392

Rarabodde

942

12 hf-ch

bro or pek

660

51

393

944

7 hf-ch

or pek

350

52

394

946

10 hf ch

pek

500

43

395

948

9 hf-cll

pek sou

405

38

396

950

2 hf-ch

bro pek dust 150

32

4' 0

Oonoonagalla

968

2 cll

dust

200

23

400

Garendon

970

0 ch

bro or pek

000

41

40S

974

5 do

pek sou

500

29

410

978

4 do

congou

363

25

411

980

3 do

fa minings.

300

34

413

Udaw.ay

984

5 ch

pek sou

475

22

411

D.

986

7 ch

souchong

643

21

415

988

6 do

fanniiigs

645

13

416

Denmark Hill

416

1 ch

bro or pek

103

65

422

N.

1002

3 ch

dust

450

22

4 5

Allagala

1008

5 hf-ch

fannings

350

29

431

tUunes

1020

5 hf-ch

dust

425

21

432

K. T.

1022

2 cll

dust

270

20

433

Z. Z.

1024

2 ch

dust

176

IS

410

Ambalawa

1033

2 hf-ch

pekoe

90

26

444

Ireby

1046

4 hf-ch

fannings

280

38

445

1018

? hf-ch

dust

400

25

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent. )

Mincixg Lane, Apiil2, 1897.

Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in
Mincing Lane up to 2nd April: —

Ex “Orient”— .Size 1, POO, 1 cask 113s; size 2 ditto, 1
cask 10.5s; PB ditto, 1 b.arrel 108s; T ditto, 1 barrel Sis.

Kx “Clan .Sutherland ’—Niabedda 1, 1 cssk 100s Gd; ditto
2, 5 casks 1 barrel 102s 6d; ditto PH, 1 cask 113s; NB, 1
barrel 80s. North Pnnduloya 1, 1 cask 109s; ditto 1 cask
103s; ditto PB, 1 barrel I04s; ditto T, 1 barrel 77s

Kx “Clan Forbes” — Middleton, OO, 1 barrel 12ls; ditto O,
3 tierces 1 barrel 113s; ditto PB, 1 tierce 1 b.arrel 12sl.

Ex “Cheshire” — Leangawella, O, 1 cask 114.«; ditto 1, 3
casks 103s Gd; ditto 2, 1 cask 102s Gd; ditto PB, 1 bar-
ret 10.5s.

Kx “Clan .Sutherland”— Meeriabedde, F, 1 barrel ll3.s;
ditto 1, 1 cask lOs’s; ditto 2, 2 casks 1 barrel 103s; ditto S,
1 barrel 101s; ditto PB, 1 barrel 100s. Haldumulla 1, 1 bar-
rel Ills; ditto 2, 1 barrel 100s; ditto S, 1 barrel lOis; ditto
PB, 1 barrel 109, Kahagalla F, 1 barrel lOSs; ditto 1, 1
cask 1 barrel 102s; ditto 2, 2 casks 1 tierce 99s; ditto S,
1 tierce 98s 6 I; ditto PB, 1 cask lOls.

Kx “ Cheshire”— Milnathort O, 8 casks 96s, do 1 4 cask
1 barrel 86s Gd, 2 1 barrel 81s do PB, 1 cask 9Ss, do T,
Ic lb 60s, do 2b overtakers 7,5s.

Ex “ Clan Forbes” -Size O Cranley, 1C IT 114s. d) Size 1
3C IT lOGs, size do 2, 1 barrel 90s, size do PB 1 tierce 125s,
size T, 1 b.arrel 85s, Cranly, 1 bag ovthr81s.

Ex “ Orient”— Tordyce size o, sizel, lb Ic 70s, do size 2
Ic lb 65s do 3 lb C:s, do PB 1 b.arrel 70s.

G

CEVLON PEOI)i:CE SALES LIST.

CEVLOX COCOA SALES IX LOXDOX.

Kk “Chui Forbes’’— Mai-k ], NPDS in estr.te mark, •291)an;s
(iSsOtl; 1 sea ditd. bulked 4Ss; 2 ditto, 29 bajis OTs; 3 ditto,

S bag.s r.O.s. MH in estate mark, U bags C4.s.

Kx “Clan Orabam”— Warriagalla, 7 bags U6s Cd.

Kx “Duke of Devoiisliire”— Koss, I bag sweepings 4.7.s.

Kx “Merkara”— Ilentiraalle, T, 7 bags 43s Od; ditto pieces
1C liags 4Cs Cd.

Kx “Clan Graham” — Palli 1, 4 s dam, c 2, .70 Cd; 1 s dam
c 2, 27s: 4 s dam c 2, 50s Cd; ditto 2, 57 bags 45s; 4 sea
dam c 2 37s Cd. 4 sea dame 3 29s; 4 .sea dam 42s Cd. ITGA
in es'ate mark, 31 bags C2s; AM in estate mark, 1 s dam
and rpkd 42s.

Kx “Clan Forbes”— HGA in estate mark, 54 bags Cls; 2
sea dam and rpkd 46s Cd. Ditto Watarantoime, 27 bags
C7sCd: KS in estate mark, 3 sea dam and rpkd 45s Cd.

Kx “istatesmen”— HK, 31 bags 75s 6<l.

Ivx “Orient”---Marakoba, 41 bags 60s : 2, 4 bags 43s Cd;
3, C ags 3Cs.

Kxb “Che.shire” — Mupalane, 20 bags 79s Cd; 24 bags 79s;
2, 9 b.ags .53s Cd; T, 2 bags 4Gs Cd. Dumbara, C bags 70s.

Kx “iVIerkara”— Mukalane, 2, 15 bags 55s Cd.

I'lx “City of Venice” — Mukalane, 2,' 9 bags 54s Gd.

Kx “Cheshire”— Yellangowry, 15 bags 56s. Armagli,

A, T, 1 bag 39s; Pandapp.a, A. 20 bags 70s; 10 bags C9s.

Kx “Clan Sutherland” — \VL)51>'. 5 bags 01s; <litto C, 10
bags 5Ss; ditto F, 3 bags 47s Cd. Battagolla, A, 10 bags !
C7s Cd: 8 bags 55s; B, 3 bags 44s Cd; 9 bag.s 45s Cd; c 11
bags 37s Cd.

Kx ‘ Cbaneellor”— N, HGA, in e.state mark, 12 sea dam
and rpkd 46s Cd. MAKM, in estate mark. 13 sea dam
and rpkd 4Cs Cd. NN, in estate mark, 10 sea dam and
'pkd 4Gs Cd.

Kx “Clan Forbes”— Dynevor, ), 27 b.^gs Cls; ditto 2, 2
I a IS 4Cs Cd; ditto T, 1 bag 37s.

Kx “Cheshire”-- Asgeria, A, 19 bags 80s. Ingunig.ille, A,

34 bags C9s Cd; 3 bags 37s.

Kx “Clan .Sntherland”--Kepitigalla, 43 bags 60s; 3 sea
dam bulked 51s; 32 bag.s 66s; 2 sea dam bulked 51s.

Kx “Orient”— Anniewntte, two guinnies 2.2 bags 71s. GA,
20 bag.s 5Cs; Palli, 1, 12 sea dam c 1, 55s.

Kx “Orestes”— JW&Co. 12 bags 00s; C bags 31s (both
damaged.)

Kx “tlan Sutherland”— Amb.'i, 1, 8 sea dam c 2 49s Oil.

Kx “ Chesliire”— Keenekelle, A, 1 sea dam c 2 47s.

Kx “Clan .Sutherland”- KK, in estate mark, 23 sea dam
bulked 45s Cd. HGA, in estate mark, 30 bags G4.s (id.
CN ditto IS bags 4i's Cd.

CEVLOX CVRDAMOM SALES IX
LOXDOX.

Kx “ Clan Forbes” - Delpotonoya Mark, 4c 3s 3d; 4c 3.>;
3c 2s 9d; Ic 2s 5d, 2c Trench, 2s od, Ic 12s.

Kx “Clan Sutherland.”— Tonacombe, 4c 3s Id; 3c 3s Id; 4c
3s; do 2 5c 2s Od, do 3, 2c 2s 2d, do .seeds, Ic 3.s. Knuck-
les Group Madulkelle -Mysore, Oc 2s lOd, do A, 22c 2s 4d,
do B, 22c 2s 3d, do B, 5c 2s Id, do C, C cases Is lid, do
C2, 3c Is Sd Trench.

Kx “Clan MacNeil.”— Kotaoloya, 2c 3s 2d.

Kx “ Clan Sutherland.”— Warragalla Mysore A, 2c 2s lid;
2c 3s; 4c 3s Id; do B, 7c 2s 7d, do C, Ic 2s 3d, do D, 3c
2s Id.

Kx “ Mis>issippi.”— G, 4c Ss.

Kx “ Conch.”— Mousakanda, Ic Is 4d, do 2, 2c 2s, do 1
and 2, Ic 2s 3d, do B and 3 Ic 2s Id, Forest Hill, 3c
2s lOd, do 2 4c 2s 5d, Ic 2s Gd, do seeds, 1 seeds Ss Sd, ic
2s It'd, do 2 & B <t S, Ic 2s.

Kx “ Chesliir?.”— CB GK, Ic 2s 2d, do N 2, Ic 2s Id, do
seed, Ic 3s S(i.

Kx “Clan i . ibes.”- Giriiidella, 2, 2c 2s Cd, do 3, 5c 2s.

OK.SKUVKtt I’illNn.NG 'WUUKs.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

NO. 17.

Colombo, May 10, 1897

I Piacii : — 12| cents eacii 3 copies
i 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO

SALES OF

TEA.

1

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs

N ame.

lb.

C.

122

M K

62 8 ch

64 29 do

65 31 do

bro pek
hro or pek
or pek

795

3190

3100

LARGE

LOTS.

124

125

New Valley

54 bid
50

[Messrs. A.
Lot.

H. Thompson & Co.—
Box. Bko's. Name.

34,172

lo.

lb,]

c.

126

127

128

Y.spa

63 40 do
67 17 do
08 8 do

pekoe
pek sou
pek du.st

4400

1700

1200

41

37

22

5

V ogan

5

32 cb

hro pek

3200

.56

130

H J S

70 15 hf-ch

pekoe

900

27

6

6

33 do

pekoe

2970

39 bid

131

71 16 do

pek sou

800

25

7

pek sou
hro pek
bro pek

31.00

2000

1560

32

s

14

Manickwatte

IMapitigama

8

14

19 ch
26 lif-ch

35

38

[Mr. E.

John.-

-261,516 lb.]

15

15

45 do

pekoe

2025

32

Lot.

Box.

PkLr*..

Name

lb.

c.

16

16

37 do

pek sou

1850

28

D N D, in est

21

Hornsey

21

11 do

pek sou

IlUO

31

241

40

ch

3200

30

23

Ratiiatenne

23

22 hf-ch

brs pek

1210

33

mark

SOU

2i

24

15 do

pei-'oe

825

25 bid

3

243

16 m-cti

du.st

] 300

20

SO

Kalkancle

30

36 bf-eh

or pek

1800

34 bid

4

245

8

CM

l)ro mix

800

10

31

Uiiugalla

31

10 ch

bro pek

1040

41 bid

5

247

‘Z1 lu-cli

fans

1440

28

32

32

10 do

pekoe

1030

34

0

7

Faithlie

249

251

''o

10

Cll

do

SOU

sou

2125

1000

25

26

lb.]

9

Eadella

25

do

bro pek

2500

39

Messrs. Somerville

A Co.— 183,994

10

257

24

do

pekoe

2160

30

Lot

Box

Pks.s.

Name.

lb.

c.

11

12

Ahiaddy

259

261

16

24

do

do

pek sou
bro pek

1520

2400

27

42

1 Kenniiigton

241

10 ch

SOU

9.:0

25

13

263

10

do

pekoe

1710

37

21

Nebocla

261

59 do

hro pek

5605

45

15

Gonavy

267

23

do

bro pek

2438

43

22

282

51 CO

pekoe

4590

34

16

269

16

do

pekoe
pek sou

1312

37

23

263

15 do

pek sou

1276

26

17

271

15

do

1080

31

24

264

5 do

dust

700

21

18

Dickapitiya

273

30

do

bro pek

330J

40

25

Lonach

26.5

53 hf-ch

bro pek

3180

42

19

273

24

do

pekoe

2400

00

26

266

34 ch

i ek

3230

34

22

Elston

281

20

do

pe sou No. 2

1800

30

27

267

13 do

pek sou

1105

30

27

Wailhest

291

iO

do

bro mix

1700

12

28

AYhite Cross

39 do

bro pek

3900

38

28

Glassaugh

293

33 hf-ch

bro pek

2090

62

29

2()9

35 do

pekoe

3335

31

29

29.)

27

ch

pekoe

2430

49

30

270

23 do

pek sou

2070

24

30

297

13

do

pek sou

1105

43

32

IHuangalla

272

50 do

pekoe

4500

34

31

299

12 hf-ch

oust

900

23

33

273

6 do

du.st

780

22

32

Glassaugh

301

43

do

bro pek

2580

61 bid

34

274

7 do

hro pek fans

735

29 bid

33

303

31

ch

pekoe

2790

43 bid

35

Mahatenne

275

48 do

bro pek

4800

37

34

305

14

do

pek sou

1190

43

36

270

28 do

pek

2800

29

35

Maddagedera

307

51

do

bro pek

5100

39 .

37

277

34 do

pek sou

3400

25

36

909

37

do

pekoe

3330

34

38

Pendleton

278

26 hf-ch

bro pek

1456

36

37

311

22

do

pek sou

1870

29

39

279

20 do

pekoe

1000

28

33

313

7

do

br pe fans

805

30

41

Deniyaya

281

12 ch

bro pek

1320

34

41 Kotuwagedera

319

20

do

bro pek

2000

39

42

282

7 do

pekoe

700

28

42

321

16

do

pekoe

1520

30

47

Malvern

287

17 do

bro pek

1700

32 bid

43

Agra Ouvah

323

70 hf-ch

bro or pek

4550

56 bid

48

288

17 do

pekoe

1700

25 bid

44

325

41

do

or pek

2-255

47

49

289

16 do

pekoe sou

1600

22 bid

45

327

14

do

pekce

1330

43

50

Gartmore

290

19 do

bro pek

2280

63 bid

46

Tientsin

329

37

do

or pek

2035

56

51

291

41 do

pekoe

3690

44 bid

47

331

34

ch

pekoe

3161

42

52

292

13 do

pek sou

1300

38

48

333

10

do

pek sou

900

39

53

Deniyava

293

9 do

bro pek

990

34

50

Ivies

337

23 hf-ch

bro pek

1150

48

58

Bidbury

298

32 hf-ch

bro pek

1920

46

51

339

41

do

pekoe

1845

38

59

299

40 do

pek

2000

37

52

341

30

do

pek sou

1350

31

•60

300

20 do

pek sou

1100

32

5.3

Eila

343

25

ch

f.'ins

2500

34

65

Ukuwella

5

37 ch

bro pek

3700

39

54

345

9

do

dust

lOSO

22

66

6

30 do

pekoe

3000

30

55

Whyddon

1347

27

do

bro pek

2990

44 bill

67

7

24 do

pek sou

2400

24

56

349

22

do

pekoe

2200

40 bid

69

L

9

19 do

pek dust

1900

19 bid

57

351

28

ch

pek sou

2800

32 bid

70

Monrovia

10

25 hf-eh

bro pek

125^1

43

62

Kaiiangama

361

59

do

bro pek

5605

33

71

11

85 ch

pek

3325

32

63

363

24

do

pekoe

2160

28

72

12

7 do

pek

700

25

64

d65

7

do

pek fans

700

24

73

13

7 do

fans

700

23

66

St. John’s

369

30 hf-ch

bro or pek

1620

88

75

C L

15

£6 hf-ch

bro or nek

1980

38 bid

67

374

33

do

or pek

1518

79

76

Lyndhurst

16

40 do

bro pek

2200

45

68

srs

20

do

pekoe

1000

00

77

17

71 do

pek

3195

33

6J

375

17

do

pek fans

1190

43

78

18

64 do

pek sou

3200

28

70

Stinsford

377

32

do

hro pek

1700

64

81

I P

21

20 do

dust

1620

22

71

379

27

do

pekoe

1350

39

82

G B

22

20 ch

dust

3000

21 bid

72

3S1

22

(lo

pek sou

1100

35

84

24

9 do

bro p ik

810

37 bid

76

Koslande

3S9

24

ch

bro or pek

2640

38

85

25

13 do

pekoe

1236

35 bid

77

391

38

do

or pek

3420

40 bid

86

26

9 do

pek sou

810

27 bid

78

393

48

do

pekoe

4320

34

90

Roseneath

30

63 do

1)10 pek

3465

41

79

395

50

do

uek sou

4500

29 bid

91

31

21 do

pekoe

1890

33

82

Q E D

401

22 hf-ch

bro pek

llOJ

47

92

32

18 do

pek sou

1620

27

85

M R

407

12

do

fans

900

33

93

Kelani

33

lUO hf-ch

bro pek

5000

61

86

Glenti’t

409

46

ch

bro pek

4330

48

.94

34

38 ch

pekoe

3420

32

87

411

28

do

pekoe

2800

41

95

35

8 do

pek sou

720

26

iS

413

9

do

pek sou

810

39

96

36

15 hf-ch

bro pek fans

900

38

89

415

18

do

fans

1440

23

98

Bollagal'a

38

30 ch

bro pek

2850

36 bid

90

Mocha

417

35

do

bro or pek

3850

52 bid

99

Labugama

39

21 hf-ch

b) 0 pek

1050

55

91

419

23

do

or pek

2185

49

100

40

19 ch

pekoe

1710

35

92

421

17

do

pekoe

1530

42 bid

101

41

19 do

pek sou

1615

28

93

423

35

do

pek sou

2800

39

110

Morankinde

50

15 do

bro pek

1725

44

94

Blenheim

425

41 hf-ch

bro or pek

2255

40 bid

111

5)

12 do

pekoe

1200

85

95

427

20

ch

or pek

1900

38 bid

112

52

7 do

pek sou

700

29

96

429

18

do

nek sou

1710

38

116

Annandale

56

22 hf-ch

bro pek

1320

58

98

Glasgow

433

62

do

bro or pek

46.50

56

117

57

13 do

pekoe

728

48

99

435

33

do

or pek

1980

47

118

58

14 do

pek sou

812

38

100

437

19

do

pekoe

1805

41

119

Ovoca A1

69

24 ch

bro or pek

1440

57

106

Digdola

449

37

do

bro pek

3330

38 bid

120

60

41 do

or pek

2050

55

108

453

29

do

pekoe

2465

30

121

61

14 do

pekoe

1400

46

109

455

10

do

pek sou

900

27

2

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

. Box.

Pko-s.

Name.

lb.

C.

112

H S, in est.
mark

461

8

ch

soil

720

25

114

465

9 hf-ch

dust

765

19

115

Y B K

467

12

do

bro pek

768

38

122

Ferndale

481

20

ch

bro pek

2000

46

124

Sorana

485

42

do

bro pek

4200

52

125

4S7

62

do

jekoe

5580

30 bid

126

4S9

21

do

pek sou

1785

25 bid

136 Murraythwaite

9

25

do

bro pek

2500

38

137

11

22

do

pekoe

1760

28

140

N

17

52 hf-ch

dust

3640

23

141

N B

19

10

ch

sou

950

41

142

21

10

do

dust

1500

24

153

Birnam

43

16

d)

pek sou

1120

40

154

Oonoosaloya

45

38

do

pekoe

3420

32

158

Shannon

53

9

ch

pekoe

810

36

[Messrs. 1^'orbes & Walker.— 455,181 lb.]

Lot

.

Box.

rkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

2

C M, in estate

mark

1062

34 hf-ch

bro pek

2040

45

o

1064

32

ch

pekoe

1600

39

4

B N

1066

6

do

dust

710

19

6

P O

1068

8

ch

pek fans

1018

24

6

Bittacy

1070

19 hf-ch

pekoe

950

39

7

C H, in in estate

mark

1072

22 hf-ch

sou

1210

28

8

C H

1074

27

do

dust

2160

21

9

W W

10~6

9

ch

unas

765

15

11

Naseby

1080

35 hf-ch

bro pek

1925

83

12

1('82

24

do

pekoe

1080

63

13

GB A

1084

21

ch

bro pek

2310

53

14

1086

30

do

pekoe

2700

34

23

T B, in est.

mark

1104

11

ch

fans

880

18

24

1106

10

do

congou

750

22

25

1108

7

ch

dust

700

22

26

Clyde

1110

43

ch

bro pek

4300

49

27

1112

53

do

pekoe

4770

32

30

Matale

1118

31

ch

bro pek

3100

88 bid

31

1120

40

do

pek

3200

34

35

Matale

1128

2c

ch

bro pek

2500

39 bid

36

1130

25

do

pekoe

2000

34

37

Hethersett

1132

27

ch

bro or pek

2970

43 bid

39

1136

43

do

or pek

3440

53

40

1138

16

do

pekoe

1440

43

41

1140

34

do

pek sou

2720

39

43

1144

48

do

bro or pek

5040

43

44

1146

14

do

pekoe

1190

39

45

Kelaneiya

1148

30

ch

bro pek

2550

44 bid

46

1150

25

do

pekoe

2500

40

47

St. Helen

1162

31 hf-ch

bro pek

1860

42

48

1154

44

do

or pek

1980

50

49

1156

102

do

pekoe

4590

36

50

1158

45

do

pek sou

2025

27

62

Nugagalla

1162

521

hf*ch

bro pek

2600

43

63

1164

91

do

pekoe

45.50

35

64

1166

16

do

pek sou

800

27

68

Melrose

1174

14

ch

or pek.

1400

36

69

1176

25

do

pek

2000

33

60

1178

19

do

pek sou

1520

23

71

Malvern

1200

00

hf-ch

bro pek

3600

43

72

1202

30

ch

pekoe

2260

35

73

1204

12

do

pek sou

900

27

74

Beaculla

1206

40

ch

pekoe

3000

33

76

Rowley

1208

72

hf-ch

bro oek

3600

44

76

1210

70

do

pekoe

3500

35

81

Stafford

1220

10

ch

or pek

1100

57

82

1222

14

do

pekoe

1330

45

86

Patiagama

1230

22

ch

bro or pek

2420

46 bid

87

1232

18

do

or pek

1800

50

88

1234

18

do

pekoe

1800

40

91

St. Heliers

1240

32

hf-ch

bro or pek

1632

42

92

1242

16

ch

pekoe

1440

34

96

Queensland

1250

9

ch

bro pek

900

72

97

1252

11

do

or pek

1045

56

93

1254

36

do

pekoe

3060

47

102

Shoreham

1202

31

ch

bro pek

3100

34

103

1264

10

do

pekoe

1440

28

104

1200

18

do

pek sou

1490

25

105

1268

10

hf-ch

pek dust

800

19

106

Monkswood

1270

33

do

bro pek

1650

66

107

1272

50

do

or pek

2400

53

112

M K

1282

7

ch

bro or pek

700

38 bid

113

1284

13

do

bro pek

1170

38 bid

114

1286

30

ch

peKoe

2400

30

115

1288

20

do

pek sou

1600

26

118

Condia

1294

60

hf-ch

bro or pek

3600

60

119

1296

62

do

or ])ek

3100

66

120

1298

14

do

bro pek

1120

44

121

1300

59

do

pekoe

3245

60

124

Weoya

1306

25

ch

pro pek

2250

50

125

1308

35

do

pekoe

2450

32

126

1310

30

do

pek sou

2100

26

Lot

Box

. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

127

1312

22

ch

fans

2200

35

128

1314

6

do

dust

870

21

129

Dunkeld

1316

57

do

bro or pek

3420

55

130

1318

15

do

or pek

15 0

51

131

1320

29

do

pekoe

2900

41

132

Maha Uva

1322

32 hf-ch

bro or pek

2080

46

133

1324

48

do

or pek

2880

47

134

1326

38

ch

pekoe

3800

47

135

1328

11

do

pek sou

935

40

139

Hayes

1336

51 hf-ch

or pekoe

2550

37

140

1338

25

do

bro pek

1250

39

141

1340

30

do

pekoe

1350

32

142

Erracht

1342

12

ch

bro or pek

1080

43

143

1344

15

do

bro pek

1200

48

144

1346

28

do

pekoe

2100

32

145

1348

10

do

pek sou

800

27

146

1350

13

do

fans

1170

36

147

Ruanwella

1352

15

ch

bro pek

1500

52

148

1354

30

do

pekoe

2550

35

152

Clydesdale

1362

12

ch

dust

1560

22

153

Pallegodde

1364

39 hf-ch

bro or pek

4095

39

154

1366

61

ch

bro pek

4845

53

155

1368

48

do

pekoe

4320

34

156

1370

42

do

pek sou

3990

30

157

1372

28 hf-ch

dust

2380

23

162

Massena

1382

30 hf-ch

or pek

1500

41

163

1384

20

ilo

pekoe

1000

34

165

Carfax

1388

32 hf-ch

bro or pek

1760

53

166

1390

19

ch

bro pek

1900

52

167

1392

22

do

pekoe

2090

43

169

Ganapalla

1396

50 hf-ch

bro or pek

2500

40

170

1398

87

do

or pekoe

43.50

41

171

1400

59

ch

pekoe

4720

32

172

1402

22

do

pek sou

1760

27

174

1406

22 hf-ch

br pek fans

1320

37

175

Essex

1408

18

ch

pekoe

1980

34 bid

179

Arapolakan-

d»»

1416

48

ch

bro pek

4320

51

180

1418

19

do

or peic

1425

38

181

1420

77

do

pekoe

6160

32

182

1422

14

do

pek sou

1400

25

184

L, in estate

mark

1426

16

ch

bro tea

1600

21

185

Torwood

1428

14

do

bro pek

1400

57

186

1430

18

do

or pek

1656

42

187

1432

20

do

pekoe

1800

33

188

1434

13

do

pek sou

1118

28

1S9

1436

16

do

sou

1280

24

190

Weyungawattcl438

18 hf-ch

bro or pek

990

40

191

1440

25

ch

or pek

2375

36

192

1442

17

do

pekoe

1445

32

195

Lochiel

1448

40 box

bro or pek

800

44 bid

196

1450

60 hf ch

or pek

3300

45 bid

197

14.52

20

ch

pekoe

1700

41

205

Norwood

1468

10

do

dust

1548

25

210

C O E B

1478

23

ch

pekoe

2300

38

218

Ella watte

1494

25

do

bro pek

2625

58

219

1496

46

do

pekoe

4600

37

222

Theberton

2

16 1

lif-ch

bro pek

960

42

223

4

28

do

or pek

1400

42

224

6

24

cli

pekoe

2160

36

225

Meeinora Ova 8

28 hf-ch

bro pek

1120

36

226

10

46

do

pekoe

1840

27

229

N

16

31

cli

pek sou

3100

27

231

Errollwood

20

16

do

bro pek

1680

64

232

22

24

do

pekoe

2010

45

233

Elemana

24

20

ch

bro pek

1900

42

234

26

19

do

pek

1710

34

237

W VR A

32

12

cli

bro pek

1200

41

238

34

16

do

bro pek

1600

41

243

Pedro

44

50

ch

bro or pek

5500

74

244

46

22

do

or pek

1870

71

245

48

19

do

pek sou

1520

44

246

60

20

do

fans

3000

41

249

KTB

56

8

ch

sou

775

24

251

Geragama

60

39

do

bro pek

3900

36

252

62

32

do

pek

2880

27

253

Maha Hapu-

galla

64

14

ch

pekoe

1400

26

254

Ca.stlereagh

66

23

do

bro or pek

2300

43

255

68

20

do

bro pek

2000

50

256

70

30

do

pekoe

2700

36

257

72

11

do

pek sou

990

32

258

74

10

do

do No. 2

800

27

267

Killarney

92

56 hf-ch

bro or pek

3300

50

272

Suunycroft

102

16

ch

pekoe sou

1600

34

274

106

6

do

dust

960

21

282

Kirklees

122

29

do

bro or pek

1740

50

283

124

15

ch

pekoe

1500

43

285

Denmark Hill 128

14

ch

bro or pek

1540

42 bid

286

130

26

do

do

2730

40 bid

288

134

23

do

or pek

1840

52

289

136

17

do

pe oe

1445

41

290

138

19

do

p ek sou

1620

88

292

Polatagnma

142

16

ch

pesouNo. ‘

! 1440

26 bid

293

Thedden

144

68

do

bro pek

6800

32 bid

294

146

13

do

pekoe

1170

27

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

SMALL LOTS.

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.]

Lot.

Box,

, Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

9

H F M, in est.
mark

9

3 eh

bro pek fan

300

10

P R

10

1 do

bro pek

100

11

Sapitiyagodde

11

1 hf-ch

bro or pek

65

12

i2

1 ih

or pek

92

13

13

1 do

p» k sou

80

17

Mapitigama

17

4 hf-ch

SOU

180

18

18

2 do

dust

180

22

Hornsey

22

5 do

fans

450

25

Btitnatenne

25

4 hf-ch

pek sou

200

26

26

1 ch

dust

80

27

K

27

1 hf-ch

pek

50

28

H

28

2 ch

pekoe

187

29

S

29

1 do

bro pek

86

33

Unugalla

33

6 ch

pek sou

500

34

34

1 do

dust

95

35

Ugieside

35

5 ch

bro mix

600

36

Relugas

36

4 hf-ch

or pek

264

37

37

2 ch

SOU

170

[Messrs. Somerville & Co.]
Lob Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.

2

Kennington

242

6 hf-ch

bro tea

300

3

243

8

do

d St

640

4

GW

244

6

ch

sou

480

5

245

1

do

red leaf

93

6

246

8 hf-ch

fans

480

7

247

6

do

dust

450

8

G W

248

2

ch

bro pek

190

9

249

2

do

pekoe

136

10

250

2

do

pek sou

130

11

251

6

do

sou

480

13

H

252

7

do

sou

630

13

253

3

do

or pek fans

300

14

254

2 hf-ch

dust

160

31

Penrith

271

6

ch

bro pekoe

600

40

Pendleton

ISO

11 hf-ch

pekoe sou

550

43

Deniyaya

283

3

ch

pek sou

300

44

D M R

284

2

do

dust

260

45

285

1

do

unas

95

46

286

2

do

fans

200

54

Deniyaya

294

5

do

pekoe

500

55

295

2

do

pek sou

200

56

D M R

296

2

do

unas

200

57

297

3

do

dust

390

61

HT

1

1 hf-ch

bro pekoe

50

62

2

1

do

pekoe

55

63

3

1

do

pek sou

150

1 hf-ch

64

4

1

do

dust

50

68

Ukuwela

8

1

do

bro fans

70

74

Monrovia

14

2

do

pek dust

280

79

Lyndhurst

19

6

do

SOU

270

80

20

4

do

dust

360

83

G B

23

8

do

bro or pek

520

87

Chetnole

27

4

ch

pek sou

400

88

28

4

do

red leaf

400

89

29

5 hf ch

dust

375

97

Kelani

37

5

do

dust

400

102

Labugama

42

1

ch

fans

110

106

Kew

46

6

do

bro tea

600

113

Morankinde

53

1

do

fans

130

114

54

1

do

conpfou

100

115

55

1

do

dust

160

123

M K

63

7

do

pekoe

640

129

H J S

69

6 hf-ch

bro pe't

300

[Mr.

E.

John.]

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs. Name.

lb.

1

IK

239

5 hf-ch

pek sou

200

8

Faithlie

253

3

ch

dust

420

14 S Alliaddy

265

7

do

pek sou

660

20

Dickapitiya

277

1

do

sou

100

21 'J

279

1

do

dust

160

23

^ Elston

283

4

do

bro mix

480

24

285

2

do

dust

320

25

287

2

do

bro pek

220

26

289

1

do

pekoe

95

39

Henegama

315

7 hf-ch

dust

625

40

317

2

do

bro mix

170

49

Tientsin

335

6

ch

bro pek fans 420

68

Whyddon

353

1

do

1 hf-ch

pek fans

112

59

355

1

ch

du.st

130

60

367

1 hf-ch

dust No. 2

225

61

359

1

ch

red leaf

120

65

Kanangama

367

3

do

dust

420

80

Koslanda

397

4

ch

sou

320

81

399

2

do

dust

300

83

MR

403

2

do

bro mix

200

Lob.

Box.

Pkg.s.

Name.

lb.

.C

84

405

5 ]

lif-ch

dust

450

20

97

Blenheim

431

8

do

pek fans

255

20

107

Digdola

451

1

ch

flowery pek

80

51

110

4.57

2

do

bro pek fans 240

28

111

459

1

do

dust

155

20

113

H .S, in est.

mark

463

1

do

bro mix

112

11

116

y B K

469

H hf-ch

pekoe

550

44

117

471

6

do

pek sou

240

35

118

473

2

do

dust

180

20

119

Marguerita

475

6

do

fans

420

22

120

477

4

do

red leaf

224

21

121

479

2

do

dust

180

19

127

Sorana

491

6

ch

bro pek fans

5<5

35

132

Y B K

1

9 hf-ch

bro pek

676

37

133

3

7

do

pekoe

350

43

134

5

3

do

pek sou

126

34

135

7

2

do

dust

180

20

138 Murraythwaite 13

4

ch

pek sou

220

25

139

15

1

do

dust

160

18

143

Suduganga

23

6 hf-ch

bro or pek

300

45

144

25

2

ch

or pek

180

40

145

27

3

do

pek sou

255

28

146

29

2

do

dust

250

23

147

31

1

do

SOU

SO

27

148

Warriapolla

33

8 hf ch

bro or pek

400

45

149

35

3

ch

or pek

270

38

150

37

5

do

pek sou

425

28

151

39

3

do

SOU

240

26

152

41

2

do

dust

25')

27

157

.Shannon

51

4

do

bro pek

400

43

159

55

3

do

pek sou

258

28

[.Me8SRS, Forbes

& Walker.]

Lot.

Box.

, Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C-

1

B B B, ill estate

mark

1060

3

ch

dust

255

19

10

W W

1078

1

do

bro mix

140

12

15

G B A

1038

7

do

pek sou

630

26

16

1090

3

do

dust

360

21

17

1092

5

do

SOU

450

23

28

Clyde

1114

7

do

pek sou

630

26

29

1116

4

do

dust

660

20

32

Matale

1122

3

ch

SOU

240

23

33

1124

4

do

dust

320

22

34

1126

3

do

fans

360

28

38

Hethersett

1134

2

ch

bro pek

25(1

39

42

1142

7

do

pek fans

595

25

51

St. Helen

1160

2 hf-ch

dust

150

20

55

Nueagalla

1168

7

do

dust

595

21

56

D V

1170

3

ch

fannings

402

27

57

1172

4

do

dust

660

19

61

Melrose

1180

6

ch

souchong

498

26

62

1182

4

ch

bro pek fan

440

33

/ /

Rowley

1212

13 hf-ch

peK sou

650

27

78

1214

9

do

dust

450

22

79

1216

2

do

red leaf

100

12

80

Staflford

1218

6

ch

bro or pek

660

69

83

1224

4

do

pek sou

360

40

84

1226

2

do

fans

240

33

85

1228

1

do

dust

90

20

89

Patiagama

1236

4

ch

pe < sou

420

30

90

1238

3

do

dust

320

21

99

Queensland

1256

7

ch

pek sou

560

35

100

1258

4 hf-ch

dust

320

21

101

1260

1

do

bro pek dust 75

24

108

Dehiowita

1274

3

cli

bro pek fans 450

20

109

1276

3

do

congou

210

12

110

G

1278

1

ch

sou

85

19

111

1280

2

do

]>ek dust

290

20

116

M

1290

2

ch

I>ek fans

224

23

117

1292

1

do

dust

S3

22

122

Condia

1.302

3

hf-ch

pek sou

165

38

123

1304

5

do

cans

360

41

149

Ruanwella

1356

5

cli

pek sou

450

27

150

1358

4

do

fans

480

30

1.51

1360

3

do

dust

240

22

164

Massena

1386

10 hf-ch

pek sou

500

28

168

K

1394

1

ch

dust

170

20

173

Ganapalla

Essex

1404

7

hf-ch

d wt

560

21

176

1410

2

ch

d.st

300

21

183

ArtipolixlcUin*

de

1424

6

ch

dust

630

19

193

Weyunga-

watte

1444

6

ch

pek sou

600

26

194

1446

4 hf-cli

dust

320

21

198

liochiel

1154

1

ch

pek sou

90

37

199

1456

2

do

dust

280

22

200

Dewalakan-

de

1458

3

ch

bro tea

225

24

201

Norwood

1460

3

do

bro pek

322

32

202

1462

5

do

pekoe

421

26

203

1461

5

do

sou

496

26

204

1466

2

do

bro tea

176

11

c.

22

out

41

35

27

23

20

21

15

19

25

28

34

26

21

20 bid

38 bid

19

C.

23

19

27

11

28

20

37

29

26

25

2i

28

20

40

26

25

23

22

29

28

25

24

23

35

27

22

22

26

20

25

20

35 bid

25

22

20

20

30

11

23

21

19

22

36

C.

21

23

32

24

19

25

19

31

32

20

24

37

23

20

17

12

19

27

21

12

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.

Box.

PkgS.

I^amc

Ik

C.

20G

Ingurugalla

1470

2

ch

pek sou

ISO

25

207

1472

do

bro test

240

26

208

1474

3

do

red leaf

270

11

20 t

Boomb.a

1476

5 hf-ch

dust

390

22

211

Cottaganga

1450

1 lif-cli

sou

50

16

212

1482

C*

ch

bro mix

270

22

213

1454

1

do

red leaf

90

~9

214

1486

4

do

fans

520

22

215

1 88

4

do

dust

600

20

216

Debatgama

1490

1

ch

dust

140

19

217

Pingarawa

1492

0 lif-ch

dust

540

19

220

Ellawatte

1498

5

ch

pek sou

5(i0

V8

221

1500

4 bt-ch

dust

360

19

227

Meeniora Oya 12

6 hf-ch

pek sou

240

25

228

14

1

do

dust

65

20

230

N.

18

1

oh

dust

150

20

235

Eleniana

28

4

do

pek sou

360

27

230

30

1

do

fans

100

20

239

K. K. G. II.

36

11

hf.ch

bro pek

550

36

240

38

12

do

pek

600

27

2U

40

4

do

pek sou

200

25

212

42

3

do

sou

150

22

217

0.

52

6

ch

or pek

600

35 bid

248

54

6

do

pek

600

20 bid

259

Cu stlereagh

76

6

hf-ch

pek fans

420

29

261

78

2

CO

dust

160

20

273

.Sunnycroft

104

4

ch

congou

400

29

275

M P

108

5

do

bro mix

450

13

279

East End

116

f>

it

ch

Iro pek

172

32

280

118

2

do

pekoe

160

26

281

120

2

do

pek sou

118

24

284

Kirklees

126

7

ch

pek sou

030

36

287

Denmark Hill 132

1

do

bro |)ek

2„0

40

291

140

7

do

pek fans

595

25

295

Thedden

148

6

ch

pek sou

540

23

290

150

2

do

sou

190

8

297

152

3

ilo

dust

4.50

19

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

f From Our Commercial Correspondent. )

Mincing Lane, April 16, 1897.

Marks and prices ot CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing
Lane up to liith April

Ex “Clan Forbes”— DeyaneUa, O, 1 cask 104s; ditto EF,
1 tierce 94s; ditto PB, 1 barrel 95s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “Cheshire”— A, Victoria, 37 bags 68s 6d. B, ditto, 2
bags 40s Cd. A, Hunasgeria, 7 bags 60s 6d. B, ditto, 2 bags
40s Gd. Hylton, 00, 20 bags 75s 6d; 11 bags 76s; 2 sea dam.
49s. II V L S, 4 bags 50s.

Ex “Conch”— Kas&Co., 41 bags 63s.

Ex “Clan Graham,”— Medagodda, 1, 8 bags 60s; ditto 2,
12 bags 50s ditto 3, 10 bags 46s 6d.

Ex “Conch”— DB&Co., 168, 22 bags 67s. Crystal Hill, lA,
38 bags 67s 6d; ditto 2A, 9 bags 53s; ditto IB, 6 bags 45s Gd!
ditto 2B, 1 bag 45s.

OB5EUVEK PRINTING WORK.S.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO, 18.

Colombo, M.iy 17, 1897

I Pxuce: — 12s cents each 3 copies
I 80 cents; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLO.^IBO

SALES OF

TEA

Lot. '

Box

Pkg.8.

Name.

lb.

C.

126

Klston

307

21 cli

pe sou Xo.2

1785

fO

T.AimR. I.OT.S

127

Eadella

309

29 do

hro pek

2960

38 bid

128

311

20 di

pekoe

2340

28 bid

fMESSRS. A. H, Thompson «& Co.—

31, .356 lli.l

129

313

37 do

pek sou

2900

25 bid

Lot. Bo.n.

Bk,!>s.

auie.

Id.

c.

130

144

Fail field

315

343

6 do
31 hf-ci

fans
hro tea

720

2418

22 bid
24

1

lIorr,sey

1

11

ch

pek sou

noo

28

145

E T K

345

1.5 ch

pekoe

1320

30 bill

3

Di'oinore

3

18

ch

bro pek

1800

49 bid

146

Logan

347

13 lif-ch

j)ek fan.s

910

-5

4

4

22

do

pekoe

2200

38 bid

148

351

21 ch

iiro pek

2100

34 bid

5

5

is

do

pek sou

1800

33

149

353

14 do

piokoe

1260

30 bid

7

Vegan

7

33

ch

bro pek

3300

54 bid

150

355

IS do

pek sou

1620

20 bid

8

8

31

do

pekoe

2790

38 bid

154

JIaddagedera 363

51 do

bro pek

5100

38 bid

9

9

20

do

pek sou

l340

32 bid

155

365

35 do

pekoe

31.50

34

10

10

30 lif-ch

dust

•->100

22

1.56

367

21 do

pek sou

1785

27 bid

13

Kalkaiule

13

32

do

bro pek

1600

40

157

Nahavilla

369

7 do

hr pe fans

; 805

24 l id

14

14

61

do

or pek

3050

29 bid

160

375

18 do

bro pek

1890

52 bid

15

15

24

do

pekoe

1200

26 bid

161

Ettapolla

3V/

22 do

pekoe

2200

40

19

Hornsey

19

10

ch

p< k sou

ICOO

27

166

387

14 tif-ch

bi'o pek

700

31 bid

^2

Naliaveena

22

23 hf-ch

bro pek

1150

38

167

399

18 do

pekoe

9U0

28 bi 1

[Mr.

B.

John.-

-2-12,746 lb.]

Messrs. iSomerville

& Co.— 241

,399

Ib.l

Lob. Bo.n.

Name.

lb.

c.

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

N.ame.

lb,

c.

2

OL

59

9

ch

SOU

840

27

1

L

81

14 hf-cli

dust

1190

20

5

Hiralouvah

65

05

do

pek sou

175u

28

3

K O

S3

13 ch

hro pek

1300

33 bid

6

Esperaiiiia

67

84 hf-ch

bro or pek

1768

35 bid

4

81

18 do

pekoe

1800

32

7

69

82

do

pekoo

3772

32 bid

6

JIavigold

86

21 hf-ch

hro or »ek

1428

41 bid

10

Poi'akamle

75

21

do

bro pek

1365

4u bid

7

87

37 do

iiro pek

2442

50 bill

11

77

29

ch

pekoe

2610

31

8

88

32 do

pek

2048

40

12

Ottery & .Stain-

9

89

23 do

pek sou

1380

33

ford Hill

79

27

do

bro pek

2700

53

10

90

16 do

SOU

896

29 bid

13

81

30

do

or pek

2700

.51

12

K ooroolo'igalla 92

28 ch

bro pe}c

3150

36 bid

14

S3

38

do

pekoe

3420

41

5 hf-ch

17

Gonavy

.89

39

do

bro pek

4134

38 bill

13

02

10 ch

pekoe

2430

29 bid

18

91

20

do

pekoe

1640

36

13 hf-ch

19

93

20

do

uek sou

1440

30

14

Carney

94

1 5 do

bro pek

750

36 bid

20

.Agra Ouvah

95

70 hf-ch

bro or pek

4940

5.5 bid

15

95

IS do

j ek

900

33

21

97

32

do

0) pek

1760

44 bid

16

06

20 do

pek sou

1000

27

22

99

15

ch

pekoe

1425

43

19

Mousakande

90

20 ch

bro pek

2470

37 bid

23

A

101

23 hf-ch

bro or pek

1.541

46 bid

20

100

53 do

pekoe

44.52

31 bid

24

103

16

do

or pek

7.52

52

21

101

18 do

pek sou

1512

27

25

105

19

ch

pekoe

1938

43

23

Pela watte

103

10 do

bro pek

1100

25 bid

26

1U7

9

do

iinas

1044

34

24

104

7 do

pekoe

735

24 bid

28

P H P, in e.st.

26

-Arslena

106

48hf'ch

bro pek

2400

45

mark

111

19

do

bro or pek

1900

33 bid

27

107

.')0 do

pek

,2800

37

29

113

30

do

or pek

2550

35 bid

28

li'S

37 do

pek sou

1850

29

30

Mocha

115

40

do

pekoe

aeoo

39 bid

29

Minna

10)

33 do

bro pek

1980

47 bid

31

Cda

117

26 hf-ch

bro j)ek

1612

18

30

110

82 do

pekoe

4100

34 bid

32

119

23

ch

pekoe

2185

26

31

111

38 cli

pek .sou

3420

26 bid

33

St. .Jolin’s

121

25 hf-ch

bro or pek

1350

88

33

113

9 hf-cii

dust

780

20 bid

34-

123

32

do

or pek

1472

76 bid

.35

Kew

115

20 do

or pek

ISOO

.53 bid

35

125

23

do

pekoe

1150

50 bid

36

no

12 do

do

720

39 bid

36

Kila

127

58

ch

bro pek

5220

38 bid

37

117

31 ch

pekoe

2852

42

37

129

57

< o

pekoe

3145

28 bid

38

118

25 do

pek ^ou

2.375

85

38

131

15

do

pek sou

1275

27 bid

39

119

9 hf-ch

dust

765

18 bid

39

133

18

do

fans

1800

25 bid

40

Comar

120

17 ch

hro or pek

1700

85

40

135

9

do

dii.st

1080

21

41

121

9 do

pekoe

900

27

43

Ivanhoe

141

30

do

pekoe

2700

32 bid

44

Woodlands

124

12 do

hro pelc

1200

39 bid

44

143

8

do

pek sou

720

30

45

125

14 do

pekoe

1330

SI

46

147

21

do

bro mix

1890

20 bid

46

126

12 do

pek sou

1080

25

52

Alliaddy

159

17

do

pekoe

1530

withd’n

49

-Atherton

129

10 hf-c!i

hro pek

890

35 bid

53

H S, in est.

50

130

22 do

2)ekoe

1100

33

mark

161

8

do

bro pek

880

33

53

White Cro.ss

133

20 cli

bro pek

2900

33 bid

58

Brownlow

171

27

do

bro or pek

2700

.56 bid

54

134

27 do

pekoe

2505

29

59

173

26

do

or pek

2470

47

55

135

21 do

pekoe sou

1890

25

to

175

40

do

pekoe

3600

40

50

.St. Catherine

61

177

]5

do

pek sou

1275

36

Ceylon

189

35 lif-di

pek

1575

30 bid

63

181

10

do

pek fans

770

23

62

Yeralupitiya

142

18 ch

or pek

1930

39

64

Ale’eriatenne

183

19

hf-cli

bro pek

1'40

37 bid

61

143

24 cli

bro pek

2280

36

•65

185

10

do

pekoe

800

36 bid

64a

144a

21 do

nekoe

1680

33

70

Turin

195

42

ch

bro pek

4200

38 bid

64

144

10 do

pek

950

36

71

197

30

do

pekoe

3000

34 bid

65

145

25 do

pek sou

2180

30

72

199

11

do

pek .sou

1100

29

66

146

17 do

]jek sou No. 2

1650

88

74

Eadella

203

26

do

bro pek

2600

35 bid

67

Nugawela

147

21 hf-cli

or pek

11.55

46

SO

Arnclitte

215

27

do

bro pek

2970

41 bid

68

148

25 do

bro or pek

1375

33 bid

81

2 7

30

do

pekoe

22.50

34 bid

69

149

70 do

l)ekoe

3510

35

S4

•Maryland

223

do

bro pek

770

34

70

150

13 cli

pek sou

1105

29

33 bid

85

93

94

225

7

do

^ I ekoe

700

28 bid

72 Koorooloogalla 152

9 do

bro pek

900

.Salem

241

21

do

bro pek

2100

37 bid

75 Ratwatte Cocoa

29 do

243

19

do

pekoe

17 0

31 bid

Co., Ltd.

155

bro pek

2945

33 bid

97

Murray thwaite

249

38

do

bro pek

380)

out

1.56

1 hf-cli

pek

2500

32

'98

10’

Y R K

251

11 hf ch

bro pek

704

45

76

25 ch

Claremont

2,)9

45

do

bro or jiek

2475

33 bid

77

157

20 do

pek sou

2092

24 bid

103

116

117

119

261

9

ch

pekoe

900

SO

1 hf-ch

bro )iek

Gampai

287

22

do

bro pek

2200

cO iiid

82

Aimandale

102

20 do

1200

57 bid

289

18

do

pekoe

1620

35 bid

83

161

15 do

nekoe

810

41 bid

FU

293

11

do

bro mix

930

13 bid

86

llarangalla

166

46 cll

bro i>ek

4370

34 bid

295

7

do

f.ins

SOS

20 bid

87

167

10 ilo

fans

1050

31

191 TTnt.iiwnjrpdera

303

25

do

bro pek

2500

31 bid

93

C L in est.

22 ch

bro ]>ek fans

125

305

20

do

pekoe

1900

31 bid

1

mark

173

1640

22 bid

o

CEYLON PliODTXE SALES LIST.

Box. Pkgs.

Name,

lb.

C.

Lot. Box.

I

Name.

lb.

C.

‘.It

174 22 eh

hro tea

2-2O0

15

63

Amblangoda

‘278

8

ch

bro pek

880

44

!).') Aakumle

175 17 do

bro pek

1700

32 bid

64

230

11

do

pekoe

980

30

ftO

176 14 do

pekoe

11‘20

30

67

Gal la watte

286

11

ch

bio pek

lino

38 bid

101

IMaliiV'joda

ISl 13 do

pekoe

1300

24 bid

03

288

15

do

or pek

1275

37

101

A B in est.

09

290

10

do

pekoe

1440

32

mark

184 40 hf-ch

liro pek fans

2600

25

71

Galla watte

284

10

ch

liro pek

icon

37 bid

105

185 20 do

ll St

1400

18 bid

72

296

10

do

or pek

1300

38

100

G in estate

73

298

19

do

pekoe

1710

34

mark

180 32 ch

bro pek

3200

37 bid

75

Ella Ova

302

10

cll

bro pek

11-20

37 bill

ins

California

188 3 do

pek

1300

28

76

3(!4

31

ilo

or pek

2970

39

ii-i

II in estate

77

300

11

do

pek fans

1-205

21

mark

19i 8 do

soil

765

23 bid

7S

Middleton

308

40

ch

pekoe

3900

42

116

A R T in est.

79

310

8

do

l>ek .sou

800

39

mark

193 6 do

))ek fans

710

IS bid

80

312

•23 hf-ch

dust

1840

24

117

197 8 do

do No. 2

SCO

out

81

Ciampaha

314

25

ch

1)10 or pek

2500

47

lls

W A

108 11 do

pekoe

1045

out

82

316

27

do

or pek

2430

4-2

119

R T in est.

83

318

12

do

pek son

1080

30

mark

109 1 1 do

dust

13-20

19 bid

84

High Forest

320

180

do

bro or pek

10410

38 bid

lil

luiacolla

210 16 do

bro pek

15-20

33 bid

So

322

74

(lo

or pek

3700

34 bid

•202 1 0 do

pekoe

1280

■29 1

86

324

40

do

pekoe

‘20C0

33

130

Ranasingh.a-

87

AmbLkande

3-20

37

do

pek sou

1005

27

patnii llann

1

89

330

8

ch

pekoe

729

24 bid

tale

210 2-2hf-ell

bro or pek

2040

36 bid

!0

Kirklees

332

80 hf-cli

bro or pek

5100

43 bid

131

‘211 04 ch

or pek

5952

43

91

334

24

cll

or pek

2400

55

1.33

212 51 hf-ch

bro pek

5202

40 bid

C.2

336

38

do

pekoe

3600

43

133

213 48 ch

pek( e

3984

34 bid

93

338

34

<lo

)iek sou

31 60

30

131

214 50 do

pek sou

4480

28

94

Polatagama

340

15

do

fans

1950

23

135

Rnsga II in

95

342

4o

ch

bro pek

4800

51

est. mark

215 29 hf-ch

bins

2710

26 bid

96

314

49

do

pekoe

3800

35

130

216 ‘24 do

dust

1800

22

97

34 i

36

do

pek sou

3210

S3

.liL

V< rrow

217 83 do

bro pek

4048

37 bid

98

348

23

do

pe sou No 2 -2070

26

138

‘218 62 do

pekoe

3100

34 bid

99

350

22

do

fans

‘2-MO

33

III)

Morankinile

2-20 9 ch

or pek

900

30 bill

192

Hunkeld

356

14

ch

pek fans

1050

23

141

221 11 do

pekoe

1045

SO bid

103

358

8

do

dust

700

‘20

143

222 1 1 do

pek .son

1045

28

104

Bloomfield

360

39

ch

Howery pek

4095

44 bid

14.3

Sirisanile

223 30 lif-ch

bro pekoe

1.500

47

105

36-2

32

do

pekoe

3-290

39

141

2-24 25 do

1 ek

1-250

31 bid

106

3-«4

21

<lo

pek sou

1995

33

147

X

2-27 10 cli

fans

1100

20 bid

116

Dea Ella

384

61

hf-ch

bro pek

3355

30 bill

140

Penritli

229 41 do

bro pek

4100

46

117

386

51

do

pekoe

2550

28 bid

1.50

230 37 do

pekoe

3145

34

118

388

•eO

do

pek sou

1500

24 bid

151

231 24 do

pek sou

2500

30

120

Killarney

392

17

ch

or pek

1300

68

154

Ingeriya

•234 33 hf-ch

bro pekoe

1050

40

121

394

77

hf-ch

bro or pek

40‘20

40 bid

155

235 35 do

pekoe

6 '80

31 bid

1‘2‘2

Morankande

396

20

do

pekoe

1300

44

150

236 16 do

pek sou

730

27

l-’5

402

41

ch

bro pek

4100

37 bid

157

237 15 do

pek fans

8-25

3-2 bid

1-26

404

45

do

pekoe

4.500

32

1.5S

238 14 do

bro mix

7i0

23

1-27

406

21

do

pek sou

2100

25

170

V

256 12 do

bro pek

1140

30 bid

131

P

414

0

ch

dust

840

15 bid

177

257 17 do

pekoe

1015

25

132

410

8

do

fans

880

20 bid

137

H in estate

135

A

4-22

14

ch

SOU

1050

15

mark

297 9 do

dust

810

IS

141

Oonoonagalla

434

,50

cll

bro pek

4-250

50

1S8

Ilatdowa

‘268 34 do

bro pek

3570

36 hid

142

430

71

do

pekoe

5323

35

ISO

269 37 do

pekoe

3700

32

143

438

24

do

pek sou

‘2040

31

190

270 26 do

pek sou

2‘29a

27

145

Gallaheria

44-2

23

ch

bro pek

•2070

49 bid

1-46

444

30

do

pekoe

2-239

35 bid

147

440

30

do

pek son

2700

31

f Messrs. 1

'ORBES & Walker.— 48‘2,0G9

lb.]

150

Glangariff

452

C-3

hf-ch

or pek

2790

37 bid

151

454

49

do

pek

35-28

31 bid

1-ot.

Box. rkg.s.

Name.

111.

C.

l.s-2

155

AM B

450

402

72

12

(lo

ch

pek sou
red leaf

3960

loiO

20 bid
12

1

N

164 22 ch

bro te i

2860

21

156

404

14

do

bro tea

1092

13

O

8, in estate

1.57

4(0

18

do

fans

2100

13

mark

1.50 45 lif-ch

dust

4050

21

15b

Freds Rnlie

408

52

ch

bro pek

5200

60

t

A S

160 7 ch

pek fans

700

52

L5-9

470

39

do

pekoe

3510

30

b

\V .M

J08 12 do

bro or pek

1140

out

100

472

15

do

pek sou

1350

28

0

Coreen

170 22 ch

pek sou

1700

o 1

162

Ch.almers

470

20

ch

)iek sou

JOOO

30

10

172 6 do

dust

840

18

161

478

13

do

SOU

13(10

33

VI

M P

170 7 cli

bro pek

721

23

104

480

11

do

dust

935

23

10

R H, in estate

100

Clyde

484

49

cll

bro pek

4900

48

mark

ino 22 cll

nekoe

•2070

24

167

48 i

52

d<»

pekoe

4080

34

‘30

R L

192 10 do

pek .sou

1440

20

168

488

15

do

nek sou

1350

‘29

‘31

Talgasviela

194 SO ch

1)10 pek

7200

36 bid

109

490

5

do

dust

709

22

-2

196 30 do

do No. 2

1100

24

170

Scrubs

.504

14

ch

bro or pek

1400

01 bid.

198 12 do

pekoe

1080

34

177

500

20

do

or pekoe

2800

56 bill

‘34

200 10 do

pek son

900

30

178

508

30

do

pekoe

2700

45 bid

‘25

Amblakande

262 75 ch

bro pek

1500

33 liid

170

M A

510

31

cll

bro tea

2035

23

‘20

‘204 17 do

pekoe

1530

32

ISO

012

10

do

dust

860

18

33

Dehegalla

VIS 14 ch

bro pek

1400

38 bid

181

Arapolakan-

34

2‘2() 63 do

do

01-20

SO bid

Ue

nl 1

39

ch

bro pek

3510

52

o-

U '

•222 24 do

pekoe

2100

30

132

610

27

do

or pek

•2100

37

30

‘2-24 10 do

jiek sou

SCO

31

183

518

04

cll

pekoe

61-20

‘30 bid

3b

‘2-28 13 do

fans

i;300

22

184

.5-20

8

do

pek sou

700

‘25

P P

23-2 fO cll

dust

‘2000

10

186

Driiinoland

524

15

do

|iek sou

1275

‘20

41

Hetliersett

•234 27 cll

brw or pek 31 (‘5

55

183

L

5-28

10

cll

ptkoe

9,-)0

15

43

‘238 22 do

or 1 ek

1700

.53

189

530

14

do

SOU

1148

15

44

240 15 do

pekoe

13.50

47

192

C, in e.state

47

Holton

246 V9 ch

liro pek

2755

42

ina,rk

536

9

do

broken tui

900

10

4.N

‘2-IS 10 do

pekoe

9.50

31

193

Beausejour

5-!8

12

cll

bro pek

loso

35 bid

01

Munukattia

104

540

11

do

pekoe

9;t.)

‘20 bid

( e^ loll III 1

St.

198

Hoonevale

548

40

ch

bro pek

3000

3.5 bid

mark

254 25 hf-ch

or pek

1-250

51

199

550

10

do

pekoe

705

20 bid

r>j

‘2.56 .‘75 do

bro pek

19‘25

.50

200

L, in e.state

r»-:

2.58 ‘28 ch

pekoe

: 5‘J'

44

UBirp

r»52

10

cll

bro tea

1600

10

51

260 17 do

pek son

1530

35

205

(iarlabeck

50 i

8

ch

pek sou

800

40 bid

.55

Great Valiev

202 35 ch

bro pek

4025

43

211

Errollwood

.574

10

do

bi ll pek

1100

02

50

2(;-l 70 do

pekoe

7t 0(1

•29 bid

212

570

14

(lo

pekoe

11!K)

45

57

20(1 20 do

pek sen

IbOO

‘20 bid

213

578

11

do

pok sou

9!K)

38

OS

208 1 1 do

dust

1045

21

218

B D W G

588

13 hf-ch

(illSt

1170

‘23

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

3

Lot

I

>ox.

PkoS.

Name.

lb.

c.

21!)

Ookoowatte

590

10 ch

bro pek

1000

41

220

692

8 do

or pck

720

35 bid

224

60J

16 hf-Cii

bro mix

No. 2

800

9 bid

230

Deacnlla

612

41 hf-cli

bro pek

2460

41 bid

231

614

40 do

do

2760

41 bid

232

615

29 cli

pekoe

2175

35

235

Melrose

622

8 ch

bro pek

720

out

23C

624

13 do

or pek

1300

out

237

626

16 do

pekoe

1280

32

238

628

9 do

pek sou

720

27

240

Ascot

>3i

25 ch

bro pek

2375

40

241

634

30 do

pekoe

2550

32

242

636

16 do

pek sou

1440

28

244

Tvmawi-

640

38 hf-ch

bro pck

I960

51 bid

245

642

36 do

pekoe

1020

47

24G

64 4

43 do

pek sou

1935

.38 bid

249

Agra Oya

6'.0

30 hf-ch

bro pek

1980

39 bid

250

10 ch

or pek

850

37

21

054

20 do

pekoe

2210

31

25*2

cr.o

11 do

pek sou

990

27

K kUUeton

658

30 di

bro pek

3000

59

2 '.4

660

33 do

or pek

3133

52

‘ir>5

Pelmor

002

7 eh

bro pe'c

785

42 bid

258

Ueiagama

60S

28 ch

bro pek

2800

37

259

070

29 do

pekoe sou

2610

25

2(il

Walpita

074

8 ch

pe oe

800

28

Harrington

682

28 ch

or pek

2800

45 bid

256

684

12 do

pekoe

1200

42

269

Climes

690

30 lif-cli

bro or pek

1500

35

270

692

22 ch

pei'oe

187U

31

273

Torwo ll

698

2 1 do

bro pek

2000

52

274

700

21 dj

or pek

1680

42

275

702

27 do

pekoe

2320

30 bid

275

704

16 do

pek sou

1376

29

277

.Stisted

700

09 hf-ch

bro pek

4485

39 bid

27S

708

23 do

pekoe

1380

33

279

710

24 do

pek sou

1200

28

I'Sl

Kkolsiiiul

714

2) ch

bro pek

2750

44 bid

282

710

32 do

pekoe

3200

35

285

Ckinvella

722

2) ch

pek sou

2500

24 bid

286

Marslilaiul

124

32 ch

1 hf-di

bro jKik

3415

31 bid

287

726

10 ch

1 lif-ch

pek sou

1050

25 bid

28S

Hawarden

728

24 ch

bro pek

2400

:-9 bid

2-9

730

24 hf-ch

or pek

120)

45 bid

290

732

28 ch

pekoe

2800

27 bid

291

7 54

15 do

pek sou

1350

23 bid

21)2

7o6

17 hf-ch

dust

1190

19

293

Lvndliurst

738

40 lif-ch

bro pek

2200

42

295

(llencorse

744

5 4 do

bro pek

5100

46

297

740

27 do

pekoe

2430

:'6

29S

748

32 do

pek sou

25(jU

30

299

7.50

16 do

do

1200

29

308

D, in estate

ma rk

768

7 di

pek dust

700

16

309

A, in estate

mark

770

20 ch

pek sou

2574

20 bid

319

Taval im-

teime

772

10 di

or ))ek

lino

45

311

774

13 do

pekoe

1365

39

312

Nahaveena

776

117 hf-ch

bro pek

5850

38

313

77S

32 do

pekoe

1600

37

314

7S0

47 do

l>ek sou

2350

30

315

782

10 do

dust

750

2 *.

SMALL

LUTS.

[Messrs. A.

n. THOMP.SOX ik, Co.]

liOt.

J5ox

. Ekos.

Name.

lb.

C.

•>

ilornsev

0

5 ell

faunings

4.50

20

5

Droniore

6

2 ch

dll t

200

17

ll

H F M, in e.'t

mark

11

2 di

bro pek fans

120

21

i2

12

3 do

pek fans

ISO

2‘

20

Hornsey

20

5 di

fans

450

20

23

Nahaveena

23

0 hf-ch

pek

:oo

32

'24

24

9 do

pck sou

4-50

28

25

25

2 ilo '

dust

1.56

21

26

Poilakanile

20

4 ch

pek sou

320

21 I lid

27

H F L, in cst,

mark

27

2 ch

pekoe

20.)

23 bid

28

28

4 do

pok Sou

340

out

[Ml!. E. John.]

Lot.

15ox. I’ki;

8. Name.

lb.

C.

l

o c

.51

1 di

bro pek

89

44

3

01

2 do

bro tea

210

15

4

63

1 hf-ch

dust

41

10

jj

Ksperanza

71

4 do

dust

320

18

!)

To

2 do

COlli^OU

92

24

Lot. Box.

Ek-.

N ame.

lb.

C.

15

Otterv A .Stam-
ford Hill

85

1 ch

■SOU

Ill

v7

10

87

1 do

dust

166

21

27

Fairfield

109

4 do

pek sou

300

25

41

Ella

137

6 do

sou

480

24

42

Ivanhoe

139

10 hf-ch

bro pek

500

41

45

145

4 ch

•SOU

360

20

47

149

6 hf-ch

dust

480

21

54

II S, in estate
mark

163

0 ch

pekoe

600

28

55

105

5 do

sou

450

24

56

167

1 do

bro mix

125

12

57

169

5 hf-ch

dust

425

20

62

Brownlow

179

8 do

bro pek fans 504

39

06

Meeriatenne

187

6 do

pek sou

288

30

67

189

1 do

fu)is

36

22

68

191

1 do

dust

60

19

69

Turin

193

5 ch

bro or pek

550

40

73

201

4 hf-ch

dust

380

23

79

O L

213

1 ch

sou

80

22

82

Arnclift'e

219

3 hf-ch

fans

421

20

83

221

3 do

dust

210

with Vn

95

Salem

245

5 ch

pek sou

4.50

27

99

Y BK

253

13 hf-ch

pekoe

650

29

100

255

6 do

pek sou

240

28

1' 1

257

2 do

du--t

180

20

104

Claremont

263

3 do

fa ns

165

21

ll 5

265

2 do

dust

180

19

118

Oampai

291

4 do

dust

230

19 bid

121

FH

297

3 ch

dust

422

IS

122

Orwell

299

1 do

congou

110

24

123

301

1 do

red leaf

110

ll

147

E T K

349

5 hf-ch

dust

400

20

151

Loga n

3.57

2 do

bro mix

180

22

152

3.59

4 hf-ch

dust

600

19

153

361

3 ch

hr pe fa us

300

23

158

Heneaiama

371

S hf-cli

dust

600

19

1.59

373

2 do

bro mix

110

14

162

Nail 1 villa

379

3 ch

pek sou

300

20

163

381

2 hf-ch

dust

180

20

164

S C

383

1 ch

pekoe

102

37 bid

165

E 11

385

2 ch

fans

1.50

32

168

Ettapolla

391

11 hf-ch

sou

5-50

28

100

393

1 do

dust

74

20

[MESSR.S. Somerville Co.]

r.ot Box. Pkijs. Name. lb.

C.

2

L

82

0 ch

bro mix

570

10

R O

85

5 do

pek sou

5.j0

23

11

Marigold

91

4 lif-cb

bro pek fans

280

32

17

Carney

-97

3 do

bro pek fans

150

30

18

98

3 do

pek fans

150

22

2^

Mou.sakande

102

S do

fans

624

22

25

Be; a watte

105

C ch

pek sou

600

23

32

Minna

112

6 do

bro mix

540

13

34

Kew

114

11 hf-cli

bro or pek

616

76

42

Comar

122

2 cli

pek sou

540

23

4!

123

3 lif-cli

dust

225

18

47

Wimdlands

127

2 ch

dust

240

23 bid

48

128

5 do

red leaf

500

10

51

Atherton

131

7 hf-ch

pek sou

336

25

r, >

132

3 do

dust

180

21

56

W'liite Cross

186

1 ch

dust

150

19

57

■St. Catherine
Ceylon

1.17

10 hf-cli

bro pek

600

37 bid

53

138

14 do

or pek

030

49

60

140

15 do

pek sou

075

26

61

111

1 do

dii.st

75

19

71

Nugawella

151

0 do

dust

450

20

73 Koorooloogalla 15 >

1 ch

fans

112

20

74

154

3 hf ch

pek dust

312

20

78 Kat watte Cocoa
(k).. Ltd., 1-58

1 do

dust

80

18

79

W \' T

L59

.8 do

bro tea

440

10

80

160

7 do

d list

.560

18

81

BO rat

101

2 ch

dust

SOU

19

84

Anandale

104

1 1 hf-ch

pek sou

038

39

8-5

H O T

ICd

.3 do

pekoe

340

25 bid

88

Ha rang.a 11a

168

1 hf-ch
4 ch

pek sou

380

24

97

Ankande

177

1 do

■sou dust

80

15

98

178

2 do

llllSt

170

19

9.)

179

4 do

nnas

3S0

22

too

Mahrigoda

180

6 do

bro pek

600

SO bid

102

182

2 do

pek sou

200

11

103

183

1 do

dust

150

17

107

California

187

7 do

bro pek

665

37

109

189

:> lif-cli

pok sou

3.50

24

110

190

1 do

liro pek dust

135

20

III

191

1 do

bro mix

9-3

12

113

H in estate
mark

191

4 ch

bro pek fans

470

out

114

194

5 do

bro te.i

550

12 bid

115

ART

195

4 hf-ch

pek i oil

2n0

19

4

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST

Lot,

Box

Lkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

120

R T in est.

mark

200

9

ch

bro mix

500

13

123

Eriacolla

•-01

5

do

pek sou

425

23

124

.M

204

5

hf-ch

bro pek

350

20 bid

125

205

4

do

pek sou

212

17 bid

12G

200

G

do

dust

054

17

139

Y In estate

mark

219

7

hf-ch

dust

199

20

145

Sirisanda

225 :

l-i

do

pek sou

000

26

14G

226

2

do

dust

180

19

148

N

228

8

Cil

bro mix

680

10 bid

1.52

Penrith

232

2

do

pek fans

250

25

153

233

1

do

Oust

170

IS

159

Ingcriya

239

2

hf-ch

dust

170

18

178

Y

258

7

cil

pek sou

510

out

179

259

o

do

dust

118

18

ISO

2G0

i

do

red leaf

90

9

ISG

H in estate

mark

208

7

hf-ch

fans

490

24

191

Uatd jwa

171

2

ch

dust

300

18

192

272

4

lif-ch

bro pek fans

440

22 bid

[Me.ssrs, F

ORBE.S

»& Walker.]

Lot.

Bov.

Pk"8.

Name.

lb.

C.

3 M 1>

158

2

ch

bro pek

219

24

4

160

"2

do

))ekoe

177

22

5

102

1

do

pek fans

120

20

6

161

2

do

red leaf

192

8

11 1

Coreen

174

1

ch

red leaf

98

9

13

M F

178

1

do

bro pe No. 2

100

22

11

180

2

do

pekoe

200

22

15

182

2

do

pek fans

230

17

16

181

1

do

pek sou

90

14

17

186

5

do

dust

650

10

18

188

1

do

do No. 2

140

8

27

Amblakande

206

fi

ch

pek sou

510

24

28

208

2

do

sou

200

23

29

210

2

do

fannings

220

20

9

do

reii leaf

200

9

37

Dtdiegalla

226

5

do

sou

4.50

24

39

N W

230

5

ch

fans

071

9

42

Hethersett

230

2

do

bro pek

250

38

45

242

8

do

l)ek .sou

610

37

46

244

4

do

pek f.ans

340

24

49

Holton

2.50

3

ch

pek sou

285

28

50

262

3

do

dust

225

21

59

.\mblangodda

270

4

ch

bro pek

410

44

60

272

0

do

pekoe

510

38

61

274

5

do

j)ek sou

400

24

02

270

1 1

hf-ch

dust

60

21

95

Amblangodda

282

8

ch

pek .sou

640

27

66

284

1

hf-ch

dust

65

21

70

Oallanatte

292

4

ell

pek sou

400

25

74

300

4

ch

))ek sou

400

2)

88

P, in estate

mark

328

0

l\'-ch

pek sou

288

24

100

l^olatagama

352

0

ch

I ek fans

570

30

lot

35 4

4

do

dust

OOO

18

119

Dea. I'Jla

390

4

do

dust

300

19

12:3

Killarney

398

6

ch

pek sou

6i'0

.33

121

400

4

Ilf ch

dust

320

20

128

Morankaiide

408

4

ch

1

h^ch

red leaf

426

3

129

410

5

do

fans

400

21

130

412

4

do

dust

300

19

133

Avoca

418

6

ch

bro pe No. 2

610

15

131

4-20

4

do

pekoe

320

25

136

424

5

do

pek dust

615

18

137

Avoca

420

3

ch

pek sou

300

40

138

4-28

4

iif ch

bro pek fan

300-

27 l)id

141

Gnoon.agalla

410

2

ch

dust

200

21

148

< iallalieria

448

2

do

ilnst

200

20

153

(ilangariff

4'8

8

hf-ch

bro pek dust

000

22

1.51

400

5

ilo

dust

400

20

161

W A

474

I

ch

bro mix

105

18

165

t lyde

482

4

do

bro or pek

480

42

170

Norwood

492

4

ch

bro pek

424

36

171

494

7

do

pekoe

588

29

172

496

3

(lo

sou

300

25

173

498

2

do

bro tea

180

9

174

600

4

do

dust

600

22

175

A A

.502

2

ch

sou

200

11

185

Arapolakande 522

5

ch

525

18

187

Uromoland

526

2

do

dust

280

22

190

L

.532

3

do

dust

435

19

191

Comiegalla

534

6

hf-c-h

bro pek fans 420

25

195

Beausijour

.542

3

ch

fannings

300

25

190

.544

2

do

dust

280

20

197

540

2

<io

bro tea

180

20

201

A. G.

.55-1

2

ch

bro tea

ISO

22

202

656

1

do

dust

120

19

Lot,

Box.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

203

Ingurugalla

568

5

ch

pek sou

450

24

204

500

5

do

bro tea

600

21

200

Carlabeck

.504

7

hf-cli

bro pek fans

525

35

207

Ragalla

666

3

cli

bro mix

300

32

203

568

5

do

fannings

600

27

209

570

4 hf-cli

dust

300

22

210

K. B.

572

2

ch

unas-sorted

200

15

221

Ookoowatte

594

5

cli

pek

450

fl

222

.593

6

do

pek sou

5-10

27

223

698

9 hf-ch

bro mixed

No.

540

23

225

002

4

hf-ch

dust

360

19

233

Deaculla

618

4

hf-ch

pek

300

32

234

Malvern

620

5

ch

bro pek

300

11

239

Melrose

630

2

ch

bro pek fans

200

25

2l3

Ascot

638

6

ch

pek fans

672

24

247

C. R. D.

040

4

cli

dust

400

21

218

618

3

do

red leaf

300

11

256

Delmor

604

1

cli

pek

95

42

257

06‘3

1

do

pek sou

95

37

260

Walpita

672

3

ch

bro pek

300 -

43

262

670

5

do

pek s u

500

25

203

078

0

do

bro mix

600

24

261

Hariington

680

6 hf-ch

bro or pek

3d0

49

267

686

1

ch

pek sou

105

32

268

688

2

do

dust

310

21

271

dunes

691

4

ch

pek sou

340

25

272

690

4 hf-ch

dust

340

18

280

Stisted

712

3

hf-ch

dust

240

20

283

EkoLund

718

5

ch

sou

150

27

284

720

2

do

dust

280

20

294

F.

710

3

ch

1

hf-ch

dust

457

15

300

Glencorse

752

3

ch

pek fans

408

21

301

754

1

do

dust

170

19

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspoiident. )

Minci.vg Lane, April 23, 1897.

Marks and price.s of CEYLON COFFEE .sold iii Miiuin^
Lane up to 2oid April : —

lix “Wanderer’’ — Tillicoultry, O, 2 casks 1 barrel 112s Od;
ditto I, OcaskslOSs; ditto 2 casks 100s Gd; ditto FB 1 cask

1 barrel 112s.

Ex ‘‘.Shrop-shire’’- O, Roehampton, 1 tierce lOSs; 1 ditto,

2 casks loOs Gd; 2 ditto, 1 barrel 81s; FB ditto, 1 l)ar-
rel 107 s.

Ex “Jumna”— OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle, OO, 1
barrel 03s; ditto O, 1 barrel SSs; ditto 1, 1 tierce 87s. ditto
PB, 1 l)arrel Ois.

E.x “Shropshire” — Mausagalla, A, 2 casks lll.s; ditto B,

1 cask 1 barrel 104s Cd; ditto C, 1 1) irrel 102s. East Oowera-
kelle, B, 1 cask 1 barrel lOOs Gd; ditto t.', 2 casks 1 barrel
lOUs Gd; ditto O, 1 barrel Ois. Mausagalla, 2 casks 1 barrel
114s, ditto size 1, .'5 casks lUGs; ditto size 2, 1 barrel OOs;
ditto size 1, FB, 1 barrel Ills; size 2, PB, 1 liarrel 105s,
Lunugala, A, 1 cask 107s; 2 casks 2 tierce 101s Gil; ditto C,

2 barrels 01s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

Ex “Shropsliire”— Kondesalle, 2 bags 17s Gd; ditto G, 10
dags 42s; ditto O, 20 bags 84s; ditto 1, 2 bags 47s Gds;
bitto B, 22 bags Sts.

OrtSEKVElt FlilNTlNG WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAJIO.M SALES

NO. 19.

Colombo, M.\y 24, 1897

I Price: — 12^ cent3 each 3 copiea
I .SO cents ; 6 copies J rupee.

COT.OMBO SAI.ES OF TK\

LARGE LOTS).

[Messrs. A H. I'iiomp.son & Go.— lo!»,0.‘!4 Ih.]

Loi

Box.

IMcos.

Jsanib

In.

4

Maiiickwiitte

4

18 lif-cli

bro pek

000

30 l)id

C

5

20

do

or pek

1170

25 bid

6

Vogiui

6

50

ch

bro pek

■17.60

40

7

7

47

do

pekoe

4230

34 bid

8

35

do

pek sou

■2975

31

9

21

do

do No. 2

178,5

27

10

Walla Valley

10

20

ch

bro pek

2800

51 liid

11

11

21

do

or pek

■2280

53

IJ

12

47

do

pekoe

4700

:18 bid

13

HAD

13

18

ch

du.'t

2700

20

14

14

13

do

bro pek fans

1600

25 bid

If.

Battalc.'illii

15

13

ch

pek sou

Ksno

26

17

Batliilfialla

17

13

ch

pek .sou

1400

28

10

SapUiviifloiUle

19

32

if-ch

bro or pek

2CS0

41

20

20

50

ch

or pek

4500

37 bid

21

21

38

do

bro pek

3800

40

22

22

35

do

pekoe

2870

32 bid

■23

23

30

do

p( k sou

3042

28

24

.S, in estate

mark

24

10

if-ch

ciu.st

700

17 ).)id

27

Droinore

27

18

ch

1)10 pek

1800

47 bid

2b

U

28

10

ch

bro pek

1040

43

*21'

A

29

13

ch

red leaf

1300

7

45

D

45

9

do

;sou

770

n

*1

Black vatev

46

64

ch

bro pek

0400

38

47

47

21 hf-ch

dust

1680

21

Agra I'Sbedde

51

■40

do

bro or pek

2400

45 bid

62

49

do

pekoe

■2150

3R bid

5;j

53

17

do

pek .sou

800

35 bid

55

56

10

do

dust

820

20 bid

50

M

56

11

hf-ch

dust

972

15 bid

f>:l

Horn.sey

63

14

ch

pek sou

1400

2<3

Ml .SSRS. Somerville

& Co. — 17

8,981

Ib.l

Lc

6 Box.

Pkg.S.

N ame.

lb.

c.

1

R in estate

nuivk

281

9

ch

pek .sou

810

24

4

M AI

284

32

hf- ch

dust

2720

20

5

285

13

ch

bro mix

1006

0 bid

6

Citrus

286

12

do

bro pek

1200

39

7

287

18

do

I ek

1620

28

13

Keuchatel

293

35

do

bro pek

3150

46

14

2D4

12

do

bro or pek

1380

3()

15

295

25

do

pekoe

2125

31

16

206

33

do

pek sou

2640

3U

IS

Lonaeh

298

65

hf-ch

bro pek

3300

42

19

209

33

ch

pek

3150

33

20

300

14

do

pek sou

1190

•28

21

Walahanduwa

1

28

ch

bro pek

2600

40

22

2

16

do

pekoe

1600

28

24

Woocithorpe

ami Inches-

telly

4

11

ch

bro pek

1100

46

25

5

10

do

pekoe

880

31 Ind

2C

6

29

do

pek sou

1440

28

29

Ukuwell.a

9

31

do

bro pel

3100

35 bid

30

10

25

do

pekoe

•2500

28

31

11

21

do

nek s.ni

2100

25

33

Forest Hill

12

20

ch

bro pek

1760

29 liid

34

Ketadola

14

8

do

bro pek

896

38

85

15

7

do

pek

136

26

c9

Wilpita

19

12

do

bro pek

1260

32

4S

Malvern

28

16

do

bro j?ek

1600

33 bid

49

29

23

do

pekoe

•2.", 00

23

60

30

25

do

pek so\i

2500

23

66

Mahatenne

36

27

do

bro pr k

2790

36

57

37

11

do

pekoe

1100

26 bid

6S

38

10

do

pek sou

1000

26

59

39

S

do

dutt

800

17

61

Kudaganga

41

10

do

bro pek

1050

37

03

43

12

do

pek )■ ou

1140

26

67

W’tenne

47

8

do

bro pek

720

42

63

48

16

do

pekoe

1200

30

69

49

17

do

pek sou

1496

26

1 hf-ch

71

Yarrow

61

83

do

bro pek

4048

38 bid

72

Ingrogalla

62

33

ch

bro pek

3300

37 bid

73

63

34

do

pekoe

3060

29 bid

74

Ingrogalla

64

36

do

pek sou

3160

26

76

[ N G in estate

mark

66

10

hf-ch

dust

750

21

liOt.

Box.

Pkgs

Name

11).

C.

( /

78

Periii, Kande-

67

9

cll

bvi) pel; fans

900

29 bid

79

kettia

58

28

<lo

bro pe.i

3500

37

69

28

«lo

pek e

2912

31

so

85

F A ill estate

f)0

8

do

pi'k ')oii

800

27

in^irk

05

5

do

.lust

7.50

19

S6

Deniy.aya

66

12

tlo

bro ))i;k

1300

34

8)

D M R

•67

8

do

pekoe

81 0

30

92

72

6

do

fans No. 2

710

21

93

nr via

73

25 hf-ch

bro pek

1250

38

94

74

40

ch

pekoe

38f0

29

95

Dartry

75

7

do

pek sou

700

24

98

78

0

do

bro tea

810

20

99

79

15 hf-ch

fans

1125

23

10!)

Ilarang.alla

89

47

oh

pekoe

42.30

33

no

90

11

do

pek son

990

25

111

Kayigam

91

8

do

dust

1010

20

112

92

32

do

bro pek

3200

33 bid

113

93

39

do

pekoe

3237

29 bid

114

.Marigol'i

94

94

»lo

pek sou

7-20

27

U5

95

16 hf-ch

■SOU

896

29

U6

119

Chetnoid
.St. Catlierine

90

11

ch

pekoe

n«o

2S

Ceylon

99

35 hf-ch

pekoe

1575

30

124

R V

104

10

ch

dust

12:10

19

132

H J .S

112

14

do

pek sou

840

27

135

-Ankande

115

17

cll

bi'o pek

1700

34 bid

136

Wevetenne

116

16

hf-ch

bro pek

832

34

137

117

■24

do

unas

1290

25

13S

Penritli

118

49

ch

bro pek

4!)00

40 bid

139

119

27

do

pek

2160

31 bid

140

143

X ill estate

120

25

(lo

pek sou

2125

27 bid

mark

123

14 hf-ch

iliist

9M)

17 bid

[ME.SSR.S. Forbe

S v'V W)

\LICER. — .■»

i'.l.Unti

lb.]

Ja<r. Box.

F

kg.s.

Nanio.

II).

C.

1

.A

784

37

cll

bro (liisl

N.J. 1

3330

17

5

New Peacock

792

22

hf-ch

pek fans

10.50

25

28

Gallawatte

838

'9

ch

bro pek

000

30

29

810

13

do

or pek

1105

35 bi 1

30

842

12

do

pekoe

1080

29 bid

33

Rockside

843

15

ch

bro pek

■lOSO

36

34

8.50

11

do

pekoe

1045

31

35

852

14

do

pek sou

11-20

26

39

Kelaneiya

860

31

ch

bro pek

•2635

45 bid

40

862

35

do

|.>ekoe

3500

40

43

Kirindi and

Ranawella

868

19

ch

bro pek

1900

48

44

870

20

do

pekoe

176 •

34

4o

872

31

do

pek sou

2376

28

49

Biokley

880

21

h^clv

pek .sou

I-IOU

39

50

882

IS

do

80)1

1080

31

51

884

11

do

br pek fans

880

32

o‘i

Barkiiidale

888

44

hf-ch

bii) pek

•2040

43 bid

54

890

13

ch

pc'Koe

1274

35

57

Carberry

89 =

83

ch

bio 1 ek

7470

57

58

898

75

do

Ijekoe

6750

32

59

on )

30

do

pek sou

2700

28

60

902

10

do

bro pek fan

1100

33

61

Naseby

904

44

hf-ch

bro pek

2420

84

62

906

•23

do

pekoe

1035

00

63

908

10

do

pek sou

800

60

64

910

15

do

ilust

1-275

38

65

Bittacy

912

101

do

bro pek

6060 1 ,

ivil.lid*!!-

66

914

19

do

pekoe

9-Of

44 1 V 11 \4 11#

70

Galpitakan.le

92-2

10

ch

bro pek

1680

55

71

9-24

25

do

pekoe

2500

31 bid

77

M F

936

t

ch

sou

700

29

78

Dannneria

938

oO

ch

bro or pek

of.O'J

42 bid

79

910

46

do

liekoo

4370

: 9

3-2

ILiyes

916

59

h^ch

or i>ek

2500

34 bid

918

24

<lo

bro p.'k

1-200

34 bid

84

950

39

do

pekoe

1350

30

85

96.'

32

do

p ik sou

1440

26

86

954

10

do

llll-St

SOO

21

87

-•Ainblakande

950

17

ch

bro pek

1790

37

88

958

18

do

pekoe

16-20

■30

90

M V

902

13

eh

pek sou

1170

20

99

Talgaswela

980

50

ch

bro pek

4500

36 bid

100

982

10

do

bro pek

25 bid

No. 2

lUia

101

984

10

do

pek

900

30

102

980

10

do

pek sou

900

27

103

Gi eat Valley

988

24

ch

bro IX! k

•3472

45

104

990

46

do

pekoe

4000

3'1 bid

105

992

15

do

pek .sou

1350

28 bid

CEYLON PKODTJCE SALES LIST,

Lot

Box.

Pkc:s.

Name.

lb.

C

106

St. Heliers

094

60 hf-ch

bro or pek

3060

40

107

998

28

ch

pekoe

25-20

33

110

111

Mous.akelle

100'

inoi

37

49

ch

do

bro pek
pekoe

4255 \
4900 j

witbd’n

111

Dunbar

lOio

33 1

lif-ch

or pek.

1485

53

115

1012

36

do

bro pek

1800

47

116

1014

31

ch

pekoe

2635

34

bid

117

1016

21

do

pek sou

1680

32

118

D B R

lUlS

8

ch

fairs

76)

31

119

1020

10

do

bro lui.v

1000

20

120

1022

5

do

dust

750

22

134

.Asii'ii Oy.i

1050

45 1

hf-ch

bro pek

2475

43

135

1052

28

oil

jiekoe

2380

33

136

1051

20

do

pek sou

1800

32

137

1056

13

do

or pek

1105

34

bid

13S

1058

9

do

dust

810

22

139

MetUletenne

1660

40 1

lif-ch

bro pek

2000

46

140

1062

20

ch

Iiekoe

2000

33

141

1064

11

do

pek sou

1045

■26

141

Klamaiia

10 ’0

20

ch

bro pek

1900

39

i)id

145

1072

18

do

pekoe

16-20

35

14S

Anninskaiule 1078

31

ch

bro pek

3H0

40

149

1080

2:i

do

pek

2300

33

150

US'

10

(Ic*

pek sou

1000

29

152

Farnli.am

1086

60 :

hf-ch

bro pek

3120

49

153

1088

101

dc

pekoe

4915

33

bid

154

1090

87

do

pek sou

3440

28

155

Kilsmero

1092

41

ci\

bro or pek

3896

51

bid

156

1094

38

do

pekoe

3040

40

bid

157

1096

:'8

do

pek sou

3420

36

bid

168

KUS

18

do

un:i,s

1800

25

101

Midillecoii

1104

53

ch

pekoe

4505

37

bid

163

RatnboOdo

11 JS

34

hf-ch

bro or pek

1870

56

161

1110

32

do

pekoe

1003

46

167

Polat.'iji.iini

1116

38

ch

bro pek

3800

48

168

Ills

2-3

do

pekoe

1955

34

169

11 '0

23

do

pok sou

1955

30

170

1122

21

do

do No. 2

1785

2>

171

1124

12

do

fairs

1200

32

174

WeoyM

1130

45

ch

bro pek

4275

36

bid

175

1 l:i2

56

do

ixjkoe

4-200

27

176

1134

48

do

pek sou

3300

23

177

1136

33

do

fans

3300

31

178

1138

6

do

dust

800

20

183

Malvi L'va

1148

36

hf-cl»

bro or pek

2340

39

bid

181

1150

GO

do

or pek

3000

42

bid

185

1 1 >2

37

ch

pekoe

3700

33

bid

186

1154

9

du

pek sou

765

37

187

1 156

0

hf-clj

dust

810

20

188

Clunes

11.53

46

hf-ch

bro or pok

•>250

34

bid

189

1180

45

do

bro pek

2025

41

bid

190

1182

26

do

pekoe

2210

26

bid

193

Erracbt

1174

2

ch

bro pek

1680

47

197

1178

10

do

bro or pek

900

39

198

1178

38

do

pek

28.50

27

199

1180

9

do

pek .son

7-20

24

200

1182

16

do

fans

1360

32

201

Ruamvi‘11,1

1184

23

ch

bro pek

2300

40

bid

203

1 158

52

do

pekoe

4420

29

bid

203

1183

10

do

I) ek sou

900

24

206

Piilleiiodde

1 194

28

ch

bro or pek

•2910

38

bid

207

1108

:14

dh

bro pek

32;J0

44

203

1103

•29

do

pekoe

2610

31

209

1200

31

do

pek sou

2945

•26

216

Oalkadiia

1211

22

ch

bro pok

2-200

35

bid

217

1216

27

do

pekoe

2700

23

bid

218

1218

14

do

pek sou

1409

2 '2

221

Oanapalla

1221

51

ch

bro or pek

5400

36

bid

222

1228

18

do

or pek

1440

38

t)id

223

1228

48

do

pekoe

.=)680

28

bid

224

1230

2-2

do

pek sou

1700

22

225

1232

11

do

bro pek fan

1 1540

27

226

12 4

14

}if-ch

dust

1120

22

2:38

Knavosniire

1253

13

ch

bro pek

1365

35

bid

239

126)

19

do

pekoe

1710

29

bid

240

1262

11

do

pek sou

9:16

20

249

Monkswood

12-0

59

hf-ch

bro pok

2950

7a

250

12a 2

93

d >

or pek

45 8

55

251

I2al

31

ch

pek sou

2480

46

252

M W

12i0

8

ch

pekoe

800

41

253

Devanford

1 ;’-.8

20

hf-ch

bro or pek

14,50

02

2.54

1 290

28

do

or pek

1400

.54

255

120

20

ch

pek

1800

41

257

T 1) T

'•290

18

ch

bro pek

1800

j3

258

1298

14

d-v

pokoo

1-260

31

2 '9

lall.aw.i.tte

l:;.),i

*•

ch

bro mix

700

21

261

Morlan 1

l:;04

:!3

hf-ch

bro pek

1650

45

Ijid

262

1306

29

ch

pekoe

2900

31

bid

263

1.308

iO

do

pek sou

1000

28

bill

265

Weyun^'a-

watto

1312

37

hf-ch

l»ro or pok

2220

30

266

1314

48

ch

or pek

4560

:13

207

l:il6

37

do

pokoo

3145

29

bid

208

l:i 8

1 1

do

pek sou

990

27

287

Caslk‘r*‘;u;li

ire

17

ch

bro |)ok

1700

41

bid

288

13.i8

21

do

bro or pek

2106

11

Lot

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

289

1360

2 1

ch

pekoe

2340

33 bid

290

136-2

9

do

pek son

810

30

•201

1.384

11

do

do No.

2 880

24

300

Denmark

Hill

1382

10

ch

bro or pek

1810

44 d

;!02

1:1S6

12

do

or pek

960

50

303

1388

9

do

pekoe

810

44

318

Klla Oya

1418

9

ch

bro pek

.098

38

319

1420

24

do

or pek

•2304

36

3-20

14-22

36

d)

pek sou

3240

20

:i-22

.SuuuycrofD

ll-'G

11

ch

pek sou

IdW

29

328

0

1438

14

ch

sou

1330

20

339

Great Vali.-y

I 4‘i.i

20

ch

pek sou

1800

27

340

Ookoowatte

16

hf-ch

bro mix No.

2 80 )

7 1

342

Queensland

1488

9

ch

bro pek

900

09

343

I iOS

9

do

or pek

855

52

314

1470

37

do

pekoe

3145

41

345

Mac.aMenii

u:2

•24 i

hf-ch

bfj pek

1-200

4-2

346

1474

10

ch

1

hf-ch

pekoe

1050

ij

347

1476

12

ch

1

hf-ch

pek No. 2

1250

28

331

M.-iealdeiiia

1484

18

hf-ch

bro pek

900

41

359

Ellatenne

1500

13

ch

in-o pek fans 1620

8 bid

361

B B

4

■26

ch

l>ek sou

2500

2 ) hi 1

332

0 .M

8

21 hf-ch

pek sou

1200

25

363

8

9 hf-ch

dust

720

17

305

Wolleylieltl

12

10

ch

loek

loOO

23

387

IJ.indar.ieliya

10

30

ch

bro pek

3-29 )

48 l)id

.368

18

50

do

or pek

4.509

54 bid

309

•20

42

do

pekoe

3990

36 bid

370

.>a

1-2

hf-ch

pek fans

900

25 bill

371

24

21

do

fans No. 2

1785

22

372

Ireby

■26

51 1

:if-ch

bro pek

3060

51 bil

373

23

18

ch

pekoe

16 -0

39 bi 1

377

Dea Ella

30

61 hf-ch

bro pek

3:J55

35 bid

378

Melrose

38

13

ch

or pek

1300

35 bid

379

Qer.igamv

40

50

ch

pekoe

45 '0

26

380

Dor-ana kaude

12

21

ch

in-o or pek

210.)

39 bid

381

41

13

ch

bro pe No. 1

1170

34

383

48

1-2

ch

pekoe

1041)

25 bid

384

50

!3

t 0

jrek sou

•2100

23 l>id

[M

Lot.

K. E.
Box

■ lOHN.-
. Fkg..

-238,044 1
Name.

b.]

Ib.

c.

1

M

395

1.5

c)l

pekee

1586

10

3

Gonavy

099

36

dj

bro pek

3672

39

4

40

15

do

pekoe

1230

32bi.I

5

Arrateune

103

18

do

bri) pek

1700

31

8

405

0

do

pekoe

809

21 bid

10

Oonoogaioya

41:l

41

do

bro pok

4100

43 bid

1 )

416

43

<io

pekoe No.

1 3870

34

12

417

24

do

pekoe No. 2 2169

31

13

419

11

do

fans

1320

24

14

421

9

do

dust

1200

20

18

Alliaddy

429

26

do

bro pek

2600

42

10

4.31

17

do

pekoe

1530

80 bid

2-2

Vincit

437

9

do

bro pek

900

35

26

Ottei-y (te .Stam-
ford Ffill 415

•20

do

bro pek

2009

49 bM

27

447

28

do

or pek

•'380

52

28

149

47

do

pekoe

4230

35 )>id

31

.Vgra Oiiv ih

455

16

do

pek sou

1620

36

32

457

31 hf-eh

pekoe fans

2')1'

37

34

Agr.a Oiiva.h

461

68

do

bro or pek

3610

55

35

163

32

do

or pek

1769

48

36

465

16

ch

pekoe

1425

39

37

Glas>rov>

167

32

do

)>ro or pek

61.50

58

38

489

34

do

or pek

2940

48

39

471

23

do

pekoe

21S5

40

40

Pati B.ijiUr

173

29

do

bro pek

2900

45

41

475

24

do

pekoe

22,80

SO bid

44

Ma.skeliya

181

25

<lo

bro or pek

2-500

57

45

483

34

do

or T'Ck

3100

45

40

13.5

21

do

pekoe

2490

35 bid

47

487

20

do

pek sou

2900

33

49

401

17

do

l)i-i> pek faus 1920

27

.58

Simla lluu

9

18

do

bro i)ek

99U

33 bid

69

11

28

do

or pek

1170

83 bid

60

Class.anKb

13

49

do

bi-o pek

2095

04 hi 1

61

15

35

ch

pekoe

31.50

46

62

17

19

do

pok sou

1015

40

o:i

Kotinvajrodora 19

18

do

or pak

1.140

31

61

21

8

do

bro i)ok

800

36

65

8

do

pekoe

760

28

66

25

15

do

pok sou

1350

out

68

*9

12

do

bro or pek

1320

35 bid

09

31

12

do

pekoe

1-2O0

32

74

41

9

do

congou

861

26

70

Irkt.s

46

21 hf-ch

bi-o pek

1214)

50

77

47

29

do

pekoe

1305

SI bid

78

49

2J

do

jK'k .sou

1160

28

79

41

IS

do

fans

S45

21

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

tiOt. Box,

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

c.

Lot. Box.

Pkg.«i.

N ame.

lb.

■ C

S2

57

69

ch

bro pek

6555

33 bid

40 IVilpitiya

20

6 cli

pekoe

570

24

83

59

27

do

pekoe

2430

25 bid

41

21

5 do

pek sou

476

22

S4

61

18

do

pek .sou

1620

22 bid

42

I).*)

5 do

SOU

420

17 bi-1

80

Stinsforcl

65

6

do

dust

840

21

43

23

3 do

fannings

30o

18

67

38 hf-ch

bro pek

2090

50 bid

44

24

1 do

dust

140

IS

8

69

34

do

pekoe

1700

33 bid

51 Malvern

31

3 hf-ch

dust

165

10 bi-1

S9

Cleveland

71

32

do

pek sou

1600

31 bid

52 F P A

32

3 e)i

fans

300

25

90

73

17

do

bro or pek

395

59 bid

53

33

2 do

Just

300

20

91

75

21

do

or pek

945

55

54 11 \V in est.

92

77

58

do

pekoe

2900

43

mark

34

2 do

fannings

220

17

93

Templestowe

79

17

do

pek sou

850

38

55

55

1 do

1 cd leaf

160

8

96

85

37

ch

or pek

3515

38 bid

1 hf-ch

07

87

58

do

pekoe

4930

30 bid

GO Maliateiine

4J

1 ch

red leaf

100

onz

93

Tientsin

89

2>

do

pek sou

1769

26 bid

62 hudugang.i

42

4 do

pekoe

380

25 bM

90

91

38 hf-ch

or pek

1900

46 bid

64

44

3 do

bro tea

330

16

100

Lameliere

93

.37

ch

pekoe

3145

37 bid

65

45

1 (io

oonffou

85

OUj

103

99

39

do

bro pek

4095

40 bid

66

4G

1 do

dust

130

10

104

101

37

do

ljeko<*

3330

34 bid

70 W’teuue

50

4 do

Gongou

281

13

105

St. Juhn’s

103

29

do

nek sou

2465

28 bid

75 ING in estate

107

107

24

hf-ch

bro or nek

1296

86

mark

55

4

bro mix

400

21

103

109

30

do

01 pek

1380

73

HI Peria ICande-

109

111

30

do

pekoe

1500

56

kettia

61

4 Uu

sou

416

22

110

Meeriatenne

113

20

do

pek sou

929

48

82

62

7 hf-ch

dust

525

22

116

126

19 hf-cli

bro pek

1140

37

S3 1‘u.s.setemie

63

3 do

f innings

225

23

117

Doonhinda

127

12

cli

bro pek

1320

38 bid

84

64

3 do

dust

255

21

113

Moelia,

129

14

do

pekoe

1400

34 bid

88 Deniyaya

68

5 cl)

pek sou

500

24

121

135

32

do

liro or pek

3360

54

89 D :\I R,

69

3 do

unas

285

22

122

137

29

do

or pek

2610

47

90

70

3 do

dust

200

21

123

139

20

do

pekoe

1700

42

91

71

2 do

fannings

200

2,3

124

141

26

do

pek sou

2US0

37

96 Monrovia

76

6 do

Mannings

600

IS

125

143

IS

do

fans

2340

29

97

77

1 do

pek Oust

135

17

126

Olentilt

146

43

do

bro pek

4516

4.5 bid

104 Alutkelle

84

12 hf-eb

bro pek

672

33

127

Keenaptaha

147

24

do

pekoe

2400

42

105

85

12 do

pekoe

000

25

123

106

86

11 do

SOU

55U

22

Ella

149

23

do

pek .sou

1955

27

107

87

3 do

fans

168

23

129

161

12

do

bro mi.Y

1200

20

108

88

Ihf ch

d St

SO

20

132

Ferndale

154

10

do

bro or pek

1000

44 bid

117 Clietuol.i

97

6 ch

pek sou

500

25

133

1.59

11

do

bro pek

1100

40 bid

118

98

6 hf-ch

dust

375

2«S

134

161

20

do

pekoe

2000

30

130 H J S

110

4 hf-ch

bro pek.

243

30

137

X

167

12

do

bro pek

11S6

39

131

111

7 do

pek

420

26

138

169

8

do

pekoe

720

31 bid

133

113

7 do

congou

350

ou-

142

Chapeltou

177

7

do

bro mix

700

15

134

114

2 do

dust

150

IS

143

Agr.t Oiivah

17 •

70 hf-ch

1)10 or pek

4940

54 bid

141 Penrith

121

2 ch

pek fans

246

2*

143

Eiidella

189

5

ch

dust

700

18

142

122

1 do

llu.st

170

IS

153

Y B K
A in estate

19.)

12

hf-cli

bro pek

768

30 bid

157

153

inarlc

G

207

209

16

11

ch

ch

pek sou
pek sou

1376

1045

2S

27

[Mls.'-r.s. Forbes

& Walker.]

164

H A in es-

15 bid

Lot.

Box

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

tate mark

221

8

ch

bro pek fans 955

165

223

12

do

nek sou

1140

20 l)id

4 New PcaeO'-k

790

2 hf-ch

bro mix

KO

IS

G Vntiyana

791

2 ch

or pek
bro pek

120

3.5

798

5 hf-ch

250

i

SMALL

LUTS.

8

798

3 do

do No. 2

150

23

0

800

3 do

pek No. 1

102

22

10

802

8 do

pekoe

448

21

f Messrs. A

. H. Thompson

& Co,]

il

804

7 do

pek sou

3.50

IS

12

8U6

1 do

do No. 2

44

13

Lot.

Box. Pkfts

Name.

lb.

c.

13

803

2 do

Cf»llgOll

92

13

•>

Ugiesidc

2

3

0

1

ch

do

dust
bro mix

170

115

19

18

14

15 Daplme

810

812

1 do
6 ch

dust
bro pek

70
00 1

!S

37

16

Battalgalla

19

5

ch

fans

450

20

16

814

6 do

jiekoe

600

25

18

25

Battalgalla

LT

18

25

6 ch

7 hf-ch

fans

nek fans

450

420

20

21

17

IS

816

818

1 d')
1 do

SOU

(lust

100

105

21

21

26

30

31

32

33

42

43

49

50
04
04

A

V U

II F E, in est
mark

Woodend

Radaga

Agra Elhedde
Hornsey

26

SO

31

82

33

42

48

49
60
64
64

6

4

4

2

4

4

2

3

3

i>

i

do

ch

do

c!i

do

do

do

do

do

hf-ch

ch

dust
dust
pek sou

pek

pek sou
dust
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro mix
fans

540

.500

320

200

385

660

100

160

150

no

90

17
16
22

24

20

19

30

24

19

18
19

19

20

31 Gallawaite
82

36 Rochside

37
33

4 1 Kelaneiya

42

46 Kirindiaand

R.anawella.

47

48

830

822

844

846

854

356

818

861

806

a>74

876

878

1 do

1 do

2 ch

2 do

4 ch

5 do
4 do

3 eh
2 do

6 ch
2 do
1 do

jinas

dust

pe sou

bro mix

bro pek fan

bro mix

dust

sou

dust

.sou
dust
red leaf

67

75

200

170

520

600

600

300

230

350

ISO

62

14

16

23

22

20

20

21

25

19

(>•■>

In

52 Bickley

5 ch

dust

[Messrs

Somerville &

Go.J

55 Barkindalc

56

802

894

1 ch
1 do

SOU

bro mix

-58

85

24

14

'lOt

Box.

Pkgs. JName. Jb.

c.

07 liittacy

916

2 hf-ch

pek Sou

190

36

• >

R in estate

68

918

7 do

dust

.595

22

mark

282

4

ch

SOU

;J52

22

69

920

2 do

bro mix

210

14

3

283

1

do

red leaf

82

8

72 (.ialapitokande 926

6 ch

pek .sou

.506

23

3

Citrus

288

2

do

pek sou

200

22

73

928

3 hf-ch

dust

270

IS

9

289

6

do

fans

500

23

7t M.S

030

1 oh

dust

10

19

10

290

2

do

dust

300

20

75 SIC

932

3 ch

dust

328

19

11

IT A

291

3

do

bro tea

273

8 bid

76 MF

93*

7 do

dust

505

21

17

Neuchatel

297

3

do

dust

480

21

80 Darameria

942

2 ch

1)0 k sou

200

32

23

Waluh.'in uwa

8

0

do

pek sou

640

25

81

944

6 hf-ch

dust

540

22

27

Woodthorpe

89 Amblukaude

960

6 cti

pek sou

510

22

and Inclistelly 7

2

do

SOU

140

21

108 St. IXeliers

998

6 ch

pek sou

400

26

23

8

2

do

dii.st

172

20

109

1000

8 hf-ch

bro pek fans

154

22

32

Ukuwella

12

3

hf-ch

bro pek fans 210

28

1 12 Jlousakelle

1006

6 ch

KOU

600 1

with.!’

JO

Keta.dola

16

6

ch

pek sou

570

22

113

1008

4 hf-ch

dust

320/

37

17

1

do

SOU

88

14

142 Meddotenne

1066

3 ch

bro pek fans

.345

23

38

18

2

do

bro pek dust 21G

21

148

mi

2 do

bro pok dust

2S0

21

i CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST.

liOt.

Box. Pkgs.

I'iiliue.

c.

[Mr. E. .John.]

UG

H7

Klemana

1074 4 ch
1076 2 do

p«k sou
tannini;-

360

200

27

22

Lot.

]>ox

. Ekgs

. Name.

llj.

C.

1‘1

AmiinirkaiuleluSl 6 ch

du.st

450

22

2 M

397

1 ch

pek .sou

80

12

Krlsmcje

11(0 1 cl;

COllklOU

85

-23

ICO

1102 6 hf4.4

ctu^t

400

-23

7 Arratenne

407

4 cli

pek sou

353

22'

162

•Middleton

1106 5 ch

pek Sou

500

33

8

409

2 do

du.st

190

•21

ler.

RauibotUle

1112 14 hf cl

I'ek sou

630

38

ICC

1114 3 do

I '-i. l ek du.st

210

38

0

411

1 do

red leaf

66

8

172

Polatagajna

1126 5 ch

f.ck fai>'

475

23

15 ONO

423

1 ch

congou

110

16

iC4

Kuanwella

ll-'8 4 do
IICO 4 ch

dust

/aiiniuu-^

(KH)

480

21

16

425

1 do

red lea f

7-2

10

•205

1192 4 do

di-.st

320

22

17

4-27

1 do

dust

97

out

210

fialkailua

1220 2 cl'

du.st

-200

21

20 -\lliacldv

433

7 cl)

pek sou

560

24

2C0

1222 2 do

iiins

-2(!(l

20

3 do

■20

230

I. 0

1242 2 ch

bro pek

96

35

•21

435

du.st

300

2:1

1244 2 do

[•ek No. 1

142

-20

23 Vincit

439

5 ch

pekoe

500

25

*»oo

1-246 1 ch

peU sc'U

58

23

24

441

5 do

pek .sou

500

23

2*1

Knavesmire

1264 4 cl!

HUU

3-20

-23

1 do

•2f(

1266 1 hf cl

[ ek fan-

So

23

25

443

dust

09

1263 1 ch

lUis^

ltd

21

29 Ottery & Stain

25u

iCij

Devanforil

liillanatte

1294 3 hf-cl.
1302 1 ck

dus'

«ius^

240

150

25

18

ford Hill

451

1 ch

souchong

100

25

iu

Morlaml

1310 3 hf-ch

dU't

240

22

30

453

1 do

dust

152

25

SCO

Weyunga-

1320 4 hf-ci.

du.st

340

21

33 Agra Ouvah

450

G hf-ch

dust

564

21

watte

4 ch

fans

27(1

Peacock Hill

1322 1 do

bro n.ix

50

11

4 3 Pati Ita jah

477

440

•27

271

1324 8 do

[>ek fan

GOO

21)

43

470

3 do

du.st

450

20

ss*»

•M A, in e.state
mark 1342 1 bf-cl.

(lust

SO

18

48 Maskeliya

489

5 ch

dust

4,50

21

2bl

(i

1344 2 ch

SOU

170

-21

50

493

4 do

red leaf

•280

10

2S2

1346 2 do

pek dust

-290

21

67 Galloola

27

5 cli

dust

5C0

24

202

Castlereagh

1366 5 hf-ch

pek fans

350

25

70 B B

33

5 ch

20a

1363 3 do

dust

240

22

1 hf-ch

pek sou

010

■24

3C1

UenniarkHil

1384 1 ch

hro pek

125

40

71

35

1 ch

r>ro pek fans

115

24

1390 6 do

pc-k sou

400

37

72

37

3 do

dust

4.50

21

30.7

1392 3 hf-cl-

pek fan.s

255

26

i 73 0 T

•3!)

3 lif-ch

dust

285

19

3CC

s

1S94 1 ch

pekoe

ICO

32

75 'i' K

43

5 ch

sou No. ‘2

430

20

321

Klla Oya

1424 6 ch

pek fan-

690

‘ 5

SO Ivies

.53

12 lif-cli

congou

480

21

v-'J

iSunnycroft

1428 4 c.h

Ci n"ou

400

-27

81

55

r» do

du.st

375

19

32 i

1430 4 d(

dust

COO

19

85 Kanagania

63

6 ch

pek fans

600

20

32.5

Ragalla

1432 3 ch

t'.ro raix

SOU

•28

94 Cleveland

81

3 hl-ch

red leaf

150

12

320

1434 4 do

fans

480

SO

95

83

5 do

(lust

325

25

327

1436 3 hf-cl

dust

270

20

! 101 Tientsin

95

6 ch

pek sou

510

34

2U

K

i 464 2 ch

01- pek

-210

47

I 10-2

97

3 hf-ch

pek fans

210

■29

U3

Macaldenia

1478 8 hf-cl

tans

480

30

106 lieinelier«

105

4 hf-cll

pek fans

340

i-2

310

1480 2 ch

119 Duonhincla

131

5 ch

pek sou

600

29

1 hf-cl

bouchem;

250

•23

1-20

133

3 hf-cll

(lust

•240

22

£.:0

1482 3 hf-cli dost

-210

20

130 Keenagaha

302

Macaldenia

1486 6 ck

Klla

153

2 ch

pek No. 2

190

19

1 hf-cl

pekoe

33

131

2 do

(lust

180

17

303

1488 6 ch

1 35 Fernclale

163

3 cli

pek sou

300

32

1 hf-ci

pek No. 2

(140

26

136

165

3 do

dust

390

•2‘2

374

1490 3 hf-ch

fans

180

26

139 X

171

4 do

pek .sou

3C0

20

too

1492 1 ch

bro tea

60

IS

140

178

1 do

(lust

1.50

IS

350

1494 1 ch

souchc.nsi

80

28

141

175

1 do

fans

190

20

0 9/

1496 1 hf-ct du-it

74

21

149 Eadella

191

2 do

fans

240

22

3-58

OP

1408 0 ch

fans

580

24 bid

1.50

193

5 ch

red le.af

470

9

300

r

2 6 hf-cb fan.--

415

22

151 Theresia

195

5 ch

nek sou

.^00

37

304

Wolley field

10 5 ell

Iropek

GOO

32

1.5-2

197

0 hf-ch

(lust

540

22

306

14 2 ch

souchong

170

14

154 y B K

201

8 do

pekoe

;-68

so

374

Ireby

30 7 ch

pek scu

630

39

155

228

.5 do

pekoe sou

200

25

c76

32 2 hf-ch fan.-c

140

34

156

2 do

(lust

180

22

376

34 2 do

dust

1(0

22

160 M

218

5 ch

pek .sou

450

24 hid

3 62

Doranakande 46 0 ch

hro pek No.

•2 450

25

lei K

216

6 ell

pek sou

450

21 bid

('rskkvki: immntino works.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES

NO. 20.

Colombo, May 31, 1897

j Price : — 12| cents each 3 copies
‘ 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF

TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

[Messrs. A. M. Gepp— 6,815 Ib.l

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

Neboila

1 32 ch

bro pek

3040

35 bid

2

3 23 do

pekoe

2070

25 bid

3

5 9 do

pek sou

765

20 bid

[Messrs. A

H. Thompson & Co. —

77,422

lb,]

Lot.

Box. Pk"s.

N ame

lb.

c.

2

Hoolo GrouD

2 15 hf-ch

dust

1200

23

4

Mandara

Newera

4 08 ch

bro pek

6800

42 bid

5

5 37 do

pek

3330

34 bid

6

6 16 do

pek sou

1440

25 bid

7

7 7 do

dust

700

22

8

Warwick

8 98 hf-ch

bro pek

58801

out

9

9 90 do

pekoe

5400 /

12

Hemirififoid

12 25 do

bro or pek

1375

36 bid

13

13 58 do

or pek

29C0

37. bid

14

14 66 do

pekoe

3830

30 bid

15

15 50 do

pek sou

3000

25 bid

16

16 20 do

SOU

1000

22

17

17 15 do

fans

1125

21

18

Balgownie

18 16 ch

bro pek

1440

30

19

19 13 do

pekoe

1105

25

20

20 1 1 do

pek sou

880

20

22

Spvingwood

22 7 ch

bro mix

700

14

28

St. Leonard

on

Sea

28 32 ch

bi'o pek

3200

37 bid

29

29 17 do

peKoe

1530

24 bid

33

Ossington

33 11 ch

bro pek

1100

37

34

34 17 do

pekoe .

1700

24 bid

35

35 11 do

pek sou

1100

22 bid

44

Vogan

44 33 ch

bro pek

3300

42 bid

45

45 31 do

peKoe

2700

35 bid

46

46 26 do

pek sou

2340

29 bid

MyraKanca

50 6 ch

fans

750

23

2

M

52 11 hf-ch

dust

972

15

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 474,400

lb.]

Lot.

Box. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

1

M w

18 52 ch

fans

1980

24

5

B. in e.state

mark

CO 7 ch

dust

1120

21

7

N

64 12 ch

bro tea

1560

18

8

66 13 do

unas No. 1

1170

25

9

68 11 do

do „ 2
bro pek

; 990

23

18

Kakiriskande 86 7 ch

700

34

27 Hurstpierpoint 104 32 hf-ch

bro pek

16C0

29

28

106 18 hf-ch

pekoe

895

23

32

Shrubs Hill

114 47 ch

bro pek

5405

45 bid

33

116 31 do

pekoe

2635

40

34

IIS 50 do

pek sou

3650

28

35

Ko.sgalla

120 32 ch

bro pek

1792

34

36

122 43 hf-di

uekoe

2150

25

37

124 25 do

pek sou

1250

23

38

M G

126 25 hf-ch

SOU

1250

25

40

130 14 do

dust

1330

20

44

Waitalawa

138 110 hf-ch

bro nek

5800

37 bid

45

140 143 do

pekoe

7150

26 bid

46

142 34 do

pek sou

1700

22 bid

47

144 1C do

dust

900

21

48

Nugagalla

146 47 hf-ch

bro pek

2350

38 bid

49

1 48 99 do

pekoe

4950

20

60

150 15 do

pek sou

/5(j

23 bid

62

Putupaula

154 16 ch

bro or pek

18401

53

54

156 66 do
1,58 40 do

bro pek
pekoe

0270 1
3600 1

withd’n

55

ICO 19 do

pek sou

1615 j

57

P

164 18 ch

unas

1440

9

59

Harr.'ngton

168 25 ch

or pek

2500

51

60

170 10 do

pekoe

1000

46

63

Toi acombe

176 24 ch

or pek

2400

48

64

178 16 do

' bro pek

1920

5^

65

180 40 do

pekoe

4( 00

37

60

182 10 do

pek sou

900

27

67

Matale

184 40 hf-ch

bro pek

2400

38

68

186 13 ch

pekoe

1170

34

69

188 9 do

pek sou

810

26

85

Pallegodde

220 28 ch

bro or pek

2940

38

86

222 33 do

bro pek

3135

51

87

224 29 <lo

pek

2610

32

88

226 30 do

pek sou

2850

27

89

228 12 do

SOU

1080

23

90

230 18 do

dust

1530

22

Lot

Box.

Pks;s.

Name.

lb.

C.

91

Condia

232

72 hf-ch

br» or pek

4320

67

92

234

84

do

or pek

4200

70

93

236

60

do

pekoe

3.300

59

91

238

21

do

dust

1680

34

95

Monkswood

240

45 hf-ch

bro pek

2250

6S

96

242

67

do

or pek

3082

48 bid

97

244

10

ch

pek sou

900

45

98

246

13 hf-ch

dust

1014

25

99

248

12

do

fans

720

32

104

M

258

16

ch

pekoe

1370

25

105

260

8

do

dust

760

20

107

Errollwood

264

IS hf-ch

bro pek

900

55 bid

lOS

266

29

ch

pekoe

2465

39 bid

IIS

Waldemar

286

38 hf-ch

bro pek

22,30

59 bid

119

288

44

do

or pek

2200

51 bid

120

290

18

ch

pekoe

1440

46 bid

121

292

18

do

pek sou

1440

42 bid

122

294

12 hf-ch

fans

980

26 bid

123

Ambalawa

296

19 hf-ch

congou

760

IS

124

298

18

do

red leaf

720

9

125

M P

300

7

ch

bro pek

721

out

135

Gallawatte

320

9

ch

bro pek

900

36 bid

136

322

11

do

or pek

935

33 bid

137

324

9

do

pekoe

810

27 bid

149

F M E

348

9

ch

dust

1260

out

150

Dunkeld

350

60 hf-ch

bro or pek

3600

49 bid

151

352

14

ch

or pek

1330

43

1.52

354

30

do

pekoe

2850

34

153

Bloomfield

350

3.5

ch

flowery pek

3850

45 bid

154

358

19

do

do

1995

45 bid

155

360

29

do

pekoe

2900

38

156

362

12

do

pek sou

960

22

157

Hayes

384

32 hf-cli

or ])e.k

1600

34 bid

158

366

24

do

bro pek

1200

31 bid

159

368

40

do

pekoe

1800

29

160

370

27

do

pek sou

1215

24

186

Providence

422

9

ch

pekoe

810

26

193

Carfax

436

IS

ch

bro or pek

1980

47 bid

194

438

19

do

or pek

1900

50

195

440

22

do

pekoe

2090

38

200

C B

450

34

ch

bro pek

3400

32

2)1

452

46

do

pekoe

4140

25

203

456

11 1

h^ch

bro pek fans 880

22 bid

204

Doonevale

453

42

ch

bro pek

3780

34 bid

205

460

10

do

pekoe

850

25 bid

209

Oxford

468

10 i

lif-ch

bro or pek

800

41

210

470

73

ch

bro pek

73C0

35

ill

472

19

do

pekoe

1520

33

212

474

15

do

pek sou

1050

24 bid

214

Torwood

478

1.5

ch

bro nek

1.500

50

215

480

31

do

or pek

2852

42

216

482

29

ch

pekoe

2610

31

217

484

22

do

pek sou

189-..

25

218

Scrubs

48

614

ch

bro pek

1400

69

219

488

25

do

or pek

2760

67

220

490

28

do

pekoe

2520

49

221

4s2

12

do

pek sou

1080

43

222

494

U

do

dust

1650

25

227

Beausejour

604

13

ch

bro pek

1170

33 bid

228

506

22

do

pekoe

1870

28

234

N

518

24

ch

pek sou

2400

26

236

Theberton

522

15 1

lif-ch

bro pek

900

37

237

524

17

eh

or pek

1530

42

238

526

28

do

pekoe

2520

36

239

528

12

do

bro mix

1200

26

241

C P M, in estate

mark

532

18

hf-ch

bro or pek

1080

52

242

534

19

do

or pekoe

950

61

243

536

47

do

pekoe

2585

42

244

5iS

03

do

do No. 2

3528

36 bid

245

540

46

do

sou

2530

30 bid

246

Eagalla

542

6

ch

fans

720

25

249

Galphele

548

25

hf-ch

bro pek

1375

42

250

550

41

do

pekoe

1845

36

251

552

18

do

pek sou

810

28

264

Wevagoda

578

12

ch

pek sou

888

16

272

Clunes

594

32

hf-ch

bro or pek

1760

31 bid

273

596

45

do

do do

2250

33 bid

274

598

29

ch

pekoe

2465

27

275

600

24

do

pek sou

2040

23

277

Knavesraire

604

16

ch

bro pek

1680

39

278

606

30

do

pekoe

2700

32

279

608

20

do

pek sou

1700

26

284

P

618

10

hf-ch

dust

850

20 bid

285

W V R A

620

32

hf-ch

mixed tea

2240

26 bid

286

622

11

do

dust

990

19

288

Errollwood

626

42

hf-ch

pek sou

1680

33 bid

291

Ella Oya

-31

7

ch

bro pek

784

36 bid

292

634

37

do

or pek

3552

34 bid

293

636

30

do

pek .sou

2700

25 bid

294

Middleton

638

48

ht-ch

bro pek

2640

67 bid

2

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot

Box.

Pkgs.

Name

lb.

C.

Lot Bo.x.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

295

610

31 ch

or pek

3100

48 bid

85

393

54 ch

25 bid

296

642

53 do

pekoe

4500

36 bid

1 hf-ch

pek sou

5390

297

F F

644

13 hf-ch

dust

14-20

18 bid

86 Clontarf

395

27 do

pek sou

1350

24 bid

298

C

646

9 ch

88 M. N.

399

19 ch

souchong

15-20

23 bid

1 hf-ch

fans

1050

out

91 N. L. in estate

23 bid

299

Tymawr

048

47 hf-ch

bro pek

2350

61

mark

405

14 do

fannings

1684

300

010

47 do

pekoe

2115

44 bid

92

407

30 do

pek sou

2559

24 bid

301

652

30 do

pek sou

1350

41

93 Marlborough

409

25 do

bro or pek

1375

53

302

Ascot

054

lO ch

bro or pek

1100

35

94

411

12 do

or pek

1080

50

303

656

37 do

bro pek

3515

39

95

413

12 do

pek sou

1020

43

304

658

38 do

pekoe

3040

29

97

417

16 hf-ch

dust

1240

19

305

660

7 do

pek fans

770

24

98

419

40 do

fan

4600

21 bid

306

662

12 do

pek sou

1080

25

99

421

24 do

dust

1080

19

312

B A

074

10 hf-ch

dust

850

19

100

ED in estate

313

Beeshwoocl

676

23 ch

or pek

2300

34 bid

mark

423

19 ch

unas

1900

24

315

680

18 do

pekoe

16-20

svithd’n.

103

Alnoor

4-29

53 hf-ch

bro pek

2650

37

316

682

37 hf-ch

pek sou

1665

24 bid

104

431

19 do

pekoe

950

28

328

B C

706

11 hf-ch

dust

925

19

105

4-33

15 do

pek sou

750

24

329

G

708

36 ch

bro pek

3600

30

106

435

13 do

fan

010

21

330

710

36 do

pek sou

3240

23 bid

107

Ferndale

437

11 ch

bro or pek

1100

60

331

R A B

712

18 ch

108

439

10 do

or pek

1000

47

1 hf-ch

pek sou

I860

out

109

441

17 do

pekoe

1700

36

332

D G M, in estate

111

Sorana

445

13 do

bro or fans

1170

31

mark

714

52 hf-ch

pek sou

2585

25 bid

115

Orange Field

453

10 do

bro pek

1000

31

333

Talgaswela

716

10 ch

bro pk No.

2 1100

26

116

455

23 do

pekoe

1950

23 bid

124

Pemberton

471

14 do

bro pek

1400

37

[Mi;

E.

John.-

-258,843 lb.]

1-25

129

P in estate

473

1 1 do

pek

990

27

Lot

Box. Pk<'s. Name.

lb.

C.

mark

481

8 do

bro mix

720

9

E. G. B. in es-

* '

ISO

Balapitiya

483

23 ch

bro or pek

2510

30 bid

3

131

485

26 do

bro pek

2730

34 bid

tate mark

229

12 ch

bro pek

lOSO

26 bid

132

487

15 do

pek

1200

27 bid

4

231

10 do

pekoe

1000

23 bid

133

439

22 do

pek sou

2060

24 bid

5

Arratenne

233

10 do

bro pek

1600

35 bid

134

491

18 hf-ch

fans

1145

21 bid

6

235

21 do

pekoe

ivyo

27 bid

135

493

21 do

dust

1785

19

7

D. N. D. in es-

237

12 do

pek sou

960

24 bid

140

N P in estate .

8

mark

3

18 do

pek fans

2595

20 bid

tate mark

239

21 do

souchong

1680

23 bid

141

5

15 do

bro or nek

1950

33 bid

10

243

13 do

fannings

1430

21 bid

142

Digdola

7

8 ch

bro pek

7-20

36

11

245

12 hf-ch

dust

1020

19

143

9

13 do

or pek

1170

37

12

Warleigli

247

15 ch

bro or pek

1500

39 bid

144

11

29 do

pekoe

2465

23 bid

13

249

23 do

or pek

1955

34 bid

150

A in estate

14

251

27 do

pekoe

2160

30

mark

23

31 do

fans

3625

24 bid

10

2.35

9 do

dust

1080

•25 bid

1 hf-ch

17

Gonavy

257

15 do

pek sou

1030

27

151

X in estate

20

Poilakande

•.'63

51 lif-ch

bro pek

3310

37 bid

ma rk

25

37 cli

bro pek

4060

29 bid

21

265

48 ch

pekoe

4320

28

157

Koslande

37

24 do

bro or pek

2040

36 bid

22

267

67 do

158

39

11 do

or pek

990

46

1 hf-ch

pek sou

5430

23 lud

169

41

19 do

pekoe

1710

31

23

269

33 do

bro or pe fan 2300

21 bid

160

43

19 do

pek sou

1520

24 bid

24

Callander

•271

41 do

bro or pek

2460

40

165

Eadella

63

19 do

bro pek

1900

31 bid

25

273

30 do

pekoe

1500

43

166

55

16 do

pekoe

1440

24 bid

26

275

15 do

pek sou

720

30

167

57

18 do

pek sou

1449

23

29

281

22 hf-ch

bro or pek

1380

38 bid

168

Talgaswela

59

12 ch

bro pek

1080

withd’n

30

283

17 do

or pek

850

53

109

Yahalakela

61

22 do

])ek fan

2090

22

31

285

12 ch

pekoe

1200

43

175

73

7 do

dust

1190

19

32

287

18 hf-ch

pekoe

972

46

176

G B

75

10 ch

SOU

750

27

34

Elston

291

38 cli

pe sou No.

2 3230

26 bid

177

77

9 hf-ch

bro mix

765

15

35

Blackburn

293

12 do

or pek

1320

31 bid

181

Chapelton

8b

13 hf-ch

dust

1170

17 bid

36

295

12 do

bro pek

l-2( 0

32

182

Glassaugh

87

36 do

bro pek

1981

65

37

P. H. P.

297

12 do

pekoe

1200

26 bid

183

89

26 ch

pekoe

2340

46

38

299

19 do

bro or pek

1900

37

184

91

13 do

pek sou

1105

42

39

301

30 do

or pek

2550

32 bid

186

95

10 hf-ch

ilust

800

23

40

Marguerita

303

45 hf-ch

bro pek

2925

36

187

Glassaugh

97

45 lif-ch

bro pek

2475

66 bid

41

305

41 do

pekoe

2296

26 bid

188

99

30 ch

pekoe

2700

44

42

307

61 do

pek sou

3416

25

189

101

15 do

pek sou

1275

42

u

311

13 do

red leaf

728

21

190

103

11 hf-ch

ilust

825

23

45

313

11 do

fannings

770

21

.99

Arncliffe

121

35 do

bro pek

1890

38 bid

40

Allington

315

18 ch.

bro pek

1800

31 bid

200

123

42 ch

pek

3990

30 bid

47

317

24 do

jj'^koe

2160

23 bid

48

55

R. G.

319

333

10 do
21 do

pek sou
pekoe

1000

1810

22 bid

23 bid

MFSSR.S. SO.MERVILLE

& Co.— 247,560

Ib.]

58

339

8 ch

dust

800

21

Lot

Box

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

69

Rondura

341

38 ht-ch

bro pek

2-2S0

45 bid

1

K T R

131

15 ch

dust

2100

21

60

343

24 ch

pekoe

2400

33

3

Hangranoya

133

10 do

dust

1400

21

Cl

345

19 do

pek sou

1710

28

4

134

9 do

fannings

1125

23 bid

63

Agra Ouvah

349

09 hf-ch

bro or pek

4485

56

5

B in estate

64

351

36 do

or pek

1980

45 bid

mark

135

15 hf-ch

bro pek

750

:-3

05

353

17 ch

pekoe

1615

39

9

RCTF in est.

66

Eila

355

02 do

bro pek

5580

37 bid

mark

139

21 ch

bro pek

2100

34 bid

07

357

45 do

pekoe

3825

26 bid

10

140

23 do

pekoe

1955

26

68

359

12 do

pek sou

1020

21 bid

11

141

20 do

pek sou

1600

22

09

301

12 do

fannings

1200

31

13

Marigold

143

23 Iif-ch

bro or nek

1564

43

70

303

6 do

dust

840

21

14

144

35 do

bro pek

2-205

43

71

Templestowe

345

28 do

or pek

2669

39 bid

15

145

29 do

pekoe

1798

36

72

307

42 do

pekoe

3570

29 l id

16

146

15 do

pek sou

87u

29

73

309

10 do

pek sou

12S0

27 bid

17

147

4 ilo

SOU

784

24

74

371

0 do

dust

840

21

IS

Lonach

148

36 do

bro pek

1980

43

75

Glasgow

373

53 hf-ch

bro or pek

3976

67

19

149

20 ch

pekoe

19(K)

31 bid

76

375

21 do

or i)ek

1260

42 bid

21

Ilanagama

151

41 do

liro pek

4478

38

77

377

19 ch

pekoe

1805

41

22

152

54 do

tek

5400

28

78

379

13 do

dust

1300

23

23

163

10 do

pek sou

910

23

79

D. M. L. D.

381

16 do

pek sou

1440

26 bid

24

154

12 do

lanninKS

1245

20

80

C. N.

383

9 do

bro tea

900

13

26

Carney

156

21 hf-ch

bro pek

1050

42

81

Glassaugh

385

22 do

pekoe

1980

34 bid

27

157

24 do

pekoe

1-2C0

31

82

Cleveland

387

15 hf-ch

pekoe

750

42

28

1.58

29 do

pek sou

1451)

27

84

391

39 do

pekoe

3900

25 bid

31

Irex

161

36 ch

bro pek

3000

32 bid

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

3

Lot.

Box

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C.

Lob

Box. Pkgs. Name.

lb.

C.

32

162

15 hf-ch

pekoe

1425

23 bid

185

Ankande

15

12 ch

pek sou

1140

25

33

163

16

do

pek sou

1600

21

186

16

11 do

bro pek

1045

31 bid

35

Boeahaeoda-

187

17

10 do

pekoe

800

25 bid

watte

155

9

ch

bro pek
pekoe J

900

38

189

New Valley

19

20 do

bro pek

2200

51

36

166

12

do

1080

26

190

20

21 do

01 pek

2110

49

37

167

10

do

pek sou

900

22

191

21

29 do

pekoe

2900

37

39 Monte Christo

169

62 hf-ch

bro pek

3100

42

192

NIE

22

15 do

pek sou

1350

37

40

170

60

do

pekoe

3000

31

194

24

17 do

una.s

1700

24

41

171

31

do

SOU

1550

23

43

Charlie Hill

173

15

do

brok pek

750

37

44

174

20

ch

pekoe

1000

26 bid

SMALL

LUTS.

45

Ukuwella

176

27

do

peks ou

1305

24

56

186

25

do

bro pek

2500

33 bid

M. Uepp.]

57

187

22

do

pekoe

2200

27

[MESSRS. A.

58

188

20

do

pek sou

2000

22

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs

Name.

lb.

C.

62

65

66
67

SP

Salawe

192

195

196

197

9

11

14

21

do

do

do

do

unas
bro pek
pekoe
pek .sou

747

1155

1400

1995

20 bid
35 bid
27
24

4

5

Nebod.x

M

7

9

2 ch
8 ch

dust

unas

300

G40

18

9 bid

68

74

White Cross

198

20

do

unas

1800

23

[Messrs. A. H. Thompson &

Co.]

75

76

77

78

79
82
83

85

86
87

90

91

No 1

Mahatenne

GA Ceylon

White Cross
No. 2

Kew

204

205

206

207

208
209
212
213

215

216
217
220
221

19 do
18 do
10 do

23 do

14 do
10 do
25 hf-ch

12 ch

15 do

13 do
9 do

13 hf-ch

24 do

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
fans
sou

bro pek
pekoe
pek sou
bro or pek
or pek

1900

1710

1440

2300

1330

1000

1250

744

1500

1235

810

728

1200

34 bid
26
23

34 bid
25 bid
23
31
16

34 bid
25 bid
20 bid
73
59

Lot.

3 Hoolo Group
7a Mandara
Newera

10 AV'arwick

11

21 Balgownie
30 St. Leonards
36 Ossington

47 Myraganga

48

49
.51

Box. Pkgs
3 7 hf-ch

7a 2 ch

10 5 hf-ch

11 7 do

21 1 ch

30 4 do

36 1 ch

47 4 ch

48 3 do

49 1 do

51 1 do

Name.

dust

red leaf
pek sou
dust
dust
bro fans
dust

bro or pek
or pek
pek sou
red leaf

lb.

560

200

250

500

122

400

150

440

285

85

80

c.

20

11

38

22

19

21

18

35

40

32

9

92

222

13

bro )iek
pekoe
pek sou

780

2941

2660

30

40

36

93

94

223

994.

32

28

ch

do

[Mr. E.

John.]

102

Depedene

232

149 hf-ch

bro pek

8195

34

Lot.

Box.

Pkg.

N aine

lb.

C.

103

233 125

do

pekoe

6250

26 bid

1

G II in es-

104

234

89

do

pek sou

4450

23

tate mark

225

1 ch

bro pek fans

113

20

107

Hatton

237

48

do

bro pek

2640

57

2

227

2 do

souchong

197

14

108

233

68

ch

pekoe

6120

41

9

D N D in es

109

239,

45

do

pek sou

4050

26 bid

tate mark

241

4 do

bro mix

400

14

112

Forest Hill

242

20

ch

pekoe

1760

28 bid

15

Warleigh

253

2 do

bro mix

200

19

115

WG

245

9

do

SOU

846

10

18

Gonavy

259

2 do

pek fans

108

21

116

Yspa

246

8

do

dust

1200

23

19

261

1 do

dust

96

IS

117

Penrith

247

31

do

bro pek

3100

42

27

277

1 hf-ch

fannings

50

21

118

248

22

do

pek

1760

32

2g

279

4 qr.-ch

dust

140

21

119

249

19

do

pek sou

1615

25 bid

33

Fairfield

289

4 ch

pek sou

300

23

123

Ovoca A1

253

30

do

bro pek

1300

60

43

309

3 hf-ch

dust

270

19

124

254

30

do

or pek

1500

b8

49

Allington

321

2 do

dust

240

20

125

255

18

do

pek sou

1800

37

5u

323

1 ch

congou

90

12

126

Bayigam

256

32

do

bro pek

3200

35 bid

56

R G

335

8 hf-ch

pekoe fans

604

25

127

257

38

do

pek

3154

29

62

Rondura

347

4 dn

fannings

300

20

128

258

9

do

pek sou

720

25

87

Clontarf

397

7 hf-cli

dust

560

20

129

259

12 hf-ch

bro pek fans

816

25

89

iM N

401

3 ch

souchong

240

22

130

260

10

do

dust

850

20

90

403

3 hf-ch

dust

240

*22

131

Sangolly

9.

M in estate

Toppe

261

32

ch

unas

3200

20

mark

415

8 hf-ch

dust

624

19

132

Hagalla

262

39 hf-ch

bro pek

2060

32 bid

101

Ela Dua

425

2 ch

SOU

192

20

133

263

30

do

pekoo

1500

27 bid

102

Ferndale

427

1 do

dust

125

21

134

263

11

do

nek sou

1)00

21

110

443

2 do

dust

260

23

137

Harangalla

264

55

ch

pekoe

4950

28

112

Sorana

447

6 do

red leaf

450

09

138

268

6

do

dust

780

21

114

M W

451

2 do

pekoe

180

12

139

Eanasingha-

126

Pemberton

475

7 do

jjeK sou

595

20

patna Hapu

127

477

^ CIO

dust

135

21

tale

269

36 hf-ch

bro pek

1980

34 bid

128

Oigdola

479

5 do

bro pek fan

400

23

140

270

52

do

nekoe

2340

30 bid

145

13

4 do

pek sou

340

23

141

Romania

271

18

ch

bro pek

936

39

146

15

5 do

bro pek fans 440

23

142

272

14

do

pekoe

1400

23 bid

147

17

1 do

dust

146

20

143

273

7

ch

pek sou

700

20

148

JI R

19

3 hf-cli

dust

270

18

146

Illukettia

276

6

do

bro pek

710

30

149

Salem

21

8 do

fannings

COO

29

1 hf-ch

152

27

1 do

bro pek

56

30

147

277

10

ch

pekoe

10.30

25 bid

153

29

1 do

pekoe

44

26

152

Kosgodde

282

30 lif-ch

bro pek

1980

30

154

ol

1 ch

pek sou

58

23

153

283

33

do

pekoe

1035

26 bid

155

Farm

33

1 hf-ch

dust

57

19

154

284

65

do

pek sou

1880

20 bid

156

35

6 do

dnst

440

22

155

285

10

ch

fans

1104

10 bid

161

Koslande

45

2 ch

dust

300

21

156

EK

286

10

do

bro pek

1165

28 bid

170

Yahalakela

63

3 do

pek fan

360

25

1 hf-ch

171

G5

1 do

pekoe

90

17

157

287

14

do

pekoe

800

21 bid

172

67

5 do

bro tea

425

16

1

ch

173

69

2 do

unas

240

12

160

Dolosbage

290

24

flo ,

pek sou

2400

20 bid

174

G B

71

2 do

red leaf

190

8

163

Deniyaya

293

18

do

bro pek

1890

38 bid ■

178

79

7 hf-ch

dust

595

22

164

294

9

do

pekoe

855

29 bid

179

Galloola

81

5 ch

dust

500

21

163

Galkolua

196

19

do

bro pek

2090

33 bid

180

Lynforrl

83

2 do

bro mix

200

10

167

297

16

do

or pek

1360

o3

185

Glassaugh

93

3 do

bro mix

285

13

168

169

Alpitikande

298

299

34

3u

do

pekoe
bro pek

3060

3000

20 bid
24 bid

198

Anamallai

119

4 do

dust

340

21

170

172

Malvern

300

2

30

16

do

do

pekoe
bro pek

2550

1600

16 bid
32 bid

[Messrs.

Forbes

& Walker.]

179

Sirisanda

9

25 hf-ch

bro pek

1250

44

Lot.

Box

. Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

180

10

14

ch

pekoe

1330

29

IK V

183

Bollagalla

13

32

do

bro pek

3040

34

2

54

4 ch

bro mix

336

12

184

14

18

do

pekoe

1440

31

3

56

2 do

pek fans

240

21

4

CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot.

Box.

Pkgs.

Name.

lb.

C,

4

B in estate
mark

58

4 ch

pek sou

SSI

23

14

Woodslee

78

9 hf-ch

unas

605

26

15

80 11 hf-ch

pekoe

605

30

16

82

5 do

sou

225

23

17

84

1 do

red leaf

50

15

19

Kakiriskande

88

7 hf ch

pekoe

680

26

20

90

6 hf-ch

pek sou

540

23

21

92

1 ch

bro pek dust

119

21

24

Galatota

98

3 hf-ch

bro pek

ISO

31

25

100

7 do

pekoe

385

23

26

102

7 do

sou

38)

16

29

Hurstpierpoint 108

2 hf-ch

dust

95

18

30

110

1 do

red leaf

55

10

31

112

1 do

.sou

50

19

39

AI G

128

7 do

fans

525

27

41

132

11 do

bro mix

605

8

51 Nugagalla

152

6 ht-ch

dust

540

21

56 Putupaula

162

3

ch

dust

450

withd’n.

58 Harrington

166

6 hf-ch

bro or pek

360

47

61

172

1

ch

pek sou

100

30

62

174

2

do

dust

290

22

70 Matale

190

2 hf-ch

fans

140

27

71

192

2

do

dust

160

21

72 D E

194

2

ch

dust

206

21

73 W >I

196

4

ch

pek dust

488

20

71 W W

198

1

ch

or pek

100

53

75

200

1 hf-ch

pek dust

74

20

100

M W

250

1

ch

dust

80

22

101

Ookoowatte

252

6

ch

red leaf

540

9

ICC

M

262

2 hf-ch

red leaf

100

9

117

K \V D, in est.

mark

284

2

ch

dust

152

19

138

Gallawatte

326

3

ch

pek sou

300

24

139

328

4

do

sou

360

9

140

330

6

do

pek fans

600

22

141

332

4

do

dust

400

21

171

G

392

3

ch

sou

255

19

172

394

2

do

pek dust

30C

21

173

Broughton

396

4 hf-ch

or pek

200

45

174

398 10

do

pek sou

500

32

175

BTN

400

1 hf-ch

sou

60

23

176

402

1

do

red leaf

53

9

177

404

3

do

dust

270

21

178

A

406

6

ch

bro pek

600

22

179

408

3

do

pekoe

255

21

180

410

8

do

sou

584

.9

ISl

412

6

do

pek sou

480

.9

182

414

1 hf ch

sou

40

8

183

416

6

ch

pek dust

810

12

184

418

1 hf ch

dust

80

10

185

Providence

420

5

ch

bro or pek

500

36

187

424

6

do

pek sou

540

24

188

BB A

426

5

ch

dust

530

19

196

L

442

6

ch

pekoe

540

14

197

444

6

do

sou

480

10

198

446

2

do

dust

216

17

199

Tanna watte

448

5

ch

red leaf

410

8

202

CB

454

7

ch

pek sou

700

24

206

Doonevale

462

2

ch

fans

200

22

207

464

2

do

dust

280

20

208

466

3

do

bro tea

270

19

213

Oxford

476

6

hf-ch

fine dust

420

21

223

Norwood

496

5

ch

bro pek

530

36

224

498

7

do

pekoe

588

28

225

500

1

do

sou

100

23

226

502

2

do

dust

300

21

229

Ingurugala

508

3

ch

bro pek

300

36

230

610

3

do

pekoe

270

82

231

512

6

do

pek sou

540

24

232

514

5

do

bro tea

600

24 •

233

516

2

do

red leaf

ISO

10

235

N

520

3

ch

dust

450

20

240

Theberton

530

5

ch

dust

500

21

247

Kagalla

644

2

ch

bro mix

240

25

248

546

4

hf-ch

dust

360

21

252

Galphele

554

1

hf-ch

sou

50

22

253

556

7

do

fans

420

30

2,?4

568

2

do

dust

160

21

255

Opalgalla

560

2

ch

congou

170

22

256

562

4

do

dust

500

21

257

M A H

664

1

ch

congou

100

19

258

CRD

566

4

ch

dust

400

22

259

568

3

do

red leaf

300

9

262

Wevagoda

574

8

do

bro pek

080

32

Lot.

Box.

Pkq.s.

Name.

bl.

C.

263

576

9 ch

pekoe

684

18

265

580

4 do

pek fans

321

10

266

582

1 do

SOU

65

12

276

Clunes

602

7 hf-ch

dust

695

21

280

Knavesmire

610

2 hf-ch

pek fans

160

20

281

612

2 do

dust

199

20

282

Knavesmire

614

4 hf-ch

du.st

360

20

283

616

4 do

pek fans

280

27

287

W VRA

624

4 hf-ch

fans

280

10

289

Errollwood

628

2 ch

SOU

170

30

290

630

4 hf-ch

dust

320

21

307

Ascot

664

4 ch

dust

560

IS

314

Beech wood

678

7 ch

pekoe

560

withd’n

[Messrs.
Lot. Box.

Somerville & Co.]
Pkos, Name, lb.

C.

2

KTB

132

5 ch

SOU

600

10

6

B in est. mark

136

5 hf-ch

pekoe

450

22

7

137

2 do

pek sou

100

IS

8

138

3 do

bro pek fans

ISO

20

12

RCTF in est.
mark

142

2 ch

du.st

304

18

20

Lonach

150

7 do

pek sou

595

25

25

Hangama

155

3 do

dust

390

14

29

Carney

159

2 hf-ch

bro pek fans

100

27

30

160

2 do

pek fans

100

25

34

Irex

164

5 ch

dist

500

14

38

Bogahagoda-

watte

168

1 do

fans

110

16

42

Monte Christo 172

6 hf-ch

dust

480

20

46

Charlie Hill

176

8 ch

SOU

400

21

47

177

8 do

fans

480

27

48

178

1 do

red leaf

60

8

49

179

1 do

bro pek No. 2

50

34

50

Halgolla

180

7 hf-ch

bro pek

420

35

61

181

9 do

pekoe

504

24

52

182

4 do

pek sou

220

22

53

183

1 do

SOU

50

u

54

184

3 do

dust

240

21

55

185

6 do

red leaf

324

12

59

Ukuwella

189

1 do

bro pek fans

70

26

60

K K

190

4 ch

nek sou

316

8

61

St. Leys

191

1 do

bro mix

80

13

63

S P

193

3 do

SOU

159

12

64

194

1 hf-ch

dust

54

18

69

Salawe

199

4 ch

bro mix

460

•20

80

Mahatenne

210

1 do

dust

100

17

81

G A Ceylon

211

2 do

pekoe

160

13

84

214

5 do

bro mix

416

14

88

White Cross
No. 2

218

1 do

dust

150

15

89

HOT

219

1 do

pekoe

95

22

95

Kew

225

6 do

SOU

600

22

105

Depedene

235

•4 do

dust

320

20

106

236

1 do

red lea f

56

8

110

H

240

3 do

dust

240

19

111

241

1 do

bro tea

50

8

114

W G

244

5 do

bro mix

500

8 bid

120

Penrith

250

2 do

pek fans

250

23

121

251

1 do

dust

165

17

122

Forest Hill

252

1 do

pek sou

88

24

135

Hagalla

265

4 ch

bro pek fans

400

23

136

206

5 do

bro mix

500

16

144

A

274

2 do

red leaf

200

8

145

275

1 hf-ch

dust

76

15

148

Illukettia

278

5 ch

pek sou

523

20

149

C S

279

1 hf-ch
3 ch

bro mix

360

10

150

280

2 do

red leo f

192

8

158

RK

288

2 do

pek sou

190

out

159

289

2 ch \
5 hf-ch r

bans

450

16

165

Deniyaya

295

5- ch

pek sou

500

27

171

Alpitikande

1

5 do

pek son

400

24

173

Malvern

3

3 hf-ch

dust

165

17

174

Patuipana

4

9 do

bro pek

485

30

175

5

7 do

pekoe

350

23

176

6

3 do

pek sou

150

20

l77

7

1 do

SOU

45

16

178

Sirisanda

8

40 boxes

or pek

440

181

11

S ch

pek sou

080

26

1S2

12

1 do

dust

152

21

188

Ankande

18

6 do

unas

600

24

193

NIT

23

5 do

unas No. 1

500

29

f

(. ..

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